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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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i, ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
VOL IL^ (REVIVED SERIES.)
JUNE TO DECEMBER, 1866.
The Old Series of the work has its appropriate Index to each vol., aud at the
end of the tenth and twelfth yolnmes.
Aiken, S. C. 42.
Abolitionism— Its Safcidal Policy, 517.
Arkannas—Its Inviting Fields, 402,
*• Its Climate, Soil, Productions, Lands,
Indacements to Sfttlers, Ac, 404.
Alabama and her Resources, 882.
Arts, Progress of, 2.
Aristocracies of America, 461.
American Commerce — Progress and Develop •
meet, 181, 226, 419.
American Pisherfes and tbeir Statistics, 470.
Black and White Labor at the South, 94.
Banking System — Proposed for the South, 150.
B/oekade. 230.
Brazil, Character of the Country, 81.
** Lands and Improvements, 82.
" A Refuge for Southern Planters, 80.
British Americans Distinguished in History,
11.
British Policy— Its Triumph in Regard to Cot-
ton, 509.
Bultrer's Novels, 159.
Book NoUces, 106, 219, 881, 446, 557.
Canada— Early Inhabitants of, 12.
Cotton Resonrces of the South, Present and
Putnre, 182.
Cotton Planters' Association, 680.
Cotton— What are the Prospects of the Supply
In Future? 494.
Cotton Growing- Foreign Competition In, 293.
*' Crops of the South, 800.
** Cost by Free LalK>r, 800.
** Supply for 1866, 802.
** Supply— Sources of the British, 81.
" Crop of 18«6, 88.
" Consumption of Europe, 148.
•* Costof(;ultivatlon, 76. ^
" Impolicy of Taxing it, 76,
** Crop in Texas, 79.
** '^ Mississippi, 210.
** Trade of the South and the Excise
Laws, 527.
" Trade of New Orieans, 416.
*- and Emancipation, 609.
" Consuming and Producing Countries,
Currency— Confederate, SIS.
Chinese Arts, 8.
Clay, Henry- His Monnment, Ac, 107.
ClTllization, War and Commerce, 256.
Coal and Iron of Alabama, 89.
Coal Statistic", 865.
** Production and Consumption oil 820.
Cholera, 888.
Commerce, American— Its Progress and De-
velopment, 181, 226, 449.
Commerce, War and Civilization, 256.
Census in Ancient Times, 5.
Census of the United States, 290.
Congress and the President, 461.
Coofled, a Substitute for Negroes, 215.
Conservatism and Radicalism, 172.
Charleston— Interna\ Improvements of, 814.
** Commerce oi; 422.
Cincinnati— Commercial Movements o^ 89.
Cod Fishery, 471.
Crusades, 117. w .
Climates of the South, 278.
Confederacy— Times in, 570. '
Confederate Money and Prices, 576.
Ceesar— Napoleon's Life of, 682.
Commerce of New Orleans, 645.
Cincinnati Commerce, 646.
Direct Foreign Trade at the South, 285.
De Witt, John— Life and Times of; 236.
Davis, Jefferson— His Prison Life, 221.
Discovery — Progress of, 1.
European Finances, 1S8.
Electricity— History of the Science, 6.
Education— Colleges of the South, 429.
Education at Home and the Home Circle, 49.
Educational Establishments at the South, 535.
Editorial Notices, 106, 219, 881, 446, 557.
Emancipation and Cotton, 500.
Emancipation— Effects in Foreign Colonies,
522.
Editorial— Book Notices, Ac, 662.
Freedmen at the South, 489.
Freedman's Bureau — Atrocities of, 98.
Freedmen— Education of, 94-5.
Freedman's Bureau — Operations of, 846.
Freedmen- Religious Instruction of, 96.
Freedmen— Education of, 811.
" Schools at the South, 812.
" Southern State Laws regarding, 809.
Fisheries of the United States, 471.
** American, 227.
Fruits at the South, 26S.
Finances of Europe, 188.
Foreign Travel— Sketches oil 408, 504.
*' " 251.
" " 27.
Fictions— Inimortal, 455.
Firearms — Introduction of, 4.
Florida— Past, Present and Future, 8S2.
^ Soil, Climate and Productions, 892.
Fernandlna, Florida, 869.
Fenner, I>r. E. D., Obituary, 109.
Foreign Travel, 577.
Freedmen— State Laws at South regarding,
689.
Government — Origin ot, 896.
Grain Crops of the Country, 58L
Grain Products of the United SUtes, 79.
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IV
INDEX.
Galveston Commerce, 64<S.
Home Edocation, 49.
Home Msnufactiirei at the South, 84.
Herring Fishery, 471.
Hyde Park, England, 418.
Iron and Goal of Alabama, SI
Iron StaUstfcs of the United States, 881.
Iron and Goal of Alabama, 84.
Inyention~>Progre88 oi; 8.
Immlgranta to Soath, 644.
Journal of the War, 67, 189, 829, 480, 687.
Kentnokyz-Indncement to Settlers, 217.
Loalsville—Commcroe of, 202.
loulsvillo and Us Future Prospects, 8fl.
Longworth's Wine Cellars, 10«.
LoQlsiana— Her Vast Resources and Future
Wealth, 274.
Louisiana Sugar Interests, 804.
Lumber Business at the South, 201.
Languages— Modern, 605.
Janufactures in Mississippi, Sia
anufectures in South Oai-ollnn^ 43.
emphis— lu Progress, 819.
*^ Its Statistics, 680.
. *' Prosperity o/, 202.
Mississippi Blver— Improvement ot 878.
Mississippi Cotton Crop. 210.
Missouri— Immigrants, Mineral Wealth, Coal,
Soil, Productions, Public Lands, Tobacco,
Hemp, Vineyards, Timber, Grasses, &c~
491.
Massachusetts Slave Trade, 296.
Mackerel Fishery, 478.
Medicine in Ancient Times, 7.
Mineral Kesources of Tennesse, 620.
Manufactures ot South, 642.
MoMlo Commerce, 015.
Mem|»hl8 and its Progress, 647.
National Debt a National Blessing, 899.
Negro— Justice to, 91.
Northern and^uthern Political Systems, 461.
Jliihvllle and Its Projected Eailroads, 97.
Nashville— Its Condition, 427.
Norfolk and the Great West, 682.
Norfolk. Va.— Its Great Advantages, 64.
New Orleans Commission Merchants, 629.
** Manufactures, 8&
** Mechanics' Fairs. 108.
** Commerce ot^ 418.
Nashville, Wealth and Resources, 6ia
New Orleans Commerce, 646.
Ocean Telegraphic Cable, 881.
Old Maids and Bachelors, 2$a
Petroleum— Element of National Wealth, 208.
Property Title in the South as AlTocted by the
War, 128.
Prisoners of War in Confederacy, 219.
Prices during the Late War in the Confed-
eracy, 63.
Port Boyal, S. C, 819.
Pointing— History ot, 10.
Potomac— Swinton's Army ot 892.
Poetry of the War at the South, 69.
Piano-forte Manufactory of Knabe & Co., 71.
Produce Loan Office, Confed. Sutes, 8^ 656.
Rice Proepects of the South, 426.
Bice Lands of the South, 80.
Radical Leaders— Talk with, 887.
Radicalism and Age of Reason, 492.
** in Congress, 461.
Railroads of South Oarollna, 814.
Virginia, 682.
^ Southern Pacific, 207.
" Spirit of Memphis, 207.
*" of Memphi^ 208.
** Mobile and Ohio, 209.
ofS. Louis, 817.
** Southern Road of Mississippi, 817
** Tennessee Pacific, 818.
** South Carolina, 104.
** Charleston and North-west, lOOi
" ofNew Orleans, 106.
Radical and Conservative War, 661.
Railroad History and Results, 609.
Rice Crop of 1666, «11.
Sewing Machines, 2ia
Sandwich Islands, 69.
Statistics of American Commerce. 460.
Silk Culture in South Carolina, 263.
Stevens, Thaddeuaand the Radicals, 467.
Salmon Fishery. 479.
Steamboat Accidents In tlie West, 808.
Stamp Dutie^ U. S., 208.
Slave Trade of Massachusetts, 996.
Savannah— Commerce of, 426.
South Carolina— Her Inviting Resources, 88.
** Lands and Improvements, 89.
" Inducements to Immigrants, 40.
. " Future of, 262.
Sugar Trade of New Orleans, 416.
"^ Interests of Louisiana, 804.
" Cultivation In Florida, 803.
St Louis— Growth of; 806. «<«
Southern People— Their History and Status,
Southern Virtues— Before and Since the War,
146.
Sonth's Protest against the Radicala, 887.
Southern Pacific Railroad, 686.
Soothem Rice FieId^ 80.
Southern Property TiUee, 123.
Southern and Northern Political Systems, 461.
Southern Foreign Trade, 28&
Tournament— History of, 114.
Tower, Loiidon, 604.
Tennessee Laws in regard to Freedom, 809.
Tobacco Trade of New Orieans, 419.
Tobacco Growth and Prospects, 804.
Texas — Crops of, 276.
Texas Cotton Fields, 18S.
Tennetsee— Character and Resources ot, 616.
Universities and Colleges of the South, 429.
Univereity of Virginia, 685.
United sutes Grain Production, 79.
United States Census, I860, 296u
Virginia— New Spirit and Development of, 58
Vii^nia Gold Mines, 85.
Vicksburg, Miss., 218.
Vine Culture In South Carolina, 44.
Westminster Abbey, 178, 251.
West India Emancipation— Its Results, 628.
White Labor in Louisiana, 288.
War, American, 1860-65— Journal of, 57. 189,
822, 480, 587.
Wine Producing Countries, Europe and United
sutes, 890.
Wines— Production of, in South Carolina, 45.
War— Journal of the, 649.
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after the mr eerie* T.a.no.l July 1866
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DE BOW'S REVIEW.
ESTABLISHED JANUARY, 184«.
AUGUST. 1866.
ART. I.-THE TOURNAMENT.
*' Where throng^ of knights and barons bold,
In weeds of pence high triumphs hold.
With store of ladies, whose bright eyes
Rain influence, and judge the prize
Of wit or arms, while both contend
To win her grace whom all commend."
irttt<m'« VAlUgro.
" Le donne, i cavalier, Tarme, gli amori
Le cortesie, Taudaci imprese io canto.
Arioito,
It is not known with certainty at what time the tournament
came into vogue. Some historians think that it was derived
from the Arabians, but the general opinion is that it was of
Teutonic origin. The French word tournois (tour, tourner,
tournament) would seem to indicate that although that mercu-
rial and pleasure-loving jNBople did not invent this gay amuse-
ment, it was very soon >t3opted by them ; for it was from a
French nobleman named Godfrey de Preuilly that we have re-
ceived the earliest account of the rules by which the tourna-
ment was conducted. The custom, however, was soon intro-
duced into all parts of Europe as the herald of civilization.
They^i/^^ differed from the tournament in this particular, that
it was a combat between two knights, while tournaments were
performed between two parties of cavaliers. The joust a
Voutrance was a serious affair — a fight to the death — whereas
the joust a plaisance was a mere pastime, which usually took
place after the conclusion of the tournament. The passage of
arms was somewhat different from the others. A party of
knights assembled at a public place appointed for this especial
purpose, and hunff up th?ir shields of various colors, which was
touched by the knight who wished to engage any one with
VOL. II. — NO. II. 8
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114 THE TOURNAMENT.
whom he preferred to enjoy the sport. But the tournament »wa8
the most popular of these kinds of exhibitions.
From the histories which we have read (and their name is
legioti)of this amusement, we learn that it was conducted in this
manner. The spot fixed upon for the lists was in the immedi-
ate neighborhood of sonne abbey or castle, where the shields of
the various cavaliers who purposed combating were exposed
to view previous to the meeting. A herald was also placed be-
neath the cloisters to answer all questions concerning the cham-
fions, and to receive complaints against any individual knight,
f the king at arms and the judges found him guilty of dishon-
orable conduct, he was forcibly and conteirptuously ejected
from the lists.
Eound about the field appointed for the spectacle were raised
galleries, scaffoldings, tents and pavilions, decorated with all
the magnificence of a luxurious age. Banners and escutcheons,
silks and cloth of gold covered the galleries and floated around.
Heralds and pursuivants, youth and beauty, rich garments and
})recious stones fluttered and flashed about, while bands of war-
ike music were stationed near to animate the contest and to
salute the victors. The knights as they appeared in the lists
were greeted by the people and the heralds according to their
renown ; but the approbation of the female part of the specta-
tors was the great stimulus to all the chivalry of the field.
Each knight, as a part of his duty, eitlier felt or feigned himself
in love, and it was upon these occasions that his ladye-love
might descend from the high state to which the mystic adora-
tion of the day had raised her, and bestow upon her favorite
champion a glove, a riband, a bracelet, a jewel, and sometimes
even a garter {honi soil qui mat y peme\ which, borne on his
crest through the hard contested field, was the chief object of
his care and the great excitement to his valor. One of the
old chroniclers states that '* the ladies so stripped themselves of
their ornaments that they went their way bareheaded, with
their long disheveled locks floating down on their shoulders,
more glossy than fine gold, and with their robes without
sleeves — hoods, mantles and shiffs having been all given to
their knights. "When they all found themselves undressed to
such a pitch they were at first quite ashamed, but as3 soon as
they discovered that all were in the same predicament they be-
gan to laugh at the whole adventure."
The heralds animated the ardor -of the combatants by ex-
claiming, " the love of ladies," "death to the horses," *' honor
to the brave," while as each blow of the lance or sword struck
home, they were greeted by the loud acclamations of the spec-
tators. The weapons were generally blunted swords and head-
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THS TOURNAMENT. 115
less spears, and sometimes daggers and battle axes. After the
sport was concluded, the champion whose achievements were
most admired, had a jewel, a coronet of flowers or laurel be-
stowed upon him by the chosen queen of the field. The award
implied a right to one kiss from the lips of the lady appointed
to D^tow the prize. They then retired to their castles, where
they were entertained by songs of troubadour, vagrant min-
strels, jugglers and story-tellers, " The foundation of tale and
song was chivalry, the objects of all praise were noble deeds
and heroic actions, and the very voice of love and tenderness,
instead of seducing to sloth and effeminacy, was heard prompt-
ing to activity, to enterprise and to honor — to the defence of
virtue and the search of glory."
Although the amusement was not always followed by serious
consequences, yet it sometimes happened that the combatants
were severely wounded ; and if the old writers are to be cred-
ited, many nobles and even princes lost their lives in these fa-
tal exercises.* From the comparatively innocent pastime of
the tournament sprang the noble order of chi valric knighthood.
The first principle of chi valric honor was never to violate an
engagement. The knight made a solemn vow to be chaste,
brave, truthful, faithful and magnanimous. He was a sworn
foe to vice and a valorous defender of injured innocence ; and
as great power was entrusted to him, so great shame and dis-
honor would attend his abuse of it. The enthusiasm which was
excited in the breasts of kings and priests to rescue the sepul-
chre of the Saviour from the hands of infidels gave rise to the
Crusades. What to them seemed a glorious enterprise seems
to us now as a kind of fanatical phrensy ; but it cannot be de-
nied that it was fruitful of heroic deeds. The achievements of
their great leader of the hosts of the cross, Godfrey of Bou-
logne, have been embalmed in immortal verse by Tasso, one
of the greatest epic poets of modern times.
After capturing many cities in the land of the infidels, and
suffering incredible hardships, they at length approached the
city of Jerusalem.
" At Emmaus," we are informed by the chronicler of those eventfl.f " deputies
arrived from the Christians in Bethlehem, praying for immediate aid against
their iofidel oppressors. Tancred was in conseqaence sent forward witli a hun-
dred lancers ; but the tidings of a deputation from Bethlehem spread new and
strange sensations through the bosoms of the crusaders. That word Bethlehem ,
* Heniy the Seoond. of France, was killed in a joost a plaisance with the Count Montgomerl .
Tbe drcamatance la tniu related by Lord Bacon in his essay on Pbophecixs. ** When I was
in France I heard trom one Dr. Pepa that the Qneen mother, who was given to curioas arts,
caosed the icing's (her hnsband^s) na^vity to be calculated under a fiilse name : and the astrol-
oger gave a judflrment that he should be killed in a duel : at which the qneen laughed, belieT-
1^ her hasbana to be above challenges and dnels. But ne tccu slain upon aamrse at tiU^ the
tj^nUn <^t/u ttafqf MorUgameri going iH at Ais bM«&r,"
t Chronloon Hierosotymatanom
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116 THE TOURKAMEJPIT.
repeated through the camp, called up eo many ideas connected with that sweet
religion which, however perverted, was still the thrilling faith tif every heart
around. The thought of their pi ozimity to the Saviours birthplace banished
sleep from every eyelid ; and before midni&;ht was well passed the whole host
was on foot towards Jerusalem. It was a lovely morning, and aft«-r they had
wandered on for some time in the darkness, the bun rushed into the bky with the
glorious suddenness of an Eastern dawn, and Jerusalem lay before their eyes.
The remembrance of all that that mighty city had beheld ; the enthu>iasm of
faith ; the memorv of dangers and ills, and fafigues and privations endured and
conquered ; the fulfillment of hope, the gratification of long desire, the end of
fear and doubt, combined in every bosom to call up the sublime of joy. The
name was echoed b v a thousand tongues — Jeru^aletn / Jerusalem f Some shout-
ed to the sky, some knelt and prayed, si»me wept in silence, and some cast them-
selves down and kissed the blessed earth."
After the city had been invested on all sides the attack was
begun. The great leaders of the expedition,Godfrey,Tancred,the
Duke of Normandy, and Kobert of Flanders, by a vigorous effort
carried the barbican and reached the wall. After a long and
desperate conflict, in which the Christians and the Saracens
were alternately successful, night came on and the battle was
still undecided. On the next morning the struggle was renew-
ed with almost superhuman valor on both sides. About noon
a soldier was suddenly seen on Mount Olivet, waving on the
Crusaders to follow. This sight raised the fainting hopes of
the Christians. They saw, or thought they saw, figures clothed
in whit© raiment, and mounted on white horses, coming to their
aid over the mountains. The tower of Godfrey was rolled up
till it touched the wall, the movable bridge was let down, and
a knight sprang upon the parapet^ and the banner of the cross
announced to the anxious eyes of tne army that Christians stood
upon the battlements of Jerusalem.
Forthwith from the glittering staff unfurled
The imperial ensign, which &11 hi^h advanced,
Sh«me like a meteor streaming to Uie wind,
With gems and golden I^^tre rich emblazed
Seraphic arms and trophies ; all the while
Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds ;
At which the universal host up sent
A shout.
All in a moment through the gloom were seen
Ten thousand banners rise into the air,
With orient colors waving : with them rose
A forest huge of spears ; and thronging helms
Appeared, and serried shields in thick array
Of depth immeasurable.''
Godfrey was soon after proclaimed King of Jerusalem, but
it is said that he declined to receive a golden crown, exclaiming
as he turned his eyes toward Calvary, ** It would ill become
me to be crowned with a diadem of cold in sight of that spot
where my blessed Saviour was crucified with a crown of thorns
upon His head."
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THB TOURNAMENT. 117
The graphic pen of Sir Walter Scott must be called into re-
quisition to present a vivid picture of a combat a Voutrance in
the days of Richard Cceur de Lion, when chivalry, brutality
and cruelty seemed to have attained their highest perfection.
We allude to the fight between the Templar, Sir Brian de Bois-
Gnilbertand Wilfred of Ivanhoe.
" * Rebecca/ snid the Templar, ' think upon thine own fate — to die the dread-
ful death of the worst of criminals — to be consumed upon a blazing pile.'
* Bois Guilbert/ answered the Jewess, * thou knowest not the heart of woman,
or hast only conversed with those who are lost to her best feelings. I tell thee,
proud Templar, that not in thy fiercest battles hast thou displayed more of thy
Taunted courage than has been shown by a woman when called upon to suffer
by affectioti or duty. \ am myself a woman, tenderly nurtured, naturally fear-
ful of danger, and impatient of pain, yet, when we enter those fatal lists, I
to suffer and thou to fight, I feel the strong assurance within me that my courage
shall mount higher than thine. Farewell, 1 waste no more words on thee ; the
time that remains on earth to the daughter of Jacob must be otherwise spent;
she must seek the Comforter, who may hide His face from Hi^ people, but who
ever opens His ear to the cry of those who seek him in sincerity and truth.'
» » * »
" The Judges had now been two hours in the lists awaiting in vain the appear-
ance of a champion. * * * It was, howerer, the genenu belief that no one
could or would appear for a Jewess accused of sorcery, and the knights, instigated
by Malvoisin. whispered to each other th<it it was time to declare tlie pledge of
Rebecca forfeited. At this instant a knis^ht, urging his horse to speed, appeared
on the plain advancing towards the lists. A hundred voices exclaimed. ' A
champion ! a champion ! ' and, despite the prepossessions and prejudices of the
multitude, they shouted unnnimousiy as the knight rode into the tilt yard. The
second glance, however, served to destroy the hope that liis timely arrival had
excited. His horse, urged for many miles 'to its utmost speed, appeared to reel
from fettigue, and the rider, however undauntedly he presented oimself in the
lists, either from weakness, weariness, or both, seemed scarce able to support
himself in the saddle.
'' To the summons of the herald, who demanded bis rank, his name and pur-
pose, the stranger knight answered readily and boldly, ' I am a good knight and
noble, come hither to sustain, with lance and sword, the just and lawful quarrel
of this damsel Rebecca, daughter of Isaac of York, to uphold the doom pro-
nounced against her to be false and truthless, and to defy Sir Brian de Bois-
Gnilbert as a traitor, murderer and liar, as I will prove in this field with my
body against his, by the aid of God, of our lady, and of Monseigneur Saint ^
George the good knight.'
*' * The stranger must first show,' said Malvoisin, * that he is a good knight and
of honorable lineage. The Temple sendeth not forth her championH against
nameless men.'
*' ' My name,' said the knight, raising his helmet. * is better known, my lineage
more pure, Malvoisin, than thine own. I am Wilfred of Ivanhoe.'
'* ' I will not fight with thee at present,' said the Templar, in a changed and
hollow voice. * Get thy wounds healed, purvey thee a better horse, and it may
be worth my while to scourge out of thee this boyish spirit of bravado.'
" * Ha ! proud Templar,' said Ivanhoe, * hast thou forgotten that twice didst
ihoa &11 before this lance ? Remember the lists at Acre — remember the pas-
sage of arms at Ashby — remember thy proud vaunt in the halls of Rotherwood,
and the gage of your gold chain against my reliquary, that thou wouldst do
battle with Wilfred of Ivanhoe, and recover the honor thou hadst lost 1 By
that reliquary and the holy relique it contains, 1 will proclaim thee. Templar,
A cowarci in every court in Europe, in ever I^eceptory of thine Order, unless
thoo do batUe without further delay.'
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118 THE TOURNAMENT.
** Bois-Guilbert tnroed his countenance irresolclely toward Rebecca, and
then exclaimed, looking fiercely at Ivanhoe, ' Dog of a Saxon I take thy lance
and prepare for the death thou has drawn upon thee V
** * Does the Grand Master allow me the combat T said Jyanhoe.
" ' I may not deny thee what thou hast challenged/ said the Grand Master,
' provided the maiden accepts thee as her champion. Yet I would thou wert in
better plight to do battle. An enemy of our order thou hast ever been, yet
would I have thee honorably dealt with.'
" ' Thus, thus I am, and nut otherwise,' said Ivanhoe ; Mt is the judgment of
God — to his keeping I commend myself. Rebecca,' said he, riding up to the
fatal chair, 'dost thou accept of me for thy champion f
" * I do,' she said, * I do* — fluttered by an emotion which the fear of death had
been unable to pr<2duce ; ' I do accept thee as the champion whom HeaveD
hath sent me. Yet, no, no, thy wounds are uncured ; meet not that proud man.
Why shouldst thou perish also f
" But Ivanhoe was already at his post, and bad closed his visor and assumed
his lance. Bois Guilbert did the same, and the Squire remarked, as be closed
his visor, that his face, which had, notwithstanding the variety of emotions by
which he had been agitated, continued, during the whole morning, of an ashy
paleness, was suddenly now become very much flushed.
" The herald then seeing each champion in his place, up^fled his voice, re-
peating thrice — * Faites vos devoirn preux chevfiliertt t After the third cry he
withdrew to one side of the lists and again proclaimed, that none, on peril of
instant death, should dare, by word, ciy or action, to interfere wirh or disturb
this fair field of combat The Grand Master, who held in his hand the gage of
battle, Rebecca's glove, now threw it into the lists, and pronounced the fatal
signal words, ' Laisuz alter*
"The trumpets sounded, and the knights charged each other in full career.
The wearied horse of Ivanhoe, and its no less-exhausted rider, went down, as
all had expected before the well-aimed lance and the vigorous steed of the
Templar. This issue of the combat all had foreseen, but although the spear of
Ivanhoe did but in comparison touch the shield of BoisGuilbert. that champion,
to the astonishment of all who beheld it, reeled in his saddle, lost his stirrups
and fell in the lists.
'* Ivanhoe, extricating himself from his fiillen horse, was soon on foot hasten-
ing to mend his fortune with his sword, but his antagonist arose not Wilfred,
placing his foot on his breast, and the sword's point to his throat, commanded
nim to yield him or die on the spot Bois-Guilbert returned no answer.
" ' Slay him not. Sir Enigbt,'«aid the Grand Master, ' unshrived and unab-
solved. Kill not body and soul ; we allow him vanquished.'
** He descended into the lists and commanded them to unhelm the conquered
champion. His eyes were closed, the dark, red flush was still on his brow. As
« they looked on him in astonishment, his eyes opened, but they were fixed and
§ lazed. The flush passed from his brow and gave way to the pallid hue of
eath. Unscathed by the lance of his enemy, he had died a victim to the vio-
lence of his own contending passions.
** * This is, indeed, the judgment of God,' said the Grand Master, looking up-
wards. • /fo/ voluntas tua/ • O Lord, Thy will be done.' *
Chivalry and the Crusades give rise to a multitude of
fabliaux^ serventes, iensons^ pastorelles^ nouvdles (whence
sprang the modern rwvd or romance), or conies. These tales,
songs and satires were composed by troubadours and trouvereSy
wandering minstrels and cavaliers, in the most mellifluous and
forcible of languages, the langue cCoc and langue cPoiL These
led to the estaolishment of Courts of Love, where causes con-
cerning that passion were judged worthy of serious considera-
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THE TOURNAMENT. 119
tion. The Romaunt of the Rose is the most celebrated poem
of this sort, which was followed at a later date by Gothic ro-
mances, snch as the Arcadia of Sir Philip Sidney and the alle-
fforical Fairy Queen of Spenser. The passage from this splen-
did poem, describing what was called, ** amiss," \\\q Bower of
BluSy has always been highly commended.
Eftsoones they heard a most melodious sound
Of all that mote delight an empty eare.
Such as at once might not on living ground,
Save in this paradise be heard elsewhere :
Right hard it was for wight which did it heare
To reade what manner musioke that mote bee ;
For all that pleasing is to living eare
Was there consorted in one harmonee :
Birdes, voices, instruments, windes, waters, all agree.
The joyous birdes, shrouded in cheareful shade
Their notes unto the voice attempered sweet ;
Th' angelicale soft trembling voyces made
To th' mstruments divine respondence meet :
The silver-sounding instruments did meet
With the base murmure of the watersfall 1
The watersfall with difiference discreet
Now soft, now loud unto the wind did call ;
The gentle warbling wind low answered to alL
The whiles some one did chaunt this lovely lay ;
Ah ! see, whose fayre thing doest faine to see
In springing flowre the image of thy day.
Ah I see the virgin rose, how sweetly shee
Doth first peepe foorth with bashful! modestee.
That, fairer seemes the lease ye see her may ;
Lo I see soone after how more bold and free
Her bared bosom she doth broad display ;
Lo I see soone after how she fades and falls away !
So passeth in the passing of a 4ay
Of mortal life, the leaf, the bud, the flowre :
No more doth flourish after first decay
That earst was sought ttt deck both bed and bonre.
Gather therefore the rose whilest yet is prime.
Gather the rose of love while yet is time.
The celebrated tournament which took place on the I^ield of
the Cloth of Gold on an open plain for the amusement of King
Henry and Francis, was remarkable, says an eye-witness, for
the unkingly tussle between the royal personages, who, after
deep potations, caught hold of each othei-s collars and tried^ix)
trip up each others heels. Bluff King Hal, it seems, came off
second best. Francis threw him violently on the ground,
but both of them were too drunk to renew the contest, and
were separated by the bystanders.
In the year 1840, the Earl of Eglinton gave a splendid tour-
nament to the nobility who expressed a desire to see the good
old times revived after the manner described by Sir Walter
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120 THE TOURNAMENT.
Scott. The houses of Douglas and Sutherland were repre-
sented in the lists, and the present Emperor of the French,
then plain Louis Napoleon, appeared as the penniless knight,
Ivanhoe, and bore on nis shield the single word, " Desdichado,"
the disinherited. It was a brilliant affair, and was witnessed,
it is said, by more than one hundred thousand persons from
allparts of the United Kingdom.
Efforts have been made at various times to revive the time-
honored custom in our own country. The most memorable of
these was that witnessed by the writer of this article on the 22d
of May, at the race-course, near Memphis.
It was, in every respect, truly a magnificent spectacle, and
did honor to the courtly elegance of the chivalric knights who
took their places in the lists. The whole country was repre-
sented. The white rose and the red were blended (York and
Lancaster aflBliation, as after the close of the civil wars of an-
other age) I
The orator of the day, Hon. Landon C. Haynes, one of Ten-
nessee's most brilliant and honored sons, pronounced a dis-
course which was full of the spirit of romance and poetry. In-
asmuch as it defends and explains the characters of the tourna-
ment, as existing at the South, we cheerfully accord it a place
in our pages at the close of this article.
After the address had been concluded, the tilting at the ring
began. As the band, which was stationed in the upper portion
of the judges' stand struck up a quickstep, the knights entered
the arena amid the huzzas of the assembled multitude. Each
knight selected his costume according to his own taste. Some
were of the most fanciful description. All rode with elegance
and grace. After repeated tiltings, it came to a tie between
the knight of the '* Night before Last" and Sir James Fitz-
James, the Knight of Snowden ; but it was finally decided by
the judges that *' Night before Last" was entitled to the prize.
This was a splendid diamond ring. The ring and the crown
were bestowed upon the Queen of Love and Beauty. The
crown was in the form of a coronet, and was admired for its
unique design. ''The circlet was of royal blue, trimmed at
top and bottom with a gold band, while the upper portion of
the chaplet was most tastefully ornamented with crystals and
Australian diamonds set in beautiful wreath* work, fit to adorn
the brow of any lady in the land. The wreaths for the maids
of honor were composed of white roses, with jessamines and
lilies of the valley, the latter falling pendant over the right
ear. The pretty flowers were most tastefully relieved with
green leaves and Australian diamonds, producing an effect as
if the wreaths were intended for the wedding head-dress of
some fair bride.
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THE TOURNAMENT. 121
We close, as promised, with the address of the Hon. Lan-
don Haynes.
THB SOUTH — CHTVALRT — THE CRUSADES — ^THE ISSUES OF THE DAY.
Id its ancient, sifirnification, a kniarbt was a person of Patricinn birth, pon^ess-
ing the accompUi^hments, the abniti<»8, the martial prowess and i^allant spirit of
a soldier. The Kquiiea of the Romans, or the Roman knights, w«*re cnbivated
youths, selected from the hei^t class of Patrician families, traint-d in equet'triaii
exerci^S and taught to §erye on the back of the war-horse in the armiei* of the
Roman State. None were allowed to enter that noble order, and to Sfrve aa
knights in the Romin legions, but those of refined manners and jcrentle blood,
whose characters and morals were irreproachable, and who ^rved their country
alone for the public good. From this ancient order of Patrician knighthood
sprang the institution of modern chivalry.
According to the historic writer**, it receives its greatest impulse from the
spirit of the Crusaden", who marched in myriads to the Holy Lnnd to rescue the
sepulchre of the Saviour from the empire of the Turk. And after Palestine had
been reduced by the power of the sword to the dominion of the infidel, and the
Crusader bad been expelled by the timitar of Saladin fr«»m the pcenes mHde
sacred l>y the preeence of Chript, he returned once more to his native Europe,
where he snd his det^cendants gave to chivalry the perfection of iissplennor
and the inten:»ity of its influence in the reflnement of the manner^ of European
nations. For in those days of feudal viulenee, when there was " no rii^ht but
might, and no law but power." but little protection exif»ted for the people and
the helpless against int»ult, robbery and rapine, exeept from the jren«'rosity and
valor of those gallant knights, who declared themselves throughout Europe the
avenging defenders of injured innocence. Religion and gallantry were the es-
sential elements of the institution, while ju!»tice, courtesy, humanity, uneorrnpt-
ed faith and inviolable truth, were the resplendent ornaments which shone most
conspicuously in the crown of knightly honors. Their knighthood was deemed,
even by the nobles, superior to royalty itself, and monarchs were accustomed
to bow the princely hinsr^s of the knee in courtly pomp to receive adniission
into the order, in consequence of which the courts and palaces of king^ were
made brilliant with the charms of chivalry and softened into refinement by tht
elegant accompli:^hments and gentle manners of " fair women and brave men.
And when military violence and the bloody butcheries of the trade of war
had in some degree abated, while the spirit of chivalry still survived, ever and
anon it manifested its knightly virtues in the innocent* but splendid pageant of
the tournament, where the thrilKhg smiles of lovely woman stimulated (gallant
men to deeds of daring and of honor. And we have been taught by history
that the generosity of valor, the magnanimity of courage, the gentleness of reli-
gion, and ihe tenderneps of humanity, which became the distiniruishinsr o'na-
ments of European knighthood, not only softened and mitigated the ferocity,
but breathed into the laws of nations and of war that humane spirit of modem
civilization now practiced by the brave and gallant nations of the earth. And
though some may be inclined to misconstrue the intentions of this day, who
look upon the scene throut;h the prism of green-eyed prejudice, yet this tourna-
ment is not less btilliant for the beauty of the lailies who are present, and the
chivalry of tiie knights gathered within the lists, than iano<*ent in its motives
and beneficent in its objects. These exercises are peculiarly appropriate to
yon, the sons of the South, and the lineal descendants of brave cavaliers, in
whose bl<»od still survives, we have a right to suppose, by natural inheritance,
the chivHlrous virtues of your ancestors. For, as Horace has said, the brave
are descended from the brave and good. ForUa creantur foriilnu et bonis, nee
ferocea aquUte progenerant imbdUm col'-mbani. I know it is a11ecre<1 that the
chivalry of the South are still disloyal to the Government of the United States.
But this is nothing more or lew than a bold and reckless fiction. And you will
allow me a moment, by an easy digression upon this point, to make a single ob-
■ervatioD. We have iaiihfully acquiesced, and intend to acquiesce, in every
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122 THB TOUBNAMENT.
iasue legitimatelj involyed iu and decided by the war. We have repealed tb«
ordinance! and yielded up the principle of seceasion. We have surrendered
three thousand millions of dollars worth of property. We have expunged the
slave clauses from the constitutions of the Stntes, and closed up the question
forever by an amendment of the Constitution of th^ United States. We have
sent Senators and Representatives to the Capital, who now stand waiting restor-
ation to the couptitutionttl right of representation in the Federal Congress.
Evidence more sublime and demonstrative was never given by any people in
all history, of nnoorrupted faith and naked truth in their sacred pledges of
fidelity to their Constitution and Government. The magnanimity and grace
with which the pMeople have acouiesced in the issues decided against them by
the verdict of the sword, are only equaled b}* that superhuman high-raindedness
and knightly chivalry, which, in the hour of battle, not only extorted admira-
tion from their stern foes, but made them seem to forget that they had ever
heard the name of death. And it can scarcely now be expected by enlightened
men, that the people of the South should suddenly transfer their aflTections per-
sonally to those whining, canting, graceless. Godless, Christless vipers in the
human form, who, cruel in the name of humanity, nefarious in the name of
piety, cowardly in the name of courage, warlike in the name of peace, and die-
unionists in the name of the Union, seek to prevent fraternity and concord, and
to reduce a vanquished people to servitude, and to hasten Uiem down into an
abyss of ruin unequaled in this or any other age or country. While we give
our allegiance and fidelity to the Government of the United States, we reserve
our scorn for these buzzing insects of the hour, who, with the venemous stings
of malignant asps, would goad us to degradation and to death.
But the President of the United States, however they may have hitherto dif-
fered with him on other questions, on account of the generosity of his behavior
in the performance of official duty, deserves and receives the esteem and admi-
ration of their hearts, as well as the approbation of the civilized world. Born
on Southern soil, without rank, fortune or opulent friends, by the masculine
vigor of an unaided intellect, he has not only conquered the adversities of life,
but from U^ ranks of the people, in despite of all opposition, has ascended
through all th^^radations of official responsibility. State and Federal, to the
very summit of the national honor. There he now stands with sublime resolu-
tion and knightly gallantry, to rebuke the bloody spirit of persecution ; to pro-
tect and defend the rights of the States, and to guard the Constitution from fur-
ther wounds from malignant and revengeful daggers. And when he shall come
to stand before the tribunal of history to receive the judgment of posterity on
his conduct, his fame, I imagine, will be pronounced immortal. If his policy of
restoration had been acquiesced in, as the Southern people, with dignified
anxiety have desired, the States long since would have been restored to the an-
cient integrity of their Federal relations, and the people to concord and har-
mony. The South and the North thus brought together by a wise and compre-
hensive policy, and the military renown of their Lees and Grants, their ban-
ners and soldiers blended into one like *' two mirrors that reflect each into the
other its propagated light," would have doubled by augmentation the national
glory in the eyes of all Christendom.
Let then the innocent exercises of this tournament^roceed without miscon-
ception as to its motives and the beneficent object of erecting a monument to
the Confederate dead. Let it be a monument ** durable as brass " and lofty as
the splendid pyramids, which the ravages of wasting time, the raging tempests
of innumerable years, and the fiight of seasons shall never destroy. Where is
the man so far beyond the sense of shame or pity who would m»lignantly
grudge the marble column in memorial of the loved ones gone, whose memories
nature demands, like perennial flowers, shall bloom forevermore in the summer
of the Southern heart ? The President of the United States has magnanimous-
ly extended amnesty to the living, and will not heaven and earth conspire to
extend it to the memory of the dead ? Where is there a ruflian so horria in his
nature as to deny to parental and kindred affection the compassionate, mourn-
ful and tender office of guarding forevermore with monumental preservfttion
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PBOPERTT TTTLK IN THE SOUTH. 123
the recollection of the fallen, and of ever recnrring to their solemn sepulchres,
there to bedew their sacred ashes with a tributary tear ? Yes, ye gallant
knights, your friends are gone ; but you love them still ! They are gone where
their do<nns are fixed beyond the mutabilities of fleeting years. They have
gone where time plows no wrinkles on the cheek of beauty, and old age sets no
more her hoary hairs on the blooming head. They have gone where the cal-
umnies of base minds, the wrongs of living cowards, the missiles of hostile arms,
the tumults of stern battle, and the wounds of unconquerable death, shall reach
them never more. They have gone where glory draws, bound in her shining
chariot, not leas the obscure than the nobly born. Gloria trahU oanxtrictot /uT.
ffenU eurru, lum minus ignotot generotis. Their names are enrolled in the peace-
ful ranks of departed knighthood, while on the Campus Martins of eternal fame
they have pitched their lucid tents. Their nani(« will shine with unurnished
honors, while men shall admire that virtue which unbars heaven to the en-
ti^ince of the brave, and welcomes to immortality the names of those who do
not deserve to die.
On, then, with the splendid feats of the tournament! Ye knightly cham-
pions marshal your fiery steeds to the concord of sounds, sweet as ever crept
into a •* bridegroom's ear at the break of day to summon him to marriage." Ye
gallant knights light the lists with the equestrian skill and brilliant chivalry
of heroic times, and let the victorious champion, amid the applause of ad-
miring thousands and the smiles of beauty, receive the honors of his triumph ;
and, in the exercise of the franchise of knighthood, elect the proud Sovereign
of Beauty and of Love. Let him drop from the point of his triumphant lance
the coronet of victory on her spotless brow, and crown her Queen of the Tour-
nament.
But how shall he choose between these "roses of Sharon," and these " lilies
of the valley ?'' For here are a thousand fair ladies, in who^e persons stands
the perfection of the beauty of form. Beauty moves in all their steps, it is elo-
quent in all their actions, it flows in their ringlets, it sits radiant on their
cheeks in heavenly smiles, it laughs in the dimples of their chins, it beams in
the cloudless heaven of their eyes, it throbs in the emotions of their glowing
bosoms, and mingles with the moral graces of their stainless lives.
I pause, gallant knights, to await that thrilling moment which shall test not
less your taste, than the knightly conflict of your skill and valor. Or to the
contest, and let the pageant proceed.
ART. II.-PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH AS AFFECTED BY THE
LATE WAR.
Before proceeding to speak of Property Title in the South,
as aflfected by the late Var, it is proposed, as necessarily pre-
liminary thereto, to touch briefly on the Government of the
United States, and the oflfence of treason jigainst the same.
By this government it is claimed that the government of the
Confederate States never had any lawful existence, and that
the allegiance of every citizen of a Southern State is now, and
hath ever been, due to the United States, irrespective of any
acknowledgment of the same by such citizen. And, this being
taken to be the case, it is further held that, as no ordinance of
secession, or act thereunder done, could absolve such citizen
from this allegiance, it follows, of necessity, that any " levying
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124 PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH.
war" by him against the United States would amount to the
offence of treason as defined in the Federal Constitution.*
Having thus gotten the Federal view — a view from which
the present writer very thoroughly dissents — it is proposed to
consider, as above stated, the subject of Property Title in the
South. By the common law, he who was adjudged guilty of
treason became thereupon attaint^ that is to say, was held to
be so stained by crime as to be incapable of inheriting, hold-
ing, or transmitting any property, and all bis estate whatsoever
became absolutely forfeit to the crown. By the Constitution
of the United States [Art. IIL, Sac 32], it is provided that
'* Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason^
hut no attainder of treason shall work corruption of bloody or
forfeiture, except dm'ing the life of the party attainted^ By
act, approved 30th April, 1790, Congress accordingly declared
the punishment of treason to be death, but expressly enacted
in Sec. 24 of said act, that no judgment thereof should work
"corruption of blood, or any tbrfeiture of estate.'' So far,
then, in the Federal law, no conviction or judgment of treason
would have operated to prevent any pei-son, so convicted or
adjudged, from inheriting property of any sort, holding or
disposing of it during his natural life, or transmitting it to his
heirs. By another act of Congress, eo nomiiie^ however, ap-
proved 17th July, 1862, and commonly known as the Confisca-
tion Act, the law was again so altered as to restore the common
law doctrine to the extent permitted by the Constitution, and
a forfeiture of ^^all the estate and^roperty^ moneys, stocks^ and
credits ^^ follows upon conviction of treason in a Federal court.
This forfeiture, however, it should be observed, is only for the
life of the party so adjudged, and the United States Govern-
ment, or the grantee or vendee of said government, thereby
takes in the property of said person, but an estate for the term
of his natural life, with remainder over to his heirs.
Beyond this Confiscation Act, which, as being the most im-
portant, is mentioned first, there are four other acts passed by
Congress, since the middle of the year 1861, and up to the
time of the assembling of that body now in session in Wash-
ington, which bear upon the subject of Property Title in the
South, and, in connection with the Confiscation Act itself, will
be taken up in regular succession,
JFi7*sty is " An act to confiscate property used for insurrec-
tionary purposeSj^^ approved August 6, 1861, and to be found
in the United States Statutes at Large, 1861, Chap. LX., p.
819. This act, which consists of four sections, is now by its
terms inoperative, and of value only in view of any past
•Art. IIL, Sea 8.
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PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH. 125
seizures of property made by virtue of its 'provisions during
the pendency of actual hostilities. Sections two and three
being merely ministerial, and section four having reference
alone to slave property, will not be considered, but section one
is here given verhatiin:
" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representative* of tJie United Slates
of America, in Congrens axueinbled, Ihat if during the present, or any future in-
snrrection against the Government of the United States, after the President of
the United States shall have declared, by proclamation, that the laws of the
United States are opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, by combina-
tions too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceed-
ings, or by the power vested in the marshals by law, any person or persons,
his, her, or their Hgent, attorney, or employee, shall purchase or acquire, sell or
give, any property of whatsoever kind or description, with intent to use or
employ the same, or snffer the same to be used or employed, in aiding, abetting
or promoting pueh insurrection or resi>tance to tlie laws, or any person or per-
sons engaged therein ; or if any per^on or persons, being the owner or owners
of any such property, shall knowingly use or employ, or consent to the use or
employment of the same as aforesaid, all such property U hereby declared to be
lawful subject of priie and capture wherever found ] and it shall be the duty of
the President of the United states to cause the same to be seized, confiscated
and condemned."
It will be noticed that the terms of this act — for succeeding
sections do not enlarge the scope of the one just given — are
such as confer a certain power of confiscation of property
"rfwnw^"the existence of insurrection against the Govern-
ment of the United States. This confiscation is, moreover,
defined as resulting from ^^ prize and capture^'* a phrase of
definite meaning in the law of war, and from the use of this
phraseology and the express limitation as to time conveyed by
the word '* during ^"^ it is conceived that, under this act,
^^ property "^^ — to use the words of a very eminent lawyer in
case of an essentially similar law — " not actually seized for the
offense during the continuance of hostilities^ cannot be subse-
quenily taken, captured^ seized^ or "^ forfeited^ for or by any
reason of any violation of that actJ'^
So far then as regards any case arising since the cessation of
hostilities, it is held that this act cannot in any manner right-
fully affect property title in the South. And wherever there
has been dispossession, by virtue of its provisions, during the
late war, it is necessary that the property whereof any one
has been so dispossessed, should have been " condemned in the
District or Circuit Court of the United States, having Jurisdic-
tion of the amount, or in admiralty in any district m which
the same may be seized, or into which they (it) may he taken, and
proceedings first institiUed.^^ In case this procedure should not
nave preceded confiscation, or in case of informality therein —
for the law being a penal law, is to be construed strictly — such
confiscation is invalid, and the party dispossessed of property
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126 PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH.
thereby has a right to enter the Federal courts with demand
for rendition of that whereof he was unlawfully deprived.
The second act bearing upon the subject of property title, as
here considered, is the famous Confiscation Act; or, as it
stands on the statute book : ** An act to suppress insurrec-
tion^ to punish treason and rehdlioUy to seize and coniiscate the
property of rebels^ and for other jpurposes^^ approved July 17,
1862, and to be found in the Statutes at Large, U. S., 1861-'62,
Chap. CXCV., pp 589-592. This act, being both interesting
and important, is here given in full, with the exception of
sections nine, ten, eleven and twelve, which are taken up with
certain provisions in regard to slaves.
" Bt it enacted by the Senate and Home of Jlepresetitatives 0/ the United States
of America, in Congref* assembled: That every person who shall hereafter
commit the" crime of treason against the United States, and shall be adjudged
guilty thereof, shall suffer death, and all his slaves, if any, shall be declared
and made free ; or, at the discretion of the court, he shall be imprisoned for
not less than five years and fined not less than ten thousand dollars, and all his
slaves, if any, shall be declared and made free ; said fine shnll be levied and
collected on any or all of the property, real and personal, excluding slaves, of
which the said person so convicted was the owner at the time of committing
the said crime, any sale or conyeyance to the contrary notwithstanding.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted: That if any person shall hereafter incite,
set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or insurrection against the au-
thority of the United States, or the laws thereof, or shaU give aid or comfort
thereto, or shall engage in or give aid and comfort to any such existing
rebellion or insurrection, and be conyicted thereof, such person shall be
punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, or by a fine
not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and by the liberation of all his slayes,
if any he have : or by both of said punishments, at the discretion of the
court.
Sec, 3. And be it further enacted: That every person guilty of either of the
offenses described in this act shall be forever incapable and disqualified to hold
any office under the United states.
Sec. 4. And be it furtJier enacted : That this act shall not be construed in
any way to affect or alter the pro:«ecution, conviction, or punishment of any
person or persons guihy of treason against the United States before the pass-
age of this act, unless eucb person is convicted under this act
Sec. 5. And be it further enactedz ' That, to insure the speedy termination 0/
the present rebellion, it shall be the duty of the President of the United States
to cause the seizure of all the estate and property, money, stocks, credits, and
effects of the persons hereinafter named in this section, and to apply and use
the same and the proceeds thereof for the support of the army of the United
States, that is to say :
First Of any person hereafter acting as an officer of the army or navy of
the rebels in arms against the government of the United States.
Secondly. Of any person hereafter acting as President, Vice-President, mem-
ber of Congress, judge of any court, cabinet officer, foreign minister, commis-
sioner or consul of the so-called Confederate States of America.
Thirdly. Of any person acting as governor of a state, member of a conven-
tion or legislature, or judge of any court of any of the so-called Confederate
States of America.
Fourthly. Of any person who, having held an office of honor, trust, or profit
in the United States, shall hereafter hold an office in the so-called Confederate
States of America.
Fifthly. Of any person hereafter holding any office or agency under the
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PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH. 127
goyerament of the ro .called Confederate States of America, or under any of the
seTeral states of the said confederacy, or the laws thereof, whether such agency
be national, state or municipal in its name or character : Provided, That the
persons,, thirdly, fourthly, and fifthly, aboye described, shall haye accepted their
appointment or election since the date of the pretended ordinance of sec^^ssion
of the state, or shall haye talcen an oath of allegiance to, or to support the
Constitution of the fo-called Confederate States.
Sixthly. Of any person who, owning property in any loyal state or territory
of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, shall hereafter assist
and giye aid and comfort to such rebellion ; and all sales, transfers, or conyey-
ances of any such property shall be null and yoid ; and it shall be a sufficient
bar to any suit brought by such person for the possession or the use of such
property, or any of it, to allege and proye that he is one of the persons
described in this section.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted : That if any person within any state or
territory of the United States, other than those named as aforesaid, after the
passage of this act, being engaged in armed rebellion agninst the government
of the United States, or aiding or abetting such rebellion, shall not, within sixty
days after public warning and proclamation, duly giyen and made by the
President of the United States, cease to aid, countenance, and abet such rebel-
lion, and return to his allegiance to the United Stages, all the estate and property,
moneys, stocks, and credits of such person shall be liable to seizure as afore-
said, and it shall be the duty of the President to seize and use them as afore-
said, or the proceeds thereof. And all sales, transfers, or conyeyances, of any
such property after the expiration of the said sixty days from the date of such
warning and proclamation, shall be null and yoid; and it shall be a sufficient
bar to any suit brought by such person for the possession or the use of such
property, or any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persona
described in this section.
Seo. 7. And be ti further enacted: That to secure the condemnation and sale
of such property, after the same shall haye been seized, so that it may be
made ayailable for the purpose aforesaid, proceedings in rem. shall be instituted
in the name of the United States in any District Court thereof, or in any terri-
torial court, or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia,
within which the property aboye described, or any part thereof, may be found,
or into which the same, if movable, may first be brought, which proceeding^
shall conform as nearly as may be to proceedings in admiralty or reyenue cases,
and if said property, whether real or personal, shall be found to haye l^elonged
to a person engaged in rebellion, or who has given aid or comfort thereto, the
same shall be condemned as enemies' property and become the property of the
United State^ and may be disposed of as the court shall decree, and the pro-
ceeds thereof paid into the treasury of the United States, for the purposes
aforesaid.
Seo. 8. And be it further etiacted : That the several courts aforesaid shall
haye power to make such orders, establish such forms of decree and sale, and
direct such deeds and conyeyances to be executed and delivered by the marshals
thereof where real estate shall be the subject of sale, as shall fitly and efficiently
effect the purposes of this act, and yest in the purchasers of such property good
and yalid titles thereto. And the said courts shall have power to allow such
fees and charges of their officers as shall be reasonable and proper in the
premises.
Sec. 9. [Declares free the captured or escaped slaves of those who give aid
or comfort to ** the rebellion.**]
Sec. 10. [Provides that escaped slayes shall not be surrendered unless the
clainumt make oath of uniform loyalty.]
Sec. II. [Authorizes the employment of "persons of African descent" for
the 8uppres^ion of " the rebellion."]
Sec. 12. [Authorizes the President to colonize emancipated slayes "in some
tropical country beyond the limits of the United States."]
Sec. 18. Andbett further enacted : That the President is hereby authorized.
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128 PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH.
at any time hereafter, by proclamation, to extend to persons who may have par-
ticipated in the existing rebellion in any state or part tliereof, pardon and
amnesty, with such exceptions and at such times and on such conditions as he
may deem expedient for the public wt^lfare.
Seo. 14. A fid be ii further enacted : That the courts of the United States
shall have full power to institute proceedings, make orders and di crees, issue
process, and do all other things necessary to carry this act into effect.
-Approved, July 17, 1862.
On the passage of this act by both Houses, and its presenta-
tion to Mr. Lincoln for his signature, that officer refused at
first to affix his name tliereto, and had, in fact, prepared a veto
message, whereupon a joint resolution was passed, which had
the effect of removing the executive objections and the act
was then approved. This resolution is to be found in the
United States Statutes at large, 1861-62, p. 627, as follows :
[No. 6tJ.] Joint ReBoluiion explanatory of ** An act to supprew iunurrection,
topmmh UeuHon and rebellion, to seize and conjiscate t/te property of rebels, and
for other ptirpoues,*
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America, in Congress assembled, That the provisions of the third clause of the
fifih section of " An act to suppress iusurrrction, to punish treason and rebel-
lion, to seize and confiscate the property of rebels, and for other purposes,'' shaU
be so construed as not to apply to any act or acts done prior to the {inssage
thereof; nor inc ude any member of a State Legislature, or judge of any Slate
Court, who has not in accepting or entering upon his office, taken an oath to
support the Constitution of the so-called ** Confederate States of America ;"
nor shall any punishment or proceedings under said act be so construed as to
work a forfeiture of the real estate of the offender beyond his natural life.
Approved, July 17, 1862.
By the last provision of this joint resolution the force of the
Conliscatioh Act is made to appear, though even had there
been no such resolution passed, the constitutional provision
would have forbidden absolute forfeiture.
The tJiird of the acts bearing on Property Title is, to continue
that approved on the 20th of February, 1863, and to be found
in the U. S. Statutes at large, 1862-63, chap. XLYL, pp. 656,
657, under the title of " An Act concerning Pardons and the
Meinission of Penalties and Forfeitures in Criminxil Gases^
This act is in two sections ; the first whereof, gives the Presi-
dent full discretionary power, whenever any person, on crim-
inal proceeding, shall have been, or be, sentenced to two kinds
of punishment, the one corporeal and the other pecuniary, to
remit the whole or a part of either kind, and the second pro-
vides for the collection of fines imposed in criminal cases. The
effect of this first section is to empower the President to remit
any forfeiture of property consequent on conviction and judg- .
ment of treason against the United States.
Tl\\q fourth of the acts bearing on Property Title is that passed
on the third, and claimed to have been approved on
the twelfth, of March, 1868. It is the opinion of very
eminent counsel ; among them, James T. Brady, Esq., that this
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PBOPERTT TITLE IN THE SOUTH. 129
statute is wholly without the force of law, not having received
the signature or approval of the President until after the ad-
journ men t of the Congress, by which it was passed. It is
borne upon the statute book, however, and is to be found in
the volume just above quoted, chap. CXX, pp. 820-821, un-
der the title of '* An Act to provide for the Collection of
abandoned property and for the Prevention of Frauds in insur-
rectionary Districts within the United SlatesJ^ As imported by
its title, it is taken up mainlv with regulations for the collection
of the property named, and is now for the most part inopera-
tive, there being no such property as it describes. On this
act, it may be mentioned, that what is known as the Trea-
sury Agent system — monstrum horrendum^ ingenSy informe —
is based.
T\iefifthy and last, of the acts named is that approved on the
2d of July, 1864, which is to be found in the united States
Statutes at Large 1868-64, chap. CCXXV., pp. 375-378. It
consists of eleven sections and is chiefly valuable, in the gen-
eral point of view here presented, as containing in its .second
section, ad fin.^ an authoritative definition of abandoned pro-
perty as follows : " Property, real or personal^ shall be regarded
as abandoned when the lawful owner thereof shall be voluntarily
absent therefrom^ and engaged either in arms or otherwise^ i?»
aiding or encouraging the rdbellion,^^
With this insight into some late legislation, it is proposed to
consider the effect thereof on Southern property title, and, in
order to do so at once, more clearly and succinctly, such effect
will be looked at; first, during, and secondly, since the war.
These various acts named, having been passed during a
period of hostilities and avowedly for the main purpose of sub-
serving certain, military ends, must be looked at almost entirely
from that standpoint. As will be shown, their present effect
is exceedingly limited, and even during the pendency of the
late struggle, their operation was restricted by certain impera-
tive rules, that must have been observed to legally divest any
southern man of hisproperty title. Chief among these is the
fundamental maxim : that guilt must be shown ere punish-
ment can rightfully follow. Thus, if, by the action of any per-
son or persons, or, under color of any authority, any southern
man was, during the late war, dispossessed of his property,
otherwise than on due conviction of treason, or of engaging in,
assisting, abetting, or giving aid and comfort to ** rebellion
against the United States Government," such dispossession was,
and is, illegal, and such person so dispossessed, nas his remedy
by action in a Federal court against any person or persons now
VOL. II.-N0. II. 9
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130 PBOPEBTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH.
claiming to hold his property of right. As, so far as is known
to the writer, there never was during the war any conviction
of treason or of aiding or abetting, as aforesaid, it follows that
no title has been rightfully divested out of the southern owner
under these acts. And, furthermore, it should be known that,
until the allegation was only made and proven that any given
lawful owner of property, was, at the time of seizure of said
property, ^^ voluntarily absent therefrom^ and engaged either in
arms or othervnse^ m aiding or encouraging the rebellion,^ snch.
property was not, in the eye of Federal law, ^^ abandoned pro-
petiy^^' and title thereto could not legally have been divested
out of such owner. Every man, therefore, who now has his
property detained from him on pretence that, during the war
It was condemned as '* abandoned,^^ has the clear right to de-
mand, through the Federal courts; possession of the same in
absence of evidence to the eflFect :
Firstj that, prior to such condemnation, he was duly proven
1. To have been absent therefrom,
2. Voluntarilv absent,
3. Engaged in aiding or encouraging the "rebellion,"
while so absent :
And, secondly, that thereupon, proper condemnatory process
was issued and executed.
The burden of this proof lies on those who would profit by
the establishment of those facts going to make it up, it not be-
ing the case that the party claiming can be fqrced, under a
highly penal statute, to prove his innocence.
Besides these acts above cited, it may be mentioned that
there were, during the war, certain tax and revenue laws pro-
viding, in divers cases, for confiscation, but inasmuch as any
discussion thereof would give this article too technical a c^st,
and, inasmuch further, as but little property, comparatively
speaking, changed hands by their operation, they will not be
further alluded to in this connection.
Such, then, as above given, being the effect of the statutes
named on Property Title in the &)Uth during the war, their
operation in this regard, since the termination of that struggle,
will be taken up.
The act of August 6th, 1861, heretofore referred to, is of course
now wholly inoperative anjd has been since the cessation of the
"insurrection," being limited by its terms to the duration of
such a state and authorizing that species of confiscation known
as ^^ prize and capture^^^ only permissible in a time of war. Th^
act of July 17, 1862, is also impliedly limited, so far as its con-
fiscatory powers go, to the existence of a like state of insurrec-
tion, the fifth section opening with a declaration that it is " to '
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PROPERTY TITLE IN THE SOUTH. 131
insure the speedy termination of the present rebeUion^^ that cer-
tain seizures, condemnations, and applications of property are
authorized. Cessans ratio^ cessai fee, of course, and such seiz-
ures are now clearly illegal and have been since the " terraina*
tion of the rebellion." By referring to sections fifth, sixth and
seventh of this act, the necessary preliminaries to any legal con-
fiscation, even during the war, will be found set forth ; and
wherever these conditions were not complied with precedent to
condemnation, such condemnation is void and the title still re-
mains with the original owner.
The act of February 20, 1863, gives, as said, the President full
discretionary power to remit all forfeitures or confiscation of
property, imposed prior or subsequent to its adoption.
The act of March 12, 1863, is of denied validity, but in its
third section provides that within two years after the suppres-
sion of the "rebellion," persons whose property may, during
such " rebellion,^' have been seized as " abandoned," may sue
therefor in the Court of Claims and obtain such proceeds as may
be left from its sale, on proof of " loyalty." it is thought hj
very eminent council that this law is absolutely void, and it
certainly violates all sound jurisprudence by seizing and selling
a man's property on mere suspicion, and then forcing him to
prove his innocence of a capital crime before receiving such
feeble remnants of the proceeds of sale as a hungry swarm of
judges, attorneys, ipformers, and judicial hangers on generally
may have spared.
The act of July 2, 186i, is also so purely a law calculated for
the meridian of war that it is wholly inoperative now, and has
been since the war ceased. And with this the legislation of the
Federal Confess, eo nomine, during the war, so far as it affects
Property Title in the South, comes to a close. From what has
been said, it will be said that, with the exception of a portion
or two of the acts, its entire operative force is confined to the
period of the war, and then only applicable on compliance with
certain perequisites. But, not to go over this ground again in
extenso, it will be sufficient to recapitulate by three propositions
which will be found, outside of impost and revenue acts, to em-
body the Status of Property Title in the South as affected- by
the late civil war. And
jFirsty during the war there could have been no legal forfeit-
ure or confiscation of property, save on due conviction of trea-
son, or on proof that the lawful owner of said property was, at
the time of the seizure thereof, voluntarily absent therefrom and
engaged in aiding or encouraging '* the rebellion."
S^andly, Since the close of the " insurrection " there can
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182 THE COTTON RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH.
have been no lawful forfeiture or confiscation of property, save
on due conviction for treason of the owner thereof, and
Thirdly^ in either case, during or since the war, no forfeiture
of real estate — all laws to the contrary notwithstanding — could
possibly be for a longer period than the natural life of the per-
son adjudged guilty of treason, or proven to have been volun-
tarily absent, &c., as above stated.
From this resume^ which it is thought will stand the test of
legal examination, the Southern property holder may rest as-
sured that his title, if not, as above given, divested out of him,
still remains in him, no matter by what bureau, commandant,
commission, commissioner, or other oflScial agent or agency, or
by whatsoever general order, circular, decree, or procedure any
thing to the contrary may be made to appear. Trial and con-
viction thereon must in all cases precede forfeiture, and forfeit-
ure in all cases, without any, the least, exception, is only of
real estate for life. And titles being thus good, and doubtless
to be soon so judicially declared, on the re-opening of the Fed-
eral courts, it is hardly necessary to deprecate any relinquish-
ment of the same by quit claim deeds for trifling consideration,
to those sharks who seek to prey on the general ignorance of
our people as to their rights.
ART. III.-THE COnON RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH, PRESENT AND
FUTURE.
HOW THE SOUTH CAN DEFT THE COMPETITION OP THE WORLD, AND
WITH FREE LABOR MAINTAIN THE ASCENDANCY WHICH AMERI-
CAN COTTON ENJOYS — THE COTTON-FIELDS OF AMERICA, ETC.
We are indebted for the foUowing paper to Edward Atkinson, a cotton roanu-
facturer of Massachusetts, who prepared it at the instance of the " American
Geographical and Statistical Society of New York."
In modern times, commerce has taken the place of military power,
as the measure of the strength of nations.
A nation may be powerful within its own limits, maj be the
abode of a happy and contented people, without foreign c<»mmerce,
and it may be as prosperous as one possessing a large foreign com-
merce until its population becomes too dense for its area ; but that
nation only is strong among other nations, which has the ability to
produce some one or many articles which other nations must have,
and which it may exchange for articles which it needs ; or if it con-
tain within itself almost all the commodities needful for comfort,
then, as in our case, its surplus will be exchanged for luxuries.
It is one of the signs of the internal resources and consequent
strength of our own country, and not of its weakness, that we ex-
change so large a proportion of our surplus gold and cotton and oil
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THE OOTTOir RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH. 183
for luxuries with which we can dispense, as we did during a portion
of the war, and not for commodities absolutely necessary to the ex-
istence or comfort of our people.
The power to establish foreign commerce is, therefore, inherent in
the soil, or in the mines underlying the soil. It may arise from the
possession of a soil peculiarly fitted for the production of raw mate-
rials necessary to other nations, or from the possession of mines of
coal and iron from which machinery and, in these later days, steam-
ships may be built cheaper than other nations can build.
In such mines of coal and iron is the source of the greatest power,
and thus far England has maintained her supremacy by means of
them, but as her coal mines become deeper, and as it becomes
evident that our iron is better and can soon be more cheaply work-
ed, we may rest assured that her power will become less than ours.
By one of the accidents which usually give direction to the
pursuits of young men in this country, it has been my lotto be
somewhat intimately connected with the cotton manufacturing in-
dustry of New England during the past Bfleen years.
I have been led 'to examine into the cultivation of cotton in this
country, both by the curiosity which one naturally feels in regard to
the raw material which he manufactures, and by my conviction that
it was being cultivated under a false and wasteful system of labor,
and one opposed to all sound principles of political economy. My
conviction, a priori, was that the superiority which had been attained
in this country in the supply of a material so necessary to human
comfort would be found in the fkct that we possessed a climate and
soil so perfectly adapted to produce this result, as to enable us to
compete with all other nations, in despite of our vicious and wasteful
system of labor, and not, as claimed by the advocates of slavery, be-
cause that system was the one best adapted to give the result.
The peculiar climate of the cotton States, I understand to be
caused by the chain of mountains which intersects our country,
catching and condensing the moisture brought inland by the
sea-breezes from the Gulf stream, causing it to fall in frequent
showers, without many devastating storms, these showers coming
more in the winter and spring, and most frequently followed
by the dry summers and autumns in which cotton and maize rejoice,
the cotton plant drawing the small modicum of moisture necessary
to it after it has attained a vigorous growth, by means of its long tap
root, from a soil wonderfully retentive of the moisture absorbed
during the winter and spring rains.
Another characteristic of the climate is in its inequality, the sum-
mers giving the heat necessary to bring the cotton to its full maturity,
while the winter gives a certainty of frosts sufficient to kill the plant,
rendering the cleiiring of the ground easy, and also destroying the
grubs and eggs of many of the insects which infest the cotton plant.
It is a common claim for many of the new countries in which cot-
ton is being cultivated, that the plant is perennial ; this is no advan-
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134 THE COTTON RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH.
tage ; the quality of the fibre on the perennial plant deteriorates
year by year.
In Texas, which by itself could produce ten million bales of cotton,
or twice the amount of our largest crop, we have another singular
provision of nature, by which the coast and a large portion of the
interior are protected and made habitable. As you cast your eye
upon the map along the coast of Texas, you come to Padre Island,
a long, narrow island, a little north of the Kio Grande. On the
beach of the southern part of this island, you find the drift-wood of
the tropics, brought by the Gulf stream from the Amazon; but on
the northern end you find the drifb-wood of the Mississippi, whose
current, making slowly down the coast, forces the Gulf stream away
from the land. Across this counter-current the tornado of the Gulf
never passes. Were it not for this, the co^t of Texas would be a
most dangerous one, as there are no harbors, except at Galveston,
and even there, only vessels of light draft can enter, all large vessels
anchoring in the open roadstead, where the only stormy wind to
which they are exposed is the norther, which blows offshore.
I may here notice another peculiarity of Texas, which may fit a
large part of it for cotton, in a wonderful manner. South-west of
the great staked plain or desert, is a vast extent of country, now
only used for grazing, but which may yet become a great cotton
country. Under the staked plain, flow the waters from the melting
snows of the mountains of the interior, cominsr nearer and nearer
the surface, until, at last, in a line of many miles in extent, they
break out in great springs — in one or two cases, in such volume as
to make great rivers at their very point of out-burst. Now, where
these waters underlie, but are near the soil, are immense plains
covered with grasses which dry in summer into nutritious hay, with-
out being cut. The climate is so dry, that a slaughtered animal will
dry up, but will not decay. It would seem that here we had the
best of all conditions for cotton, a dry climate and a moist soil.
And here we may hope to see a great German colony, quickly ral-
lying around the nucleus of loyal Germans now to be found at
New Braunfels, of whom 2,200 being conscripted into the rebel
armies, 1,700 deserted, joined our army and fought to the end ; and
the survivors returning were the first to hoist again the Stars and
Stripes, before a Union force had landed within the State. Around
such a nucleus as this, we may hope that a host of emigrants may
gather soon.
In the north of Texas we find the cotton and wheat lands, on which
the winter wheat has to be cropped by cattle to keep it below the
first joint until after-frosts have ceased, keeping the cattle in full
condition.
I have read that on the deserted corn and cotton fields of the
Waohita Indians, on the Red River, Capt. Marcy found the herba-
ceous weeds twelve feet high, and so dense that men on horse-back
could scarce break through them.
And in this great State an average population of three-fourths of
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THE COTTON RESOURCES OP THE SOUTH. 185
a negro to the sqaare mile, putting under cultivation in cotton less
than one-quarter of one per cent, of her area, produced, in 1860, one-
half of all the cotton required by the United States north of the Po-
tomac, in all 405,000 bales, including the crop of the Red River,
usually counted in New Orleans.
But returning from Texas to the oldest cotton country we find the
line of mean summer temperature starting from near the centre of
the coast of North Carolina, thence through the centre of South
Carolina, through central Georgia, northern Alabama, and then
almost due north across Tennessee to southern Illinois, thence bear-
ing again to the south-west through southern Missouri and northern
Arkansas.
My attention has been especially turned to these facts, for, I think,
none will deny that the climate of Georgia is more suitable to the
labor of the white man than the climate of southern Illinois. We
have never heard that white men could not live and labor in St
Louis; yet it has the mean summer temperature of central Georgia,
and the extremes of heat are greater in St. Louis than in New Or-
leans. I do not expect to see cotton made a permanent crop north
of Tennessee ; the summer is hot enough, but frosts come too soon,
and the picking season is too short, unless (and while it sounds ab-
surd it is not improbable) a month shall be added t<:> the picking
season, at the beginning, by starting the plants in a hot-bed as we do
cabbages in the North.
It may be that some time will elapse before the cultivation of cot-
ton will be fully re-established in the more southern portion of the
cotton country, except in Texas. The first idea of freedom with the
negro is to leave the hated cotton-field, and much suffering must of
necessity ensue, and much time must elapse before he will labor
cheerfully again upon the^ river bottoms and in the southern region
where white labor will not at once attempt the cultivation of the
land. It is perhaps needful that we should induce emigration from
southern Europe before the question of the cultivation of large crops
in southern Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana will be fully settled.
But there is a broad tract of cotton country lying in Georgia, South
Carolina, Tennessee, northern Mississippi, Alabama and Arkansas,
the land of farms, not of plantations, on which a million and a half
bales of cotton have been produced in a given year, of which a very
large portion was produced by white labor, even in the days of
slavery. On this section we shall soon see an enterprizing commun-
ity of small farmers, not raising cotton by the plantation system, but
on small allotments, under the personal supervision of the owner,
himself working in the field. Here we shall soon see northern
economy — the seed no longer wasted, but the rich oil which com-
j>08e8 twelve and a half per cent, of its weight expressed and turned
to a useful purpose ; the cake, the richest food for cattle known, fed
out to stock ; the land no longer exhausted by the waste of seed, but
the manure returned, and the cQtton-farm growing richer instead of
poorer year by year. And as the population becomes more dense,
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136 THE COTTON RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH.
the towns and villages will increase, and manufactories will become
established ; and, before many years, we may confidently expect to
see the manufacture of the coarser cotton cloth transferred to the
South and West, nearer to the place of growth of the cotton,
while the North, with its greater skill and more abundant labor, will
undertake the finer work which we have not yet drawn away from
England.
It is curious and interesting to consider the effect of the late war
upon the labor of the world. The war was a war for the establish-
ment of free labor, call it by whatever other name you will.* Its
one great result has been to redeem labor in this country from the
indignity of slavery, and the result ends not here ; the slow moving
and stolid English operative or artizan has had ideas beaten into his
head by the arguments of the partizans of one or the other side of
our struggle, one side endeavoring to arouse in him a spirit of dis-
content with the action of his Government, the other to keep the
peace ; and these men, who hive moved and would have continued
to move only from their poor dwellings to their mills, have been
driven into new paths, into new ideas ; they have been awakened to
the advantages of diversity of employment; and, having once left
Lancashire, they cannot be induced to return ; and throughout Eng-
land you will find vastly more knowledge of this country among the
people than ever before, and an ardent desire to come here among
the best workmen. A friend of mine lately went to Nottingham to
procure knitting machinery ; and having procured his machines, he
then told the employers that he must have a few of their best opera-
tors, and advised them to make a selection for him, to prevent the
excitement which would ensue if he went himself among the work-
people ; they selected the men and got rid of him as soon as possi-
ble. This is the true warfare against England. Let us draw to our
shores her best operators and mechanics. By this peaceful warfare,
we will soon destroy her supremacy in almost all branches of manu-
facture, and do it by raising the wages of our true friends, the work-
ing men of England, by not lowering wages here.
From Germany, too, we hear that emigration will only be limit-
ed by the amount of transportation possible, and when the Germans
of Texas shall send word home, that in 1866 they have made one
hundred thousand bales of cotton at 8 to 10 cents per pound,
and sold it at 30 to 50 cents (and nothing is more probable than that
they may do this), what, think you, will be the effect on the cheap
labor of Germany, against which we have to compete only by means
of protection on many classes of woolen goods? Does it not seem
probable, that by elevating the laborer upon the cotton-field, we shall
elevate the laborer throughout civilized Europe, and ultimately
establish our own ability to compete in all branches of manufacture
without the need of a protective tariff, and to compete, not by de-
pressing our own rates of wages, but by raising those of Europe 1
* This is candid. It was once said the war was to re-establish the Union. —
Editor.
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THE COTTON KESOURCES OF THE SOUTH. 137
And look, again, at the vast benefits which will accrue to Turkey,
Egypt and India. Millions upon millions have been poured into
these countries, and although all but Egypt must cease to hold an
important position in supplying the world with cotton, yet vast per-
manent improvements will have been established, works of irrigation,
railroads and canals, and better systems of agriculture, new and bet-
ter tools introduced, the effect of all of which will be to permanently
improve the condition of the laborer in those distant regions.
it is thus that the brotherhood of UHtions asserts itself. We may
not, here, trace out the degrading influence upon labor which the exist-
ence of slavery has exerted in the past upon all nations, but we may
trace out the manner in which the efforts for its overthrow have re-
sulted in elevating labor throughout the world.
To return to the actual cotton question, you will have seen from
what I have stated, that the true climate for cotton is not a tropical
one, but one of considerable extremes of heat and frost — of moderate
rain at the proper season, followed by dry summers; and to these
qualities must be added clear sunshine, fl)r cotton is essentially a
sun plant. And you will see l^ow wonderfully all these conditions
are met by the condensation of the vapor raised from the warm
waters of the gulf stream, brought inland and condensed upon the
Alleghanies and the Blue Ridge, and also by the equally wonderful
provision by which Texas is made a great cotton Suite, although one
of less certain crops, owing to severe droughts which occasionally
destroy them.
But a word about soils. I dare not treat of soils, as I am neither
chemist nor geologist, but one may find a most interesting and valu-
able analysis of the soils of the cotton States in a little book upon
the culture of cotton, by Dr. Mallet, Professor of chemistry in the
University of Alabama, and published in London by Chapman and
Hall, in 1862.
The soil of the Sea Islands, on which the Sea Island cotton is pro-
duced, is very light and sandy, one on which very wretched crops of
corn can be made. The Sea Island cotton is a different variety from
the common cotton ; it is a black seed cotton, requires special culti-
vation ; and a crop Cixn only be made by heavily manuring the land
with a compost of marsh mud, salt, grass and reeds. On these
islands, a wretched and isolated population of negroes, ill fed and
badly clothed, has furnished wealth to a few planters.
The islands are unhealthy, but perhaps ths causes of ill-health
may be removed by drainage. The amount of the cotton has been
less than the one one hundred and fiftieth part of the entire crop, and
if entirely given up, would have but little adverse effect on our manu-
factures. Ttie manufacture of some of the very finest laces and or-
gandies would cease ii^ England and France, but only articles of .
luxury would thus be lost.
The soils on which the green seed, or great useful crop of cotton
is raised, are divided as folhiws. The bottom lands of the rivers, on
whicbf in ^vorable years, the great crops, per head and per acre, are
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138 THE COTTON RESOUBCES OP THE SOUTH.
made — on these lands the alluvial soil is from thirty to sixty feet
deep, of inexhaustible fertility, on which the wasteful systems of
slave cultivation could make no impression in centuries of abuse ;
but these lands are not yet proved to be healthy ; they were the
abode of terrible fevers, until by the use of rain-water, stored in cis-
terns in winter, the malignant types of fever were banished, but the
intermittent fever still prevails.
Next we have the <5ane-brake soil in Alabama and Mississippi,
mostly lying over be^s of rotten limestone, a deep, finely commi-
nuted soil, requiring, like the bottom lands, much expense in clearing,
twenty to thirty feet in depth, full of decayed vegetable matter,
wonderfully retentive of moisture, and yielding great crops.
Lastly, we come to the prairie lands and the hill lands, hereaf\;er
to be the region of cotton farms and a dense population, and no
longer the region of the exhaustive and wretched system of planta-
tions under slave cultivation. The soil of the prairies and hills is
rich and good, but not inexhaustible, like that of the bottoms ; but
80 immense in extent is the land, that although slavery has blasted
a portion of it, it has not nearly exhausted the whole area, and that
over which it has passed in may cases needs only good cultiva-
tion to bring it up.
I do not mean to say that there have not been men of great intel-
ligence among the planters, who have made the best possible use of
their tools and chattels ; but in the nature of the case they could not
make the best use of the land.
They have maintained the supremacy of America, not by means
of a good system, but because America possessed such superiority,
in point of climate, over other cotton regions, and such a vast area
of soil, either inexhaustible in quality or inexhaustible in quantity,
that even the worst system of labor could not deprive them of a vir-
tual monopoly.
They wasted a large portion of the seed, which takes from an
average acre of land fifty pounds of mineral element where the fibre
takes five — a seed so valuable that, could the plant be cultivated in
the north, we should raise it for seed alone ; they yet persisted in
their course, despite the warnings of many of their own number.
Governor Wise condensed the whole system into an epigram :
" The negroes skin the land and the white men skin the negroes.*'
I have spoken of the great range of upland prairie and hill country,
than which there is no more healthy region in the U^nited States. On
this soil corn and grain thrive as well as cotton, fruit is in abundance,
nutritious grasses are very numerous (but Northern men must here
lose our green turfs) — stock can be raised in vast numbers — sheep
cropping turnips from the soil, as in England, can be carried through
the winter without shelter, and a thousand industries can be combin-
ed with cotton cultivation.
And if the crop of this range of country be not as great, per acre,
as upon the bottoms, yet the crop, per hand, will soon be equal, for
a man can cultivate vastly more cotton than he and his family can
pick.
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THE COTTON BESOURCES OF THE SOUTH. 139
Eight to ten acres to the full hand is the limit beyond which
the picking force of the plantation cannot be carried, but upon the
prairies and hills a dense population will, in a few years, be gather-
ed ; then we shall find the cotton farmer cultivating twenty, thirty
— aye, even fifty acres to the hand, with the certainty that he can
call to his aid in the picking season the entire force required, who
will be employed during the rest of the year in all the various indus-
tries of civilized life, but which dense population the barbarism of
slavery has not even permitted to have an existence upon the terri-
tory which it cursed.
On these lands we shall soon see the principle established of mak-
ing great crops from a small number of acres, new varieties of the
cotton plant introduced, like the Tipporah cotton, grown from a black
seed variety, imported from Mexico just before the war, and which
yields a staple much like that of Egypt and Brazil, intermediate
between the Sea Island and our common cotton.
There are many impediments to be overcome, chief among them
the enmity of the mass of mean whites, who dread the elevation of
the negro.
The moj)t reasonable men among the Southerners are the ex-Con-
federate officers — the men most interested in peace and good order
are the land-holders, whose only resource is in the cultivation or
sale of their lands ; and it cannot be doubted that these two classes
combined will, before another year, compel the more ignorant
citizens to abate their prejudices, and if they do not cease to hate,
at least cease to molest* ^fo^thern settlers.
I hope soon to see the scarcity of labor tending to proper treat-
ment of the freedmen and to competition for their labor.
We are accustomed to regard the negroes in mass as an aggregate
of four millions, but let us cease so to regard them, and consider
them in relation to the area of territory on which they are placed,
and we find only one family to the square mile.
The most dense negro population in any State is in Maryland, not
in South Carolina. And now that slavery has ceased to repel a free
white population, it will, by emigration, increase much more rapidly
than the black, and presently the negro will cease to be a disturbing
element, by being swamped in a dense population of whites.
We may gain some idea of the profitable nature of Southern agri-
culture from the fact that, in 1859 and 1860, the current prices at
which slaves were hired out by their masters, the lessees assuming
the cost of feeding and clothing and the risks of sickness, were from
$250 to $350 per annum.
I have thus given a very superficial statement of the natural adap-
tation of our Southern lands to the cultivation of cotton, by which
the Southern planter has maintained his monopoly.
Russia yields, as her surplus for export, wool, hemp, tallow and
naval stores.
♦ Thero are no such cases, unless on provocation, which result every-
where.— Editor.
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140 THE COTTON KESOURCES OP THE SOUTH.
Germany, producing a surplus of cheap wool, and having a popula-
tion too dense for its soil, is enabled, at low and insufficient wages to
the working^ population, to furnish for export its manufactures of
wool and worsted.
The South of Europe its wine, its oil and its silks. But England
is chief in power among all nations, because, by means of her coal
and iron, she can build cheap machinery. In no other country can
a manufacturer establish his business on so small an outlay. It is
the capital wrung by hard manual labor from the soil, which comes
slowly to a nation as to an individual, and that nation which, like
England, could first supplement its manual labor by the addition of
machinery, at one-half or two-thirds its cost elsewhere, gained a
power as ten to one, and secured an advanced position, which cen-
turies may not wre^t from her.
Bad laws and oppressive legislation, prohibitory export and im-
port duties, may deprive a nation of its inherent -power, as in Hun-
gary, whose lands are so rich and productive that it has become a
proverb, that Austria tries to "smother Hungary in her own grease."
But although the chief power lies in the ability to import raw
materials, and by cheap machinery to export finished products, yet
power almost equal may accrue to a nation which, like the United
States, can, upon a little patch of its soil, less than the hundredth
part of its area, produce a material which the whole world absolutely
needs for its health and comfort. And such a commodity is the cot-
ton of the United States.
By this product we can, at all times, in spite of constant and in-
jurious changes in our tariff system, maintain our foreign commerce;
true, we have other surplus for export, but none which this world
cannot spare.
Now that the false and iniquitous system of labor by which our
cotton has been raised is overthrown, it behoves us to see to it that
a new system shall take its place, which shall be a blessing to all —
a curse to none. Then may we rejoice in the virtual monopoly
which we possess. It shall no longer be a temptation to the South-
erner to break the bonds of the Union, and it shall surely give secu-
rity for peace with those nations who need it from us, and to whom
by means of it we may again become the best customers they have
for their surplus manufactures or products of their soil. The power,
which we possess, and on which the Southern rebels relied, can be
easily demonstrated. In 1860 we made a crop of 5,000,000 bales
of cotton — enough to supply all the mills in Europe and America.
Other countries furnished in that year about 750,000 bales, all of
which could have been spared. Our crop was sufficient to supply
33,000,000 spindles in Great Britain, 12,000,000 upon the Continent,
and 6,000,000 in the United States— 50,000,000 in all.
These spindles, at only $10 each, represent with their looms,
bleacheries and print works, a fixed investment of $500,000,000. In
their operation, about 1,000,000 operators raised the five million bales
of cotton from a value of $200,000,000 to, at least, $500,000,000,
and thus furnished cheap clothing to the world.
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THE COTTON RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH. 141
The crop of 5,000,000 bales of cotton was made, estimating six
bales to the hand, by a force of about 800,000 human chattels ; and at
$1,250 each — ^a low price in 1860 — these chattels represented a value
of one thousand million dollars, or double the investment in machin-
ery on which the cotton was worked.
And now, as we have defined the secret of power to be inherent in
the soil, let us see on whnt this immense fabric of labor, machinery
and capital rested. A few great planters, monopolizincr the land, re-
pelling free laborers, cultivated in cottgn, to produce this result, only
one and two-thirds per cent, of the area of the cotton States. Sup-
pose the cotton country to be that portion of the United States south
of the northern boundary of Tennessee, and to be represented by a
common chequer-board, and if you wish to realize the exact quantity
which was under cultivation in cotton in 1860, you must take exactly
one square — no more, no less — one square of the sixty-four represents
the entire cotUm-fitid for 5,000,000 bales of cotton.
This is the power which the war has transferred from slavery to
freedom.
• ••••.*•
And here you shall find the secret of the power of King Cotton.
The foundation of all this immense structure of labor, capital and
machinery, was only a little patch of Southern land, equal in size to
old Massachusetts and little Rhode Island combined.
Can we wonder at the confidence of the Southern leaders 1 None
knew better than they the power which they wielded by the posses-
sion of this land ; none know it better now. Our wheat, our corn,
our coal and iron, even our gold and silver, the world can spare, but
our cotton the world cannot spare ; this it must have if it would
clothe itself cheaply and with comfort.
We may now pass to some of the other cotton countries. In Mex-
ico, although further south than our cotton States, there are upon
the higher plains large tracts of land well adapted to cotton, and
from which some of tne best varieties of the green seed cotton have
come (for there seem to be as many varieties of the cotton plant as
there are among strawberries with as). But from Mexico little
aid can be expected in the supply of this staple for many years.
Brazil will probably yield this year a quantity equal to 130,000
bales of our weight of black seed cottonr, most excellent in quality,
better than any of our cotton, except the Sea Island (for which it
serves as an acceptable substitute in many branches of manufacture).
But in Brazil cotton increases slowly in competition with cofiee and
sugar, which in this, as in all the tropical climes, will pay much bet-
ter at ordinary prices.
Upon the Paraguay and Parana rivers there is probably a cotton
zone fiilly equal to our own, of immense extent, having a dry and
healthy climate, a rich, moist soil, covered with nutritious grasses, in
&ct a country fit to produce the most useful cotton, and perhaps even
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142 THE COTTON BESOURCES OP THE SOUTH.
better adapted to the labor of the white roan than the southern por-
tion of our cotton States, but it is cursed by a government which has
cramped all useful industry, and, for half a century, at least, the
world can hope for little aid from this section.
Upon the West India Islands a little cotton is mode upon the per-
ennial plant ; it is long and fine, but weak in staple and will almost
cease to be cultivated when cotton falls to twenty -five cents in gold
here.
In Italy much progress has. been made, and Italy may continue to
roake a part of the cotton for the use of her own mills.
In Turkey and in Asia Minor there are doubtless large tracts of
land suitable for cotton, and a climate which gives tolerable assur-
ance of a crop, but subject to devastating storms and rains during
the picking season. Their cotton is a coarse, but strong and useful
variety, and probably much improvement might be made by the in-
troduction of exotic seed, but the curse of a bad government and of
a senii-barbarous people is upon the land, and this crop will disap-
pear almost entirely when we again put our crop in market.
Egypt has made great strides, her Pacha is the largest and most
successful cotton planter in the world, he employs the best engineers
and the best implements, steam-ploughs, &c., but. among his people
the same plough in use among the Pharaohs is in use now. The
crcp of Egypt has increased from 90,000 to 440,000 bales ; the cot-
ton is long, strong and fine, better than our best, except the Sea
Island.
At one time I thought the crop of Egypt might be increased to a
very large extent. Very simple and inexpensive works would restore
old methods of irrigation by which 2,000,000 acres superb cotton
land could be put under cultivation, but already the limit has been
reached, so much labor has been bestowed upon cotton (which takes
twice the time to make a crop that grain takes in Egypt), as to cause
a Bcaroily of food, and Egypt, which used to export grain largely,
has this year been an importer, and the Pasha has issued an edict
limiting the area of cotton. In consequence of this edict and of a
bad season it is now estimated that the crop of this year will be less
than 300,000 bales.
China and Japan furnished England a large supply of beautifully
white and clean cotton, but so short in staple as to be almost useless.
It is already disappearing from market and will not be seen again ex-
cept in the time of a famine. I am told that the only use made of
this staple in China and Japan is to wad the silk or cotton jackets
which form the common wear. China and Japan produce no supply
of cotton useful for spinning purposes, which they can afford to
export.
We come now to India, the land of great promise but of little per-
formance. She has given England during the war a little over a
million bales per annum, of short, rough and dirty fibre, and seems
to have reached her limit.
In consequence of the decline of American cotton to thirteen pence,
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THE COTTON RESOUKCES OP THE SOUTH. 143
last spring, the crop of India cotton is already diminished. The
theoretic crops of five and six million bales prove to have no exist-
ence in fact.
The truth is, India is not a true cotton country, her crop is only
thirty to 100 pounds per acre. Exotic seed does not produce thrifty
plants for more than one year, and in the face of our competition In-
dia must go back to its former insignificance.
India cotton can be used for coarse yarns, and a much larger pro-
portion has always been spun in Germany, where labor is abundant
and cheap ; but with the scarcity of labor now prevailing in Lanca-
shire, spinners will be forced to use oar cotton or lose their operat-
ives.
The Manchester Cotton Supply Association wrangles over the
misgovernment of India, and in truth one can hardly realize in this
country the obstinacy with which her land tenure is kept unaltered ;
but a change of government cannot change climate and soil, nor can
it, under a century 'or two, change the character of the Hindoo people.
In 1857 Great Britain consumed of American
Cotton ; 627,198.0^0 lbs.
In 1860 956,894,000 "
Increase 329,796,000 lbs.
In 1860 Great Britain consumed of other sorts
th^n American '. 126,706,000 lbs.
Ja 1864 only 491,147,470 lbs
Increase 364,441,470 lbs.
So it appears that under the stimulus of four prices the increase
of supply was but little more than the increased want, even had
America maintained an average crop of 4,000,000 bales.
In I860 the totjil supply of all Europe was 1,797,400,000 lbs., of
which wo furnished eighty -seven and a half per cent., at an average
cost of eleven and a half cents per pound, equal to u little over
200,000,000.
In 1864 the total supply of Europe was 928,896,810 lbs., of
which we furnished only 8 per cent. The cost was 44 cents per lb.,
equal to 400,000,000.
In 1850 the weekly consumption of cotton in England was 29,125
bales, of which 20,7J>7 were American, 3,310 Brazilian, 1,542
Egyptian, 3,385 East Indian and 121 various.
In 1860 this weekly consumption was 48,523, of which 41,094
was American, 2,164 Brazilian, 1,804 Egyptian, 3,340 East Indian
and 121 various.
Thus, it appears, that the immense increase in English manufac-
ture depended on America.
And let me say one word here upon the mutual dependence of
England and the United States. We are justly incensed against
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144 THE COTTON RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH.
England, but our anger should not be against the English. The
people of England, the great masses are our friends.
They need our cotton and our grain ; we need many of their
manufactures. With peace between us the wages of the two coun-
tries will become equal by the rise in England.
If we war with them, we aid the class who are our enemies, and
give them a new lease of power, and we injure our friends.
Instead of cherishing our anger, would it not be far more magna-
nimous to take England at her word, revise the laws of neutrals,
the maritime law, and let it now be declared that private property
is exempt from seizure upon the seal Would not this be a vast
step in the path of civilization ; a real progress of ideas ? To return
from this digression.
Thus, although it may be asserted that cotton may be raised all
over the world, yet with the exception of the region on the Para-
guay and Parana rivers, we possess the only region in which there
is the exact combination of suil and climate with a sufficient popu-
lation necessary to mature a crop sufficient to meet the need of the
world.
I am rejoiced that the large estimates of old cotton remaining at
the end of the rebellion were erroneous, and that, with the small
crop of this year, there many not be enough to cause any great
reduction in price. The reorganization of industry and the protec-
tion of the colored laborers is a herculean task The
planters and the land-holders are eager to invite Northern settlers ;
as yet such settlers are unsafe, and must continue so until the men
of property and influence, and the ex-confederate officers, who are
the most reasonable of all, shall combine for the protection and
advancement of the negro. This their interest must lead them to ;
for until peace and good order and habits of industry shall be re-
newed, their lands must be without permanent value, and they have
nought beside.
But while I have proved that we have the control of the best
cotton land in the world, I regret to see a proposition from the
comptroller of the currency to tax cotton ten cents per pound. I
do not regard the natural price of cotton to be over eight cents. 1 feel
confident that when labor shall be completely reorganized its actual
cost on good land will not exceed five cents, and that eight cents at the
ports will pay a fair profit. A tax of 200 per cent, on the natural
cost would be inexpedient, and would seriously check the renewal of
cultivation. I think the country will get more revenue in the long
run from a tax not exceeding three cents per pound ; but in this I
am, probably, a little below the average opinion of spinners.
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SPARTAN VIRTOKS OF THE SOUTH. 145
ART. IV.-SHALL TBE SPARTAN VIRTUES OF THE SOUTH SURVIVE
THE WAR?
Wb agree with Mr. Fitzhagh in his protest against a return to the regime
of fashion and loxnry at the South, already hut too plainly indicated in e7ery
quarter. In regions scourged but twelve months ago by the demon of war, it
is not difflicult to-day to find all the fashions of Paris flaunted, and balls, dan-
cing and dissipation in constant vogue. Let ua hold on a little longer to the
hardier virtues of the war and indulge occasionally atjeast in its black broth.
What Mr. Fitzhugh says in a yeia of irony of the nobler and happier life of
the savage and the negro, must be taken cum ffrano^ as w6 have seen that phi-
losopher disport himself in the courtly saloons of the Capital in other days, im-
bibe the wines of France and puff the regalias of Habana and occasionally
indulj^e himself in a broad cloth suit, which however never retained very long
its finish. He has taken to the pipe now, and naturally enough
" Compounds for tins he is fnolinedto,
By dsmnlng those he has do miud to."
Editor.
CiTiLizsD mankind might learn some useful lessons from savages
and semi-savages, that would enable them to live more happily and
contentedly with less of labor. The all-absorbing pursuit of wealth
that occupies and harasses the minds of most of the civilized by day
and by night, and leaves them no time for observation and reflection,
no time for the cultivation of intellect, and little for social or
family intercourse, is unfelt and unknown by the savage. He practi-
cally adopts the maxim, " sufficient for the day is the evil thereof,"
does no attempt to accumulate aiid hoard up for the future, which
he may never Jive to see, nor to provide against inevitable misfor-
tunes nor evils that may never arise. lie trusts that by confining
his wants to the actual necessaries of life, he may at all times, by
a fow hours daily light labor, be able to supply those wants, or if he
should live to extreme old age and become weak and decrepid, that
his children and his grand-children will take care of him and provide
fur him as he earned and provided for them in their infancy. He is
never harassed or rendered miserable by the cares of the rich nor
the hard and excessive labor of the poor, as civilized people are.
Being too wise and sagacious to attempt, like the white man, to
take a bond of indemnity from fate, or to insure himself against the
future ; when misfortune or death befal him, he meets them with dig-
nified fortitude and impassive serenity. Living on plain and simple
food, indulging in no luxuries, laboring little and taking a plenty of
wholesome exercise, his diseases are few, rare and simple, and he is
neither troubled with the many pains aid aches which oflen torture
the life of the rich, nor exhausted and prematurely worn out by the
labors which shorten the lives of the working poor. He is too
sensible to become the fool and the slave of fashion, to acquire arti-
ficial wants, and to work twelve hours a day, not to sustain life and
health, but to jeopard life and to destroy health in the vain pursuit
and rivalry of fashion. What matters it to him what • the fit,, the
VOL. II.-NO. IL 10
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146 SPARTAN VIRTUES OF THE SOUTH,
cut, the color or the material of his clothing, provided it does not
encumber him, and keeps him comfortable. When he in summer
sleeps in the open air, do not the fields and forests around him,
and the gorgeous Heavens above him, afford him a dwelling and a
resting-place, more quiet, more beautiful and sublime, and more
healthful and mvigorating too, than the palaces of kings ? And in
winter how much better to breathe the open air clad in a warm
blanket or a simple garment of furs by day, and to sleep in a cabin
or a cave at night, with plenty of pure air and before a roaring fire,
than to dwell in close and confined rooms, in the midst of an at-
mosphere poisoned alike by slow heat and frequent inhalations ; and
added to this to be " cabined, cribbed, confined," bandaged up and
tortured by a tight coat, a tight waistcoat, horrible suspenders,
tight pantaloons and tight boots, to be choked by a neckerchief and
have one's ears half sawed oflT by a stiffly starched collar. Well
dressed white men are slaves to their toilet, slaves whilst putting
on and adjusting their multifarious and perplexing dress, and peni-
tential martyrs to it after it is put on. But fashion, fickle as her
chiefest votary, woman, and changeable as the morn, prescribes and
demands it, and white men must obey her behests, for nature has
made them the slaves of fashion, and doubled their cares and their
labors by so constituting them. The savage leaves his children to
run abroad unrestrained, " in puris naturalibus " as innocent in ap-
pearance and in feeling as marble statuary, and more beautiful than
it, or any other production of art or of nature. Naked little chil-
dren are the lovliest, the purest, the most innocent and graceful
things in the world. Young children require almost constant motion
and exercise, are injured by confinement, and learn more by out-
door observation and experience In a week, than they would learn
in a school-room in a year. How natural, how human and how
beautiful the custom of all savages to permit them to spend their
early years at play, all the while acquiring useful knowledge and in-
sensible educations. How diflferently, how cruelly, how unnaturally
and how unwisely do the civilized whites treat their children. Fash-
ion requires that the little things should be bound and bandaged up
in tight clothing that pains them, conceals their beauty, destroys
their gracefulness, and renders them stiff, awkward and artificial
in their movements and their manners. Cruel fashion does not
cease its persecution of the little innocents even here. So soon
as they can fairly toddle along, they must be sent to infant schools,
where nasal-twanged school marms confine them in close rooms for
six hours, getting lessons in uneasy postures, and then give them tasks
to be learned at home. What an effectual and ingenious way this
of retarding the growth and development of both miuvi and body !
Lord Brougham says that a child up to five years of age learns more
from observation and experience than it will ever learn from every
source in afler life. But how can a child learn anything shut up in a
\8chool room and excluded from every avenue to knowledge 1 The
cs^rice of fashion costs the parents the salary and board of a school
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SPA^RTAN VIBTUBS OF THB SOUTH. 147
marm, and the school marm, herself the slave of fashion, must
have a new set of school books every six months, for books go out
of fashion now as fast as bonnets. The tyranny of fashion, self-i im-
posed as it is, costs civilized •people more than the amount that
^y pay in taxes to government, without adding at all to conven-
ience or comfort, but on the contrary increasing thereby our cares
and troubles, for we are continually expending money in things whol-
ly useless or entirely superfluous, merely because it is fashionable
so to do, and casting off things that are useful and convenient, and
that were costly very oflen, to procure very inferior articles in their
place, merely because the latter are in vogue and the former have gone
out of fashion. How can there be real progress or improvement in
a world where what is good and excellent is thrown aside every day
to give place to what is new and fashionable, however indifferent or
vile. In literature especially is this capricious, unjust and evil
influence of fashion felt ; books become the rage and are bought and
read by everybody in one generation, which are thrown aside with
disgust and contempt in the next, to give place probably to a new
•ort of literature, more worthless than that rejected and cast aside.
Fashion is silly, as it is unjust and capricious, and never applauds or
patronizes what is really worthy and meritorious. A good book
never was fashionable, never was all the rage, neither in the age in
which it was written nor in afler ages. It is true, whatever is ex-
cellent and truly meritorious, is apt in the long run to be justly appre-
ciated, but only by the few wise and select. The votaries of fashion
are universally weak people, utterly incapable of understanding, ap-
preciating or realizing what is good in art or literature, or in any
other way. Gaudy caricature alone suits their tastes. They read
novels, and all flnsh sensational periodicals, but they never read (ex-
cept when compelled at school) the Bible, nor the Greek and Roman
classics, nor the English classics, nor translations of standard works
from any language. Fashion is a low, vulgar thing, and its follow-
ers are low-minded, silly, vulgar people, yet these trifling people
drag the reluctant world of sensible people along after them. None
can long resist the behests of fashion — that is, none of the civilized
races. Negroes, Indians and all savages are too sensible and philo-
sophic to labor twelve hours a day in the vain and delusive pursuit
of fickle, ever-changing fashion. They have the good taste and good
sense to prefer what is prescriptive, what has been tested and found
well adapted, useful and convenient, and what requires little labor to
obtain or manufacture, to what is new, fashionable, inconvenient and
costly. Does not this show good sense and sound practical philoso-
phy ? Savages are the most thorough conservatives, and we like
them all the better for it.
But we must return to our little infant savages, whom we left
wandering about at large, in paradisaical nudity, learning self reli-
ance, and acquiring all sorts of useful knowledge and practical
wisdom, from the seductive and delightful study of the great book of
nature. How easily and rapidly does their education proceed. In
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148 SPARTAN VIRTUES OF THE SOUTH.
this great book, man and his nature is their first study, and he, in
the savage stat^, is so simple, guileless and unsophisticated, that
it is easy to comprehend him. Then he observes, studies, and makes
useful deductions from viewing the trees in the forests, the grasses,
vegetables and fruits in the fields, the birds in the air, the beasts in
the woods, the fishes and the fowls in the bays and the rivers ; in
fact, all of animate and inanimate nature. He beoomes versed in
the knowledge of human nature, of botany, of natural history, of
astronomy, meteorology, mineralogy, geography and geology in their
practical and useful applications, in all save their scientific nomencla-
ture and lumbering vocabulary. He knows them in the concrete,
just as they have come, in all their beauty and perfection, from the
hand of God and nature. He is too wise and too religious to inquire
how they came here, to dissect, anatomize and analyze them, in the
sceptical and profane attempt to learn how they exist, who made
them, how long they have existed, how they germinate, and blossom,
and grow and bear fruit and perish. The secrets of life he does not
attempt to fathom. He thanks God for all his gifb9 ; will not look a
gift horse in the mouth, nor examine, like a scientific geologist, the
teeth of *' terra mater" to find out how old she is, satisfied that, how-
ever old, she will last as long as he will have use for her. He learns
the uses of the gifls of nature, as medicines, food, clothing, dec, and,
true philosopher as he is, troubles himself with no further inquiries.
Whilst he is thus unconsciously studying the book of nature, he be-
gins, also, to learn to make a living, not by what we whites consider
labor, but by pursuing the most delightful amusements. He makes
traps, and dead-falls, and snares, and pits, and spears, and fishing
tackle, and nets, and bows and arrows, and with them entraps, catches
or kills quadrupeds, and birds, and oysters, and fish, and all kinds
of game. His life is a holiday, a life of high, exciting and varied
enjoyment, or of careless ease. In Europe, kings and noblemen
are almost the only men who are permitted to hunt or shoot game ;
'tis royal sport, but sport which the cares of state seldom leave
royalty time to enjoy. The savage pursues game almost every day
of his life, and enjoys the pursuit with more zest than kings^ or
noblemen, or American shopkeepers, farmers, or mechanics do, be-
cause the game, the oysters and the fish which he catches afford him
delightful and luxurious subsistence. He does not eat stale meat
and fish, and vegetables and oysters in close rooms, filled with un-
wholesome scents and a noxious atmosphere, but whilst they are
fresh and pure he cooks and eats them in the open air, under the
glorious canopy of hesven. This done, he drives away dull care with
his fragrant pipe, then takes a nap, awakes, and is ready for a long
and pleasant talk. Is not this the true philosophy of life ? How
very preferable to the life of the millions of white laborers in Europe
and America, who toil from ten to twelve hours a day in fields, or
shops, or mines, or factories, or on board ships, and who have scarce
time for necessary rest, none for amusement ; who live in small,
dose, and uncomfortable houses, breathe a fetid atmosphere, and
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SPARTAN VIRTUES OP THE SOUTH. 149
eat a scant allowance of indifferent and stale food. The Roman peo-
ple, when treated by the nobility as our vulgar bosses treat modem
white laborers, used to run away to Mount Sacre, or Mount Aven-
tine, to strike for higher wages, but the nobility always got the better
of them as they do of our trades' union folks when they strike for
better wages. There is but one means of escape from slavery to
skill and capital, and that is to run clean off into the wilderness,
where there is no skill or capital, and become wise, indolent, free,
and philosophic savages. You have tried trades' unions, tried the
ballot, tried strikes, tried the ten-hours rule, but all in vain. We
advise you, our friends, to pack up some duds in carpet bags and
flee to the far-off forests and prairies, or join the negroes in Africa, if
you would be free, and wise, and philosophic, and live by light labor,
or by delightful amusement. If we were younger we should cer-
tainly join you ; at all events, you shall have pur very best wishes.
Now, we have a moral in this matter. We write for the people of
the South. We strenuously advise them to cut loose from the
tyranny of fashion, and lessen thereby, fully by one-half, the expenses
of reasonable and comfortable living. Never did people fight more
bravely, or evince more patience and fortitude in bearing up against
want and privation than did wo in our late war. We cared nothing
for fashion then. Shall we, in our present poor and destitute condi-
tion, become again the slaves of fashion, and quadruple our labors
thereby ? Shall the Empress Eugenie dictate to us what we shall wear,
and how we shall live ? for at present she sets the fashions fbr Paris,
and Paris for the world. Together, they exercise a power over civi-
lized Christendom greater than that of the Pope, far greater, for
weal or for woe, than was ever wielded by any imperial potentate.
We of the South have abundance, superabundance of fertile lands,
aod may live by very light labor if we will but reject the superflu-
ities that fashion dictates. Why not have fashions of our own ? Why
not imitate the fashions of old Rome, in her early, palmy and glo-
rious days 1 Why not win distinction by the simplicity of our lives,
and the economy and frugality of our living? Do we not all admire
far more a Socrates in his little house, with his bare head and shoe-
less feet, or Diogenes in his shirt and tub, or Fabricius, or Cincin-
natus, or the Catos, in all their simplicity and poverty, to Croesus
or LucuUus? Do not simplicity of living and frugality always com-
mand a respect and admiration that wealth, extravagance and luxury
never can ! The world intuitively and unconsciously knows that
the man who labors not, and produces not, yet extravagantly wastes,
is stealing. Disguise it as you may, luxury and extravagance are
dishonesty, and in time mankind find it out, and hate and despise the
luxurious and dishonest We of the South may borrow useful hints
from the n^ro— from savage life — for the negro in America is still,
and ever will be, a savage, but in some respects a practical philoso-
pher. Or, if we scorn to take lessons from the savage negro, let us
adopt the manners and mode of living of the Spartans, of the Greek
philosophers, and of the early Romans. Let us sedulously attend to
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150 BANKING SYSTEM FOB HIS SOUTHv
our religious, moral and intellectual improvement, and freely spend
money for such purposes, not under the dictates of fashion, but when
and where experience shows it may be spent with profitable results.
It will require ten times as much of moral courage to cut loose
from the dominion of fashion as it did to secede from and fight the
iftultitudinous North. In that contest the women were by far our
best and most devoted soldiers. They were ready to give up to their
country their husbands, children, frieads and relatives, and their
properties, but we fear they will not be willing to give up the
fashions.
!
ART. V.-PROPOSED BANKING SYSTEM FOR THE SOUTH.
UNCONSTITUTIONALITY AND VICBS OF THE PRESBNT NATIONAL BANKING
SYSTEM.
The author of the following article, \rhich he sends os in manuscript and ad-
dresses to the Hon. Secretary of the Treasury, sends also an able pamphlet, in
which he very fully presents and expounds a JNew Banking System, proposed for
'the adoption of the country, and more especially for the South. He wUl be happy
to furnish the pamphlet to all who may de4re to study the system.*
Though the experience of some of our States has been unfavorable to the pr<>-
petty instead of ispecie basis (for example Louisiana), which is advocated, we
have neyer been very dear that the measure has had a fiur test» but ra^er in-
• The principle of the system is, that the currency shall represent an invested
dollar, instead of a specie aoUar.
The currency will, therefore, be redeemable by an invested dollar, unless thd
bankers choose to redeem it with specie.
Theoretically the capital may be made up of any property whatever. But, in
' practice, it will doubtless be necessary, in order to secure public confidence in
the currency, that the capital shall be property of a fixed and permanent nature,
liable to few casualties and hazards, and yielding a constant, regular, and cer-
tain income, sufficient to make the Pboduchvx Stock, hereafter mentioned, worth
ordinarily par of specie in the market
The best capital of all will probably be mortgages ; and they may perhaps
be the only capital, which it will ever be expedient to use.
This capital is to be put into joint stock, held by Trustees, and divided into
■hares, of one hundred dollars each, or any other sum that may be thought
best
This Stock may be called the Pboduotivx Stock, and will be entitled to tha
dividends.
The dividends will consist of the interest on the mortgages, and the profits of
the banking.
Another kind of Stock, which maybe called Cireulatinff Stock, will be created,
predselu equal in amount to the Pboductivb Stock, and divided into shares of
one doUar each.
This Cimdating Slock will be represented by certificates, scrip, or bills, of
various denominations, like our present bank bills — that is to say, representing
one, tvfo, three, Jive, ten, or more shares, of one dollar each.
These certificates, scrip, or bills of the Circulating Stock will be issued for
oirculation as a currency, by discounting notes, dc, as our hank bills are now.
This Circulating Stock wiU be entitled to no dividends ; and its value will con-
sbt wholly in its title to be received, at its nominal value, in payment of debts
due to the bank, and to be redeemed by the Pboductivk Stock unless the bank-
are chose to redeem it with specie, and the Circulating Stock will be in the
nature of a lien upon the Productive Stock.
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BANKIKG SYSTIM FOR THE SOUTH. 151
ellne to think that, with proper iniards and restrictions there is merit in it This
is a favorable opportunity to examine the whole subject, for in a little while the
question of the currency will be the most absorbing and exciting one which ever
Addressed itself to the attention of any people. — EnrroB.
I take the liberty of sending you two pamphlets relative to " A
New System of Paper Currency,''^ and of enquiring whether you see
any good reason why the Government should be in any way un-
friendly to the establishment of banks on this plan in the South. I
think that such banks, in great numbers, would speedily be established,
and be of the greatest utility in reviving the industry and promoting
the prosperity of the South, if it could but be understood that the
United States Gruvernment would be in no way unfriendly to them.
Under this system, land — that is, mortgages upon land — is the
best of all possible capital. Mortgaged at only half its ordinary
value, the real estate of the country (according to its last valuation
in i860), would furnish five thousand millions of loanable capital ;
five thousand millions of capital, which, as loanable capital, is now
lying idle. AU this could be loaned in the form of currency, the
best possible form in which credit can be given. And this currency
would all be perfectly solvent — ^specie in, or specie out of, the
country ; would all be substantially equal in value, dollar for dollar,
with gold ; and could all be redeemed on demand, according to its
terms — that is, in the capital itself, if not redeemed with specie.
Such an amount of credit, furnished in the form of currency, would
supercede the necessity for all other forms of credit ; would intro-
duce cash payments in all transactions between man and man ; would
give such an impulse, as has never been given, to manufacturing in-
dustry ; would induce manufacturing laborers to migrate to this
country in immense numbers; would speedily double, triple, or
quadruple our machinery, and introduce it into the* South and West ;
and would be, in short, all that is needed, in addition to our present
facilities, for making our country the greatest manufacturing country
in the world.
I think, for the reasons given in some of the chapters, that, as a
matter of constitutional law, the system stands on the same footing
with patents ; and that (if the opinions of the courts on such subjects
are sound) the faith of the United States is therefore pledged to pro-
tect the system, and the full and free enjoyment of it, not only
against all taxation and interference by the State Government, but
also against all taxation and interference by the General Govern-
ment. If this legal position be sound, all questions are settled, and
the faith of the United States is pledged, not only that the Govern-
ment will not obstruct, nor in any way oppose, the adoption of the
system by the people, but that it will, in all legal ways, protect them
in the full and free enjoyment of it. And the people have no occa-
sion to consult either Congress or. the State Legislatures as to whether
it shall be adopted ; but may at once establish as many banks as
th^ please.
But, independently of that consideration, .why should the United
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152 BANKING SYSTEM FOR THE SOUTH.
States Government be unfriendly to the system t I will attempt to
anticipate your reasons, and answer them.
1. Perhaps you will say that the system would make too much
currency. I answer that there is no such thing as having too much
paper currency, provided every separate piece of paper represents a
separate piece of property, which can be delivered on demand in re-
demption of the paper. All the trouble that has ever heretofore
arisen from a paper currency, has resulted solely from the fact that
the paper was either irredeemable on demand, or not redeemable in
full, or not redeemable at all.
The commercial value of paper currency does not depend, as so
many suppose, upon the nominal amount there is in the market, but
upon the simple fact of its redeemability — that is, upon the certainty
of its being redeemed, upon the time when it will be redeemed, and
upon the commercial value of the property with which it will be re-
deemed. Paper that will certainly be redeemed on demand, with
gold, has the same commercial value with the gold. Paper that will
certainly be redeemed on demand with wheat, has the same com-
mercial value with the wheat. Paper that will certainly be redeem-
ed, on demand, with any other property, whose market value is
known, has the same commercial value with such other property.
And if the commercial value of such other property be as fixed as
that of gold, and as well known as that of gold, the paper represent-
ing it has as much commercial value, and makes as good a currency,
as paper that should represent gold. And the amount of such paper
in the market has nothing to do with its value. A large amount has
the same value, dollar ^r dollar, as a smaller amount; for each
separate piece of paper represents a separate piece of property, one
of which is as valuable as another. If it were possible that all the
property in the world could be thus accurately represented, at its
true and known market value, by paper that would certainly be re-
deemed, on demand, by a delivery of the property it represented, no
harm could come of the amount of currency thus furnished ; for no
more of it could be kept in circulation than was wanted for legitimate
purposes ; and every species of property would stand in, and only
in, its just and true relations to every other species of property.
All property cannot be thus represented ; but there is no harm in
being as much of it thus represented as possibly can be, or as may
be found convenient by those who choose to buy and sell, borrow
and lend, property in that manner. No contracts ever made be-
tween man and man, are intrinsically more just and legitimate than
those by which such paper is bought and sold, lent and borrowed ;
and Government has as much right to prohibit all contracts whatso-
ever between man and man, as it has to prohibit contracts in such
paper.
Under my system, there is always a dollar in bank for every dol-
lar in circulation ; and the entire currency of the country can all be
redeemed at once, if not in specie, then in the capital which the cur-
rency represents, which is of substantially the same market value
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BANKING SYSTEM FOE THE SOUTH. 158
wiih specie, which will generally be preferred to specie, and which is
promised in default of specie. So that the bankers' contracts can
always be fulfilled to the letter.
When ^as under my system, by means of mortgages, it may be)
one half tne real estate of the country can be cut up into parcels,
and represented by a paper currency, and the commercial Talue of
these parcels will be as fixed, and as well known, as the commercial
Talue of gold, is it not stark folly and suicide for a nation to deny
themselves the use of all this currency and credit, and rely instead
upon a contemptible quantity of gold and silver, which is here to-day
and gone to-morrow 1
2. But perhaps you will say that so much paper currency would
inflate prices. 1 answer that there is no such thing as an inflation of
prices above their true standard^ by a paper currency that is certainly
solvent, and will certainly be redeemed on demand, according to its
terms — whatever those terms may be. The paper then necessarily
passes only at its true value — that is, at the value of the property
that can be delivered in redemption of the paper.
All currency, whether coin or paper, is mere merchandise, like
any other property. It is simply exchanged for other property, just
as other property is exchanged for it. . And the Government has no
more right to prohibit such an exchange, or to interfere with the
prices at which currency is bought and sold, than it has to prohibit
the sale of any other property, or to interfere with the prices at
"which such other property is bought and sold. The prices which
currency of all kinds will maintain in free and open market, are the
true measures of its value relative to other commodities ; and, what
is the same thing, are the true measures of the value of all other
commodities relative to the currency. Consequently there can never
be such a thing as an inflation of prices, unless where there is some
deception or ignorance as to the true character of the currency.
3. Perhaps you may say that the introduction of this system would
tend to postpone specie payments. I answer, that the system, if
established both North and South, instead of postponing specie pay-
m^its would substantially restore them at once. This it would do
for these reasons : — First, it would supersede, in a great measure, all
demand for specie, by furnishing a currency that the people would
generally prefer to specie. Secondly, it would always be redeema-
ble on demand, according to its terms — that is, the bankers could aU
ways fulfill their promises to the Utter, And when bankers fulfill
their contracts to the letter — whatever that may be — specie pay-
ments are, to all practical purposes, restored. If, for example, all
currency promised wheat on demand, and wheat could always be
delivered on demand in redemption of the currency, specie pay-
ments would be, to all practical purposes, restored. A suspension
of specie payments, by the banks, means simply a refusal to fulfill
their contracts, whatever they may be. Under my system, a bank
would never have any motive or occasion to refuse to fulfill its con-
tracts. It always has the means to fulfill them. And it could gain
nothing, and save nothing, by refusing to fulfill them.
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164 BANKING SYSTEM FOR THE SOUTH.
Under my system, therefore, specie payments, instead of being
postponed, would be, to all practical purposes, restored at once ; and
not only without any disturbance to credit, or depression of industry,
but while furnishing the greatest amount of credit .and currency, and
stimulating industry to the highest degred.
4. Perhaps you will say that, under my system, specie would
leave the country. I answer, first, that no harm would be done if
it should ; and, secondly, that no system would tend so much to
bring specie into the country. It would bring specie into the
country, because it would tend to develope, to the highest degree, the
industry of the country ; and the greater the industry of the country,
the more we have to sell, and the less we have to buy ; and conse-
quently the greater the balances of specie brought into the country.
The specie thus brought in, however, would neither go into circula-
tion nor be held by the banks, except in very small amounts ; inas-
much as the paper currency would generally be preferred for circu-
lation, and the banks would have very little use for specie. The
specie, therefore, would, for the most part, be held in the seaports
as merchandise, or be consumed in the arts.
6. Perhaps you will say that the establishment of this system
would supersede the necessity for banks under the national system.
Admitted. But what of that ? Even if it be conceded — contrary
to all judicial opinion on this subject — that Congress have power to
incorporate the national banks, still they have no constitutional
power to force that system upon the country by prohibiting, or
making war upon, all other systems which the people may prefer.
Another reason, and a practical instead of a legal one against
any such attempt on the part of Congress, is, that the South it
wholly unable to adopt the United States system, because. she is
too poor to purchase United States stocks for that purpose. This is
a patent and notorious fact, and presents an insuperable obstacle to
any general adoption of the system at the South. And the ques-
tion, as a practical one, therefore, arises, whether you are going to
forbid their having any banks at all, until, without the aid of banks,
they shall become able to purchase United States stocks to be used
as capital?
Under my system, land is the best of all possible capital ; and
the South has that in abundance ; and it is the only suitable capital
she has. if permitted to use that capital, without molestation from
the United States, she can at once place herself on the high road to
prosperity. If deprived of the use of this capital, her industry can
be revived but slowly, very slowly compared with what it other-
wise might be. Will the United States attempt to deny her rights
to the enjoyment of this her legitimate and indispensable resource
for promoting her prosperity? What motive have the United
States to adopt such a course ? Will the South be better enabled
to pay taxes by having her industry crippled by the United States 1
Will the South love the Union any better for having her prosperity
arbitrarily obstructed by the United States] Will peace and
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BAKKIKG SYSTEM FOR THE SOUTH. 155
quiet and friendship between the whites and the blacks at the South
be promoted by depriving the whites of all means of reviving their
industry, and, consequently, of employing the blacks and paying
them wages 1 What the whites of the South want, at this time,
above all other things, is the means of developing their industry,
by employing their own labor, and the labor of the blacks, to the
best advantage ; and what the blacks want, at this time, above all
other thingSi — ^at least, above all other things that they are at all likely
to get — is labor and wages, abundant labor, and the highest possible
wages. To both of these classes, then, currency, and a great
amount of it, are indispensable. The price of cotton is ifow so
high, and will be for years, that, if the whites can but get capital to
carry on their industry, the competition among them for the labor
of the black man will insure him protection, good treatment and
high wages ; and the whites and blacks will thus be brought to-
gether by a union of interest and mutual dependence and benefits ;
a union that will secure the permanent security of both; and the
only union that will secure permanent peace and friendship between
them. But let the United States make war upon this system at the
South, and it, so far, virtually enforces and perpetuates the stagna-
tion of industry, the consequent poverty of the whites, their inability
to employ the labor of the blacks, and the consequent idleness, vice,
crime and wretchedness of the blacks, and perpetual and violent
hatred and conflict between the two races.
The carrying of capital from the North to revive the industry of
the South, is like carrying water in pint cups to irrigate an immense
territory parched with drought My banking system, based upon
their own lands, would give an ample and perpetual supply. The
general adoption, of this system by the South would, almost in-
stantly, double the value of all her real property, and also speedily
double her productive industry. It would at once establish her
credit in the North and in England, and enable her to supply her-
self with everything she needs. And the benefits of this increased
wealth, industry and credit would not be monopolized by the whites,
but would be liberally shared in by the blacks as a necessary result
from the increased demand for their labor.
Will the Government be, in any manner, justified in suppressing —
to such a degree as, by the prohibition of this system, it would sup-
press— the industry of ten millions of people, whose industrial
rights it is, at this time, as much constitutionally bound to protect,
and whose industrial interests it is, at this time, as much constitu-
tionally bound to promote, as it is to protect the industrial rights,
and promote the industrial interests, of any other ten millions of
the people of the United States. • Will it be, in any manner, justi-
fied in suppressing all this industry for the contemptible, tyrannical,
and senseless purpose of compelling them to use a currency which they
are incapable of supplying themselves with ? or to adopt a bank-
ing systt^m which they are utterly unable to put in operation?
But, sir, suppose that, from any motive, Uie Government should
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156 BANKING SYSTEM FOR THB SOUTH.
attempt to suppress all this industry in order to force the national
banking system upon the South, the important question arises, Is
the attempt likely to succeed ?
You have yourself already (in your last annual report) declared
the legal tender acts unconstitutional ; and I can hardly conceive
that you can any longer claim that the bank act, of which the legal
-tender acts are so vital a part, is constitutional.
But, independently of this particular feature, all the judicial
opinion extant is against the constitutionality of the bank act. In
the case of '* McCulloch vs, Maryland," the Supreme Court declared
that the charter of the old United States bank was constitutional
distinctly and solely upon the ground that the bank was a needful
and proper agent for keeping and disbursing the public moneys ;
which duties the bank, by its charter, agrees, and was required to
perform, free of all charge to the Government. The opinion of the
Court was simply this, that, if the Government needed such an
agent for fulfilling any of its constitutional duties, it had the power
to create one for that purpose. But this opinion, which went to
justify the creation of a single bank, with a few branches, needful
and convenient for the performance of specific duties on behalf of
the Government, has no tendency whatever to justify the creation of
fifteen hundred banks, for which the Government has no use, and
that are required to perform no duties at all for the Government.
The real object of Congress in establishing these banks, and sup-
pressing, so far as they can, all others, is to limit and control the
currency of the country ; and that is equivalent to limiting and
controlling the credit, industry, commerce and wealth of the coun-
try, and bestowing them, as privileges, upon their favorites, which
favorites, in this case, are the bankers and their .customers. No
possible attempt, on the part of Congress, could be more flagrantly
unconstitutional, tyrannical or unjust than this. It is equivalent to
a declaration that the rights of credit, commerce, industry and
wealth are no longer to be regarded as the natural or constitutional
rights of the people at large, to be enjoyed justly and impartially
by all ; but that they are henceforth to be considered as mere privi-
leges, to be dispensed at will by Congress to their favorites.
If Congress have any power to say who may, and who may not,
issue bank notes, they have the same power to say who may, and
who may not, issue promissory notes ; for bank notes are nothing
but promissory notes, differing, in no legal quality, from any other
promissory notes ; and Congress have as much constitutional autho-
rity to suppress one of these kinds of notes as the other. They
have as much constitutional power to confer upon their favorites
the exclvsive privilege of issuing common promissory notes as they
have to confer upon their favorites the exclusive privilege of issu-
ing bank notes ; and one of these acts would be a no more direct
or flagrant attack upon all freedom and equality in regard to credit,
industry, commerce and wealth than is the other.
Under what color of authority is this astounding usurpation at-
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BANKING SYSTEM FOR THE SOUTH. 157
tempted ? Solely this : It is said that Congress may have occa-
fflon to deposit money with more or less banks ; and, therefore,
they have power to assume absolute control of all the banking
business of the country, and confer it as a privilege upon their
favorites. As well might it be said that, Ik cause Congress have
occasion sometimes to advertise, in public newspapers, proposals for
furnishing certain supplies to the Government, therefore they have
power to assume absolute control of all newspaper printing in the
country ; to incorporate all newspaper printers ; to say who may,
and who may not, publish newspapers ; to say who may, and who
may not, advertise in them ; to prescribe the conditions on which
alone newspapers may be published and advertisements inserted in
them ; and thus to confer these privileges upon their favorites.
Or, as well might it be said that, because Congress have occasion
to procure more or less other printing to be done for the Govern-
ment, and may have power to incorporate one or more companies
so do the Governmeut printing, therefore they have power to as-
tume absolute control of all the printing in the country ; to incor-
porate such companies as they please, and to suppress all others ;
and, in short, to say who may, and who may not, practice the art
of printing, and to prescribe all the conditions upon which printers
shall be allowed to print books or anything else for the people at
large. Or, as well might it be said that, because Congress have
occasion, at times, to contract with shipowners to transport men and
supplies for the Government, and may have power to incorporate
those with whom they thus contract, therefore they have p9wer to
assume absolute control of all shipping and shipping business ; to
incorporate so many companies of shipbuilders and shipowners as
they see fit ; to prescribe the kind of ships to be built, and the
terms on which alone they shall be owned and employed ; and
to suppress all other shipbuilding and navigation in the country.
Equally well, also, might it be said that, because Congress may
have occasion to make contracts for the supply of horses, beef, pork,
grain, carrriages, clothing, etc., etc., for the army, and may have
power to incorporate those with whom these contracts are made,
therefore they have power to assume entire control of the whole
business of raising horses and cattle and grain, and the making of
carriages and clothing of the people at large ; to prescribe who may,
and who may not, engage in these several occupations, and all the
conditions on which they may be carried on ; and to limit the sup-
ply of all these commodities at their discretion.
All these usurpations would be no more flagrantly unconstitutional
and tyrannical than is that of Congress in attempting to control the
paper currency of the country — the great instrunientality by which
nearly all the industry and commerce of the country are carried
on — and giving the privilege of supplying it to corporations of their
own creation.
Whether the Courts will sustain these usurpations remains to be
seen. If they should, it will be equivalent to a declaration that, so
&r as they are concerned, the Constitution is at an end.
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158 BAKEIKa SYSTEM FQB T9E SOUTH.
It is worthy of notice, that, of the nine justices now^ on the b^Boh
of the Supreme Court, at least six of them, viz, Wayne, Nelson,
Grier, Clifford, Swayne and Field were members of the party that
put down the old United States bank on the ground of its being
unconstitutional.
Chase also stands committed against the unconstitutionality of
that bank. When seeking the senatorship from Ohio in 1849, in a
letjber to J. 6. Breslin, urging " a cordial union between the old
line Democracy and the free Democracy," he said :
"The free Democracy » hold ingf in common with the old line Democracy,
the cardinal and essentinl doctrines of the Democratic faith, believe that the
time has come for the application of those doctrines to the subject of slavery,
iu well a8 to the tubjecU of currency and trade I am a Democrat, unre-
servf dly, and I feel earnestly solicitous for the success of the Democratic organi-
zation and ihe triumph of its principles. The doctrines of the Democracy, on
the subjects of trade, currency and special privileges, command the entire
assent of my judgment.*
Of " the doctrines of the Democracy on the subject of
currency^'' none were so conspicuous as that of their opposition to a
United States bank.
I do not know the former opinions of the other two justices,
Miller and Davis, but it is highly probable that they were the same
with those of their associates.
It is also worthy of notice that, with a single exception (Curtis),
all the other justices of that Court who received their appointments
within the last thirty -five years, viz : Taney, McKinley, Catron,
Barbour, Daniel), Woodbury and Campbell, held the same opini(Jn
as to the constitutionality of the old United States bank.
If, after so uniform a course of judicial opinion, for so long a
period of years, as to the unconstitutionality of the former bank
(which, to say the least, had some color of argument in its favor),
the present bench shall sanction such an utter monstrosity as the
present national banking system, they will thereby virtually pro-
claim to the world, that, with them, the Constitution is a dead let-
ter, and that usurpation never found, or could desire, more supple
and corrupt instruments than themselves. And yet the prospect,
or the supposed prospect, of such corruption on their part, is the
only ground on which the present banking system rests for its
chance of being sustained.
It is further worthy of notice that the present President of the
United States originally held the opinion that the old United States
bank was unconstitutional. If his opinion on that point remains
unchanged, he is bound not only to veto every modifi^Ation of the
present system, but to use his whole influence for the destruction of
the system itself.
Moreover, there cau be no doubt that a great majority of the
people at large held the old bank unconstitutional ; and such is very
likely the opinion of a majority of the people at this time in regard
* This letter was afterwards brought up in the Senate, and is glTon in the Cong. Globt for
184»-6a, p. 185. ^ r
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NOVELS OF SIB B. BULWER LYTTON. 169
to the present system. At any rate, none oan reasonably doubt
that open and vehement war will be made upon the present system,
so soon as more urgent matters are disposed of.
The prospects of sustaining the present system, therefore, are evi-
dently not such as to justify the Government in resisting the intro-
duction of any other system whatever, that stands on legitimate
principles, and which the people may desire.
I should like to say much more, but trust I have already said
enough to secure your careful consideration of this matter.
Your obedient servant,
Boston, Mass. Lysamdbr Spoonbb.
ART. VI.-]fOVELS OF SIR E. BULWER LTTTOS.
The mischievous spirit of wanton boyhood, which takes delight in
throwing stones through the neighbor's window, and then, from some
secure retreat, watching the disgusted landlord as he fumes and frets
over his broken panes — that spirit does not pass away with the
frolicsome hours of youth, but only finds a more sedate and dignified
form of expression.
Behold yon critic in his lonely closet, and by his well-trimmed
lamp, and you will see that the love of mischief is there, only that
instead of the shining face of the light-hearted boy, it wears a coun-
tenance bearded, and wrinkled, and severe.
In that well-used book before him are gathered the set phrases
and smooth sentences that he has as carefully selected as the bare-
footed stripling selects his pebbles from the brook, and which here
lie in keeping for future sport and fun. At last his opportunity
comes. An aspiring author transforms his castles in the air into
solid structures of paper and ink, and he listens anxiously for the
world's praise of this'well-built edifice of his brain. But the critic
sees only its glass windows, its weak places ; out comes his sling, and
away go the chosen stones whizzing through the air ; then there is
heard a shivering of glass ; the poor author tears his hair, stamps
his foot, and rails out wild maledictions upon this evil world ; and
the critic laughs in his sleeve. And we see full well that the child
has been father to the man.
Many, indeed, have been the sportful critics who have let fly their
missiles at the polished panes of Bulwer, and if they have not been
smashed to pieces, it has been because such tiny pebbles, from such
feeble arms, make no impression upon their strong surface, but only
tapped it lightly, and fell down as harmlessly as gentle drops of
rain.
We do not mean to intimate that Bulwer is impervious to criti-
cism, but we do mean to censure these ready-made critics, who, hav-
ing read superficially and studied not at all, have set to work to de-
molish his fair name by applying to his character such epithets as
" Sugared Monsters, ' " Painted Devils," and " Devils in Disguise.''
Petty mischief in the merry-making boy may be looked over, but
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160 NOVELS ON SIB E. BULWER LYTTON.
in the grown-up man it is execrable, even though he call himself a
critic, and wear spectacles on his nose, and a quill behind his ear.
Some of these professional flEUiltfinders go off into dissertation on
the pernicious effects of novels generally, using Bulwer as their text ;
but It is too late in the day of civilization for such condemnation to
fall otherwise than flatly on enlightened years. The narrow preju-
dices against novels passed away with these old Quaker notions,
which were scarcely better than superstition, or linger only in these
relics of antique stupidity, who, wrapt up in their own self impor-
tance, are as impotent to do harm as the toad encased in the stone
formation of a by-gone century. Music is no longer reprehensible
because some wild spirits indulge in bacchanalian songs. Dancing
in healthful moderation is no longer a sin because some make it the
accompaniment of idle dissipation. For the sunny gladness of child-
hood to burst out into joyous laughter is no Ioniser prohibited, be-
cause some children are boisterous and bad. For a man to kiss a
wife on Sunday is no longer culpable provided she is his own, and a
romance is not regarded as " ipso facto" a tract of the devil, because
some romances have been distributed by missionaries of his infernal
majesty. A novel even is acknowledged to be a good thing, provided
it is a good novel, written in a clever style, treating a proper subject,
and inculcating a sound morality.
The critic's duty is a high one, and should not be used for personal
gratification. When a work is published we do not want every
point it makes, or doesn't make, turned into a peg by the critic upon
which to hang his own notions of propriety. We wish to know what
the views of the author are, how he has maintained them, and whe-
ther or not the book is worthy of an introduction into the boudoir
and the parlor ; and that the opinion of the critic be not merely his
own ^' ipse dixit," but illustrated and explained by extracts from the
book in question. Otherwise we may smile *at the critic's wit, and
cry "bravo" when he has sent a round stone plum through the
author's window. But we are none the wiser or better for these
graceful exploits ; we have been simply amused — that's all.
The aim of this article is to expose the unfairness or dullwittedness
of some of Bulwer's maligners — to let fall back upon their own
heads some of the projectiles which they have so idly thrown upward
at him.
Early in the present century, while yet the world was filled with
sickly and diluted imitations of the Gonrads and Laras of Byron,
around whose vices that gifled misanthrope had thrown a glittering
garb, Bulwer, a youth unknown to fame, was putting forth his first
steps upon the uncertain path of letters. His mind was too strong
to give way to the common weaknesses of cotemporary youths, and
to his clear vision it was plain that there was something else for him
to do in this world besides looking fiarce and broken hearted, wear-
ing unhappy looks, broad collars and flowing neckties, and spending
his time half in vicious dissipation, and the other half in reviling
those who did do, or did not do the same. He had no liking for the
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NOVELS OF SIR B. BULWER LYTTON. 161
arrogant, dictatorial selfiabness of Byron's characters. He saw the
follies of fashionable society as clearly as that ascetic bard, but with
more kindness ; and to him, possessing so keen a discernment, so
•fluent a pen, and so ready a wit, to see was to be irresistibly
tempted.
He wrote, and the result was a satire, under the name of Pelham.
It was a great improvement upon Byron's mawkish sentimentality
and fierce intolerance. Life in Pelham appears as a good humored
joke ; it had been represented by the crippled lord as an outrageous
imposition.
As soon as Pelham appeared there was a real literary melee, the
critics stoning him, and his friends stoning the critics. The world
treated it very much as the mother does a naughty babe, first scolding
it sharply and then pressing it to her bosom. Pelham lived through
it all. Ho had as many lives as a cat, and if killed to-day was sure
to turn up to-morrow, and require to be killed again. Whipple, an
American writer, is quite severe on Pelham, and is a fair specimen
of his decryers. Says he, "it is the greatest satire ever written by
any man upon his own lack of mental elevation. Bulwer attempted
to realize, in a fictitious character, his notions of what a man should
be, and accordingly produced an agglomeration of qualities, called
Pelham, in which the dandy, the scholar, the sentimentalist, the
statesman, the roue and the blackguard, were all to be included in
one many-sided man, -whose merits would win equal applause from
the hearty and the heartless, the lover and the libertine." Not at
all, Mr. Whipple. Bulwer never thought of Pelham as the ideal of
what a man ought to be, but only* the reality that a man probably
would be if reared up as he was in the midist of levity, and gaiety,
and fashion. Nor is Pelham anything like what you have described
him to be. These contrary qualities do not actually exist. There
are strong antitheses, but no contradictions. His apparent virtues
are real ones, but his vices and frivolities mere affectations.' There
is no more inconsistency in Pelham than there is in the actor who
does many parts in the same play, appearing as a king and as a cob-
bler, as a bootblack and as a soldier, and then as a mere shifter of
the scenes. Society was the stage upon which Pelham acted, and he
played the role of the fop, the sentimentalist and the voluptuary,
while he was really a wit, a scholar and a philosopher. .
Pelham had been reared by his mother, a London lady, addicted
to all the gay excesses of high life, to think that the whole aim of
existence should be to be " the glass of fashion, and the mould of
form," and to be hail fellow well met with the lords and fine ladies
who figure in ball rooms, and saloons, and opera houses. A hand-
some figure, a light heart, a heavy pocket, a quick t^mjrue, and an
invincible impudence, and letters of introduction from those who re-
joiced in the " shadow of a great name," are no mean distinctions.
With these Pelham launched out into Parisian life determined to
make the most of them, and, at least, to make a sensation. To his
quick sense, the formalities of etiquette formed no screen to the hol-
VOL. II. -NO. II. 1 1
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162 NOVELS OF SIB B. BULWEB LTTTON.
lowness and folly of its votaries ; and while he at once detected de-
ceit and frivolity, he enjoyed the splendor and excitement of fashion-
able life with all the discretion of a veteran, and all the gusto of a
novice. He dressed his ringlets, perfumed his handkerchief, aiifl
chose his garments with refined fastidiousness, and affecting a languid
air and a drawlihg voice, whirled along in the giddy throng, surpas-
sing the most accomplished in their arts, and a living extravaganza
of their frivolities. But under this glossy effeminacy was hidden a
strong intellect, a sharp wit, a high ambition, and a dauntless resolu-
tion. He had inverted the fable of Esop, and under the ass's skin
was the form of a lion.
He appeared in the saloons as a brainless coxcomb, who had no
use for his head but to show off his hair. If a spider appears he
shrieks ; if the room be too crowded he faints, and all the time he
is laughing inwardly at the effect of his dainty dandyism and con-
summate acting. Out in the open air he is the real Pelham ; he fights
a duel in the " bois de Boulogne" with the utmost sangfroid, disarms
his adversary, returns his weapon, and Pelham goes off to lounge in
a brilliant parlor, and flirt with some bejeweled belle with the air of
one who had no ambition beyond the nicety of a ruffle, or the stiffness
of a collar. We shall catch a glimpse of this many-sided fellow in
a chat with his tailor. That dignitary enters his apartments, and the
ceremony of measurement commences.
" We are a very good figure, Mr. Pelham ; very good figure,'' said
the Schneider, surveying me from head to foot while he was prepar-
ing his measure ; '^ we want a little assistance here, though ; we musst
be padded well here; we must have our chest well thrown out, and
have an additional inch just across the shoulders ; we must live for
effect in this world, Mr, f elham ; a little tighter around the waist.
Eh!"
"Mr. N.," said I, "you will take first my exact measure, and
secondly my exact instructions. Have you done the first ?"
" We are done now, Mr. Pelham," replied the man in a slow,
solemn tone.
" You will have the goodness, then, to put no stuffing in my coat ;
you will pinch me an iota tighter around my waist than is natural
to that portion of my body, and you will please leave me, in your
infinite mercy, as much afler the fashion in which God made me as
you possibly can."
"But, sir, we must be padded, we are much too thin ; all the gen-
tlemen in the Life Guards are padded, sir."
"Mr. N., you will please to speak of us with a separate, and not
a collective pronoun ; and you will let me for once have my clothes
such as a gentleman, who, I beg you to remember, is not a Life
Guardsman, can wear without being mistaken for a Guy Fawkes on
a fiflh of November."
Exit Schneider out-schneidered. Thus, Pelham, in the most trivial
transactions, discovers a contempt for silly conventionalities. Ho
mingles in gay company for the mere " fun of the thing," not because
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NOVELS OF SIR E. BULWER LYTTON. 163
he attaches tibe slightest importance to etiquette, or fashion. He
always points out the right, though
" He still the wrong pursaes." *
" He is a trifler in appearance, but rather one to whom trifles are
instructive than one to whom they are natural." The difference be-
tween him and Diogenes is, that the cynic philosophized in a tab,
while he found it more comfortable to do so in broadcloth and patent
leather, and of the two we must say Pelham was certainly the most
sensible.
Mais qui en est le lut ? To unbare to the world the frivolities of
high life ; and it has done so cleverly and well. The fault is that we
are made familiar with them rather than di^usted. Its morality is
not irreproachable. It does not, as some critics have urged, preach
bad morals, but it does not impress good ones. The tendency is not
to elevate the moral feelings, because good philosophy, associated
with Pelham's sprightly flashing levity, no more affects us than do
those excellent lessons which we buy by the pound with kisses of
candy. Very good verses they may be, advising constancy, fidelity,
fortitude and all that, but we generally suck the sweet indigestion
complacently while the counsels of wisdom go into the fire-place, or
out of the window.
There is, too, that *' do as I say, not as I do," kind of advice from
Pelham, which, of course, goes no farther than the tympanum.
Your friend, anxious for your welfare, coolly puffs his cigar in
your face, and, at the same time, dilates on the poisonous essences of
tobacco, warning you solemnly against it This odoriferous wisdom,
arising out of wreaths of smoke, its redolence delighting your olfac-
tories as its sound reaches the ear, of course dies away at the doors
of the heart without ever penetrating its recesses.
What Pelham says you must do is excellent. What Pelham
does is indifferent. But with all these faults, it is far better than
morbid sentiment, or misanthropy. It sparkles with wit, is replete
with interest, akin with satire, but good natured and genial withal.
And this much, at least, may be said in its defence, that the errors
for which it apologizes are those of a generous and magnanimous
nature, and even they " lean to virtue's side." The real virtues that
touch a man's honor — Courage, Truth, Liberality and Fidelity, are
never held in light esteem. Meanness always appears despicable.
Pelham was unflinching in principle, and would have died rather than
desert a friend, or betray a fo3. Danger could never drive the color
from his cheeks, nor distress fail to bring tears to his eyes. If such
characters as these are ^^ painted devils," as two critics at least,
Messrs. Whipple and Hudson, are pleased to call them, we can only
say that these gentlemen have a better prospect for happiness in the
next world than we would otherwise have imagined. For their sakes,
as well as our own, we hope they are. The dullness of Mr. Whip-
ple in supposing that all the affectations of Pelham were real quali-
ties is astonishing. Whatever else may be said of Bulwer, stupidity
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1«4 NOVELS OP SIR E. BULWER LYTTON.
certainly cannot be set down against him ; and whatever may be
urged as excuse for Mr. Whipple, it certainly cannot be said that he
was not stupid. Dean Swift once wrote an ironical pamphlet, in
whichrhe proposed that the over-numerous children of Ireland should
be put to use by eating them. A dull-witted Frenchman, taking the
thing in dead earnest, brought it forward as an evidence of barbarism
in England. Whipple's misinterpretation of Pelham is almost as
bad, and against such stupidity it has been well said, the gods them-
selves are powerless.
Another critic finds fault with Pelham because it has no plot ; it
has none, for the very good reason that it was intended to have none.
It is an Epic novel, narrating the adventures of a gentleman, and
there is no more reason that it should have a plot than that Gordon
Cumming should have one in his book of adventures with lions in
Africa. The objection might be urged with equal propriety against
Fielding, Fenelon and Le Sage ; but this is not the fault of their
novels, but only the quality of their class. If the critic could apply
such arbitrary rules as this, that commonwealth called the ^'Repub-
lic of Letters " would at once degenerate into the most desperate
despotism — an unlimited monarchy, with a miserable monarch on
the throne.
We can best sum up our opinion of Pelham by comparison. Of
Byron's characters, we should say they are absolute poison, never to
be taken unless followed immediately by an antidote in the shape of
two or three days' fasting and prayer. Unless the reader has made
up his mind to this penance he had better not touch at all. In the
Caxtons we have good, wholesome died, the very milk, and bread,
and meat of good morality, upon which it will fatten and grow
strong. In Rienzi, the master-piece of Bulwer, we have a tonic, a
stimulant that diffuses a glow throughout the system. Like a good
dose of French brandy, it invigorates all the organs, and, if the pa-
tient be weak, is the very thing to give him new life and courage.
Of Pelham we would say, that it is neither poison, nor meat, nor
tonic, but a literary confection, a *' bon bon" that would do no harm
to strong digestions, but had better be let alone by weak ones. The
best novels are just as much superior to Pelham as the farmer and
thephysician are to the confectioner. ,
We have tarried with Pelham from an impulse, in which the
generous reader must agree, to defend one who has been most un-
justly injured. Bulwer, when he wrote it, was young and inex-
perienced, and deserved encouraging smiles rather than rebuking
frowns ; and although we cannot be blind to its defects, we can but
feel kindly for the author who so fully redeemed the " atrocious
cri*Tie," of being once a young man by the graceful excellenca with
which he grew to be an old one. Assez de Pelham.
Paul CliflTord and Ernest Maltravers have been duly cut up into
rags, and made into a patchwork of villainy by rigid moralists (so
called), and if there is any phase of vituperation that has not been
Applied to them, it is not in the common vocabularies. The con
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siderations of justice that require that the accused should be triced bjr
his peers, should admonish the world to be charj in receiving the
judgments of common critics : who fret at their superiors, only be-
cause they do not understand them. These books have been de-
nounced mainly by those who never once apprehended their meaning.
And, the character of a novel is as delicate as the honor of a soldier ;
a whisper of suspicion is sufficient to stain its reputation ; to breathe
distrust is to affix infamy. A very sorrow fellow may, by his
clamor, do irreparable injury to a most worthy one. Such has been
the fate of Maltravers and Clifibrd : they were called bad, and so
they stand before the world. Let us see if they deserved it.
Paul Cliflford's early years were spent in dens of vice. His fhst
visions were the mean faces of pickpockets and beer drinkers ; the
first words he. learned were those of brutal oaths and obscene jests ;
and the only lessons he received are embraced in the doctrine —
** Let him keep who has the power,
And let him take who oan.^
Nothing was more natural than that young Paul, who had nothing
should fall to taking ; so he did, and while yet a youth his genius
had flowered out into a full blown knight of the road. After a
career of many vicissitudes he was shot, captured, tried, and con-
demned to death ; and in his speech to the jury at trial is contained
the pith of the work. The design of Bulwer was to present, in strong
diaracters, the unjust severity of the English capital punishments, and
to expose the abuses by petty officials of their important trusts.
That is done by showing Paul, who is by nature a high toned gentle-
man perverted by neglect and oppression into a robber. The golden
threads of a live tale are interwoven with the dark skein of crime,
and it is at the happy termination of Paul's affection that the critic's
sensibilities are so dreadfully shocked. A lady, Lucy Brandon,
young and beautiful, loved Paul, and clove to him in misfortune.
Happily he escaped, and the pair took wings to some foreign land,
and there are lefb as contented as a pair of doves who have found
refuge from northern winds, in the shady groves of the south. At
th'is the moralist cries *' shame." Draco might have been delighted
at the spectacle of Paul with a noose around his neck, and Mr.
Whipple, who was reared in that region which still has some of the
atmosphere of witch burning, and of punishing the thefl of a yard of
calico with the same penalty as murder, would no doubt have shared
in the grim pleasure. But we were glad that Paul got off, and bid
him God speed to a better life, and a happier condition.
We might as well snarl at nature for allowing the tree to grow
crooked, when we ourselves have tread upon aqd twisted the twig,
as to grx)w indignant at Paul's thieving, when he had been born, and
reared, and lived, and moved, and had his being amongst rogues of
every die.
His story teaches no immorality. There are thousands of boys
to-day in the cellars and attics of London and other large cities who
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166 NOVELS OF SIR E. BULWER LYTTON.
have never seen the sunlight of good precepts, or eaten the bread of
honesty ; and no kindly heart can read understandingly Paul Clifford
without being touched, to dollars, if not to tears, in behalf of these
poor, abandoned wretches whoso only heritage is sin and sorrow. If
there be any mind so shallow as to be muddied by this novel, its
sources of good sense, and good morals must be already hopelessly
dried up. There is no danger of any youth becoming a highwayman
because he likes Paul Clifford. Nobody but a critic would think so,
and it is as useless to argue with them as it was for Desdemona to
argue with Othello.
** Jealoas souls will not be answered so.
They are not, ever, jealous for the cause,
But jealous, for they are jealous: Its a monster
Begot upon Itself, born of itself."
Ernest Maltravers stands at the culprit's bar with Pelham and
Clifford : now, what of him.
The lessons of this man's life, so far from being reprehensible, as
they have been called, approach nearer to the sublime. We can only
say of them as of all good things : " Qui uti icit^ ei bona ; illi qui
non uittur recte^ mala,^'* He was not guiltless, but his early sun
tinged his mind with a life-long sadness, and aroused his noble nature
to the grandest efforts of self-control, and high ambition. What is
more admirable than the sense of honor that guides his conduct with
the fair countess in Italy, that sinks the passion of the lover in the
firm affection of a friend? What more replete with lofty sentiment
than the story of the beautiful, and ill-fated Frances Lascelles?
What more inspirirg than the faithful love of Alice, and her final re-
union with Maltravers? Some detached pages or sentences may
seem to be exceptionable, but when we have read them altogether,
the integral impression is soothing to the passions, but like the sound
of a trumpet to struggling virtue — clear, musical, inspiring. The
taking to pieces "system which would destroy Maltravers, would
also turn the snowy plumage of the sweet swan of Avon into the
blackness of the raven."
It is not by printing a piece of perfection, and telling us coolly to
be also likewise perfect, that high and holy precepts are to be in-
stilled.
Sinless, and immaculate heroes, individual Utopias, without pas-
sions or short comings, are of no use to us who are but a bundle of
appetites and prejudices, with not enough of leaven to permeate the
whole. Our sympathies are never kindled up by such, ordeals, but
chilled and discouraged when we behold how wide a gulf there is be-
tween us and them. Man, that strange compound of *^ dust and
deity," is in no way bettered by those angelic creations of authors,
who merely wear disguises of human flesh. The characters that
really arouse our better natures are those who perpetually struggle
with their imperfections, not those who have no imperfections to
struggle with. Virtue struggling with vice, now tripped up, but
again arising and returning to the contest, is a picture upon which
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NOVELS OF SIR E. BULWEB LYTTON. 167
the gods look with delight, and men ean only view with enthusiasm.
Such is Maltravers, erring to-day and slipping backward, but to-mor-
row moving again " onward and upward." Any author might pro-
duce a better hero, but we would be all the worse for his goodness ;
and he would be only an artificial man turned out from the workshop
of imagination, not man the dust with ^' breath in his nostrils," stich
as he was made in the studio of the skies.
A book, too, may conclude with an excellent moral, and yet have
no high moral tendency. The scene may close upon a dozen villains
with their throats cut, and the Virtuosos flourishing trumpets, and
proclaiming ** virtue has her reward." But what of it? If the re-
ward is what she was after, she is no better than vice, and honesty
is only policy, called by another name. Virtue then is only so mucn
marketable produce, taken to barter for such gewgaws as its owner
fancies. This is not the teaching of that volume which tells us of the
wicked " spreading himself like a green bay tree," and of the sun
shining " on the just and the unjust ;" and it is not the teaching of
Bulwer ; it is the teaching of his critics.
Virtue in nature, and in nature's true imitations, is in herself beauti-
ful, and needs not the foreign aid of ornament ; but is when una-
dorned adorned the most ; and vice is hideous, because it Is vice.
The highest art of the writer is so to present them. Shakespeare
succeeded admirably in Othello. All the riches and glory of the
world could not make lago tolerable, and no weight of mbfortune
could crush out the liveliness of Desdemona.
Maltravers' is no animated abstracting of virtues ; but when he
errs we are sorrowful, and when he struggles upward we are glad,
and we feel the inward emotion to go upward with him. If we dis-
card him from the company of proper books, we must first forget
the Story of David^rmurdering Uriah for the sake of his wife ; we
must forget that gentle speech to the erring woman, " go, and sin no
more ;" we must blot out from our bibles the double guilt of Peter
— cowardice at his heart and falsehood on his lips at the same time ;
and we must never more look to Calvary for that sweet assurance
to the dying sinner : '* This day shalt thou meet Me in Paradise !"
And yet Maltravers, for a sin, which is as snow " compared to the
black deed of David, nor half so mean as Peter's, is condemned and
unforgiven, though well redeemed by a long life of integrity, gener-
osity, and fidelity. We pity the narrow soul that can find no in-
struction in Maltravers ; it is as the spider which turns into poison
the very juice out of which the bee makes honey.
Ah ! little minded critic, thou art fit company for Mom us, son of
night. Go, and rail with him, till thy throat split, at Vulcan, be-
cause, in making man of clay he put no window in his bosom ; and
be not content with the matchless form of Venus, because her foot-
steps are not softened with down. Above thee, oh ! critic, hang the
heavens in all their glory, and thou seest only the spot upon the
sun.
One thing in Maltravers must not be omitted — its villain. There
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168 NOVELS OF SIR E. BULWEB LYTTON.
is a magnificent, royal scoundrelism about the fellow that is wonder-
ful to behold. He is an lago, turned statesman, and perfect in his
crafl. His career ends in a manner, too, that must satisfy a connois-
seur ; his throat is cut in his bed. Lumley Ferrars is the prince of
all villains, and his name leads on *' the honored line."
Eugene Aram is a thrilling romance, though the central figure
around whom the others move is an unnatural character. The Aram
of History, well known to the readers of Smollett's Gibbon, was
reallv a black hearted criminal. Bulwer brings him forward in this
novel, and endeavors to present his crime as the result of an en-
thusiasm to get money, to be devoted to high purposes. But it is a
poor subterfuge, and it is not possible that such a creature as Bui-
wer's Aram can exist. Qualities by nature at war are found in him,
dwelling as sociably together as the rats and cats, dogs and hares,
birds, snakes, and monkeys, in Bamum's happy family — cruelty and
compassion, falsehood and truth, honesty and treachery, meet in him,
and on the best of terms. Water we know, by intense heat, can
be turned into vapor, and so the best disposed man may, in the flush
of passion, fly off into crime ; water, by intense cold, may be frozen
into ice, so the " genial currents of the soul" may be frozen up by
hunger, or distress, and one good by nature be tempted into sin.
But water never of its own accord turns into vinegar, and back into
water again ; nor is it possible that Eugene Aram, the cold, calcula-
ting, malignant murderer, could have been the tender affectionate
lover, the enthused student adoring science, the gentle recluse turn-
ing aside for fear of treading on the beetle in his path — susceptible
to day of all that is beautiful, and true, and good ; and to-morrow
despising them, and bringing on his head the curse of Cain.
One cannot be a Caliban and an Ariel at tb^ same time. Tis
true a man " may smile and smile, and be a vil^in," but the smile
would be the smooth coat of hypocrisy, not that of a lofly sentiment,
a qulat conscience, or a genuine amiability.
Not even a Madden could account for Aram's crime as an in-
firmity of genius, and if we accept the possibility of such a man we
may as well at once adopt " the excellent frippery of the world,''
that '* we are villains by necessity, fools by heavenly compulsion,
knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance ; drunkards,
liars, and adulterers by an enforced obedience of planetary influence;
and all that we are evil in by divine thrusting on."
The four novels we have discussed are those most found fault with.
We have tried to " nothing extenuate, or set down aught in malice; "
we may now give rein to our feelings, and perform the more grate-
ful duty of expressing well deserved praise.
The Caxtons is one of the most genial of English novels. There
hangs around it the atmosphere of the pure affections, which are
warmed into life around the fireside of home. It is a delightful pic
turc of domestic life and trials in England, and has but one shadow —
the character of Vivian — which only aids the effect of the -sunny
light of the rest. We rise from its perusal with a glow of good
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NOVELS OF SIR B. BULWER LTTTON. 169
feeling, asperities soflened, hopes brightened, and the heart warmed
up, as it is by cordial intercourse with a trusted A*iend.
It is difficult to realize that this book, with its mellowness of
humor and affection, is of the same parentage as Pelham — that
sparkling witticism. In style and tone they are utterly different,
and they are as unlike each other as both are unlike the Pilgrims of
the Rhine, or the Last Days of Pompeii. The variety of Bulwer's
works is only equalled by their individual merit. His versatility is
wonderful, and he is always in sympathy with the scenes and people
around him. Bulwer, the young gentleman in society, appears in
Pelham ; Bulwer, the student in the midst of his books, and sobered
down by maturer years, appears in the Caxtons ; but however his
costume varies, he is always Bulwer, keenly appreciating and graphi-
cally describing the things around him.
It was remarked by Pope on the characters of Shakespeare that,
" had all the speeches been printed without the names of the speiak-
ers, he believed thiCt one would have applied them with certainty to
every speaker.** And Addison says of Homer : "There is scarce a
speech or act in the Iliad which the reader may not ascribe to the
person who sees, or acts, without seeing his name at the head of it."
We should have to qualify these comments to apply thom to Bul-
wer. Some of his characters are as distinct, separate existences as
those of real life, but many are so near alike that we are as liable to
attribute an act, or word, to one as to another.
Maltravers and Guy Darrell might be taken for twins, diflferent
only in outward surroundings ; and Pelham is enough like each to
be a cousin ; and in the many minor^characters there is sufficient re-
semblance to discover the family of which they are members. This
is easily accounted for. It is dot because Bulwer has not the genius
to discriminate character, but in portraying Englishmen he could
not resist the temptation to throw in some touches of himself — to
paint his ideal of what an English gentleman of bis day ought to be.
When he passes beyond the confines of Briton — ^when he is de-
lineating men as they are in Pompeii, or Naples, or Rome, each per-
son stands oat in as bold relief as the outlines of a marble statue.
In Rienzi there is not an individual that reminds us of any we have
seen before, and it is because Bulwer was no longer Bulwer the
Englishman ; but, standing amidst the ruins and relics of the great
people that had passed away, he was only a great heart filled with
emotions at the silent eloquence that was scattered- around him, and
a calm intelligence calling up the scenes and faces that bad made that
place memorable forever.
There is one quality in which Bulwer excels that we have never
seen mentioned by his reviewers ; it is the peculiar gifl in tracing the
efiects of circumstances, and of presenting striking and suggestive
contrasts. He delights to show us what man the clay is in the
hands of the potter, chance ; and ho delights to give us sunny pic-
tures on dark backgrounds, or to draw with paint black as pitch upon
a surface white as snow. The heart, with its intricate springs of ac-
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170 NOVELS OP SIR E. BULWEB LYTTON.
tion he explores, and traces the mixed influence of good and evil.
In Pelham he shows us a nature kind, gallant, and thoughtful,
twisted by manners into foppishness and levity. In Clifford we have
a youth, by birth a gentleman, bred to be a robber. In Maltravors
we have a thoughtless pleasure changed into a serious man, and a
cool, dignified statesman. In Aram we have an amiable, gifted
scholar contrasted with the malignant murderer. In Morton Devereux
we soon discover a deep plot of live lurking under the calm, sedate
mien of the schoolboy ; and in Vivian we have a haughty, self-suf-
ficient misanthropy, transformed by filial affection, and wiping out
past sins by a devoted career on the field and a glorious death in
battle. Having carried contrasts to their utmost extremes in their
characters, he finally bursts the bonds of nature and gives us an ideal
contrast in Margrave in the Strange Story, a man at whose perfect
physical development we are charmed, and at whose utter heartless-
ness we shudder.
This fondness for bringing extremes together is everywhere
evinced. In Night and Morning we see it in that scene of Philip
Beaufort's death. He portrays first the ruddy-faced, light-hearted
Philip, prancing along on his high mettled horse — a picture full of
delight and animation ; and then Philip Beaufort, thrown, and bleed-
ing, and in an instant dead. How solemn and beautiful are these re-
flections afber that vivid scene of life.
" What a strange thing it does seem that that very form which we
prized so charily, for which we prayed the winds to be gentle, which
ve lapped from the cold in our arms, should be suddenly thrust from
our sight, an abomination that the world must not look upon — a
despicable loathsomeness, to be concealed and to be forgotten. And
this same composition of bone and muscle that was yesterday so
strong — which men respected, and women loved, and children clung
to — to-day so lamentably powerless, unable to defend or protect
those who lay nciirest to his heart ; its riches wrested from it, its
wishes spat upon, its influence expiring with its last sigh! A breath
from its lips making all that immense difference between what it was,
and what it is."
But there are many contrasts more strikins; than these. The
reader of the Strange Story will never forget the horror that crept
over him when Margrave, while sporting with the squirrel suddenly
grows angry, and dashes the little animal from him.
Rienzl is the ^*' chef d'auvre^^ of Bulwer, and is as fine a specimen
of the historical novel as the English language produces. The events
of that Revolution, which for a moment delighted Petrarch and Italy,
and seemed destined to restore to its pristine glory the '^ eternal
city," are clustered around Rienzi, who was its master spirit. In
this work there shines the highest genius. The picturesqueness of
the descriptions brings the scenes before us with wonderful vivid-
ness, and remind us of those charming pictures in the tales of the
Crusaders. The pen of a Scott has never surpassed the graphic
sketches of Italian scenery, of the coUbions of the feudal lords, or of
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NOVELS OF SIB E. BULWER LYTTON. 171
the desolation that blighted the land when the plague settled down
upon Naples. But beyond this, there is displayed a higher power —
an eloquence which flies through the veins like liquid fire, and infuses
itself into the fountains of the heart. Like the skilled harper, Bul-
wer sweeps his fingers over our heart strings, and brings out music
from each and all.
While perusing this splendid production we never once think of
the author, or ourself ; we only feel an intense interest in the for-
tunes of the great tribune. The characters that move around him
are all Italians — in their lives and hates, in their acts and. utterances,
we see the fiery southern nature — ^but who it is that pictures them,
whether he be Greek, or Turk, Jew, Gentile, op what not, we never
see, OT think. Nina di Raselli, Walter de Montreal, the young Page,
and Ceooo del Vecchio, seem to have been the work of Nature her-
selfl Narrowness of space forbids to do justice to this matchless
book ; but it is a novel that infuses the most exalted sentiments, that
invests with fascination a most interesting epoch of history ; in a
word, that aims at all the noble ends of romance, and attains them
with a splendour of execution, equalled only by the conception. Ri-
enzi is in itself enough to have embalmed the fame of the author for-
ever. Kienzi and Bulwer are names which are joint heirs of glory ;
for it is impossible that the writer could have so sympathized with
that daring hero without having in his own bosom something akin
to his spirit.
Take Bulwer all in all, he is head and shoulders above every English-
man of his times. His genius, rare in any single respect, is still more
rare wh^ we think of it as excelling in so many. There is a genial
humor, worthy of Charles lAmb, in some of his books, in others there
is satire as sharp as Swift's, and there is more wit in one of his witty
pages than is generally met with in a volume. As a photographer
of English life he has no superior. Thackeray has portrayed middle
life, Dickens low life ; but Bulwer has ranged throughout the society
of England, and given us all its varieties, from the lord to the tinker.
To' have read Bulwer is to have seen the English people as well as
it is possible to see them through the spectacles of books.
No English novelist has united in one pers6n such exquisite fancy,
such pleasantry, such wit, such pictorial power, such burning elo-
quence, such imagination. He is, indeed, "a prince amongst his
equals, the first of his crafl." We can only contemplate the collec-
tion of rare productions which have sprung up in the fertile soil of
his mind, as we would some favored land wherein were gathered to-
gether the sturdy evergreens of the north and the luxuriant, brilliant
plants of the tropics ; where the dark green of the spruce and fur
stood in happy contrast with the delicate magnolia and the golden
orange ; a paradise of the intellect, as it were, where every taste
might find its gratification.
NoTS. — We regret that the author has not included within the
range of his criticism the later works of the great English novelist,
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172 TERRIBLY IN EARNEST.
for it is impossible almost to conceive that the human intellect can
advance beyond those magnificei\t creations of "Zanoni," "What
will He Do with It," "The Strange Story," etc., which crown the
column of his colossal literary genius. — ^Editor.
ART. YII.-TERRIBLY IN EARNEST.
This is a pet phrase of Mr. Carlyle's, and one which he has
brought into vogue and made <^uite popular. To be in earnest, to
apply ourselves seriously and industriously to whatever we under-
take, is a moral duty, and the dictate of common-sense. Lord
Chesterfield well remarks, " that whatever is worth doing, is worth
doing well." Earnestness, carried further than this, ceases to be a
virtue and becomes a vice. Indeed, all moral qualities pushed to
excess become criminal.
In the physical as in the moral world, excess is evil, nay poisonous,
and destructive of life. Feed man or any other animal on one kind
of food for a length of time, and it will kill him. Not because it is
given in large quantities, but because it is given without its anti-
nomes, that is, food possessing opposite qualities. Everything in
the moral and in the physical world is evil in itself, evil in the
abstract, for then it exists in the greatest possible excess. Every-
thing is good in the concrete, when properly compounded or balanced
by its appropriate antinomes. It certainly takes two or more, nay
very many, wrongs to make a right. The homely phrase, " overly
good," is an admirable one, and should be adopted into polite
language, for it is needed, and we know none other that will supply
its place. Men are eternally riding moral hobbies, practising to
excess, and pushing to extremes, some one virtue to the neglect of
all others. Such men become conscientious villains, the worst, most
dangerous and most mischievous of all villains. Such was the
Jesuit Ravaellar who assassinated Henry IV of France, and the
Puritan Fenton who murdered the Duke of Buckingham. Such
Guy Fawkes and his coadjutors, the actors in the vespers of St.
Bartholomew, the judicial murderers of Charles I and Louis XVI,
and the Puritan Fathers who hung Quakers and witches. Such
were Brutus and Cassias and Cato and old John Brown, and Booth,
who, but the other day, murdered Mr. Lincoln. Such were the
Greeks who gave the hemlock to Socrates and the Jews who cruci-
fied Christ. Such also were the Crusaders, who disturbed and up-
heaved Europe and Western Asia for two centuries. Jn fine, all of
the greatest and darkest crimes recorded in history have been per-
petrated by men " terribly in earnest" blindly attempting to fulfill,
what they considered, some moral, political or religious duty.
Were we nsked to define " The Right," we should say it consisted
in " moderation." All excesses are criminal, and none so criminal
as those committed conscientiously in the too eager pursuit of some
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TBRRIBLY IN BARNEST. 173
laudable end. Earnestoess oflen begets blind fanatic zeal, that over-
looks the incidental consequences of its conduct, and inflicts a thou-
sand direful evils in the hasty and inconsiderate pursuit of some
problematical good. Such, when men cool down and contrast the
cost, will the late abolition war upon the South be found to have
been. Fanatic zeal, most *' terribly in earnest," careless and reck-
less of the millions of lives, not only of the whites but of the poor
n^oes whom it proposed to benefit, that were sacrificed in that
war, and never stopping to inquire whether the national debt they
wer6 accumulating might not virtually enslivve both the laboring
whites and'the manumitted blacks, harked on the dofis of war with
demoniac fury, resolved to burst asunder the ties that bound the
slaves to their masters at all and at every cost.
So much of bloodshed, of starvation and of crime were scarce
ever before crowded into the history of a four years' war. The
fanatics who brought it about, conducted it and urged it on, see all
this as plainly as we do. Such are the latest evil results of terrible
earnestness. Not one good result has, as yet, been attained, for
the liberated blacks continue to perish by thousands from hunger or
from crime, whilst the whites vainly attempt to govern and sustain
them.
We mention these things more in sorrow than in anger ; for we,
too, for the last six years, have been " terribly in earnest," and
rendered miserable by the bad passions that such earnestness begets
and fosters. Anger, jealousy, malice, hatred and thirst of revenge
when much indulged in, disturb and destroy all human happiness ;
yet these consuming passions are the legitimate fruits of such a war
as we have been engaged in, and of such a violent and heated poli-
tical controversy as we are still engaged in. Both North and
South are all too " terribly in earnest" to distinguish clearly right
from wrong, or to pursue a course calculated to promote our own
or our country's good. We have had more than a year since the
war ended, wherein to cool down, and to begin, at least, to restore
amicable and friendly relations; yet we fear that the hatred be-
tween the sections is far greater now than whilst the war was
raging. This intense mutual hatred begets and encourages many
other evil passions, disturbs our happiness, clouds our judgments,
and makes us much worse men than we should bd in the absence of
such passions. Love, friendship and benevolence, in their exercise
on proper objects, purify men's morals, elevate their sentiments,
and promote and enhance their happiness. Not only at home may
we find abundant opportunities for the exorcise of these virtues,
but, at the North, also, much is to be found to excite admiration,
and to inspire love and friendship. If we were only half as busy
in looking out for good men and ti'iends in that section as we aro
in hunting up enemies and bad men, we might profit greatly by the
change of tactics. The Conservatives of the North, no matter
what their political denomination, might all be conciliated into
friendship and good- will towards the South did we indulge in less
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174 TEKRIBLY IN EARNEST.
indiscriminate abuse of that whole section. Even such distinguished
Radicals as Gerret Smith, Horace Greeley and Henry Ward
Beecher, evince much magnanimity of feeling towards us, and
obviously now entertain no malicious hatred and no spirit of cruelty
or revenge for our oppressed and down-trodden people. They de-
serve the more credit, that, retaining their political opinions, they
have moderated and mollified their feelings.
We should imitate the example of such men as these ; and whilst
maintaining our rights and defending our opinions in a fearless and
manly way, we should be equally solicitous to applaud those who
^re disposed to render us justice, as to censure and expose those
who wrong and oppress us. Even in censuring and exposing the
wicked and the corrupt, we should preserve our tempers and in-
dulge in no abusive epithets. Ridicule is the most effective weapon
with which to assail fanatics, and to employ ridicule successfully,
one must keep in a high good humor.
* It is not at all improbable that, even now, the Conservatives out-
number the R;idicals at the North,' and may oust them from office
at the next Congressional ^election. Sure we are that the Radicals
cannot much longer stand up under the weight of an enormous and
increasing national debt, heavy and oppressive taxation, a large
standing army in time of peace, negro suffrage and negro equality,
a dissevered Union, and a Constitution broken, disregarded and
thrown aside. Worse than all, four millions of strong and able
negroes, paying little or no tax to a Government that has incurred
a debt of three thousand millions to liberate them; but, on the con-
trary, costing the whites, directly and indirectly, not less than fifty
millions a year, under Radical rule, in petting, spoiling and corrupt-
ing them. The present party in power cannot much longer stand up
under such weights as they have volunteered to carry. In the
meantime, it will be most dignified and most politic for the South
to bear with quiet composure all the injustice, wrong and oppres-
sion which their terrible earnestness and malignant passions may
hurry them on to inflict. Give them rope enough and they wiU
surely hang themselves.
Our institutions are of English origin, and our people of English
descent. Unconquerable, uneradicable elasticity and vitality have
ever distinguished English institutions and love of liberty. Magna
Charta and her various statutes, intended as assertions and recogni-
tions of the immemorial prescriptive rights and liberties of English-
men, though frequently disregarded and violated by usurping and
tyrannical monarchs, gained renewed strength and vigor from each
violation ; were time and again reasserted, recognized and acknowl-
edged by succeeding monarchs, until to-day Magna Charta, the
"W^it of Habeas Corpus, the Bill of Rights, and all the other muni-
ments of English liberty are more firmly fixed in the affections of
the people, and more distinctly recognized and observed by Govern-
ment, than at any former period. Our Constitution is little more
than the unwritten Constitution of England reduced to writing. It
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TEBBIBLT IK EARNEST. 175
is adapted to our wants, our feelings, our Anglo-Saxon love of
liberty, and will be restored in all its pristine purity and integrity
so soon as the Radicals are expelled from power. It worked admir-
ably, save for the slavery question, for nearly a century, and that
cause of dissension being removed, it may continue to work well
for many centuries to come.
Institutions, not constitutions, are the real efficient safeguards,
muniments and defences of liberty. The institutions of England,
especially her King, her Houses of Lords and of Commons, her
Established Church, her Judiciary, her landed entails and her limited
suffrage, are older, more venerated and possessed of more strength
and vitality than >any similar institutions of ours. We change, or
greatly modify, most of our institutions so often, that wc do not
give them time to harden into strength and consistency, nor to win
and secure the respect, attachment and veneration of the people.
To this general rule there is, however, one signal and distinguished
exception. Our States are at once institutions and sovereign na-
tions. The Government of England is also an institution, although
the aggregate of many lesser institutions. Our State Governments
are also, like the institutions of England, prescriptive. No one
can trace back to their beginning, nor detect and expose their gradual
accretions, growth and development. The founders of the Old
Thirteen States brought over with them An^lo-Saxon laws, custonis,
habits, liberties and other institutions.' The birthplace of these
institutions was the forests of Germany ; but when or how born,
formed or created, no one can tell. It is only natural-born pre-
scriptive institutions that possess strength, vitality and stability.
These States are far older than the Federal Government, which,
however, was not made by the United States Constitution, not man-
made, but grew up gradually, insensibly and naturally out of the
wants and circumstances of the times. There was, for many pur-
poses, a union of the States or Colonies, for half a century before
the Revolution of 1T76, and Congresses and Conventions of the
States long preceded even the confederation. Our unwritten Federal
Constitution, our prescriptive Constitution, forms the larger and
better part of our written Federal Constitution. That written Con-
stitution would not have lasted a year had not its framers wisely
adopted what was already in existence, what was natural, of English
and German descent, prescriptive and immemorial. In saying this
of* the Federal Government, w^/tre but " rendering unto Ceesar the
things that are Ceesar's.'^ It has rights and powers which are
sovereign within a limited sphere. But the States have also rights
and powers which, in a far wider sphere, are sovereign, and they,
too, within their appropriate sphere, should be respected and obeyed.
They, and the Federal Government, are co-ordinate sovereignties,
opposing, antagonising, antinomic forces, that, by their antagonism
and opposition, co operate to sustain and keep in life and action the
great framework of society, and of Government, State and Federal.
It is an unphilosophical, a senseless, an absurd objection to our
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176 TERRIBLY IN EARNEST.
Republican form of government, that the limits of the respective
powers of the State and Federal Government are not exactly de-
fined, nor capable of exact definition. They would not live a year
if they were capable of such exact definition. Who can define the
exact limits of the powers of Executive and Legislature, of Legis-
lature and Judiciary, of the civil and the military power, of repre-
sentative and constituency, of Church and Statel Why, no one ! Each
is continually warring with the other in the attempt to increase its
sphere of action ; and it is by such war that the fabric of govern-
ment and of society is sustained. Whenever any institution ceases
to be jealous and aggressive, loses its esprit de corpsy its selfishness,
and becomes apathetic and quiescent, that institution is about to
perish. ,
Opposing forces, forces whose respective, appropriate limits are
wholly undiscoverable and undefinable, keep in action, and, by their
antagonism, sustain the universe from the solar system, with its
centripital and centrifugal forces, down to the minutest plant, with
its light and darkness, its moisture and dryness, its heat and cold,
its earth, its lime, its ammonia, and a thousand other minute and
recondite forces, which, by their opposition, keep the plant growing,
yet any one of which alone, or in excess, would be poison and death
•to the plant. Away, then, with the notion that the Federal Gov-
vernment and the State Government cannot get along successfully
together because they will often antagonize. They should anta-
gonize, be jealous of each others authority, keep up, at least, con-
tinual disputes and wars of words, keep watch and guard over each
other, cherish esprit de corps and selfishness to a moderate degree,
and become the " antinomes" or opposing, yet co-operative, forces
essential to the preservation of individual liberty and the mainte-
nance and stability of society and of government.
Now you, Mr. Editor, and our intelligent, appreciative readers,
will at once perceive that we have indulged in this digression for
the double purpose of explaining the subject on hand, and of
illustrating and explaining, in piecemeal, and by an example, our
system of Antinomic Pathology. Nobody would read a system, a
moral and physical kosmos, with such a forbidding title, at once, if
presented in its entirety ; but if we can, by occasional familiar
examples, show what an important, what a supreme and controlling
part "antinomes" play in the economy of the universe, as well moral
as physical, we may succeed in esfllting the curiosity of our readers
to the perusiU and study of our "Antinomic Pathology" when we
present it in its entirety, which we mean to do ere long.
Returning from this digression, we assure our readers that we
foresee " a good time coming," and that not very far distant.
State sovereignty, though suspended, remains intact; for the
Southern States are still, originally and anatomically, sovereign.
They hive each a soil and a people, a militia, an executive, a legis-
lature, a judiciary, and separate and distinct laws, customs, habits
and institutions. They are each sovereign, complete States or na-
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SKETCHES OF FOUEIGN TRAVEL. 177
tions, because thej have all the offices, institutions and functions that
pertain to constitute a sovereignty. Their sovereignty is more than
a metaphysical deduction — it is a physical fact. So soon as the
Federal troops are removed and the Southern States fully restored
to the Union, they will become again watchful and efficient guar-
dians and defenders of the liberty of the South. In the mean time,
we 'must keep cool, evince the same fortitude under a temporary
oppression that we exhibited throughout the war. Never become
" terribly in earnest," like the Radicals, and, by losing our tempers,
cloud and upset our judgments.
We have often had occasion to remark that the maxims in all
languages are the same; that they are systems of philosophy,
tersely expressed, and like all systems of philosophy, but half
truths, any one of which, if made the sole guidance of conduct, be-
comes a whole falsehood; Hence, we think, in all languages where
you find one maxiip you may find another having an opposite mean-
ing. Truth, or the line of rectitude, lies somewhere between those
opposing maxims; yet no one will ever discover exact truth or the
line of rectitude, though we all know when we have departed or
aberred far from them. Stoicism and epicurism were, in like man-
ner, half truths, and the line of rectitude, or positive truth^ lay
somewhat between them. Yet it is vain to attempt to define that
line.
The Yankee maxim, " Be sure you are right, then go ahead,*' is
but another version of Mr. Carlyle's " terribly in earnest" — a very
good maxim when we are about to storm an intrenchment, and when
the action will be'over in a few moments; but a very unwise and
unsafe one for the conduct of life, for change of circumstances is
continually making what was right to-day wrong to-morrow.
We recommend, under our present circumstances, the opposite
maxims to them, their " antinomes," for the adoption and practice
of the South, to wit : " Much haste, little speed ;" ^^Featina lenUy^
that is, " Hasten slowly ;" " SuavUer in modo, fortiter in re," that
is, " Gentle in manner, firm of purpose ;" "JVi/ admirari^^ that is,
" Be never startled or thrown off your guard," or, " Be surprised at
nothing."
ART. VIII.-SKETCHES OF FOREIGS TRAVEL;
Na 2.
Brunswick House Hotsl, London, May 20^, 1866.
ToB Brunswick House Hotel is a handsome structure, four stories
high, overlooking Hanover Square, a few rods from Regent Street,
and kept by a plump landlady, who knows her business. I am com-
fortably lodged, capitally served, well fed, and laboriously fleeced.
There is a detailed thoroughness in the system of hotel charges,
much to be admired when viewed abstractly as a system, seriously
to be reprobated when subjected to its practical application. Every
item is implacably registered. The sleeping-room, the use of a din-
VOL. II. — ^NO. IL 12
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178 SKETCHES OF FOBBIGK TRAVEL.
ing room, every bit of candle, every single fire, and all the meala,
figure under separate heads, and the end of every week brings up a
bill as long and as painful as the moral law. Long as it is, it has
yet an incisive appendix. The chambermaid has to be defrayed, a
douceur goes to the waiter, the cook confidently expects a bonus, and
Boots affectionately desires to be " remembered."
My first aim, of course, is the epidemic one of all travelers — ^*' to
do" London. Afler that, I propose, if possible, to get beneath the
surface of things, and see something of the social, and other less
obvious, features of this great country.
In assuming to delineate London, even superficially, one is met on
the very threshold by two difficulties, which are almost incurable.
One is to elect where to begin ; the other is to give anything like a
tolerable picture of what challenges the eye. In writing, then, I can
only promise to accord you the most salient points in whatever
occurs to me as most likely to enlist the curiosity of your readers.
Westminster Abbey. — ^The spot in London which, far above all
others, attracted my attention, was Westminster Abbey, for it is
the repository of things in which Americans hold, witTi the English,
a wide community of interest. This immense Gothic pile is said to
have been founded by a Saxon king, named Seberty in the seventh
century, but being destroyed by the Danes, was rebuilt by Edgar,
in 758, and greatly enlarged by Edward the Confessor in 1245. The
nave and eastern part were erected by Edward the First, and the
western towers were completed by Sir Christopher Wren. The
most important addition made to it was the chapel of Henry the
Seventh. It is out of strict keeping with the general design of the
building, but is certainly an exquisite piece of architecture. We
enter the church through a small doorway, scarce six feet high, and
are ushered at once, without any preliminary, into the
Poets* Corner, — I remained there for several hours, deciphering
inscriptions, inspecting monuments, and endeavoring to obtain a full
and realizing sense of the great presences i^ which I stood. In a
place like that. one may surely be permitted to feel within himself
some faint stirring of the Heroic and the Reverential, and even
avow as much, without exposing himself to a suspicion of affectation.
There, in common dust and silence, sleeps the greater part of Eng-
land's learned, and wise, and heroic, and eloquent dead, crowned with
speaking statues and monuments, and all the tender memorials of a
nation's love and gratitude.
There is "rare Ben Jonson," looking down on us, shaggy and
grim, in his marble effigy ; there Samuel Butler, the author of Hu-
dibras, with his handsome upper lip curling with sarcastic humor ;
there Edmund Spenser, of the Fairie Queen; there John Milton,
with his white brow and his sightless orbs, and his long hair drift-
ing ambro>ially over his shoulders ; there Thomas Gray, immortal
in his Elegy ; there John Dry den, handsome, grave, and self-poised ;
there Thomas Campbell, smiling pleasantly at us over his Byronic
collar ; there Johnston^ the greatest moralist, Sheridan, the greatest
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SKETCHES OP FOREIGN TRAVEL. 1Y9
orator, and Oarriek^ the greatest actor of England, sleeping side by
side; there Oliver Goldsmith, ugly, amiable, and full of genius;
there Joseph Addison, with his clean-cut and fastidious face^ and
there glorious old Geoffrey Chaucer, who, with eyes of flame and
tongue of fire, sang the morning song of English poesy. Fancy
all of these congregated in speaking images around you, the voices
of pilgrims like myself bated to inarticulate whispers, and the outer
light of heaven filtered through stained glass, and coming down over
you, and glorifying you in a dim, religious radiance.
While in the midst of my devotional inquest, with one foot on
the grave of Jonson and the other pressing the grave of Sheridan,
the daily service which is held in the church suddenly commenced.
The responses there are curiously arranged* While allowing the
congregation to participate freely, there is a body of professional
responders, organized on a strictly artistic plan. A dbmplete choir
of voices, including the treble pipes of about twenty boys, and em-
bracing all the distinctive registers, down to the possession of a
dozen fine bassos, swell in upon the responses, and impart to their
measured cadences the entrancing effect of music. But it was only
when the white-haired organist got upon his velvet stool, and laid
his thin fingers upon the speaking ivory before him, and the splendid
choir broke, with one impulse, into the broad melody of a triumphal
hymn, that the old place took on its sublimest aspect.
Think of standing there, with closed eyes and rapt soul, above the
gathered ashes of most of the deathless singers of our tongue, and
feeling the echoes of the solemn music overflowing you from a hun-
dred arcades of that vast cathedral, which has stood up against the
sun and the clouds, and kept grim ward over the concentrated and
awful memories of a thousand years.
If De Bow's Review has a nervous organism, it can realize the
exaltation of the scene. Let me return, however, somewhat more
in detail to the '* Poets' Corner^ and its sacred population. I make
a short note of the principal inhabitants, in the order in which they
are arranged.
Ben Jofiifon, — There is erected to him a tablet and medallion.
Beneath them are masks, representing Tragedy and Comedy. The
face here delineated as Jonson's exhibits a coarse-featured and
rather vulgar-looking man, with a stubby mustache and a ragged
patch of hair bristling on his chin. Assuming the likeness to be a
faithful one, he certainty could have been no beauty.
Samuel Builery the author of Hudibras, is honored with a bust
garnished with masks. This bust was erected to him by John Bar-
ber, of London, with an inscription to the effect, that as he (Butler)
had lived all his life in want, he should not, in death, want a monu-
ment. Butler, perhaps, would not have considered that a life of
penury was adequately compensated by a monument in death, how-
ever ingeniously illustrated by a pun. The face of the bust is round
and jolly, with a decided disposition towards sarcasm in the mouth.
There is really a striking resemblance in it to Qen, Humphrey! Mar-
ihall, of Ky.
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180 8KBTCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL.
Edmund Spenser^ the author of the Fairie Queen, is onlj repre-
sented by a plain tablet, with a base and pediment, bearing an in-
scription commemoratiye of his genius.
John Millon. — A bust and tablet. Beneath these is a lyre, en-
circled by a serpent, holding an apple, having obvious allusion to his
Paradise achievements. The face of the bust is remarkably hand-
some. The forehead is very high, and the hair, parted in the mid-
dle, rolls in rich masses on either shoulder. The mouth is rather
set and determined, but the general effect of the countenance is
mild and seductive. Milton's remains are not in the Abbey, but
buried in Cripplegate Church.
Thomas Gray. — " The elegy in a country church-yard " is repre-
sented in a medallion profile, held in the hand of the lyric muse.
According to the medallion, Mr. Gray had a fine brow, a projecting
under lip, and a face, on the whole, which was namby-pamby. He
is interred at Stoke Pogts,
Geoffrey Chaucer^ the father of English poetry, has no effigy. To
his memory is erected a fine ancient altar-tomb, surmounted by a
Grothic canopy. It contains a Latin inscription, dated October, 1400,
and now almost obliterated, telling of his rank in literature, and that
his bones were underneath.
Abraham Cowley, — No efligy. A large urn, with a wreath en-,
twined, and on the top of a high pedestal, is the only symbol which
speaks of Mr. Cowley.
John Dryden, — A monument crowned by an excellent bust. The
face is certainly very fine. It is as cleanly chiseled and regular as a
Greek's, and, considering its regularity, wonderfully expressive of
power.
Thomas Campbell, — A pedestal, on which stands a fulMenc^h
statue. The face here pictured is singularly pleasant, it is of a
florid type, jovially outlined, and alive with amiability. Great youth-
fulness is imparted to its expression by the By ronic style of the shirt-
collar.
Robert Southey, — A tablet and bust. It is to be hoped that
the face of this bust does not fairly reproduce what Mr. Southey
really was. It is mean and Charles Sumnerishj perking with in-
finite conceit and Puritanism. Allowing the likeness to be good, we
cease to wonder that Byron despised him with such cordiality.
William Shakespeare, — A monument, with a full-length statue,
leaning on a pillar. His finger rests upon a scroll, which depends from
this pillar, and on which is inscribed those splendid lines from the
Tempest, ending with the words, *^ this great globe itself shall melt,
and leave not a wreck behind." The countenance in the statue is very
handsome, much resembling the engravings we have of him, except
that there is more rigidness in the chiseling of the lips.
The remains of Jonson, Sheridan and Garrick lie just in front of
the statue of Shakespeare, and the latter's pointed finger seems in-
voking attention to the final end of their, as well as all other terres-
trial greatness.
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AMERICAN GOMMEjRCB. IS*!
John Gay, the author of the " Beggars' Opera," is represented
by a medallion, held by Cupid. This commemorative symbol was
erected to him by the Duke and Duchess of Queensbnry.
Oliver GolcUtnith. — ^A tablet, with a medallion profile. The pro-
file gives us a low and retreating brow, thin hair, a mouth much
pursed up, and a face generally disposed to be positively ugly.
Joseph Addison, — A monument, crowned by a full-length statue,
in the hand of which a scroll is held. Around the pedestal the nine
Muses are grouped in graceful postures. The face of the statue
corresponds, in some respects, with what certain histories of lys
character would lead us to expect It is prim, and rather cfTeminatb,
wearing a look which causes us to conclude that something pained or
disgusted him. It is an even question, whether he has had an over-
dose of green apples, or smells bad fish.
David Oarrick. — ^The statue of Garrick 'is, on the whole, the
most imposing representation in the Poets' Comer. A full-length
figure, crowned by a most animated and expressive face, leans for-
ward and gently divides a curtain, which falls gracefully on either
side. Beneath the statue are seated life-sized figures of Tragedy
and Comedy.
There are many other objects of interest in the Abbey which the
great length of this letter admonishes me to reserve for a subse-
quent communication. Cartb Blanchb.
ART. IX -AMERICAN COMMERCE-ITS PROGRESS AND BEYELOP-
MENT.
paet iil— oue commerce under the articles of confeder.
i * ATIO^f*
During the Revolution all foreign enterprise was of necessity sus-
pended, and in struggling for liberty, men tausht themselves to for-
get and despise every mere physical want. Leagued tc^ether for
common defence, the States were enabled to resist every device of
power, and to sustain a long and bloody contest. But when that
contest was ended and liberty was won, the Confederation exhibited
at once its nervelessness for peace, and for the arts and policy and
duties of peace. The fabric which could resist the storm crumbled
away when the sunshine succeeded. So true is it that the necessities
of men are the only durable bond of their union, and that without
this union there is no strength.
From the close of the war until the adoption of the Constitution,
there may be considered to have been no great regulating head in
America. No uniformity or system prevailed among the States,
and their commerce was consequently exposed to the utmost uncer-
tainty, fluctuation, and loss. Tonnage duties were levied in different
ports as it suited the caprices of the • several governments, and as
they were more or less desirous of encouraging particular branches
* See Rbtibw for February tnd April, 1806.
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183 AMEBICAK CX)MMEBCE.
of navigation and trade at the expense of others. By a policy more
astute than that of her neighbors, New York managed in this way
soo'h^to increase largely her forei^ trade, and laid the foandation of
the empire she now maintains. From 1784 to 1790 our commerce
exhibited the most remarkable results. For seven years consecu-
tively the imports into American cities from Britain were never
otherwise than twice the amount of the exports to her, and for sev-
eral years were three and even five times their value. A drain of
specie is said to have been the consequence ; a very natural though
not necessary one, and great commercial embarrassment and dis-
tress.
The following table, made up from records of the English Cus-
tom-House, will be found of interest ;
Exports America Imports Amerios
,,^ to Britain. from Britsin.
1784 £749.845 £3,679,467
1785 893,594 2,808,023
1786 443,119 1,603,465
1787... 898,687 2.009,111
1788 .1.028,784 1,886,142
1789 1,050,198 2,525,298
1790 1,191,071 8,481,778
We have here a commerce for the whole of America which did
not average in exports and imports more than fifteen millions of dol-
lars, since there was little other trade except that to Great Britain
and her colonies. This amount is scarcely more at present than the
commerce of the smallest of our States, for it must be noted that
from the difficulties of communication there was then little or no
domestic commerce.
In looking back upon this period of our history, one cannot but
marvel at the contrast which the present furnishes, nor do else than
smile at the verification of the prediction made by Mr. Jefferson in
regard to the respective advantages of our American ports. We
quote from Melish's Travels in the United States, vol. 2, p. 201 :
" And how do you like New York f asked Mr. Jefferson. *' He
formed the idea generally entertained by strangers, that New York
would- always continue to be a great commercial city, but it ap-
peared to hini that Norfolk* would in course of time be the greatest
seaport in the United States, New Orleans perhaps excepted."
Adam Seybert, in his Statistical Annals of the United States,
says, p. 57 :
" After the peace of 1783 our trade coDtioued to languiah. Foreign Datlona
entertained jealousy ; home rivalry existed, etc. Each of the States contem-
plated its own interests : some of the States declared the commercial inter-
eourse with them to be eqoally free to all nations. When the State of Penn-
sylvania laid a dutv, the State of New Jersey, eqaally washed by the waters
of the Delaware, admitted the same articles free of duty. They could easily
be smuggled into one State from the other. * * There were no general
commercial regulations among the States, nor could Congress enforce any — the
oppo^tion of any one of the States could prevent the passage of any act upon
the subject. Ottier nations were disposed to take advantage of our commer-
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FIKANOES OF EUBOPE. . l83
cjal embarrassment?. France and Spain withdrew the privilegeii they had
granted Qur commerce during the war, and our proposals to enter into treaties
of commerce with the great Power* were on every side rejected.'*
Thus everything persuaded to the adoption of a new CoDstitutioa
and form of government.
Referring to this period of American commerce, Mr. Pitkin says,
p. 31, (Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States) :
" During the five years after the war, goods imported from England amounted
to nearly six millions sterling. A# the valne here stated is the official value,
(conaiderably les3 than the real,) the amount of imports from England into the
lynit-d Sutes in 1788 must have been about IIS^OOO^OOO, and in the following
year about $12,000,000, whilst the exports to England did not, in the two
years^ exceed eight or nine millions of dollars. This vast influx of goods soon
drained the United States of a great part of the specie remaining at the close
of the war. * * * Ihe interest of the debt was therefore unpaid, publio
credit gone, Ac. The importing States took advantage of their situation, and
levied duties on imports for their own benefit at the expense of the other States.
* * * In this siiuadon, all became sensible of the inefficiency of the Gen-
eral Government, and of the necMsity of vesting Congress with tne power of
regnlating ^commerce/' Ac, Ac*
AiT. L-THE PURSE AND THE SWORD-FINAIfCES OF EUROPE.
Aftbb the experience of the United States, one should be cautious
in predicting war or peace for the condition of the financial budget
of a nation. What man is there living who would have imagined
that the United States could encounter an expenditure of three thou-
sand miUions of dollars, to say nothing of the vast sums expended inr
the South, and yet escape from it all with unimpaired credit and with
evidences of prosperity 1 Who could have foreseen the inexhausti-
ble resources of taxation 1
In Europe, however, things are somewhat different. There popu-
lation is crowded, wealth not diffused, and the melons of support, at
best, heavily drawn upon. The purse may have greater influence
over the sword.
It will be instructive, therefore, to consider how the European
powers stand financially at the latest dates.
1.— GREAT BRITAIN.
The following return, published in pursuance to an oxder of the
House of C!ommon8, of June 30, 1863, shows the population, the
gross receipts of the revenue, after deducting repayments, allowan-
ces, discounts, drawbacks, and bounties of the nature of drawbacks,
and excluding therefrom miscellaneous receipts, and the rate per
head of the population of such revenue; also the amount of property
and profits assessed for the income tax, the amount of income per
* In the " Annals of America," by Holmes, vol. ii., p. 870, be mentions that in
1788 Richard Leake experimented in Georgia upon the calture of cotton, and sent
samples to Philadelphia to be tested. That gentleman wrote of the date 11th De-
cember, 1788, ** I shall raise about 5,000 pounds in the seed from about eight acres
of land, Jte, Several planters in Sootn Carolina and Oeorgia followed his ex-
ample.*'
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184 FINANCES OF EUROPE.
head of the population, and the poundage of said taxation on such in
oome, for Great Britain and Ireland, in the year ending the 31st day
of March, 1862:
Great Britain. Ireland.
Population 23,128,518. . . . 6.798,907
Gross revenue £61,360,000 .... £6,792,000
Amount of gross revenue per
head of population ^£2 13*.... £1 Zs. 5d.
Amount ^f property and proBts
assessed to Income Tax. . . . £301,380,000 £21,639,000
Amount of income per head of
population £13 0«. 7J(/. £3 14*. 7J<f.
Amount of revenue for each £
of revenue 4*. Ofrf. ... 6«. S^d,
SZP0BT8 AND IMPOBTS.
1861 £877.111622
1862 891.886.110
1868 444.955,715
The receipts in the Treasury were, in 1863, 1864, and 1865, an
average of £70,000,000 sterling, and the expenditures an average of
ahout 67 millions. The custom revenues were, in 1863, £33,588,-
953, and in 1864 £22,498,210.
Descripium of Debt.
lliMuielal jeftra
ended. Funded. Unftinded. Total
April 5. I860.... £778.168.816.... £17,768,700.... £790.927.016
March 81, 1865 762.064,11 1| .. . 23,161.400 776.2f6,519
♦* " I860.... 785,962.000.... W.228.80O 802.190.800
" " 1861 786.119.609 16,689.000.... 801.808,609
" " 1862.... 784.262,838.... 16.617.900.... 800,770,288
" " 1863 •788.306.739 16,496,400 799.802.189
•* " 1864.... £777.429,224 £18.186.000 £790,665.224
" " 1865.... 775,768,296.... 10,742,600.... 786,610,796
The following is an abstract of the gross produce of the Revenue
of the United Kingdom for the calendar years 1800, 1861, 1863,
1864, 1865 :
I860. 1861. 1868. 1864. 1866.
Cufitoma £24.460,902 £28.806.777 £28.421,000 £22.486,000 £21.707.000
Ezeipe 20.861.000 19.485.000 17,745,000 19,848,000 19,649.000
Stamps 8,048.698 8,848.412 9.262,000 9.468.000 9.686.000
Taxes 8,282,000 8,127,000 3,208,(}00 8,261.()ilO 8.864.000
PropertvTax 9,696,106 10,828,816 9,806,000 7,999,0u0 7.603,000
Post Office 8,810,000 8,400,000 8,800,000 4*060.000 4,260,000
CrowD Lands 284,479 290,668 802.600 807,600 814.000
Misoellaneoas 1,801,684 1,468,101 2,899,120 8.161,874 2.678,478
Totals £71,089,669 £70,288,674 £70,488,620 £70,126,874 £69,196,478
2. Fbancb. — The following is the exhibit of the last few years:
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FINANCES OF EUROPE. 186
Tern
Reyenne.
Expendftnro.
Fraaes.
Tctn.
Beyenac.
Francs.
Expenditure.
Francs.
1866
1866
1867
1868
1859
2,793.273,965
1,913,943.149
1.799.226,838
1,871.381,904
2,178,789,135
2,399.217,840
2.195,781, 78f
1,892.526,217
1.858.493.891
2,207,660,403
1860
1861
1862
1863
1865
2,497.952.012
2.453.198,761
2,561,893,726
2,583,927.861
2,138,044,000
2,539.812,616
2,649,511,899
2,621,016,977
2.629,610,989
2,135,408,826
The wars and warlike movements of Napoleon have cost since his
accession the following (exclusively of Mexico, which cost £10,000,
000 sterling more):
Crimean war - - .- - FraDCS 1,348,000,000 - - - £58.920,000
Italian. 345.000,000 - - 13,800,000
Chinese ..... 166,000.000 - - - 6,640,000
Occupation of Rome - . - - 60,000.000 - - 2,000,000
"Syria- - - - 28,000,000 - - - 1.120,000
Snpplementary expenses - -. . 89,000,000 - - • 8.660,000
Total - - . - 2,026,000,000 £81,040,000
The debt of France is as follows :
Funded • . £388,760,000
Floating . . . . . . . 50,000,000
Other debt 87,320,000
£476,080,000
By popular loans France has raised, since 1854, very vast soms at
low rates of interest, and her debt has increased from £213,000,000
in 1851, to £483,000,000 in 1863.
3. Austria. — ^The debt of Austria has continually been increasing,
and in 1860 it amounted to :
DeieripHan of Debt. Amowito/DebL Coruolidated Debt
Austrian
Old debt— Lottery loans. Florins.
Bearing interest 86,365,810
Not bearing interest 163,995
Other debt, bearing interest 934,271
Obligations (to be repaid) not bearing interest 863,292
Total old debt Florins 87,317,368
New debt — ^Terminable (date of repayment not determined).
Bearing interest 1,621,602,726
Not bearing interest 35,769
Terminable (date of repayment fixed).
Bearing interest 194,066,162
Not b^uring interest 24,166,461
Totol new debt 1,839,767,107
Floatingdebt 862,286,896
Lombardo- Venetian debt 70,866486
Total debt Florins 2.360,236,866
Or about £224,000,000
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186
FIKANCES OF EUROPE.
The nationalities of the Austrian people are as follows :
The population of Austria is divided, with respect to race and
language, into the following nationalities, according to an official es-
timate :
Germans 8,200,000
BobemiaDS, Morayiaos, and .
Slovacks .8,600,000
Pole* 2,20(»,000
Russians 2,800,000
Slavonians 1 ,210,000
Croats 1,860,000
Servians 1,470,000
Bulgarians 25,000
Magyars 6,060,000
Itauans (indasiye of Latins and
Friaols) 8,060000
Eastern Roumans 2.'700,OOa
Members of other races 1,480,000
According to the last census, the number of noblemen in the Aus-
trian States amounts to 250,000. Hungary possesses the greatest
number, having 163,000, among whom are mentioned 4 princelj
families, 84 with the title of Count, 76 of Baron, and 300 simple no-
bles. Galicia has 24,900 noblemen ; Bohemia, only 5,260, which
are divided into 14 princely families, 1V2 Counts, and 80 Barons.
Trade and Commkrcb of Austria. — ^The total, value of the im-
ports and exports* of Austria was as follows, during the twelve years
from 1851 to 1862 :
Year.
1861..
1862..
1868..
1864..
1866..
Imports.
Florins.
Exports.
Florins.
..168.074,668 186,624,444
. ..209,829,840.'. . . . 196,804,828
. ..207,262,290 228^24,871
. ..219.166,017 228,440,298
..248,288,157 244,134,142
Year.
1867.
1868.
1869.
Imports.
Florins.
292,996.261..
,308,286,929..
.268,227.788..
1860 231,226,702..
1861 235,847,067..
1862 214,918,496 833,863,018
Exports.
FloriDS.
...242,863,721
. ..276,699,871
...292,363,721
. . .306.197,498
...307,680.166
1866 301,144,329 263,928,641
The chief commodities imported into the United Kingdom from
Austria are corn and flour, hemp, tallow, glass-beads, oUve oil, quick-
silver, currants, cream of tartar, lard, seed, sumach, sponge, wood,
and wool. In 1862, the total value of the imports amounted to
£1,179,802; in 1861, to £1,246,046; and in 1860, to £986,364.
Denmark.— Income 1863, £1,841,499; expenditure, £1,814,864.
The income has subsequently been reduced and the debt of the king-
dom has increased until it reaches about £12)000,000 sterling.
4. Bbloium.— Revenue 1863, £6,125,380; expenditure, £1,805,-
279; debt, £26/219,442 in 1861, which had been reduced to about
25 millions in. 1865. Population . in 1830, 4,064,235; in 1863,
4,894,071.
5. Gbrmany. — Trade and Commerce. — ^The Zollverein includes at
present the whole of the States of the Conifederation except Austria,
the two duchies of Mecklenberg, Holstein, Lichtenatein, and the free
cities of Hambarg, Lubeck, and Bremen. The whole of Prussia
forms part of the Zollverein, including that portion not belonging to
the Confederation.
According to the census of 1858,. the cotton manufactures in the
Zollverein employed, at that time, 300,000 men, women, and chil-
dren. In that number Bavaria stands for 30,656, of whom 7,194
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FINANOES OP EUBOPB.
187
were emplojred in 33 spinning-mills, and 4,01 <$ in weaving; 10,688
masters worked, on their own account, 19,141 looms, with the aid of
8,768 workmen. Saxonj had 11,500 woi*kmen engaged in the oot^
ton trade. The cotton manufacture in Prussia, exclusive of the
printing, dyeing, and dressing of wove goods, occupied, in 1858, 11,-
263 persons--4),933 emplojred in 127 spinning-mills ; 28,220 in 715
roanufaotories, containing 4,747 steam or 18,644 hand looms ; 38,-
078 masters working, for their own account, 76,269 looms, with the
aid of 38,032 journeymen, v
The following are the ofBoial returns of the customs revenue of
the Zollverein during the years 1847-60. The division of this rev-
enue is given under Prussia. The very limited amount Of imports
and exports, considering the population, is chiefly owing to the high
duties imposed by the German Customs League being, in some in-
stances, almost prohibitory. In 1859, Prussia laid befbre the Con-
gress of the Zollvcreift a programme for the modification of the
tariff, |>roposing to exempt totally all raw materials and provisions
from import duty, and to reduce considerably the duties on foreign
manufactures ; but, as the decision of the Zollverein is based on the
libemm veto, like that of an English jury, the conference was pro-
tracted for upwards of fifteen months, without having arrived at any
definite result.
Tears.
1847...
1848...
1849...
1860...
1851...
1862...
1853...
1854...
Import
Thaleri.
.26.924,004
.22,774,232
.22,698,645
.23,022,786
.23.216,951
.24,827,930
.22,060.044
.23,024,728
Mport
Tbalers.
...812,452
...867.897
. . .868,349
. . .297,162
. . .264.989
. . .329,920
. . .295.281
. . .245,431
Years.
1855..
1856..
1857 . .
1858..
1859..
I860..
18.J1..
1862..
Impori
revenue,
Tbalers.
...26,048,782..
...26,358,054..
...26,433,226..
...26,302.889.
Tbalers.
214,068
227,085
198,618
...243,348
.23,475,011 251,001
.24,102,244 272,469
.24.745,995 181.654
.25,703,236 143,386
6. Portugal. — ^Debt in 1862, £33,717,000 sterling. Her bonds
stand at a low figure in the markets, though the revenue of the
kingdom exceeds the expenditure revenue £3,000,000 sterling ; ex-
penditure, £2,500,000.
7. Prussia.— Debt in 1865, £43,214,795. The national debt of
Prussia dates from the reign of Frederick William II. King Fred-
erick II., called the " Great," lefl at his ^death a treasure of seventy-
two millions thalers, which not only was spent during the eleven
years' reien of his successor, but a debt incurred of fifly millions.
King Frederick William III. at first succeeded in reducing this debt
to less than thirty mUiions; but the subsequent wars with Napoleon
I. again increased the national liabilities. The debt amounted to
53,495,000 thalers, or £7,642,000, in the year 1805, and had risen
to 217,975,000 thalers, or £31,139,300, in 1813. The French Gov-
ernment had to pay one hundred and forty -five millions of francs to
Prussia for war expenses, according to the stipulations of the Treaty
of Paris, and by these means, and subsequent large reductions in the
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188 FINANCES OF EUROPE.
expenditure, the national liabilities were reduced to 82,722,200 tha-
lers, or £11,817,457, which sum was formed into a consolidated
debt by the law of May 2, 1842.
Russia maintains an army of 812,000 on a peace footing, and
1,135,975 men on a war footing. Austria usually maintains a peace
establishment of 288,061 men, which of late has been increased to
476,299, and in war-time generally exceeds 800,000 men. The
Prussian army generally comprises 208,576 men, but in war-time
this is raised to a mobilized army of 609,669, and a reserve (drawn
from the Landsturm) of 104,414 men. The other parties to the
probable stni^le (the powers which must assist in deciding whether
the Danish duchies shall be Prussian, German or Danish), the Ger-
man Confederation, comprises the kingdoms of Saxony, Bavaria,
Wurtemberg and Hanover, and the electorates of Hesse-Darmstadt,
Baden, Hesse,. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with
a host of other minor duchies and principalities. Their armies may
amount on the whole to about 250,000 men, each contingent of which
is under different commanders, and moved by different interests.
The Reich usually appoints a conHnander-in-chief when the States
in the Confederation decide for war ; but the feelings of the political
principles of the combined armies clash so frequently, that it is al-
most impossible to utilize their otherwise great strength. Italy,
another pn)bable party to the anticipated contest, has a standing
army of 400,000, and could easily raise 200,000 more and keep them
in the field. Excluding Russia, France, Belgium, Denmark, Swe-
den and Norway, and the armies of several other countries which
will likely take the field if war breaks out, it would therefore, from
this statement, be participated in at its outset by no less than
2)363,000 men !
8. Russia.— Revenue 1864 (gross), £60,164,219. The credit of
Russia is not known in Europe. Her expenditures are kept down to
the revenue standard, and her debt is only about £60,000,000 ster-
ling.
9. Spain.— Debt in 1864, £146,541,000.
The revenue of Spaia has increased darinff the last few years/ and continues
to progress. In 1822 (when the large English loans were made to Spain upon
which the payment of interest which accrued from 1841 to 1861 is still in dis-
pute as the " Spanish certificate question") the total revenue of the country was
only about £6,000,000 sterling.
In 1860, the revenue actually received wasw £12,722,200
Inl865, " " ** 14,914,979
In 1860, " " " 18,928,440
To which sum should bo added " extraordinary " revenue,
derived from sale of national property 8,089,247
In 1864-n5, the estimated revenue was. 26,275,982
Which sum included £4,733,786, derived from recent sales of national prop-
er^, as ** extraordinary" rcTenue.
The total amount of deficits durins the last twenty years in Spain have accu-
mulated, and form now a floating debt of about £10,600,000 sterling, as follows :
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR; 189
Total of aocumuUted deficits previous to 1849 £1,082,007
" " from 1860 to 1859 8,613.745
•* 1859 to June 80, 1864... 6.900,000
#
Total £10,496,842
Daring the whole of this period only one fureign loan for £8.000,000 in ster-
ling hue been negotiated, the rest of the deficits being covered by internal loans
and the sale of Church and State property.
10. TuRKHY.— Debt 1864, £31,070,000.
Revenue. Expenditure.
1862 £11,164,662 £12,789,088
1868 16,100,191 18,651,766
1864 18.684,271 18.495,477
1865 14,787,281. 14,571288
Our authorities for the statements and figures of this article are
Martin's Statesman's Maaual, Bankers' Magazine, by S. Smith Ro-
mans, etc.
ART. II -JOURNAL OF THE WAR-ENTERED UP DAILY IN THE
CONFEDERACr:
aEPBXSBNTINa THK TUW8 AND OPINIONS WHIOH OBTAINED AND TUB CONDITION OF
THINGS WfilOH SXISYKD AT THE DATE OF BAOU DAY's ENTRY, IN THK CONFEDKr
BATE STATES, OB IN F0BTI0N8 OF THEM, WITH SUBSEQUENT NOTES, ETC.
No. III. — Bt thb Editor.
WiNNSBOBo, S. C, JuLT 10, 1862. — ^Federal accounts of the battle near Rich-
mond reiH'eeent their loss at 20.000, but estimate oars at 80,000^ and our forces
engaged at 200,000 ! I Four or fiye of their generals were wounded, and their
army is reported safely encamped on the James River, and McClellan " confi-
dent of ability to repel all attacks.*^
Chandler, in the Federal Senate, declared that no pnnishmcnt was too great
for the man who put the army in the marshes of the Chickahominy, and con-
sideres that McClellan or Lincoln is the culprit
Butler, at New Orleans, is visiting his penalties upon men and women charged
with indeeorum towards Yankee troops. Mrs. P. Phillips is sent to Ship Isl-
and. She had been formerly imprisoned at Washington City.
Seyeral vessels have run the blockade and brought in invaluable and large
cargoes of powder, saltpetre, sulphur, Enfield rifles and field pieces — among them
some that were vSed by the Austrians at Solferino.
Van Dom speaks as follows from Yicksburg :
Hbadqdabtbbs, Vicksbdro, Jane 28, 1862.
DBrsKDEBS OF YiCKSBURO :— -The enemy are attempting to destroy this beautiful
city, and a heroic peopla have determined to sacrifice it rather than gire it up to the
invaders of their homes.
It may be conridered, therefore, in ruins, for it may be battered down and burnt
up, but the earth it stands upon Is ours, and will never be given up. The shot and
shell now plaviog through these streets, through lovely villii8,*and sacred churches,
and deserted homes, are but ** sound and fury, signifying notbing."
The contest will commence when the enemy attempts to puihis foot upon our
sotL Stand coolly by your guns, and deliver your fire only when be cmnes too near.
Eabl Yan Dorn, Major-General Commanding.
The latest news ttom the Army of Virginia is thus C3ndcnsed by the Whig :
'* Advices fron General Lee*s lines, to noon yesterday, enable us to state that ooth-
ing of moment had occurred to that time since our' last report. Our army occu-
pies a line about eight miles this side of Charles City Court-House, and extending
nearly from the James to the Chickahominy. The euemy lies a short distance
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190 JOURNAL OF THE WAB.
below, meamirabl J proteoied by gtinboats, and busily eofcaged fortifyiaff. He threw
a few ihelU Fciday, and bad up bis balloon, both for the purpose of asoertaiuiog
our whereabouts. Yesterday morning and the dar before there was some picket
firing, but nothing more. Tne country is flat and wooded, rendering it Terjr diffi-
cult to watch the enemy. McOlellan lis using everv exertion to reinspirit his dis-
mayed and demoralized troops, keeps his bands playing, dress parades going oo,
<$tc. There was no reason to belieye that he was makins any enort to embark his
force ; nor could it be told whether he was reoeiviog reinforoemeots."
Fbii>at, 11. — Reach Graniteville and Augusta early in the morning, having
left Winnsboro two p. m. yesterday, en route for Mississippi.
Curtis's army again reported captured in Arkanses. Enemy digging canal
around Vicksburg. Baton RougQ uot taken. Texas gaernllas wiuiin eight
miles of New Orleans.
Saturday, 12. — Reach Atlanta two p.m. and Montgomery at three p.m.
Leave at four by railroad, for Mobile. Fields of com and but few of cotton
comparatively cover the whole country.
Four thousand slaves impressed by the Yankees to work on the Vicksburg
canal Doubtful if, in the present stiq^e of water, they can succeed.
Sunday, 13. — Reach Mobile eight a. m. and leave u>r Mississippi at five p.m.
Defences of Mobile are being actively pressed, and will be very form'tdabld.
There is no doubt but that McClellan is being heavily reinforced on the James
River, and that operationd will be suspended for a time.
Butler's extraordinary order in regard to Mrs. PhiUipfl is published
Special Ordtr, Ko. 150.— Mrs. Phillips, wife of PhilipPhillips, havine been once
imprisoned for her traitorous proclivities and acts at Washington, andreleased by
the clemency of the Government, and having been found training her children to
spit upon officers of the United States, for which act of one of those children both
her husband and herself apologized and were forgiven, is now found on the balcony
of her house during the procession of Lieut. De Kay, laughing and mocking at his
remains, and uponl>eing inquired of by the Commanding General if this fact were
so, contemptuously replies—** I was in g^od spirits that day."
It is therefore onlered that she be not ** regarded and treated as a common wo-
man," of whom no officer or soldier is bound to take notice, but as an uncommon,
bad and dangerous woman, stirring up strife and indtinj; to riot.
And that therefore she be conbned at Ship Island, in the State of Mississippi,
within proper limits there, till further orders, and that she be allowed one female
servant and no more, if she so choose. That one of the houses for hospital purposes
be assigned her as quarters, and a soldier's ration each day be served out to her
with the means of cooking the same, and that no verbal or written commnnication
be allowed with her, except through this office, and that she be kept in close con-
finement until removed to Ship Island. By order of Major-General Botlbb*
R. S. Davis, Captain and A. A. A G.
Monday, 14. — Reach Jackson, Miss., at one p. m. Weather hot and dry, and
grain crops suflfering • very much. Numbers of*the wounded from Virginia
crowd the cars on most of our route, and are badly provided for.
Divisions of the great army of Corinth are at Tupilo^ near Vicksburg, near
Holly Springs, or at Chattanooga. Beauregard is sick at Bladon Springs.
General Lee has issued a congratulatory order to the army, dated :
Hbadquabtbbs in tbb Field, July 7, 1868.
The General commanding, profoundly grateful to the only Giver of all victories
for the signal success with which He has hiessed our arms, tenders his warmest
thanks and congratulations to the army by whose valor such spUndid results have
been achieved. On Thursday, the 26tb inst., the powerful and tnoronghly equipped
arniy of the enemy was intrenched in works vast in extent and most formidable in
character within sight of your capital. To-day the remains of that confident and
tbfeatentng host aie upon the banks of James River, thirty miles from Richmond,
seeking to recover, under the protectioa of bis boats, from the efiects of a series of
disastrous defeats.
After referring to the defeat and pursuit of the enemy. General Lee says :
*'' The immediate fruits of our success are the relief of Richmond from a state of.
siege ; the rout of the grand army that so long menaced its safety ; many thousand
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JOUKNAL OF THE WAR. 191
priBooers, incladiog oflSeera of high rank ; the capture or deBtruction of storeii to
the ?alue of millions of dollars ; of the ac<)uisition of thousands of arms and lifty-
one pieces of superior artillery. The service rendered to the country in this short
but eventful period can scarcely be estimated, and the Gkneral commanding cannot
adequately express his admiration of the couraee, endurance aud soldierly conduct
of the officers and men engaged therfe. These brilliant results have cost us many
brave men ; but while we mourn the loss of our gallant dead, let us not forget that
they died nobly in defence of their country's fre^om, and have linked their mem-
ory with an event that will live forever in the hearts of a grateful people."
TuBSDAT, 16. — Jackson has become an^important point since the fall of New
Orleans, and nearly all its public offices have been remoyed here.
It will be in direct communication with Montgomery by railroad in October,
as the road is being pressed to completion under orders of General Bragg, and
at Confederate expense. This is important, in yiew of any misfortune at Mo-
bile, and, in any event, shortens the distance to Richmond nearly a day. Care
run daily from here to Vicksburg, to the Tallahatchie on the north, and to
Pontohatoula on the south, and westward towards the Alabama line.
Communication across the Missisdppi is difficult and uncertain, but is acoora-
pliflhed at seyeral points.
Parties, almost daily, go into and come out of Kew Orleans, and some trade
is suffered. A quantiiry of salt, sulphur and coffee recently was brought here.
Many New Orleans refugees are heie, or are scattered abcui the country.
Wbdkbsdat, 16. — Good news from Vicksburg. Our steam ram the "Ar-
kansae," emerging from the Yazoo River, passed the enemy *s upper fleet, inflict-
ing much dama^re, and reached Vicksburg with slight injury. This occurred
yesterday, and until nine o^doek last night the guns and mortars could be dis-
tinctly heard here, and we are yery anxious for intelligence.
Tbursdat. 17. — Curtis's army has not been cut off by Hindman, but has
reached the Mississipm in safety. A general exchange of prisoners has been
agreed upon by the Yankee Goyemment Gold in New York quoted at 116,
and stocks falling. In regard to the ram ''Arkansas,*' an official dispatch to
Secretary Mallory, from lieutenant Brown, says:
" The enemy's fleet above Vicksburg consisted of four iron-clad vessels, two heavy
sloops-of-war, four gunboats, and seven oi^ eight rams. We drove an iron-clad
ashore, with colors down and disabled, blew up a ram, burned one vessel and
damaged several others. Our smOke-stack was so shot to pieces that we lost steam,
and could not use the vessel as a ram. We lost ten killed and fifteen wounded."
Frboay, 18. — ^Telegraphed from Knoxville that Colonel Forrest had taken
Murfreesboro, Tenn., and that Morgan has made a brilliant dash in Eentuc^.
General Crittenden reported a prisoner in our hands.
Lincoln has certainly called for 800,000 additdonal troops, and it is thought a
draft must be resortea to.
Saturdat, 19. — Make a trip to Osyka, on the New Orleans road, and which
is in the yiclnity of Camp Moore, where General Ruggles is in command.
We took two regiments prisoners at Murfreesboro and large quantities of
stores. Morgan is adyancing upon Frankfort, Ky. Great aUrm among the
Federals.
Sunday, 20. — Great consternation in Nashville. Federals threaten to shell
if they must evacuate the city. Gold in New York 116| premium.
Great hopes that Kentucky is about to riee from her sleep.
Van Dorn issues an address to the defenders of Vicksburg.
BCROIO VICKSBUBO — AnORBSS 09 GBNBRAL VAN DORN.
Hbadqcartbus, Dist. of TiiB Mississippi, Vicksboro, July 18, 1662,
To THB Troops dbpbndinoVicksbobq;— Your conduct, thus far, under ihe circum-
stances which surround you, has won the admiratioa of your countrymen. Cool
and self-possessed under the coucentrated tire of more than forty vessefd of war' and
mortar-boats, you have given assurances that the city intrusted to your keeping
will not be given up to the blustering demands of caunon nor the noisy threaten-
ings of bomb-shells. Such exhibitions of fury serve but to amuse you and to ani-
mate the tedium of camp life— you await a more formidable demonstration. Impo-
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192 JOUBNAL OF THE WAR.
tent in his rage, the enemy it striTins to turn the oarrent of the Missisnippi from
jour batteri^. He will fail. When he is master of the fi^reat river that Hows at
jour feet, and vrhich has become the eternal custodian of your names and glorj.
every wave that ripples br its shores will crimson with your bbod, and every hill
that looks down upon it will be the sepulchre of a thousand freemen.
Soldiers ! to have been one among the '* Defenders of Yicksburg" will be the
boast hereafter of those who shall bear your names, and a living joy by your hearth-
stones forever. Continue, I beseech you, to be worthy of your country's praise
and the reputation you have achieved.
The Commanding General will take pleasure, as it is his duty, in forwarding the
names of the diHin^uithed among you to the Gleueral Commanding the Department
for honorable mention in General Orders, It is his pride to be your commander.
The steamer ''Arkansas" is immortal, and above his praise— she commands the
admiration of the world. By order of Major-Gen eral Eael Van Dorn.
Monday, 21. — Meet persons from New Orleans who left there as late as the
18th. The lyinff bulletins still publish that the Federals hare taken Rich-
mond. Mrs. Phillips liberated through the instrumentality of Reverdy Johnson.
City healthy, and provisions growing more plentiful. Intercourse not difficult
witSi the city, and bribery will effect much. City could easily be retaken if it
could be fed. Ko persons of consequence hare taken the oath, with trifling
exceptions, in New Orleana.
^TusapAT, 22. — Lincoln has requested the Congressmen of the Border States
to return home and prepare their constituents for the empancipation of slaves
withia their districts. A correspondent of the New York Tribune says that
Winchester is again dangerously threatened by the advance of the Confederates
up the Shenandoah Valley. It is reported that Stonewall Jackson is moving
towards Fredericksburg. A LouUyille dispatch of the 15th Kays that the city
is all excitement, in consequence of the movements of Morgan, who was
threatening Lexington, Frankfort and Shelbyville, simultaneously dividing his
forces into three divisions for this purpose. Troops are being rapidly thrown
into Louisville from Ohio and Inaiana, and Home Guards are organized for
defence.
Wkonbsdat, 28. — Some more unsuccessful efforts to take our ram "Arkansas'*
at Yicksburg. Federals admit the impracticability of opening the navigation
' " d Yicksburg a failure.
of the Mississippi. Their canal aroum
The New York Post gives us some encouragement
" EuROPKAN Iktbrvbntion.— All the signs show that we stand at the grave and
serious crisis of our history. The recent intimations from Europe look to speedy
intervention in our affairs, and if the foreign powers hesitate, it is not improbable
that the news which the next steamer will take to England will help them to a con-
clusion. The long delay and extraordinary care in the operations of General
McClellan were justified 'to the world only by the assertion that he meant to make
sure of victory ; and now it has slipped from him. Manassas and Yorktown lose
the poor excune they had in the light of the results of last week ; and that which
was before laid to the account of wholesome prudence will now be charged, and we
believe with justice, to blundering and obstinate incompetency. It is a signifi-
cant sign of Khat is going on abroad, that the French Priuceff, who have for many
mouths been attached to Geueral McClellan's staff, hare left the armv, and return to
Europe by the next steamer. Thejr would fight for us, but, if we should have war
with France, they cannot fight against French soldiers. They see the full signifi-
cance of the results before Richmond and the effect the news will have in Europe,
and they retire in time.*'
Thursday, 24.-— Federal accounts represent Nashville in a great state of
excitement, and troops pouring into the city. The rebel forces under Forrest
or Kirby Smith were hourly expected. The city is being prepared for defence,
and will be shelled, it is said, if not surrendered. Recruits are offered heavy
bounties in all the Northern cities.
Morgan appeals to the Keotuckians :
Kentuckians, I am once more among you. Confiding in your patriotism and
strong attachment to our Southern cause, I have, at tile head of my ffHllant band,
raised once more our Confederate flag, so long trampled upon by the Northern
tyrants,, but never yet disgraced. Let every (rue patriot respond to my appeal.
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR. 103
Rise and arm yonrselyes I Fifi^ht tjicaiosi the despoilers ! Fight for yoor familtes !
jonrhomeflj for tbote jou love best! for voar conscience ! and for the free exercise
of Toar political rij^bts, never again to be placed in ieopardv by the Hessian in-
vader, j^t the stirrinir scenes of the late Richmond fight be constantly before
roQ. Our brave army there and everywhere is victorious. McClellan and his
'oreign hordes are groveling in the dust. Our independence is an achieved fact.
We have bought it with privation and suffering, and sealed the contract with the
seal of blood. Be not timorous, but rise, one and all, for the good cause, to clear
onr dear Kentucky's soil of the detested invaders.
Kentuckians! fellow countrymen ! you know you can rely upon me.
John Morgan.
•FwDAT, 25. — We have captured a transport steamer near Vicksburg, and the
lower fleet baa disappeared. Bragg's army is en route for Chattanooga, and we
shall soon have an advance upon Tennessee. Forrest has taken Lebanon,
within twenty five miles of Nasnville and Kentucky. Confederates have ear
prised Newberry, Ind. This is the first invasion of the free States, and i^ a
gfood beginning.
The Petersburg Erpress has a special dispatch from Knoxville announcing the
arrival of a special courier at headquarters in Tennessee, from Morgan, dated George-
town, July 19. Morgan says we have captured eleven cities and towns, with a
heavy amount of army stores, and have force sufficient to hold all the country out-
side of Lexington and Frankfort, which places are chivfly garrisoned by home
guards. The bridges between Lexington and Cincinnati have all been destroyed.
Satvbdat, 26. — Upper and Ibwer fleet reported as having left Vicksburg.
Federal Congress adjourned, after appropriating $600,000,000 for the war. Her-
culean efforts at the North to i*aise 800,000 fresh troops, and the heaviest boun-
ties offered.
Sunday, 27. — Spend the day at Vicksburg. Lower fleet has diaippeared en-
tirely ; upper at the mouth of the Yazoo ; city deserted and desolate ; only
sentinels and darkies to be seen, and very attenuated cats and dogs. Houses
all closed, and though a large number were struck by the shells or fragments
no dwellings seem to be much injured. A few stores, an enginehouee, and the
Methodist Church, are the only severe sufferers, and these may be readily re-
paired. The result is surprislne in a city which has withstood the assaults of
the enemy for nearly two months ; only two or three lives lost.
Heavy artillery on the bluffs command the river.
Visit the ram Arkansas, and examine her, through the courtesy of Captain
Brown. She receiyed but trifling damage in her glorious encounter with the
fleets, and is now nearly ready again for action. She will be strengthened and
improved. Her loss in all the fifi^hts was about 40 killed and wounded. She is
defective in structure, but icpn-cTad and of medium size/
General Breckcnridge's division, now at Vicksburg, will soon find active and
exciting service.
MovoAT, 28. — General Forrest has burned the bridges at Mill Creek, and is
reported within 5 miles of Nashville. His progress a continued ovation.
Morgan is being largely reinforced in Kentucky. Governor Magoffin is said
to be with him.
Tuesday, 29. — Yankees take possession of Madison and Covington, Louisiana.
We shall soon hear that they are driven out of Baton Rouge. Ualleck pro
moted to the chief command of the army. Foreign news leaves intervention
still doubtM. Lincoln and the Border States Congressmen correspond on the
emancipation of slavery in their States, which they agiee to propose to their
constituents. Federal Confiscation Act passes.
Wediubsday, 30. — The Yankees stirred up, apprehending invasions of Ken-
tucky, Indiana, and Ohio, and the navigation of the Ohio Kiver is regarded un-
safe.
Thursday, 81. — Mor^n has returned safely to Knoxville with 1,000 prisoners,
and Humphrey Marshall is marching on Northeastern Kentucky, rive Con-
federates took a Yankee transport on the James River. McGlellan is believed
to bo evacuating the James River. Lincoln authorizes rebel property to be
VOL. H.-NO. n. 13
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194 JOURNAL or THE WAB.
seised, neoeesary for bis army, and the negroes to be employed in military and
naval service. Gunboats repelled in Georgia gallantly by onr troojps. ** Tubal
Cain" lost in running Charlest«>n blockade, and valualile cargo. Johnson's re-
port of the battle of Seven Pines censures Huger for delay, fixed our loss at
4,282 and that of the enemy at 10,000, and says we took 6,000 stand of arms
and a large quantity of camp equipage.
Fbidat, August 1. — The New York Herald speaks lugubriously of the war :
The Herald says the civil war has cost the United States $600,000,000, and the
*' boo«8 of its dead soldiers would make a Golgotha monument higher than that of
Bunker Hill."
In return for this immense oatlay of blood and treasure, what have we gained?
Are the rebels subdued ? On the contrary, they seem stronger than ever. Is the
rebellion at its last ^asp ? It has to-da^ more soldiers in the field than the Union.
Have we succeeded i^ reviving the Union feeling at the South ? "Why, every day
the two sections drift farther and farther apart -, every day we become more and
more ignorant of the sentiments of the Southern people ; every day that this accursed
rebellion is permitted to continue the number of Southern Union men becomes less,
as the old Union seems more powerless and remote, and the new Confederasv more
powerful and successful. What, then, have we gained? In spite of our brilliaat
victories, our naval superiorities, our numerous but isolated triumphs, we have practi-
cally and in results gumed very little and lost very much.
What, then, shall we c^ next? Shall we give up the war, disband our army and
navy, and let the rebels ffo io peace ? Never ! It is too late to think of such a coarse.
The recognition of the bouthem Confederacy bv our own government is no longer
among the contingencies of this war. The rebels may defeat our armies and capture
our capital— these are possibilities -but the rebels can never conquer their mde-
pendence. The conflict has assumed a new and a sublimer aspect. We have to de-
cide now not whether the rebels cau be subdued, bult whether the country is to be
saved. The question is no longer the putting down of the rebellion, but the salva-
tion of the nation. We are in cul-de-sac, from which our only escape is the suppres-
<«0D of the rebellion by force.
General Armstrong has taken Courtland, Ala., and 159 Federal prisoners, and
a large amount of wagons and army stores and sm'iil-arms.
Tuscumbia and Decatur, Ala., also taken by our forces, and immense amount
of enemy's property destroyed.
Satvedat, 2.— Without doubl Breckenridge is advancing in force upon Baton
Rouge, and we shall have some exciting uews in a day or two.
The people of Vicksburg are returning home, and it is said there are several
hundred Federal graves in the neighborhood.
THANKS TO THl UBPlNnBRS OF VICKSBUHG.
War Dbpartmbnt, Aojutant ano Inspbctob-Gbnebal's OrriCB, )
KiCBMOKD, June 22, 1862. f
Oetieral Order $^ No. 51.— The succe!«sful defence of Vicksburg against the mortar
fleet of the enemy, by Major General Van Dorn and the officers and men under his
command, entitles them to the gratitude of the country, the thanks of the govern-
ment, and the admiration of the army. Bv their galluniry and good conduct, they
hMve not only saved the city intrustea to inem, but they have shown that k>ombara-
ments of cities, if bravely resisted, achieve nothing for the enemy, and only serve to
unveil his malice, and the hypocrisy of his pretended wish to regtore the Union. The
world now sees that his mission is one of destruction, not restoration.
Lieutenant Brown, and the oflicers and crew of the Confederate steamer Arkansas,
by their heroic attack upon the Federal fleet before Vicksburg, equaled the highest
recorded examples of courage and skill. They prove that the navy, when it regains
its proper element, will be one of the chief bulwarks of national defence, and that it
in entitled to a high place in the confldence and affection of the country.
By command of the Secretary of War.
S. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspectoi -General.
SvMDAT, 3. — An extra says that Foirest has returned to Knoxville, and that un-
less Butler is given up for the murder of Mumford at New Orleans, Major-
General McCall, prisoner at Kichmond, will be fxecutnl
MoNPAT, 4. — ^Morgan's official report of his raid into Kentucky states that he
took twenty towns, captured 1,200 prisoners, and destroyed property valued at
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JOUBNAL OF THE WAR. 195
$8,000,000. Among the spoils taken were 20,000 stand of arms, and a large num-
ber of mules and horifes.
Jnckson and Ewe 11 are again threatening Washington City.
Gut-ri ilia bands «»rganiring all over Kentucky.
Confederate buiteries on the James River uuen upon McCIellan'a camp and
transpo ts, and it is thought occasioned great aamage to both.
CommHudiiig General of the Confederitte army issues an important General
Order in regard to Federal Commander Pope'o order^^ to seize and apf)ropriate
without recompense Southern property, and lo hold uno6fending civilians taken
at their residences to answer with their lives for the acts of guerrilla parties.
General Lee says:
" Therefore, it is ordered that Major-Oeneral Pope, Brigadier-General Steinwehr,
and ftli commissioned officers serving under their re^pective commands, be, and thev
are hereby expressly and specially declared not entitled to be cunstdered as sol-
diers, and therefore not entitled to the benefit of the cartel for parole uf future
fri^oDers of war. Ordered further, in the event of the capture of MajorGeoeral
'ope or Brigadier-General Steinwehr, or any commissioneo officers serving under
them, resp^'ctively, they shall be held in close coutinement so long as the orders
afo^e^aid shall continue in force and unrepealed by the competent military authori-
ties of the United States, and that in the event of the murder of any unarmed citi-
sens or inhabitants of this Confederacy by virtue or under pretext of any of the
orders hereinbefore recited, whether with or without tnal— whether under pretence
of such atizens being spies or hostages, or under any other pretence, it shall be the
duty of the Commanding GenenU ot the forces of this Confederacy to cause im-
mediniely to be hung out of the commissioned officers, such prisoners as aforesaid, a
number eouul to the number of our oitiEeos that have been murdered by the enemy.
By order."
Tuesday, 5. — ^The Missiiistppian of to day says ;
** If one would make up a table of the ruling prices of every staple article in that
Ifce—as they are at present obtained in the city of Jackson and frame it, or preserve
it for future reference— it would be one of the greatest curiosities of the limes.
Think of common calico, which was held at a dime or a bit a yard, now held at one
dollar and a quarter: giiiKbams at one dollar and seventy-five cents; pins at from
seventy five cents to one dollar per paper ; spool thread at from nine to twelve dol-
lars a dozen ; cotton cards from forty to foriy-five dollars a pair; shoes from fifteen
to twenty five dollars a pair, and every other ai tide mdispensable in a family at like
exorbitant rates."
We may add to this list board $^ to $4 per day ; washing |1 60 per dozen ;
towels, yard wide, 75 Cents; letter paper $26 per r«>am ; envelopes $26 per M. ;
watermelons $1 to $2; peaches 6 cents esuh. The spirit of extortion reaches to
everything. The darkey who holds your horse or blacks your boots would hardly
think himself overpaid with a dollar.
And tlius the cause goes on, though tlie people bear their suffeiiogs wlthoot
agroun.
The conscript law and the militia law of the several States will bring 760,000
Confederates into the field. This the Yankees will not much 'exceed, even with
their 800,00() raw recruits. They have no tnmps in camps of instruction, and
it would be » large estimate to give their existing forces as :
At Charleston,
. 16(»,000
Valley of Va.,
. 60,000
Savannah, .
16,000
Baltimore,
10.000
New Oi leans, .
. 10,000
Washington, .
•. 26,000
Southern Coast, .
10.000
Memphis,
. * 10,000
Hal leek's late army,
. 100.000
Curtis,
. 10,000
VcClel.an,
160.000
Mi«souri, .
10.«»00
Burnside,
16.000
Other places.
. 26,000
Total, . . 456,000
Magofllin is not a prisoner of Morgan's, but calls the Kentucky Legislature to-
gether to consider the lute ac ion of Congress and the President touching the
question of slavery, nnd to provide for- the safety of our institutions and the
peace and tranquillity of the commonwealth. (As usual, rather wishy-washy.)
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196 JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
Lincoln's proclamation is at last out, which, as far as it can be executed, dooms
eyery Southern man to pauperism. It helps our cause.
THE CONFISCATION ACT— LINCOLN'S PBOCLAMATION.
In porsnance of the sixth section of the act of Congress, entitled *' An Act to sup-
press insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and confiscate the prop-
erty of rebels, and for other purposes," approved July 17, 1862, and which act, and
the joint resolution explanatory thereof, are herewith published, I, Abraham Lincoln,
President of the United States, do hereby proclaim to and warn all persons within
the contemplation of said sixth section to cease participating in aiding, countenanc-
ing, or abetting the existing rebellion, or any rebellion, against the Government of
the United States, and to return to their proper allegiance to the United States, on
pain of the forfeitures and seizuers as within and bv said sixth section provided.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this twenty-fifth day of Julv, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the Independence of the
United States the eighty seventh.
By the President: AaaAHAM Lincoln.
William U. Sbwaud, Secretary of State.
THB SIXTH SBCTION.
Annexed is the sixth section of the Confiscation Act referred to by the President in
the above proclamation :
Sac. 6. And be it further enacted. That if any person within any State or Terri-
tory of the United States, other than those named aforesaid, after the passage of this
act, being engaged in armed rebellion against the Government of the Uoited States,
or aiding or abetting such rebellion, shall not, within sixty days after public warn-
ing and proclamation duly given and made by the President of the United Slates,
cease to aid, countenance and abet such rebellion, and return to his allegiancq to the
United States, all the estate and property, moneys, stocks, and credits of such per-
son shttll be liable to seizure as aforesaid ; and it shall be the duty of the President
to seize and use them as aforesaid, or the proceeds thereof. And all sales, transfers,
or conveyances of any such property after the expiration of the said sixty days from
the date of such warning and proclamation, shall be null and void ; and it tihall be
a sufficient bar to any suit brought by said person for the possession or the use of
such property, or any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons described
in this section.
Wednesday, 6. — Breckenridge, with 8,000 men, attacked Baton Rouge yester-
day, and drove the enemy through the town to the gunboats and into the arse-
nal. Enemy 5,000 strong. Loss heavy on both sides. Final results uncertain.
General Clark thought to be mortally wounded.
Accounts from the North conflicting : some represent great disorganlEation
and evident breaking down, and others a resolute and determined war policy.
President Davis asks to know if Butler's acts at New Orleans are endorsed,
and will take silence as an admission that they are.
Lindsay's motion in the British Parliament to recognize the Confederacy is
withdrawn ; Palmerston asking that the matter be left with the Goyernment.
The Yankees will proceed to a draft.
Thursday, 7. — It seems that the non-arrival of the ram Arkansas prevented
the success of our movement against Baton Rouge.
Southern prisoners at the North, includins^ privateers, are reaching Richmond
after exchange. We have at least 12,000 there.
Friday, 8. — The ram Arkansas is destroyed by her crew, her machinery be-
coming hopelessly disabled.
Brfckenridge has withdrawn ten miles from Baton Rouge to obtain water,
and is being reinforced. He destroyed much Federal property. Federal Gen-
eral Williams reported killed.
Enemy advanced 10 miles up the James. Heavy skirmishing in East Ten-
nessee, and General Stevenson, having flanked Bo wen's command, has captured
iheentire army of East Tennessee. If-^rue, the road to Nashville and Louisville
is open to us. (News not confirmed.)
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR. 197
Evidences of breaking down reported everywhere at the North.
Saturday, 9. — Skirmishing on ihe Potomac and near Gordonsville. Drafting
will shortly begin at the North.
The misfortune which happened to the machinery of the Arkansas, causing
her to be blown up, lost to us, it seems, the repossession of Baton Rouge and
the open way to New Orleans.
The Sea God and the River God have never been our ally in this fight The
Yankee General Steinwehr's infamous order is published :
Hbadquartbrs, 2d Division, Orickr*s Fai(m. July 13, 1862.
SoMtal Order^ No. 6 —Major William IStedman, commanding (itti Regiment Ohio
Vomnteer Cavalry, will cause the arrest of five (5) uf the most prominent citizens of
Luraj, Page Countr, Virginia, and send them to these bead<|uarter8 with an escort
as hostages. They will be held as long as we remain in this vicinity. Thev will
share my table and be treated as friends ; but, for every one of our soldiers who may
be shot by "bushwhackers," one of these hostages will suffer death, unless the per-
petrators of the deed are delivered to me. It is well known that these so-called
** bushwhackers" are inhabitants of the district, and encouraged in their cowardly
acts by the prominent citizens here.
You will leave a copy of this order with the family of each man arrested by you.
A. Stkikwbhr, Brig.-Gen. Commanding 2d Dirisioo.
Sunday, 10. — Guerrillas rising up everywhere in Arkansas, and the report from
Missouri is that they are in such numbers as to be in complete control of the
State. From this branch of the service nearly everything may be expected in
the Border States, or wherever the enemy shall profane wiw his presence. Such
bands are being organized throughout MissUaippi and Louisiana, and will do
daring and efficient service.
NOTES ON THE JOURNAL.
1. — ^MoClkllan's Army.— On the 8th July the Confederate forces gave up tht
gursuit of MoClellan's array, and returned to the vicinity of Richmond. In hia
report, March 6, 1863, published in two volumes by the Confederate Congress,
Gen. Lee saya of this victory : "The siege of Richmond was raised, and the ob-
ject of a campaign which had been prosecuted after months of preparation, at
an enormous expenditure of men and money, completely frustrated. More than
10,000 prisoners, including officers of rank, fifty-two pieces of artillery, and
upwards of 35,000 stand of small-arm», were captured. The stores and sup-
plies of every description which fell into our hands were great in amount and
value, but small in comparison with those destroyed by the enemy himself.
. . . Under ordinary circumstances, the Federal army should have been
destroyed."
Henry Ward Beeeher, at this epoch, thus gives vent to his pent-up feelings :
** At lenetb, this past Sprlaff, began the caropaien In Virginia. The people gloried In the be-
lief that the majcanr of the Government would be asserted. After fonr mon ths* campaign,
the armies of the United States are on the dsjensivs I Not less than a hundred thousand men
have been lost by death, wonnds, sickness and captivity ; MoClellan is cooped up on James
River; Pope Is collecting an army: and the country is to-day actually debating whether the
enerov cannot strike a blow at Washington ! Is this such a management as will confirm the
oonfidenee of the country In Mr. LincoIn*s conduct of the wart Do wo need to ask why men
are slow to volunteer? Does any man need to bo told what the end of such things mast bet
This is not punishing rebellion. It is helping it
** In the second year of the war I And bow lone will it be hefore every nation in Europe
will have a right to say, the South has shown itself able to nuitntain its independence T*
Remarking upon the effects of these disasters at Richmond upon the energies
of the North, Mr. Pollard, in Ids History of the War, vol. 2, p. 84, saye : *' There
is no doubt that the North was seriously discouraged by the events that had
taken place before Richmond. But it was a remarkable circumsiance, uniformly
illustrated in the war, that the North, though easily intoxicated by triumph, was
not- in the same proportion depressed by defeat. As long as the North waa
conducting the war upon the soil of the South, a defeat there involved more
money expenditure and more calls for troops — it had no other horrors. It did
not impeiil their homes. It might easily be repaired. ... In many re-
spects the war was an immense money-job."
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198 . JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
In f.ho Army Rejspster, published «t Washin^n, Mr. Pollard givw the
•tren^th of the Northern army at this date : Commissioned officers, 39,922 ;
rank hd'I file, 1.052.480.
The array correi^pondent of the New York T^mea shows in what condition
the ^ruitt army of the Cliickahominy reached the waters of the James:
**Tb» Approach to Jambs Riter,— When nn aid of Oeneral MoClellftn rode bock and re-
ported that the way was all open to James River, a thrill of relief ran thnmirh the wliolr line,
and the siirht of the ^reen fiiMs skirtintr its banks wna. indeed, an oasis in the terrible desert
ot suHDonso and api»rehension throu:;h which thoy had passed. The tf^ms woiv now put upon
a lively trot in order t<> relieve the |>ro94ure upon that portion still In the n^r. General >lo-
Glellah an<l staff role ahead, and to«>k possession of the old estate known as Mnlvi-rn Hills,
owneil by H. F. Dew, one mllo back from Turkey Island B**nd. It Is a larire, old-fai^ioned
estate, orUrinnlly built by the Fivnch, and has near it, in front, an old furth-work, constructed
by General Washington during the Bcvulntlonary War. It has a i^pacious yard, shawled by ven-
erable elms ai}d ntuer trees. A fine view of the river can be had from tiiis elevnt'd po:»ltion.
General MeClellan expressed the opinion that with a brief time to prepare, the po»itiuu could
be held nKaiiist any force the enemy can bring againat ns.
'* Exhausted by long watchinj? and fiitlgtie, and covered thickly with the dnst of the road
over wlileh we had passetl, many «if the officers thn^w themselves apon the shady and grassy
lawn to rest The boldiers alets attracted by the shady trees, aurrouadod the bouse, or btvod-
acked in the fields near by.^
In his official report of Jane 22, Gen. Joseph Johnston reported that he took
ten pieces of artillery, ^ve standards. 6,000 mnskets, etc. His loss, 8,283, and
that of the enemy, by his own report*, over 10,000.
2. — Patriotism. — Public spirit bad not begun to wane at thia time. P«ople
were h<»peful and patriotic, and were willing to giye everything and suffer
everythirii^ for the cause. The spirit of speculation, and the vice of blockade
sales, which did much to bring about our eventual ruin, were only l>eginuinff
to manire:;t them:>e1ves. Extoriiou had not reared its Gordon head. A lilieral
and generous impuUe existed everywhere, and the necessities of all were readily
and cheerfully supplied. It was the golden or classic epoch of the war. Night
and day the needles of the women were plie<1 in making soldien>' clothing, and
night aud day they watched by the side of the sick and dying. They never,
however, failed in tlii^n duty at any period of the war.
3. — Nfiw OaLKAN^ — We remarked tli;it New Orleans might several times
have been captured by the Confederates. There can be no di>ubt of tlii<*, and
tlie matter was frequently discussed in military circles — but cui botioF Whilst
the Federals occupltfd the mouth of the river and controlled iis navigation above,
the city could never have been provisioned by us. There would be great suf-
fering to the inhabitants without advantage to the Confederacy.
4. — Xasiiville. — Though Nashville was several times thrcatt-neil, the immense
fortlficiitions around it made its capture nt any time almast impossible. It was
a remtrbible fact in the war, that the Confederacy was never «nabltfd to repos-
sess herself of any town i»r city t-uken by the enemy. Thus New Orleans,
Nashville, Memphis, Vicksburg, etc., etc. This exerted a very depressing in-
fluence.
6. — CoNsoBTPT AoT. — Wc never donbted of the eminent wisdom and poliey of
the Ctinscnpt Act. In the condition in which we were placed, no other meaj»ure
could have kept up the army in the trials through which we were de-^tined to
pass. The be.^t and the true men would have remained without it, but in no
part of the world can armies be kept up by moral suasion and the justice of a
cause ! Thia the enemy too proved ! Doubtless there were evils of great mag-
nitude indi<«pensnble from t le system — much misery, etc., but war involves
pain and sutfering. The administration of the law was, however, always de-
fective, and although it was e:i'»y to show that frotn half to three-quarters of a
million of men mij^ht be kept in the fieM, the armies were allowed to fritter
awav, anil at the time of the surrender there were scarcely one hundred thou-
sancf men under arms on b »th sides of the Mississippi ! Inadequate provisions
and clothing, destitute ani suffering families at home, ceaseles-i marching and
fighting, the ificreasing hots of the enemy, the hopeles-^ness of the cause, and
its interminable pro«pect, did the work. Under a President and Congre-* suc-
cess became now impossible. A Diciaior, wifh absolute power , and great civil
and mUilary gemuSf cuuld only have saved the day I
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR, 199
.6. — ^GirsaRiLLAS. — At thenpeninflf of the war, privAteering and guerrillas were
r^rded the great hnpes of the Confedtraey. Both were signal failures, not-
withstanding the dashing exploits of the Alabama, Florida and Shenandoah.
The enemy affeeted to consider gnerrilla service a great crime against the laws
of war and the humanities of the age. Yet is it ever, in all countries, the re-
sort of a brave people, when overcome by inva-iion. Our revolutionary fathers
understood thi-*. The p.irti^n warfare in the Carolinas and Georgia was of
this character. The whole country su-tiined the military est'ibli^hmeut. Never
was there a More inviting field for this service than the Confederacy during
the war, yet the invader was allowed to march great armies with at times no
^molestation at all. It was evident that such warfare was not. germane to the
spirit of our people.
7. — Cotton Plaxtino. — As the war advanced, cotton planting was very gen-
erally abandoned in the C«»nfederacy, and those who raised more than very
trrfling <|uantities were held by their neighbors in some odium. Many of the
States restricted the cultivation by law, and the policy pursued by Congress of
burning in the face of the enemy operated also as a (iiscouragement. Though
eventual pay was promised, no one rt'giirded it possible to obtain it, so many
provisions being first nec<'S'»ary. From first to last perhaps one million of bales
were destroyed by the torch. Corn, wheat, and sorghum were the great and
growing crops of the Confederacy, with which, had transportation been kept
up, the armi«>8 could have been fed forever.
8. — Mrs. Phillips. — ^Thc " war upon women and children " is richly illustrated
in this case. Of what consequence was it to a great nation whether a lady was
in "good humor" or "bad humor/' " laughed " or " cried,** on the passage of
a funeral by her door? Among gentlemen, it is invariably understood that
the sex protects and gives immunity. We knew this lady intimately. A gen-
tler and kinder natuve could be found nowhere. Her ffelings were ever buoyant
and hopeful ; her vivacity and spirit quick; her wit and intellect of high order.
Her heart and soul were with the South and its cause, and for this she would
have raffered a thousand martyrdoms. The world 8t.ood aghast' at the enormi-
ties practiced upon such a Indy on such a pretext. Next to the crime of Mum-
ford, which caused a tlirill of horror to run throu<rh the land, this was among
the blackest deeds of the regime at New Orleans. Mumford rose to the rank of
a hero and a noartyr. His patent of nobility — his canonization — dated from
that day.
9. — Railroads in toe Confederacy. — ^They were still good at tliis time,
though requiring constant attention. Accidents were not yet frequent. Run-
ning stock and locomotives remained in nearly sufficient quantities. All of this
changed afterwards, as we shall see. Still railroad traveling was attended with
much privation and suffering. The cars were always crowded to suffocation.
Everybody seemed afloat. The wonder was where the crowds of women and
children came from. Add to these, wounded, discharged or furloughed sol-
diers, sharpers and speculators, et omne genii* : a seat was not to be thought of.
Being compelled to travel almo!»t constantly in the service of the Treasury De-
Eartmejit and the *' Produce Loan Office," of which we shall have much tor say
ereafter, we can speak feelingly upon this subject.
10. — ^The Southern Cojtfi*eaiion Act was adopted on account of a previous act
of the Federal Confess. The policy in both cases was bad, and without doubt
all property would nave been restored after peace. This course was pursued
by the Continental Colonies after winning their independence, and to this course
the United States Goyernment has a:^in come in 18Hd.
11. — SccESSioNyiLLR. — The New York Tribute correspondent thus spoke of the
disaster at Secessionyille, S. C , which occurred in June:
**Tfae Advanced refrinients were the 8lb Michigan, the T9th New York, and the 7th Oonneo-
tieot. There Is AOine confusion aa tii the order in which these reji^iinents camo up to the fort ;
It seems, however, from the liest Infonnntlon within reach, that the glurious but nnfortunato
6th Micbl^ran was the flr&t at the fort, led by Its xallunt C ilunel Fonton. The immediate assault
upon the fort was not snccessfnl, and the euuse of failun*, an is nsual in such ca.<(e8. is difficult
to detcriiilne. That the fort should have been taken there can be but liitle dwubt, and that too
with DO more loss of life than actually oecarred. It appears from the statements of some of
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200 JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
tbe officers sad men tn these regiments, that aboat one-lialf mile from the fort there was a nar^
row pass throush a hedge, and the men were compelled to pass through verv few abreast, thus
delaying the adVanoe of ibe men. The 8th Michigan got through and pushed on with great
▼Igor up to the fort, which they assaulted with a shoot Tber woro met with a mnrderoos fire
from the fort in fh>nt, and from flanking batteries. A few of these brare boys OTercaroe all
dangers and diffioultie.*. and rashlng over the dead bodies of their slaughtered comrades, actually
climbed Into the fort; but it was impossible for them to maintain their ground there a^inst
the fearfnl odds which opposed them, the men who should have supported them being delayed
in passing through the hedge. The 8th was obliged to fell back as tbe 79th New York came
np, led by the brave Colonel Morrison, who mounted the walls of tbe fort and disebarged all
tbe barrels of bis revolver In the very faces of the enemy. Wounded in the bead and unsujp-
Dorted, he was obliged to retreat Ab'mt as fiir behind the 79ih as the 79th was behind toe
9ih,came the 7th Connccticnt which also made a spaimodio and almost independent effort
Against the fort ; but was obliged to fell back. Tbos these brave regiments, which were in-
tended to net in concert as the advance, went Into the flghjt one at a time, one repulsed and
felling back as the other came up, thus creating confusion and rendering abortive the charge
on the fort at this tlmo.*^
12. — Retaliation for Fsdebal ExoKSSea.— General Lee to General Halleck:
A general order, signed by Mi\}or-General Pope on the 23d of July last, tbe day after the date
of the cartel, directs the murder of our peaoeful citizens as spies, if found quietly tilling their
farms, in his rear, even ontside of his lines.
And one of his brigadier-generals (Steinwehr) bos seized innocent and peacefol inhabitants^
to be held as hostages, to the end that they may bo murdered in cold blood if any one of his
soldiers are killed by some unknown persons whom he designates as ** bushwhaokers.*' Some
of tbe military authorities seem to suppose that their end will be better attained by a savage
war, in which no quarter Is to be given and no age or sex Is to be spared, than by such hos-
tilities as are alone recognized to be lawful in modem times. We find ourselves driven by onr
enemies by steady progress towards a practice which we abhor, and which we are vainly strug-
gling to avoid.
Under these oircnmstaneos this government has Issned the accompanying order, which I am
directed by tbe President to transmit to you, reoognizing Major-Qeneral Pope and his com-
missioned ofiloers to be in the position which they have chosen for themselves, that of rob-
bers and mnrderers, and not that of public enemies, entitled, if captured, to be treated a»
prisoners of war.
13^ Another Horbibls. — We find in a letter from Texas, published in tbe
Cincinnati Commercial, the following paragraph, which shows by what fanati-
cism, ignorance, and lies the fires were kept up. " Negroes burnt alive I T
Shades of Clarkson and Wilberforce, and hereafter of Charles Sumner :
Ah, my dear S , with what satisfectlon have I escaped ttom that region of tyranny and
oppression I The history of this impious war, for ^' the extension and perpetuity of slavery,^*
will never be fully written. No one oan tell it all What blind rage and hate I New Orleans
Is taken. Well, yon who live far away cannot comprehend the deliriam this has raised. Be-
fore snrrend(^rlng It, the planters bnrued their cotton, their sugar, their steam cotton-preseea^
and their roflnerie& Thev preferred this to confiscation and the thought that their goods
wonld enrich their enemies. Bnt— shame and crime nni)eralleled->^ey also bnmed their
slaves. Think of the degree of insane fury to which they were carried. They preferred to
barn their slaves rather than see them emancipated. Those who commit this atrocity — un-
paralleled in history, particularly because it did not hurt their enemies— those who did this
deed, called their inoffensive blacks to<fether, and sent them into the workshops, and locked
the doors ; tbe fire was lighted and quickly did Its work, while the roasters waited outside to
sho<it with their rifles the child, the old man, the wonuuo, or any who might leap from the
windows or roof to escape the dreadful flames.
14. — ^Thb Ram Arkansas. — ^For the moYement aeainst Baton Rouge thisyessel
was entirely at the time unfitted. Her noble and gallant Commander Brown
protested against the attempt in her then condition, but it wa? of no avail. Her
machiner}' was incapable of the service demanded, and many wild hopes were
oheri^ied tliat she would sweep the Mississippi to the nooutb, destroy the Federal
fleet at New Orleans and open the blockade, which were all very soon dashed
to the ground. Her exploit above Yicksburg la thus celebrated in a letter pub-
lished at the North, and dated from on board the United States steamer Rich-
mond. The writer says :
** Aronnd us lay the combined power of flag-ofQcer Farragut*s and I>avls*s fleets. Frigates,
gunboat^ iron-plated boats, wooden rams and iron-cased rams, were anchored along the bank
ri*r a mile and a bait And blowly steaming along the hollow of a bend in the river just above
us was a long, low, dull, red, floating object. She showed neither flag nor sign of life.
A conple of gunboats were anchored anead of us, but being the first of the mrge ships, we all
supposeo we wonld be tbe first object of attack.
ller conrse also seemed to indicate it. Two of our gnnboats now fired. The Arkansas
answered, taking off one man's head and wounding three others. I saw her pass the gnnboats.
I looked for some vessel moving to attack her. Not one stirred ; only one man had steam up
on his vessel. We believe he could .have sank her, yet be did not move a finger t>eeaQse he
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 201
*dld not reeelTe orders.* He shonld be conrt-mftrtlaled and dismlraed In disgrace. He was
orged to Attack her, bat he wasnot<'qiinl to his dnty. and he sboald not be trusted with a ship
any longer. Eren the charges had been withdrawn from oar guns in oarfkncied secnrlty, and
there was not sofflcient time to load them all.
Slowlj, steadily, gallantly, the rebel ram kept on her way. as thongh she belooi^ed to ns^ and
was quietly ehoo«Ing an anchorage. She was now approaching u^ and as all the best of the
crew had been at their quarters some time I was obliited to sro to mine.
I sat down and * coolly* awaited the blow I know must sink us. In a few minutes oar guns
were flred In qni(^ succession. I waited, but no crash followed.
I went on deck and saw the ram slowly floating below uninjured. Out solid, wroaght-lron
w^und shot bad been shattered to pieces against her iron-clad sides, less than a hundred yards
distrnt The Benton, Hartford, and gunboats below us, ponred a perfect shower of balls upon
her. But she was like adamant. It did not even hasten her speed, and prondly she turned a
point, disappeared from sight, and anchored under the batteries and Vicksbui^. I doubt
whether such a feat has eyer before been accomplished, and whoever commanded her should
be known and honorod. And whr was she successful ? By reason of the stupidity of our
leaders, and because we were caught napping, lliere is a rather vulgar expression which ex-
1 our plight exactly, but I shall not allude to it further."
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
1.— THE LUMBER BUSINESS OF THE SOUTH.
This vast and growing interest is deserving of the gravest consideration by
capitalists who desire to invest in Southern lands. Our wliole Southern coun-
try is one vast field for enterpHse in this department. Mississippi, Louisiana,
Florida, Alabama, and the Carolinas, offer millicns of acr*^ of the nnest timber in
the world. So of Arkansas and Texas. Upon this subject a contemporary says :
" The lumber business in the South, especially in Southwest Georgia and
Florida, is assuming proportions almost incredible.
'* Sinee the surrender, no other employment of labor and capital has proven
so certainly and largely remunerative. Indeed, there is no other business at-
tended with so little risk and so certain a remuneration. The capital employed
is inyested chiefly in mules, wagons, mills, and their appurtenAnces, which con-
stantly appreciate, rather than depreciate, in value ; and they can be reconverted
into money at any hour. The investment pays a certain cash return from the
hour it is made. .It requires but a few days to transfer the pine-tree in the for-
e«t to lumber on shipboard, worth from twenty-five to forty-five doUas per
ihouMnd.
" Almost the whole world is dependent upon the section above named for its
supply of yellow pine. This, fact was abundantly evidenced in the immense
orders that were crowding upon the Southern ports before tlie late war. Five
years of embargo upon the trade have now increased the demand beyond any
possibility of supply, even with the immense preparations that are being made
to meet it. So that those who have already embarked, or who are preparing
to embark in the business, need entertain no fear, for twenty years, of surfeit-
ing the market. Nor need any apprehension be entertained tliat the supply of
pine will be exhausted for double that length of time.
" Such timber grows not in the world as is found in Southwest Georgia and all
over the State of Florida. Indeed, the fine yellow pine which is found here is
found only in a few other localities, and sparsely there.
"During a recent visit to that Georgia metropolis in embryo — Brunswick —
we were amazed at the magnitude of operations in progress to meet the over-
whelming demand for lumber at that point. It is said that the order* already
in hand cannot be filled for two years. Several splendid mills are already in
operation, some twelve are being built, and perhaps double that number are
* prospected.' General J. B. Gordon, whose energy and courage told with
such stunning effect during the war, was the pioneer, and is the ruling spirit
in this gigantic enterprise at Brunswick.
"Fully twenty millions of feet of lumber will be shipped from that port alone
this season, and when the mills are all completed this amount will be so immeas-
urably increased as to make Savannah and other Georgia seaport cities tremble
at sight of the shipping that will crowd the unsurpassed port of Brunswick,
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202
DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE.
" We have not yet In our possession the exact stalidtical infonDAtion which we
have been M^ekins^ with reffrence to the lumber prospects of Feriiandiiia, Jack-
Bonvill**, Ce«)iir Kfya. Ac. ; hut from personal observation we make up the fol-
lowing jiiiiiimrtrv. invitini^ our readers at those points to con'tct any errora that
may appt-ar, Hud to furnish us farther infonnntion :
" At Fernandin'i. we should suppose there were as many as ten milts, either
built or in course of erection ; at Jackson vil it*, not le»« tlian twenty-five, (In
this estimate fire included ail mills adjact^nt and those tributary, on the rail-
road and on the St. Johns, whose shipments pass through Jackson vi)l<*.)
" At Cedar Keys (and tributary to it) we should put the number at twelve.
"Then, be^idfS these pnunin<>!it points, there are steam saw-mills without
'number scHtternl about over the country — the most of them sending their lum-
ber abroad— such as the many around Lake City, Live Oak, St. Marks, James*
Island, on the Chtittahoochee,*Chipoln, and other streams.
"The innumerable streams which make abnost a network of the map of
Florida are accessible avenues to forests interminable.^
2.— THE PROSPERITY OF MEMPHIS.
No city in the "West is increasing with more rapid strides than Mempdis. Her
enterprise and spirit are admirable. She is projectin!; railroads into every
quarter. Hfr march is steady and onward. It is stated ou hi^h authority :
"There are probably more houses in the cour:»e of construction in Memphis
at the prei«ent time than- at any previous period in the hist«»ry of the city. A
person may go in every direction, and new houses and buildings of every de-
scription ^pri^^il)g up will meet his eye. We notice, however, that but few
bouses are b>'iiig constructed that would be most useful to the mechanic as a
residence. Mempiiis is really m<ire in need of small cottages thftt will rent at
a reasonable price than probably any city in America. This has a bad ten-
dency t(»wapd8 bringing the workin<;man to our city, as they cannot afford to
pay the eiiurmous rents which are being asked. Houses far from the centre of
the city, only of decent siste — say four or five rooms — are comnianding fifty
dollars per month, and more. Memphis is very pro:*perou3 in her growth at
present, but if our capitalists desire to have this prosperity continued, they will
nave to look to this matter and act on it^
8.— COMMERCE OF LOUISVILLE— 1866-6.
Articles. Qaantttf. YAlne.
AleokAl, l>bls. 985 $187JfO
ikpplea. frreen, bbis .... 84 649 »6 482
Do. dried, pkg- 2.423 4,8.'J6
Ale and Bt-er, bbis .... 82,dU8 29.\98i
Bagf^ng pieei'S 14,586 489,488
Bariey, bushels 178,670 228.843
Bran, do 12,083 24,010
Butter, pks. 10,005 400,2(M)
Bale ropo, oils. 18,698 206.257
Coal, bushels 15,946.250 8816,462
Cauie.hcad 7T,169 6,118620
Cement, bbis 8,142 10.824
Cheese, pksrs 87,096 409,2ii0
Older, bbis 2,161 21,210
GolTee, cacks. 48,5i4 2,10;.0<i0
C?oopcnurc, pkgs 2^,055 M,1 84
Corn, bash G5s,5l0 44s,l67
Oorn meal, ]>kgs. 8 4SS a8»5
Cotton, I iaIos 66.S28 18,9«6,750
Cotton yarntspkgs... . 12,8^7 495.640
Crockery ware, crates . . 8,888 288,575
Ctod}o^ boxes K984 162.140
Drugs, pkirs.. ..' 419S5 9,22'\0»0
Egjpspkgs 4,886 1«6,0«K)
Flax-seed, sacks 1 1,700 88,500
Feathers, Mioks 8.64)8 l!-4,)60
Fish, pkgs 16,n9 199.621
Fish, kill*, &a 16,861 48,539
Floor, bbis 109.690 1,001,200
Froitapkgs. 68,722 687,720
Articles.
QoAntUr.
Valne.
Olass^pkgs.
Hay,bnlo8.
50568
8428.800
105,6H)
816,800
Hiirdware, pkgs
249,b84
8,49S,840
Hi'inn, l>al«-s
11,(M6
675,200
Hides, bdl8,&o
61,825
248,706
Hoifs, head
148,842
8,774,066
Horst'S nnd mules, No..
10,095
1,049,586
H«ipa,pkg»
695
21,168
Iron, pes. bdls. 4be
209,706
1.048,680
In»n. uiir. tons
15,000
750,000
i!l,d.*i>kVs .::.:::.::
11,9^8
181,090
Lftither, rolls
5912
«.>7«
8,617
151,584
Lard, tcs
290.000
LkhI, kegs
68,166
LuniNr, M
Lime, bl.lH
8,9«i,45T
1,50««,000
8,V85
12.84T
l^tJbnSieuV.'.*.*.'*!'.*;
Merchandise, pks
4R,<57
2,600,000
67,8^8
107,818
689,619
68,9.11.900
Mtdasses and 8yrDp,bbls
89508
J. 866 976
Nolls, kegs
44.824
281,681
oil, l.l.ls
l&.l'i5
1,412,680
Otits, but>helB
282,264
141,246
OHkum, ^«les
1.089
144,487
84,965
PotatiK'S, buhhels
148,580
Pork imd baotn, casks
and tcs.
6.816
7.68t
661,600
Pork and bacon, bbis. . .
887,154
pork and bacon, pkgs. .
86i00
116,888
Bye, bushels
tjm
6,740
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DEPASTMENT OF COMMBBCB.
203
ArtldMb QnantltT.
Botio, bb»« ft60
Sope and twine, pkgs.. S,I18
Rlce,pkff8 1,«61
8pl<«^pk?8w 1&27
8andrif is pkgs 1^>,707
Sagtr, hhd0.
Sugar, bbl8.,&c.
8hf^p, ht^. ..
Balubbis .. ..
Seed, i.k|f8
Potp. bX8.
Starch, bxs
Shinglt^ M....
Tobacoo, hhda..
^419
U,\9S
161.298
1«,U12
1(i.6lH
12,086
14.<)^5
48,677
Valn€.
$20,110
8^2,086
89,240
74.075
81,643,420
1,04:2,400
2,678 860
806,oei2
61.\178
8M,800
91,018
U,260
a^,624
6,519,899
Articles.
Tobaco, bvxus, Ae..,,
Tea, pkK8
Tallow, bbla.
Tar, pkga
Turpentine and vartiiBh,
Plig»
Wbtskev, bMs
Wbent, onBbela
1V<H»1, sacks.
Wine, barrels and pkga.
White load, kegs.
Qoantltv.
10,860
8,8S8
2,a25
^0a9
1,172
21 (►U
87.986
2894
6 744
15,719
YaloA.
16^2,860
880,140
98,802
104,516
104940
1,HS8,860
757,882
188,.' 28
670.880
155,960
ToUl receipts. $212,076,254
4.— PETROLEUM A3 AN ELEMENT OF NATIONAL WEALTH.
What troapiires aHiipted fiir human me still lie pecreted in tht* bosom of the
eirth undi^overed, is a matfer about which wc are prof*Mindly ignorant. The
recent dincovery of petntleum, and its adaptation to the vnrious purposes of
life, is one of the moAt extraurdinary events in history. It is not probable that
the fi«^d of difcovery is now exhan^ted, and that in petroleum Njiture has yield-
ed up the iHst of her hidden secrets, held in reserve for the future use of roan,
but that other objects of utility equally wondnrful remain yet undeveloped.
The progress of petroleum, as an article of trade, has no parallel, and its
present im j>ortance a& an elemeut of wealth to our own country cannot Jiie over-
mtfd, and will favorably compare with any other branch of industry. A few
year* ago it could hardly be said to be an article of demand, much less of ex-
port; now two millions (»f barrets per year are an insufficl'Ut pupp'j*. The
following 8t:iteinent gives the production, export and price of this ariicle for the
last five years:
Average price In N. Y.
Ift61 . . . .
. . 600.t»00 bbls.
1862....
.. 1,00(M»00 •*
18fi8
.. ?,00«».000 "
1864....
.. 2,180.04K) "
1865
.. 2,800,000 "
Export
Orml«.
Reflnnd.
80,(100 bbla
—
61*
272.192 "
2.^
86|
V06.268 "
28
44i
7«68i4 "
411
64t
746,138 "
88|.
69
6._XJ. S. STAMP DUTIES.
[Oin. Commercial.
It will be a matter of constant convenience to our readers to have before
them in compact form the provisions of the National Stamp Act, which so inti-
mately amnects itself with the events of our every day-life. It will be valua-
ble always for reference.
Stamp DaHe* Jmpotsd by Ado/ Ooh^/'ess, March Bd, 1865, which took effect April 1,
1865.
lostmments are not to ho recorded unless properly stamped.
V No Instrument is Invalid for the vmnt of tbe pNirtioiilar kind of stamp designated, provided
alrcal stamp «>f cqiul amoant (except Proprietary ^i'amps) is dniy afBxml.
All oOiclai Insirutnents. ducumeiita ancl pnpers issued or nsvd by olScers of tbe United
States Oitveriiiiu'nt, are exempt fn>m dnty.
In all CAM'S wbere an adhesive stamp sball be used for denotinir any dnty Imposed by this
let, tbe penxm nsing or affixing the same shall write therenp«>n tbe Initials of his name, and
tbedattf n(M>n which the snme sball be attached or used, so that the sauie may not be used
again, under penulty of $50.
IiMtrament<« her.t<ifore issued without stamps n^t to bo void where stamp is snbseqaently
affixed. Pu5tafre stamps cannot be nsed as Ke venue stamps
Any person may present to the Commissioner of Iniemal Revenue any instrument, and re-
quire his opinion whether the s:ime is cb.trgeabio with any dnty ; and if the said Commis-
sioner fhall be ff opinion that it Is not chanieabie with any stamp duly, he is required to im-
press on ft A particubir stamp, with wnrdn to si^miry that It is not obarffeable with stamp duty ;
and every iii«tniinent on which Kai«l stamp is iii»pre»<ed shall be reo«'lvod In evidence in all
eonrts, notwithstanding objections on the ground of such Instrument being without tbe proper
stamp.
Tbe party to whom a document Is tssned from a foreisfn country, or bv whom It Is to be
ued, shall,* before oaliig tbe same, at&z tbereoa the stamp or stamps indloatiug the duty re*
qvirtd.
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201: DEPARTMENT OF COMMEBCE.
Proprietors of Cosmetio^ Medldaea, or Proprietary Articles, nifty famish private dies, to be
approv«d by the Cooimisdoner, and are allowed 5 per cent, on all porobases of $500; oyer
•OUO, 10 per coot
AgretmefU,
Other than those mentioned In this schedule (or any appraisement) for every sheet or $ cts.
piece of paper on which It is written 05
Appraisement of valae or dauiago, or contract * . • . • 05
Bill of Exchan^ty fortign.
Drawn In but payable out of the United States, if drawn singly or otherwise than in a
set of three or more — same as loUind bills of exchange.
Drawn in seU of three or more, for every bill of each set, where the sum made payable
shall not exceed $100, or equivalent thereof, In any foreign currency in which such
bills may be express^ 08
For every additional |lu0, or fiactlonal part thereof in excess of $100 02
BUI of Exchange^ inland.
Draft or order for the payment of any sum of money, not exceeding $100, otherwise than
at sight or on demand, or Promissory Notes, except Bank Notes and Checks; or any
memorandnm, check, receipt or other written or piinted evidence of an amount of
money to be paid on demand or at a time designated, for a snm not exceeding $100. . 06
For every addidonal $100, or fhM^onal part In excess of $100 * 05
BiUofSaU,
Bills of sale, by which any ship or ressel, or any part thereof, shall be conveyed to or
vested in other person or persons, when the consideration shall not exceed $wO stamp
duty 50
Do, when the conslderatl m exceeds $500 and does not exceed $1,000 1 00
Exceeding $1,000 for everv additional amount of $500 or firactionai part thereof. 60
Personal property othtr than ships or vessels 50
Bill of Lading.
For goods and merohandise exported to foreign port, other than charter party, each.. . 10
Bonds
Of indemnity— where the penalty is $1,000 or less 60
Where the penalty exceeds $1,000, for every additional $1,000 or fractional part in exoosa
of $1,000.V..... :...... 60
For the due execution of the dntles of any office 100
Of any description other than such as may be required in legal proceedings, or used in
connection with mortgage deeds, and not otherwise charged in this schedule 85
Certificate,
Other than those mentioned 06
Pawners* Checks 05
Certificate for Damage.
Fora sum not exceeding $100 09
Exceeding $100 05
Certificate of Profits.
In any Incorporated Company, for an amount not less than $10, nor e ceedlng $50 15
From$60to>I,0;H) .V/.. «5
Exceeding $1,0U0, for every additional $1,000, or fractional {lort thereof 95
Certificate of Stock.
In Incorporated Company 25
CharUr Party,
Or any letter or memorandum reUting to the charter of any vessel If the registered
tonnage does not exceed 160 tons 1 00
Prom 160 to 800 tons 8 00
From 800 to 600 tons 5 00
Over 600 tons 10 00
Checks, Drafts or Orders.
For any amount on an v Bank. Broker or Trust Companv, at siffht or on demand 02
For an amount exceeding $lO on any other than a Bank, Banker or Trust Company, at
sight or deman d 02
Contracts.
Contracts, Broker's Note, of memorandum of sale of any goods or merchandise, stocks,
bonds, exchange, notes of hand, real estate or property ot any kind or description issued
by Brokers, or persons acting as such 10
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 205
Conveyance or Deed of Grant,
Where the consldentlon or valne does not exceed $500 60
From $000 to $1,000 1 00
And for every additional $500, or fractional part thereof; in excess of $1,000 50
Entry of Ooode.
At Cnatom-Hoose, not exceeding in Talne $100 25
Trom$1UOto$500 5U
Exceeding $500 1 00
For the withdrawal of goods from bonded warehonae 50
Oaoger's retnms, if for a qnantltj not exceeding 500 gallons gross 10
Exceeding 600 gallons gross 26
Lease.
Where the rent is $800 or less 50
Where the rent exceeds $800, for each additional $800 or firaotlon ^f $800 60
Assignment of a lease, same stamp as original, and additional stamp apon the value or
consideration of transfer, aocordinpto the rates of stamps on Deeds. (See Conveyance.)
Manifest for Entry , Clearance.
Ofcargoof vessel for foreign port, if tonnage does not exceed 800 tons 100
From 800 to 600 8 00
Exceeding 600 5 00
Measurer* s Returns.
If for a qnantltv not exceeding 1,000 bushels 10
Exeeoding 1,000 bashels 25
Mortgage or Personal Bonds.
Given as seenrity for the payment of any definite sum from $100 to $500 50
Exceeding $500 and not excoeding $1,000 1 00
For every additional $600 or fractional port thereof, in excess of $100 60
ProvidedU That npon each and every assignment or transfer of a mortgage, lease, or
policy of insurance, or the renewal or continuance of any agreement, contract or charter
by letter or otherwise, a stamp duty shall be required and paid, equal to that imposed
on the original instrument.
Protest of Note^ Drafts dc.
On Marine Protest, Ac 25
Piissage Ticket.
To a foreign port, if of less price than $85 60
From $85 to $50 1 00
And for every additional $50, or fractional part thereof in excess of $50 1 00
Playing Cards,
For, and apon every pack of whatever number when the retail price does not exceed 18
cents. 02
Over 18 and not exceeding 25 cents 04
Over 25 and not exceeding 60 cents 10
Over 60 Cents and not exceeding $1 16
Exceeding $1, each additional M cents in excess of $1 05
, Policy of Insurance.
On any llfSe or lives, where the amount insured does not exceed $1,000 26
From $1,000 to $5,000 60
Exceeding $5,000 1 00
firaand Marino Risks, Premiums not exceeding $10 10
Premiums not exceeding $50 S5
Exceeding $50 50
Potoer of Attorney.
To transfer stock, bonds or scrip— to collect dividends, interest or rent 25
To vote by proxy, except In charitable, religions, literary and cemetery societies 25
Tosellor lease real estate, and perform all other acts not specified 1 00
For any other purpose • 50
Pi-obate of Willf or Letter of Administration.
Where the estate does not exceed the value of $2,000 1 00
For exerj additional $1,000, or firactional part In excess of $2,000 50
Proprietary Medicines^ Cosmetics^ t&c.
Notover25 cento 01
Not over 50 cents 02
Kotov6r75 cents 03
Not over $1 M
For every additional 50 cents, or fraction thereof 02
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206 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
Friction Matches, or anj articles made In part of wood, io packagos containing 100
matclies. ^r less (tt
When In^rcfls or piicliages, containing more than 100, and not more than 200, for each
parcel or pneicaflre 01
And for every ailditiunal lliO matches and (htctiooal part thereof 01
For all cigar lights and wax tapers, double the rates herein imposed opon friction or la-
cifer matches.
Photoirrai'lis. Ambrotypes, Dagnerreotjpes, &c, on each pletnre when the retail price
shall net exceed 25 cents OS
From 29 to 50 cents 08
From 60 c» ntb to $1 06
Photographs exceeding $1, for each additional $1 or fraction 05
Beceipt.
Beceipts for the payment of any snm of monay, or for the payment of any debt doe, ex-
ceeding |20. not beinp for satisfiiction of any mortgage or Judgment, or decree of a
Court and a receipt the delivery of any property 08
Warehouse Receipt,
Warehoose receipt for property, froods. wares or merchandise, not otherwise prorided
for. in any public or private warehoose, when the property or goods so deiioailed ur
stored shall n«>t exceed in vaine $500 ; 10
Kxceedinsin value fftcOand not exceeding $1,000 SO
Exceeding in value $1,000, for every additttinai $1,000 10
Warehouse receijit for any goods, merchandise, or property if any kind not otherwise
provided for, held on storage In any public or private warehouse oryard 86
Weigheri^ Return.
Weighers^ retnrns, weight not exceeding 6,000 ponnds 10
Exceeding 5,000 pounds SO
WrU.
Writ 80
Where the amount clnimed in a writ, issued by a court not of record. Is $10n, or over.. . 60
Upon every confession of Judgment, or Cftgnovit for $100 or over, (except in tlM»ee cases
where the lax for the writ of a commend^ment of suit has l^een paid) 00
Writs or other process on Hfifieald from Justices* courts or other ouurts of Inferior J orls-
diciion to a court of recora 60
Warrant of distress, when the amount of rent oUdmed does not exceed $100 00
Exemptions,
No stomp dnty shall be required on powers of attorney, or any other paper relatinir to a-
plication for Iwiuntles, arrearages of pay, or pensions, or to the receipt thereof from Ume to
time; or upon ticliets or contracts <»f InKumnce when limited to injury to perstms while trsT*
eling: nor on certificates of the measurement or weight of animMla. winnI, coal, or otbirar*
ticles, nor on «lepoAite notes to mutual insurance companies for the insnninoe u(Min whkdi
policies snl Ject to slanip duties have been or are to be issued; nor on any warrant of attor-
ney accompanylnff a bonti or note, when such bond or note shall have annexetl thereto the
stamp or stam|Hi denoting the duty required ; and whenever any bond or note shall be
secured by a nH»rtgaffe, but one stamp duiy tha!l be required to be placed on siich paiiera; nor
on any certificate of the rectmi of n deed or other instrument in writing, <*r of the acknowl-
edgment or proof thereof by attending witnesses; nor to any endorsement of a negotiable in-
strument.
Pr<ftidtd,T\\aX the slnrop dnty placed thereon shall be the highest rato required tw said la-
stmments, or either of them.
The stamp duties <»n Passage Tickets. Bills of Lading, and Manifests, do nut extend to vet-
sels pljing Ww^en ports or places in the United Status, and ports or places in Eiiiish North
America.
Beceipts by expn'U companies for the delivery of any property for transportation are ex-
Mnpt fhim stump duty.
Binaliiea. •
Penalty for making, signing, or issnintrany instmraent, docnment or paper of any kind what-
ever, without the saute beinit liuly stiuiipeii, for denoting the duty hereby Imitused ihercon<—
$60; and the instrument hbati be deemed invalid and of no effect; or t««r ot»unlerreit!og stamps
or dle9 — $1,000; and iinpns<»nuieiit to hard labor not exceeding Ave years. For iimking, algn-
ing. issuinjr, acceptiiif. or paying any Bill of Kxciiaiige, Draft. Order or Note, wkhvut btamp
—$900. For selling Piupi ieuiry Coetmetics. Matches, Photographs, Ac, wiihout proper atamps
— $10. Fur removing stamps on these articles— $50.
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DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 207
DEPARTMENT OF INTERITAL IMPROYEMESTS.
1.— SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD.
At the meeting In Loaisville, on 23d ult.« of the stockholdero of the Southern
Pacific Railroad, tlie following reeolutions were adopted:
Jtesoivedf That tlie resulutions passed at the general meeting of the stockhold-
ers of the Southern Pacific Uaitroad, at Louisville, March 16. 1861, adopted
since the war by the Board of Directors of said road as the basis of the reor-
|;aoization of the Company, and reaffirmed by a meeting of stockholders held at
Sfew Orleans, La., on the 22d of February, ult., are now also accepted by this
present meeting as offering the only practicable ground of reunion of all sound
interests in said road, and giving assurance of its restoration to its former high
rank as one of the most promising railroad enterprises of ihe nation.
i£^No/«;^,Tbat the action of the Southern stockholders who purchased the road
in September, 1864, in now proposing to restore to their former rights all bona
Jide stockholders who shall comply with the Louisville resolutioits of March,
1861, manifests the most just and liberal spirit, and is the surest guarantee of
tiie good -will and good fiith that should always characterize the administration
of such a trulr national enterprise.
Jietolvedf That the validity of the sale made in 1861 is hereby fully admitted
and maintained, and that the stockholders now present, who have put their
montf^ in the road, regard said sale as a fortunate event, which furnishes the
Board of Directors with ample protection of the Company against fundamental
daims, if wny such ever be preferred against it.
Betolved, That inasmuch as only elevem miles of rai's require to bo laid, on a
track already graded, to fix forever the great value of the property of the
Southern Pacific Railroad Company, this meeting of stockholders do adopt the
language of the resolution of the recent stockliolJers' meeting in New Orleans,
that the '* end to be attained will justify unusual efforts, and, if need be, sacri*
fices 10 accomplish it."
JUnolved, That in the opinion of the stockholders here as^^mbled, the President
of the Southern Pacific Railroad should take immediate steps to have the claim
of said road upon the National Government^ for recognition and substantial aid,
pressed upon the attention of Congress — that we believe the merits of our line
of road to be so manifest and signal, for a short and ever available highway to
the Pacific, that the application will not fail of success ; and that each individual
stockholder, wherever he may be residing, is urged to address hi^ immediate
representative and friends in^Congress, asking their support of the application
of this Company.
^ Resolved, That the Uianks of the stockholders are eminently due to Mr. A. S.
Mitchell, agent) for the faithlul manner in which he has fulh.led the trust im-
posed upon him, and that we accept \\U report.
Retolved, That our thanks are aiso due to Mr. J. M. Waskom, President,
for his very satisfactory explanation of the operations of the Company for the
last five years, and also the Board of Directors for the faithful management of
the Company as our trustees since its new organization.
2.— RAILROAD SPIRIT OF MEMPHIS.
At a recent meeting in Memphis, Major Sykes, of Mississippi, argned at
length in favor of a railroad from Memphis to Columbus in that State. He
said :
The cost of the road would be about five million dollars to build it to Colum-
bus, MisBiBtfippi. It would be extended through Alabama by ISelma or Tusca-
loosa to Montgomery, Ala., ihud forming the most direct route tu the Atlantic
from Menipliii», and |>a(>Hing through ihe most productive Ci»untiy in the South,
so far 88 Muntgomt-ry, Ala. Memphis, he eaid, mut»t be the great eiiy of the
West* Memphis wa^ in the centre of the finest country on the continent^ and
most be the starting-point of the Pacific Railroad. No one could now form an
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2C8 DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
idea scarcely as to the future growth of Memphis, when she embraced in her
iron arms the whole country for one hundred and fifty or two hundred miles in
every direction.
This road would give Memphis the trade of all the country between this and
Columbus, Mississippi, because Memphis would be the nearest city of any im-
portance where the supplies for the country on the road could be obtained. He
then stated that it was probable that in the counties through which this road
would run, four million of dollars worth of cotton would be made this year,
and in a few years the cotton would amount to twenty million of dollars for
the same period ; one tenth of this would grade the road. In addition, large
portions of land near the road might be subscribed as stock and made the basis
of credit, and thus the road could be built. Memphis was the natural depot of
supplies for that whole country. He remarked that trade would increase greatly
throughout the whole country. Instead of the capital beine used to buy land
and negroes, much of the products of the plantations would now go to the
laborers, who would spend it, or much of it, in purchasing dry goods and other
supplies. The other two-thirds, going to the landholders and capitalists, must
sooner or later seek an investment, and the best investment that could be made
would be in building railroads and m establishing manufactories. He gave
some statistics on this 8ui>ject from practical men engaged in the business.
8.— MEMPHIS AND ST. LOUIS RAILROAD.
1 he City Council of Memphis use the following language in regard to the
value of the road. (The Avalanche says that the assessment of property in
Memphis has risen from $18,000,000 in 1865 to $40,000,000 in 1866):
*' The importance of thi^ road, and the benefits to be derived from its comple-
tion, have Deen already freely considered by this community, and are so ap-
parent as to require now no arguments at length to convince the business men
of this city that every facility should be furnished the Company to build the
road in the shortest possible time. There is no enterprise more important to
the interests of Memphis, and, we may add, of St. Louis, than this road ; it
being part of the great thoroughfare that will immediately connect the latter
city with this and New Orleans, 6^ rail, directly, and by the shortest route
possible, and with Mobile, Savannah and Charleston, and which would produce
a dividend equal or superior to that of any other road, upon the capital invested.
And by it, only, can St. Louis ever acquire or retain any advantage in her com-
petition with the Ohio Valley for th« trade South. By no other connection
with the Mississippi River can she have any advantage, in distance, by rail,
over Louisville."
4.— MEMPHIS AND LITTLE ROCK RAILROAD.
General J. J.Trezevant has addressed a letter to the Chamber of Commerce of
Memphis, in reference to the importance of this road, and the active energ:ies ef
the people of that most enterprising city are now directed to its construotioo.
We extract as follows :
Congress has just given large grants of land for the construction of the Iron
Mountain road from Pilot Knob to Helena, and a similar grant for the construc-
tion of the Cairo and Fulton road, from Cairo to Little Rock, and on south-west-
ward. This last-named road will soon be put under contract from Buffington
to Little Rock, ina Jacksonport, and its completion will damage Memphis, in
her Western trade, more than any other rival line on either side of the river.
You may rely upon its being soon under way. I do not speak at random.
Even if these facts were not so now, the interests of Chicaeo, Cincinnati and Si
Louis, to say nothing of the North Atlantic cities, would demand it. A gUnoe
at the map will convmce all of this.
The question now arises, what should Memphis do to protect her interests in
that rapidly growing Western trade. She should rely upon herself, as she has
always done, She should lay aside for the present aU other railroad schemes.
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DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
and give to the Memphis and LitUe Rock Railroad a city suhscription ample
enough to complete it from Memphis to Duvall's Bluff.
If a million of dollars be required for that end, it will be economy for her to
give it. Ten times that amount depends upon her timely action. She has
given millions to aid in the construction of railroads ; but these millions have
always come hack to' her, multiplied again and again. She has never yet lost a
dollar by any such subscription. On the contrary, the completion of one rail-
road has always given her more ability to build another.
5.— MOBILE AND OHIO RAILROAD.
Milton Brown, President of the road, says in his last report to the stockhold-
ers, giving many interesting particulars in regard to the losses and working oper-
ations of the Company :
As Boon as the road was returned to us by the military authorities, the great
and important work of repairing and restorin;^ it to running order was com-
menced. The large amount of work to be done, the small amount of means
then at command, and the demoralized condition of the country, seemed to ren-
der an early restoration of the road a work of ^eat difficulty. But then im-
portant results, we believed, would be accompiished by it. There was discon-
tent in Tennessee, and a violent effort was being made to prevent the Govern-
or and Legislature of the State from giving us time on our accrued interest,
and the enemies of the road were trying to persuade the people that they would
be neglected and perhaps abandoned. The best relief for this trouble was an
enereetic movement towards the restoration of the road. Such a movement was
alio miportant for its effect abroad ; it would bring to us the sympathy and aid
firom the great Northwest, with whom we desired to resume commercial inter-
course ; and our friends in the North and in Europe would be assured of our de-
termination and ability to restore the whole road at an early day. With these
important considerations in view, we put the entire track under repair, with the
order that the work should be completed at the earliett possible time. With
what energy and success' this order was obeyed will be seen uy the report of the
Chief Engineer and G^eneral Superintendent Too much credit cannot be award-
ed to those having the work in charge.
The influence of this movement turned out as was expected. It inspired con-
fidence among the people of Tennessee, and enabled us to triumph over the op-
position to the road. It brought to us the sympathy and aid of the Illinois Cen-
tral and other roads running in connection with it, and furnished an element of
credit and confidence abroad. This was not all ; it enabled us to complete the
piling and bridging over the Obion rivers and bottoms before the rising of the
waters, and thereby gained at least six months' time in opening the road to Co-
lumbus. Ky.
Between May, 1865, and January, 1866, there have been purchased 21 loco-
motives, 263 freight cars, 10 new passenger cars, 6 second hand cars, 4 sleeping
care, and supplies, stores, provisions, <&c., amounting to $679,931 02.
To supply the place of injured and defective rails in the track, 600 tons of
light raUs have been purchased for immediate use, which have been received ;
•nd 8,500 tons heavy rails, standard pattern, with the necessary fastenings,
have also been purchased, which are coming forward from Walej, and will soun
be here. This will, as we are advised by the Chief Engineer, be sufficient to
supply the defective portions of the entire track. The cost of these rails and
fastenings, including freight, will be, in our present currency, $402,189.
Our earnings for 1864, including expresses and mails, wore $3,674,489 99,
Our expenses, $2,281,596 38 ; leaving a net revenue of $1,392,903 11.
Our earnings from 1st January, 1866, to Ist May, 1865, when Confederate
money ceased to be current, were $1,183,220 42. Our expenses were $906,663*
84 ; leaving a net revenue of $276,636 68.
The expenses during the periods referred to were greatly increased by the
VOL. U.— NO. II. 14
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ilO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
extraordinary repairs made necessary from injuries inflicted by the contending
armies.
These statements do not include unadjusted claims on the Confederate Govern-
ment
Our earnings from 1st May, 1866 (time of change of currency), were
$1,624,675 81.
Our expenses during the same time were $699,898 14 ; leaving a net revenue,
for the time referred t<>, of $824,779 67.
This last statement is not a foir specimen of the earning power of the road in
times of peace, as we did not have tlie rolling stock necessary to meet the wants
of the country.
The debt to the State of Alabama for $800,000, and the debt to the State
of Mississippi for f 220,949, referred to in former reports, have been paid;
$319,000 of our Income Bonds, falling due in 1862, and $168,000 of our Income
Bonds of 1865, and $103,000 of our Second Mortgage Bonds iiave been redeemed
and canceled.
Soon after the conomencement of the war, we purchased in the name of Geo.
Peabody A Co., of London, 2,894 bales of cotton to be shipped to Liverpool, to
pay the coupons on our Sterling Bonds, payable in London intending, if success-
ml in getting the cotton out, t^ continue such purchases and shipments, to meet
all our obligations in London and elsewhere punctually. Messrs. Peabody &
Co. were advised of the purchase, and that the British Consul in this city had
been requested to apply to the United States Government for permission to ship
the cotton, and the hope and belief expressed that, if this consent was obtained,
the Confederate States Government would allow the cotton to go out. Messra
Peabody A Co. wrote us in reply, that it was impossible to obtain permission
from the United States, and, therefore, they declined taking the responsibility of
the agency or control of the cotton, and advised and direct^ ub to appropriate it
as the best interest of the C<>mpany might require — expressing their high appre-
ciation of our efforts to meet our engagements and sustain our credit, and assur-
ing us that the Bondholders would be satisfied with whatever we deemed it best
to do under the adverse circumstances that surrounded us.
Subsequently we purchased 799 more bales of cotton, making in all 3,693
bales. Of this we lost 870 bales by fire and theft during the war. The balance
we have appropriated in the purchase of rails and fastenings and rolling stock to
aid in putting our road in running order.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1.— THE SOUTHERN COTTON CROPa— MISSISSIPPI.
Hernando, Mtss., July Ul, 1866.
To Db Bow*s Review : — Responding to the wish you have expressed, to collect
any facts which might contribute towards a correct estimate of the growing crop
of cotton, I give you the result of a month's observation in Panola. I have can-
vassed that county pretty thoroughly, and was at some pains to gather whatever
might shed light upon its agricultural prospects. The condition of PanoU was
a matter of more than ordinary interest. The general opinion was fixed,- that it
was more cheerfully circumstanced at the termination of hostilities than any of
its sister counties. Its population had contributed fewer refugees, and its labor
economy was less disturbed during the war, than that of almost any other
wealthy section of the State. Its present condition, therefore, would furnish a
sort of negative criterion by which to estimate the balance of Mississippi, for it
might be argued, with a good show of reason, that the general yield would not
rise above the average of i'anola. This consideration imparts more than a par-
tial importance to the situation of that county.
Amount of Land in Cultivation. — In calculating the probable amount of cot-
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DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 211
toD which vnW be grown, the most important fact to be elicited is the quantity
of hmd devoted to its cultivation, and to that fiact I directed a rigorous inquiry.
In prosecuting this inquiry, I found that the condition of no one neighborhood
interpreted that of any other. They differed as widely as the political condi-
tions of the country. In one neighborhood not more than a tenth of the open
land was cultivated; in others, one-fifth ; in some, a third; in some, a half; Ik
some, as much, and, in one or two, even more than before the war. Upon
making a careful average of these various proportions, I found there was In
Panola County about xmt-hdif of the land in cotton, which was planted in cotton
previous to the revolution.
CoMp.vRATivB NuMBBR OF Hands EMPLOYED. — ^Thc uumbcr of laborers engaged,
compared with former times, is perhaps greater than one half. A considerable
proportion of the old negro population is still in the county, and to them some
accessions have been made from Georgia and other eastern States. Added to
these is a respectable element of white labor. Many of our young men, whom
the fortunes of war have reduced from wealth to poverty, have doffed their gray
jackets, and are wielding the plow-handle with an energy which does not solace
Thad. StfVens's philosophy of our incHpacity for work. The average number of
acres to the hand, however, is not as large a9 formerly, and thus not more than
one half the land is tilled, though more than half the number of laborers are
employed.
CoxDCCT OF Freedmen. — Emancipation, as a practical proposition, has, I think,
up to this time, equally disappointed the former master and the slave. The
bubble of a golden age, which floated upon the negro's preconception of free-
dom, has been remor-^elessly punctured by a year's experience. The dazzling
theory of all play and no work on which his native ima;!;ination feasted, and
the agrarian dreams with which a vicious philanthropy fed him, have measurably
disappeared, and he is conforming to the necessities of his new position with
hopeful alacrity. The master, on the other hand, aware of the negro's halluci-
nations, nnd knowing his natural tendency to vagabonJ.i^e, took counsel of fear,
and despaired of him as a laborer. Scarce a planter in the country who did not
pitch his crop amid dire misgivings. I take pleasure, therefore, in recording
the flattering testimony to the negro's good behavior, which has nearly every*
where erceted me. Hardly a single report was made to me which did not ex-
press pleasurable surprise at the manner in which the freedmen were fulfilling
their contracts. The diappoiiitment of the planter, therefore, has been agree-
able, and that of the negro disagreeable, and the general result obviously for
the common good.
Systems op Hire. — There are three plans of hiring prevalent in the county.
One is to pay wages in money. Another is to give the employees a stipulated
interest in the crop, reserving the exclusive management of affairs in the hands
of the planter. The third is what is familiarly called the *' crop-«' " system,
which consists in dividing the land among the laborers in certain proportions,
fiving the latter control of themselves, and only requiring them to account for
xed portions of the crop. Each of these systems has its advocates, but the
weight of opinion is decidedly in favor of the second plan, which claims superior-
ity over the first in the greater stability it gives to contracts, and over the last
in its unity of administration.
Condition of Crops. — The reluctant Spring, and the long-continued rains,
have served Panola as they have other portions of the State, and culminated in
results which must seriously affect the crop. 'Ihe 8:and of cotton, which was
generally imperfect to commence with, has been much impaired by the rains.
On the rolling, sandy lands, which comprise the greater portion of the coun-
try, the cotton has been so washed up as to cruelly injure the stand in many in-
stances, and in others absolutely dostr -y it. Another consequence of rain and
cdld are stunted growth and cub-woi-ms. Still another, an«l a most serious
consequence, is (/ra-wc. This wolf of the planters is now upon them in its most
formidable proportions, and they no louger possess their former pow.r to com-
bat it. Save in a few exceptional case3, the planters have not as many mules
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212 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
as are necessary for carrent and ordinary requirements, and those they have are
generally second-rate in quality, and low in condition. It is clear, then, that
they are not prepared for extraordinary requirements, and with such an emer-
gency as is upon them at present, tlie only probable issue is a further curtail-
ment of the cotton crop.
What will be the Amount of Cotton pRODrcED ? — In view of what has just
been said, the prospect of an ordinary yield is extremely cheerless. In addi-
tion to that already stated, severe hail-storms have lately prevailed, and thus
added another chapter to the history of disaster. Nature up to this time has
exhibited herself in her most inimical aspects, and the weight of her displeas-
ure, unfortunately, has fallen upon the stavd of cotton. Now the stand of cotton
is the mudsill oi the crop. Without it, a good crop ceases to be a debatable
propoi-ilion ; it is foregone, adjudicated, hopeless. It seems clear to me that the
present prospect for cotton dues not repose upon this mudsill, and there does
not seem, therefore, any ground to hope that the crop can be more than small.
All the reports which have reached me from other sections of the State concur
with the facts aspribed to Panola, and warrant the opinion that the general
production of Misbissippi most be commensurately small*
Very truly yours, Ac,
PsROr UoBEBTSw
STATISTICS BY THE OOTTON-GROWISO ASSOCIATION JN MISSISSIPPI.
* Since the nbove was written, we have received the following, which sustains the
tonclusions of our letter :
Hinds CourUf/.— On R7 plantations, embracing 6,193 *cre« in cotton, there are 641
hands employed. Of these, 23 planted old seed, 14 mixed, and 20 new seed; 12 re-
port good stands— the remainder bad. All report their crops very grassy, and in-
jured by too much rain.
On the same plantations in 1S60, embracing .17,146 acres in cotton, there were
1,858 hands employed, producing 9,458 bales.
ChicJco'aiv.—AZ plantations have 0,402 acres planted in cotton. employin|^ 608
bands. In I860, said plantations bad 17,508 acres in cotton cultivation, with a
working force of 1,539 hands, and produced 10,580 bales. The condition of the crop
is not reported, but more than one- naif answered that the laborers perform onlv half
labor as compared with 1860, and the others estimate theirs at an average of two-
thirds.
Carroll County.— On 21 plantations, embracing 1,600 acres in cotton, there are 222
hands employed — the percentage of work, as compared with 1860, being 65. Of
these, 4 planted old seed, 11 new, and 6 mixed. Planting not finished before Isi
inst. In 1860, on the same plantations, there were 4,100 acres in cotton and 487
bands employed, producing 2,874 bales.
Madison County. — On 41 plantations, embracing 4,150 acres in cotton, and em-
ploying 570 hands, the percentage of work, as compared with 1860, is 62. Of the
number reported. 21 planted old seed, 8 uew, and 12 mixed ; 15 reported good stands,
the balance indifferent, and all in bad condition. On the same plantations in 1860,
there were 13,180 acres in cotton, employing 1,155 hands, and producing 5,232 bales
of cotton.
Copiih County.- -On 89 plantations, embracing 3,501 acres in cotton, there are 215
hanas employed— the percentage of work, as compared with 1860, being 72. Of
the number reported, 17 planted new seed—the balance old and mixed: 9 report
good itands-lbe balance bad stands. In 1860, on the same plantations, there were
489 bands employed, 8,831 acres cultivated, and 5,608 bales or cotton produced.
A*€capUulafion, 1866.— Number of plantations, 144; bands employed, 1,714; acres
in cotton cultivation, 17,663.
i?«capt^v^ion, I860.— Number of plantations, 144; hands employed, 5,495; acres
in cultivation, 51,675— producing 27,886 bales of cotton.
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DEPABTMENT OF IKDU3TRT AND BNTERPBISE,
213
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE.
i iLlJiui.A...Ms^
^'i^:^''0}^^.
-^'^^CW.;^:J^
f:^^.^m^m
We continue tbis Depart-
ment with some facts in re-
gard to Setoivg Machines,
Ig^^^ which, we are ture, will be
-=_^^^ hoih interesting and valuable.
-— - j^ The first attempts to pew
by macliiner}* date as far back
as the year 1775: but the
nracticabiliry of the Sewing
Machine as a subintitute for
hand labor, in uniting fabrics
by means of seams of con-
tinuous stitches, was not fully
established until nearly a cen-
tury later. The inventive
mind^of Europe failed in their
efforts to reduce to practice
the idea of machine sewing,
and it was left for the genius
of America to produce and
give to the world the first
practical Sewing Machine. Of
the usefulness of this invention
it is unnecessary to speak at
this late day. The prejudices
that impeded its early intro-
duction have long since been
swept away by the stern facts
which its every-day successes
practically demonstrate, and
fojLthe last ten years the Sew-
in^Machinc has been univer-
sally recognized as a necessity
in the manufacture or putting
together of every known de-
sciption of textile fabric, and
an important addition to the
household economy.
As manufacturers and in-
Tfntors, webflieveGaoVERife Baker are the most prominent names identified with
the Sewing Machine. Eiias Howe invented the Shuttle Stitch Mochinc, but did
not manufacture more than were necessary to u^e as models in his lawsuit?, un-
til after the Sewing Machine was made practical and useful by subsequent in-
ventor:?. A. B. WiUon improve 1 on the feeding mechanism of Howe's mi^chine,
and invented a substitute for the Howe shuttle in the rotary hook of the
Wheeler A Wilson Machine, which makes the shuttle stitch by a different
mechanism. Grover A Baker invented the machine making the Grover <fe
Biker Elastic Siitch, and have been manufacturing their machines ever since
the taking out ctf their patent. There are over 150,000 of the Grover <Sc Baker
Elastic Stitch Machines now in use, which is abundant evidence that the excel-
lencies of this stitch are appreciated by the public.
Soon after How*i*s invention became known a number of manufacturers of
Sewing Machines appeared in the field, each with some little attachment or
improvement, on the strength of which thev sought to identify themselves with
the Sewing Machine, in the public mind. Nearly all these made Shuttle Stitch
Machines, and it was their interest in common to cry down and damage, to the
extent of their ability, their formidable rival, the Grover A Baker Elastic Stitch
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214: DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE.
Macliine; and no means, honorable or otherwise, were spared by them to pre-
judice the public trgainst it. Despite all this opposition, the Grover A Baker
Machines gradually but surely worked their way into the foremost ])lace in
public favor, relying solely on their intrinsic and manifest merit over other ma-
chines.
As further evidence of their great popularity, we may state that they have
been awarded the highest premiums at all the State Fairs at which tliey were
entered in competition the past three years, and at hundred* of Institutes and
County Fair?. They liave also been awarded gold nn^dala and difdomas at
various exhihitions of England, France, Spain, and Austria, and have been fur-
nished by command to the Empress of France, Empress of Russia, Empress of
Brazil, Queen of S|>ain, and Queen of Bavaria.
Keeping pace with the growing demand for their Machines, Grover A Baker
increased their facilities for manufacturing, and invented and built new ma-
chinery, of the most perfect kind, adapted to all the parts of the Sewing Ma-
chine. The Company's manufactory is at Boston, and they have wholesale
depots in all the principal cities of the Union ; in London and Liverpool, Eng-
land ; and Melbourne, Australia. Agencies are also established in all the other
leading cities of the Old World, and in almost every village of the New. We
learn the Company conduct twenty-four establishments in their own name, and
employ in connection with them over 300 clerks, salesmen, mechanics, and
operators. At the Factory, in the manufacture of Machines, Stands, Cabinets,
etc., between four and five hundred hands are employed, capable of turning
out complete, from thirty to forty thousand machines per annum. The princi-
pal depot for foreign export is at 495 Broadway, New York, at which place a
large retail trade- is also done. This establishment is three stories in front, and
extends through to Mercer Street, 200 feet. Unique in dei>ign and magnifi-
eently fitted up, it ranks among the first of the commercial places of Broadway,
and is wholly occupied by tlieir business.
The Grover A Baker Sewing Machine makes a doable-thread Elastic Stitch,
and forms a seam of great strength and beauty, peculiarly adapted for family
sewing and the manufacture of goods where firmness and elasticity of seam are
required. The mechanism of the machine is simple, the parts few, its move-
ments quiet, and the meth^ of operating it easily acquired. It uses the thread
directly from the spool as purchased. One side of the seam can be made highly
ornamentel for embroidering, by usitg colored silk or worsted.
Mes'r*. G <& B. have shown us the following extracts from testiniony taken
on oath, in a recent case before the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, which we con-
sider conclusive proof of the superiority of the Grover A Buker Elastic Stitch
Machine for nearly all the uses to which machine sewing can be ajiplied.
Edward S. Rknwick, of New York City, a professional engineer, says:
**The seam prodaced, while secure, is extremely clastic, and can be strained to as great an
extent as the cloth In which It Is sewed, without the fhicturo of the threads, while the two-
third scams, sewed by machines not embodyinsrtbe saldOrover Sl Baker^s Invention, are easily
ft*actared by straining the cloth, particularly when bias seams are sewed. The Grover A Baker
Machines are therefore adapted to sewing a great variety of articles, which cannot be sewed
adrantageonsly by other sewing machines.'*
Me«. Belina Froehlioh, of 123 East Seventeenth Street, New York, says :
"I have had personal experience of four years and a hall^ during which lime I have nsed It
for all the various wants of a large family, on all materials; have made oniamental work with
It, quilling, tucking; and for dressipaking purponcii I have found it to answer my ends per-
fectly. The machine I used was the Grovir & Baker Family Scwiog MAchino. l have had
work performed for me on other family fewing machines— the Wheeler A Wilson, and Singer;
am rather fiimlliar with their mode of operation. I am of the opinion that the elasticity of the
Beams made on the Orover Sc Baker Family dewing Machines is of great value for all garments
•f family wear, particularly those subjected to washing and ironing. It is not very liable to
get out of order; easy to operate on, and easy to Karn to operate on ; not complicated, easily
managed, easy to adjust Its parts, and the spools are easily attached, wlthont the necessity of
winding both above and below, as the machine sews directly from the 8p<»ois as purchased ;
the tension is eustly regulated and does not vanr, and does not require readjustment in passing
from light to heavy work. As to strength and aurabillty of seam I can testify, having garments
in use during four and a half years, which have been constantly subjected t«> washing, wring-
ing, and Ironing, and which have given out in the fabric before the seam has shown any sign
of weakness. In my Judgment it is, beyond all question, the best Family Sewing Muchino In use."
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MISCBLLANy. 215
MISCELLANT.
I.— COOLIES AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR NEGROES.
In many parts of the South the question of importing coolies for the parposes
of field labor is being discussed with much interest, and we are glad to be able
to famish the following facts contributed by a citizen of New York, who
promises other material of the kind for our pages :
PROGRESS OF COOLIE SMIOBATtON.
When, in 1844, the importation of coolies was undertaken in earnest by Guiana
and Trinidad, it was organized and conducted under the auspices of the goyern-
ments of these colonies, who annually ordered through the home government to
be sent from India a certain number of laborers, according to the demand made
"by the planters. The expenses of the passage were defrayed by the colony,
about one half of it being charged upon the planters en^ging the coolies, and
the other half proyided by colonial loRns and taxation. Ihe numbers in the first
four years ordered by Guiana, were in 1844, 6,000 ; in 1845, 5,000 ; in 1846, 6,000 ;
and in 1847, 10,000 ; but only 5,000 were grantecl for that year by the Brtish Goy-
emment. In Trinidad the numbers ordered were, in 1844, 2,500 ; in 1845, 2,500 ;
in 1846, 4,000 ; and in 1847, 1,000. These colonies stationed agents at Calcutta
and Madras, and in later years, also at Bombay, to collect and select the coolies,
charter yessels and dispatch them to their destination. It was found impossible
to obtain all the laborers desired for the years named, as the greater popularity
of the emigration to the Mauritius, and the indisposition of the people to a long
eea yoyage, militated against emigration to the West Indies.
About 22,000 coolies were introduced into the West Indies from 1846 to 1848,
of whom about 5,000 returned up to 1856, whiUt a yery large number postponed
their return passage in consideration of bounties, amounting generally (where
the postponement was for fiye years) to fifty dollars per adult. The original
contract, in eyery case, was for a free passage home at the expense of the colony,
at the close of fiye years' industrial residence.
The second emigration commenced in 1851, and is still in progress. Those
coolies who left India subsequently to 1853 were not entitled to free return pas-
sages from the West Indies till after ten years of residence, which, being double
the period of residence required in the Mauritius, continued to render the latter
colony the most fayorite place of resort.
In 1861, as we haye stated aboye, there were about 35,000 coolies resident in
GuianB, and 13.488 in Trinidad. In the season 1861-62, 10,880 trere landed in
the West Indies, and, in 1862-63, 4,901 were dispatched from India to the same
locality, the numbers ordered in the latter season being 5,720.
In December, 1862, a new ordinance was promulgated in Guiana, which regu-
lated that the coolies should be indentured for five years, during wliich time no
change of employer or commutation of service should be allowed. Previous to
that date the first engagement in the colony was for three years, after which the
emigrant could choose a fresh employer, but could not obtain a free back pas-
sage until he had served his contract time in the colony. By an ordinance
passed at the same time in Trinidad, the coolie was allowed to redeem the re-
maining portion of his service at the end of three years.
RETURN HOMB OF OOOLIES.
Prom 1850 to 1862 four thousand five hundred and thirty-seven coolies re-
turned home from Guiana, and two thousand six hundred and eighty from Trini-
dad, taking home with them a large amount of sayings. As an instance, we
may mention that, in \he twelve months ending October, 1857, 855 returning In-
dians took with them $15,246, being an average of nearly $90 each. During
the disturbances which were then taking place in India many were found to be
reluctant to return home.
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216 MISCELLANY.
COST or IMPOBTATION, ETC.
The contract prii»8 for the passage of 6,201 coolies landed in Gaiana in the
season 1861-62 ranged from $47.50 to |68, and the duration of voyage was from
SO to 106 days. In that of 1862-63, 2,490 were transported to the same colony
at a cost per head of from $59.25 to #72.50, the lengtn of voyage being from 74
to 117 days.
There were transported to Trinidad in the season 1 861-62, 1 ,967 coolies, at a coe^
per head of from $58.25 to $72.50, the dm*ation of Yoyage being from 71 to 100 daya
In the next season 1,075 men, conveyed at a cost of from $59.25 to $72.50, the
voyages being from 81 to 92 days.
In all these cases about one fourth of tlie emigrants were females.
WAQB3.
It will be remembered that in the mountains the laborers receive monthly
wages, with rations, clothing, houses, medicines and medical attendance. In
Guiaoa and Trinidad they are paid the current wages of other laborers perform*
ing the same class of worV and find their own rations ; but house, garden, cloth-
ing, medical attendance and medicines are provided for them by the planters.
in '^ *
in Guiana they are paid, according to work, from thirty-two to forty _^_.
cents per task, which can be performcid in from five to seven and a half hours,
according to the strength of the laborer. The Colonial Blue-Book gives the
average rates of wages in the colony in 1859-61, as under :
1959. 1860. 18«1.
Domestics, per month, . . .$10.50 $10.50 a $14.58 $16.60
Predial, per day, 50c. a $1.25 82 a 67c. 40 a 50c.
Trades, per day, 75c. a $1.50 75c. a $1.25 63c. a $1.50
In Trinidad the rate of wages is, by common consent, dependent on the time
required for the execution of any specified work. The ordinary field task, or
daily piece-work, is finished, out of crop, in four hours of an average laborer,
and this without distinction as to the nature. If the laborer finds that it occu-
pies him more than the time mentioned, he leaves the field at the usual hour,
and the employer is obliged to graduate the work afresh. When emigrants
arrive they are allowed to rest for a fortnight, or to work at once at the usual
- rates current in the districts where they happen to be located ; in the latter case
they are paid during the first month partly in rations at cost price and partly
in money.
The task for the lowest description of field labor is twenty cente, and when
six of these tasks are finished in one week, the remuneration is raised to twenty-
five cents ; this increase is g^ven with a view of securing continuous labor. Many
of the laborers perform two tasks daily, and instances are not wanting where
the same person does three tasks regularlv. It not onfrequently happens that
a coolie finishes his own work and his wife's, and is home by four o'clock in the
afternoon. The above is the lowest rate of wages for healthy adults at field
work ; but there are several districts in which, from local causes^ the task is paid
higher.
The average rates of wages in Trinidad in 1859-61 were:
1859-ifX 1861.
Domestics per month f 12.60 $8.33
Predial, per day ' 40 80
Trades, per day 1.04 68c. to $1.25
BISULTSw
The reader will readily asoertAin the results of coolie labor in the two colonies
in auestlon if he compares the following tables of their exports in 1859-60-61
with those for the years immediately anterior and posterior to emancipation :
■XPORTS OF BRlTISn GUIANA, 1859-61.
Tear. Suffor^ hhd*. Rum, ffaU. MjIossm, ecuk,
1859 55,830 2,069,760 1,656
1860 61,198 2,293,116 2.814
1861 72,847 2.570,400 3,600
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MISCELLANY. 217
It will here be obserred that in 1861 there was exported considerablj over
doable the amount of sugar exported in 1889, and also much more than in the
years of slavery and apprenticeship. Nearly the whole of this sugar was the
produce of cooue labor :
XXPOBTS OF TRINIDAD IN 1869-61.
1S59. 1860. ' 1861.
Sugar, hhda. 88.366 82,837 80,307
Sugar, Uerces 6,079 6,178 6,669
Sucar, barrels 8,466 8,062 ' 2,684
Mdasses, puncheons , 6,968
Molasses, tierces. 12,871 8,038 226
Molasses, barrels 188 225
Rum, gallons 412,261
Rum, puncheons 2,238 1,416
Cocoa, lbs 4,768,650 4,782,030 6,630,906
The amount of sugara exported in 1859 amounted to about 71.000,000 pounds,
whilst in 1840 it was but 28,000,000, and in 1835. 44,000,000. The larger
amount is nearly wholly the produce of coolie labor, the negroes that are willing
to work having m a great measure taken to the cocoa plantations. The reason of
the falling off in the produce of sugar in 1860 and in 1861 was owing to severe
rains, which destroyed a large amount of the sugar crop.
We have here merely given the leading exports of the two colonies ; they are,
however, sufficient for the present purpose, viz. : to illustrate the advantages of
the cooUe system — a system which these once impoverished countries have adopt-
ed— a system that has raised them from almost entirely ruined to highly flour-
ishing dependencies.
2— KENTUCKY.—INDUCEMENTS 10 SETTLE IN THAT STATE.
Adam C. Johnson notes the following inducements to settle in Kentucky :
1. Land is cheap. I bought a farm six miles from the Cumberland River,
fifteen miles from the Ohio, twenty-two from Padueah, six hours by boat from
Cairo : there are 800 acres in the tract, 400 in cultivation, 400 of magnificent
timber * soil, limestone ; residence, a brick house of six rooms, hall, etc. ; two
orchards, containing about 160 trees; a vineyard of near 160 vines, Dela wares;
two capacious cisterns and a well; seven springs of unfailing water; creek'
boundary of one and a half miles ; three houses for renters, and all usual out-
buildings ; State road front of more than a mile, etc., besides being but three-
fourths of a mile from an established high school — and what, think you, was
the price? It was $8 12^ cents per acre, in five annual installments I And
there are at least three farms in this vicinity that can be had for $10 per acre —
one of 500, one of 600, and one of 700 acres ; and the buildings, etc., are ex-
cellent The soil is worn, but only wants a few years of rational cultivation to
bring it up.
2. Labor is cheap. We get white hands for f 12 to $18 per month, and blacks
for $6 to $12; and I must say for the latter, that, considering all circumstances,
ihey do better than the former, being very generally good and reliable hands.
And we have no eight an4 ten hour system ; but all hands expect to work —
and do willingly— throughout the entire peiiod of daylight.
8. The soil is good. Limestone land is best adapted for green manuring —
and such is ours. Clover, blue grass and other grasses flourish on this soil.
Not an acre is too poor to bring clover, and after two years in clover any crops
grow exceedingly fine. Of corn eighty bushels and of wheat forty have been
prouduced ; but rarely, because our farmers are negligent and unskilled in
modem farming. Nothing is reauired to prove the strength of our soil but the
fact that tobacco and corn have been raised here in endless succession, and the
soil still produces them.
4. There is no better f^uit- growing country than this. Broad valleys suited
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218 MISCELLANY.
for etook furms are separated by elevated ridges adapted for fruit We have
peach orchards on these ridges which never fail.
5. It is healthy. Some valleys, where no attention is paid to drainage, are
sickly : but generally, health is excellent^ peonle live long, and, but for an in-
sane rage for emigration, our population woula increase rapidly.
8.— VICKSBURG MISS.
A recent letter writer thus refers to this classic city, whose renown will
form a gilded page in American history : — "JThe yicw of Vicksburg which
breaks upon the traveler as he looks out from the upper deck of a steamer which
is rounding the point of Milliken's Bend, is picturesque and attractive beyond
description. It reclines upon the hill-sides or looks proudly out upon the ex-
pansive panorama of suburbs, river and forest from the brow of abrupt declivi-
ties with the rustic irregularity of some mountain town in far more northern
climes. The old court-house, perched upon the tallest peak, with its well-de-
fined cupola and long columns of white, but decaying pillars, presents a feature
that no one can fail to mark ; on a neio^hboring eminence to the right rises
with awe-inspiring solemnity the Catholic Church, built in chaste Gothic style,
surmounted by numerous sky-piercing spires, and above which, standing out
agHinst the blue ether of space, is that emblem of suffering and mercy, the
<>os6. Above and below the city, which comes down to the water's edge, can
be seen, in full view, long, heavy lines of crumbling fortifications and well-
built forts, constructed in the days of Gen. Pemberton's rule, and improved
afterwards by the Federal forces; One of the forts, the lower one, is partially
manned by a small force who guard a few guns, but the others are only kept
from washing to pieces by the green grass which is growing rapidly over them.
The city numbers about 6,000 white inhabitants, and more than twice as
many negroes, including those in the suburbs."
4.— MANUFACTURING IN MISSISSIPPI
We learn from the Mississippi papers that there is a large cotton-mill build'
ing at Bahala in that State, and that parties have purchased a lai^ tract of
land in tlie valley of the Tang^pahoe River for a similar purpose. The water
power there is said to be very extensive.
The Meridian Messenger thus alludes to the facilities of Mississippi for manu-
iactui ing purposes : " There are water powers in Eastern Mississippi, the
ChickAha<«y and its tributaries, which could carry millions of spindles. All
about Meridian are its tributaries. The Sowashee, which flows near by, was
spinning a little in the war-time, when Sherman came and put a stop to
its work. Octibbeha, two miles westward, is a larger and bolder stream.
There is the Chunkey, still fartherwest, fresh, bold and free, with an immensity
of power. On this la«t, five miles above Enterprise, is Dunn's mill site. He
has turned a bold little stream over the. precipitous bank of the Chunke^', with a
fall of 80 feet. It is believed to be a gr-ind power, with Ao cost at all, compared
with its value, for handling it and making it subservient It is only running a
wool, carding and some other little machinery, for the want of capital. In
Clarke County is the, Archusa, which, in defiance of dry seasons, always runs a
bold stream, with a rock foundation, devoid of swamps — the pine growth ap-
proaching the very banks. Colonel Melancthon Sihith's mill on this, within a
mile and a half of the railroad depot at Quitmin, is a site where, it is believed,
many thousands could be profitably invested. Farther south, in Wayne County,
is Yellow Creek, a splendid stream, cutting its way through the limestone for-
mation, running forever bold and free, a superb water power. When capital goes
in search of water power in Mississippi, it cannot overlook these. Let us try
to bring capital td see it here.**
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EDITORIAL NOT£ES, ETC.
219
EDITORIAL NOTES, FfC.
WnsK the people of the South were
brought, during the trial of Wirtz, before
the tribunal of the world, upon the di-
rect charge of crueUp and inhumanity to
prUoners, we maintained that it was their
dutj to make a full inrestigation of all the
facts, and it was upon our suggestion that
his counsel summoned many of the
ablest men among us, whose testimony
was, for some reason, not taken, notwith-
standing their presence in Washington.
Neither the time nor tbe tribunal was fa-
vorable, and the opportuoitj was allowed
to pass.
It is our purpose that this whole mat-
ter shall be fully probed as we progress
with the conduct of the Rbyikw, and we
have uo doubt of the triumphant vindica-
tioD of the South.
lu the mean while, we extract from the
forthcoming work of Mr. Pollard the fol-
lowing most remarkable passages :
** Bat the history of the extraordinary effort!
of the CoafederAte aothorlties to relieve the
snfferingB at Andersonvllle, through some re-
■amp'lon of exchanses, does not end with tbe
proposition referred to as made by Commis-
sioner Oukl, to exchange man for man. and
leave the surplus at the disposition of the
enemy. It was followed by another more
liberal and extraordinary proposition. Act-
ing under the direct Instructions of the Secre-
tary of War, and seeing plainly (hat there was
no hope of anv fteneral or extended partial
system of exchsnire, Commissioner Quid, la
AagQst, 1864, offered to the Federal Agent of
Exchange, Gen. Molford, to deliver to him all
the sick and wounded Federal prisoners we
had, without Insisting npon the delivery of
any equivalent number of our prisoners in re-
tarn. Ue also informed Oen. Mulfordfof tbe
terrible mortality among tbe Federal prison-
era, nirlng him to be swift in sending trans-
portation to the month of tbe Savannah River
for the purpose of takins; tbora away. The
offer uf Commissioner Onid included all the
sick and wounded at Andersonvllle and other
Confederate prisons. U« further informed
Qeneral &Ialford,in order to make his Govern-
ment snfc in sending transportation, that if
the sick and wounded did not amount to ten
or fifteen thousand men the Confederate au-
thorities would make up that number In well
men. This offer, it will be recollected, was
made early In August, 1864. Gen. Mulford in-
formed CommlMloner Ould that it was dlrect-
Iv communicated t^i his Government, yet no
timely advantage was ever taken of It^
Associations are being formed all over
tbe South for the purpose of honoring th$
(Uadof our lost cause, by suitable memo-
rials, tombs, cemeteries, etc. This is a
noble and Christian work, and commends
itself to the hearts of all good men.
What privations, what sorrows and suf?
ferings were encountered, what miracles
of endurance and valor were exhibited by
these mighty hosts of the dead !
As an example of the spirit displayed,
we give the *' Preamble and Resolutions"
of the Atlanta, Qeo., Association.
Whbrkas, By reason of the san^lnary bat-
tles fought around and near Atlanta, and by
reason of the numerous hospitals here loca-
ted during the war. there Is in, around and
near this city, a greater number of Confeder-
ate dead than In all other sections of the State
beside ; and whereas, by reason of their great
Impoverishment, the people of Atlanta are
unable, without aid, to accomplish thorough-
ly the work they have undertaken, on account
of its msgnltude, and are furthermore unwill-
ing to deprive others of their Just claims to a
participation in the discharge of the great
duty of doing Justice to the memory of their
dead: therefore, be it
JiMohed, That we earnestly invoke the
formation of Auxiliary Associations In every
city, town and village throughout the State
for general co-operation with this, as tbe Cen-
tral Society, ond for supplying It from time to
time with such funds as they may be able to
do, after providlnif for the Confederate dead in
their Immediate vicinity.
BMolved, That we confidently hope to re-
ceive, through our Treasurer, generous con-
tributions fi-om all sectiens of the South.
BMolved^ That in order to lay before the
people our purposes and hopes, and the oAar-
ader of our or^nnizatton, a list of the officers,
together with the Constitution of the Associa-
tion, with these resolutions, be inserted one
time in the advertlsinur columns of our city
papers, and with the request that the press of
the State will either copy or give the matter
such notice as they may see proper.
In accordance with this action, the Constitu-
tion and a list of tbe otfloers are published, and
will be found below.
J. P. LOGAN, President A. M. A.
. R T. Clabkb, Secretary pro tern.
Tbb following noble address emanates
from the National Union Club of Wathlng-
ton City^ and will, we trust, awaken a re-
sponse in every part of the land. The
vindication of constitutional freedom and
the rights of the States is one of the no-
blest services which can be rendered to
our country. The heart of the patriot will
be stirred bv the call which is here made
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for a CoDrention of all sound conserva-
tive men, without distinction of party.
The proposal is a great advance from the
gloom and darkness of the last few
months. Our people look to the Conven-
tion as a port in the storm :
A National Union Gonrention, of at least
two delegates from each CongreBsional District
from all ihe States, two from each Territory,
two from the District of Columbia, and four
delegates at large from each, will be held at
Philadelphia un the 14tb of Aosast next
Buch delegates will be chosen by the electors
of the several States who sustala the Admin-
istration in maintaining unbroVen the union of
the States under the Constitution which our
fathers established, and who agree to the fol-
lowing propositions, viz :
The un^on of the States is, in every case, in-
dissolnblu and perpetual; and the Ounstito-
tion of the United States, and the laws passed
by Congress in purduatfoe thereof, are supreme,
constant and universal in their obligation.
The rights, the dignity, and the equality of
the States in the Union, including the right of
representation in Congress, are mutually guar-
anteed by that Constitution, to save which
from overthrow so much blood and treasure
were expended in the late civil war.
There is no right anywhere to dissolve the
Union, or to separate States from the Union,
either by voluntary withdrawal, by force of
arms, or by congressional action ; neither by
secession of Stat« s, nor by the exclusion of
their loyal and qualified representatives^ nor
by the National Oovemment in any other
form.
Slavery is abandoned, and neither can nor
ought to be re-established in any State or Ter-
ritory within our Jurisdiction.
Eaph State has tbe undoubted right to pre-
scribe the qualifications of its own electors;
and no external power rightfully can or ought
to dictate, control or influence the tree and
voluntary action of the States in the exercise
of that right
The maintenance inviolate of the rights of
the States, and especially the right of each
State to order and control its own domestic
concerns according to its own Judgment ex-
olUsiveljT, subject only to the Constitution of
the United States, is essential to that balance
of power on which the perfection and endur-
ance of our political fabric depends, and the
overthrow of that system by usurpation and
centralization of power in Congress, would be
a revolution, dangerous to a republican eov-
•mment and destructive of lloerty. £ach
House of Congress is made by the OonAtitn-
tion the sole Judge of its election returns and
qualifications of its members; but the exclu-
sion of loyal Senators and Representatives,
properly chosen and qualified under the Con-
stitution and laws, is unjust and revolu-
tionary.
Bvery patriot should frown upon all these
acts and proceedings everywhere, which can
serve no other purpose than to rekindle the
animosities of war, and the effect of which,
upon our moral, social and material interests
at home, and upon our standing abroad, differ*
ins only in a degree, is injurious like war it-
selt The purpose of the war having been to
preserve the Union and the Constitution by
putting down the rebellion, and the rebeliion
having been suppressed, all resistance to the
authority of the General Government being at
an end, and the war having ceased, war meas-
ures should also cease, and should be followed
by measures of peaceful administration, so
that union, harmony and concord may be en-
couraged, and industry, commerce and the arts
of peace revived and promoted, and the early
restoration of all the States to the exercise of
their constitutional powers in the National
Government is indispensably necessary to the
strength and defence of the Bepublic, and to
the maintenance of the public credit.
AH such electors in the thirty-six States and
nine Territories of the United States, and in
the District of Columbia, who, iu a spirit of
patriotism and love for the Union, can rise
above personal and sectional considerations,
and who desire to see a truly national Union
Convention, which shall represent all the
States and Territories of the Union, assemble
as frienis and brothers under the national flag,
to hold counsel together upon the state of the
Union, and to take measures to avert possible
dangers from the same, are specially requested
to take part in the choice of such delegates.
But no delegate will take a seat in such con-
vention who does not loyally accept the na-
tional situation, and cordially endorse the
principles above set forth, and who is not at-
tached in true allegiance to the Constitution,
the Union, and the Government of the United
Stotes.
Waahingion, June 25, 1666.
Thb following passage, taken from the
recently published work of Dr. Craven
upon the Pnton Life of Jeffereon Dam,
though very generally circulated, will
ever be read with mournful interest, and
on that account we determine to preserve
it in the pages of the Rkview. All com-
ment would be out of place. Tbe actors
in this sad drama will have enough to do
to take care of their own reputation in
tbe future. There is one man, at least,
whose skirts we are convinced are clear,
and that man is the President. , Others,
before long, will find abundant occasion
to speak for themselves :
XU IS PLAOBO IH laoNa
On the morning of the 28d of May, Jeiferson
Davis was shacked.
Captain Jerome E. Titlow. of the 8d Penn-
sylvania Artillery, entered the pri»onor*s cell,
followed by the blacksmith of the fort and his
assistant the latter carrying in his hand some,
heavy and harshly-rattling shaclcles. As they
entered, Mr. Davis was reclining on his bed,
feverish and weary, after a sleepless ni«rht, the
food placed near him the preceding day still
lying untouched on Its tin plate near his bed-
side.
" Well," said Mr. Davis as they entered,
slightly raising his head.
''I have an unpleasant duty to perform,
Sir,*" said Captain Titlow; and as he spoke the
senior blacksmith took the shackles firom his
assistant
Davis leaped from his recumbent attitude, a
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flush passing over his f&oe for a moment, and
then his coantenance growing llrid and ririd
as death. He gasped Tor breath, olntching hit
throat with the thin fingers of his right hand,
and then reoovering himself slowly, while bis
wasted figure towered np to its full heights-
now appearing to swell with indignation and
then to shrink with terror, as he glanced fh>m
the captain's face to the shackles— he said
slowly and with a Uboring chest:
**lly Ood! Tou cannot have been sent to
iron mer*
**8ach are my orders, 8ir,^ replied the offi-
oer, beckoninff the blacksmith to approach,
who stepped forward, unlocking the j^lock
and preparing the fetters to do their office.
These fetters were of heavr iron, probably
five-eighths of an inch In thickness, and con-
nected together by ^ chain of like weight. I
believe they are now in the possession of Ma-
Jor-Oeneral Miles, and will form an interesting
relic
** This is too monstrous,^ groaned the pris-
oner, glaring hurriedly round the room, as if
for some weapon, or means of self-destruction.
^I demand, Captain, that yon let me see the
commanding officer. Can he pretend that
snch shackles are required to secure the safe
eostody of a weak old man, so guarded, and in
such a fort as this V^
^ It could serve no pnrpos^^* replied Cap-
tain Tltlow; "his orders are from Washing-
ton, as mine are from him.^
** But he can telegraph,** interposed Mr. Da-
vis, eagerly; ^ there must be some mistake.
No ^oh ontrace as you threaten me with is
on record in the history of nations. Beg him
to telegraph, and delay until he answers."
•*Mv orders are peremptory,** said the offi-
cer, ^and admit of no delay. For your own
sake, let me advise you to submit with pa-
tience. As a soldier, Mr. Davis, you know I
must execute orders.**
** These are not orders ft)r a soldier,** shout-
ed the prisoner, losing all control of himself,
** They are orders for a Jailer— for a hangman,
which no soldier wearing a sword should ac-
cept I I tell you, the world will ring with this
disgrace. The war is over; the South is con-
quered ; I have no longer any country but
America, and It is for the honor of America.
as for my own honor and life, that I pleaa
against this degradation. Kill me I kill me T*
he cried, passionately, throwing his arms widtf
open and exposing his breast. ** rather than
inflict on me, and on my people through me,
this insult worse than deatn.**
**Do your duty, blacksmith,** said the officer,
walking towards the embrasure, as if not caring
to witness the performance. ** It only gives
increased pain on all sides to protract this in-
terview.**
At these words the blacksmith advanced
with the shackles, and seeing that the pris-
oner had one foot upon the chair near his bed-
side, his right hand resting on the back of it,
the brawn V mechanic made an attempt to
slip one of the shackles over the ankle so
raised; but. as with the vehemence and
strength which Arenzy can impart, even to the
weakest invalid, Mr. Davis suddenly seized
his assailant and hurled him half way across
the room.
On this CaptainTlUow turned, and seeing
that Davis had backed against the wall for
farther resistance, began to . remonstrate,
pointing out in brief, clear language, that this
opurse was madness, and tha* orders must be
enforced at any cost " Whr compel me ?** ha
said, ** to add the ftirther indignity of personal
violence to the necessity of your being
ironed ?**
"I am a prisoner of war,** fiercely retorted
Davis ; ** I have been a soldier in the armies of
America, and know Aow to die. Only kill me,
and my last breath shall be a blessing on your
head. But while I have life and strength to
resist, for myself and for my people, this
thing shall not be done.**
Hereupon Captain Tltlow called In a ser-
geant and file of soldiers from' the next room,
and the sergeant advanced to seize the pris-
soner. Immediately Mr. Davis fiew on him,
seized his musket, and attempted to wrench it
flrom his grasp.
Of course such a scene could have but one
issue. There was a short, passionate scuffle.
In a moment Mr. Davis was flung upon his
bed, and before his four powerfhi assailants
removed their hands from him, the bUck-
smitb and his assistant had done their work-
one securing the rivet on the right ankle,
while the other turned the key in the padlock
on the left
Thi« done, Mr. Davis lay for a moment as If
in a stupor. Then slowly raising himself and
turning round^e dropped bis shackled feet
to the noor. The harsh clank of the striking
chain seemed first to have recalled him to his
situation, and dropping his face into his
hands, he burst into a passionate flood of sob-
bing, rocking to and fh>, and muttering at
brief intervals : ** Oh, the shame, the shame P*
We are indebted to the publishers,
Harper & Brothers, New York, for a copy
of a most able and interesting work by
Ck)IoDel R. B. Marcy, U. S. A., entitled
" Thirty Years of Army Life on the
Border." Like bis preTious work, *♦ The
Prairie Traveler," it is full of the most
valuable information in regard to our
great Western country, and is illustrated
with a great many handsome engravings.
One of the most thrilling chapters is that
which describes a trip across the Rocky
Mountains in the depth of winter. The
work is full of incidents in the lives of
frontiersmen, descriptions of Indian na*
tions, wild animals and the modes of
hunting them, explorations of new terri-
tory, etc.
To the same publishers we are inbebt-
ed for " Lectures on the Study of History ."
These were delivered at Oxford College,
England, in 1859-61, by Godwin Smith,
Professor of Modern History, but an ad-
ditional address has been added, which
gives a most graphic and instructive ac-
count of the origin acd history of the
University of Oxford. The Lectures are
marked by signal ability, and students
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
everywhere could not do better than to
make tbemselres familiar with their
philosophical teaching.
These publishers send also Hand and
Glom, a novel, bj Amelia B. Edwards ;
San$ Merely bj the author of Ouy Living-
stone; Armadale, with illustrations, bj
Wilkie Collins.
The first of the two works forms a part
of the series of select novels which has
reached 270 volumes, and which embrace
the most approved works of fiction in the
English language.
From Hurd A Houghton we receive —
1. Skak8peare*i Delineations; or, In-
sanity, Imbecility and Suicide, by A. 0.
Kellogg, M. D. These essays were pub^
lished originally in the American Jo\^rnal
of Insanity ; and time, the author says,
continues to establish the fidelity of the
great dramatist's delineations.
2. Br Uf Biographical DUtio nary.
This is a neat and convenient little
volume, and is altogether taken up with
deceased characters in all periods of His-
tory. A second volume will embrace
living characters. The name, country,
occupation, date of birth and death, are
all that is given. Thus the whole work
is but a duodecimo. The author is the
Rev. Charles Hole, of Trinity College,
Cambridge, England, and the American
editor who has made additions is W. A.
Wheeler, M. A., editor of Webster's Dic-
tionaries, etc.
3. Tioo Lecturei delioered in the Law
School of Harvard ColUge in 1865-6 by
Joel Parker, Royall Professor. This is a
pamphlet of 89 pages. The work is full
of sound constitutional doctrine, and is
remarkable as coming from such near
proximity to BOSTON. What will Mr.
Sumner say ? For example, page 70,
*' we mourn our honored dead, but shall
not call them to life again by taking ven-
geance on those through whose agency
they hare been slain." . . . ^^ But it is
said that we must have a guarantee that
no similar rebellion shall ever occur,
Ac"— "The folly of such a position needs
*uo exponent. No such guarantee can pos
sibly be given," page 70, Speaking of
Emancipation, he says, page 78, " I could
have been better satisfied if the boon
could have been bestowed in a mode
somewhat less deadly." Page 73, again :
" There is do constitutional power in
Congress to admit or deny admission to
these disorganized States." P, 83, etc., etc.
WiLLiAH B. Grrbnb, Esq., of Jamaica
Plains, Mass., forwards us a tluodecimo
volume, in which he discusses the ques-
tion of currency, maintaining the radical
deficiency of the existing circulating
medium, and of the advantages of a
mutual currency. We have not bad time
to examine the work. What is meant by
the Mutual System of Banking is, that
members of a community or corporation
shall mutually guarantee or insure their
business paper, thus providing, as Mr.
Greene says, a currency for the people
at less than one-sixth of the present cost.
** Plain Counsels for Freednien'* is the
title of a little volume issued by the
American Tract Society, and laid upon our
table, with the compliments of the author.
Gen. C. B. Fisk, head of the Freediheo's
B u reau of Te u n essee.
Gen. Fisk has given good counsel, and
the circulation of the work among Freed-
men would efiect good, supposing that it
were read and acted upon. There is, to
be sure, something of clap-trap in what
he says of the ** Red Sea of strife," the
" pillar of cloud by day and night, "
and the ** Promised Land" of African
liberties ; but we will not complain of this
as the General is addressing a people of
eminently religious instincts. -He tells
his hearers that they must be kind to
their old masters, but adds, that *' it is
natural they should feel severe towards
you." Now, General, we take issue on
that point. It is very unnatural , and the
fact is not as you state it. The old mas-
ters do not feel " unkindness." We are
one of them. Dinah and Cudgo begin to
understand this very well, too. PUy is
the sentiment evoked, and this leads to a
thousand acts of good-will, now as when
slavery existed. Doubtless the negroea
expected to find enemies in their eld
masters. They were so instructed by
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223
deaigning persons. It was not thesa
masters that redoced them to bondage—
noreren, in thousands of cases, their an-
cestors. The slaTe-ships and the slave-
traders. who fastened the system upon
America, as erery historian knows, were
aU/rom ihs land of New £nglandy and
only ceased the traffic when the traffic
ceased to be profitable. Had Geo. Fisk
mentioned the fact, it would have caused
upon the part of the Freed men even
greater respect towards their old mas-
ters ! Howerer, the little Tolume is pre-
pared in good spirit, and criticism of this
. kind is hardly fair.
FsoM McCarrell k Meininger, of Louis-
Tille, Kentucky, we hare received fire
pieces of new music, which must become
rery popular at the South.
1. *'Th€ Vtto OaUopr
2. " Stonewall Jaeisan^t Lad Words.**
Z, "JieguUm in Memory o/th^ Confeder-
aU Dead,"
4.*'ILotfe TheeSHUr
5. **Lonng Eyee are on Me Beaming"
W« are in receipt of a pamphlet writ-
ten with some ability by David Quinn, of
Chicago, Illinois, constituting a petition
and memorial asking for the '* re-e$tab-
Uehmetit of negro davery in the United
Statet" It is handed to us by a yerj
prominent gentleman of Nashville, who
says he is very profoundly impressed with
the sound and correct positions which are
taken ; astonished that any in that lati-
tude should, so soon after the terrible
storm that has swept over our country,
destroying and deranging not only our
material resources, but also the minds
and capacities of our rulers, have arrived
at so sensible and practicable conclu-
sions—amaxed at the boldness, direct-
ness, and force with which they are pre-
sented at this early period." As the
pamphlet emanates from the Norih^ there
can be no harm, we suppose, in reading it,
and we shall therefore do so,
Ih our notice of a visit to Louisville in
the July number of the Rbvibw, by some
unaccountable misprint the name of J. P.
MosTOK A Co., at the head of the largest
publication house at the South, is printed
"Johns, Martin k Co." Our hieroglyph-
ics must indeed have been exquisite.
Dr. C. D. Elliott, known a third of a
century as one of the most successful
teachers in the department of female edu-
cation at the South, has now temporarily,
we are sure, suspended his Academy at
Nashville. His daughters; M. M. and S.
R. Elliott, issue their prospectus for a
school shortly to be opened at the same
place. We extract as follows ;
We propose to open a school for the instrnc-
tioD or the day pupils only of the Sophomore
Glass, and all classes l>elow that, IncludiDg the
Infant or Preparatory.
We will be assisted bv Mrs. M. Davidson
and other teachers, in toe ornamental and
substantial branches, giving our pupito in
the al>ove-named classes all the advautages of
the perfect clasdfloatlon and regular course of
study of the old Academy in Its best days.
OuB old subscribers will do well to re-
member the claims of the Rbvibw. They
have stood by us in the long years of the
past. We send the work to hundreds of
them now who are in arrears, and from
whom we are anxiously expecting re-
sponses. They will please add to their
remittances whatever can be induced
from friends. Many are now doing this.
A WORD about ADVBRTISBMBXTS. We
are soliciting these, and desire in a most
especial manner to receive them from all
the Southern cities. They are the only
source of profit. Experience shows that
no magazine or newspaper, whatever its
circulation, can sustain itself without ad-
vertisements. All the first-class Britbh
periodicals, even, insert them without
stint Our readers need no assurance
that whatever quantity of advertisements
the Rbvibw contains, they will draw
nothing upon its reading matter. That
will increase in quantity, and we trust in
quality. We shall soon add 15 to 20
pages to the reading department. The
additional postage caused by the adver-
tisement will not be one-half cent per
month. After all, are not advertisements-
very interesting and readable, whether we
buy the articles or not ? They indicate
progress, activity, enterprise, life. —
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
Therefore send them on. No ioTestment
pajB better. Those who adrertise find
it so.
Wb continue to publish our Journal
OF THB War, and shall, as we ad ranee,
consult all sources of information for
notes and illustrations to the text Two
or three years maj be required to com-
plete the publication. 80 much the bet-
ter. It will never be an old storj. We
shall always be getting new light, and
shall be enabled to speak, with fewer
trammels, of men and things. We intend
to introduce plans and charts of leading
battles, some engravings, etc., and shall
be happy to. receive any such, or notes,
suggestions, information, records from
friends and correspondents throughout
the South. The service will be acknowl-
edged.
Thb following new works have been re*
ceived, and will be noticed in our next :
Ptuon Life of Jefferton i>a»w— Cra-
yen, Carlton k Co., Publishers.
StonewaU JacJkton — Jno. Estus Cooke.
Origin of tfu Late H^ar— Geo. Lunt.
L^e of Andrew c/bAn^OA — Appleton
& Co., Publishers.
REVIEW ADVERTISING INDEX.
All advertisements in the Rbtibw will
be regularly noted in this Index. Our
terms are the same as before the war,
and considering the large circulation of
the Rbvibw in every part of the Union,
and especially in the Southern States,
its limits should be occupied. Merchants
and manufacturers of the SoUtb, and
those having lands for sale, would do
well to imitate in advertising the enter-
prise of Northern cities. Our pages are
open to all, and it is from this source
only that the Rbvibw can be made re-
munerative.
Advertising Agency— O P. Rowoll & Co.
Agricaltarel Imploments— Machineiy, etc.— R. H.
Allen ft Co. ; Daui«l Pratt ; Pitkin, Wiard &
Co.
Books, Bibles, etc —Junes Potts ; John P. Mor-
ton & Co. ; M.Dooluly.
Boots and Shoes.— John Slater.
Bankers and Exchange — ^Duncan, Sherman U Co.;
C. W. PnroeUfcCo. ; E. Q.^U: Lockwuod
fc Co. ; Connor ft Wilson
Brokers.— Gold and Silver, Real instate, etc ; Mor-
gan McClood, Murphy & Cash.
Charleston, S. C, Directory.
Cards.— Cotton and Wotl ; Juo. H. Haskell.
Coppersmiths, Engineen, etc.— Tliomas Gannon, J.
Wyatt Held.
Clothing, Shirts, be.— S. N. Moody ; Henry Mooira
fc Qeuung.
OoUoctioo and Commission Merchants.— Taylor,
McEwen and Blew.
Dry Goods,— Batler, Broom U Clapp.
Druggist— 8. Mansfield It Co.
Emigration Companies.— John Williams.
Engravers, etc.— Fenl Meyer U Co; J. W. Orr.
Eyes.— Dr Foote.
Express Companies.— Southern.
Fertilizers, etc.— John S. Reese ft, Co. ; Allen It
Needles; Baogh ft Sons: Graham, Emlen
ft Pdssmore ; Tasker and Clark.
Fancy Goods.- J. M. Bowen ft Co.
Garden Seeds, etc — D. Landreth ft Sons.
Grocers.- Baskerville, Sherman ft Co.
Hotels.— Exchange HoU*1, Buniet House
Hardware, etc.— <3. Wolfe Umoe*; C. H. Slocomb ;
Cboate ft Co. ; Orgill, Bros, ft Co. ; E. Bob-
bins ft Bradley.
Insurance Companies.— iBtnaj Accidental.
Iron Railings, etc— Robert Wood ft Co.: W. P,
Hood.
Iron Safes.— Herring ft Co.
Jewelry, etc.— TiiEsny ft Co. ; Ball, Black ft Co.
Lawyers.— Ward ft Jones.
Loan Agency.— Department Business, etc.- Na-
tional Bank of Metropolis.
Machinery, Steam Engines, Saw Mills, Carding,
Spmmng and Weaving, etc — Bridesburg Man-
ufacturing Coropanjr, Jacob B.Schenck: Poole
uACWt'frut Ass^ v^vau|»«auj| «ffKi.rw %9»%3n^kM.wwM\»Mk. % a m#iv
ft Hunt : Smith ft Sayre : Jas. A. Robinson;
Geo. Page ft Co. : Eklmund M. Ivens ; Lane ft
Bod ley ; Joseph Harrison, Jr. ; J. E. Steven-
son.
Military Equipments.— J. M. Migeod ft Son.
Medicines, etc.- -Brandreth's ; Dr. W. R. Mer-
win : Radway ft Co. ; Tarrant ft Co.
Musicsl Instruments.— F. Zogbaum ft Fairchlld ;
Sonntagg ft B^gs.
Masonic Emblems — B. T. Hayward
Nurseries.— EUwauger ft Barry.
Organs— Parlor, etc.— Peloubet, Pelton ft Co.
Paint, etc.— Pecora Lead and Color Company.
Patent Limbs.— W. Selpho ft Son.
Pens— R. Esterbrook ft Co.
Pianos.— W. Knabe ft Co.
Scales — ^PairtMmks ft Co.
Straw Goods.— Bost wick, Sabin ft Clark.
Steamships.— James Connoly ft Co. ; Livingston,
Fox ft Co.
Stationers.— Francis ft Loutrel ; E. R. Wagencr.
Soap, Starch, etc.— B. T. Babbit.
Southern Bitters, etc.— C. H. Ebbcrt ft Co.
Sewing Mschines.— Singer ft Co ; Finkle ft Lyon.
Steel.— Sanderson Brothers & Co.
Silver and Plated Ware.— Windle ft Co. ; Wm.
Wilson ft Son.
Tobacco Dealers, etc — Dohan, Carroll ft Co.
Tin Ware.-S- J. Hare ft Co. ; J. B- Duval ft Son.
Tailors — Derby ft Co. ; Harlem ft Co.
Wire Work Railings, etc — M Walker ft Sons.
Washing Machines and Wringers — R. C. Brown-
ing ; Jno. Ward ft Co. ; Oaker ft KeaUng.
Wines— American, etc— I. Code.
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DE BOW'S REVIEW.
ESTABLISHED JANUARY, 184«.
8EPTBKBEK, 1866.
AET, I.-PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
PART IV. OUR COMMERCE FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL
CONSTITUTION UNTIL THE WAR OF 18 i2.
The article which we have undertaken under this caption
is likely to run through many numbers of the Review, and
will increase in interest and in value as we advance. The
subject is almost without limit, and the means of illustration
are as ample. Our previous labors in the same field will aid
us greatly, and we have, in addition, provided ourselves with a
complete set of public documents from the earliest times, in
addition to the valuable publications of Mr. Seybert, Mr. Pit-
kins and others. Comparative notes and tables will be added,
showing- the commerce of foreign countries in their relations
to our own, for which our material is equally ample.
We have spoken of the great prostration of trade under
the Articles of Confederation, the first form of government
adopted after the Revolution — of the rivalry between the States,
and the absence of any controlling power ; of the jealousies
and restrictions interp©sed by foreign powers, and of the almost
desperate condition of the national finances. In such a Crisis,
the attention of thinking men and patriots in all parts of the
country was aroused, and there was -perhaps nothing which
contributed so much in ur^ng the States into a general con-
vention, and into the adoption of a constitutional government
and Union, calculated to preserve their liberties, their fortunes,
and their fame in all the future. One of the first grants of
power conceded to Congress under this Constitution was that
of " regulating commerce with foreign nations, among the sev-
eral States^ and with the Indians.^^*
* BefpniDg to the sUie of tbiDgs which existed under the Articles of Federstion, an able
writer ot>serves : ** Interfering r^ulations of trade and interfering claims of territory were
dissolving the attachments and the sense of the common interest which had oemented and
sustained the Union during the arduous struggles of the BeToluUon. Symptoms of distress
VOL. IL-NO. III. 15
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PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
" No more," said a memorial from Charleston, on the adop-
tion of this Constitution, " no more shall we lament our trade,
almost wholly in the possession of foreigners, our vessels
excluded from the ports of some nations iind fettered with
restrictions in others; our materials, the produce of our
country, which should be retained for our own use, exported
and increasing the maritime consequence of other powers."*
With this memorial before them, and others of a similar char-
acter, Congress, at its first session, appointed a committee to
report upon *' the expediency of increasing the duty upon
foreign tonnage, carrying American produce to places in
America not aamitting American vessels; and to fmme a bill
placing the same restraints upon the commerce of foreign
American States that they place upon us."
By the report of Alexander Hamilton, in 1790, it appears
that the total tonnage of the United States, at that time, was
as follows :
American yesfiels in foreign trad« . . S68,093 tons.
Coasters above twenty tons . . . 118,181 *'
In the fisheries 26,262 '* —502,626 tons.
Total foreign tonnage . • 262,918 "
United States and British 812 •*
United States and other foreign 838 "
Totol 766,089 "
The earliest tariff, which was adopted under the recom-
mendation of the Committee, was specific and ad valorem^ and
discriminated ten per cent, in favor of trade conducted by our
own shipping. In this measure, we but imitated the naviga-
tion acts of European States, by means of which it has been
supposed the enormous maritime consequence of some of
them was principally secured. As to the policy of such re-
strictive measures, we shall not pause to argue a point in political
economy so long mooted airong writers of the greatest ability.
The jealousies of nations have gone and still go very far.
Even the philosophical Voltaire thought that nations could
not advance in prosperity, otherwise than to the detriment of
other nations. England long imposed the most onerous re-
strictions upon the commerce of other powers, and her ad-
vances in consequence, or notwithstanding, have been un-
precedented. Her tonnage, when she commenced this system,
was less than that of the Uhited States at the time of the
adoption of the Federal Constitution.
and mftrks of humiliation vero rapidlj •ocamalatlng. The flnane«i of the natton irere
annihilated. In short, to ate the language of the authors of the Fsderalist^ each State, yield-
Ing to the Toloeof immediate interest or oonvenience, suocessively withdreir its support from
the Confederation, till the fhiU and tottering edifice was readj to fall upon our beads, and to
crash ns beneath Its ruins. Most of the federal constitutions of the world hare degenerated
or perished in the same way. and bj the same means.** — Ksnt, Vol. 1, p. 91 T.
* American State Papers, 1789.
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PROGRESS OF AMERICAN OOKHERCB. 227
There was one department of our maritime industry which
demanded the earliest attention of government, and we think
its general interest will be a snflScient apology for such space
as we may allot to its consideration — ^the fisheries.
Mr. Jefferson, in 1791, then Secretary of State, furnished
an admirable report npon the subject, which we proceed to
analyze.
As early as 1520 there were fifty ships upon the Newfound-
land coasts at one time, prosecuting the cod fisheries. In 1577
the French had 150 vessels there, the Spaniards 100, the
Portuguese 50, and the English 15. The French fisheries
began early to decline. In 1768 the Americans took but little
less than the English, and the French took the least of all.
In 1789 England obtained double the quantity of both
America and France combined. During the Revolution the
American fisheries were almost entirely abandoned, and Mr.
Jefferson left it to the wisdom of Congress to decide whether
they should not be restored, by opposing prohibitions to pro-
hibitions, and high duties to high duties, on the fish of other
nations.
The whale fishery was prosecuted by the Biscayans as early
as the fifteenth century. The British began its encouragement
in 1672 by bounties. The Americans opened their enterprises
in 1715. They succeeded early in the discovery, in the South-
em Seas, of the spermaceti whale, which they attacked instead
of the Qreenlana, hitherto known to navigators. In 1771 we
had 204 whalers. During the war, England held out the
largest bounties to the trade, and so irresistible were these in
the depressed condition of our fishermen, that it is said many
of them were on the eve of removing to Halifax, to prosecute
the business there, and were only aeterred by a letter from
Lafayette, declaring that France would abate her duties upon
oil. The little island of Nantucket is the great heart of these
fisheries. ** A sand-bar," said Mr. Jefferson, ** fifteen miles •
long and three broad, capable by its agriculture of maintain-
ing twenty families, employed in these fisheries, before the
Revolution, between 5 and 6,000- men and boys, and contained
in its only harbor 140 vessels. In agriculture, then, they
have no resource, and if their fisheries cannot be pursued
from their own habitations, it is natural they should seek
others from which it can be followed, and principally those
where thev will find a sameness of language, religion, laws,
habits, and kindred."
In 1803 Mr. Huger stated to Congress, in his report, that it
would seem the cod fisheries had gained grouncl since the
Revolution, but that the whale fisheries, on the contrary, have
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228 PROGRESS OF AMERICAIT COMHSRCB.
been, for some time past, on the decline. The war of 1812
was most disastrous to the fishermen, but they soon after re-
covered their prosperity, and on the first of January, 1844,
we had 644 vessels engaged at sea, of the value, including
catchings, of $27,784,000. On the first of January, 1846,
there were 680 ships, 34 brigs, 21 schooners, and 1 sloop;
tonnage, 233,149; manned by about 20,000 seamen and
oflScers, consuming over three million dollars annually of
American produce. The proceeds of whale fisheries were
$9,000,000 per annum, of which only $2,000,000 were re-
exported.
In 1844 Mr. Grinnell stated in Congress :
Thifi fleet of whaling ships is larger than ever pursued the basine?s before.
Commercial history furnishes no account of any parallel. The voyages of thote
engaged in the Fperm fishery average three and a half years; they search every
sea, and often cruise three or four months with a man at each ma«t-head on the
lookout, without the cfaoeering sight of a whale. They are hardy, honest and
patriotic, and will, as they did in the last war, stand by their country when in
danger ; ihey will man oar ships, and fight our battles on the ocean.
Mr. Clayton remarked in 1846:
We have at this time a commerce of 2.417,000 tons of shipping; England has
2,420,000 tons ; so that we are nearly, nay, it is my opinion, we are completely
on a par with her. I doubt, sir, whether England has a greater commercial
marine, or greater interests to protect. We have more than 700 whale ships in
the Pacific, an extensive Indian commerce, and a great and daily growing
commerce with China.*
But we have been anticipating other divisions of the sub-
ject, led on by the interest which is so readily excited here.
At the close of the last century there were many ca'uses which
tended to add a vast importance to the commerce of the
United States. For several years this commerce enjoyed un-
paralleled, and almost unmeasured prosperity. Scarcely ad-
mitted into the family of nations, we found the whole civilized
world engaged in the fiercest and most sanguinary conflict.
A wise and indeed ** masterly" neutrality was of course the
true policy of the country. The carrying trade of th^ world
fell At once into our hands. We supplied the mother coun-
tries with the products of their own colonies. The East and
West Indies alike were opened to our shipping. Their rich
products filled our warehouses, supplying. consumption and re-
export. Prosperity such as this, however, was fated to be
brief. The conflicting powers sacrificed everything to their
mutual hatred, and minded little the rights of a nation they
had not even learned to respect. Protestation ended in war,
.and the rights of our hardy sailors were established forever
* Brown's Whaling Crulie and Hist. Whale Fishery, 1846, p. 689.
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FBOGRBSS OF AMERICAN COIfKERCE. 229
on every sea. With the return of peace in Europe, the carry-
iuft trade departed rapidly from us.
In 1791 the king and conncil of England admitted American
unmanufactured goods, except fish, oil, blubber, whale fins,
certain naval stores, etc., into Britain, at the same duties with
British American produce. The treaty of commerce of 1794
between the two governments was a reciprocity one, both
parties binding themselves to impose no greater restrictions
upon each other than they imposed upon others. This treaty
regulated our East India* commerce, then newly opened, and
promising great extension.
From 1790 until 1797 Pennsylvania continued largely the
greatest exporter in the Union. In 1791 South Carolina
occupied the third rank. In 1791 New York, for ^he first
time, took a leading position, which she ever after maintained.
The first exports &f Tennessee and Mississippi date from 1801,
those of Kentucky and Indiana from 1802, of Michigan 1803,
Orleans Territory 1804, and Ohio 1806. This we shall see
more particularly hereafter. It is sufficient now to indulge
the reflections which the facts before us so naturally awaken.
Mysterious have been the changes. Old age and premature
- decay have fallen upon cities once famous for their trade ; and
quays, where the flags of all nations floated, have come at last
to be comparatively deserted. We look around, and there
have started up others like mature creations, full of vigor and
stalwart even in their infancy. How hardly can reason realize
that these wondrous changes are not all the pictures of a fertile
imagination! Where is placed Virginia now, that mother of
States, who in 1769 exported to foreign lands four times as
much as New York; and where' is Carolina, the land of the
'*Rutledges, the Pinckneys, and the Sumters," whose ex-
ports at the same time doubled those of New York and Penn-
sylvania together, and were equal to five times those of all
New England I* If trade grow to colossal stature, its proud
empire, the poet truly admonishes us, hastens also to swift
decay.
The difficulties which beset our commerce, in the early part
of the present century, when the rival hostile powers of
Europe, jealous of our prosperous neutrality, strained every
nerve to involve us in their disputes, will be called to mind
by every one familiar with history. We were made the
victims of the policy and arts of these nations, and even as
early as 1793, their depredations upon our commerce were
considerable. In five months alone of that year, it was stated
* S«o Report of the BonUiern Commercial Gonvcntlon, 1689.
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280 PROGRESS OF AMERfCAN COMMERCE.
in the House of Peers, that six hwidred American vesiels were
seized or detained in British ports for alleged violations of
orders, and decrees claimed as rights under the law of nations.
These aggressions were long and extensively practiced, as the
following table will exhibit.
BEIZUBES OP AMBBIOAN VESSELS FBOM 1808 TO 1812.
By the British . . »1Y
By the Frenoh 668
By the Neapolitans 47
By the Danish Tribunal . TO
Total yeisels 1,692
And this, too, at a time when we were at peace with all the
nations on earth.* Indemnity for such spoliations was the
subject of numerous treaties ; among others, that of England
in 1794, France 1808, and Spain in the Florida treaty of 1819.
But the. whole period, so interesting in our annals, aeserves a
minute survey.
On the conquest of Pnissia in 1806, Bonaparte conceived
the idea of crushing the maritime power of Britain, by pro-
hibiting all the world, in his famous Berlin Decree.^ from con-
ducting any trade with her or her numerous dependencies.
The retaliatory British Orders in Council followed at once, and
all countries in the world, connected in any way with France,
or opposed to England, were declared to be under precisely
the same restraints, as if actually invested in strict olockade
by British forces. Incensed by so unexpected and ruinous a
measure, Napoleon issued the memorable Mtlcm Decree^ making
lawful prize of all vessels submitting at any time or in any
way to British search or taxation .f It was natural that these
illegal and unauthorized proceedings should excite the utmost
• Seybert
t The question of blockade btB been mooh discossed by modern pabllelsts, and between
onraelyet and Europe with no little acrimony. The policy of the United Slates being that of
peace and neutrality, we are Induced so Insist most strongly upon the rights and pnTfleges
of neutral nations. The ordinance of Congress, 1781, required that there should be actually
a number of vessels stationed near enough to make the entrance of a port apparently danffer-
OUB to eonstltnte a blockade, and we have ever protested a^nst confiscation for Ineffectual or
fictitious blockades. In our convention with Russia of 1801, a blockaded port was defined
^that where there t\by the disposition of the power which attacks It, with ships sUtionary
or sofllciently near, an evident danger In enterlnK."^ The same Is defined In some of our
South American treaties, ** a place actually attacked by a belligerent force, capable of prevent-
ing the entry of the neutral.** Kent 1, 146 n. But see this whole subject discussed, Ot>m-
mercial Berietc, vol. 1. 184d, art Blockade^ by J. P. Benjamin, Esq., p. 498: InUtnational
BighU of Peaes and Wary p. 192, same volume, by the editor. More lately. In the questions
which arose during the war of 1860-65, the United States must be understood to have greatly
enlarged her Ideas of effiecttve blocksde.and to have given the weight of her Influence in favor
of vital modifications. The acquiescence of foreign powers having been secured, the law Itself
receives new Interpretation. Thus It has not happened for the first time that Uie poliey and
canemt&ne^ of i^* hour establish the permanent law. The time will perhaps come, and
that before lonf, when the United States will be found conlendinff vigorously asalnst the very
principle which did so much to secure her recent triumphs, but tJUr^ can now oe no qusstiok
of her power to ineorpcraU what thepUuHe among th4 law% qf naHons,
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PROGRESS OP AMERICAN COMMERCE. 231
interest Yind ooncern in the United States, so materially and
even vitally aflfected by them. We ^otested in vain. The
administration recommended, as the sole remaining alternative
6f peace, an embargo^ which Congress adopted in 1807. This
measure the commercial interests warmly opposed as ruinous
to them, and memorials were forwarded from many quarters
praying for its repeal. To these it was replied by gov-
ernment, "The embargo, by teaching foreign nations the
value of American commerce and productions, will inspire
them with a disposition to practice justice. They depend
upon this country for articles of first necessity, and for raw
materials to supply their manufactures." Such a view of
the matter, however, did not occur to the mind of Napoleon,
who regarded the embargo as greatly favorable to France, and
aiding him in his warfare against English commerce. "To
submit," said he to Mr. Livingston, " to pay England the
tribute she demands, would be for America to aid her against
him, and be a just ground of war."
In 1809, a non-intercourse with Britain and Prance was sub-
stituted for the embargo, which the latter power regarded as
such an evidence of hostility as to justify her in proceeding at
once to condemn millions of American property as lawful
prize.
The Congress of 1810 determined to admit the commercial
vessels of the powers of France and England, if the act were
preceded by a revocation of their hostile and arrogant decrees.
The French Government pretended to close in at once with the
proposal, but it was nearly a year before her repealing ordi-
nance was oflScially promulgated, evidencing a disposition on
the part of Napoleon to act in bad faith, and to turn the game
at any time to his advantage. Humiliating to our pride are
the events of this entire era. With England, it was long
doubtful what relationship we might expect to sustain. Hostile
and peaceable alternately, according to her caprices or her
interests, she had pmvoked in American minds a resentment
too deep to be subdued, and forbearance longer was regarded
to be a crime. The orders of Council remaining in force, and
the aggressions increasing daily, a non-intercourse act of sixcty
days was resorted to, the prelude only to a solemn declaiation
of war.* Then was the hour of severe retribution, and then
was the national honor atid dignity of America vindicated !
♦ The ordert were revoked five days before the declaration of war. Query,
however, whether the iatelligence would have prevented the declaration ?
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282
FROGKEdS OF A|I£B1CAN COHHEBCB.
FOKEION nCFORTB AND KXPOKTO UNITED STATES FSOM 1790 TO 1812.
JmporU,
ExporU,
TuUlTaloeof B«talned for
Importt. GoDMunptloiL
.$23,000,000. .$22.460,844. .
. 29,200,000.. 28,687,959..
. 31,600.000.. 29.746,902..
. «t,100,000.. 28,990,418..
. 84.600,000.. 28,078,767..
. 69,756,268.. 61.266,796..
. 81,436,164.
75,879,406.
, 68,551,700.
, 79.069.148.
91,252.768.
111.868.611.
76.388.888.
64.666,666.
85.000,000.
120.600,000.
129,410,000.
65,136,164.
48,H7 9,406..
86.5«1.700. .
83,546,148..
52,121,891..
64,720.790..
40,558.862..
61.072,594..
48,768.403..
67.420,981..
69,126.764..
188,500,000.. 78,866,442.
66.990,000.. 48,992,686..
59.400,000.. 88,602.469..
85,400,000.. 61,008,706..
68.400,000.. 87.877,210..
77.030.000.. 68.534,873..
I>ome«ti& Foroiga. ToCaL
.$19,666.000. . $689,166. .$20,206,166
. 18.600,000.. 612,041.. 19,012,041
. 19,000.000.. 1,763,098.. 20,763.098
. 24,000,000.. 2,109,572.. 26,109,672
. 26.600,000.. 6,62M88.. 88,026,288
. 39,600,000.. 8.489,472.. 47.989,472
. 40,764,097.. 26,300,000.. 67,064,097
. 29.860,026.. 27,000.000.. 66 860.206
. 28,627.097.. 88.000,000.. «1.627,097
. 33,142,522. 46,623,000.. 78,666.622
. 81,840.903.. 39.130,877.. 70.971,780
. 47.478.204.. 46.642,721.. 94,116.926
. 86.708,189.. 85.774,971.. 72,488,160
. 42.205,961.. 13,694,072. 66,800,088
. 41.467.477.. 36,231,697.. 77,699,074
. 42,887,002.. 63,179,019.. 96.56lB.021
. 41,268.727.. 60.288.286. .101,686,968
. 48,699.692.. 69,648.668. .108,843,150
. 9,433.546.. 12,997.414.. 22,430,960
. 81,406.700.. 20,797,631.. 62,203,231
. 42.366.679.. 24.891,295.. 66.767,974
. 46,294.041.. 16.022,790.. 61.316,881
. 30,032,109.. 8,495,127.. 38,627,286
Yean.
1790..
1791...
1792...
1798..
1794..,
1795...
1796..
1797...
1798..
1799..
1800...
1801...
1802. . ,
1803..
1804...
1806...
1806...
1807..
1808...
1809. ,
1810..
1811...
1812...
The exports of the several States having seaports, in the
same period, are given in the annexed table, but the imports
cannot be furnished, as the records are not satisfactory prtor to
1820.
■ZP0RT8 or THE PBINCIPAL STATES-
T«n. Maants. N««r York. FnntyltMiU. MuylMd. Viq^la.
1791. . $2.519,6.51. .|8,d06.465..$8w436.098..$2.2}t9.G01.. $8,180.665.. 18.698,268.. $481,250..$-
1TO9... 2,S8ai04.. 2,585,790.. 8,8iO,6«a.
1798... 8,755,847.. 8,982.870.. 6.95S.686.
1794 . . . 6,292,441 . . 5,442,188 . . 6,648.092.
1795. . . 7.1 17,907. 10.804,581 . .1 i.5ia260.
1796.. 9,949.846. .12.20a027. .17,518886.
1797... 7,502,047. .I8J08,064.. 11,446 291.
1793... 8.6:^,252.. 14.800.602.. &9I^46:).
1799 .. .11421,591 .. 1 8.719,527. .12,481.967. . .16,299 609
1800. . .11.826,876. .14,04.%079.. 11.949.679.. .12,264,881.
1801 -^"
2.628,808 . . 8.559.895. . . «;4«s;260. . 459;i06.
8.665,066.. 2,9S7.098... 8,191.867.. 580,955..
5,686.191.. 8,821.686... 8.B67,908.. 268,882..
5.8114»0.. &4»0,a4l... 5.998.498.. 695.9S6..
9,201,815.. 6,268,665... 7.620,049.. 960,158..
9,811,799.. 4,908.718... «,«»5,il8.. 644,807..
.12.746,190.. 6.11S,451... 6994,179.. 961.846..
6.292,986... 8,T2f,OI5..14»a759..
4,48a689... 10,662.51 0..2.1 74.868..
14,870,556.. 19 85U86..17.48'<.198... 12,767.530.. 6 665.574... 14,804.«'46..1,7.Sfit989..
1808... 18.492.682.. 1^798,276.. 12,67T.47&.. 7,914,225.. 8.978,868... 10.689,865..1,854,95l..
1808... 8,768.566.. 10.8ia887.. 7,526,710... 5.07^062.. 6,H>O,70S... 7,811.108..«.87».875..
1804... 16,894,878 16.08 1.881.. II, 080,1 57... 9,151.989.. &79a00l... 17,451616. .8.0n.578. 1.600,868
1805... 19,48.%657.. 28.482.948.. 18,762,262... 10,850.480.. 5.606,620... 9.066,625..8,894,846.8.871,d46
1806. . . 21,1U9.248 . . 21,762,346. . 1 7.5747«J2. . . 14.580.906. . 5 OW 896. .. 9.748.782 . . 82.764.8.887.888
1807.. 2ai 12125.. 86,857.968. .16,864,744.. .14,298,984.. — -■ -
18«ia.. 5128,822.. 5,606,053.. 4.018,880... 2,721,106.,
1809... 12,148.298.. 12,581,569 . 9,049,241... 6.687.826.,
181«)... 13,018.048.. 17,842,880.. 10.998.89a. 6.489.018 .
1811.. 11,286.465.. 12.266,215.. 9.560,1 IT... 6,888,987..
1812... 6,588,888.. 8,961,982.. 5,978,750... 5,835,979..
4,761234. ..104»I8,564..8,741845.4J80.568
526,478... 1664,445.. 84.686.1,261,101
8,894.1251.. 8247,842. 1.088,108. 541,984
4 822.611.. 5,890,614.. 2.288,686.189a692
4.822,807. . . 4,861279. .2,56S.866 .2,650,050
8,011112... 8,086,195^.1,066,708.1,060,471
The fisheries to which we have referred have continued to
grow in importance, until, under the influence of bounties and
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PBOaBSSS OF j&JCICRICAN COMMSBCB.
other protection, they have become an important branch of
American commerce. Our exports of these were as follows :
Dried Fiah. PicWed Fish.
Quintals. Barrels.
1791 888.287 67.726
1795 400.818 66,999
1800 892,726 60,888
1806 614.649 66,670
1810 280,864 84,674
The exports of spermaceti oil, bone, and candles reached, as
early as 1807, nearly six hundred thousand dollars,
llie exports of the products of our forests were in
1808 14.860,000
1807 6,476,000
1811 6,286,000
The export of American wheat began at a very early period,
and in 1790 reached the aggregate of 1,018,339 bushels, in ad-
dition to 619,681 barrels ot flour. The export declined greatly
in the last years of the century, and fluctuated afterwards.
In 1808 these exports were valued at less than $2,000,000, but
in 1812 they exceeded $13,000,000. The West Indies, Spain,
and Portugal were the chief markets.
In 1791 the export of rice was 96,980 tierces, which was
about the average export for that timq till the opening of the
war. The exj/ort of corn and meal was in 1790 $2,026,000,
and in 1812 $1,939,000, chiefly to the West Indies and Portu-
gal. The total export of the produce of our agriculture was
in
1802 |12.790,0A0
1807 14.080,000
1808 2,660,000
1811 20,891,000
In regard to the products of animals, to wit, beef, pork, etc.,
etc., we insert the following statistics :
Beef, Tillow, Butter and Pork. Bacon,
Hides 4b Cattle. Cheese. Lard A Hugs.
1808 $1,145,000 $686,000 $1,890.000. . .
1807 1,108,000 490.000 1,157,000...
1810 747,000 318,000 907,000...
1812 624,000 829,000 604,000. . .
The tobacco trade, which showed an export of 101,272 hhds.
in 1791, reached only 78,680 in 1800, and 26,094 in 1812, the
aggregate value being in 1802 $6,220,000, and in 1812
$1,114,000.
Until the invention of the cotton-gin by Mr. Whitney, in
1793, the cotton trade of the United States had scarcely any
existence, but the export ^t once rose from 189,316 pounds at
Horses and
Males.
Sheep.
.460.000. . .
.817.000...
.186,000...
.191.000...
...65,000
...14,000
...12,000
... 9,000
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234 PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
that period to 17,789,803 pounds at the end of the century.
The exports were for
Sea IfilAnd, Upland,
Poands. Pounds. Valne.
1805 8,789,669. . . .29,608.428 $9,445,000
1808 946,061,... 9,681394 2,221,000
1810 8,604,078, . . .84,659,884 15,108.000
1811 ;4,867,a0^ 24,519,671. . . . 3.080,000
Our exports of manufactured goods were necessarily very
small prior to 1800. Three years later they exceeded one
million of dollars, but fell in 1808 to less than one-third of that
amount, and in 1812 had scarcely more than recovered.
TOTAL KXP0RT8 OF AtL CLA?S1B.
or tho BetL. ForeBts. Igiicnlhire. Mannfactores.
1803,^. .. .12,686.000. .. .$4,850.000 $32.995,000. . . .$1,855,000
1808 882.000,... 1,399,000 6,746,000 344,000
1810 1,481,000,... 4,978.000 38,502,000 1,907.000
1812 935,000 2,701,000 24,555,000 1,855,000
We exported, in 1791, 74:5500 i>ounds of sugar of foreign
and domestic origin ; from 1805 to 1807, an average of
140,000,000 pounds, but the trade declined to one-tenth of that
quantity in 1812. The coffee export, which reached 50,000,000
pounds in these years, declined to about 10,000,000. We im-
ported in 1806-7 about 200,000,000 of sugar annually, a con-
siderable portion of which-came from the East Indies and Africa.
The average exports of liquors, etc., was from 1805 to
1807 :
"Wines 3,423,485 gallons.
Spirits 1,600,301
Teas 2,151,000 pounds.
Cocoa 5,987.654
Pepper 5,292,791
Having thus discussed the Export commerce of the country
in detail, for the period embraced in the present division of our
subject, we shall introduce a few figures relating to that of Im-
ports.
It was not until 1820 that Congress made adequate pro-
visions for the collection and publication of the returns of our
foreign commerce. It was then provided that the exports were
to be valued at their cost or real value at the place of exporta-
tion, and the imports at their cost or worth at the foreign ports
from whence they were exported. This mode of valuation is
defective.
The Secretary of the Treasury stated, in 1793, that our im-
ports were from
Spain and Dominions $385,110
Portugal " f 595,763
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PBO0RE8S 07 AKSRICAN COMMERCE.
235
France and Dominions 2,068,848
Great Britain " 15.286.428
Netherlands " 1,172,692
Denmark " 851,864
Sweden " , 14,825
$19,828,080
In the years 1802-3-4 the imports consisted of raerchandise
paying 12^ per cent, $30,732,069 ; 15 per cent., $8,303,770 ;
20 per cent., $453,751. We imported in dollars — nails,
479,000; cheese, 77,000 ; rum, 3,881,000 ; brandy, 2,077,000 ;
wines, 2,962,000 ; teas, 2,360,000 ; coffee, 8,372,000 ; sugar,
7,794,000 ; cotton, 804,000 ; hemp, 919,000, etc., etc.
We shall hereafter, as a part of this series of papers, furnish
the history and statistics of our commerce with each of the
other nations, and can only in this place make a few memo-
randa.
Our commerce with Great Britain in exports and imports
reached 70,000,000 dollars in 1801. With the British East
Indies we had at the same time a trade of over five millions dol-
lars, chiefly in low-priced cotton goods. With the British West
Indies the trade grew from about nine millions in 1795 to near
seventeen millions in 1801. With France we traded to the
extent of ten millions in 1795, but only five millions in 1801,
but with her possessions in the West Indies at this period
we had a commerce of twenty millions of dollars. At the be-
ginning of the century we received from and sent to Spain five
millions in value, but to her colonies over twenty millions.
The following table of imports will be interesting :
IMPOBTB njTO THE UNITED STATES.
1796.
1797.
1799.
1801.
. Ruasia
.$1,168,715.
...$1,418/418.
...$2,274,918...
.$1,672,059
Prusflia
,
8,782.
89,013..
57,225
... 680.878.
... 562,499...
. 535,085
Ketherlands
8,699,615.
... 6,618,249.
... 6,038,026...
. 8,949,473
BriUin
80,972,215.
. 82,620,648.
...87,211,919...
.52,213,522
Germany
. 1,584,527.
.. 2,755,677.
.. 6,919,425...
. 4,685,250
France and PoMcsaions
.20,228.017.
...18,072,927.
... 3,186,168..
.14,606,945
Spain
8,942.445.
... 6,062,011.
...14,476,929...
.18,240,814
Portugal
2,223.777.
... 2,188,805.
... 1,814.984..
. 1,418,434
Italy
. 819,658.
... 852.408.
... 753,484...
. 902,406
China and East Indies.
. 1,144,108.
.. 2,319,694.
... 3,219,262..
. 4.558,856
We close with the following account of the exports of cot-
ton, and the countries to which it was sent, in the period em-
braced, which will furnish an interesting contrast with the
statistics of the present day :
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236 LIFE AND TIMES OT JOHN DE WITT.
EXPORTS or COTTON PRIOR TO 1812 (POUNDS).*
1800. 180ft 1804. 1806. 180& 1810. 1811
BnBsb 8,7I».187 797.748
Prnsda i08,866 »JMu57» ....
Sweden ... 07,066 6^,898 808,088
Swedish West Indies .... 16S.M)0 ....
Pen mark and Norway .... 288.540 14,4S4928 ....
Holland 79,6iM 8n.491 1.476.979 8199,146 401,814 100.8rt9 11S,714
Gt«at Britain 16,t79.«>18 23,478.926 25,770,748 18,258,840 7,061,592 81,418,182 22,248,789
Hambnrg, Bremen, etc 997,581 488.621 814,186 965.400 14,860 976,762
France 1,907.869 6,946,843 7,006,667 2,037,450 .... 658,160
Spain 498,280 97^72 250,486 4,292.055
Spanish West Indies .... L^,100 .^ f^V^O 79,117
Poriugal 2,876,142
Madeira 2.9«6783 6,158
Florldas 1D.8J».019
Europe, (generally) 104,087 1,922,2*2 99^72
Jayal and other Azores. .... .... .... 4,294.091 ....
AVerageprlce .... i2ota. 90otB. 15cts. ....
ART. IL-LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT.t
DISPLAYED IN MATTERS OF SCIENCE AS WELL AS
IK AFFAIRS OF STATE. THE GREAT DE RUTTER : MARTYRDOM OF
DE WITT,
It is an old Siiying that '* straws tell which way the wind
blows," and history shows that most of the wars which have
desolated the world have arisen from petty provocations.
Newton's great discovery of the attraction of gravitation was
made by the accidental falling of an apple, and Pope felicitously
sings: .
" That beaaty draws us with a single hair."
About the middle of the seventeenth century^ there appeared
in the scientific world mathematical geniuses of the fii'st order,
who, more for the purpose of amusing their leisure hours, than
for any serious or practical object, indulged themselves in in-
genious speculations. A certain Chevalier de Mere, who was
addicted to gambling, and making curious speculations on
games of chance, proposed to the illustrious Pascal two prob-
lems, which excited his curiosity, and which he was unable to
solve. The object of the first was to know how one could bet
with advantage in throwing two dice, with a view to get double
sixes. The second was to find a rule to make a just distribu-
tion of funds between two players, unequally divided in the
points of the game, whenever either party might be pleased to
cease playing ; and to calculate from any state of the game
what would be the reasonable hope of any party to win, in
* Th«r« was no distinction made between the Sea-Island and other cotton antil the jear
1805— both are included in the abore statement, from ISOO to 1804 inclusive ; after that the
Sea I»Unds are excluded.
t Concluded from Maj No.
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LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT. 287
continuing the play. The gist of the problem was to measure
the mathematical degree of belief of which simple conjectures
were worthy. No one had ever attempted the investigation
before, and no precedent would lead one to conclude that
analysis could be employed successfully in solving such a
question. There were but a few difficulties with which the
powerful intellect of Pascal could not gnxpple. By a new and
original mode of analysis he demonstrated that the exact degree
of probability of future events was in certain cases capable of a
rigorous appreciation ; and that the most fugitive conjectures
were as worthy of a certain amount of credit as the natural
quantities upon which analysis was usually employed.
The first question was solved with entire exactness, but in
the second, although he displayed great ingenuity, the solution
was not perfect. A certain magistrate of Thoulouse, named
Fermat, to whom Pascal submitted the question, was more for-
tunate in his attempt He found a rule for dividing the unde-
cided property of a stake in a game, not only in the particular
hypotnesis of the question proposed, but in all imaginable hy-
potheses between an indefinite number of players, and to count
from all possible moments which it might suit one of the parties
to interrupt the game. Tiie correspondence of Pascal was not
Sublished during his life, but for the remainder of his days he
evoted himself chiefly to religious meditation, and to the
composiiion of his celebrated Thoughts and the Provincial
LeUsrs, in which he blasted the Jesuitical theory of the doctrine
of intentions ; but soon after, as his biographer states, '* he
entered into a long and eloquent delirium, when, dead to science
as to the world, he conceived a great disgust and contempt for
mathematics as for all other worldly affairs."
These discoveries attracted no great attention at the time,
but not many years after, Christian Huygens, who was already
celebrated as a geometrician, published a little treatise, entitled
De ratiociniis in ludo alcee^ in which the elements of the new
theory were expressed with a remarkable originality, and with
great sagacity and precision. The fundamental proposition
deduced from these labors was, that the probability of any
event happening or not happening, might be expressed by the
ratio of the number of chances for its happening, (or not hap-
pening as the case might be,) to the total number of chances for
Its happening anrf for its not happening.
In 1671 the Grand Pensionary found, or rather made suffi-
cient leisure to enter into a calculation, to determine the
probability of a man, in each year of his life, dying within a
prescribed time. With this view, he consulted the registers of
the deaths and births of the different towns in Holland, from
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238 LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT.
which he drew the necessary elements for the formation of an
extraordinary table of a nature until then unknown, where the
probability of the life of a man of his country and of his time
was at each a^ mathematically estimated, and on the basis of
this comparative state of their number of years of life, which
still remained to the different members of the society, whoso
probable partiality he had calculated, he deduced therefrom the
actual value of life annuities, constituted upon different ages in
such society. He prepared a Report upon the subject, which
was submitted to the States-General, and ordered to be printed
in the *' Resolutions of the States of Holland and West Fries-
land." The novelty of the treatise attracted some notice, but
the famous Liebnitz complained that he could never have an
inspection of the original, although he made every effort to do
so. It was he who first drew the public attention to the sub-
ject It is entitled to be considered as the first known produc-
tion of any a§e, treating in a formal manner on tlie valuation
o/ life annuities. The careful process by which he arrived at
his conclusions is worthy of notice, aside from the practical
importance and peculiar history of the treatise, and the interest
attaching to it, from the honored memory of its author. It has
been conjectured that the reason why no publicity was given
to De Witt's researches at the time, was owing to the increased
rates leading to unpleasant remarks, from financial economists
of the day. The capitalists, moreover, were not disposed to
enlighten the government upon the subject, as it was not their
interest to do so. It remained for a future age to make the
whole theory of life annuities a subject of minute investigation,
and to reduce it to practical purposes. It must be admitted,
however, that De Witt was justly entitled to the credit of
having been the author of the sjrstem. The science which ap-
pearea with so little outward eclat, was destined for a time to
be eclipsed by the dazzling glories of other inventions. The
discoveries of Newton and Halley in the science of astronomy
threw all other kinds of scientific knowledge into a temporary
shade.
There was another distinguished mathematician by the name
of Bernouilli, who wrote a treatise, entitled Ars conjeciandi,
which, however, he did not live to finish. If we consider the
time at which it was composed, the originality, the extent and
depth of thought which are displayed in the composition of this
treatise, it will hold the first rank among the extraordinary
mathematical productions of the a^e in which he lived. It was
his aim to expose the whole philosophy of the calculation of
probabilities, to deduce the reasons for which, according to bis
idea, probability could be expressly considered as a number,
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LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT, 289
which doctrine he said could be employed in civil and moral,
as well as in political aflFairs. He considered knowledge as a
quantity, certainly as an entire quantity, and probability as
one of its fractions. This fraction is -susceptible, like ordinary
numerical fractions, of becoming infinitely great or infinitely
small. Infinitely great, it is cqnfounded with entire quantity
or certainty ; infinitely small, it varlishes into nothing, and is
no more than the mathematical expression of impossibility. Its
different values between this double infinite expresses all the
imaginable states of knowledge, from the highest to the lowest
degree of probability. They are all relative to entire quantity
or certainty, which is considered as a unit. This idea of desig-
nating quantity as a unit, and the different degrees of proba-
bility as fractional parts, was esteemed at the time as sound
\(mOy if not, indeed, a mathematical necessity.
In the beginning of the eighteenth century, Malebranche and
De Montmort undertook to compose a general analysis of games
of chance, which obtained some applause, but were destined
to be obscured by the extraordinary geniuses who foreshadowed
the dawn of the French Revolution.*
• The great discoveries which -were made by Euler, Liplace, D'Alembert,
and Coodorcet, engag^cd the minds of all the scientific men in Europe. Honor-
able mention ehoulq nUo be made of BufTon, who wrote a treatise of moral
arithmetic, in which he demonstrated with great eloquence, that in all games of
chance, in which money was the object, the chance of winning was infinitely
smaU in proportion to the chance of losing. That the contract was vicious in
its essence, alike ininrions to the player and to the good of society. He was the
first who attempted to show that in all lotteries the banker was a cheat, and
the speculator must necessarily become a victim. Condorcet, who was the
boldest and most adventurous of all these theorists, smitten with the prevailing
idea that the human species were capable of indefinite pei*fectibility, undertook
to apply the rules of algebra to demonstrate the time in which it was probable
he would arrive at a state of perfection ; but his melancholy suicide, not long
after, put an end to his ingenious speculations.
He left among his papers a scheme in wliich He represented human societies
as great geometrical constructions, where all operated, as in nature, in eon-
fonoity with certain and fixed laws, to which the free-will of each individual,
after more or less variations, always ended by obeying. In following this idea,
he imagined that it was no more impossible to determine the probability of
future events by the observation of past events in the world of liberty, than
in that of destiny. He projected a new science, to which he gave the name of
Social Mathematics, where the geometrician proposed to calculate the future
revelations of human society as lie calculated the periodical returns of eclipses
and comets. But hU ardent and philanthropic genius did not permit him to
rest in mere general abstractions. His great object was to develop the re-
sources of human improvement. For if he did not believe in the absolute per-
fectibility of man, he indulged an enthusiastic hope that a vast field might be
opened for the amelioration of his social condition. With this view, he com-
posed a treatise on the application of analyMS to the probability of decisions
rendered by a majority of votes. He divided all the decisions made by human
assemblies into two great classes. In the first class he places those decisions
which be regarded as valid. In the second class he places those decisions
yrhich are considered just in the opinion of the minority, only when it made in
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240 LIFE AND TIMSS OF JOHN DE WITT.
To those who may be carious to know what were De Witt's
sentiments with regard to that relation upon which the hap-
Einess of society so much depends, an extract from a letter to
is brother on the subject of the marriage of his daughter will
be highly approved by patsr familiwi who appreciate merit
more than money: But, alas I for the degenerate days in which
we live — ''^ virtus post nummos^^ seems lo be the golden rule,
and matrimony is, after all, but a miiter of money. The letter
runs thus: '^In the first place, this person has no occupation,
80 that I must consider him a good-for-nothing fellow. I have
always had a great aversion for this sort of people, having
known many instances where, as soon as they were married,
they did not know how to employ their leisure hours, and
consequently became addicted to bad company.
" In the second place, although this young man may be of
good habits and pleasing address, and may desire to better his
condition by da'^iring to form an alliance with my family, I
do not think that he can aspire to any honorable employment
their faror^ He considers foar points essential in relation to the probability of
all kinds of decisions: the probability that an assembly will not make a false
decision, that it will make a true decision, that it will make a decision either
true or false, and finally, the probability that the decisions made by the ma-
jority will remain certain and bxed. He undertakes to show tliat, according to
these principles, a geometrician can with g^eat exactness determine the proba-
bility of the iuHtness of decisions either in civil or criminal matters, the com-
parative excellence of the different forms of election, as well as the Tarions
modes by which balloting should be conducted. He prophesied that the day
was not far distant when statistics would exhibit a collection of facts to render
legislation, juri:>prudence and commerce a proper subject of this method of
analysis. The ardent fire of enthusiasm which glowed beneath these endless
series of equations and formulas induced his friend, B'Alembert^ to compare
him to a '* volcano covered with snow." Condorcet eays, that he considered
De Witt to be the first mHtliematician who thought of applying calculation to
political equations, and that he had very superior ideas to those of his age upon
the true interests of nations, and upon the treedom of trade.*
* Whether the lllastrloas South Carolina statesman can be compared to **ca8t Iron^ or a
**voloano,^ we will not oadertake to determine, bat he seems to hav« eutlrely oolnoided with
CoDdoroet:
** If by metapbysios Is meant that scholastic reflnement which makes distinctions without
difference, no une c:in hold it in more utter contempt than I do; but if, on ttie contrary, Is
meant the power of analysis and combination— that power which reduces the most complex
Idea into iu elements, which traces oausos to their first principle, and by the power of
generslizatiun and combination unites the whole into on* harmonious system— than, solar
Irom deservinff coutoiiipt, it i» the hl<hesi attribute of the human mind. It raises man above
the brate, which distinguishes his fhonitles from mere sagticity which he holds In common
with loferloranlmalji. It is this power which has raised the astronomer fhim being a mere
gazHF at the stiurs to the high intellectual eminence of a Newton or a Laplace, and astronomy
Itself from a mere obsi-rvation of insulated focts Into that noble science which displays to our
admiration the system of the universe. And shall this high power of the mind, which has
effected wonders when directed to the laws which contnd the material world, be forever pro-
hibited, under a venseless cry of metaphysics, ikt«m being applied to the high purpose of polit-
ical science and legislation ? I hold ttiem to be subject to laws as fixed as matter itself, and
to be as fit a subiect f<>r the highest intellectual power. Denunciation may. Indeed, (till upon
the philosophical inquirer Into th«ise first principles, as It did npon Qaltleo sad Bacon, when
thev first unfolded tha great discoveries wnich have immortalized their names; but the time
will come when truth wi|l p evail in spite of prelndice and denunciation, and when poUtlos
and legislation will be considered as much a science as astronomy and chemistry.^— J. C.
Oalhovm.
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LIFE AND TIMES OP JOHN DE WITT. 241
in Holland, for I have been exposed myself to so much hatred
and envy, that my influence would avail him nothing. .
" In the thiid place, I have always considerea that the
greatest happiness in this life was to oe enjoyed in a union
contracted with a person of an agreeable and conciliating tem-
per. All the wealth of the universe cannot, in my opinion,
compensate for the disgust which a peevish temper occasions
not only to those who are united in the marriage state, but also
to the whole family in which such an unsociable humor has
been introduced. I do not precisely know what kind of tem-
per the young man has; but I have learned this lesson from
my parents, that in the affair of marriage we should never
unite our children when the temper of one of the parents is
disagreeable. I have known the father of the young man,,
and have had some slight acquaintance with the mother, but
both of them had such a temper, that even if the son wer^
more amiable than either, I would rather see my daughter car--
ried to the grave than that she should form a connection with,
such a man."
He maintained an extensive correspondence with iis female
acquaintance, and especially with one of his nieces^ to whom
he was in the habit of prfjiounding arithmetical quefies jjit the
conclusion of his letters. We find the following;— r
" Three hundred and thirty-three thousand two hundred and
twenty-seven persons were employed in building the Tower of
Babel, They worked at it for two years, seven months, and
three days, when they were prevented by the confusion of
tongues* The height of the tower was then two miles, or three
thousand two hundred rods. How long would it require
thirty thousand persons to be employed in constant labor to
raise such a tower to the same heights"
A ludicrous anecdote is related of him, that while taking a
promenade to refresh himself after the severe labors of the day,
nemet, in one of the narrow streets of the Hague, Don Gomara,
the Spanish Ambassador, who was in a coach drawn by four
horses, and M. De Thou, the French Ambassador, who was
in a coach and six. The coaches having met, neither one nor
the other would retreat or advance one step. The coachmen,
who are generally very punctilious in matters of etiquette,
threatened to use their whips, and their suite, who were armed
with swords, were about to draw them, when the populace,
who were attracted to the soene, bellowed out, that if the
French dared to draw their swords or pistols, their jaw-bones
would not want a supply of stones ana brickbats, Ve Witt,
perceiving that they were about to put their threat into execu-
tion, intervened, and pushing his way through the crowd,
VOL. II.-N0. in. 16
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242 LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN BE WlOT.
he exhorted them to disperse, upon which the coaches passed
to the right and left, and 80 the affair ended.
As an instance of his urbanity, when a clergyman ventured
to reprove him vehemently from the pulpit for opposing the
elevation of the young prince to the Staaholderate, instead of
dismissing him from bis charge, he requested him to repair to
his residence, where, after he had admonished him to keep
within the line of his duties, he invited liim to dinner.
On another occasion, when one of his clerks abstracted a let-
ter from his office, and revealed certain matters which it was
important to keep secret, instead of delivering him into the
hands of justice to be severely punished, he mildly repre-
manded him, and bade him " go sin no more."
But De Witt's days were numbered. The insurrections and
disturbances, to which we have alluded in a previous chapter,
extended into Rotterdam, Ley den, Delft, Harlaem, and other
cities, where many of the residences of the magistrates were
pillaged. As the province of Zealand had declared the prince
Stadtholder on the second of July, the States of Holland hav-
ing assembled on the day following for the purpose of abrogat-
ing the perpetual edict, unanimously resoivea, that " In con-
sideration of the troubled state of affairs, the members agree to
absolve each other from their oath, as well as those who had
sworn to preserve the perpetual edict, remitting all into the
same liberty they enjoyed before, to elect a Stadtholder as they
may see fit for the greatest good and advantage of the repub-
lic. They then deputed several of their members to repair to
Bodegrave, where tne prince was encamped, to inform nim of
bis election. He returned his thanks and went to the Hague
to take the oath of office, as he had previously done at an as-
sembly of the States-General. Meanwhile, scandalous false-
hoods had been circulated, tending to impeach the integrity
and honor of the Grand Pensionary, by charging him with
converting to his private use the secret service money which
had been intrustea to his hands to enable him to baffle the in-
trigues of the enemy. But whatever credit his enemies might
have attached to these rumors, the sagacious prince, who knew
him to be incorruptible by such sordid consiaerations, charged
the whole blame upon his own officers, who betrayed the chief
towns on the frontiers into the hands of the French. He did
not neglect to employ his address in endeavoring to engage the
friendship of De Witt, and to solicit him to lend his aid in this
eventful crisis. In this interview, De Witt is said to have
replied, uPtth his usual candor and decision, that his principles
were fixed after the most mature reflections ; that he had re-
solved never to renounce those rules which he had deemed just
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LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT. 243
and equitable, and by which he had been always governed in
the discharge of his public duties ; and that he could not then
do, from considerations of interest, what was directly opposed
to his own settled convictions of duty ; that the people now
hated him without cause, and, therefore, would never forgive
him ; that while he prayed for the prosperity of the State
under whatever form of government the people may see fit to
establish, he would not retain an office which he could only
hold by betraying the confidence which the States-General had
always reposed in him. He, therefore, respectfully declined
the honor of serving the State under the Stadtholderate, an
ofSce which he considered as anti-republican in its tendencies,
and calculated to be subversive of the public liberty.
On the 3d of May, the King of France, with an army of
twenty thousand men, arrived at Charleroi, which he divided
into four bodies, one commanded by himself in person, and the
others by the Prince of Conde, the Duke of Orleans, and Mar-
shal Turenne. He opened the siege of several of their princi-
pal cities by a simultaneous movement, which created such
terror among the inhabitants of the provinces that, by the ad-
vice of the §rand Pensionary, the States-General deputed four
of their members to repair to the king, and request him to state
on what terms, and for what amount of money, he would be
willing to evacuate the Dutch territory ; but the demands of
the magnificent king were so exorbitant that the deputies re-
turned without having accomplished anything. The young
Stadtholder never forgot or forgave this huminating exaction,
and hurled back with stern contempt the audacious preten-
sions of his oppressor. The disasters which had befallen the
nation created bitter animosity towards the illustrious brothers,
who were soon to atone for the misfortunes of the country by
a cruel death. "While the Grand Pensionary was returning
home at night from an assembly of the States-General, he was
attacked by four men with drawn swords, one of whom gave
him a thrust in the neck, which felled him to the ground. After
struggling with his adversary, he reotived a severe blow on
the head, and was left for dead. But by the aid of skillful
surgeons he was soon aft«r enabled to attend to his usual
duties. Some of the populace at Dort were stirred up to de-
clare that it was necessary that the perpetual edict should be
rescinded to prevent the utter ruin of the State, and were bent
on deposing all the magistrates who insisted on maintaining it.
They ran like madmen through the streets, exclaiming " Long
live the prince, and may the devil take the De Witts.'^ Others
hoisted orange-colored and white flags on the cupola of the
Stadthouse, on which were painted this significant Dutcb
couplet :
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344 LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT.
Orange boven, De Witt onder,
Die landers maund die slaet den donder :
which may be thus inelegantly translated —
The Prince of Orange above, the De Witts under,
And those who resist will see thander.
As a natural consequence of these disasters, the government
funds could not be sold at a discount of seventy per cent, and
the obligations of the East India Company, which were worth
a thousand florins, could be purchased for two hundred and
fifty. The archives of the city were carried in haste to Am-
sterdam, and many tons of silver were deposited in the vaults
of the famous bank of that city. The Hague being exposed to
the attack of the enemy, they were compelled to remove the
seat of government to the great commeicial emporium.
Having determined to withdraw himself from public affairs,
De Witt tendered his resignation to the States-General in the
following address : —
" High and mighty Lords : Nineteen years have elapsed
since I had the honor to serve in your assembly in the capacity
of Grand Pensionary of Holland and West Friesland. During
that time the State has been disturbed by wars and other ca-
lamities which, by God's help and the courage and wisdom of
your lordships, I had good reason to hope would have been
happily terminated. Your lordships well Jcnow with what zeal
and labor I have endeavored for several years to remove the
occasions of discontent and dissensions which we have now
with the powerful enemies of the State. You are not ignorant,
my lords, how often I have taken the liberty to represent to
you the misfortunes that may befall us in the course of time,
if we do not promptly apply the necessary remedies to the evils
with which we are menaced. But God, whose providence we
ought always humbly to adore, however incomprehensible
it may be, has permitted a ruinous and fatal war to rage, al-
though the State in general and the province of Holland in
particular have suflBcient time to prepare andprovide whatever
may be necessary for a vigorous defence. With what applica-
tion and urgent solicitation I have exhorted your lordships to
be vigilant in protecting yourselves against the devices of the
enemy, this assembly can bear abundant testimony. Our allies
in this assembly have moved with as much promptness and
diligence as possible in a body composed of so many members
and of such a constitution, that it is rather influenced by the
prospect of a present and pressing necessity than by exhorta-
tions to avoid those perils which they could not foresee. But
notwithstanding all their cares and all their eflbrts to avert the
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LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DB WITT. 245
evil, it has pleased God ia his anger to inflict upon this State
those calamities in which it is now enveloped, and that in a
manner so difficult to comprehend, that posterity will scarcelv
helieve it, so rapid are the conquests of the enemy, and so weak
the resistance on the |wirt of our army. What is most morti-
fying in this melancholy conjuncture is, that these disasters
have excited in the minds of the people not only a general
panic, but also sinister impressions against their magistrates,
and especially against those who have in any way had the
management of public affairs. Atrocious calumnies have been
circulated against me. Base libels, accusing me of converting
the secret service money to my own purposes, have been
brought against me. I have always thought that the most
effectual way of destroying these calumnies was to treat them
with contempt. However unjust and unfounded these sus-
picions have been, as I am but an humble servant of the
btate, having no other object but to promote its welfare and
prosperity, 1 have deemed it my duty no longer to retain an
office which would require me to compromise my own self-
respect, and, perhaps, would be prejudicial to the interests of
the country.
**For these reasons I have only to request thai your lord-
ships will do me the favor to dispense with my services as
Grand Pensionary. I must conclude by expressing my pro-
found obligations to this august assembly for the many testi-
monials of their confidence and friendship which I have so
often received at their hands, and I trust I will always con-
tinue to be your faithfnl friend, as I have always been your
very faithful and humble servant"
The States-General having taken the subject into serious
consideration, concluded to accept his resignation, and testi-
fied their acknowledgment of the great services which he had
rendered to the State in a resolution which honorably dis-
charged him from his high and painful responsibilities. On
the day following he notified his friend De Buyter of his dis-
mission in the following letter :
" SiB : The taking of the cities on the Rhine in so short a
time, the ravages of the enemy to the very borders of the Ysel,
and the total loss of the provinces of Guilders, of Utrecht, and
Overyssel, almost without resistance and by an unheard-of
treachery, have more than ever confirmed me in the truth of
that saying which was formerly applied to the Roman repub-
lic : " Prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adveraa uni imputan-
tur:^^ " All take the credit to themselves when things are pros-
perous, but when they are adverse they lay the blame upon
one." It is what I have experienced myself. The people of
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246 LIFE AND TIMBS OF JOHN DE WITT.
Holland have not only charged me with all the calamities and
disasters that have liefallen this Republic, not content with
seeing me fall into the hands of armea assassins who intended
to murder me, but when by the help of Divine Providence I
have escaped from their hands and been cured of the wounds
that I had received, they have conceived a mortal hatred
against those magistrates whom they believed to have the
greatest influence in the management of affairs, and especially
against me, who have been but an humble servant of the
State. Their lordships have done methe kindness to grant
my discharge, as you will see by the resolution which I in-
close."
But the wrath of the populace was stirred up to such a pitch of
frenzy that it could not be appeased, nor coula their sanguinary
vengeance be satiated by sheading the blood of one innocent
victim. Cornelius, the brother of the Grand Pensionary, was
charged, by a perjured scoundrel named Tichelaer, who fol-
lowed the trade of a barber, with suborning him to assassinate
the Prince of Orange. This abominable falsehood was con-
veyed by General Zulestein to his Highness, who ordertd Tich-
elaer to detail the facts to him. The wretch told his story
with such an air of veracity that an order was issued to arrest
Cornelius at Dort, where illness had confined him to his bed,
and to incarcerate him in the State's Prison at the Hague,
To this falsehood was added a tissue of lies, accusing him of
shirking the renewal of a battle with the French fleet, and of
actually engaging in a disgracefiil fisticuff with De Ruyter, who
remonstrated with him for showing the white feather by hid-
ing himself behind a coil of cables.
The magnanimous admiral who narrowly escaped assassina-
tion, at the instance of John De Witt addressed the following
letter to the States-General from his ship, which was lying at
anchor near Goree :
" High and mighty Lords : I have learned with extreme
surprise that it has been rumored that the Deputy Commissary
ana myself had quarreled and had came to blows, and that I
had wounded him in the arm. Further, that he did not wish
to fight the enemies of the State, and especially the French,
and that he prevented a renewal of the engagement on the
second day ; and many other things of this sort have been im-
puted to him. I hold myself obliged, for my own honor, and
for the defence of truth and justice, to declare to your lordships,
in the sincerity of my heart, and to testify, as I do now, that
the Buard of rutten, (Cornelius De Witt,^ in his capacity of
Deputy Commissary of the fleet, has lived with me on terms of
cordial friendship, and that there has never been any misun-
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LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DE WITT. 247
derstanding or dispute, or any difference whatever, between
us. T solemnly believe these rumors to be false and malicious
calumnies. I teel myself also conscientiously bound to bear tes-
timony that the Ruard always exhibited a marked zeal to en-
gage with the enemy, and that he manifested as great an ani-
mosity towards the French as the English. This was clearly
proved by the fact that when he proposed to a council of war
to attack the enemy, it was carriea by a unanimous resolution."
The Ruard made an elaborate defence, and proved, by un-
impeachable witness^, that he was entirely innocent of the
heinous crime of which he had been accusea by a man who
had been condemned to perpetual infamy, and who was com-
pelled, in open court, to fall upon his knees and beg pardon
of God and justice ; that there was no other witness against
him, and that the circumstantial evidence against him was to-
tally devoid of all truth and-probability. But the court, which
seems to have been affected with the popular contagion, and
smitten with judicial blindness, convicted the prisoner, and
sentenced him to the terrible torture of the thumb-screw, in
order to force him to confess his guilt. But he replied that if
they would rend him in pieces he would never acknowledge
himself to be guilty of a crime. While undergoing the dread-
ful torture he repeated those lofty lines of Horace, which for-
tified his soul in this fiery crises :
Jastuni et tonaeem propositi viram,
Nonciviuin ardor prava jubentium,
Non Tultua instantis tyranni,
Mente quatit solida, dice
Tb^ man of firm and noble soul
No factions clamors can control,
No tbreatening tyrant's darkling brov
Can swerve him from bis jnst intent.
It would be impossible, at this day, for the impartial histo-
rian entirely to acquit the Prinqe of Orange, the vultiis instan-
ii8 /^ranni, of influencing the court to punish an individual
whom he considered his hereditary enemy. His subsequent
career of glory, and the great and memorable service which he
afterwards rendered to the establishment of the Protestant re-
ligion, by expelling the last of the reigning tyrants of the
house of Stuart, would incline us to believe that although he
exercised no positive influence in instigating the judges in
making so unjust and unlawful a decision, there is good
cause to suspect that it was not done without his knowledge
and perhaps his convivance. It is very certain that he made
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248 LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN I>B WITT.
no eflforts to prevent it, and that be afterwards bestowed
pensions and offices upon the murderers of the two brothers, not
many days after. The ardor prava civium jubentium was at
that crisis so ungovernable that no earthly power could have
checked it but the direct personal interposition of the illustri-
ous prince, whom they considered their last hope and their
onlv savior. The desolation of the most lovely portions of Hol-
land by the powerful enemies of the State, treachery under
every disguise, misery and starvation staring them in the face,
it will not excite surprise that in a moment of panic, terror, and
madness, these black crimes should have been committed.
The finger of the " taciturn " prince, whose counsels saved the
country from destruction by the mercenary fanatics under the
wolfish dukes of Alva and Parma, seemed to point to the
young prince, who had inherited his valor and his patriotism.
"That great man," says Macaulay, "i*ose at once to the full
dignity of his part, and approved himself a worthy descend-
ant of a line of heroes who had vindicated the liberties of Eu-
rope against the house of Austria. Nothing could shake his
fidelity to his country ; not his close connection with the royal
family of England, not the most earnest solicitations, nor the
most tempting offers. The spirit of the nation, that spirit
which had mamtained the great conflict against the gigantic
power of Philip, revived in all their strength. Counsels, such
as are inspired by a generous despair, and are almost always
followed by a speedy dawn of hope, were gravely concerted
by the statesmen of Holland. To open their dykes, to man
their ships, to leave their country with all its miracles of art
and industry, its cities, its canals, its villas, its pastures, and
its tulip gardens, buried under the waves of the German
Ocean ; to bear to a distant climate their Calvinistic faith and
their old Batavian liberties, to fix, perhaps, with happier aus-
pices, the new Stadthouse of their commonwealth uncfer other
stars and under a strange vegetation in the Spice islands of the
eastern seas ; — such were the plans which they had the spirit to
form, and it is seldom that men who have the spirit to form
such plans are reduced to the necessity of executing them."
The Buard was sentenced to be discharged from all his offices
and dignities, and to be forever banished from his country.
The last act of the tragedy was now to be performed. The
populace were disappointed that the court did not sentence
nimto be executed, and were determined to glut their savage
vengeance by a bloody massacre. They gathered round the
prison where he was remanded, and stationed sentinels near
the doors in order to prevent his escape. Thejr then sent a
messenger to the resiaence of the Grand Pensionary, with a
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LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN DB WITT. 249
request that he would hasten to the prison to see his brother,
who, they said, urgently solicited his presence. His children,
who suspected that foul play was intended, entreated him with
tears to remain. Bat his fraternal affection overcame all con-
siderations of prudence, and he resolved to go. No sooner had
he entered his brother's chamber than he oetected in his coun-
tenance that their doom was sealed. The victims were at last in
the power of their deadly enemies. They drew the Rua'rd
from his sick-bed and hnrled him backwards to the bottom of
a flight of steps which led to the outer door of the prison,
John De Witt was struck down with the butt-end of a musket,
and they were both taken to a lamp-post where they were sus-
pended and butchered in a manner so shocking and disgusting
that it is impossible to read the details of it without having
the blood curdle in the veins. The hearts of those noble
brothers were torn from their bodies and dashed against their
faces with fiendish imprecations. Under the chancel of the
old Protestant church, at the Hauge, their bodies rest in hope,
awaiting the resurrection of the just, but their memory will be
embalmed in the hearts of the virtuous and the brave, so long
as virtue and valor are honored among men :
THE EPITAPH.
" BERI LOB
TBI EBM AINS OF A MAN OF UNI?KRSAL GKNIU8,
TBK PBOFOX7NDE8T STATESMAN
AND TBE MOST ADROIT DIPLOMATIST OF HIS AGE,
IN WAE AS WELL AS IN PEACE ;
TBE PROP OF TBE BEPUBUO OF WBIOB EVEN BIS ENEMIES REGARDED DIM
AS TBE SUREST ORACLE.
BE WAS LABORIOUS, INDEFATIGABLE,
YIGILANT, SOBER, AND MODEST ;
ALWAYS BSBT0U8, BUT EAST, AFFABLE AND AGREEABLE,
AS DISINTERESTED AS A MAN COlTLD BE,
PROPOSIKa TO BIM8ELF NO OTHER OBJECT BUT THE GOOD OF HIS
COUNTBT AND THE ESTABL1SBMENT OF BBB LIBERTIES.
ALTB0U6H HE WAS CIVIL TO ALL MEN,
HE NEVER COURTED THE APPLAUSE OF TBE PEOPLE
BY EMPLOYING THE BASE ARTS OF A DEMAGOGUE.
ALWAYS EQUAL TO BIM8ELF,
AND UNDISTURBED IN THE MIDST OF THE GREATEST CALAMITIES, '
HIS MTND NEVER LOST ITS EQUANIMITY, AND TO THE LAST SIGH OF
mfl UFE
BE EXHIBITED, BY HEROIC FORTITUDE,
A MEMORABLE EXAMPLE OF WHAT A MAN IS CAPABLE
WHOSE CONSCIENCE REPROACHES HIM NOTEING."
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250 LIFE AND TIMES OP JOHN DE WITT.
Could much more be said of him whose ashes repose beneath
the shades of Mount Vernon ?*
• In order to disabase the public mind of nofounded Baspicions wlih re-
gard to the illostrioos martyr who?e life we have briefly sketched, the States-
general assembled and deputed several persons of disiiDction to repair to his
residence and to examine and seal all of hi9 papers, which were deposited and
now remain in the State Archives at the Hagae. It is scarcely necessary to
add that nothing was discovered which tendeid in the slightest degree to im-
peach his integrity or his honor. It is said that he preserved such exact order
in the arrangement of his official papers, that, like Cardinal MazariD, he could
at any hour of the night lay his hand upon any document he desired with uner-
ring accuracy. Although his administration was unfortunate at its close, he
was univer'*ally esteem^ one of the most enlightened statesmen in Europe, and
his fame has continued to grow brighter and brighterr as the clouds and tem-
pests in which he was enveloped have be« n dispersed, and we are enabled to
form a more just estimate of his character. Mr. Fox has truly described him
as the wisest, the best, and most patriotic minister that e?er appeared upon the
stage.
So incomprehensible are the ways of Providence, and so often do we see
eood deduced from the evil which at the time we are constrained to deplore !
No sooner was the beardless prince elevated to the Stadtholderate and took
command of the army, than the hearts of all were disburdened of the perilous
stuff which had well-nigh sunk them into despair. The struggle which the Re-
public then maintained against the combined forces of France and England con-
stitutes its heroic age, much more so, indeed, than the. eighty years* war, so
renowned in history, which it conducted with such indomualne perseverance
against the forces under Alva and Parma. In a few weeks a powerful army
was raised, which effected a complete evacuation of the territories, while it re-
quired years to shake off the Spanish yoke. It is worthy of remark, that the
most glorious epochs in the history of almost all nations are not so often the
effect of enthusiasm among the masses, as the work of meu, sometimes of an in-
dividual, who, by superior enei-gy and genius, understands the great art of
arousing the public mind to conquer or die in defence of their country.
The insatiable thirst of conquest which influenced the French monarch to
effect the ruin of the Dutch Republic, has been justly condemned by all histori-
ans who have any regard for truth and justice. There was not even any decent
pretext for such an attempt But the English sovereign whom he attracted to
his alliance was a stranger alike to the sentiments of decency or honor. As
we have before intimat^, at the time that the young prince took command,
the victorious armies of Louis had effected the fall of some of the strongest forti-
fications on the frontit^rs of Holland, after wadine through rivers which were
thought to be impassable by a foreigp.enemy. The French army was more
powerful in numbers and the accomplishments of its general<9, while the real
advantage of the Dutch consisted in the nature of the soil and the ardent spirit
of patriotism and sacred fire of liberty which animated the heart of the wnole
nation. A William at the. head of her armies, and a De Ruyter in command of
her fleet, were suliicient to repel the invaders and drive them back discomfited.
The Dutch temper is proverbially phlegmatic, and their military enthusiasm
is not easily aroused : but let it be made apparent to them that the country de-
mands the unanimity of all hearts, and the ardor of their devotion will prompt
them to make any sacrifice. They will patiently support the heaviest burdens
and affiront the greatest hardships and dangers with the most indomitable per-
severance. Scarcely had the nation felt the vigorous hand of the Stadtholder
than it shook off its natural torpor. A powerful enthusiasm was inspired by
the Patriae pater who personified the country, and who had sacrificed his own
personal interests by indignantly refusing the seducing offers of the French
monarch. Like Lord Brooke, addressing his raw reinforcements from old
Warwick Castle, he told them, " That if the nobility of the cause was not suffi-
cient to animate the most stolid, he knew not what could make mortal men put
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SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL. 261
ART. III.-SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL
NO. 3.
Bbunswick House Hotel, London, July 15£A, 1866.
Dear Review : — A decent regard for your literary limits,
and the patience of your readers, led me to close my last letter
in the very midst of Westminster Abbey, before completing an
imperfect catalogue of its contents. I return, therefore, to the
Abbey, and request that you will follow me from the Poets'
Comer to
The Nave. — This portion of the church is crowded with
monuments and statues, erected to England's great orators and
warriors, too numerous to particularize. Only occasionally a
poet, a dramatist, or an actor is accorded a memorial. William
Congreve, for example, has a very fine monument in the Nave,
erected to him by the Duchess of Marlborough. The monu-
ment is surmounted by a full-length statue. Mr. Congreve,
as there interpreted, was a smooth-faced, double-chinned and
handsome man, with a world of curls trickling over his shoul-
ders and back. Probably the most conspicuous feature of the
Nave is the superb statue of Charles James Fox. He is repre-
sented in a recumbent attitude, supported by Liberty. A
statue, typical of Peace, is at his feet, and another, a capital
one, of a negro kneeling with clasped hands. The countenance
of Fox is full, and very strong, the lower part inclining to be
heavy. The frame is herculean, and the muscles swell out like
a gladiator's. Heenan himself could not show a more splendid
arm. The two other most notable features of the Nave are
on aDdannted resolutions." Although he made no pretensions to the graces of
oratory, yet, when occasions called it forth, he showed himself a perfect master
of that sort of eloquence which convinces the head and goes direct to the heart
and conscience of a nation. His letter to De Ruyter, on the 28d of May, 1678,
is a model of Dutch military eloquence. While he regretted that pressing cares
and responsibilities prevented him from visiting the fleet in person, he wrote to
De Ruy ter, '* that the hearts and eyes of all Netberlanders and all Christendom
were turned towards him and his gallant fleet, and that it would be the last de
sree of infamy for them to fail to discharge their duty on so lUnstrious a theatre.
He devoutly hoped that God would bestow sufficient firmness and wisdom on
him to add a new lustre to the maritime ^lory of his country. So that the day
would soon arrive when they would rejoice that they were made the instru-
ments in the hands of iProvidenoe to conduct so sacred a cause to a huppy ter-
mination. He would conclude by promising that he would reward eacn one
according to hid works : — Honor ana glorv to the bra^e, shame and chastise-
ment to the cowardly. He would desire him to instill into the minds of all that
no pardon would be granted to those who could conduct themselves otherwise
than brave soldiers and seamen, and that the iron hand of justice as well as the
imprecations of all his compatriots would inevitably fall upon the heads of all
who failed to do their whole duty to their country.
A word in conclusion of De Ruyter, this renowned admiral. He was bom at
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252 SKETCHES OP FOREIGN TRAVEL.
magnificent monuments erected by the Government to William
Pitt and Oeorge Canning.
The Chapels. — Next in interest, after the Poets' Corner,
are the chapels, because of their accumulation of relics, and
their great antiauity.
Chapel of Henry VII. — ^The object in this chapel which
enlists the most attention is a monument to Mary Queen of
Scots, whose head was taken charge of in 1587, by that manly
old virgin, Elizabeth. The monument was erected to Mary by
her son, James I. It is supported by pillars of black marble,
and on it reposes a marble eflSgy of Mary, wrought with great
skill, and offering no repulsive commentary on that marvelous
beauty which turned her own and so many other heads.
Henry VII., and his Queen, Elizabeth, are likewise buried
in this chapel. The tomb of the pair is inclosed by a brass
screen. Within, and on the tomb of black marble, are the
effigies of the royal couple. Immediately underneath the tomb
lie the remains of Edward VI.
Chapel of St. Paul. — In this, and nearly opposite that of
Mary of Scotland, is the tomb of Queen Elizabeth. It is sur-
mounted by a lofty monument, which is supported by a con-
gregation of slender and graceful pillars. On the tomb reposes
a recumbent effigy of Elizabeth, upheld by four very undomes-
ticated-looking lions. The face of this effigy looks as pious and
composed as if no vanity of earth had ever fretted the serene
virginity of its famous archetype. In fifty feet of each other,
pulverized to a handful of inaggressive dust, sleep, for the
balance of time, Mary of Scots and Elizabeth of England.
What a provoking text for a paragraph of easy and trite
moralities I
Elizabeth's sister, " bloody Mary," rests in the same tomb
FlessiDgeD, in the Province of ZeaUnd, in the year of our Lord 1607. His father,
who was a plain and honest farmer, in his eleventh year pracnred for his son a
place as a cabin-boy. From this humble position he ran throof h the degrees of
scnllion, chief cook, pilot, captain, commander, vice admiral, and finally attained
the highest naval dignity. Endowed by nature with a vigorous undersunding
and a Dold heart, it was not long before his genius blazed forth in meridian
splendor. In the 70th year of his age, in the month of April, 1676, he died
covered with laurels near the coast of Palermo, in Sicily, in an engagement with
the French. He suffered the most excruciating pains, which he endured with
admirable fortitude, repeating to himself the Psalms of David, which he knew
by heart His body was enibalmed and conveyed to Amsterdam, where he was
buried with great pomp in the chancel of the New Protestant Church, over
which may be seen to this day the words, Tremor immewti oeeani, ensrraved in
capital gold letters. A marble statue represents him with his head reclining on
a pillow of cannon-balls, his right hand reposing on his heart, and a serene
smile of resignation on his majestic face, as it he were peacefully awaiting the
sound of the last trump.
" He lavs like a warrior taking his rest,
With bis martial oloak around him.**
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SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL. 263
with ber, and in a few feet of them lies all that is mortal of
Joseph Addison.
Chapel of Edward the Confessor. — Edward the Con-
fessor, Henry III., Eleanor, Queen to Edward I., Henry V.,
Queen Philippa, wife to Edward III., Edward III., Kichard
IL, and his wife. Queen Anne, are all buried in this chapel.
Its feature, however, is the " Coronation Chair," in which all
the Kin^ and Queens of England have been crowned for the
past 600 years. It never could have been handsome, and now
IS only a heavy, unffainly affair, with the gilt effaced and the
wood yielding to decay. Lying under it is a dark-looking
stone, weighing about forty pounds, and on which, tradition
asserts, the ancient kings of Scotland were crowned.
In addition to the foregoing, are several other chapels in
Westminster, filled with famous and aristocratic by-gones of
England. There is something of awe and a strong relish of
antiquity about these cloisters and chapels which, more than
anything I have yet seen, imbues one with a tyrannical sense
of age. The immense past, gathered and consolidated here,
rises up in grim positiveness, and oppresses you with a con-
sciousness of mould. The sun appears to have taken leave of
the world, and the atmosphere to have lost its capacity to cir-
culate. Motion has ceased, and stagnation commenced, and it
is not until some time after regaining the outer air, and life,
that you are able to deodorize yourself of the grave-yard
fraOTanco with which you have become infected.
St. Paul. — As the largest and most ambitious structure of
a cathedral nature in London, and next to St. Peter, perhaps
the largest in the world, St. Paul is an object of some mterest.
It is built in the form of a cross, and surmounted bv a prodi-
^ous dome, which shoots up to a perpendicular heignt oi four
hundred and four feet. Just beneath the dome, and at the
confluence of the corridors, is the place of service. The ground
floor is plentifully adorned with statues to the distinguished
dead of tne English army and navy.
About midway between the cofnmunion-place and the top of
the dome is an acoustical phenomenon, called the '* whispering
gallery." It encircles the whole base, or, rather, has a circum-
ference equal to the base of the dome, and the apparent prodigy
is, that by putting your lips to the wall and whispering articu-
lately, another, with his ear to the wall, at any part of the
gallery, will hear and understand your whisper.
The interior of the dome is illustrated by twelve beautiful
frescoes, executed by Mr. Thornhill. The subjects of the
paintings are taken from the life of St. Paul, and, looked at
from the ** whispering gallery," their general effect is exceed-
ingly fine.
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I climbed to the top of the church, and could I have dissi-
pated the eternal mist which embalms London, might have
enjoyed some handsome prospects. As it was, I only got
dwarfed perspectives of streets and houses, and my fellow-men
below addressed themselves to me as an army of inebriate mice,
walking supernaturally on two legs. Scrambling to immense
heights for views I have generally found to be illusive under-
takings. Illusive as to the views, but dreadfully real with
respect to the scrambling. I honestly hope that no one, in the
integrity of whose limbs and supply of oreath I have any in-
terest, will ever essay to scale St. Paul. There is an absolute
certainty of sore legs and losing your hat always lying in
ambush on the enterprise. By all means stop at the " whisper-
ing gallery," and put questions to the old automaton who acts
as guide. He will be sure to answer all of your questions
unsatisfactorily ; that is, all of them he does not positively refuse
to answer. I asked him, for example, what was the distance
from the ground floor to the top of the dome. He replied
sardonically that he was generally impressed it was something
less than a mile. It was very provoking, but he was an old
man, and carried at the time a large cane. Respect for age,
therefore, triumphed over the impulse to punch his head.
I state, for the edification of your architectural readers, that
St Paul's was designed bv Sir Christopher Wren, and cost, in
its construction, seven millions of dollars.
Johnson's Tavern. — Turning into a little alley, leading off
from Fleet Street, and entering the second door to the right, we
are ushered into the house sacred to the memory of Dr. John-
son. The small coffee-room remains, as in his time, and the
famous old arm-chair jet survives, from which the ffreat
moralist launched his literary thunder, often full of wisdom,
and always smelling of tea. Here Goldsmith brought his
good-humored, ugly mug, and was patted on the back, and
patronized imperiously, and bullied by the literary old sea-dog
m the chair. Here Boswell toaded supinely, and took immor-
tal notes ; and here all the living literature of England came, to
talk and be roundly talked to, and get boozy, and go home
like roaring blades in the morning. I had the satisfaction to
eat an excellent chop in the room, and then drink, in a glass of
foaming ale, a health to the portrait of the thunderer, which
hangs above the arm-chair, and looks amazing grim.
The Temple. — ^Thackeraj and Dickens have made the
Temple so familiar, both in its uses and its architectural phys-
iognomy, that I needed, upon seeing it, nothing further to
establish its identity. I sauntered about it with as much as-
surance of locality as that suggestive young clerk in " Our
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SKETCBIS OF FOREIGN TRAVEL. 255
Mutual Friend,^ who improvised, for the entertainment of
honest Mr. BofBn, tlmt cmshing catalogue of clients.
It i» an immense pile, of a most irregular, capricious, eccen-
trlr build, developing into all manner of shy nooks and unsus-
pected recesses. Formerly it was occupied by the Knights
Templars, but at present is monopolized by the warlike tribe
of lawyers and students at law. It fronts towards the Thames,
with a very pretty garden before it, running down to the
water's edge, and surprising the turbid old stream with bright
flashes of green turf and sweet-smelling iflowere. Once within
the precincts, of the Temple, and the harsh discords and the
great bustle of the city tone down to a soft and unaccented
hum, anything but hostile to a desire for repose. In this wise
it is admirably adapted to the purposes it now subserves.
Temple Bar. — Temple Bar was once invested with some
municipal importance, and for a long time was fraught with a
painful posthumous interest to a considerable body of English
citizens. It was formerly the limit of the city of London, and
the bloody pillory on which the heads of decapitated criminals
were exposed. It has lost, however, both its former importance
and its interest, and is only observable at present as a massive
and handsomely sculptured arch, gracefully spanning Fleet
Street.
Printing-House Square. — Printing-House Square has-
afforded me the greatest disappointment which I have yet sus-
tained in my inspection of the curious. Being the place where
" The Times'^'* is printed, and the publishing centre of London,
one is led to expect something large, roomy, imposing, fitly
commemorative of its own importance. Instead of this, every
accessory expressive of power or consideration seems to be
jealously excluded. It requires a cabman, profound in the
intricacies of London, or a police detective to run it to earth.
There never was a more striking instance of light under a
bushel. I struggled through a half dozen despairing little
streets, and after getting irretrievably lost in four dirty little
courts, and after losing all consciousness in the hopeless mental
confusion wrought by twenty-five blind alleys, I was ushered
into a retreating little quadrangle, and came plump upon the
"London Times,'* in a dingy-looking, red- brick building, two
stories hi^h. This all indicates a chai'acteristic of the English
people, which I shall advert to at length in future letters.
Bank of EngI4And. — The famous financial autocrat of
Christendom is housed in a modest-looking two-story, building,
with marble front, and handsomely illustrated with Corinthian
columns. The view from the street does not give a just con-
ception of its dimensions, and it is only upon pe. etrating its
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256 COMMERCE, WAR AND CIVILIZATION.
outer wall that, its great extent dawns upon one. Tho inner
door opens upon a beautiful little court, quadrangular in shape,
alive with a pretty fountain garnished with flowers and em-
bayed beneath the leafy arms of two splendid shade-trees. The
rooms which overlook this are only one story high, and the
whole wears an air as unlike a bank, and as like a country
villa, as one can well imagine.
Trusting that you are pounding Radicalism down to a whole-
some Andy Johnson foundation, I remain, truly yours,
Carte Blanche.
ART. lY.-COMMERCE, WAR AND CIVILIZATION.
It 18 needless, if not profane, to inquire as t© the orio^in of civili-
zation. There is nothing in profane history to justify the conclusion
that any portion of the white race was ever savage. On the con-
trary, raonuraental history, the oldest and most reliable of all his-
tory, so far as this itMjuiry js concerned, carries us only back to a fer-
distant past, wherein taste and skill, art and industry exhibit achieve-
ments bolder in design and execution, more sublime, more elaborate
and more beautiful than any of the present day. Not so various, it
is true, but for that very reason more sublime, more elaborate, and
more beautiful. Human attention was not then divided and enfeebled
by the necessary observation of too many objects ; human thought was
not broken in upon, perplexed and distracted by the necessity of
daily and hourly supplying a thousand artificial wants, dictated by
mere capricious fashion ; the human mind was not weakened and
frittered away by an endless variety of studies, and human industry
and energy were not hurried on to hasty, coarse, slovenly achieve-
ments by the insatiate cravings of a vulgar public, for mere novelty,
variety, and gaudy glare and glitter ; men then had time to think,
to plan, and to execute. There was conoentration and continuous
exertion of thought, taste, energy and industry on a few subjects, ob-
jects and pursuits ; and the effects of this concentration and continu-
ous exertion is strikingly and beautifully apparent in all the works
of ancient art. A man now has neither time to think, to write, nor
to act, unless he has the good fortune to get into jail, or to lose his
eyesight. (Or perhaps one may do equally well by coming out to
Camp Lee, near Richmond, where this is written, or going down to
Port Royal.) Our affections are pretty equally divided between these
two lovely spots, where the vulgar hum of industry is never heard,
where intrusive visitors seldom disturb, and where silence, peace and
quietude reign supreme. As our family is in Port Royal, we shall
soon have, we fear, to bid a final adieu to Camp Lee. Now, be pa-
tient, polite, kind and gentle renders, for we are firmly resolved to
let you know all about Port Royal and Camp Lee, ere very long,
and to render both places historic, if we can.
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COMMERCE, WAR AND CIVILIZATION. 257
Sacred history is more distinct and explicit on this suhject of abo*
riginal civilization than even profane, written on monumental his-
tory. Adam was civilized, and so were his immediate descendants,
tiie imtediluvians. Noah and his family were civilized, and so were
Abraham and his family. We are told nothing of a lost civilization
in the mean time. And from that day we can trace civiliaNitioB up
to our own age, Abraham and his family being Bedouin Arabs,
and living far in the interior, were no doubt &r less informed and
civilized than the natives generally around him. Near him, on one
side, were the Philistines, or Phcsnicians, whose knowledge and general
civilization, and conducting of varied and distant commerce, had ren*
dered conspicuous at a very early day. And just above bim was
the route of trade from India to the Levants All along this route
there were cities, such as Jerusalem, Sodom and GronK>rrah, that were
enriched by trade, and were centres or foci of civilization, that dif-^
fused light, knowledge, and all useful information to the surrounding
nations. The Arabs of the desert visited and traded with these
cities, and belonging to a highly intellectual race, they thus acquired
and retained, at all times, in the midst of extreme poverty, quite a
respectable amount of knowledge and of information^
From the region about which we are writing, it seems to us that
the faint lights of profane history, of tradition, of philology, and of
very many universal institutions, iisi^es, habits and customs, concur
with the Scriptures in proving that population, many of the useful
arts, and all that pertains to a youthful people and a youthful civili-
zation, spread them themselves over the rest of the earth. The popo^
lation thus diffused that settled on the seacoasts, or near great over-
land routes of trade, or in any situations favorable for conducting
commerce and manufactures, continued to improve in civilization,
by building cities, fitting out ships, practicing the various useful and
ornamental arts, and by carrying on trade and commerce, and sup-
plying less &vored localities, not only with all their own products of
skill, art, and industry, but with those of the various other nations
with which they traded. This trade and commerce not only en-
riched the centres that conducted it, but rapidly improved their civ-
ilization. They made large profits on their merchandise, and at the
same time acquired a knowledge of all the arts practiced by the in<
ferior peoples with whom they traded ; these profits and this knowl-
edge they brought home and employed to increase their own wealth,
and by new arid improved processes to perfect the arts which they
had thus imported, and to multiply and improve their own arts of
domestic growth. Thus, commercial countries — we mean countries
that built and manned their own ships, and whose merchants sup*
plied distant peoples, not only with the products of the countries to
which the merchants belonged, but interchanged the commodities of
many nations, making a profit on each sale and interchange — wo
say, that the commercial countries thus cevrying on trade, barter, and
commerce, became the great centres of wealth, of art, of science, of
knowledge and information, and the brilliant foci of collected, con-
TOL. n.-NO. II. 17
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358 COMMSBCEy WAR AND CIYIUZATION.
centrated and intensified civilization ; for by their trade with less
civilized peoples, they -robbed or exploited those peoples, not only
of much of the products of their industry, art and skill, but gradually,
yet surely, robbed them of their knowledge, their arts, and general
information, and depressed their dvilization.
We hold that a certain amount of dvilization is congenital with the
human race — is as old as Adam ; but this aboriginal civilization may
be greatly depressed, or highly improved. It can, however, never be
wholly lost, nor ever perfected. The most savage tribes practice
very many useful arts, that distinguish them, and place them farther
above the brute creation than the most learned and civilized are
above the savage. Savage tribes become more ignorant and savage
when civilized men begin to trade with them, for the obvious rea-
son that the civilized traders, ascertaining what are the arts and man-
u&ctures, and skillful products of the savages, ascertaining all their
wants, and the tedious, laborious, and clumsy processes by which
they but half supply those wants, induce them to give up their arts
and manufactures altogether, and betake themselves .to fishing, hunt-
ing, collecting gold-dust, ivory, furs, fish, 4&e., and exchanging them
for better manufactures, made by the civilized traders, than any the
simple savage can make, with half the amount of labor expended in
fishing, hunting, &c., that they were wont to expend in tediously and
awkwardly manufacturing their coarse articles. Besides, civilized
traders introduce the vices and diseases of civilization among sav-
ages, without teaching them how to prevent, correct, or cure those
vices or diseases^ Increased mortality, increased crime, and depress-
ed civilization have ever been, and will ever be the results of trade
between the savage and the civilized, between the ignorant and un-
skillful and the skillful and well-informed.
Our Southern civilization has hitherto been confined very much
to the wealthy, because we found it most immediately profitable to
conduct agriculture alone, and with its products buy from other peo-
ples the results of their numerous arts and manufactures, their skill
and industry. The number of the useful and ornamental arts prac-
ticed by any people, and the skill and success with which they prao-
tioe them, is the measure of their civilization. Tried by this stand-
ard, and Southern civilization will not stand very high. We carry
on scarce any commerce, and until of late y^ars had but few domestic
manufactures. We are improving, however, because our vast interior
is out of the profitable reach of foreign trade, and is admirabl v adapted
for conducting manufactures ; as are our large rivers and seacoast
for the conducting of commerce. Heretofore foreign commeroe, con-
ducted by foreigners, in foreigjn bottoms, and supplying us wiih for-
eign manufactures, has robbed us of our wealth, and robbed \is of
our intellect, or at least depressed and prevented the growth of our
intellect, and the diffusion and advance of our civilization. Bobbed
lis of our wealth, by exchanging the results of one hour's mechanical,
manufacturing or artistic labor for not less than the results of two
hours of agricultural labor. Robbed us of our intellect, by confining
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OOmCERCB, WAR AND CIVILIZATION. 259
US to agricultural pursuits, and preventing the growth, development
and exercise of the many fine and useful arts which require educa-
tion for their successful pursuit, and which, in their practice, furnish
of themselves education, in addition to the primary education needed
to begin them.*
Let us recollect that commerce does not diffuse, but, on the con-
trary, circumscribes, concentrates, centralizes and intensifies intelli-
gence and civilization, and in like way centralizes and increases
wealth. It collects its rays of knowledge and its hoards of wealth
from a thousand distant sources, to be employed as the means of
levying as tribute more of knowledge and more of wealth. It is a
good thing to carry on commerce, a great misfortune to be the mere
tributaries and subjects of commerce. Such have we hitherto been ;
but the abolition of slavery, enormous as are the evils that have at-
tended it, will bring forth, in some respects, a new and better order
of things. White men do not like to work in the fields, they prefer
manufacturing and mechanic labor ; and without slaves, capitalists
. will not invest their capital in agricultural pursuits. Men are al-
ready ^owding to our cities, not for idleness nor for office, but in
the endeavor to get employment in some useful art, or manufactur-
ing or mechanical pursuit.
Commerce and manufactures carried on by ourselves will speedily
grow up among us, and with them increase of wealth, and a more
generally diffused, if not a higher civilization. We need both skill
and capital in order to speedy success in the various arts, manufac-
tures and sciences that we should now strenuously pursue. These
can be supplied at once by immigration, and very slowly in any
other way. We must encourage immigration ; not of farmers, for
we understand Southern farming far better than would any immi-
grants. We need not sell a foot of our lands. The immigrants we
want are wealthy shipping merchants, mechanics, artisans, manufac-
turers, miners, aifid all other men above the degree of common labor-
era. Labor is cheap and abundant with us. We want skill and
capital to give employment to labor.
But whilst we need and would encourage immigration, we also
would like to have, as near as possible, a homogeneous population.
We do not want colonies of foreigners, speaking a different language
from our own, having different habits and customs, and modes of
thought, and accustomed to different laws and institutions. Espe-
cially are such foreigners objectionable when they settle, as they are
apt to do, in distinct colonies or communities, in town or in country.
On the vital subject of abolition, these foreigners are not only all
abolitionists, but most of them in theory, and very many of them in
practice, negro-equality folks. Settling in colonies, with negro asso-
ciates and negro customers, they would demoralize the negroes as
mudi as the negroes would demoralize them. Our Northern neigh-
bors are of the same descent as ourselves, speak the same language,
ha^e been accustomed to the same laws and political institutions,
have habits and customs and modes of thought very like our own.
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260 OOICMEBCB, WAK AND CIVILIZATION.
are anti-slavery men, but do not favor negro equality ; indeed, they
hate negroes, and hold them at much greater distance than we do.
They never settle in colonies when they come among us, but at once
intermix and intermarry with our own people. In ten years they
usually become thoroughly Southernized. Their 'children bom
among us are always as true to the South as any other of our citi-
zens ; whilst foreigners, settling in colonies, do not become Ameri-
canized for three or four, and sometimes six or eight generations.
There is not the least danger that abolition and negro-equality agita-
tors from the North will ever come to settle among us, for Uiey
come to make money, and to do so, they all know they must be
silent on these subjects. Besides, they expect to make money from
the labor of the negroes, and will naturally endeavor to make them
as humble, submissive and industrious as possible. Northern men
coming to settle among us will almost universally be well-disposed
to our people. Anti-slavery men may come, but no outspoken abo-
litionists or negro-equality men. They would be at once under the
ban of society, excluded from all social circles, exposed to constant
insult and occasional caning. It would be far easier to face
the cannon's mouth, than to brave the angry and indignant pub-
lic opinion that would here beset and surround them. Immigra-
tion from the North would increase our population, strength and
weight in the Union, and diminish theirs. But what is more impor^
tant. Northern immigrants, becoming identified in interest with the
South, would not only be ready themselves to defend those interests,
but they would exercise much influence with their friends and ac-
quaintance at the North in strengthening the Southern party in
that section. Besides, the National Government, even in Northern
hands, would be loath to persevere in measures oppressive to the
South, which would injuriously affect considerable numbers of immi-
grants from that section. In fine, there is not the least danger that
we' can coax enough of immigration from that section to affect
opinion here. They would be certain to adopt our thoughts and
opinions, not we theirs.
We write not only understandingly on this subject, but we also
write feelingly. For more than a year past, half of which time our
family was with us, our intercourse has been almost entirely with
Northern officers, surgeons and privates. We and our family have
received from them uniform politeness and kind treatment. We
are indebted to them for many favors and acts of kindness and ac-
commodation. We have conversed on political and social subjects
with them, from the commanding general down to the humblest
privates, and maintained our own opinions in their utmost latitude,
without giving offence or eliciting unpleasant reply. We have seen,
we thought, much of prejudice and gross misapprehension, but nothing
like corruption or willful injustice. We are sure we could live for*
ever in pleasant, social intercourse with such men, if they would but
withdraw their troops from among us, and appear as mere civilians
and as our equals. Now they are placed by Government as masters
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COMMERCE, WAR AND CIVILIZATION. 261
over us, as spies to watch us, and report all that we do and all that
we say, and as peculiar guardians and asserters of the rights. and
equality of the negroes. This is not the fault of individuals, but of
the Government that employs them. So far as we have seen, making
allowance for their prejudices and misconceptions, they discharge
their duties with delicacy and forbearance. Especially is this the
case of late, since they have become better acquainted with negro
chari^cter. We believe if the Northern troops were withdrawn that
the South would desire and welcome immigration from that section ;
and that the immigrants would find agreeable social intercourse
among us ; for then we should associate as equals. We rather ex-
press what we consider the opinions and feelings that operate on
other people than our own. We feel quite as much their equal now
as if the troops were withdrawn, and we loath to visit on individuals
the offences of Government. We like individuals, whom we find out
to be good and upright men, none the less because their Government
oppresses us.
Ve do not include in this description a set of idle, vagrant, vaga-
bond, strong-minded women and weak-minded Yankee clergy, whom
we oflen meet wandering unemployed about the country. They
are all vile incendiaries and malignants, curiously peering into our
affairs, to make false reports of them, and inciting the negroes to
insubordination and insolence. Such wretches are the enemies of
the human race, and would gladly see the South again drenched in
blood, even although they foresaw that it would result in the expul-
sion or extermination of the negroes, whom they only affect to love,
for Satan could not have chosen more appropriate emissaries.
Returning to the thread of our essay, we have to consider war as
a civilizer. We know it is dista6.teful to most readers to see war
treated of, except as the greatest and most unmitigated evU. We
shall, therefore, treat this part of our subject very briefly. The
first well-attested instance of the diffusion of civilization on a large
scale was brought about by Alexander the Great. He conquered
a large portion of Asia and a part of Africa, and diffused Greek lite-
rature, arts, science and civilization throughout his conquered domin-
ions. No one will deny that this conquest greatly elevated the
civilization of those countries. Several centuries thereafter they
were gradually conquered by the Romans, but Greek civilization
remained intact And for nearly a thousand years after those coun-
tries were conquered and colonized by the Greeks, they preserved a
civilization essentially Greek, and equal, perhaps, to that of Europe
in those days. Indeed, until near the time of the Reformation, Al-
exandria in Egypt, founded by Alexander, rivaled Athens as a
school of learning, of art and of science, and surpassed Rome. The
Romans conquered the ancient world, the " terra cognita antiques^^
colonized and difiused Roman civilization, arts, laws, customs and
science, wherever they had not been preceded by the Greeks. In
later ages the Sclavonians, who, at the earliest accounts we have of
them, lived about the mouth of the Danube, have conquered and
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262 FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROUNA.
colonized Hungary, Germany, Poland and all of* Russia, from the
Baltic to the mouth of the Amoor, and from the Crimea to the Frozen
Ocean. All of these immense regions, except Germany, they still
hold, and the German population is in large proportion Sola vie. They
civilized, too, as they conquered. Russia has improved faster since
the davs of Peter the Great than any other nation, and the Russians
are Sclavonians. War, conquest and civilization will civilize any
people, except negroes and Indians. The missionaries for centuries
past have been promising and trying to civilize them, but have, so
far, made no progress whatever. Indeed, missionaries never did
civilize a people, unless it be a handful of Sandwich Islanders ; and
missionary civilization is fast exterminating them.
ART. V -FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLIITA,
INYITINO RESOURCES, ETC., WITH INFORMATION FOR IMMIORANT8, BTO.
{Concluded from June Number,)
Water Power and Manufxoturino Advantaobs. — ^West of
and adjacent to Aiken is a ragged, broken body of land, containing
probably forty or fifty square miles, which, to the unobservant
traveler, presents a most bleak and dreary aspect; but the various
stratas cropping out naturally, or exposed by the effects of heavy
rains washing away the hillsides, and by the railroad excavations,
afford a vast field, interesting alike to the scientific geologist or the
practical manufacturer.
Immense beds of different kiuds of clay, from the purest and
whitest kaolin, to the dark-colored mud of which bricks are made,
sands of all hues, some as fine as flour, others large coarse crystals ;
siliceous earths of many kinds; ferruginous sandstones, the con-
glomerate shell, buhrstones, granite, mica, feldspar, ochres of
different colors, are all found in this vicmity. . But a short distance
off a deposit of manganese is found, and potash can be readily made
in the surrounding forests. Experts have pronounced the sands to
be admirably adapted for making glass and crystal, and the quality
of the kaolin is admitted to be equal, if not superior, to that of
which the celebrated Staffordshire ware is made. It is doubtful if
the combination of the ingredients of glass and earthenware can be
found in such immediate proximity anywhere else.
Ure, page 464, vol. 11, says : *' it is to the late Josiah Wedge-
wood, Esq., that this country (England) and the world at large are
mainly indebted for the great modern advancement of the ceramic
art. * * * So sound were his principles, so judicious his plans of
procedure, and so ably have they been prosecuted by his successors
in Staffordshire, that a population of sixty thousand operatives now
derive a comfortable subsistence within a district, formerly bleak
and barren, of eight miles long by six broad, which now contains
one hundred and fifly kilns, and is significantly called the Potteries."
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PDTUBE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 263
And McGulloch, in his Dictionary, vol, II, page 324, speaking of
this ware, sajs : *^Its exoellent workmanship, its solidity, the ad-
vantage it possesses of sustaining the action of fires, its fine glaze,
impenetrable to acids^the beauty and convenience of its form, the
dieapness of its price, have given rise to a commerce so active and
universal, that in traveling from ^ Paris to St Petersburg, from
Amsterdam to the farthest point of l^weden, and from Dunkirk to
the extremity of the South of France, one is served at every inn
upon English ware. Spain, Portugal and Italy are supplied with it ;
and vessels are loaded with it for both the Indies and the continent
of America. The estimated value of these products (in 1835)
exceed $15,000,000 annually.^ The practksal uses of these earth-
sands and clays are innumerable.
Each year some new use is found for some of the various modifi-
cations to which stoneware, earthenware, porcelain glass, crystal^
etc, can be applied, formed as they are of a substance of no other
intrinsic value, and of a material so easily worked, and of such
gradations of quality, as to suit every station from the highest to the
lowest, and admirably adapted to labor-saving and economical uses,
and capable of receiving the most beautiful and exquisite forms,
aflbrding gratification to the most fastidious tastes and fancies.
Among the uses of these plastic clays, not the least important is
that of making articles such as bricks, tiles, etc. Paving tiles,
draining tiles and roofing tiles, as well as ornamental encaustic tile%
would meet with a ready sale if properly introduced. The differ-
ence in the rates of insurance of houses covered with shingles, as is
customary in this country, and those covered with metals, slates or
tiles, indicate the impottance of substituting incombustible roofs in
place of those now used, and ^re as well as ordinary building brickti
are constantly needed in a growing country.
In 1856 a party of Northerners shipped from a portion of this
tract several thousand tons of this kaolin, to be manufactured in
New England ; and a few years later a factory was established here,
tod b now in successful operation. The ware is generally the
ordinary qualities, but some has been turned out that was so clear,
amooth and translucent as to bear favorable comparison with Frendi
porcelain, and others similar to the Parian marble-work, indicating
that the materials for making the various grades and qualities
abounded in this locality.
In 1838, when the population of the United States was only one-
half its present number, the value of the earthenware imported
amounted to $1,600,000.
During the war a number of potteries were employed in making
articles of coarse stoneware, which were eagerly sought afler as
substitutes for white ware, and a number of employees were ex-
empted from conscription, in order to furnish the Medical Purveyors
and other departments various indispensable articles. A few days
•ince one of the potters stated that even now he could not supply
the demand for coarse pipkins, pans, jugs, jars, etc., at fifteen cents
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264 FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
per gallon, and with his rough and primitive maohinerj he could
turn out ddy gallons per day to the hand.
Taking into consideration the protection afforded by the present
tariff, and the fragility and consequent enofmous consumption of
this class of articles, there is every reason to believe that properly
conducted works must prove amonsc the most remunerative invest-
ments that can be made. In England the pipe-clay from Dorset-
shire and Devonshire, and the flints from Kent, are transported to
Sta^rdshire, where the principal clay abounds. Now, here are in-
exhaustible deposits of the raw material of various qualities, lying
immediately on the surface, in a country intersected by streams
affording water power, and railroads and navigable rivers affording
cheap transportation to the commercial centres, fuel so abundant
that the expense would only be fbr the cutting and hauling, and not
in a wild, uncivilized country, but where schools and diurches are
already established. It is stated in the Encyclopedia Britannica that
" the exports of earthenware from great Britain amounted, in 1857,
to £1,488,668 (over $7,000,000), of which the United States
TOOK nearly okb-half, 80 little has the patterns art been encouraged
inihe Netc World:'
Your Committee would express a hope that by some means enter-
prise may be directed to these invaluable deposits, believing that
were the opportunities here offered generally known, this field for
labor would rapidly fill, and that Calhoun District might become
as noted for its wares as Staffordshire now is.
Silk Culture. — ^The vast amount of money annually sent abroad
for the purchase of silk^ the increasing consumption of this article
among all classes, and to an extent probably not known in any other
country except China, and the acknowledged capacity of the United
States to produce silk of the very best quality, induced Congress,
in 1826, to publish and distribute manuals and treatises, prepared
with great care and fullness, giving all necessary instructions and
details for the prosecution of this business, from the propagation
and planting of the trees to the preparation and manufacture of the
silk. The interest manifested was commensurate with the im-
portance of the subject, and the prospect of silk becoming one of
our staple productions was flattering and encouraging, until the moms
multicaulis mania of '38 and *40 spread over the land. The history
of that speculation unfolds a svstem of villainy and fraud seldom
exceeded. Every possible trick was devised to create exorbitant
prices and immediate demand for the buds, cuttings and roots of the
new plant, and 'with such success that all classes of society entered
into the speculation, confident of amassing fortunes in a year or two,
entirely forgetting that, unless some one raised the worms to cat
the leaves, there would not be any demand for the trees. When
the people awoke from their delusion, very naturally a propor-
tionate reaction took place, and silk culture was denounced as a
humbug by thousands who had not had a single worm. Now that
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FUTURE OP SOUTH CAROLINA. 265
the passions o£ tlie moment are passed away, we can perceive the
folly of the scheme and the cause of its &ilure.
It was not that silk culture was unprofitable, but that so few
attempted to raise silk that there was no demand for the trees
on which were hung such magnificent baits. The culture of the silk
has been considered by the Chinese for 4,000 years as next in im-
portance to that of rice. There some species of worms produce
four crops during the year. The value of silk goods, annually pro-
duced in Europe, exceeds $275,000,000, of which Austria produces
160,000,000, and Italy $50,000,000. In France 500,000 persons
are employed by it, or one in eighty of the population ; and in
England 16,000,000 pounds are annually imported, thus giving
employment in the manufacture to forty thcrusand persons. Formerly
several families in this town devoted some care and attention to silk,
and made their own handkerchiefs, dresses, etc. The recent estab*
lishment of a factory at Newark, N. J., for making silk, velvets and
plushes, indicates a revival of this interest When reared in a close,
moist atmosphere, the caterpillar is subjected to various diseases ;
but in a climate as pure, dry and elastic as that of Aiken, they are
£ir more hardy, and require less attention. Whilst in Europe from
30 to 60 per cent are lost from the eflfects of climate, food and dis-
ease, here scarcely 5 per cent, die, and there are but few ants or
insects to destroy the eggs. The morus multicaulis flourishes with-
out any more care or attention than any of our forest trees, and the
growth is 80 rapid that the leaves. can be used the second year afler
planting. The whole business of managing a cocoonery, rearing the
worms and reeling the silk is so simple, that it can be readily
learned from books.
The silk husbandry affords the most rapid of agricultural returns,
being completed in six or eight weeks. The small amount of capital
requisite, the great remuneration and the light nature of the work,
is suggestive of its adaptation as an employment for that large class
whose delicate health requires a mild climate, but whose means do
not enable them to lead a life of idleness, as well as for women and
children who are unable to undergo the fatigues incident to other
labor. A cocoonery, in connection with a vineyard and orchard,
would afibrd a constant round of employment, which would be a
source of amusement, health and profit.
Fruit Culture. — ^The attention of the South, formerly, was
almost entirely directed to the production of the great staples of
cotton, rice, corn, sugar, lumber, etc., to the neglect of other im-
portant articles. Occasionally a farmer would set out a few fruit
trees, without selecting varieties, in an old field, and a vine or two
around his house, leaving them to take care of themselves, and as
the neglected trees did not thrive and flourish, the culture was pro-
nounced unfitted for our climate, and unprofitable.
Eventually a few zealous Pomologists set about the work in good
earnest, selecting the best varieties and extending to the trees and
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266 FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA^
vines proper attention and labor. For several years dependence
was had on the Northern and European nurseries, but experience
soon demonstrated the advantage of propagating Southern seedlings,
and now but few plants are imported from abroad.
It^ is only since 1850 that much attention was attracted in this
vicinity to fruit culture. The immense returns realized by the
proprietors of some of the orchards and vineyards, from lands unfit
for the profitable culture of cotton and corn, led their neighbors to
inquire into the secret of their success. ' Since then orchards and
vineyards have gradually but continuously increased in size and
number.
In 1858 those interested formed themselves into a society, adopt-
ing the title of " The Aiksv Vikk-Growiwo and Hortioultorai
Association," their object being to promote the culture and im-
prove the quality of fruit in general, and more particularly of the
vine.
This association has been instrumental in extending much valuable
information; many of their reports and essays having been pub-
lished in pamphlet form, and republished in the agricultural journals
and Patent Office Reports. In 1860 this society extended an in*
vitation to the vine growers of the South to hold a Convention in
this place, and to bring with them specimens'of their grapes and
wines for comparison and classification. Delegates from five States
accordingly met on the 21st of August, and Ex-Senator and Gov-
ernor James H. Hammond was ele^ed presiding officer of the Con-
vention. Upon taking the chair, he remarked ''that the exhibition
this day, and the presence of these Delegates, indicated that an in-
terest in behalf of growing our own grapes and manufact«iring our
own wine was extending, and that a large belt of waste lands,
capable of growing extensively these fruits, was now about to engage
the attention that should have been called to them hitherto. Nay,
more^ the -exhibition this day^'* he ventured to say^ "could not be sdb-
PASSBD in any part OF THE woBLD, and in using this broad ex-
pression^ he did it without qualification, especially so in referent
to the variety and quality of the grapes here to be seen?^
Peaohbs. — The facility of transportation afforded by our lines of
railroads to the coast, and thence by steamships to the large North-
ern cities, enables us, by selecting the earliest varieties of peaches,
to reach those markets from the 20th to the 25th of June, thus
anticipating the New Jersev crops from four to six weeks. The
first peaches command as high as $15 to $20 per bushel, and an
average of at least $5 may be reasonably expected, as the Aiken
fruit has an established reputation, excelled by no other section,
being healthy, well flavored and highly colored.
One of our peach ^wers, since the close of the war, sent to his
factor in New York for various family supplies, stating that he was
without money and would have to depend on the next peach crop.
Much to his gratification the articles were immediately forwarded,
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FUTUBE OF SOUTH CABOLINA. 267
with an intimation that no better security was requisite than a
promise of a consi^ment of an article so prized in New York as
were the Aiken peaches,
Mr. James Purvis states that he has sixty acres in peaches, which
require three hands to cultivate, and that he has made five crops in
six years, realizing from $5,000 to $10,000 each.
Several of our orchardtsts have realized more than $500 per acre
in favorable years, which far exceeds any other crop, requiring as
little work.
The trees are usually planted about sixteen feet apart, or from
one hundred and, fifty to two hundred trees per acre, and commence
hearing the third year, and producing from a peck to two bushels.
They are remarkably healthy, the disease known as " the yellows'^
not having made its appearance, and the fruit is more free of the
curculia than in the richer lands of the low country. The greatest
evil we^ have to contend with are the late frosts, which sometimes
occur in April, when the fruit has just formed, and occasion great
damage to the crop. By a proper selection of varieties a supply of
this rich and luscious fruit may be had continuously from June to
November. Putting up peaches in cans might be carried on to
great advantage.
Apples. — The impression that good apples could not be produced
at the South has generally prevailed ; but gradually this error is
being dispelled. In the culture of the apple, as of the peach. South-
em raised trees must be depended on, and several of these varieties
will challenge comparison with any others, either as regards flavor,
size or keeping qualities.
Pbabs. — ^Although the pears exhibited at our horticultural exhibi-
tions are unsurpassed, the opinion is common that it is not a crop
that will pay. Parties who have made the cultivation of this fruit a
specialty, and whose opinions are entitled to the. greatest consider-
ation, a&sert the contrary.
Colonel Hebron, of Mississippi, reports his trees as returning
from five to eight hundred dollars per acre, and Mr. Berckmans,
who has been engaged in this culture near fifty years, first in Bel-
gium, then at Plainfield, New Jersey, a few years since, after a
careful investigation, purchased a place within twenty miles of this
town, for the purpose of raising pears, deeming the soil and climate
better adapted to this culture than any other.
In an Essay read to the x\iken Vine-Growing Association, Mr. L.
E. Berckmans stated that the more refined the fruitrflower or foliage,
the more delicate will be the plant in any climate, and it is a gener-
ally acknowledged fact that the pear-tree is more fastidious and ex-
acting, less hardy, and requires better management than other fruits ;
that more trees are killed by the frost than by any other cause
acting further South ; and that the blight, almost the only disease
inherent to the pear-tree, is not worse here than elsewhere, whilst
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268 FUTURE OF SOUTH CABOLINA.
the ravages of ioteDse cold winters are never witnessed. That this
climate is preferable, is evidenced by three facts he has doselj oh-
served for several years. 1st. Weak and worn varieties condemned
at the North are in fine condition here. 2d. Some European varie-
ties fail at the North, yet flourish here. 3d. The size and quality are
both superior, and the foliage double size. Finally, he was satisfied
that pears must pay, for they were a luxury that commanded enor-
mous prices, and requiring to be picked before they were fully ripe,
would bear transportation better than any other fruit
Fios. — Figs are one of those great boons of nature that contribute
to the enjoyments of life in a Southern climate. Luscious, nutritious
and wholesome, they are frequently recommended by physicians as
a food for invalids, and as a laxative where strong medicines are to
be avoided. They grow freely in the open air, require little or no
attention, and produce two or three crops annually.
To sit under one^s own vine and fig-tree, so expressive of happi-
ness and contentment, can be literally realized here.
Pomegranates (deciduous bloomers, displaying ripe fruit and ex-
panding blossoms at the same time), cherries, nectarines, quinces,
apricots, raspberries, etc., are cultivated to a limited extent, and
most excellent strawberries are to be had. for four or five months by
irrigating the plants.
As attention to horticulture extends, in all probability the natural-
ization and acclimation of other valuable fruits, such as the date,
tamarind, olive, jujube. Various nuts and berries, etc., will afford a
wider field for enterprise.
Grapes. — In a letter published in the Merchants^ Magazine^ Feb-
ruary, 1855, Dr. Goodrich, U. S. Consul at Lyons, states that the
an&ual amount of wine produced in France exceeds 800,000,000
gallons, and gives employment to about two and a half millions
of persons; the vineyards, occupying 5,000,000 acres, the price
varying from 10 to 20 cents a gallon, making an annual value of
over $100,000,000 ; and that a disease of a fungoid character has
f proved so destructive, and continues to increase so rapidly, that
ears are entertained that it may wholly destroy the vine.
As the American vines have thus far been exempt from this
disease, supplies of our plants and cuttings have been forwarded to
be there introduced. There all the vines beloi^ to the same species ;
but, on this continent, there are four species, of which over one
hundred varieties are cultivated. In our woods and swamps enor-
mous vines are found extending to the topmost branches of the
forest trees, and were it not for Uie custom of burning the woods in
the spring, they would be even more numerous than they now are.
As it is, quite a business is done in the immediate vicinity, gather-
ing the wild fruit for the distilleries located here, as well as for mak-
ing wine. For an account of American grapes, see " Patent Office
Reports," 1857, an article read by H. W. Ravenel before the
A. V . G. Association.
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FUTtJRB OP SOUTH CAROLINA. 26^
One of our oldest and most successful vintners, writing on this
subject in 1S55, says : ** Let me assure you that vine cqlture is the
easiest thing in the world. Any of your sons or field negroes will
^take to \V in one season. The pruning can be learned in ten
minutes ; the work is simply hoeing, light plowing and tying of
branches. The making of wine requires some attention. (Can
you make good bacon without care and attention?) All this can
and will be explained to your satisfaction. An acre should yield, at
the very least, 300 gallons, worth here $2 per gallon. One hand
can attend five acres. Here you have $1,500 the hand, even if the
wine only brought $1. You may say this is all * paper calculation.'
It certainly is, but experience proves that many have realized more
than that amount. It has been made and can be made. Have the
energy to try it If compared with other crops, such as
cotton, com, wheat, etc., we find the chances of success two to one
with the grapes, and it should not be forgotten that they are usually
planted ia the poorest hillsides, adapted to nothing else, and on
which the proprietor can live and enjoy health, whilst other crops
require richer lands, always more or less sickly. On sandy pine
lands, such as would bring five or eight buehels of corn, the yield of
wine, in an average season, will be about 300 gallons. On richer
day lands it is said to reach 1,000 and over. These are not sur-
mises, but positive facts."
Around Aiken 800 to 500 acres are now planted in grapes, and
the quantity increases annually. The vines are healthy and
vigorous ; the peculiar dryness of the atmosphere, the rolling sur-
ftce and the light porous nature of the soil, which quickly discharges
all superfluous moisture, makes it especially adapted to the grape
culture. The quality of the fruit surpasses that of other sections
both in higb flavor and percentage of saccharine matter. The grapes
begin to ripen about the middle of July, and are ready for the press
some time in August.
The vines are generally planted in rows, ten feet apart, and about
six feet in the row, making about 750 plants to the acre. This dis-
tance is preferred, from the more vigorous growth of the vine here.
An idea of the profits may be conceived by allowing only twenty
bunches of grapes to be produced on each vine, making 15,000
bunches to the acre, which, if worth only two cents per bunch,
would amount to $300, or, at five cents per bunch, 1750.
They are rarely injured by the late frosts ; but sometimes a cool
or wet spell of weather occurring in June or July causes rot to a
partial extent, more or less, according to its duration. A vineyard
once properly started is an inheritance for one*s children, as the
grape-vine is noted for its longevity, frequently living more than
one hundred years.
Mr. Axt, of Georgia, offered to guarantee twenty-five hundred
gallons of wine per acre to those employing him to superintend and
plant their vineyards. And Professor Hume, in an address de-
livered to the A. V. O, Association in I860, stated that he was
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270 FUTURE OF SOUTH CABOLIKA.
commiesioned by New York houses to porchate aH the Aiken wines
he could get at $2 per gallon, as dealers in wines found these best
fojT making their " bases.''
What has been accomplished indicates that Aiken, at no distant
period, will be the centre of a large vine-growing r^ion. In those
properties requisite ibr wine, the grapes grown here compare favor-
ably with those from which the most celebrated wines of France
and Germany are produced ; the maximum and minimum specific
gravity of the must manufactured at Heidlebwg is 1089 and 1091
— ^that of Necker, Germany, varies from 1040 to 1000 ; Burgundy
wine is made from must varying from 1071 to 1088 ; the must of
the Rousillon, represented as the strongest French wine, has the
specific gravity of 1 107. Grapes grown in this neighborhood pro-
duce a must varying in specific gravity from 1040 to 1108.
It is estimated that wine can be produced at a coat of 20 cents a
gallon, and the' demand even at $2 is fully equal to the supply. It
is an article that will always be in demand ; costs but little to trans-
port to market ; no annual expense of seed as in cereals ; does not
require so much manure oi: deteriorate the soil as other crops; is
a light and pleasant employment, not as laborious as common field-
work; improves in quality by keeping, and its general use would
promote the cause of temperance, it being a noted fact that very
little drunkenness is seen in vine^rowing countries.
In addition to brandy made from the cultivated fruits, the various
wild fruits and berries that grow in such abundance, furnish ma-
terials that find a ready sale at the dbtilleriea. At home we have
the haw brandy, cherry brandy, plum brandy, persimmon brandy,
peach brandy, blackberry brandy, potato brandy, gooseberry
brandy, sorghum rum, etc, etc., but, when shipped^it assumes other
names and forms ; and, ere long, at some of the cool springs which
ffush from our hillsides, an addition will probably be made to this
list by the establishment of a lager beer brewery.
Sanftaby Effbotb of tbb Climatb. — ^Among the resources of
Aiken, your Committee would place, most prominently, the remark-
able effects of its climate on puImcMiary disorders, as already inci-
dentally referred to,:^believing that a more favorable combination of
the essential requisites for the successful treatment of consumption
cannot be found, embracing opportunities for profitable employ-
ment and social and educational privileges for the various members
of a family with the sanitary effects of the climate on the invalid.
A more extended publicity of the fact of such a conjunction of
favorable circumstances would, undoubtedly, be the means of alle-
viating the sufferings and prolonging the lives of no inconsiderable
number, who would gladly avail themselves of the knowledge when
brought to their notice.
A glance at the bills of mortality of the Northern States will
show how general and wide-spread is this fell disease, under its
various modifications of asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema,
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FUTUBB OF SOUTH CABOLINA. 271
tuberdes, hemorrhage of the lungs, etc., etc. Hereditary predispo-
sitioD to consumption hangs like an incubus over the heads of many,
paralyzing their energies, destroying their usefulness and embitter-
ing their lives. By it thousands are annually driven forth from
their homes to seek relief in more congenial climes, as it is now
conceded that the medicine capable of arresting its progress is, as
yet, undiscovered.
The preventive treatment consists in attention to the various
functions ; exercise in the open air ; freedom from mental anxiety
or physical exhaustion ; a liberal and nutritious diet ; a residence in
a dry, light and elastic atmosphere, which invigorates the lungs and
air-passages without irritating them ; and some pleasant and agree-
able employment which will tndnoe the patient to exert himself
and prevent the mind from dwelling on the ailments of the body.
At no place can these indications be better carried out than in this
vicinity, where the hygrometrio condition of the atmosphere is such
as to challenge comparison with any of the usual resorts of con*
sumptives, even of the famed table-lai\ds of Mexico, and excelling
that of the islands of Cuba or Madeira, or the cities of Italy. This
peculiarity is attributable to the porous nature of the sandy soils,
which readily permit the water to percolate through and discharge
itself at a distanee, and to its situation on the summit of a ridge, at
such an elevation as to rarify the atmosphere, and at the same time
gives a most thorough system of drainage to the neighboring country.
Being surrounded by immense pine forests, it has also the advan-
tages incidental to pine regions.
In regard to the beneficial effects of the climate, your Committee
can speak from personal knowledge as well as from observation of
its efitects on others, as several of them have been induced to locate
hereon account of ill-health, either of themselves or some member
of their family, and most cheerfully do they bear testimony to the
good result. Many eminent medical practitioners who are acquainted
with this locality, as Dr. Dickson, of Philadelphia, Dr. Geddings, of
Charleston, and others, recommend their consumptive patients to try
this climate.
Dr. Qaillard, Editor of the Richmond Medical Jaurnaly was ap-
pointed by the Government during the war to examine different
localities with a view of establisbing a hospital for the treatment of
pulmonary disorders of soldiers, and after a full and careful investi-
gation of the relative merits of various places in the limits of the
Confederacy, recommended Aiken as combining more of the re-
quisites than any other locality.
The repntati#n of Aiken is not based on a few isolate^! cases, but
on the fiict that hundreds of invalids, in various stages of their sev-
eral complaints, have been benefited by a residence here. Not that
all have been cured; but that very many have been relieved, for one
of the characteristics of this disease is its insidious and flattering
nature. For oflen the invalid, away from his friends and usual
avocations, yearning for Aome, fkttters himself that he has so nearly
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272 FUTURK OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
recovered, that he can venture to return without danger ; but the
predisposing causes again acting on an enfeebled constitution with
renewed vigor, soon hurries him to a premature grave, or recourse
is had to a change of climate when the disease is so firmly seated,
and the tissues and organs are affected to such an extent as to be
past recovery. To those who are suflfering from this dread malady,
or who are seriously threatened with its evils, and can appreciate the
danger, your committee would suggest the earnest consideration of
the advantages offered to them here,* by engaging in some occupa-
tion, such as some of those mentioned in this article, in which the
wealthy will find amusement and those of limited means an addition
to their income. Such employ ments will afford a motive and incen-
tive for taking exercise in the open air, and prevent the mind dwell-
ing to an undue extent on the symptoms of the case, which so often
hastens the progress of the disease. The adoption of this course
would enable the patient to be surrounded with '^ home comforts "
and the pleasures of the domestic circle ; refined society will add to
his enjoyments; schools, churches, and physicians would be con-
venient ; articles of Jfieoessity, comfort or luxury could be readily ob-
tained, and the many inconveniences incident to a residence in a
foreign country avoided. The telegraphic wires and mails would
afford regular and constant communication with distant friends, and,
should necessity require occasional attention to business at the
former residence, it would take but a few days to run there and
back. The piney wood roads, covered with the fellen straw, will
tempt him to ride or drive. If a disciple of Walton, the trout,
jack, bream and perch with which the mill-ponds and creeks
are stocked, will furnish sport; and if fond of gunning, many an
hour can be whilcd away shooting quails (or partridges), squirrels,
doves, etc.
The want of a first-class hotel, with a good livery-stable, gymna-
sium, billiard saloon and other facilities for recreation and exercise, is
generally admitted, and travelers have frequently expressed their
surprise that such an evident opportunity for making money should
be neglected. At the fashionable springs and seaside watering-
places expensive hotels are erected and prove profitable, although
" the season " is but for a few short weeks. The celebrity of Aiken,
as a resort for invalids during the winter months, and as a retreat for
the denizens of the low country during the heated term of the sum-
mer, makes ** the season " here continue for ten months.
In 1854, the application of over 400 invalids for accommodations
were refused at the hotel then kept by Mr. Schwartz, and to secure
a room arrangements were frequently made several ^nonths in ad-
vance. Last fall, inquiries if accommodations were to be had were
numerous ; since then the hotel has been reopened, and is well kept
by Mr. H. Smyser, and several private families have made prepara-
tions to accommodate visitors.
It is to be hoped that soon two or three new hotels will be erected
here, so as to accommodate all who may come; competition would
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FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.* 278
iocrcose the number of visitors, and, as in other business, would
prove advantageous to the parties.
About two n)iles from the railroad, there is a plateau covered
with large pines and oaks, and bordering on a most romantic ravine,
from whose steep sides gush forth several springs of the purest
water. It is a favorite resort of pie-nic parties on account of its
picturesque features. One of our Committee, suggesting to the
owner its adaptation for a home and retreat for invalids, or a water-
cure establishment, he offered to give free of charge, twenty -five odd
acres, to be selected by any party who would erect suitable build-
ings, as it was evident that such an establishment would do well and
prove beneficial, not only to^ the community, but to suffering
humanity.
In concluding this portion of their report, your committee would
express their readiness to fulfill the duties devolving on them by a
second clause of the resolution of your honorable body, in regard
^' to corresponding with parties desirous of locating, and advising
and assisting such as may desire to locate in the vicinity." Desirous
of again seeing our native State advancing in wealth and prosperity^
and confident that, by a proper use of the opportunities at our
disposal, remunerative employment can be afforded to both
capital and labor in this immediate vicinity, we would invite atten-
tion to and consideration of the advantages here enjoyed. In pro-
portion to the skill, energy, industry, and discrimination exhibited,
will be the reward in any occupation, in any country, hero as well as
anywhere else. Where industry is wanting, the choicest gifts of
nature are of little value. Should any expect to find fortunes ready
made and waiting to be grasped, they will meet with disappoint-
ments ; but to such as are willing and determined to work, and build
up fortunes for themselves and children, the field is most inviting.
The specialties we claim for our District and to which we invite
the attention of enterprising and intelligent men are —
First. Unsurpassed salubrity o/cliniale, particularly for its beneficial
effects on pulmonary disease, and enabling the white man to labor,
without feeling that lassitude and debility common in low latitudes,
and yet enjoy the productions of a Southern clime ; with exemption
from the pest of the West — fever and ague.
Second. Adaptation of soil and climate to the production of the
finest silks, wines, brandies and fruits.
Third. Combination of advantages as a manufacturing district,
but niost especially for the establishment of potteries.
Taking into consideration the locality of Aiken, the superiority of
its climate, as attested by the celebrity it already enjoys as a resort
for invalids; its intimate connection with the commercial centres of
the South by means of the various railroads and water-courses allud-
ed to, the extensive power of the cheapest kind afforded by the creeks
and streams; the immense deposits of the purest kaolin and other
clay granite and buhr mill-stones ; the valuable woods and timber
which abound in our forests ; the vast demand that exists about the
VOL. II.-NO. m, 18
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274 THE VAST RESOURCES OF LOUISIANA.
South for thousands of articles of every-day necessity, as well is of
ornament and luxury, which has now to be brought a distance of
hundreds, if not thousands of miles ; the advantages incident to loQat-
ing factories where the raw materials are produced, and as near as
possible to the consumers, thereby saving the cost of transportation
to and fro ; and the high protective tax which must be levied for
many years to come, indicate this place as offering inducements and
advantages rarely to be found, and worthy of consideration.
ART. YI.-THE VAST RESOURCES OF LOUISIANA.
■KB OBEAT ATTBACT10X8 AND ADTANTAGE8 FOB KIIIOBANTS ; BKE CLIMATE, BOIL.
PBODVCTd, MINERAL8, FBUITS, AND GBEAT OAPABILTmS FOB KVEBT KIND OF
INDUSTRY AND BNTEBPBISR.
Louisiana has an area of about 47.259 square miles, or 30,240,000
acres. This area is divided by nature into upland, prairie, alluvial,
and sea marsh. The upland includes more than half and nearly the
whole Northern portion of the State. This region is generally level
and slightly rolling. It is everywhere penetrated by streams of
fresh and pure water, convenient for agricultural purposes, and fur-
nishing abundant power for mechanical and manufacturing uses.
The soil of the uplands is generally sandy, but fertile and productive,
and susceptible of high cultivation.
The prairie region occupies an eighth of the area of the State,
forming its Southwest portion. It consists of a vast expanse of rich,
gently rolling land, watered by innumerable streams, and covered
by a perennial growth of nutritious indigenous grass, which yieMs
pasturage unequaled in the world. This pasturage supports cattle
all the year round. Though the soil is of the richest character, and
in many places has been cultivated with great profit, the eminent
advantages of this region for grazing have assigned it principally to
pastoral use and occupation. Here vast herds of cattle are turned
loose afler being branded, and grow and fatten and increase with
wonderful rapidity, and with less trouble and cost than in any part
of the world. Some of the graziers in this region frequently brand
5000 calves a year, and the profits of cattle raismg are regarded as
far greater than those of planting or any other employment.
The alluvial lands, formed by the sedimentary accretions of the
Mississippi and its tributaries, occupy about one-fourth of the area
of the ^tate. They compose the delta or the valleys of the Missis-
sippi, the Red, Ouachita and Atchafalaya rivers. These lands are
traversed in every direction by a network of Bayous and Lakes.
They have been rescued from the swamp by levees, and rendered
cultivable and productive by ditching. The soil is of unsurpassed
richness and easy to cultivate. It needs no rest or variation of
crops, nor manuring, to render it always productive. It is upon this
soil the great agricultural system of Louisiana was developed with
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THE VAST RESOURCES OP LOUISIANA. 275
such brilHant results, in the profitable cultivation of the great
staples, Cotton, Sugar and Rice.
The sea marsh embraces about one-eighth of the area of the State,
forming a broad strip of wet and boggy prairie along the Gulf coast.
Though the richest lands in the State, they have been but partially
reclaimed. They have but a slight elevation above the Gulf, and are
subject to slight overflow at high tide. Deep bayous intersect this
region in every direction, which, with the lakes and lagoons into
which these bayous expand, supply a good navigation and cheap
transportation for the valuable lumber in which the State abounds.
These lands can be bought, reclaimed and brought into cultivation,
even at the old rates of labor, at 120 per acre.
The lands in Louisiana are held as follows :^
The United States, 3,000,000 acres.
State of Louisiana, 4,647,000 " --
Private Individuals, 19,630,000 *'
The United States lands may be bought, according to location, at
from twenty-five cents to two dollars and a half per acre. Those
held by individuals and corporations command from one to fifty-
dollars per acre. Homesteads of one hundred and sfxty acres are
granted to actual settlers by the United States,
Climate. — Louisiana lies below the 83d parallel of N. Lat. The
climate is mild and salubrious. The temperature rarely rises above
96J in summer, or sinks below the freezing point in winter. The
temperature in July averages 88 dcg., and in December 53 deg.,
showing a mean temperature of about 35 deg. between summer and
winter. The summers are long but the heat rarely intense, and the
sea-breeze, which blows over the land from the Gulf during the
summer solstice, greatly modifies the effects of the sun, and produces
a healthy circulation of the blood. Hence it is that that fatal dis-
ease, coup d^soleil, or sunstroke, so common in the Northern States,
rarely occurs here. The climate being so temperate and genial, the
inhabitants are singularly exempt from those numerous complaints
which arise from cold, the prolific source of disease. Invalids from
the more northern latitudes flock to this State for the benefit of their
health. There is no more healthy or prolific people than the resi-
dent population of this State. The extremes of age, infancy and old
age are especially exempt from those diseases which in more north-
ern latitudes supply the largest number of the names in the bills of
mortality. All the census returns exhibit more examples of longev-
ity in Louisiana than in any other State in the Union, or in any of
the nations of the old world. Epidemics have at times appeared in
the City of New Orleans and in other towns on the Mississippi, of
the same character as those which appeared in all the large cities of
this continent in their early days ; but during the last t>%enty-five
years their visitations have been at longer intervals, until the present
season, which makes the eighth year since New Orleans was afflicted
by any epidemical or endemical disease. It was alwa} s conceded by
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276 THE VAST RESOURCES OP LOUISIASX.
all sanitary inquirers, that without epidemics the mortuary statistics
of New Orleans would compare most favorably with those of any
other seaport in the world. It is also an acknowledged fact, that
there are no local or peculiar diseases in this State. Those which
visit the State, if not brought from abroad, always appear in other
countries before they are manifested here.
Education. — The free education of the people is recognized among
the first duties of the government, and most liberal appropriations
have been made to establish Public Schools throughout tlie State.
Lands have been set aside for this purpose. The Public Schools in
New Orleans are equal to the best in Prussia and New England.
It is only necessary to increase and insure a niore dense population
in this country to render them equally successful in the rural dis-
tricts. A flourishing Military Academy is maintained by the State,
at Alexandria, which was organized by the distinguished General W.
T. Sherman. The State owns several Colleges, and contributes
largely to a University in New Orleans, with SQhools of Law, Medi-
cine and Literature.
Minerals. — ^Tbe geological and roineralogical surveys of the State
have been very partial and incomplete, but they have demonstrated
that iron, lead, copper, coal, lime, salt, soda, copperas, gypsum, marl,
ochres and petroleum abound in the upper and western^portions of
the State. The iron fields extend from the Ouachita to the Sabine.
There are three tractable varieties of ore, and some of them will
yield sixty per cent of iron. These ores are inexhaustible, lie con-
venient to railroads and navigation, and are in close proximity to
lime for fluxing, to oak and pine forests for charcoal, and to abundant
water power. Lead is found in Clairborne, Jackson, Union and
Sabine parishes, and arrangements are now on foot to work the lodes.
Copper has been recently found in Union Parish and on Sabine River.
Lignite, or brown coal of superior quality, underlies the whole north-
ern and southwestern parishes of the State. Strata of eight feet are
known, and on the Sabine strata of fifty feet have been discovered.
Carbonate of lime and common limestone exist in nearly all the
northern parishes, and at the salt works in Bienville parish there is
a bed of fossiliferous limestone 200 feet thick. Salt and salines are
found in every part of the State. Extensive establishments for
boiling salt are carried on in North Louisiana, and in the south and
near the Gulf, in the parish of St. Mary, rises an island to the height
of nearly 200 feet, which rests upon a solid mass of rock salt over
40 feet thick and of many acres in extent It is pronounced the
purest and best salt ever used in this country, and is now being ex-
tensively worked and sent to market.
Soda springs exist in Sabine, De Soto and Natchitoches parishes,
from which soda was made during the late war. Carbonate and
nitrate of eoda are both found. Sulphate of iron or copperas is found
very pure in many places on the Sabine and in Bienville, Natchi-
toches and other parishes; sulphuret of iron or iron pyrites, from
which sulphur, sulphuric acid and copperas are made, is very abun-
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THE VAOT EESOURCES OF LOUISIANA. 277
dant, a bed of it in Sabine bein^ nearly fifty feet thick. Gypsum
exists everywhere in the salt regions ; vast beds of fertilizing marls
occur in De Soto, Sabine and on the Ouachita ; ochres are very
abundant, and have always been used by the Indians and rural popu-
lation for dyeing. Asphaltum is found at King's salt works in Bien-
ville parish and in Calcasieu. Petroleum springs have long been
known, and several conipanies are now organized to work them.
The engrossment of all the enterprise, labor and capital of the
people in the profitable cultivation of the great staples, has lefb
the mineral resources of the State undeveloped and almost unknot.
They are, however, rich and abundant, and well skilled labor and
enterprise would be most profitably employed in applying them to
the great mechanical and manufacturing uses for which they were
' intended.
There is near Lake Bisteneau, in close proximity to the salt
works, an immense bed of dolomite, or magnesian limestone, from
which, by boiling it in the bittern of the salt works, epsom salts may
be made.
•Potters' clay is found in many places. Fire clay, for making
fire brick, is found in the Parish of St. Tammany, from which fire
brick of excellent quality was made previous to the war. It is
also found in the elevated islands, as they are called, in the parish
of St. Mary.
Productions. — ^The mild and semi-tropical climate, and thcf vari-
ety and fertility of the soil of Louisiana, render her productions
more varied and valuable than those of any other State or portion
of this continent. Nearly every vegetable which will grow and ma-
ture throughout the temperate or the tropic zone, can not only be
produced in this State, but with less labor and generally to richer
maturity than anywhere else on this continent. Slave labor and the
plantation system have, however, heretofore confined the cultivation
of the land to the great staples, sugar and cotton. These staples,
though exotics, are produced here in superior quality to the product
of the tropical countries from which they were originally introduced.
Of these two staples, before the recent war, the product was of the
value of nearly fifty millions of dollars. At present rates that value
would be tripled. One hundred and fifty millions of dollars would
not now purchase the cotton and sugar produced iu this State in
1860, by a population which did not exceed, old and young, black
and white, two hundred thousand.
Sugar, the introduction of which in the beginning of the present
century was regarded a hazardous experiment and the cultivation of
which was confined for a long period to the lower Parishes, has
been cultivated and extended throughout the State, so that of late
years some of the most successful plantations in the State have been
established in some of the most Northern Parishes. These lands
often yield annually 2,000 lbs. to the acre, but the average is about
1,200 lbs. of sugar and 60 gallons of molasses per acre. Seven
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278 THE VAST BESOURCES OP LOUISIANA.
hc^sheads to the hand, or about 7,500 lbs. was the average crop un-
der the old system, and this allowed for the cultivation, besides, of
com and potatoes. This, with the molasses at present prices, would
give 11,344 as the product of one hand. Sorghum flourishes better
in Louisiana than in any other State of the Union, and may be
profitably raised in every part.
Cotton. — ^Every portion of the State is adapted to cotton, though
it has been more profitably raised in the Northern portion. Sea
Island, or long staple cotton, has oeen successfully raised everywhere
along the coast, although the diflioulties attending its management
have deterred extensive or continued cultivation, the same lands be-
ing better adapted to the more manageable crops of sugar and rice.
Seven bales (450 pounds to the bale), besides sufficient corn and
meat, were considered an average yield per hand. At present prices
this would give 11,102.50 for each hand.
Tobacco is indigenous to Louisiana. The Spanish and French
found it here growing wild and cultivated by the Indians. The cele-
brated Natchitoches tobacco for snuff*, and the Perique for chewing
and smoking, exhibit the superior qualities of our tobacco. It grows
here in every variety of soil, and the yield when well worked is
enormous. There have been no extensive tobacco plantations here-
tofore, but every plantation and family raised sufficient for its own
use. Every variety of tobacco is grown here from the best light
Cuba, to the heaviest Virginia. The Cuba tobacco grows through-
out all Lower Louisiana, while the heavier varieties grow in all parts.
The leaves frequently measure three feet six inches in length, and
two feet nine in width. Maize, or Indian com, is raised everywhere,
and forms the principal item of food for men and working stock.
The yield is twenty bushels per acre. This would give 400 bushels
to the hand, which at present prices would be worth $400.
Rice. — It is usually believed that lowlands alone are suited to rice,
but every acre of Louisiana is adapted to its culture. By planting
in drills and cultivating like cotton a larger crop can be raised in the
uplands than can be produced by irrigation. It is extensively raised
for home consumption in this way in all North Louisiana. Rice is
cultivated on a large scale in the alluvial region by irrigation, and
the quality is now equal to the South Carolina product. Before the
war, on the large plantations below New Orleans, a hand could cul-
tivate ten acres, and raise in addition more than a subsistence of
corn, potatoes and meat. An acre will produce nine barrels, or
eighteen bushels of clean rice, which, at 60 lbs. per bushel, would
give 1,080 lbs. per acre, or 10,800 lbs. for the labor of each hand,
worth now $1,188.
The cultivation of the leading staples, sugar, cotton and rice, hav-
ing heretofore absorbed ail the slave labor and the capital of the
wealthy and enterprising planters, no attention was anywhere given
to the cultivation of the great cereals beyond some few experiments.
But when the war broke out and the blockade followed, the pooplo
of Louisiana were compelled to attempt the cultivation of wheat,
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THB VAST EESOURCES OF LOUISIANA. 279
rye, oats, buckwheat and barley, and to the astonishment of all, it
was proved that not only could they be cultivated with success, but
that the yield was larger, and the product better than in tjhe North
West. Alike in the sand of the pine hills, or the alluvion of the
rivers, these new crops succeeded. Crops of wheat along the valley
of Red River have yielded sixty bushels to the acre, while the gene-
ral average was twenty bushels, and that under imperfect culture.
In the Parish of St. Mary, a half degree below New Orleans, before
the war, good crops were raised nine years in succession on the same
ground, without rotation or manuring, and without any symptom of
blight or rust. There is no reason why the delta of the Mississippi
should not equal the delta of the Nile, in producing grain, as they
lie upon the same parallels and possess the same topographical and
geological characteristics, Cairo and New Orleans are upon the
same degree, though Egypt is hotter. Our climate more resembles
that of Sicily, which has always been one of the granaries of the world.
Southern wheat is to-day more sought ader than that of North-
ern production, owing to its superior dryness and its unfermentable
qualities, which make it better for long sea voyages. In New York
the last quotations show Chicago wheat at 11.50 to $1.68 and the
best Northern, or Genesee, at $2.30 to 12.80, while Southern white
wheat is $2.55' to $2.95 per bushel. Southern and Louisiana wheat
frequently weighs 70 lbs. to the bushel. Barley yields seventy
bushels to the acre here on alluvial lands, and it is worth 90c. to
$1.25 per bushel. There is an immense consumption of it by brew-
eries. It is the best grain for stock, owing to its muscle-producing
properties, and it yields four- times as much as maize to the acre,
buckwheat succeeds well. The sweet potato is one of the most use-
ful and profitable crops that can be cultivated. Although raised on
every farm, large and small, it has never been extensively applied
to the use for which it is most conveniently adapted — that is, the
fattening of hogs and cattle. Six hundred bushels to the acre are
sometimes raised, though the average yield is about two hundred on
good lands. A hand may cultivate ten acres, or 2,000 bushels,
which, at present prices, would be more than $ft,000 1
Every variety of leguminous plants produce wonderfully in our
soil, as also do all the root crops. The soil and climate concur in
making it one of the best regions of the globe for gardening, as near-
ly every variety of vegetable flourishes here in the open air.
Fruits. — Few countries can surpass Louisiana in the richness and
variety of her fruits. All of the fruits of the temperate zone and
many of the tropical are produced here in unusual perfection, as, for
instance, the Louisiana or Creole orange, which is much preferred to
that of the West Indies. Indeed, there is a peculiar property in the
soil, sun and atmosphere of Louisiana, which develops to a remark-
able degree the saccharine qualities of fruits and vegetables.
Oranges, bananas, citrons, lemons, jujubes, olives, mespeliers,
pomegranates, guavas, and occasionally the pineapple, grow every-
where throughout all the lower parishes without protection, while
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280 THE VAST RESOURCES OF LOUISIANA.
the fig, the pear, the peach, the plum, the apricot, the nectarine, the
quince, the cherry, and every species of grape grow in every part of
the State.
No labor will so richly and surely reward the Industrious and
patient laborer as the culture of fruit in Louisiana. Take,- for in-
stance, the orange. Several instances might be cited where fortunes
have been made, and families rescued from poverty by the provi-
dent planting of % few acres of oranffe-trees.
The orange with us comes from the seed and is in full bearing at
Beven years. An active man, without interference with his other
labors, can, at odd times, plant out and attend to ten or twelve acres,
or 2,000 orange-trees. Each tree, when in full bearing, will yield
for a century 400 oranges annually, or 80,000 for the orchard. The
average price during the past season has been $30 per 1,000 — this
would give $24,000 for the crop. The peach here exhibits a lusci-
ousness which far surpasses that of any other portion of America.
The famous peaches of JJ^ew Jersey and the Northern markets are
not at all comparable to ours ; they are tough, pithy, and must
be chewed, while the Louisiana peach melts like sugar in the moutb.
The peach thrives equally well in the uplands and lowlands.
Peaches bear four years after planting.
Any one may plant ten acres, or 2,000 trees, and cultivate the
ground in tobacco, and at the end of four years will have, one year
with another, 4,000 bushels of peaches, which, if conveyed to New
Orleans, will sell for $8,000 or $10,000, or, if distilled into brandy,
say 8,000 gals, at 6ve dollars per gal., $40,000. The pears of Lou-
isiana are equal to those of France, while the figs of many kinds are
not surpassed by those of the Levant. Apples are very plenty in
North Louisiana, and are a never-failing crop ; there are here vari-
eties of winter apples which will keep throughout the winter and
spring, and are equal to the best Northern apples. The olive has
been successfully tried on Lafourche and in other places, and the re-
sults show that they are as easily raised here as peaches. All the
northern portion of the State is a natural vineyard, filled with many
varieties of grapes, dome of which, as the post oak or bunch grape,
are large and excellent for wine. There are some half-dozen vine-
yards in that region, where nearly all the cultivated varieties of
grapes are to be found in successful cultivation. The ci op seldom
or never fails, and, as our grapes do not need such close trimming
as the European, the yield is marvelous, being 1,000 to 1,500 gal-
lons per acre of Catawba and Scuppernong. No climate could be
better adapted to the grape. The earth here is everywhere covered
with indigenous vines, creepers and shrubs, bearing berries. Among
these are the rich and luscious dewberry, the blackberry, the straw-
berry and raspberry. Several varieties of cranberry occur, but the
true cranberry is found only in Calcasieu.
Currants, gooseberries and huckle or whortleberries are scattered
in profusion among the wild grapes over the most upland regions,
wooded with pine. One of the best claret grapes of France was
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THE VAST KESOURCES OF LOUISIANA. 281
imported into France from this region. Hemp and flax have been
cultivated to a very limited extent, but sufficient to show that their
cultivation here is easy, and would be very profitable. The flax,
as it grows here, would be profitable for oil alone. The other oil-
producing plants succeed here admirably. The rape, the ground
pea, the colza and the castor-oil plant, yield largely wherever they
have been tried. The castor-oil plant is almost perennial, and yields
over 100 gallons to the acre.
The medicinal plants are too numerous to give even their names.
Suflice it to say that nature has here, vnth a wonderful provi-
dence, bountifully adapted indigenous remedies to endemic diseases.
Fever and bowel complaints are the principal diseases, and every
neighborhood abounds with its peculiar specifics for these disorders.
As there is a great diflerence in the physical aspect, and in the
variety of the soils of Louisiana, so there is a corresponding va-
riety in her foreset-trees and shrubs. Its flora is more extensive
and brilliant than that of any State in the Union.
Of the oaks, every species known in the United States flour-
ishes in some portion of the Sta^e. The live oak, the best timber
ever known for ship-building, is found in all the lower half of the
State and iu immense forests near the seacoast, where it attains a
growth unequaled elsewhere. These trees frequently measure
twelve feet in diameter above the roots. In addition to its uses for
ship-building, it is nearly indestructible^ and is used for posts, sills,
etc., and is the finest shade tree in the United States. The
lordly live oak, standing by some silent lake or bayou, spreading
its far-reaching arms and ever-verdant foliage over three-fourths of
an acre, draped in the gray garb of its decorative parasite, the
long and ever-swaying moss, and panoplied with its impenetrable
shade, is the choicest feature of a Louisiana landscape. Vast
quantities of the finest white oak for ship-building, staves, and other
uses, are found everywhere, but particularly in the central regions.
Post oak for plow and wagon-making, fencing, etc., is very abund-
ant in the upper portion of the State, while the red, the ^black, the
turkej and other varieties are most useful for ordinary uses and
for their bark in tanning. The most valuable tree is the stately
cypress, which is found in such inexhaustible abundance in the
swamps and all the alluvial region, rising to the height of eighty or
a hundred feet without a branch. It is from this timber, whenever
it can be procured, that our tenements are built from sill to roof,
from cradle to coffin. It builds our bridjjes, fences our fields, fur-
nishes boxes, barrels, hogsheads, for our products, cisterns for drink-
ing water, timber for boat and ship-carpenters. There arc two
varieties, red and white. Rising from the same swamps where the
tall mast-like cypress is found, is another tree, tall and straight and
free from limbs, which, hitherto unnoticed, is destined to add greatly
to our resources. This is the tupelo gum. It is the lightest of all
woods in the world, and it has, on this account, been, largely em-
ployed for floats by the fishermen. It is not only light, but is easily
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282 THE VAST RESOURCES OF LOUISIANA.
worked, is not easily split, and is in much use for making wooden-
wara, such as bowls, platters, trays, troughs and trenchers. Now
that the white pine has almost entirely disappeared from the forests
in the north, this tupelo must take its place in all economic uses,
but particularly for making goods loxcf, fcr Sihuh it is admirably
adapted, being lighter, whiter and tougher than pine.
The whole northern portion of the State is covered with forests
of the pine, interspersed, however, with oaks, hickories, ash, elm,
hackberry, persimmon and an endless variety of other trees. The
short-leafed pine, so valuable for its timber, prevails, and supplies
all that region with the lumber that is used, while every day now
mills are being erected to convert it into lumber for exportation.
The long-leafed variety, from which pitch, tar, turpentine and rosin
are made, traverses the short-leafed pine region in broad belts, and,
from the great size of the trees and their abundance, they afford the
finest turpentine orchards in the South. Many other trees, much
valued for special uses, are fimnd all over the State — such as the
elm, for hubs, axles and yokes ; the ash, for carriage and wagon-
making, plows, etc. ; the beach, and sycamore for plane stocks, tools,
etc. ; Xhe maple, for gun and pistol stocks, furniture, etc. ; the wal-
nut and wild cherry, for furniture ; the hickory, for hoops, spokes,
felloes and carriage-making ; the box-wood, for engraving ; the per-
simmon, for lasts, screws, etc.; the linn-bass or wahoo, as it is
variously called, for turning, saddle-trees ; the pride of China, for
its insect-destroying properties and fuel on the prairies ; and the
pecan, for its nuis and timber. There are many flowering trees of
great beauty, among which is the catalpa, abundant in some places,
whose wood is more durable than oak, cedar or cypress, and is
beautiful for furniture. The queen of the Southern forest is the
magnolia grandiflora. N"o object in nature can be more chaste and
beautiful than a lofly magnolia in full bloom; its evergreen foliage
rising in a massive and majestic cone to the height of a hundred
feet ; the milk-white petals of its enormous flowers thickly cropping
out amidst the varnished verdure, and oppressing the air for hun-
dreds of yards with its delicious perfume.
The fruit-trees of the forest are numerous, and distributed over
the whole State — among them are the persimmon, paw-paw, red
and white mulberry, the plum and sloe, the alder and the black, red
and May haws.
Manufactures. — No section of the globe could so easily support
and so liberally reward manufactories as Louisiana. Labor can be
carried on through the yciir almost without fuel, the necessaries and
even luxuries of life are so easily raised and procured. The extent
of her mineral resources, the variety and beauty of her woods, the
excellence of her hides, and the ease with which oak bark, sumach,
myrtle, fennel and other materials for tanning can be procured, the
fine water power, and the facilities for transportion by water and
rail, must surely direct attention and capital to our manufacturing
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THE VAST BESOURCES OF LOUISIANA. 283
resources, now that slarves can no longer be bought, and land is no
longer beyond the reach of persons of small means.
Stock-Raising. — ^The exceeding mildness of the climate is greatlj
favorable to stock-raising of all kinds, and the large stock-raisers of
the prairies have clearlj demonstr;ited that two and even three
head of cattle are more readily and cheaply raised here than one
can be raised in the North and West. Mules, horses, hogs, horned
cattle, sheep and goats pass through the winter here without shelter,
and without other food than the prairies and forests afford, and con-
tinue in good condition. Sheep, goats and hogs are allowed to
breed throughout the year without regard to season, and suffer no
loss themselves or in their young from exposure or cold. This
makes the increase much greater than in the colder climates of the
North and West. When attention shall be given to raising provi-
sions in this State, hogs and cattle can be raised and fattened so
cheaply on grain and sweet potatoes, that we will be able to supply
the trade which is now monopolized by the West. Sheep, it is
well known, thrive better in the Southern States than in the whole
Northern regions ; and one of the finest wool-growers in the United
States, Mr. M. R. Cockril, of Tennessee, has shown that the finest
wool in the world could be raised on the prairies of Mississippi.
The sheep in Louisiana are affected by no diseases, and the mutton
of Attakapas is known to be the best in America. Horse raising
is carried on extensively by the Creoles of the prairies. The breed
is descended from the Barbs brought by the Spanish to America,
and is the hardiest and most enduring of all American horses,
though quite small. It lives to twice the s^e of the horse of Eng-
lish st«>ck, and with far less care and food is capable of more and
harder work.
Annexed will be found the rates of wages for the different trades
and crafts. These are made out at the actual wages paid at the
present time ; but all trades and crafls have felt the pressure which
is temporarily upon us, and prices of work are from one-third to
one-half less than they were throughout the year until two months
ago, when wages began to decline.
Eagioeers, per moDth...
,.$125 to $200
Shtpcarpenterd <k caulkers,
Sawyers "
. 45>
60
per day,...
$ 6
Brewers and Distillers. .
,
60
Tinners,
tt
5
Apothecaries
. 60 to
. 60 to
100
60
Turners,
Tailors,
It
tt
. 2.60 to 4
Carters and Draymen . .
. 2to 4
Farm hands, per mo. <fc board 20 to
26
Bricklayers,
tt
. 2 to 4.60
Steamboat bands "
35 to
40
Plasterers,
tt
. 3to 4
Cooks,
25 to
100
Coopers, ,
tt
. 2.60 to 3
Waiters. "
20 to
26
Slaters.
tt
4
House servants "
16 to
26
Painters,
tt
. 8.60 to 4
Boiier.makers, per day. .
,
5
Cabinet-makers,
tt
. 8 to 8.60
Blacfcjmitlia,
8to
6
Watchmaker^
tt
3 to 6
Taoners, "
8 to
4
Levee laborer.
** . . . .
2 to 3
' Whitb Labor in Louisiana. — ^The fallacy of the overzealous
advocates of African slavery that the climate of this Slate was un-
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284 THE VAST RESOURCES OP LOUISIANA.
suited to white labor, died with the institution in whose defence it
was employed. It was always contradicted by a great number of
conclusive and undeniable facts. The cotton region of the United
States extends from latitude 36** North to the Gulf of Mexico.
The large plantations cultivated by African slaves were concentrated
in the rich lands on the rivers ; but the great mass of the white
population was settled on ihe lands in the interior. As the South
had but few manufactures or other employments, and not one in
twenty of her white population were slave-owners, nearly all must
have been engaged in agriculture, and, in the more Southern States,
in cotton cultivation. The quantity of this product raised by ex-
clusive white labor has been imn^nsely greater than has heretofore
been estimated. In every part of this State, as soon as you leaye
the limits of the great plantations during the season of cultivation,
we find not only white men, but women and children, boys and
girls, laboring at all hours in the fields, without regard to the pre-
tended climatic and miasmatic influences which are so erroneously
imagined to be detrimental to white labor. These people are uni-
formly the most robust, vigorous and healthy of the population.
In the vicinity of New Orleans all the market gardens are worked,
through the hottest days of the year, by German laborers, men and
women. All the canal-digging, leveeing, ditching, railroad-building,
is done by Irish and German laborers. The great lumber trade,
carried on with the greatest activity in the summer, and requiring
great physical tigor and endurance, is also conducted by white
laborers. For many years the cotton shipped in such large quanti-
ties from the Attakapas region, which is half a degree nearer the
tropics than New Orleans, was the product of as hearty, vigorous
and prolific a white race as the world can show. During the late
war, when, owing to the disorganization of labor, the planters
were unable to raise cotton sufficient to pay their expenses, the pro-
prietors of ten and twenty acres would produce, by the labor of
themselves, their wives and children, three, six, eight and ten bales,
as well as the necessary articles for their subsistence, and thus
clear very handsome profits. It is believed that cotton can be
more successfully and profitably cultivated in small farms than
under the old plantation system. The cotton which is thus culti-
vated, picked and ginned in smaller quantities, and by intelligent
and vigilant whites, always commands better prices in market on
account of its cleaner condition and superior quality. There is no
agricultural product which is so profitable at present prices; and
regarding the low figures at which the planters are now compelled,
by their embarrassed circumstances, to sell their rich lands, there
can be no better investment than in the purchase of such lands.
The prices of the best lands now are about one-half of what they
were before the war. They are certiiin to advance rapidly — as cer-
tainly as mankind are to need and demand such necessaries and com-
forts of life as cotton, sugar and rice. Now is the time for the
enterprising and intelligent races of Europe to secure themselves
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THE SOUTH AND DIRECT FOREIGN TRADE. 285
the cheapest and most comfortable homes in the world, and to
acquire a quiet and certain competence. Already one-fourth of the
population of the State consists of their own blood and race, and
they constitute, at present, the most thriving portion of our people,
and include a majority of the wealthiest and most prosperous of our
citizens. Jn Louisiana they will not find themselves among strangers.
There is no class of foreign emigrants who do not find a large num-
ber of their countrymen, and who do not see many familiar memo-
rials of fatherland, of the habits, customs, laws and institutions in
which they have been nurtured, and who do not experience from
all classes a hospitable welcome, a generous sympathy, an ever-ready
liberality and alacrity to encourage, protect, and facilitate, in every
possible manner, their comfortable settlement and successful in-
dustry in their new homes, in the most genial climate, the richest
soil, and the most highly-favored portion of the New World.
ART. VII.~THE SOUTH AND DIRECT FOREIGN TRADE.
The habits of the Southern people have been inimical to their
true interest for many years preceding the war, and they are so
no^. The negro has never had anything to do with it, and never
will have.
We thought before the termination of the war, that Southern
prosperity depended on negro slave labor. We are satisfied now
'that it does not, and speaking in reference to a series of yciirs, we
are equally satisfied that the wealth of the South does not depend on
the negro at all. We regret to say that the time is not far distant
in the history of the nation, when the negro will have passed away
under the heavy pressure of white population, and our regret is for
the negro, not for the white man. The latter can take .care of him-
self; the negro has no friend but his former master, who politically
can do him no good, nor can he long protect him by affording him
social comfort, the best of which is employment.
History proves that two distinct races have never harmonized
under an equal participancy of political privileges ; and the same
question is being again solved. The negro will disappear. It would
be to his interest if the Government which has destroyed his earthly
hopes in the South, could colonize him somewhere. If that is not
done, it will be seen in the future, that the white man will occupy
the land, and the poor negro will have to give way under pressing
want, as well as the stronger muscle and greater skill of a superior
race.
That the white man can work, and work successfully in the open
fields, beneath a burning sun, and accomplish feats of industry sur-
passing anything in the history of negro slavery, it seems to us no
well-read man will deny. We will not fatigue the intelligent reader
by historic detail, for educated men arc supposed to be acquainted
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286 THE SOUTH AND DIRECT FOREIGN TRADE.
with history. But we will ask, for the purpose of turning the mind
to this subject, where were the seats of ancient civilization 1 were
they not under a tropical, or semi-tropical climate 1 were not the
great works of art and labor which distinguished the old civilization
of warm climates, worked out by white labor?
The Hebrews, the Persians, the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Ro-
mans, were all located in warm climates. The proud cities of Baby-
lon and Balbec, and Palmyra, were erected by white men, under
burning suns. The rich fields of Egypt were cultivated by stalwart
white limbs, and the mighty pillars of the Pyramids piled under a
tropical climate, by white people.
The Southern States will be worked by whites. In the cotton
and rice and sugar plantations, the white man will stand as much
work as the negro can stand. Did not God put the white man un-
der the tropics ? Did he not say that he should earn his bread by
the sweat of his brow 1 And is it now left to our infidel philosophy
to say, that he cannot do what his Maker has commanded?
Ancient history proves, what is now equally substantiated by the
history of modern Europe, that Southern nations have always been
in advance of those of the North, in every element of civilization,
physical, moral, and intellectual.
The people of the South, now living as citizens under the laws and
government of the United States, are destined to be the most power-
ful and intelligent on this continent.
Whether in the United States, or out of it, that section of territory
extending from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, will be in all re- .
spects far ahead of any other. It has a soil and a climate that can
raise -all the products that grow in the world, or their substitutes,
with perhaps the exception of a few spices ; while beneath its surface
lie nearly every mineral. Every section is watered by streams that
give facilities for working every kind of machinery that man can in-
vent or desire; and besides all this, like all warm climates, it is very
healthful. If it is not true that warm climates are the most health-
ful, why has it always been found, with the exception of the South-
ern States, that it has been beyond comparison the most densely
populated 1
Southern wealth must not halt, nor can it depend on agriculture
alone, it must have manufactures and commerce.
We have a few suggestions to make to the Southern people, with
a view of getting them out of bad habits, if those are bad habits
which keep a people poor. To the North we have been hewers of
wood and drawers of water. Our policy has been to purchase every-
thing we consume from the North. The cotton crop will be soon
on hand ; instead of spending at the North every cent realized from
it, would it not be much better to make many articles of consump-
tion at home, and enrich our own people ? A Southern tailor or
shoemaker can do as good work as a Northern one, why not em-
ploy him ? Yet we know towns where a tailor or shoemaker would
starve. Will we be forever oblivious to home industry ?
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THE SOUTH AND DIRECT FOREIGN TRADE. 287
A most injurious system of trade with the North was kept up
for years before the war, and is now being revived. We sell our
cotton to the New Yorker, we pay to him freight, insurance and
generally commissions, and storagje, their expenses are charged to
us. He takes the cotton and sends it to Europe ; he purchases
and pays for European goods with it ; ho brings the goods to New
York id Northern vessels ; he insures in Northern houses ; he stores
them away and waits for the Southern merchant to purchase their
goods, pay him his profit and expenses ; and the Southern merchant
pays to the North insurance and freight, and makes all of these
accumulated expenses out of the cotton planter. Do you wonder
that he is poor indeed 1
Is it not apparent, if the Southern planter, and the Southern
merchant would encourage a direct trade with Europe, that the
enormous items of expense which we have enumerated would in a
great measure be saved, and those items not saved, would go into
the coffci-s of Southern tra'iesmen ?
What would be the c(»nseqaenco of this ? Would wo not soon
see commerce enrichinc our seaport towns ; vessels made in South-
ern dock-yards, freignU^d with Southern produce? Why not
enrich Norfolk, and Charleston, and Savannah, and New Orleans?
The enriching our own towns not only enriches the entire country,
but it is the only sure way of benefiting the poor people of all
classes. They are dependent upon the rich, and if we enlarge the
trade of our towns, we give additional employment to every kind
of mechanic, we increase every department of ti*ade, we multiply
the fjicilities for education, draw around us comforts and privileges,
which belong to powerful and enlightened nations, and work out
for ourselves a high and enduring position among the people of the
earth.
These are plain truths and designed to bo plainly put ; truth de-
lights in simple and unadorned apparel, that its power and beauty
may be felt, and seen.
Let it not be said New York has the advantage in the present
monopoly of trade. It is very easy to divert its channels. There
is an abundance of money waiting to plow into the very track we
have been marking out. Money from Europe, money from New
York, money from the South, that has been seeking other channels,
will all flow in the direction of Southern trade. Let us have no
more idle talk about the necessity of a great central depot of money
and trade, and that New York is that place. So far from the
exigencies of commerce demanding this great central head, every
interest of society demands a multiplicity of central heads, that the .
monetary influence of the country may be spread far and wide, and
not concentrated at a point in great banks, and under the influence
of great capitalists. It is better to iilcrease political centers, as an
antidote to despotism. It is better to multiply monetary centers as
an antidote to a concentrated money despotism.
The division of these money centers at points capable of sus-
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288 OLD MAIDS AND OLD BACHELOBS.
taining large commercial cities, will diffuse population, will draw
out the resources of the respective back countries, and develop those
resources which are naturally dependent upon tlie fostering care of
the city, as the city is upon the support to be drawn from the
country.
Happily we have Norfolk so situated as to be a great commercial
depot for Virginia and North Carolina, while the city has an access
from the back country, that can readily and easily support it. The
same is true of Savannah ; in ref*?Vence to Georgia and Florida, un-
less Florida will assert her rights to a true independent position,
and establish one of her sea- port towns as her own commercial
center. The same is true of New Orleans, fed by the Mississippi
and the waters that drain its immense valley ; and the same is
true of Galveston, with its gulf coast, and exhaustless back
country.
An inspection of the map will show that the parts' of country
these towns supply require commercial centers, and as such each
has the back country on which it can rely for every element of
support.
In reference to direct trade with Europe, a subject the Southern
patriot will not willingly let die, we wish to call attention to the
facilities now offered the Southern planter by the several '' Southern
export and import Companies " located at Charleston, Savannah,
Tallahassee, Jacksonville and other points, all of which have
European connections. They are under competent management,
and will at all times upon applicants complying with their terms,
which are accommodating, furnish .money to parties, or purchase
articles from England or the Continent, upon terms far cheaper than
we could at the North, for all of the accumulated expenses we have
mentioned are saved, by resort to these companies.
It should also be borne in mind as a pregnant fact, that direct trade
with Europe on the part of the South will divert a vast quantity
of the precious metals from Northern to Southern channels, an item
not to be despised in these verdant days of Greenbacks.
ART. VIII.-OLD MAIDS AND OLD BACHELORS.
Old maids and old bachelors are the most agreeable and useful,
or the mcist disagreeable and useless, of mankind. The larger por-
tion of them belong to the latter class; yet all of them, if in early
life they had avoided seclusion, and betaken themselves to useful
occupations, might have become meritorious and agreeable members
of society — more useful, meritorious and agreeable than married
people ; for it is very much the habit, and somewhat the duty, of
the married to contract their associations, their affections, and their
charities within the narrow circle of their immediate families and
near relations. This, in some degree, necessary habit must tend to
contract and narrow the mind, or at least to prevent its cultivation
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OLD MAIDS AND OLD BACHELORS. 289
and improvement, to chill or destroy public spirit, and to make
almost solitary beings of men and women, whom God and Nature
intended for social beings. Still the seclusion of the married does
not destroy the benevolent affections ; but by confining their exer-
cise to a narrow circle increases their intensity, and oftisn becomes
criminal — for we every day see husbands and wives spoiling each
other by too much attention, kindness and indulgence — ^and more
often still, parents rendering their children helpless, ignorant of
every useful art or occupation, and void of all energy, industry, or
self-reliance, by anticipating their every want, and bringing them
up as mere hot-house plants. . Married people are too apt to con-
sider it a merit that they keep out of the world, and confine them-
selves to the performance of what they consider their duties to their
own families. By so doing they commit a double crime, the evil
consequences of which are almost sure to be visited sooner or later
upon their too much indulged and spoilt children. It is not at all
unusual to see children stimulated to exertion and succeeding in life,
because of the harsh treatment or neglect of their parents, and very
usual to see them idle, helpless and worthless, because of the exces-
sive affection and overweening care of their parents. Married peo-
ple owe many duties to their neighbors, and to the public at large,
as well as to their immediate families; and if in performing those
outside duties they occasionally seem to neglect their families, so
much the better for those families, for /children never come to any
good, unless in many things they are frequently lefl to shift for and
take care of themselves. But married people, by too much seclu-
sion and over-indulgence of their children, not only spoil, enervate
and ruin their children, but they also forfeit the respect and admira-
tion of their neighbors, violate scriptural injunctions and moral duties,
cut themselves ciflf from half the sources of happiness and innocent
enjoyment by non-intercourse with the world, and narrow and con-
tract their heads as well as their hearts. To be " overly good " is
but to be decidedly bad. The worst people in the world are your
conceited people who mount a hobby, and practice one virtue or
moral duty to criminal excess, whilst they, of necessity, neglect the
performance of all other moral duties. Your over-affectionate
mothers and fathers, and over-kind masters and mistresses, belong
to this conceited, self-righteous class, and constitute a large niajority
of it. There are few such people at the North. Children and serv-
ants are not indulged and spoiled there, but reared frugally, hardily,
and inured to industry from early life.
Southern married folks, with half a dozen children, and thirty or
a hundred negroes, to take care of and provide for, have hitherto
had a very plausible excuse for confining their affections, their kind-
ness, their charity, and their association, almost exclusively to those
large family circles ; yet the evil consequences of such contracted*
benevolence and philanthropy are apparent enough in the condition
of the freed men of both sexes and of all ages, who, always accus-
tomed to a state of pupilage, are not as well qualified in general to*
YOL. IL— NO. in. 19
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290 OLD MAIDS AND OLD BACHELORS.
take care of themselves as a parcel of monkeys. Hence, those who
can get places are all gradually going into service — that is, selecting
masters and mistresses to take care of them and provide for them.
The hire is a mere nominal affair. Whilst married people have a
plausible excuse for seclusion from the world, and neglect of social
duties and intercourse, the single of either sex can offer no such
excuse. Having no families of their own to love, rear, take care of
and provide for, and outliving, very generally, the affections that
clustered around them in early life, in their parents' families they
must either form new associations and new attachments, or cease to
love or to be beloved by any one. To be thus situated is to be use-
less, lonely, solitary and miserable, and very soon to become ill-
natured and disagreeable.
The solitary and secluded old bachelor is not only indifferent to the
world, but being very suspicious, becomes timid, because he thinks
everybody hates him and wishes to cheat him, will have no dealings,
therefore, that he can avoid, and oflen settles down into confirmed
misanthropy. Old maids that avoid society become eccentric, cross
and cranky, but never misanthropic ; for every woman's heart is an
inexhaustible well of benevolence and affection — ^benevolence and af-
fection, however, which, with aged spinsters; is often ridiculously mis-
directed, and expended on cats, canaries, parrots, or poodle-dogs. The
solitary bachelor hates everything, suspects everything, and beats his
dog or his cat when they c^jme into his presence, because he thinks
they come only to steal his victuals. If he be rich, he especially
hates his relatives, because he believes they are waiting impatiently
for his death, in order to inherit his property ; and often, merely in
order to disappoint them, makes some singular and whimsical be-
quest of his whole estate. He lives a pauper, and often dies un-
attended as a dog. This is the worst specimen of (he Old Bachelor,
but there are many such to be found everywhere in the world.
Now, independent of the evils that solitude and seclusion visit on
the individual who indul«rcs in them, they are in themselves grave
offences against society (for we all owe many duties to society), and
they most who have no families to take care of and provide for.
Their wealth — if wealth they possess — after providing for their rea-
sonable wants, is as much due to the poor as that of parents is to
their children ; and it is no discharge of their duties to hoard it
whilst they live, and leave it, even to the poor, at their deaths. Those
of the single who have no wealth may, by a thousand daily little
kind attentions and acts of politeness, promote the happiness of their
fellow-beings. Giving often instruction, intellectual, moral or reli-
gious, is more valuable to the recipient than would be a gift^ of
money. Many can impart valuable knowledge who have nothing
else to give, and the donor loses nothingby so imparting his knowl-
edge.
The most respectable, useful, cheerful and agreeable persons wo
ever knew were Old Mnids and Old Bachelors, who had kept up
^ntinued intercourse with the world, and busied themselves in some
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THE NATIONAL CENSUS. 291
useful profession or employment, as physicians, as clergymen, as
ordinary teachers, or as Sunday-school teachers, as distributors of
public or private charity, as nurses of the sick, and as visitors and
comforters of the poor, the unfortunate and bereaved. Having
no families of their own, whilst thus employed they become attached
to other people's families, and everybody, old and young, within
the circle of their intercourse, becomes attached to them, and grate
ful to them for kindness and attention, rendered either to themselves,
their families or relations. Married people, without neglecting their
families, cannot be so generally useful, nor can they practice such
extended benevolence — consequently, such single persons as we are
describing are deservedly more popular and more respected, and
have more friends than marrie) people. Having, a wider field for
the exercise of the affections, their feelings do not become cold or
contracted ; and seeing and mixing more with the world than most
married people, they are better informed, better posted in all the
news, and more agreeable companions than the home-keeping mar-
ried. Now, reader, if you see your early friends and acquaintances
dying (ff, or marrying, or settling in life, and you about to be left
alone, with none to care for you, or to love — if you can't get mar-
ried, or don't wish to be married, betake yourself actively to some
useful calling that will keep you in constant intercourse with the
world, and supply you with new attachments in place of those that
you have outlived, or that have decayed or been disrupted. Do
this, my single friends, ere it is too late, and you may become the
most useful institutions in society — aye, institutions, exercising a
benign influence on all the country around you ; whilst married
folks arc not institutions, because their usefulness is confined to nar-
row circles.
Three memorable historical examples will abundantly prove the
truth and practicability of our theory, " that Old Maids and Old
Bachelors may make themselves the most useful, respected, beloved
and honored members of society, if they please, instead of remaining,
as too many of them now do — secluded, idle, useless and ridiculous."
We allude to the institutions of the vestal virgins in ancient Rome,
the Catholic priesthood, and the Sisters of Charity. Celibacy prop-
erly directed and exerted has for thousands of years been more
respected, beloved and honored by the world than matrimony.
jf, my reader, you find yourself usefully employed in a state of
celibacy — if you be what we have often seen among your class, a
neighborhood, philanthropic, benevolent institution, sink not down
into the insignificance of married life.
ART. IX.-THE NATIONAL CENSUS.
We are indebted to James Wilson, Chief Clerk of the Census
OfHce, for the fourth as we had previously been for the other volumes
of the Eighth National Census.
The work throughout is handsomely executed and creditable to the
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292 THE NATIONAL CENSUS.
country, and nothing remains for its completion but a compendium
of the whole, such as was authoriz3d by Congress, during our ad-
ministration of the census of 1850. At that period great alarm was
manifested on account of the hugeness of the statistical detail, and it
comported with the economical notions and wisdom of Congress to
define precisely the number of pages and the size of the page in which
the work must be embraced ! The Congress of later date has been
troubled with no such scruples.
Mr. Kennedy, who prepared and issued the blanks and collected
the material for the census of both periods, and made the preliminary
publications for which he deserved and received the proper credit,
was unfortunate in each, in not being allowed to complete the work.
We do not know the grounds of his exclusion at present, but well
remember that in 1853 he complained very bitterly, though we had
nothing whatever to do with his removal, and only accepted the office
afler the removal bad been decided upon and against our original in-
clinations.*
In the volumes which were published, we referred to Mr. Kennedy
frequently, by the title of his office, as our "predecessor," &c., and on
one of the first pages of the quarto distinctly and explicitly stated
what portions of the volume we were responsible for, and what
portions we were not. The Compendium and the work on Mortality
Statistics, were made up by ourself from the Marshal's returns,
which were c;irefully and laboriously examined for the purpose, and
the credit or blame of the entire production attaches to us, except in
the particular instances which are given. The idea and plan of the
Compendium were also our own.
If Mr. Kennedy, however, had any reason to complain, under all
the circumstances, what shall he say now, when, in the whole volume
before us, he is not referred to, directly or indirectly, a single time,
we believe 1
The truth is, the labors of a public officer within his jurisdiction,
which are paid for by the Government, become public proper ty, and he
has no right to complain if they are given to the world without his
name. His removal from office is quite as likely to result from his
own fault as from that of the Government, and in any case the public
will think there are as good men out of office as in, and will laugh
at rather tl|an sympathize with him when he indulges in lamentations
and tears upon the occasion.
In looking over the present census, we cannot but regret that many
of the suggestions which were made by us, and which were deduced
from the experiences of the previous census, have been unnoticed, and
we trust in 1870 a wiser administration will carefully consider them.
Some of the suggestions were, however, adopted.
* We were daI a candidate for the saperintendenc/ of the oensaa, and hesitated for a time
to accept it when olTered by the administration of Oenrral Pierce. The Secretary of the
Interior stated as a reason for the offer, that he had been familiar for a number ofjettn with
our BUtlstioal labors in the RavrBw, and with our work entitled The Indastrtal Besourors, ete.,
of the 8«iuthern States, We had also prepared and published a series of letters at the Instance
of the GoTernor of Louisiana, addressed to the Census Board at Washington., criticising tbo
proposed schedules, and advocated a line of policy which In the main was adopted.
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THE NATIONAL CENSUS* 298
iDteiiding a series of papers upon the statistics of the census of
1860 a.«wx>inpared with that of 1850, we cannot at present furnish more
than a $>upie of tables, but will make free ase of the condensation
which Judge Edmunds has furnished in his introductory chapter.
The following table will show how desperate were the chances of
the South in the recent struggle :
Table G G. — Showing the number of malen 20 to 40 and 16 to 50, and tlieir pro-
portion to total miUeSf in t/ie loyal and disloi/al Stales in the late war, 1860.
Under 20 and 20 to 40 IJDder 16 and 16 to 60
over 40. over 50.
Loyal SUtes 7.587.804 8,«06.147 6,444,874 5.749.677
IHeloyal States 1,961,249 826,400 1,441,128 1,886,621
Dr. Edward Jarvis of Massachussetts, who is one of the most
profound vital statisticians in the world, prepares the mortality
statistics of this volume, as he had classified the deaths of that of
1850 by our request. His labors are very valuable, but the number
of deaths recorded is vastly below the actual number. He con-
denses as follbws :
Table XII. — Number of deaths reported in 1860 and 1860, and their ratio to the
population of those years.
1850. 1860.
in 10.000 of I fn 10.000 0^
DISEASES. Deaths, allknuwn DeaUit. all known
I. Zjmotic diseases 131,818 4,785 120,685 8,888
Sporadic diseases :
II. Diseases of nncertain or variable seat . . 21,044 758 82,854 909
III. Diseases of the braio and nervous system . 28,787 854 40,898 1,184
IV. Diseases of the respiratory organs . . . 64,800 1,968 88,080 2,478
V. Diseases of the organs of circalation • . 2.585 91 6,580 188
VI. Diseases of the digestive organs . . . 15,172 541 . 21,051 591
VII. Diseases of the urinary organs 1,101 89 2,112 59
Ylil. Diseases oftbeMoerative organs and childbirth 8,842 185 5,682 159
IX. Diseases of the locomotive organs . . . 1,770 68 8,274 91
X. Diseases of the skin 516 18 2,271 68
XI. Old Age 9,027 824 10,887 805
XII. External causes 18,006 467 2,145 60
Xiir. Stillborn 877 13 1,540 48
XIV. Unknown ...... 44,238 1,588 86,707 1,081
The following is a risum^ of the main results of the present
Volume :
BANKa — Only one afsooiation for banking purposes is found mentioned pre-
vious to 1776, and that was the " Land Bank' of MusMohussetti, establiehed in
1739-'40, but soon after disiillowed by Parliament. The only banks in exist-
ence when the national government went into operation were the Bank of
North America, chartered in 1781 ; the Bank of New York, established in 1784.
chartered in 1791 ; and the Bank of Hassachus^otts, in Boston ; with an aggre-
gate capiUl of about $2,000,000. On the Ist of January, 1811. the whole
number in the United States was 88 ; their aggregate capiul f 22.700.000. and
of specie $9,600,000. In 1880. there were 830 banks, capiul $146.000,0(i0 ; in
1840, 901 bnnks, capital $358.000.000 : in 1843, 691 banb*, capital $228,000,000;
in 1860. 872 banks, capital $227,000,000; and in 1860, 1,662, with a capiul of
$421,000,000. On the Ist of November, 1866, the national banks numbered
1,601, of which 679 were new banks, and 922 were conversions from State
institutions.
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294 THE NATIONAL CENSUS.
On the Ist of January, 1866, the amoant estimated was $880,000,000 of na-
tional bank notes ; $80,000,000 from State banks; $129,000,000 supposed to
haye been issued since the 1st of October, 1865, to national banks ; whilst the
gold and silver pro<1ucta from mines for the fiscal year ending the 80th of June,
1865, was $100,000,000, and the receipts into the treasury for tbat year
amounted to $929,500,000.
Insurance. — ^The first Insurance office in New England, and probably in
America, is supposed to be that established at Boston in 1724, and one opened
in Philadelphia in 1756. In 1860 the number of insurance companies in
the United States was 294, with capital and assets $82,170,219 ; at risk,
$2,605,588,319; losses reported, marine and by fire, for 1860, having amounted
to $50,595,700. Also 47 life insurance offices, embracing 60,000 lives, at
$180,000,000, annual premium being $7,000,000.
Ratuioads and Canals. — In 1860 the commercial railroads were equal to
80,793.67 lineal miles, at the cost of construction of $1,151,560,829, whilst the
city passenger railroads were equal to 402.57 miles, costing $14,862,840.
Although William Penn, in 1790, suggested the union of the Schuylkill and
Susquehanna riyers by means of a canal, and a route for a canal between the
Swatara and Tulpehocken creek was surveyed and leveled as early as 1762,
yet in 1784 no canal had been constructed; but in that year, and again in 1786,
the Legislature of New York were memorialized on the subject of water com-
munication with Lake Ontario. The fii-st canal completed, however, in the
United States was the Middlesex, between Boston Harbor and Concord River^
twenty-seven miles in length, constructed by a company incorporated in 1789,
at the cost of $550,000, several others having been commenced during the suc-
ceeding ten years.
In ]860-'61 there were 118 canals and slack-water improvements completed,
in length equal to 5,462.11 miles, the cost of 68 of which was $147,898,997, the
expense of constructing the residue not having been reported.
Value of Real and Personal Propertt in the United States m 1789, 1850,
AND I860.— In 1789 the total property valuation for taxation was $619,977,247 92,
consisting of 163,746,686 acres ; dwelling-houses, 276,659. These interests in
the year 1850 had reached in value $7,185,780,228. and in 1860, according to
the marshals' returns, had risen to $16,159,616,068, whilst the aggregate indi-
vidual returns show the real and personal private property of the country to
be worth $19,089.156,289 ; and here it might be mentioned that to the vast ac-
cumulation from home industries and domestic and foreign trade was added,
in 1860, the sum of $13,768,198, the value of the product of the fisheries — the
nursery of seamen, as these have been called ; interests which had their begin-
ning in the year 1670, more than two centuries before our independence, and
which were formally acknowledged as subsisting rights, at the close of the
Revolution, in the definite treaty of peace, in 1788, between the United States
and Great Britain.
Educational Establishments and Libraries. — Previous to 1775, at least 10
colleges and professional schools, including the medical department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, had been estiblished, all of which were in existence in
1859. The New England system of free or common schools was commenced in
several of the New England colonies and in Pennsylvania long prior to the
Revolution.
In 1791, the colleges and professional schools numbered 21, including those
already mentioned, the medical department of Harvard University, Cambridge,
and one theological school.
As connected with educational progress, there will be found, immediately
succeeding the close of these remarks, a paper containing some interesting par-
ticulars in relation to an institution founded at Washington for the education
of the deaf and dumb, and embracing a regular collegiate course.
In 1860 the whole number of educational establishments returned was 118,006,
in which were employed 148,742 teachers, giying instruction to 5,417,880 per-
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THE NATIONAL CENSUS, 295
sons. The annual income amounted lo $38,990,482. Of the foregoing, 445
vere^iollegiate, with 54,969 students. The academies and other schools, except
public scholastic institutions, numbered 6,636, in which 465,659 pupils were
instructed. The number of public schools was 106,915 ; the number of scholars
in them having been 4,917,552.
The whole number of libraries returned in 1860 was 27,780, containing
18,316,879 volumes.
Religious Establibhmixtb. — In 1775 and 1790 no available statistics exist
as to the number of churches, ministers, or members, at either period ; yet all
the denominations now in the country were to be found previous to the close of
the last century. In 1860 there were 54,009 churches, the value of their prop,
erty having been $171,398,432; the aggregate churches being capable of ac-
commodating 18,974,576 persons, averaging one to every 684 individuals.
PopuLATiow, Manufaotubxs, PoflTAL TRANSIT, AND THB Prbbs. — In an accompau^
ing exhibit it will be found that of the twenty-eight thomsand cities of tli9
United States, there were, in 1860, one hundred and two which contained an
aggregate population of 4,763,717, with a manufacturing capital of over
$417,129,000, employing upwards of 657,000 persons, the value of the jnanu-
fiictnred product realizing the sum of nearly $875,000,000.
In loolpng to the official records for the year ending the 80th of June, 186l»,
to show the facilities afforded in Postal transit for the present requirements,
with the five yearu* augmentation since 1860, it is found that the mail service
at the beginning of the fiscal year of 1866 embraced 6,012 routes, ot an aggre-
gate length of 142,840 miles, at a cost of $6,246,884, exclusive of $556,602 75,
the compensation to route and other agents, the aggregate transportation
being equal to 57,993,494 miles.
What is it that controls the different departments of the government and all
the varied industrial and social interests within the limits of the republic ?
The answer is, emphatically, public opinion enunciated through the Press,
the public being the tribunal, frum whicli there is no appeal but to THme. The
Press is the real representative of the people, the great conservative power held
by them to guard public and individual liberty.
The first journal published in the Anglo-American colonies was the Boston
News Letter, in 1704. The press gradually expanded, however, in the colonies,
thirty seven having been tfcere m operation in 1775, and forty at the opening
of the Revolution. In 1788 the weekly press emitted 77,000 copies, whilst the
annual issue was upwards of 4,000,000.
There were in 1850 two thousand five hundred and twenty six newspapers of
all kinds, with an annual circulation of over 426,409,000. In 1860 there were
four thousand and fifty-one newspapers, with an annual circulation of nearly
928,000,000 copies, being an increase of 118 per cent. ft>r 1860 over the pre-
ceding decennial period ; the annual receipts of a single leading paper of the
Union in the present year having reached to over one million dollars. Such
was the expanded sphere of the press in 1860.
On the 10th of March, 1865, there were 684 ships of war, having 4.477 guns,
with an aggregate of 619,252 t'mnnge; the persons in the naval service at the
end of 1864 consisted of 6,000 officers and 45,000 men, whilst the aggregate
number raised for the Union armies in our domestic controversy reached over
2,688,000 soldiers ; and if to these be added the quotas constituting the confed-
erate armies, it will be found that the grand aggregate reached 4,000,000 of
men at arms, the largest force ever put on a war footing in any age of the
▼orld.
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THE UASSACHUSETTS SLAVE TRADE.
ART. II.-THE MASSACHUSEHS SLAVE TRADE.
'* No person was ever born a tlave on the soil of Mas^chosetts." —
CharUt Sumner, speech in the U, 8. Senate^ June 28, 1864.
" In fact, no person was eyer born ioto legal slavery in Massachusetts."^-
Pdfrtyt History of New England, vol, JI, p. 80, note.
The wicked pretension which has characterized the writings and
speeches of some Massachusetts orators and so-called statesmen in
the last quarter of a century, in regard to slavery, has been recent-
ly most ably exposed and unmasked by Mr. Geo. H. Moore, of New
York, in a work which he has recently published, entitled " Notes
on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts."*
In this able and learned volume the author shows in minute detail
how that the early Massachusetts colonists enslaved the Indians and
sold them to the West Indies, how profitable they found tlie traffic,
how they introduced Africans and practiced all the atrocities of the
lave- •*' the courts, the General Assembly, the public
press and the pulpit sustained the traffic and the rights of slavery,
and how it died out slowly at last, etc., etc.
And this is the people who say to us now, *' We are more righteous
than you are," and whose pious hands are uplifted in horror over the
wrongs of the poor negro, and who cannot hold Christian fellowship,
nor hardly maintain political union with, except as t»/<?rtor«, those who
happened (o remain a few years longer in the practice which they
introduced and iavght.
We have not the time nor the space to enter very fully into the
merits of Mr. Moore's volume, nor is it necessary, as the few ex-
tracts that we shall furnish will tell the whole story, which Messrs.
Sumner and Palfrey have ingeniously attempted to conceal.
" The instances are numerous" in disproof of the pretension of
Mr. Sumner, says Mr. Moore, " but it may be proper to
refer to the facts, that in the instructions of the town of Leicester
to their representatives in 1773, among the ways suggested for ex-
tinguishing slavery, they proposed that every negro child horn after
the enacting of such lnw shall be free, <fec. ; and in a petition of the
negro slaves for relief in 1777, they humbly pray that their children,
born in the land, may not be held as slaves after they arrive at the.
ageof2\!r
*Mn 1727 the traffic in slaves appears to have been an object
more than at any«other period." Page 60. " In 1718 all Indian,
negro, and mulatto servants for life were estimated as other per-
sonal estate — each male slave at $15 and each female at $10." P.
64. "The Guinea trade, as it was c:illed then, whose beginnings we
have noticed, continued to flourish u*hder the auspices of the Massa-
chusetts merchants, down through the entire colonial period, and
long after the boasted Declaration of Rights in 1780 had termina-
• D. Appleton & Co, New York, 18M.
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THE MASSACHUSETTS SLAVE TRADE. 297
ted (1) the legal existence of slavery within the limits of the State."
Pape 66. On same page see elaborate instruction^^of the Massachu-
setts merchants to their slaver captains in 1785, taken from Felt's
History of Salem.
The Boston News Letter^ June 10, 1706, begins to discover that
the possession of African slaves is not so profit ablb, etc. {Hinc illce
lacrymcB /) We quote from the author, p. 107:
"We are furnished with a list of 44 negroes, dead last year, which
being computed at £30 each, amount to the sum of £1,330 lost to
the colony. ^ ** Negroes are generally eye-servants, great thieves,
much addicted to stealing, lying, &c." " If a white servant die
the loss exceeds not £10, but if a negro die (poor negro) Uis a ve^y
great lossJ** " A certahi person within these six years had two ne-
groes dead, computed both at £60, which wpuld have procured
him six WAt> servants at £10 per head, to have served 24 years with-
out running such a risque." [Abolition all over. — Editor.]
But we cannot waste time: would any one suppose that in reading
the following advertisements, which Mr. Moore has collected, issued
when the guns of the Revolutionary War were booming, the saintly
people of Massachusetts could be restrained from seizing upon the
luckless editors and demolishing their offices. What Vandals !
From the Independent Chronicle, October, 8, 1776.— "To be Sold— A stonf,
hearty, likely negro girl, fit for either town or country. Inquire of Mr. An-
di-ew Gillespie, Durcheeter, Oct 1, nYS."
From the same, October 10. — "A hearty negro man, with a email earn of
money, to be given away."
From the same, November 28. — " To Sell — A hearty, likely negro wench,
aboat 12 or 15 years of age; has had the pmall-pox; can wash, iron, card, and
spin, etc. ; for no other fault but for want of employ."
From the same, February 27, 1777. — " Wanted — A negro girl between 12
and 20 years of age ; for which a good price will be given, if she can be
recommended."
From the Continental Journal, April 3, 1777. — " To be Sold — A likely negro
man, 22 years old ; has bad the small-pox ; can do any sort of business ; sold
for want of employment"
*'To be Sold — A large, commodious dwelling-house, barn and outhouses,
with any quantity of land, from one to fifty aeres, as the purchaser shall choose,
within five miles of Boston ; also a smart, well-tempered negro boy of 14 years
old ; not to go out of this State, and sold for 15 years only, if he continues to
beluive well.**
From tlie Independent Chronicle, May 8, 1777. — "To be Sold — For want of
employ— a likely, strong negro girl, about 18 years old ; understands all sorts
of nousehold businesit, andean be well recommended."
•
Yet five years after these editors were still living, and continued
to fill up their available space as is seen in what comes next, p. 208 :
From the Continental Journal, March 80th and April 6th, 1780. — "To be
sold, very cheap, for no other reason than for want of employ, an ezceeiling aot>
ive negro boy, aged fifteen ; also, a likely negro i^irl, aged seventeen."
From the Continental Journal, August 17, 1780. — "To be Sold — A likely
negro boy."
Prom the same, August 24th and September 7th. — "To be sold or let for a
term of years, a strong, hearty, likely negro girl."
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298 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
From the same, October 19th and 26th, and Noyember 2d. — "To be Sold — A
likely negro boy, about eighteen years of age, fit to serve a gentleman, to
t<rnd horses or to Wt)rk in the country."
From the feame, October 26th, 1Y80.— " To be Sold— A likely negro boy,
about 18 years old ; well calculated to wait on a gentleman. Inquire of the
Pi-inter."
" To be Sold — A likely young cow and calf. Inquire of the Printer."
Independent Chronicle, Dec. 14th, 2l3t, 28th, 1780. — " A negro child, 9oon ex-
peeUdt of a good breed, may be owned by any person inclining to take it, and
money with it."
Continental JourfuU, Dec. 21, 1780. and Jan. 4, 1781.— " To be Sold— A
hearty, strong negro wench ; about 29 years of age ; fit for town or country.^
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1.— FOREIGN COMPETITION IN COTTON GROWING.
WniLST the United States is levying duties upon cotton which virtually
tend to kill the goose that lays the golden egg, foreign powers are doing all
that is possible to free themselves from dependence upon us for the st^la.
Referring to the proposed taxation, the Memphis Chamber of Commerce most
judiciously remarks :
" In our confidence in the great superiority of our cotton, and the facility
with which it was produced by our sjwtem of slave labor, we have underrated
the efforts and ability of foreigners to compete with us. But the following
tables, which we copy from the memorial of the New York Chamber of Com-
merce, will show the great strides that have been made in cotton culture by for-
eigners, with the strong probability that their advantages of cheap labor and
an untaxed producdon will shortly enable them to outstrip us in the race.
The average import into Liverpool from the 1st of January to the 29th of
April has been as follows :
India, Egypt, Brazil,
bales. balea. balM.
For 2 years, 1859 to 1861 148.000 40,000 80,000
For 8 years, 1862to 1864 198,000 90,000 64,000
For 2 years, 1865 to 1866 298,000 144,000 151,000
Quantity known (on the 20th of April, at Liverpool) to be at sea for England,
from India, (in bales :)
1866. 1865. 1864. 1863. 1862.
On April 20, eich year 845,000 805,000 248,006 188,000 184,000
Stock of all kinds of cotton in
Liverpool on April 20th 820,000 675,000 472,000 208,000 422,000
Average import of twelve months into Great Britain, in ten years, from —
India, Egypt, Brazil,
bales. l^es. bales.
1848 to 1862, inclusive 214.000 70,000 120.000
The like during 1865 1,287,000 884,000 840,000
The above table shows that the produc ion of cotton has been an eminent
success in India. Egypt, and Brazil, in quantity ; and whatever may be said to
the conti*ary, the quality even of I 'di ^n cotton is good enough even to dra^
down our own growth, as happened in Liverpool last month, to the Extent of 6d.
sterling per pound, equal to 16c. or 16c. in our money, in less than six weeks."
In confirmation of wh»t is said by the Chamber of Commerce, we quote the
following from a recent number of the Cotton Supply Reporter, published at
Manchester, England:
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299
" We Tentore atlll to anticipate better things of India as a cotton-growing
country than we have yet witnessed, and our readers will find in our pages some
additional reasons for the hope that is in us. We trust, also, that the recent
changes which have occurred in the administration of Indian affairs ma^tend
to accelerate its accomplishment. We learn with satisfaction that efforts at
improvement have been successfully made in Khandeidh, which fully justify the
conclusion that others of a similar character would be attended with like results.
By the intelli^nt and zealous exertions of the collector of that district, a belter
description of seed was introduced from Berar, and the re:)ult has been the
g^wth of a quality which will not suffer by comparison with the indigenous
cotton of any other part of India. During the period of Boarcity the ryots of
Khandei^h found a ready sale for their cotton, and the wealth which it brought
enabled them to pay their debts and to free themselves from the exactions of the
rapacious sowcars. So inferior, however, was the quality, thaf it has hitherto
been used chiefly for purposes of adulteration, and has been purchased since the
American war at greatly reducbd prices. Indeed, it is stated that a more strin-
gent Cotton Frauds Act would have driven Khandeish cotton entirely out of the
market An effectual blow has at length been struck at the root of the evil^
ftnd by the introduction of Berar seed, and the growth of a better staple, the
cotton of this district has been raised to a much higher place than it has ever
before attained. The success achieved is likely to lead to a larger production of
cotton in Elhandeish than hitherto, and to cause lands now lying waste, to be
made available for this purpose. This is one of the means by which Indian
cotton may be improved, whilst in other cases the introduction of exotic seed
and better methoos of agriculture would be no less successful A writer in the'
Bombay QazetU, referring to the Nagpore Exhibition, and the benefits which
have accrued from afi^rionltural societies in England, and which to a much
greater extend might be expected from them in India, pertinently remarks that
*thepresent prinutive mode of cultivating the soil might be improved a hun-
dred-fold. The cotton manufacturers of the world look to us to supply them
with the material necessary to keep their mills at work. A trade worth forty
millions sterling a year is but waiting our acceptance. We shall never be able
to avail ourselves of this offer, unless, by superior methods of cultivation, the
quantity as weil as the quality of the cotton produced in this country be in-
creased and improved. It is said by some people that we cannot grow cotton
of a quality anything at all approaching, in fineness and len^ of staple, to that
grown in the iSouthern States. But no one who has seen tne specimens shown
at the Nagpore Exhibition would be of this opinion. Hitherto the experiment
has not b^n fairly tried, but it is absurd to think that we can compete on equal
terms with people who employ all the most recent appliances of agriculture in
America, whilst we are content to nse still the implements of husbandry which
were known to the world at least two thousand years ago.'
" What, then, is the remedy? We confidently believe the one which has
80 often been recommended, the appoint. nent of well-qualified agricultural
officers in certain districts, who should promote in every practicable way an im-
proved cultivation of the soil, and enable the ryot of India to understand the
wonderful difference which would be produced, both in the quality and the
quantity of a crop, by a better system of agriculture than at present exists. This
would be of incalculable advantage, not only as regards cotton, but flax, and
various other products. The people need instruction, and unless the Govern-
ment supply it they must still remain in i , norance ; but, by affording it, the
revenue of the country would be benefited, whilst the general prosperity would
be greatly enhanced. The examples which, from time to time, we are able to
adduce of what can bo done by isolated and fitful efforts, afford ample proof that
it is not Utopian to expect and to seek for progress and improvement in Indian
cotton ; and, if Government wiU only encourage similar efforts, and afford such
aid as the ignorance and inexperience of the ryots may render necessary, we
are confident that the cotton of India may be raised more nearly than it ever has
been to an equality with that of other countries.
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300
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
" We commend to the attention of our readers the official returns of the im-
port of cotton into the United Kingdom daring the pant year. The number of
the purees of t^apply, and the erowing importance of some of them, taken in
connection with the increasing desire in all directions to use American seed, and
to produce an improved quality, afford a guarantee that we shall not again
become subject to a etate of dependence which has proved so disastrous. The
large quantity of New Orleans seed now on the way to Turkey for the next sow-
ing season, and which the Government of that country has provided, by means
of the Cotton Supply Association, for distribution, cannot fail to extend and im-
prove the growth of^cotton in the Ottoman Empire. With increased production
in Brazil, Mexico, Central and South America, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, the East
and West Indies, and other parts of the world, we need not be apprehensive that
the stoppajre of any one source of supply, however important, will ever again
prove a serious and protracted calamity. Our great object most be to make the
most of the resources now open to us. and to continue still to extend and improve
the growth of cotton in all directions and by every practicable means within
our power.**
2. —COTTON CROP OF THE SOUTH.
TnxBE are no means of obtaining the figures which show the production of
each i^tton State from year to year. It can only bo known what is received at
theports which include often several States.
Tike total receipts in bales were as follows :
AU
Porte
1861 2,8?A000
18W 8,0l&000
1888 8,268,000
1864 2,Wl,000
1865 2,847,000
At New
OrlMDt.
996,086 1&56.
All
Ports.
«,fl8»,pOO
1,429,183 1857. 2,940,000
1,664,864 1858 8,IH,000
1,470,779 1S69 8,851,000
1,281,768 1860 4,976,090
ooTToa OBOP or thb vsirrBD statss (bxlbs 400 lbs.)
I860. 18^.
MlMlsslppi 1,902,607 434,992
Alabama 989.956 609.429
Louiilana... 777,788 178,787
Georgia 701,810 499,091
Tea* 481,468 68,<T2
Arkansas 807,898 66^94
Sooth Oarolioa 85a412 800,901
TeoDessee 296,467 194,589
North Oarollna 145,514 «0,545
186a
Florida 6^t58
Missouri 41,183
Virginia 19.72T
nilnols 1,432
Utah 180
Kansas 61
New Mexico 19
At New
Orleans.
1,7601978
1,MS,M8
1,673,017
1,774,296
9,256,448
I860.
4^181
89,477
Total 6,837.062 9.446,798
The growth of cotton during the years 1861 to 1865 in the United . States
averaged about 1,000,000 of bales annually, and the growth for 1866 will range
betw««n 1,500,000 and 1,800,000 bales.
8.— COST OF GROWING COTTON BY FREE LABOR.
The following letter written by a gentleman near Chapel Hill, Texas, has
been placed in our hands for publication :
Ddab Sir — ^The preparing and planting season is now passed. The hard
labor necessary to make the crop is now at hand ; then the rush to save the
crop after it is made follows immediately thereafter. Should the freed labor
continue to be available during the raakin<^ and gathering as it has been during
the preparatory and planting portion of 3ie year just passed, I have no hesi-
tancy in saying my present conviction is that there will oe a very small d;tter-
ence in the cost of raising cotton bctw^n the present system of labor and slave
labor.
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DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTUEK. 301
The difference, however, will be in freed labor. To illustrate the average
cost of hire for labor formerly, would be 10 per cent, interest on the capital in
the average cost of hands. Say capiial $1,260.
Interest thereon at 10 per cent, will be |125
Clothing, taxes, and doctor's bill equal 40
Making the cost of labor for the j-ear $166
The full value of handa this year is $16 per month, making for the year. .$180
Deduct for taxes, clothing, and doctor's bills, which the laborer has to
pay 40
Leaving a balance to the laborer. $140
As shown above, there will be the amount of $26 per year in favor of the
present cost of raising cotton.
The cost of feeding is the same now as formerly.
To any one beginning life, or in other words, raising cotton without an in-
heritance of capital in a certain number of hands as formerly, it would be less
cost and far less risk of capital to raise cotton now than at any other period.
4.— COTTON AT TWENTY- FIVE— WHAT IT WILL NET THE PRO-
DUCER.
The following calculation was recently made in Owachita Parish, Louisiana,
and shows the disastrous effect whicli a duty of three or ^ye cents per pound
-will exercise upon the cotton interests of the South :
01088 P&0CSBD8 PBR BALE.
400 lbs. at 25 cents $100.00
BXPBN8BS.
Hirer freight, per bale $8.60 Oovemmcnt weighing and branding,
KIrer Insurance, li per cent, on $180... 1.96 per bale ^40
Flr« intaranco on gross sales, f percent. Merchant's drayage and weighing, per
on$100 75 bale 00
U. B. lDt4.TnaI rerenae, 5 cents per lb. Si.x yards India bagcing, at 28 cents.... 1.68
CO 880 lbs 19.00 Six pounds rop«>, at 16i cents 99
U. S excise tax on g^ss sales, ^ per Average cost of repairs per bale. 1.00
cent.on$100 18 ToUl expenses, per bale ($83) 88.00
State tax on gross sales, ^ per cent on Total expenses per lb., 8^ cents
$100 25 Net proceed* per bale 67.00
Brokerage on gross sales, i per cent on Net proceeds per lb., 16} cenu
$100 25
Commissions on gross sales, 2i per cent
on $100 2.50
" It thus appears that one- third of the cotton is required to pay the expense of
celling the crop.
Now let us see what it will cost to produce this cotton.
PUkKTATIOH OF PIFTT HAKDS.
Images of 25 men, at $15 per month. . . $4,500 Gear for mules and harness and wagons 160
lKrflge8or25women. at$10permonth. 8,000 6) barrels mess pork, at $80 1,800
SSsk of loss and value of Labor of 84 Bent of 600 acres of land, at $10 6,000
nral^ 1,700 Wages of the overseer or proprietor... 1,000
8,^00 bosbeU of corn, at $1.25 8,125 500 boshvls cotton seed, at $1.50 760
19 tons of hay, at $80 860 Two dollars per head tax to Kieedmen's
ST double plows, at $20 840 Bureau 100
SO colli vating plows, at $12.50 250
18«weeps,at $10 180 Total cost $28,450
13 Tosrs plows and scrapers, at $12.60 150 Probable crop, 7 bales to the h-ind—
8 dosen hoes, at $15 45 50handsat 7 bales each, 850 bales.
S dozen axe^ at $25 50 850 bales cotton, at $67 per bale $28,450
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302 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBB.
6.— THE COTTON SUPPLY FOR 1866.
The followiDg statement appears in the recent English journals :
LIVEEPOOL COTTOir STATEMENT.
eUPPLT.
Estlm'd additional
to be ship*d and Total
Stock reodvod thia sup
'TIU
Jane 7. At f ea. year.
American 401.780 127,000 160,000 678,780
Brarll 126.740 .... 100,000 226,740
Egyptian 64880 i, .... 20,000 74,880
Westlndla,&c 27,750 .... 70,000 97.750
East India 886,400 662,000 400,000 1,848.460
China 2,210 WIO .... 11,620
Total 993,770 889,810 740,800 2,487,080
OOHSUMPTIOX.
Av'ge taken per w'k up to date. At same rate Leaving
/ » ■ » to Dec. 81 In stock
Trade. Kxport Total w'ld require. Dec 81. Tefldent
American 18,280 6,020 28,260 674,260 4,4S0
Brazil ^607 2,661 8,158 286,6e« .... 10842
8,674 490 4,164 120,766 .... 46,876
Test India, &c 1,469 163 1.622 47,088 60.712
Bast India 18,876 6,940 20,816 608.664 744.796
China 26 67 92 2,668 8,8^2
Total .42,781 16,882 68,102 1,634,956 808,840 66,718
Stock American and India os above, bales 808.840
Less deficiency in supply of Brazil and Rgyptlan 66,718
Estimated remaining stock 762 1 22
Commenting npon the above statistics, a recent writer who signs himself
C. A. E. makes the following judicious remarks:
The above statement was received from Liverpool to prove that cotton onght
to remain low for the balance of the year, but it looks like an argument in favor
of American cotton.
The first thing that strikes an observer is the deficiency to be shown on 3l8t
December, 1 866, in all long- stapled cottons. What must be the re.»ult. supposing
the estimates of the quantity of these kinds to be received the balance of the
year to be correct? The consumption of Brazil and Egjptinn cottons must be
reduced, as the stock diminishes and prices rise in consequence, and the demand
for Ameiican cort-espondingly increased. The same result must follow as to
American, viz. : Increased consumption, decrease of slock and rise in price, and
spinners will be obliged to take more largely of Surats.
llie rcquirem«'nts of the trade and exporters is estimated for the 29 remaining
weeks of this year at the snme rate as for the 28 weeks from 1st January to 7th
June This allows nothing for increase of consumption on account of lower
prices, ihe trade took for the firrt 28 weeks, per week 42,781, and exporters
15,321, total 68,102. and the average prices of middling American during that
time was about 17 l-2d., and of fair Dhollemh about 14d. But taken the past
six weeks when the prices averaged 18 8-4d. for American and 9 6-8d. for
Dhollerah, the trade took per week 60,022, exporters 16,024, total 66,046 bales.
The eaiimate of 400,0« 0 bales of Surats to oe shipped and received the bal-
ance of the year, besides the great quantity now on the way to Liverpool,
appears to be too large unless prices advance. Will not the present low prices
have the friuie efiect in India as they had in the spring of last y^ar ? Will not
less cotton be planted, and more used in the factories there, as is the case now in
China? C. A. E,
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333
6.— CULTIVATION OF SUGAR IN FLORIDA.
Thk following views upon this subject are taken from a fonhcoming history
of Florida which Is now being published in serial numbers by L. D. Slickney,
Jacksonville. Florida:
The objection urged agiunst the cultivation of sugar in Florida is the light-
ness and dryness pf the land. In the Mauritius the soil is generally shallow and
not yery productive, owing to its dryness. The mean annual heat is about 76
F. The rainy season corresponds to that of tropical Florida, with an average
fall of rain throughout the year of about thirty-eight inches. The chief article
of cultivation is sugar. The canes are planted in the usual manner, though the
fields present one peculiarity — the surface of the ground in its original state was
covered with loose rocks and stones ; these have been formed into parallel
ridges, about three or four feet apart, and between the cane is planted. The
cultivators are of opinion that these ridges instead of being injurious to the cane,
are rather advantageous ; they retard the growth of we(Ss, shade and protect
the young cane from the yiolent winds and retain moisture which reaches the
roots of the cane.
Before the introdiiction of guano as a fertilizer, the product was about 2.000
pounds of sugar to the acre ; out the increase since the application of the guano
has been so extraordinary as to be scarcely credible. In ordinary seasons, the
produt-e has been from 6,000 to 7,000 pounds, and, under peculiarly favorable
circumstances, it has even reached 8.000 pounds to the acre. The proportion of
guano used is about five hundred pounds to the acre. The true cultivators,
it is evident, are those who put most into the land and get most out of it — those
who give little receive accordingly. An English tenant of Lord Yarborough's
boasted that he made four hundred thousand dollars out of his farm by em-
ploying bones before other people knew the use of them. Another English agri-
culturist expended fifteen thousand dollars a year in manures, and a like sum
annually in wages on twelve hundred acre:^ ; the result was a net income of
twenty eight thousand d« liars. In that country the farmer works for money
profits, his farm resembles a manufactory, producing on a limited surface enor-
mous quantities of food for man, turning Peruvian guano into corn, bones from
the pampas into roots, Russian oil cake, Egyptian beans, Syrian locust pods into
beef and mutton. Our backwoodsman, wlio farms merely to feed his family,
loses by rude implements, ignorant cultivation, and coarse-bred live stock, just
in proportion as the intelligent Englishman gains by improved machinery,
scientific agriculture, dcvons and south downs. A ready means ot exchange is
the mainspring of profitable husbandry and stimulates cultivation. '* It is well
known," says Sir John Sinclair. " that the best cultivated districls are those
which possess the greatest facility of internal communication, without which
agriculture languishes in the most fruitful soil, and with it, the most ungrateful
soil becomes fertile."
The cane which depends so much on climate for profitable culture, ripens in
Venezuela where the mean temperature is 82 F. in eleven months ; where the
mean is 78 F^twelve months are required ; where 74 F. fourteen months, and
where 67 F. sixteen months. It is far more difiScult, however, to extract the
saccharine matter from the cane after it is grown than to produce it in perfection
in the tropics. To arrive at complete success in that department, the practice of
other countries must be studied. Ou the southern coast of Spain, in a region
limited by Almeria on the east and Malaga on the we^t, bounded on the north
by mountain ranges and on the south by the Mediterranean, is a tract of land
which, so far as its climate and productions are concerned, may be denominated
tropical In it the date, palm, indigo, cott<»n and tugar-cane flourish with vigor,
yielding products equal in quantity and quality to those of the tropics them-
eelves.
The sugar-cane has been stated by most writers to contain not more than
ten per cent, of solid, non-saccharine matter, leaving ninety per cent, of juice to
be exiracted. Of the ninety per cent, scarcely fifty per cent, are actually ex-
tracted. Cane juice itself has u&ually been stated to contain from seventeen to
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304 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.
twenty-three per cent, of crystalline sugar, of which seven per cent, i^ aciuaUy
extracted, making a loss of forty per cent. In this Spanish district seventy and
seventv-five per cent, are yiehied. The cane is passed through tlic rollers of
the mill four <ir five times, until the refuse of the cat>e is reduced to a state
of disaggregation resembling ground tan. After the cane has finally left
the mill it is immediately subjected to the operation of pressing by the
agency of screw or hydrostatic force, and by this latter proceaa thirteen per
cent of juice is extracted which is richer in sugar ihan juice yielded by the mill.
Acetate of lead and sulphurous acid are used a) purifying agents instead of lime ;
hence, of the ninety per cent, of juice, eighty-eight per cent, have actually been
extracted as a practicaljresult.
7._T0BACC0 PROSPECrra OF 1866.
We condense the following from the tobacco reports of the Louisville
Courier, a high authority upon this subject :
On the Ut of March, 1866, tlie stock of American tobacco in the world was as
follows :
Hhds.
In London 24,221
In Liverpool 27,260
In Bremen 6,684
In Baltimore , 1>^,223
In New York 27,891
In New Orhans 4,346
Estimated to bo in the planter's hand and at Louisville 60,000
Total 168,116
This quantity, 158.116 hhds., looks largo, yet it should be recollected that there
was raieed in the United States during the year 1860 the quantity of 434,209,614
pounds, which, put into hhds., say of 1,600 pounds each, would make the
quantity expressed in hhds. equal to 289,000. The present stock of tobacco in
the wtirld, it wiU be seen, is now only a fraction over half the entire crop of
American growth of tobacco in the United States previous to the war.
Stock of North American tobacco in the principal markets of the world on
1st of January, 1866:
Hhds.
New York 86.184
Baltimore 22,297
New Orleans 1 ,929
Louisville 8,049
St L«»uis 1,600
Boston 386
Virginia 10.660
London 22,398
Liverpool 87,900
Other British porta 8,466
North Europe ' 200
Amsterdam '. 665
Rotterdam 1,613
Antwerp 2.156
Bremen and Hamburg , 8,200
8.— THE RUINED SUGAR INTERESTS OF LOUISIANA.
The Hon. E. I. Forstall, of New Orleans, who has devoted to the question of
the sngur interests of Louisiana more attention, perhaps, than any man in
America, has written an elabonite and interesting letter upon it, from which we
take pleasure in extracting as follows :
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTaRE. 805
Hbds
Crop 1861-2, (Champomier's Ri-port) 459,410
Number of sngar estates in operation 1,292
Crop 1868-4 ,. 6,760
Number of sugar estaCes in operation 180
The excise of 3 cents now levied upon our sugars would haye produced upon
such a crop as that of 1861-2, say :
Sugar, 459,410,000 lbs., at 3c $l8,'r82,800
Mdasaes, 36,751,800 galls., at 5c 1,887,640
915,619,940
The excise on crop of 1868-4 was about as follows :
Sugar, 6,750,000 lbs., at 8c $202,500
Kdasses, 405,000 galls., at 5c 20,260
$222,760
This lax now (December, 1865,) so trifling for the National Treasury, after
deducting expenses of collection, is pressing most heavily upon the 180 estates
yet stniegling for life ; grinding canes to pay expenses, while every cane should
be saveofor seed, now nearly exhausted in Ibis country t
The sugiir industry of Louisiana up to 1861-2 was in a most flourishing con-
dition, and the capital invented was estimated at, in round numbers, $200,-
000,000.
To wit : 1,292 sugar estates, valued as follows :
1,009 boiling houses, with tlieir engines, rolling mills, costly sugar
apparatus, villages for the people, stables, barns, Ac, at an
average of $50,000 each. $50,450,000
288 boiling houses, with their horse power, rolling mills, sugar
apparatus, stables, barns, villages, Ac, at an average of
$20,000 each 5,660,000
Lands, about 1,000 acres to each estate, say 1,292,000 acres
at $20 25,840,000
1,292 $81,950,000
Rolling stock, myles, horses, oxen, wagons, carts, Ac, Ac,
say at least $10,oOO per estate $12,920,000
Slaves, about 139,000 in families, of all ages, at an average
of fully $760 per person $104,254,0o0.f 117,170,000
$199,120,000
The product of this investment was the largest ever raised in Louisiana, and
consequently presents the culture under its most favorable aspect, the net
profits being estimated, as in the following statement, At 12 1-2 per cent. :
Crops 1861-2, " Champomier's Report,*' 459,410 hhds. sugar,
459,410,000 lbs., at an average of 7c $82,158,100
36,7.')2,8uO galls, molasses, at 20c 7,:350,660
$89,508,660
Maintenance of 189,000 slaves, as above 13,900,000
Net profit $25,608,660'
VOL II.-NO. n. 20
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306 DEPARTMENT OF CX)MMERCE.
Fixed expenses, irrespective of crops, for the maintenance «f
189,000 slaves, as above #.. .$1 8,900^000
or about 85 per cent, of gross profits.
Planter's profits to cover interest and wear and tear ^,,^ 26,698,660
or about 65 per cent of the gross profits.
939,508,660
or about 12 1-2 per cent to cover interest and wear and tear.
The precariou8ne.«s of the culture is shown by a comparison of these favorable
results with those of the previous year, as fallows :
Crop of 1860-1 (Champomier's Report), 228,768 hhds. of 1,000
lbs. each, 228,768,000 lbs., at 7c '. |16,012.710
17,740,240 galls, molasses, at 20c 8,548,048
$19,560,768
Maintenance of 1 89,000 slaves, one-half non-producers, being too old
or too young to work, say $100 per person, being about the
ay^age on all well-managed estates 13,900,000
Net proceeds $6,660,758
Fixed expenses for the maintenance of 189,000 slaves, as above. . . .$18,900,000
or about 72 per cent of ihe gross profits.
Planter's profits to cover interest and wear and tear 6,660,578
or about 28 per cent of the gross profits.
$19,660,758
or 2.80 per cent on an invested capital of $200,000,000.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
l.—THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS AND ITS COLOSSAL GROWTH.
In our recent numbers wo have furnished very full information in reference
to the progress of the great cities of New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville and
Memphis, and shall now devote a few pages to bt Louis, which is making the
most desperate struggles to control the trade of the i^outh. We have frequently
referred to her progress in the thirty odd volumes of the Review which have
appeared. In the next few months we shall present a vast amount of statistics
in regard to our citiea
St Louis is 20 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, 200 above that of the
Ohio ; 1,200 miles from New Orleans, 800 from St Paul, 1,000 from New York,
and 2,300 from San Francisco. It is the geographical cenrte of a valley
which contains 1,200,000 square miles — 16,000 miles of river navigation belong
to her. She has a population of 2()0,000 ; an area eight miles by three, and a
real and personal t stale valuation of over $100,(jOO,000. A mile and a half of
steamboats sometimes meet the eye upon her levee.
The commerce of nearly 1 .000 miles of railroad in Missouri is brought to her
doors, and more than 10,000 miles are projected on the west side of the Missis-
sippi. The great Pacific Railroad is o\ en by this time tp Fort Riley, 448 miles
from St Louis, and 6,000 men are employed upon the magnificent work.
" The growth of St Louis," we quote from a paper by S. W aterhouse, which
has been sent to us, though greatly retarded by social institutions, has been
rapid. The population of the city iu —
1840 was 16,467
1850 " 77,860
1860 " 160,778
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 307
At the lowest rate of decennial increase, St. Louis in 1900 would contaki
more than 1,000,000 inhabitants. This number certainly seems to exceed the
present probability of realixtttion. but the future growth of St. Loui:?, vitalized
by the mightiest forces of a free civilisation, and quickened by the exchanges of
a continental commerce, ought to surpass the rapidity of its past develi»pmcnti"
The imports of the city in 1865 reached $285,873,875. Her manufacturing
products in 1860 was $21,772,828. The number of arrivals of barges, can^l
and steamboats was 8,875. Her bankins^ capital, outside of private bankers,
was $12,500,000. In one half year 30 boats sailed to Fort ^nton, Montana,
which is more than 3,000 miles distant.
The overland trade across the plains has increased from $8,000,000, in 1861,
to $21,500,000 in 1865.
The commerce of St Louis with the Territories by the statistics of the Over-
land Dispatch Company, 1865, was
bomber of passengers East and West by the overland coaches. . . 4,800
*• " *' by trains and private con-
veyances. 50,000
Number of wagons 8,000
" cattle and mules 100,000
Pounds of freight to Plattsmouth 8,0o0,000
" Leavenworth City 6,000,000
" Santa Fe 8.000,000
St. Joseph : 10,0<»0,000*
" Nebraska City. 15,000.000
Atchison 26,000,000
Government Freight 50,000,000
Total number of pounds 117,000,000
Amount of treasure carried by express $3,000,000
** " by private conveyance 30,000,000
During the war the United States Commiifsary and Quartermaster's Depart-
ment disbursed in Missouri $230,000,000.
AVe close with the following remarks by Mr. Waterhouse :
" But St. Louis can never realise its splendid possibilities without effort
The trade of the vast domain Iving east of the Rocky Mountains and south of
the Missouri River is naturally tributary to this mart. St Louis, by the
exercise of forecast and vigor, can easily control the commerce of 1,00'>.000
square miles. But there is urgent need of exertion. Chicago is an energetic
rival. Its lines of railroad pierce every portion of the Northwest It draws
an immense commerce by iu network of railways.
" The meshes which so closely interlace all the adjacent country gather rich
treasures from the tides of commerce. Chicago is vigorously extending its lines
of road across toward the Missouri River. The completion of these roads will
inevitably divert a portion of the Montana trade from this city to Chicago.
The energy of an unlineal competitor may usurp the legitimate honors of the
imperial heir. St Louis cannot afford to continue the masterly inactivity of
the old regime, A traditional and passive trust in the efficacy of natural ad-
vantages will no longer be a sufe policy. St Louis must make exertions equal
to its strength and worthy of its opportunities. It must not only form g^eat
plans of commerciel empire, but must execute them with an energy defiant of
Dailura It must complete its projected railroads to the mountains, and span
the Mississippi at 2St Louis with a bridge whose solidity of masonry shall
equal the massiveness of Roman architecture, and whose grandeur shall be
commensurate with the future greatness of the Mississippi Valley. The struc-
ture whose arches will bear the transit of a continental commerce should vie
m'ith the great works of all time, and be a monument to distant ag^ of the tri-
umph of civil engineering and the material glory of the Great Republia
'* '1 he initial steps for the erection of a bridge across the Missouri at St
Charles have already been taken. The work should be pushed forward with
untiring energy to its consummation.
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808 . DEPARTMENT OF OOMMERCK.
" The effect of improTements upon the business of ihe city may be illustrated
by the operutione of our city elevator. The elevator cost $450,000, and has a
capacity of 1,250,000 bushels. It is able to handle 100^000 bushels a dny. It
began to receive grain last October. Before the 1 st of January its receipts
amounted to 600,000 busheU, 200,000 of which were brought direclfy frtnn
Chicago, Grain can now be shipped by way of St Louis and New Oilcans
to New York and Europe 10 cents a bushel cheaper than it can be carried to
the Atlantic by rail.
"The facilities which our elevator affords for the movement of cereals, have
given rise to at new system of transportation. The Mississippi Yalley Trans-
portation Company has been organized for the conveyance of grain to New
Orleans in barges. Steam tugs of inmiense strength have been built for the
use of the company. They carry no freight. They are simply the motive
power. They save delay by taking fuel for the round trip. Landing only at
the large cities, they stop barely long enough to attach a loaded barge. By this
j^onomv of time and steady movement, they t^qnal the speed of steamboats.
The Mohawk made its first trip from St. Louis in six days with ten barges in
tow. The management of the largee is precisely like tliat of freight cars. The
barges are loaded in the absence of tlio tug. The tug arrives, leaves a train of
bargee, takes another and proceeds. The tug itself is always at work. It does
not lie at the levee while the barges are loading. Its longest stoppage is made
lor fuel
** Steamboats are obliged to remain in port two or three days for the ship-
ment of freight The heavy expense which this delay and the necessity for
large crews involve, is a g^ave objection to the old system of transportation.
The service of the steam tug requires but few men, and the cost of running is
relatively light"
2.— STEAMBOAT IXPLOSIONS IN THE WEST.
The following refers ouly to the destruction of steamers by explosions, and
makes up a VAry melancholy list, and yet it tells but apart of the great loss of
life on the Western waters hy steamboat accidents. The list is incomplete.
Date. Lives Lost
1816. June 9, Washington, boiler exploded at Marietta, Ohio River 9
1817. Constitution, &]ay 4, boiler exploded at Pt Cpee, Mississippi Riyer, SO
1825. Teche, May 5, Misssissippi 20
1830. Helen McGregor, Feb. 24, boilers exploded at Memphis, Tenn 60
188A. Ben. Franklin, March 12, Mobile, boilers exploded 20
1886. Rob Roy, June 9, Misssissippi River, boilers exploded 17
1837. Chariton, July 28, Upper Mississippi, boilers exploded 9
1837. Dubuque, Aug. 16, Upper Mississippi, flue collapsed 21
1837. Black Hawk, Dec. 81, Red River, boilers exploded 60
1888. Oronoko, April 21. Mississippi, flue collapst^ 109
1888. Moselle, April 25, Cincinnati, boilers exploded B5
1888. Gen. Brown, Nov. 25. Mississippi, boilers exploded 55
1838. Augusta, Dec. 3, Mississippi, boilers exploded 7
1839.' George Collier, May 5, Mississippi, piston rod broke and ran
through, carrying away boiler stand 36
1839. Wilmington, Nov. 18, Missir'sippi, boilers exploded 25
1840. Walker, Nov. 8, Lake Pontchartrain, boilers exploded 9
1 840. Persian, Nov. 2. Mississippi, flues collapsed 26
1 844. Lucy Walker, Oct 25, Ohio River, boilers exploded. 25
1845. Elizabeth, April 3, Mississippi, flue collapsed 6
1845. Marquette, July 14, New Orleans, boilers exploded 80
Ib^ /. A. N. Johnson, Dec. 80, Ohio River, boilers exploded 74
184b. Edward Bates, Aug. 9, Mississippi, flues collap-ed 58
1848 Concordia, Sept 16, Mississippi, boilers exploded 28
1849. Virjfinia, Match 81, Ohio River, boilers exploded 14
1849 Louisiana, Nov. 15, New Orleans, boilers exploded 150
1851 . St Joseph, Jan. 12, Arkansas River, boilerB exploded 18
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DEPARTMENT OP THE FREEDMEN. 309
1850, Anglo-Normaii. New Orleans, hoilera exploded 100
1850. Kate Flemmin^, Oct 6, Oliio River, boilers exploded. 9
1850. Knox^ille. Dec 11. New Orleans, flues collapsed 19
1851. Ore<2^on, March 2, Mississippi, boilers exploded 19
1852. Pocahontiis, March 14. Arkansas River, flues collapsed 8
1852. Red Stone, April 2, Ohio River, boilers exploded, 40
1852. Glnncoe, April 9, St Louis, boilers exploded 60
1852. Saluda, April 9, Missouri River, boiler* exploded 27
1852. Franklin Na 8, A use. 22, Upper Mississippi, flues collapsed 20
1853. Steamer Bee, near Evansville 9
1854. Kate Kearney, Feb. 16, Mississippi -. 16
1854. llraf»on No. 2. Auar. 26, Mississippi 19
1854. Raindeer, collapsed flues. March 13, Mississippi 40
1855. Lexington, Ohio River, June 30 6
1855. Lancai^ter, July 81, burst steam-pipe, Ohio River 5
1855. Heroine, March 13, Tombigbee 8
1856. Metropolis, March, Ohio River. 11
1857. Forest Rose, May, Mi^^sissippi, 11
1857. Fanny Fern. January 29, Ohio River 20
1857. Cataract November 18, burst a mud-ram, Mississippi River li
1857. Buckeye Belle, November 26, boilers exploded, Mississippi River,
loss not known ^
1858. Titanla. October 12. flues collapsed. Mississippi River 1
1859. Prin.-ess. February 27 boilers explode), Mississippi River 70
1859. St Nicholas. April 24. boilers exploded. Mississippi River 46
1859. Hiawatha. October 1, burst steam pipe, Missouri River 2
1860. John C. Calhoun. April 29. exploded boilers. Chattahoochee River... ^ 6
I860. Sara Gaty. April, boilers exploded. Ohio Rivar 2
1360. Ben. Lewis, June 25, exploded boilers at the month of the Ohio
River ... .' 21
1860. W. V. Gilman. November 26. explode 1, Kentucky River 8
1861. Medora, June 12, exploded boilers, Ohio River 4
1862. Monongahela, Feb. 20, boilers exploded. Ohio River 4
1862. Commodore Perry, August 2. exploded boilers, Louisville Wharf.... 1
1862. St«'amer I Go. boiler exploded, Ohio River 3
1862. Advance exploded, Ohio Ktver. 8
1863. OUie Sullivan. February 24. flues collapsed, Ohio River 8
1864. *Malra, Missismppi River, boilers exploded, lo<s not known.. .-^
1865. Snliana, April 27. boilers exploded. Mississippi River 1,647
1865. Ben Levi. March 19, boilers exploded, Missit^sippi River. 6
1865. Nimrod, Sept 23, boilers exploded, port of Pittsburgh 6
DEPARTMENT OF TBE FREEDMEN.
1.— LAWft OF THE SEVERAL SOUTHERN STATES REGULATING TOE
STATUS, RIGHTS. AND CONDITION UF THE FREEDMEN.
No. 1. — ^Tkm.nessee.
We shall proceed with this series of papers from month to month, and will
have it in our power to show that the course pursued by the South in regard to
this unfortunate class of people is liberal, generous, and altogether as humane
and t'quitable as the l^islation of any country in the world, under simi-
lar ciicum««iance8. It is impos-^ble that civil rights ran be conferred faster with
all due deference to the interests of civil siiciety. As well give the elective
franchise and the right to hold the highest office to the immigrant as he touches
*Tabalar boilera
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810 DEPARTMENT OF THE FKEEDMEN.
oar shores from abroad ; as well let the child regulate the affairs of the &mily
as to proceed with more rapid pace in the eleyation of a class so helpless and
. ignorant as the ne^rro.
There is no doubt that the South will do its whole duty.
We request our friends in all of the States to send us the laws and regula-
tions that have been or may be adopted by State, County, or Corporation aa-
thority. (Editor.)
. Tbnnbsbee. — Act Nov. 6, 1865. Colored insane to be provided for in a 8ei>a-
rate building connected with the State Lunatic Asylum.
AoT Jak. 25, 1865. Colored persons may as well as white persons obtain
license to pursue any business or arocation.
Acrr Mat 25, 1865. Persons of African and Indian descent rendered compe-
tent witnesses in the courts of the State.
, Act Mat 26, 1865. Estates of free persons of color which could not pass
to slave offspring, may be taken by them since thetr enfranchisement.
Act samb date!
** All Negroes, Mulattoes, Mestizoes, and their descendants, having any African
blood in their reins, shall be known in this State as ^ Persons of Culor.'
Sec 2. Be U/uHhrr enacted^ That persons of color have the right to make and
enforce contracts, to sue and be sued, to be parties and give evidence, to inbent,
and to have full and equal benefits of all laws and proceedings for the security of
person and estate, and shall not be subject to any other or different punishment,
pains or penalty^ for the commission of any act or offence, than such aa are pre-
scribed for white persons committing like acta or offences.
Sbc. 8. BeUfurtfur enacted. That all persons of color, being blind, deaf and
dumb, lunatics, paupers, or apprentices, shall have the full and perfect benefit and
application of all laws regulating and providing for white persons, being blind or
deaf and dumb or lunatics or paupers or either (in asylums for tbeir benefit) and
apprentices.
Sao. 4. Be il further enacted. That all acts or parts of acts and laws, inconsistent
herewith, are hereby repealed: Pi-oviledy That nothing in this act shall be so con-
strued as to admit persons of color to serve on the jury : And prooided further^
That the provisions of this act shall not be so construed as to require the educa-
tion of colored and white children in the same school.
Sac. 5. Be U further enacted. That all tree persons of color who were living to-
f ether as husband and wife in this State, while in a state of slavery, are hereby
eclared to be man and wife, and their children legitimately entitled to an inheri-
tance in any property heretofore acquired, or that may hereafter be acquired by said
parents, to as full an extent as the children of white citizens are now entitled by
the existing laws of this State.
2.— EDUCATION OF FREEDMEN: WHAT THE SOUTH THINKS.
At a recent meeting in Oxford. Mississippi, in which many of the leadii^
citizens took part, tho following views were put forth in the form of an address.
They will meet with a response in every part of the South :
That the time has arrived when measures should be adopted bv the Southern
people themselves to provide the ways and means of educating the freedinen, is
a conclusion to which we have been led by the following considerations :
1. Tiiese people are now thrown upon their own resources in a state of free-
dom, for which they are to a certnin extent unprepared.
2. They consider us, their foi mer owners, to be now, as wo have always
been, their natural guardians and their best friends.
Education. — 3. It is our interest, as well as our duty, to diffuse the ble^in^^s
of education as widely us possible among all classes of people in our oountr}*.
4. If it ever was good policy to keep them ignorant, it oertalnly is no longer,
•o, but the very reverse.
SurPBAGB. — 3. The rigrht of suffrage will, in nil probability, be given lo this
people at some future day.
6. Ignorant voters are the curse of the country.
7. lif we do nut tt^ach them some one else will, and whoever thus benefits
them will win an influonco over them which will control their votes.
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DEPABTUEKT OF THE FREEDMEK.
311
8. It we perform this service then ve shall secure their identification with
us in promoting all onr interests.
Grahtude to thb Neorobs. — 9. But do we not owe it to them as a debt of
gratitude ? We remember how they, for our sakes, endured heat and cold, wet
and dry, summer and winter, cultivating our fields, ministering to our comforts,
promoting our wealth, improving the country, and actually advancing civiliza-
tion, by their physical labor, attending upon us at all stages of our lives, nurs-
ing our children, waiting upon the sick, going with us to the burial of our
d^, and mingling their tears with ours in the open graye.
MsAjts OF InsraucnoN. — 10. But while we would not plead the authority of great
names as a sanction of our course or an inducement to others, at-the same time
we rejoice to find, that in many parts of the South, the prominent citizens and
official dignitaries are actively moving in this matter. In South Carolina, Gov-
ernor Orr and the first citizens of Charleston are urging the establishment of the
commoD-Bchool syiitem for the freedmen. In Alabama ex-Governor Moore and
ex-Congressman Curry are engaging in the movement, and elsewhere in Mis-
sissippi, this field of labor is occupied by some of the most distinguished of our
citizens. All this shows that the influence in at work which i^ to put into gen-
eral operation an effective system of instruction for this people in sacred and
secular knowledge.
8.— NORTHERN TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS FOR FREEDMEN AT THE
SOUTH.
We extract from the American Freedmen'a Journal, published in New York,
June No., the following statistics of the number of schools, teachers, pupils, etc.
under the auspices of the association of which it is the organ.
There is an orphan asylum at Fernandina, Florida, with fifty pupils, and one
at Charleston, S. C, with ninety-five. There are teachers' homes at Beaufort,
S. C, Washington City, Norfolk and Petersburg, Ytk Also an orphan school at
New Orleans, and an Industrial Asylum at Georgetown, S. 0.
TJSA CHER8,
D13TEI0T OP COLUMBU.
21188 Jalla A. Lord, Washington, D. C. .
** H. A. Simmons, **
" A, 8. Simmons, »*
" Agnes Hill, «
** 8av!t» Wright, "
•* Kate G. Crane, "
" K. A. Hubbard, ♦»
Mrs. M. a Hart, "
Mies 8. & Parsons, "*
'' D. Lena Oarber, *"
** J. S. Dore, Good Hope, D.O.. }
Mr. Addison Wheeler, •" " . . f
** Fr. A. Lawton, near Wash'n., D. O.. . 68
Mrs. Long, " " • I si
Mlsa .Julia 0. Chase, " " . f **
** Carrie Mcaellan, at Kendall Green. 49
73
150
»0
194
49.
\\4ii
Total.
MARYLAND.
Miss A. T. Howard, Quaker Neck, Kent
Co., day and night school 40
** Matilda Anderson, Ghcstertown^Kent
Co., night school 83
"« M. L. Uoy,Barkitt8ville,Fredk.Go.. 82
Mrs. £. L. Hetntt, Denton, Caroline Co.,
day and night school 150
Miss H. Rosier, Gravel Hill School
Miss Jane M. Lynch, Elkton, Cecil Co. . . . 77
Total.
YIBQINIA.
No. of No^of
pupUa. PapUa.
Miss L. E. Wimams, Chlm. Seh. RIchm'd \
" L. J. Wadsworth, ♦* "
" M. A. Cooke, " "
" M. J. Cooke, « ^
" M. N.Baker, "
" Katie 8. Manley, " "
Mr. John Walker, •* '^
Miss L. G. Campbell, ** '
" Jane Echols, **
" R.D. Scott, " •
Mrs. H. 0. Fisher, r orfolk ....
Miss Mary E. Pales, "* ....
Mrs.LA. HalK " ....
Miss Maria A Holt, ** ....
** Sarah L. Cartis, ** i
" Mary A. Kennedy, "
« F. It Williams, " J
.869 Miss Abble C. Peckham, Petersburg 5«
" Minnie A. Uill, " 54
Mr. Matthew Thomas, ** 57
Miss T. Weld Howells, « 67
•* Conlella Curtis, " 100
" Lanro A. Lawrence, " 60
Normal SIchool 17
Miss H. Robertson, City Point 76
Mr. WiUard 8. Allen, Bermuda Hundred. 75
Rev. M.F.Sluby, Principal, Alexandria. ) ^.|
Miss Laura Phcsnix, Assistant, "" S
** Helen Vaughn, " ... 47
** £mma E. Warren, " ... 60
. .867 Night School at Alexandria 120
44S
289
8T9
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312
DEPARTMENT OP THE FREEDMEN.
•* flattie N. Webster,
** Frai.oofl Hunger, **
If las Jennie B. Howard, Stannardsvillo.
•* Mary M. N^chol^
Ifisi Oimelta Jodos, Alexandria . .
•* MiuT 8. RowelU •*
** Almlra 8. Jone^ *'
Hiss Isabella C. Blancbard, **
** J. B. Benedict carop dlstrlbotion .
*» F.B4»0Tl«re, - »* ..
Ber. Rdw. Barker, PrlnolpAl. "*
Hiss Harriet E. Mitchell, AssH *"
Mr. Henry PIsb, OalpcpperCt House..
Mrs. Melissa M. Fish, "
Mr. D.T. Bachelor. LawrenceTllle, daj
Miss Klla B. Bachelor, ** & night sch.
No. of
. eo
. M
liso
.. 5S
.. 60
.. 69
.. 61
lOT
114
100
Total.
.i,799
NORTH CAROLINA.
* Mlsi Maria L.4Bogers, Trent Camp, Kew-
bem 66
•* Jnllet a Smith, *» 126
*' Kate A. Means. Aron plantation,. . . 91
" L. a Cornell, Newbern Jika
- H. Castle a8*t, ** V
" Abble W. Maxwell, " l»l
Nlrht School. " 66
Mrs. Annie C. Cnrtis, Cole Camp 887
Mrs. Biana A. Belden, James City, £▼>... 78
Miss LoQise Passmore, Waverlev Hall ) ..
PIn'n Day School f ~
** Oh. C. Thomas, Meadow ville Farm.. 63
Nlicht School 98
• •* 0. R Smith, James City I, .a
" KlUSmlihV " r^
Mrs. H. W. Oile, Indst Sch., Roanoke Isl
*» Ella Roper,' " "
Miss Lylla G. Stinson, " *•
Nijfht School, " "
Miss K P. Bennett, Roanoke Island . . .
" B. A- Warner, '•
»♦ MaryCQann, "
»• Lydia Warrick,
" h«r»hA.Carr, **
Mr. D. Edson Smith, Elizabeth aty. . . .
Mrs. D. Edson Smith,
Kvenlnff School, *•
Mr. A. & Corliss, day ds night B. Edenton
Mrs. F. O. Corilssw
Miss Emily J. Brown
•* Emma R. Hawley, ,
Miss Ann J. ClUt, Day & Night School, ^q^
Oxford...;...: ?. r^
Mrs. W. W. Junes, Oxford 8S
"* M. P. Goodrich, Kinston 101
^ Esther Remington, Ply month ) tt,
*• Mary A.HIne7 *• { '^
•• Fannie A, Morgan, " 67
** Helen B. Lackey, Beanfort )
•* Dodd.A.M.A., " Viaft
Mr. H. 8. Seals, A. M. A., " (
Miss Ell«. A. Philbrook,
HigfatSchool, '«
** Fuiiule Graves, Raleigh
•» Ma«gle t Wolrad, **
" Oarrie R Wangh, "
** Adeline Harris, Pactolas PUntatlon
Pitt County, N. C.
•♦ EmilyT. PeduMUMorohoadClty.. I a-
•* Annie 8. Fernold, ** »*..)''*•
Mrs. J. P. R. Hanley, Wash'n.. N. C, day 76
and NiehtSchool. 69
Mr. John T. Reynolds, Mt. Hermon 68
** AUirwl W. Morris, NIoeton 49
•318
.300
. 80
SOUTH CAROUNA.
Sea^fortDi§tr^4sL
Mrs. E. FosK, Princ, Beaof t sch., No. 9 1 im
Miss H. J. Erans, Assist, *• (^^
MIm E. Gilchrist, Princ, Beanfort Hlch )
'* E. H. Ripley, 1st Assist, ** 8. Via
*« Carrie A. Hamblin, 3d Assist «' )
Mr. Tb<iroas *- mith, Combahee 48.
Miss F. A. -Perkins, Pleasant Retreat .. ) «o i
" Uaitie L. Harris, " ... f *'
Mrs. A. C. 8. Carlton, Eiyer View 85
Miss H. E. Bacon. Ehett Place,. I «•
*» M. »*choemaker, " f"
'' Martha A. Wight, Edgerly 65!
Mrs. A. 8. Ultehcuck. Red House 53
Miss Laura L. Ford, Perrydear 51
" H. J. 8. Holden, Anhdale 66
Mr. Ohas. T. Hopkins, Greenrille
•* Lewis Rinert. *♦
47
48
73
60
74
49
168
303
40
260
Miss Cedle Coleman, "
" Ca»h.Cole^ •*
" B. Fields, *♦
"^ Ellen M. Lee, Morris st Oharlest'o.'. 45
Miss R. H. Wilkinson, CharlosCn, Morris st
300
M. Wynne,
E. Wynne,
♦* Joanna Weston, " "
School at Col. Shaw 0. A., Charleston.
Mrs. A. T. Plllsbnrr
Miss Jennie 9. Cooley, **
Miss itarah Inglish, Meeting Hs. Sch. *>■
Mrs. M West4»n. " ^ u
" Hannah Days, " ♦• u
« as. Graves, " ** «
Mr. J. J. Corcoran, St PanPs Parish,
-350
971
88
.150
. 68
. 61
.111
.108
.100
. 50
. 70
.135
Dr. T. O. Wright, Colombia,
Night Soho«il.
Miss S. A. Haley,
"* a H. Loomi%
** Josephine Ely,
♦* Lydia McDowell,
" J. A. McKinney,
Mrs. W. H. Holton,
Miss 8. M. Wurren.
Mr. Saml. Crawford, Anderson Ct House. 148
Miss Klla P. Harth, »» 80
Night School, " 60
Miss Cornelia Scott, Columbia 80
" Elizabeth Parsons, " 87
Mr. A. M BIgelow, Aiken, "■ 115
" H.H, Andrews, •» 75
*' C. M. Hammond, MltchelTlUe I ,ai
Miss Morr Wakeman, ** f*"*
Mrs. H. Ilenderson, Hopkins, 76
Mr. T. C. Kv«*rett * 83
Mrs. K. M M'lteley, Gadsden 1^^
Miss L. A Pipkin, - f^**
Mr E Wright, Newberry Ct House 180
Miss E C. B«ilan, ** 86
Mr. E. D. Williams, Seneca 8 •
Total.
.8,587
GEORGIA.
Mrs. Jnlla 8. Fortnne, Savannah Km
M1»s Gertrude Forto no, *• f*^
MissE B. Haven, Columbus 55
Total.
...314
Total.
8,806
FLORIDA.
Miss Emeret B. Isham, Femandlna. . .
•* 8. 0. Brown, *♦
- E.W.Vamum, ••
*.;;;|.33o
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DEPARTMENT OF THE FREEDMEN. 313
ft. Miss F. H.Dewey, TaHihaseeo ... ,
f *** " Jo8ieT«»dd " Vl65
Hli>8 Rosette A. Coit, FernandtnA
**' Vmn K Osgood, ^
'^ Miu-y L. Benson, Jack80iiTllls& No ^ 8usan Johnson, ust **
" EmilieCStowe, ** u j r .«- .. = . ^
** FelicU Hajtan, " «* ^
• Anna M. Bartemua, " No. 8
*« Iveleth, A. M. A. "
** L Kllen Abbott, Pablo
No of
PopUi.
195 " B. A. Knapp. '* 58
" Maria L. Campbell, Lake City. . . . \ «7^
1AX " Mary T.Wildes, ** ..../^*
^^ " Harriet B. Barnes, QainesTllle.
" Catharine B. Bent, '*
100
Jl20
MaryLPauU **
Charlotte J. Henry, Pilatka ap) 90 Totel 1,756
Annie B«>rord, Knapp Planta. (new
Cornelia J. Smith, Bt. AogusUne. "
Eliza J. Siulth, **
Fannie J. Botta, "
Mtry M. Harris, "
Susan A. Swift, Tallahassee
N. Dearborn, *•
168
180
LOUISIANA.
Miss Sarah A. Sanapson, New Orleans. . .. ) qa
.** Carrie Smchel.aset, »* f*^
Total namber of pnpils in all the schools, to date 18.487
Ayerajpe attendance 9,488
4.— BI3H0P ELLIOTT, OF GEORGIA, ON THE EDUCATION OF THE
FREEDMEN.
The following from the peivof this most eminent divine, who was one of the
stanchest and most uncompromising adherents of the Southern cause, is a
splendid vindication of our past in regard to the negro and a bold assertion of
our dulie.s in the future:
None understand the colored race as well as we do — none have its confidence
as fully a3 we htve. My sincere conviction is that if any future good or bless-
ing is to come for these people, it mu^t be of home growth ; it must be the con -
tinuation of the same kindly feeling between the races which has heretofore ex-
isted. Every pfrson imported from abroad to iu'^truct or teach these people is
an influence, unintentionally perhaps, but really, widening the breach between
the raced. This work must be done by ourselves— done faithfully, earnestly,
and as in the sight of God. Love must go alon^ with it; gratitude for their
past set vices ; memories of our infancy and childhood ; thoughts of the glory
which will accrue to us, when we shall lead these people, once our servants, but
not now as s^.Tvants, but above servants, as brethren beloved. an<1 present them
to Christ as our offering of repentance for what we may have failed to fulfill, in
the past, of our trust.
But it may be asked, do you regret the abolition of slavery ? For myself and
my race. No I I rather rejoice in it ; but for them, most deeply. I sincerely
believe it the greatest calamity which could have befallen them; the heaviest
stroke which has been struck against religious advancement in this land. I
would not, if I could, have it resuired for any benefit to me or mine, or my
countrymen. I have met nobody who would. But for them I see no future in
this country. Avarice and cupidity and interest will do for their extinction
what they have always done for an unprotected inferior race. Poverty, disease,
intern [>erance will follow in their train and do the rest I say these things
from no ill feeling against the race, for God is my witness, I have loved them
and do love them, and have labored for them all my life, but beciuse at this mo-
ment I think it my duty to put these opinions upon record; that the past may
be vindicated and the uiture take none by surprise.
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314 DEPARTMfiNT OT IWTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROYEMENL
CHARLESTON, S. C, AND HER GREAT RAILROAD CONNECTION
WITH THE NORTH-WEST.
It is well known that thirty years ago some of the leading citizens of Charles-
ton, headed by the Hon. Robert Y. Hayne, originated a scheme of railroad con-
nection with the North-W«3t, which for one reason or another was suffered to
fall through. Since the war the scheme has been revived with great spirit,
and a deputation has been sent to Loaisville and Cincinnati on the subject The
chairman, the Hon. G. A. Trenholm, writes us very encouragingly upon the
■abject, and furnishes the following data in regard to the details of the enter-
prise :
What will remain to be done to effect the long-sought connection between
the North-West and the South Atlantic, will be simply the completion of the
remaining one hundred and sixty-four miles of the Blue Ridge Railroad. This
will then become a matter of absolute necessity. To leave it in its present un-
finished condition, when the great and expensive works, now in progress, shall
have been completed, will be to bridge the stream, and stop short of the
shore : to win the race, and neglect to take the prize.
The Blue Ridge Railroad is one hundred and ninety eight miles in length ;
the grade eastward is forty-five feet ; westward, sixty feet Thirty -four miles
have been built substantially and completely, and are now in operation. One
hundred and sixt^'-four miles only remain ; of this, a large part of the heaviest
and most costly work has also been done — in tunneling, bridge m'lsonry, and
square drains or culverts. Twenty miles of the ijrading South of Knoxvilie has
been completed, and also the most coHly and difficult portion of the stone abut-
ments, and piers for bridging the Uolston. Three millions of dollars have been
expended on these works, of which only $250,000 was borrowed, under the
mortgige, authorized by the Legislature. Of the sum invested by the Stock-
holders (about $2,750,000), the company are willing to sacrifice a considerable
portion, by a reduction of their shares, or by the issue of a preferred stock, hold-
ing their own in abeyance.
This is a great and substantial advantage to offer to those who, having a
common interest with ourselves, may be disposed to furnieh the capital for its
completion. The sum required is about $4,51)0,000, the original estimate for
the whole work having been $7,600,000 — of this sum ($4,500,000) — $500,000
will be obtained from the State of Tennessee, a^ the proportion of Stite aid to
which the Roid in Tennessee is entitled, under the general law of that State to
aid the construction of Railroads.
There are unissued $2,250,000 of the Company's bonds, secured by a first
mortgage of all its property in the several States, (saving so much of the Ten-
nessee Road as miy be required to secura that State for its loan as above
stated). These would, doubtless, become available in the progress of the work,
leaving not more than f 2,000,000 to $2,500,000 to be raised by subscriptions to
the capital stock.
This amount having a preference of dividends, would, apparently, be a safe
investment; it can hardly be doubted that so great a thoroughfare would have
business enouarh to pay the interest on 4-7thsJof the cost, namely, on $4,750,000 —
particularly when it is considered that this sum of $4,750,00;) docs noc amount
to $25,00 :) per m'le of Road, and that other works of a similar character have
cost $60,000 to $70,000 per mile.
The extension of the Lebanon Branch of the Louisville Railroad being deter-
mined upon, and on grounds entirely local ; and the construction of the Knox-
vilie and Kentucky Rfiilroad being now equally a matter of certainty, it would
be unreasonable to suppose that when these works are accomplished, Loaisville
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DEPARTMENT OP INTERNAL HlPIKMrSMENT. 315
and Knoxville will consent to stop there, and being brought within thirty-seven
miles of each other, continue to be separated by that space. No one can doubt,
that the remaining thirty-seven miles would soon be built, even if the Blue
Ridge Railroad had no existence.
So Cincinnati, being committed to the extension of the Lexington Road to
Danville, (from local considerations also,) may be regarded as equally implica-
ted in the progress of the events, that are leading irresistibly to the early con-
nection of bt'th cities with Knoxville
The connection being then regarded as certain, let us now compare the ad-
vantages offered by the two rival routes for reaching the South Atlantic porta —
that by Cumberland Gap and the French Broad, and that by the Rabun Gap,
or Blue Ridge Railroad. Let the question be first considered in relation to
Cincinnati.
In the prosecution of the enterprise, the point of departure for her would be
Paris, this being the easternmost point on the Lexington Railroad. The distance
from Paris to Cumberland Gap in a straight line is . . .120 miles
From Cumberland Gap to Asheville, N. C, 100 *
" Asheville to Spartonburg, 8. C, 100 "
Thus it is seen that it would require the construction of three hundred and
twenty miles of new road to accomplish by way of Cumberland Gap the great
object in view.
The cost, at a moderate estimate, would not be less than $12,Ty00,000. The
trade of Georgia, too, would be lost to the Road, for it would be nearly or
quite as short for her to carry on her traffic, as now, by way of Knoxville and
Dalton.
By way of Rabun Gap, on the other hand, there are only one hundred and
sixty-four miles of new Road to be constructed, and of this, a great deal of the
heaviest work has been done in detached sections, so that the cost of completing
it will not exceed $4,600,000, and by this route the whole interior and sea-
board of Georgia are rendered as accessible, and brought as near as those of
South Carolina.
It will be observed, too, that in computing distances, we have given the Cum-
berland Gap route the benefit of air lines as far as Asheville, N. C. Whereas,
in the case of the Rabun Gap or Blue Ridge Road, it is the actual length of the
located line that is given.
In the case of Louisville, a deduction of seventy miles will have to be made
in the length of Road to Cumberland Gap. When the Lebanon extension reach-
es London, the distance then to the Gap will be only fifty miles, instead of one
hundred and twenty, as it is in the case of Cincinnati and Pans. But this
wouhl be of value only in the event that Cincinnati should abandon the Paris
project, and consent to make her connection by way of Danville and London.
In the opposite view, that is, if she persisted in the construction of an independ-
ent Road from Paris, these fifty miles would, on the contrary, have to be added
to the length of new Road, of which the construction would be necessary to give
the two cities the connection sought, that is, three hundred and seventy miles
by way of Cumberland Gap, against one hundred and sixty -four miles by way
of RabuQ Gap and the Blue Ridge Road. These plain and practical considera-
tions forever set at rest every effort to unsettle the c<mviction, now almost uni-
versally entertained, that the Blue Ridge Road possesses in every aspect of the
case, advantages that exclude all rivalry, in its claims upon the two great sec-
tions of country that have so long been struggling for a closer union.
It ma^t, nevertheless, be admitted that the source from whence the capital for
its completion is to be drawn, remains still unrevealed.
The people of Cincinnati, influenced by the same discouraging experience,
that has every where attended the first contributions for the construction of new
Railroads, are averse from making individual subscriptions; and by the Consti-
tution of Ohio, the City of Cincinnati is prohibited from contributing to such
enterprises. Impelled, however, by an honorable ambition to keep pace with
the general progress, and fully to develop the great natural advantages of their
city, they are looking, with an intelligent eye, to a direct Southern connection,
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316 DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.
and are actually engaged in raising by subscription a fund of ^1,000,000, (now
nearly completed) to be offer^^d a;* ii bimus to any Company that may complete
and put in operation the Road they shall indicate.
Iti^ not yet decided to what pMrilcvlar work this fund shall be devoted ;
neither can it be deemed very available, encumbered as it is with the condition
that the payment s^hall be made only after the Ruad shall have been completed
and put in operation.
Unless reasons of a local character <>bonld render It essential to give it in aid
of the Ck>vii)gton and Lexington Road, we cannot perceive how it can be better
applie<l for the interests uf Cincinnati, than in hastening the completion of the
Blue Ridee Railroad.
An additional motive for giving it this direction, exists in the natural rivalry
between the two cities of Louisville and Cincinnati. It may be considerfd cer-
tain from the existing posture of affairs, that Cincinnati will find it to her inter-
est to conduct her traffic with Knoxville, over the Louisville and Kentucky or
Lebanon Branch Road.
If. in addition to this advantag4», Louisville should also be the first to avail
herself of the great and predominating power to arise out of the possession or
control of the Blue Ridge Railroad, Cincinnati will be placed at great and irre-
trievable di:«advantaire in the commerce of the V/e^ with the South Atlantic
States. The^eare considerations that cannot be overlooked or disregarded with
impunity. The interest of both cities would be best consulted by the uuion
of their strength and resources for the achievement of the common obJHSt.
The work wouldthus be more speedily accomplished, and its early comple-
tion U essential to secure to them the full and just returns of their present in-
▼eatments.
If the Blue Ridge Railroad could be carried on simultaneously with the
works now in pr.»gre*8 in Kentucky and Tennessee, the completion of the sever-
al parts of the great chain could be made coincident, and the fall benefit of a
perfect !«ydrem be immediately secured. But if the resumption of work on the
Blue Ridge Road is to be deferred until the Kentucky and Tennessee Railroads
shall have been completed, the disjointed parts will, necessarily, possess far less
vitality and fruitfulness.
Do we want the quiekeH and cheape$t route to the Atlantic cities 7 This road
will give U4 about ninety miUt the advantage over any route we now have. As
the laws of travel and commerce seek straight lines, so certainly will they pass
over our road to Nashville, Memphis, and the points south and west of those
cities. Do we wish to open to our own markets the inexhaustible stores of
mineral and other wealth which have been locked up in eight or ten counties
of our S at-e. 8in-:o the creati m of t'lo world to the present time? Thii road
will do it. Would we see those counties filled up with an industriou-^ and
thrifty populitiou ? This ro.id will contribute more to that end than any other
agency we can employ. Would we see flourishing towns and villages, with
large mining and manufacturing est«iblishments, springing up in those counties,
pouring wealth into our cities, and bringing revenue to the State 7 This road
will do it
It is estimated by ProC J. M. Safford. late Geologist of Tennessee, (whose
well-known ability, business and moral integrity entiUe him to the fulleet pub-
lic confidence), that the stone coal of those ei^^ht or ten counties covers an area
of more than 4,000 square miles, and an average of eight feet in thickness.
This coal-field is perhaps one of the largest and richest in the United States.
Iron ore is correspondingly rich and extensive, and lies so contiguous to the coal
that each can be used to mine and manufacture the other, with very trifling ex-
pen$»e in carriage. Copper, ]ea<l, sine, salt, and other yaluable mineral:! and
mineral waters, are known to exist in large quantities. Specimens of silver and
gold have been found recently, proven to be very rich; but it is not yet known
to what extent they exist. Petroleum oil exists in large quantities.
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DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. 817
UNION OF ST. LOUIS AND MEMPHIS BY RAILROAD.
CoL Tate recently read a Report before tlie MemphiB Chamber of Commepce
on the subject of this connection, and upon the results of a visit paid by him
and others to St. Louis in its interest. He said :
Upon inTitation, ^our committie made an excursion with a number of the leading
citizens of the city mcludinff the ma^ror and a number of the city council, over the
Iron Mountain railroad, to Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, where they witnessed the
most wondeiful production of nature, in the way of iron ore, that is on this conti-
nent or, perhaps, in the world— a mountain of solid iron ore, of a working richness
of sixty-nre to seventy-fire per cent., enough in quantity to supply the world in iron
for one thousand years, and this, too, within one hundred and eighty miles of jour
city. If this railroad was built, your furnaces and foundries could be supplied with
this ore, delivered here at five dollars per ton, including transportation, mining, and
a handsome remuneration to the owner for the ore at the mines. The road is finish-
ed from St. Louis to Pilot Knob, eighty -seven miles— is one of the finest road-beds
in the vallev of the Mississippi, ballasted throughout its entire length, laid with
heavy T rail, sixty inches to tbeyaid, and is in fine order. Its shops, buildings,
bridges and rolling stock are in good condition, givin^i^ to an experienced railroad
man the highest evidence of being well managed, and is a worthy beginning for a
great enterprise, which it is destined at no distant day to become. Your committee
are of opinion that St. Louis and its business men will cordially co-operate with
Memphis, go vigorously to work in complet'ing this great enterprise as soon as the
legal condition of the company can be arranged, so as to enable them to negotiate
with the proper parties to extend their line. The road is now placed in the hands
of the governor for sale, under an act of the legislature, which sale in to take place
in September next. When it shall have passed into new hands wilt be the proper
time to tuke active steps for gonsumnuitiug arrangements for its completion. The
interest of any parties purchasing the road is too obvious to admit of a doubt as to
its ultimate extension directly to this point, but its immediate completion depends,
to some extent, upon your energy «nd actirity, as other and rival interests to you,
as well as to St. Louis, mav and probably will do everything in their power to defeat
your object, as well as to defeat the building of this road on the line where its great-
est advsntages will be secured to St. Louis. She already has competitors, and
strong ones* for the trade of the Mississippi valley, and every obstruction that can bo
placed in her way to preveut the easiest, quickest aud cheapest communication with
this vast trade, will be thrown in by her competitors fur the trade : but with union,
harmony and energetic action between St. Louis and Memphis, all competition will
have to succumb, and the road will be completed.
I'HE SOUTHERN RAILROAD OF MISSISSIPPL
We refeired in an earlier nnmber to the valuable labors in behalf of this
Company, rendered by its President, M. Emanuel, on a recent trip to Europe.
Since then he has sent us a copy of liis excellent report upon the condition
and prospects of the road. He says:
The Southern Railroad is undeniably on the shortest railroad route leading from
the heart of Texas, South Arkansas or 'North Louisiana to the Atlantic cities. As a
^at National thoroughfare, on the d2d parallel of latitude, it is without a rival, and
m the nature of things cannot have a competitor, and in this connection the under-
signed confidently expresses the opinion, that with the connection at Montgomery
complete, and as soon as the Yicksburg, Shreveport and Texas Railroad is complet-
ed, and the railroads in Texas converging to the Texas terminus of that road, are
put in operation, the 140 miles of the Southern Railroad will favorably compare in
value and in earnings with that of any other railroad of equal length in the South. As
soon as these connections are made, the travel will at once be very great and will go
on annually increasing, in proporiion to the growth and prosperity of the old Cot-
ton States' and Texas. Toe charter of the company is perpetual. Its tariflf of
charges is without limit, and can be fixed at any rate consistent with the interests
and will of the Company, and cannot be changed by State Legislation. There is an
ample supply of water on the line of the road tor railroad uses, favorably distributed
for Uju cunsiruction of tanks. Its supply cf fuel is inexhaustible. It has been
shown by experience, that the road cau be efficiently operated at an expense under
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818 MISCELLANY.
flftj per cent, of the gross earning, at the same time keeping the (rack and rolling
stock in a proper state of repair with snch renewals as to preserve the property from
depreciation.
TENNESSEE PACIFIC RAILROAD FROM KNOXVILLE TO MEMPHIS.
We are indebted to the Agent of this road, John P. Campbell, for a copy of
his very interesting and able report, from which we extract as follows. It is
undoubtedly a great enterprise, and one that is growing in public interest and
everywhere.
For twenty years we have felt the necessity of a T^nk Raihoay, extending from
the eastern to the western limits of our State. This necessity has become more im-
perious, from year to year, as neW^ and important roads are making connections with
every portion of our State. By our road, we will gain about 90 miles to Beaufort,
Wilminirton, and Morehead City, on the North Carolina coast : the same to Norfolk,
on the Yirginia coast; and the same to all North Atlantic cities. It recjuires no ar-
gument to prove that the freights and travel of all these im]>ortant cities will pass
chiefly over our road to Nashville and Memphis, and the points south and west of
them.
The St. Louis and Iron Mountain road is making connection with our North-
western road, at Hickman. From St. Louis a road is completed westward to Lea-
venworth, 810 miles, and still extending westward towards the Pacific coast. Now
look at the direct communication from Eastern Virginia, North Carolina, East and
Middle Tennessee, by the way of the Nashville and North-western road to St. Louis
and the gold regions of the great West, and vou will see that a lar^ business from
all those points must come upon our road. Chicago and Cincinnati are competitors
for the Southern trade, and are straightening their lines to Knoxville, Nashville, aud
Memphis, all of which will be feeders to our road.
When the great railways now made, projected, and in progress, are completed,
Knoxville will have about six, Nashville seven or eight, and Memphis about the same
number of important roads, radiating in every direction, and j^iving us access to
every great city in the United States, except those upon the Pacific coast. Who can
doubt that a great trunk road, nearly 400 miles long, having so many and important
connections and feeders at each end and in the middle, will pay large profits?
Tennessee, combining so many advantages of agricultural and mineral wealth, so
man^r materials and facilities for various branches of manufacturing, and a climate
so mild and healthy, must in a few years become a densely populated State. She is
now drawing largely upon the capital, intelligence, and population of older States.
We must see that, in order to the fullest development or the physical^ intellectual,
and moral character and resources of our people and our State, ft is indispensably
neoesdary that we should adopt and carry out such a liberal system of railroads
and other improvements, as shall best promote these great interests.
MISCELLANY.
1. LIQUIDATION OF DEBTS CONTRACTED IN THE CONFEDERACY.
The Legislature of North Carolina has adopted the following wise regnlations
upon this subject :
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, and it
it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same^ That the following scale of de-
preciation be, and the same is hereby adopted and established as the measure
of value of one gold dollar in Confederate currency, for each month, and the
fractional parts of the month of December, 1864, from the 1st day of November,
1861, to the Ist day of May, 1866, to wit:
Scale of depreciation of Confederate currency ^ the gold dollar being tlie unit and
measure of value, from A'ovetnber Itt, 1861, to May Isl, 1865.
1861. 1862. 1868. 1864. 1865.
January $1 20 $3 00 $21 00 |50 00
February, 1 80 8 00 21 00 60 00
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MISCELLANY. 819
Scale of depreciation of Confederate currency ^ the gold dollar being the unit and
measure of value, from November let, 1861, to May Ut, 1866 .
1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. . 1865.
March, f 1 50 f 4 00 f28 00 $60 00
April, 1 50 5 00 20 00 100 00
May, 1 60 5 60 19 00
June, 1 50 6 50 18 00
July, 1 60 9 00 21 00
August, 1 50 14 00 23 00
September, * 2 00 14 00 26 00
October 2 00 14 00 26 00
November, . $110 2 60 15 00 80 00
December. . 115 2 50 20 00
Dec. 1 to 10 ina .... 85 00
D^-c. 10 to 20 in. 42 00
Dec. 21 to 81 in. .... 49 00
2. A NEW SOUTH CAROLINA CITY.— PORT ROYAL.
Our friend Geo. Elliott never ceased to talk on the highways and byways,
and in all the conventions, of the extraordinary advantages which Port Royal, on
the South Carolina coast, enjoyed for a commercial city.
It would seem from what Mr. Trueman says in a letter to the Keto Tvrk
Neve, that the Northern speculators have read Mr. Elliott's arguments. We
quote :
Port Royal, which lies at the mouth of the river, and immediately on the
ocean, is destined to be the great commercial city of South Carolina. It has
the finest port and harbor south of Portland, and, of course, will accommodate the
largest of ships. The town is being laid out in splendid style., and already a
lai^ number of people have settled there. It can easily be seen from Beaufort,
being less than fifteen miles distant. Great efforts will be made yet to have a
first class navy yard at this place (Port Royal), and all the property hereabouts
has been bought, some at the tax sales, ^ome at sales of confiscated property,
and some on private terms. People from all over the United States have pur-
chased building lots, (city property), or plantation lands, or both. Tens of thou-
sands of the richest plantation lands in South Carolina are in close proximity to
Fort Royal, all of which grow the long staple or Sea Island cotton. I noticed, a
few days ago, while looking over tlie Tax Commissioner's books, that one of the
best plantations in this vicinity, comprising seven hundred acres of land, was
Bold to a firm composed of Senator Doolittle, of Wisconsin, Ben. Wade, of Ohio,
and Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania. This was the property of Col. Seabrook
formerly, who ran away and sacrificed it for the rebel cause. The cotton on
this plantation is looking splendidly and is in full bloom.
8. THE PROGRESS OF MEMPHIS.
Hon W. T. Avery, in a recent speech, remarked upon the prospects of this
city : —
** Memphis had its first Municipal organization in 1826, M. B. Winchester be-
ing the first Mayor ; (and, by the oye, they moved the court house that year from
Memphis to Raleigh, to get it to a bigger place, and because Memphis has out-
grown Raleigh a little, they are trying to move it back a;jain). In 1 830, the
population of Memphis was 600, all told ; in 1840, 1,700 ; in 1860, about 15,000 ;
in 1860. some 36,000, and in 1866, 1 suppose, some 60,000 or 70,000. In the fall
of 1826, about 300 bales of cotton came to Memphis, chiefly from the counties of
Ilardeman and Fayette.
In 1886, about 60,000 bales of cotton were shipped from there. In 1846,
about 180.000; in 1866, some 200,(»00, and in the year preceding the war, I sup-
pose, some 250,000 or 800,000. Up to about the years 1836-87, as many of you
remember, a ffreat rivalry existed between Randolph and Memphis, the former
place at one time shipping more cotton and doing more business than Memphis ,
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320 MISCELLANY.
and seemed about to wrest from her the palm of superiority as a commercial point.
But about the time the United States Government purchased from tlie Indians
that vast scope of fine country known as the Choctaw and Chickasaw purchase,
which now m^kes up the whole of North Mississippi. The rapid settlement of
this rich country threw a laive increai>ed trade into the lap of Memphis, turned
the scales in her fisTor, and Kandolph fell
4. PRODUCmON AND CONSUMPTION OF COAL.
Production of Coal.
The production of coal in the year 1854, in the United States and Europe,
reached a sum total of 150,000,000 tons, distiibuted as follows among the re-^ct-
tlve coal producing countries :
Tons coal produced.
Great Britwn, $6,000,000
Belgium 10.000,000
France 10,000.000
Austria 4,600,«»O0
Prussia lO.OOu 000
Russia 10,0<>0,000
Other European cflmtries 4.(i0o,0()0
Uniied States, 16,600,000
Total 160,000,000
Area of Coal Jieldi,
Coal fields are found in almost every portion of the globe, but it is only in
Europe and the United States timt any approximate measurement of their areas
has been obtained. The area of the coal nelds of Great Britain, France, iielgium
and the United States are estimated thus :
Areas, square miles.
Great Britain 11.859
France 518
Belgium 1,719
United States 146,859
The figures of this estimate exhibit the vast superiority of the United States
over Great Britain, France and Belgium in the natural resources of steam labor
power, and clearly point to the supremacy of the Republic at no di>tant day by
steam labor industries. The coal fields of Great Britain, France and Belgium,
extend over an area of 14,096 square miles, those of the United States over 148,-
569 square miles, a ratio of 10 to 1.
Production of Coal in the United Statet,
The production of coal in the United States is continually on the increase, as
will appear from the following; statement of the production of ccal in the fiscal
years 1863, 1864 and 1865, the quantities being calculated from the Internal
Revenue report of the tax on the production of coal. Tons coal produced : 1863,
15,500,000 ; 1864, 16,800,000; 1865, 17,000,000.
In the year 1 860, the production of coal was estimated by the Sut>erintendent
of the Census at 15.000,000 tons. The production in 1865 was 17,000,000 tons,
an increase in five years of 2,000,000. At this rate of increase, our production
in 1870 might be estimated at 20,000,000 tons. The development of manufac-
turers, however, consequent on the adoption of a protective policy, will greatly
increase the production of coal, and it will be no matter of wonder if in 187*0
its production in the United States reaches a total of at least 25,000,000 tons.
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laSCELLANT. S21
tt. IRON STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
For the foDowine figaree we are indebted to a report of the Secretary of the
American Iron and St«el Association.
In his computations, no acconnt is taken of the vast iron resources of the
South and of our great prodaction daring the recent war. We sliall hereafter
supply the gap :
The following statement exhibits the prodaction of the toTf^ee and bloomaries
throughout the country in I8t$5. Our information is not sufficiently full to en>
able us to separate the amount of blooms, bars and other forgings made direct
from the ore and the amount made from pig and scrap iron. The total is as
follows :
New York 19,7l71ona.
Pennsylvania 82,628 "
Other States 7,572 "
Total 69,817 "
Our returns for previous years are as yet too imperfect to enable us to draw
« comparison with profier accuracy. It is believed, however, that the above
etatemtrnt exhibits a material falling off as compared to the production of 1864.
The products of the rolling mills of the country in 1865 are as follows : —
Tons.
New England 102,802
New York : 102,177
New Jerney 41,014
Pennsylvania 488,486
Delaware 4,884
Maryland 21,886
West Virginia 19,721
Ohio 61,810
Kentucky 14,551
Tennessee 6,622
Missouri 10,196
Michigan 8,784
Illinois 82,120
Indiana 18,748
Totel in 1866 838,949
Total in 1864 862,768
Decrease in 1865 19,829
Of the total product in 1865, 858,017 tons are rails, as follows :
Tons.
Massachusetts, two mills 80,442
New York, five mills 52.810
New Jt-rsey, one mill 4,826
Pennsylvania, fourteen mills 163.894
Maryland, two mills 6,600
Wett Virginia, two mills 1,000
Ohio, three mills 22,048
Kentucky, two mills 7,826
Indiana, one mill 18,745
Illinois, three mills 22,120
Michigan, one mill 8,784
Tennessee, one mill 6,622
Total of rails, new and rerolled. . . ., 858,017
VOL. U.-NO. m. 21
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
These mills have a capacity of '760,000 tons of rails per annum, or about
double their present production.
The following is the production of the steel works of the country, during the
year 1865: ^ *^
Tons.
Massachusetts 1,629
Connecticut *150
New York 1^804
New Jersey 2!o38
Pennsylvania 10,541
Michigan 200
Total of all kinds 15,862
JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
Repbbsentinothb ^lEws and opinions which obtained and the condition or
THINGS WHICH EXISTED, AT THE DATE OF EACH DAY's ENTRT IN THE CONFEDEBATB
States, or in portions of tuem, wrrn subsequent notes, etc.— (C<m<m««i.)
BT THE EDITOR.
•* Oh r who that shared them, ever shall forget
The emoiions of the spirit rousing time T
800TT*S LOBO or THE ISLBS.
** Now Civil Wounds are stopped— Peace lives again."
RicHAU) IIL, Act Y^ 8e. IV
Mcnday, 11th August. 1862— Si one- use of the riae. A fate worse than
wall .lackson has repulsed Pope en the ' that which ever befell a people must not
South-West Mountain, Va., and driven I and cannot be that of a mce brave and
him two miles, taking one General determined like the South. Six hua-
Officer and SoO prisoners. M«irgan dred thousand are called into service.
War Dspabtmkmt, )
Wabiiinoton, August 4th, 1868. /
Ordered, Ist That a draft of 900,000 mtlitla
be immediately called into the serriceofthe
United States, to serve for nine months, un-
less sooner discharged^ The Secretary of War
will assign Che quotas to the States, and e»-
tablish regulations f!ir the draft
2nd. That if any Slate shall not by the 16th
seems to be promising another expedi
tion.
GENERAL ORDEB.
IIsaoquartbbs Mor«am'8 Cavalry, \
KnoxviUe, August 4th, 1862. f
Soldier» : Yoar country makes a fresh ap-
peal to your patriotism and courage.
It has been decided that Kentucky roust be
freed Irom the detested Northern yoke, and Sf/^'"' ("™J**» *" quota of the sddlUonal
whoso fit to carry out this order as your- ^^J^ volunteers authorised bv law. the
gg]ve8? I deOcIency will also be made up by a special
The road is well-known to you I Yon have i **~f* ^™l°„^? militia. The SecrcUry of War
already taught the tyrants at Tompkinsvllle, i '^^•ifstAblish regulations for this purpose.
Lebonon and Cynthlana that where Southern ' 8rd. Regulations will be prepared by the
hearts nerve Southern arms, our Suldlera are f^' Department and presented to the Frwi-
iu vincible. i "«***» ^'t*> 'h« object of securing the promo>
ro an enemy be as tigers, to our Souihem ! "on of offlcera of the army and volunteers for
brethren as lambs I Protect their homes, ! "«'*''"'1«"*?nd distinguished services, and of
rei-pect their prt.perty I Is it not that of your ' Provent ng the nomination and appointment in
fathers, mothtrt^ sisters and Mends ? i ^« ^'*"^I^ ^^^^ ®^ Inwimpetent and un-
Sulcllers : I feel assurt-d that you will ret«im ' ^®*''?y ^"^'5'.. ^^\ regulations will lUso
with fnsh laurels lo enjoy in peace the fruits Pr«'V'<l^ '^ ridding the service of such in-
of your glorious victor!, si lu the n ei.n „n.e ""—»-" ^ '™""- ""— ''-''* **•»—
let your avenslng battle cry be '•Butler f
but shout *' Xentvvkp r lo your kindred and
friends. JOHN U. MOKOAK
Colonel Cavalry C. S.
Tuesday, 12th.— The Yankees are
nndonbtedly making giant preparations,
and when they resume the struggle the
odds will be much against us. Every
available man in the Confederacy from
15 to 60 must take the field. Even the
women, if need be, will understand the
competent persons as now hold oommisaiona.
Hj the President.
Wednesday, 13th. — Yankee prisoners
are constructing a camp in Jackson,
Missouri, just under the windows of the
room from which this memorandum la
made, and nre full of life and spirit.
Lincoln, in fear of the Northern Con-
servatives and apprehensive of Ken>
tucky and the pther Border States, de-
clares that he will not receive negro
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
regiments, nor put arms in the hands of
that popuUtioD.
General Breckinridge in addreasing
the army near Baton Rouge, says :
^ After marching all olght through a coontry
destltote of i)r»t«r, 70a attacked an enemr
aoperior to yna io namb«r, admirably potttedf
and BappOTted by tha fire of iheir fleet, you
fvroed tbeni trom their poeition^ tailing pris-
oners and several flags ; Ictlling and woundine
many ; destroying most of their camps, and
large qoantitiea or public stores; and driving
them to the bank of the river under cover
of the guns of their fleet The inability
of the Arkansas to reach the scene of conflict,
C vented the victory from being complete :
you have given the enemy a severe and
salutary lesson.
** And now those who so lately were ravag-
ing and plnndtrring this region, do nut dare to
extend their pickets beyond the sight of their
fleet."
Tbubsdat, 14th. — McCook, Federal
Genera], killed by our guerrillas — Great
morements of guerrillas in Missouri —
Volunteering and drafting progresses
at the North with vigor— Rumors that
France and Russia will unite in inter-
Tention.
BiCHMOND, Aug. 12.— The following official
diq>atch was received from Stonewall Jackson
to-day, from his headquarters in the Valley
District, Auff. 11, at 6i o'clock A. M. On the
evening of the 9tb inst^ Qod blessed our arms
with another victory. The battle was near
Cedar Kiver, about six miles from Culpepper
Court-Uouae. The enemy, according to the
statements of prisoners, consisted of Banks,
McDowell, and SelgePs command.
We have over four hundred prisoners, in-
cluding Brigadier-General Prince. While our
list of killed is l^ss than that of the enemy,
vet we have to mourn the loss of some of our
best officers and men. Brigadier General
Charles ti. Winder was mortally wounded
while ably discharffing his duty at the head of
his command, which was the advance of the
left wing of the army. We have collected
about fifteen hundred small arms and other
ordnance stores.
I am. Colonel, your obH 8erv%
T. J. JACKSON, Mftj.Qen. Com*g.
Friday. — Our loss at Cedar River
estimatf d at 800. 10,000 Confederatea
against 15,000 Federals.
The enemy is intrenching atHunts-
ville, Stephenson, and Courtlahd, Als.,
and has 20,000 men at t)ie former
place ; the country around being deso-
lated.
Our lo?s at Baton Rouge, killed and
wounded, 500.
Saturday. — ^No news of any kind
This inaction on our part is of evil im-
j>ort, and, in the present aspect of af-
fidrs, greatly to the interest of the
enemy. The Richmond inquirer of a
late date gires the following verses,
which will become classic, in showing
the spirit which is aroused in the land :
TBI OUKRRILLAS.
Awake and to horse ! my brothers,
For the dawn is glimmering gray,
And hark I in the crackling brushwood,
There are feet that tread this way !
Who cometh'I A friend ! What tidings?
Oh God! I sicken to tell ;
For earth seems earth no longer.
And \\fi sights are sights of hell.
There's rapine, and fire and slaughter.
From the mountain down to the shore ;
There's blood on the trampled harvest,
And blood on the homestead floor !
From the far-off conquered cities
Comes the voice ot a stifled wail.
And the shrieks and moans of the house-
less
Ring out, like a dirge, on the gale !
Fve seen, from the smoking village,
Our mothers and daughters fly I
Fve seen, where the little children
Sank down in the furrows, to die !
On the banks of the battle-stained river
1 stood, as the moonlight shone.
And it glared on the face of my brother,
As the sad wave swept him on !
Where my home was glad, are ashes,
And horror and shame bad been there ;
For I found, on the fallen lintel.
This tress of my wife's torn hair !
They are turning the slave upon us.
And, with more than the Fiend's worst
art.
Have uncovered the fires of the savage.
That slept in his untaught heart 1
The ties to our hearts, that bound him.
They have rent, with curses, awav.
And maddened him, with their maaness,
To be almost as brutal as they.
With halter, and torch, and Bible,
And hymns, to the sound of the drum,
They preach the Gospel of murder.
Ana pray for lust's kingdom to come !
To saddle ! To saddle ! my brothers I
Look up to the rising sun,
And ask of the God who shines there.
Whether deeds like these shall be done!
Wherever the Vandal cometh,
Press home to his heart with your steel',
And where'er at his bosom ye cannot,
Like tbe serpent, go strike at bis heel.
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JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
Tbroagh thicket and wood go huot him !
Creep np to his camp-fire side,
And let ten of his corpses blacken.
Where one of our brothers hath died !
Id hi« fainting, footsore marches—
In his flight, from the stricken fray —
In the snare of the lonel j ambash,
The debts that we owe him paj I
In Ood's hand, alone, is vengeance ;
But he strikes with the hands of men,
And his blight would wither onr man-
hood.
If we smote not the smiter again I
Bj the gra?e8, where onr fathers slumber,
By the shrines, where our mothers
prayed,
By oar homes, and bo|»es, and freedom,
Let every man swear, on Jiis blade,
That he will not sheathe nor stay it
Till from point to heft it glow^
With the flush of Almighty justice.
In the blood of the felon foe I
They swore; and the answering sunlight
Leapt red from their lifted swords,
And toe hate in their hearts made echo
To the wrath in their burning words !
There's weeping in nil New England,
And by Schuylkill's bank a knell.
And the widows there, and the orphans,
How the oath was kept can tell.
Sunday. — Federal accounts of the
recent fight near Culpepper Court
Houce are published, and as usual are
full of compliments to the chivalry and
gallantry of their troops. It is impos-
sible to believe one word they say.
MoxDAT, 18th August. — Morgan has
again captured Gallatin, Tennessee,
destroyed railroad bridges and tunnels,
and large quantities of stores, taking
many prisoners. Rumored that Stone-
wall Jackson has met with a reverse
against Pope. Rumor cannot be traced
to any authentic source. Enemy's
fleet seized one of our steamers near
Yicksburfi:, said to have arms on board.
Pope's officers, recently taken at Cedar
Run, are placed in close confinement,
and held as hostages for the safety of
our citizens, according to recent orders
from President Davis. Reported that
the Federals have hung seventeen pri-
vate citizens to avenge the death of
their General, McCook, killed by guer-
rillas.
Butler is disarming the citizens of
New Orleans. He was recently grossly
insulted by the Spanish Consul. So
says a gentleman recently from there.
Breckinridge's forces have gone to
Port Hudson, which will be strongly
fortified.
We are receiving immense supplies
of beeves from Texas— enough for all
the wanta of the Confederacy. They
swim the Mississippi. ,Lead and pow-
der are also brought from Mexico over-
land.
Confederate Congress meets to-day.
Tuesday. — Magoffin, Governor of
Kentucky, has resigned. He eannot
consent to serve the def*pot and betray
his country, it is well, though late.
Wkdhbsdat. — ^The Federals have re-
commenced their depredations in the
neighborhood of Vicksburg and on the
Tazoo River, and taken one of our
small steamers having a large amount
of valuable arms and ammunition on
board. They are believed to be evac-
uating James River.
Queen Victoria announces from the
throne that there will be no interven-
tion in American affairs, and settles
that question. We must bear the brunt
of the contest alone. The odds are
fearfully against us.
Rumored that Russia will join France
in some kind of intervention. Such
rumors always deceive.
Lincoln again refuses to arm the
slaves.
Enemy supposed to be evacuating^
Western Virginia.
Thursday. — ^The Federals now begin
to acknowledge that they were badly
beaten at Cedat* Run, and detect the
exaggeration of their Generals.
Much uneasiness is felt in regard to
Vickpburg, which is now comparatively
undefended, and troops are being sent
there. Families who had returned are
again leaving that city.
Guerrillas have taken Independence,
Missouri.
General McClellan announces in hia
address that the United Slates " is not
engaged in a war of rapine, revenge or
subjugation," but the whole course of
his government gives the lie to the
assertion. In the same nddrev he de>
clare-t that ** slaves, having been em-
ployed in the military service of the
United State?, will receive permanent
military protection against any com-
pulsory return to a condition of servi-
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tude." This is all that the aboUtloDists
ought to require 1
Frzdat. — ^Apprehensions in regard to
Yieksburg liave subsided, though the
moYements of the enemy are still un-
certain.
Bragg is understood to be massing
his army for an immediate move for
Chattanooga, nponNashville, and hopes
to out off the army of Buell.
We are fortifying Port Hudson, on
the Mississippi, which will secure to us
the navigation of the Red River, and
are building other gunboats upon the
Yazoo.
General Hindman, who was sup-
posed to have a strong army in Arkan-
sas, informs General Bragg, in a letter
which the Yankees intercept, that be
has thirty full regiments of infaulry
and only 8,000 stand of arms I He is
being rapidly supplied.
The present liabilities of the Southern
Confederacy are said to approximate to
the following figures :
Borrowed from Banks $50,000,000
State aid, to be reimbursed.. 4^,000,000
Due bills for property seized. 65,0iH),000
Dae bills for prop'y destroyed 40.0U0,000
War loans 66.000,000
Treasury notes 100,000,000
Due soldiers 46,000,000
Total $410,000,000
Adjutant-General Cooper has issued an
order directing general officers command-
ing Confederate troops to ascertain and
report if peaceable citizens have been put
to death iry Arkansas by Genen.l Fitch,
npon the ground that one of the invading
army had been shot down by some un-
known person, and upon being dertified
thereof, they shall forthwith set apart, bj
lot, from among any prisoners from Sh<!
army under the command of Fitch, num-
bers of officers equal in number to the
prisoners put to death as aforesaid, and
placed in confinement for execution at
such a time as mav be ordered by the
President, and ahali regard Fitch, if cap-
tured, as a felon, and place him in con-
finement until further orders.
Saturdat, 28kd August. — South Ca-
rolinlHos surprise the Federals on St.
Helena Island, and Scott's Louisiana
Cavalry have been sucoes«ful against
Yankee Morgan, near Cumberland Gap,
in East Tennessee.
Secret Sessions of Congress are to be
done away with, exct^pt in very im-
portant matters. In our opinion such
sessions have been favorable to us, but
the popular opinion is against them,
and must be g^tified. Things will
not improve with the change.
News received that Baton Rouge
has been evacuated by the enemy, who
have retired to New Orleans. It will
be occupied by our troops.
Sunday. — ^Spent the day at Coop€r*8
Well, a famous retreat, fourteen miles
from Jackson. Crowded with visitors
and refugees.
Lincoln is destined now and then to
hear some plain truths spoken even in
his domain. Dr. E. B. Old, whose
name and fame will now belong to his-
tory, spoke recently in Fairfield County,
Ohio, as follows, and has been con-
signed to a dungeon for the words :
"In God's name have we not had
enough blood? Our opponents forced
this war upon us, and they now call on
us to help them out, but I tell you, Mr.
Lincoln, that when vou strike down Con-
stitutions, trample laws under foot, and
then call on Democrato to help you, you
will not get them. Now is not this war
a war for these purposes? I tell you,
fellow Democrats, there is no honor, no
^ain, no profit, no glory in this war. It
IS all loss. It is my brother you strike
down.
*' I see a recruiting officer in this room,
here, no doubt, for the purpose of re-
cruiting volunteers for this war. Now I
want to advise my Democratic friends
about volunteering^. Before I enlist, or
before I entice a single Democrat to en-
list, I would first know, Mr. Lincoln,
what you are fighting for. If you are
fighting for the union and Constitution,
say so, proclaim your policy. No, it is
not for the Union and Constitution you
are fighting for. It is for those mad
schemes of abolition and disunion. No
Democrat will enlist in this war until the
administration changes its policv and
war-cry. ♦ ♦ * On the 4th of March,
1861} ilr, Lincoln stood upon the eastern
portico of the Capitol ana swore to sup-
port the Constitution. Did he do it?
No, his every act has been a violation of
it from that day to this. I denounce him
as a tj^aaU He has perjured his tout.
He may imprison me, but I will still cry
TYRANT I I denounce these acts of op-
pression as foul acts of pegury against
the Constitution."
Mo«PAY. — Federal army rfrorted as
having fallen back from Culpepper
Court House, Viiginia. We surprised
and took a portion of his rear-guard,
and several cars and locomotives.
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
A wild rumor is in town to the effect
that Pegram has several Ck>nfedfrate
war steHmers at the inoulh of tho Mis-
Bissippi — an old story.
TuKSDAT. — Pope is retreating to
wards the Rapidan, and may not make
a stand except at Manassas. Jackson
is in pursuit.
McClellan has stiilen a march on us
and is clear of the James River, which
he must damn most heartily.
Connterfeita of our Confederate
Treasury notes begin to multiply and
create some alarm.
President Dayis' Message to Congress
has been received. An extract here :
" The vast «rmy which threatened the
Capital of the Confederacy has been de-
feated and driven from the lines of in-
vestment, and the enemy, repeatedly
foiled in hiseflforts for its capture, is now
seeking to raise new armies on a scale
such as modern history does not record,
to effect that subjugation of the South so
often proclaimed as on the eve of accom-
plishment.
" The perfidy which disregarded riffhts
secured by compact^ the madness which
trampled on obligations made sacred by
every consideration of honor, have been
intensified bv the malignitv engendered
by defeat. These passions have chansed
the character of the hostilities waced by
our enemies, who are becoming daiiy less
regardful of the usages of civilized war
and the dictates of humanity. Rapine
and wanton destruction of private pro-
perty, war upon non-combatants, murder
of captives, bloody threats to avenge the
death of an invading soldiery by the
slaughter of unarmed citizens, orders of
banishment against peaceful families en-
gaged in the cultivation of the soil, are
some of the means used by our ruthless
invaders to enforce the submission of a
free people to foreign sway. Con fiscal ion
bills, of a character so atrocious as to in-
sure, if executed, the utter ruin of the
entire population of these States, are
Eassedby their Congress and approved
y their Executive.
" The moneyed obligations of the Con-
federate Government lare forged by citi-
zens of the United States, and publicly
advertised for sale in their cities, with a
notoriety which sufficiently attests the
knowledice of their Government : and its
complicity in the crime is further evinced
by tne fact that the soldiers of the invad-
ing armies are found supplied with large
quantities of these forged notes, as a
means of despoiling the country people
by fraud out of such portions of their
property as armed violence may fail to
reach."
Wednesday. — News from Tennessee
very encouraging, and it is ru.nored
that- Bragg is drawing off his entire
army. Our cause is rising rapidly in
the West.
Thursday. — Clarkesville, Tennessee,
has fallen into our hands, and the
enemy are reported to have evacuated
Forts Henry and Donaldson in the same
state. There are great results, if true,
and the results will be immense.
Nashville will then be in our power.
General Stuart routed the Federals,
on the Orange and Alexandria road,
5.000 strong, and took many prisoners,
besides destroying a vast amount of
stores.
HKADQXrARTRRS TF TinS FIRI.D, }
Near Batoit Rovok, Aognst 14, 18 '2. f
To the Gommanding Officer of tho United
States forcen at Baton Roogo :
6nt : The object of this comroanlcatf on Is to
call yonr attention to the acts of outrage re*
centiv committed In this part of the Confede-
rate dlates, under the orders of officers of the
United States army, and to other acts which,
I am Informed, are In contemplation under the
same orders.
Many private houses have been wantonly
barned, much private property has been taken
or destroyed without oompensation, many un-
armed citizens have boon seized and carried
away into imprisonment upon folse and frivol-
ous pretexts, and inforination has readied
these headquarters that negro slaves are being
organized and armed, to be employed against
ua.
It Is also stated that the mayor of Bayou
Sara bos been ordered (iii case he cannot pro-
cure negroes) to Impress all able-bodied white
persons, for the purpose of loading coal upon
the boats of the United States fleet
It has been the earnest desire of the Con-
federate authorities to conduct this war ac-
cording to the usages of civilized nations, and
they win adhere to them so long as they are
respected by the United States.
I am instructed by Major-Oeneral Van
Darn, commanding this department, to Inform
{rot that the above acts are regarded as in vio-
atlon of the usages of clvil1»^ warfare ; and
that In future, upon any departure from these
usages, *' he will raise the black flag, and neither
give nor ask quarter."
I have the honor to request an answer to
this oommunication. informing me of your
future purposes touohlng the acts, herein com-
plained of.
I am, very respectfully.
Your obedient servant,
JOHM 0. BRSCKIMRXneB,
MiOor*^neral C. 8. A.
Friday. — Morgan again advances
within a few miles of Nashville, and has
a briiliant afiair with Dick Johnson's
Federal cavalry, which he defeats and
puts to flight, after his taking many
prisoners. His force tOO against 1200
of the Federals. He destroys the
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briilgea on the Nashville and Gallatin
and Springfield roads.
Our guerrilla"* surprised and defeated
near Riei zi. Miss.
Dr. Cart Wright reaches here, from
N«w Orleans, and reports great mor-
tality, and some panic among the
Yankee troops there, and believes they
will increase.
The Northern papers give the fol-
lowing account of the disbanding of
the negro brigade raised at Port Royal,
8. C, by Gen. Hunter.
The negro brigade, oi^nlzed hy General
Hnnter. ba^ proved an unmitigated fidlure.
Oat of eifrbt handred contrabands on the
master roll, there were some Ave handred
who ** skedaddled,^ and many of the re-
mainder felt so aoeasy ander military control
and discipline that they watched for opporta-
nlties to escape. On batardav afternoon last
a rnmor previdjed aroand Hilton Head that
the famous negro brigade would be disbanded
that aftomoon. The ramor of the disband-
ment proved correct, for Gen. Huntt-r had
dispatched an Adjataiit and several oiflcere to
£lnott*8 plantation, when» the brigade was in
camp.
On the arrival of these officers their purpose
soon spread throogh the camp, creating the
wildest Joy among the '' soldiers.'*
Satubdat. — A small Confederate
success reportnl at Bridgeport, near
Chattan<K>ga. Great anxiety to hear
from Bragg's army, marching upon
Nashville, for that point.
The following expresses clearly and
succinctly the present aspect of affairs in
the Confederacy :
^ The movements of the last few weeks have
changed the aspect of aiXhirs. Not only has
the previous victorioas march of the invader
been checked at all points, but, in nearly every
instance we have advanced. Butler iias with-
drawn his Hdvanco to New OrUans ; Vicks-
borg has driven back her wonld-be conqaer-
ors; the grand army of Halleck, at Corinth,
has become dispersed, and we believe id now
in detachments, completely at the mercy of
our troupe : various important places in Ten-
nessee ana Kentucky are occupied by the
Confederates, and others are threatened ;
Grant's and Ourtis' forces are merely ganisons.
unable to move ; Morgan's is hemmed in. and
it is believed must capitulate ; Nashville is
seriously threatened by our troop«, and a vigor-
ous movement will compel its evacuation and
that of Memphis : Missouri is aroused, and
the Federals flna an abundance of work on
their hands in that quarter. Bo much for the
situation in the West In the East the attacks
aealnst Charleston and Savannah have been
given up ; almost the whole of North Carolina,
that was occupied, has been evacuated ; and
in Virginia we find the magnificent armies
which so long threatened the Confederate
capital (kllinff back to the position tbev occu-
pied on the Potomac at the outset of thd war*.
The siens of promise, we repeat, are bright,
and brightening. Not a doubt of success is
for a moment entertained.' '
Monday, September 1st., 1868. — Our
guerrillas have peuetrated to within ten
miles of Memphis, and burned much
cotton, and the bridges over the Uolt
and Hatchie rivers.
Southern Governor's west of the
Mississippi have issued an address.
We extract :
** We have every confidence in the Confede-
rate authorities ; we believe that they will
fully sustain the credit of the Government
here, and provide amply for oar fhture de-
feitce. But in order ihat they mav be able
thus to defend us, it behooves us all to be at
work^ Let every fire-arm be repaired, and
every gunsmith and every worker in iron, and
every mechanic bo employed in fashioning the
material for war. Let beauty sit day bv day
at the spinning wheel, the loom and with the
needle, never wearving in preparing the
necessary articles of clothing for the brave
soldiera of our States, who stand between her
and in&my and misery, as an impassable bul-
wark. Let all the warUke resources of these
great States be brought to light. It is for
liberty and life we fight ! and a good Qod hat
given us in this fair land all the material that
rave men need to defend their homes and
their honor.
As to the final result, fellow-citizens, Judg-
ing by the history of the past eighteen months,
can you doubt it ?
Except on the coast and on our riven at
points easily assailed by eunboats, wo have
had no cause to complain of the result.
Witness Bethel, Mttnassa^ Oak Uills, Lex-
ington, Leesburg. Belmont, ahlloh and Cnlcka*
hominy. Our soldiera have shown on every
field a desperate valur that has wrung reluc-
tant plaudits from our bated foes. Wnenevor
ordered to advance, they have done so re-
gardless of the danger, and at the word of
command have crowded the road to death as
to a festival."
Tuesday. — TheYankee accounts claim
that we failed in our attack upon Fort
Donaldson, and that they are now in
possession of it.
Accounts of the recent artillery duel
on the l^appahanuock are published.
We had 19 guus of the Washington
Artillery, and the enemy 44, and after
seven hours drove him from the field
and across the river. Our loss 24 killed
and wounded.
Butler requires all the arms in New
Orleans to be given up. French Con-
sul protests.
*^ror some time past unmistakable signs
have manifested themselves among the servile
population of the city and surrounding coun-
try of their intention to break the bonds
which bind them to their masters, and many
persons ^prehended an actual revolt.
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
It la these signs, this prospect of flDdioff onr-
selyes completelj anarmed, in the preseBce
•f a popaUttoD horn whieh the greatest ex-
cesses are feared, that we are abore all things
Justly alarmed ; for the result of such a state
of things woald fill on all alike who were
left witboat the means of self-defence.
It Is not denied that the protection of the
United States soreroment wonld be extended
to them in soch an event, bnt that protection
eoold not be effeottre at all times and in all
placea, nor proride against those internal
enemies whose nnrestrained language and
manners are oonsUntly increasing, and who
•re bnt partiallr kept in sobjection bj the
eonvletlon that their masters are armed.
I snbmlt to yon, sir, these obserrations, with
the request that you take them Into oonsidera-
tlon.
Please accept, sir, the assurance of mj high
esteem. The Consul of Fnnce,
COVMT MniAB.**
NOTBS ON THE JOURNAL.
Thb Produce Loaw Offior. — A note
apoD this eubject was promised in oar
last issue. The author of these notes
was connected with this office from ihe
earliest days of the Confederacy down
to the final surrender. At the instance
of the Secretary of the Treasury, he
organized ihe office in the summer of
1861, at Richmond, and preseed sub-
scriptions by correspondence and cir-
culars, and through sub-agencies in all
of the States. Early in 1862, preferrine;
a location at New Orleans, be resismed
ihe chief control of the office, which, at
his instance, was given to A. Ronne,
Esq., and accepted the Soiitli-Western
Department, embracing at first the
States of Tennessee, Mississippi, Arknn-
•as and Louisiana. After the fall of
New Orleans, his headquarters were
Temoved from New Orleans to Jackson,
Mississippi, to Uniontown and Selma,
Alabama, and finally to Ckilnmbus,
Miss.
The original proposition was, that
parties should agree, after a certain
stated time, to invest the proceeds of
the sale of a certain portion of their
crojts or manufactured goods in the
Bonds of the Confederate States, and
•ucli "subscriptions," as they were
called, reached a vast aggrecrate amount
in cotton, sugar, rice, naval stores,
tobacco, whea^ fionr, etc. The block
ade not being raised, however, and
sales being impracticable, the " Produce
Loan" under this form was a failure,
and the amount of collection was very
small.
At the instance of some of the largest
capitalists in New Orleans, we submit-
ted to the Secretary of the Treasury
a propoaal to advance handsomely in
gold or sterling upon such cotton as
the Confederate States would get the
actual possession of by purchase, bnt as
New Orleans fell immediately after,
nothing was accomplished. The Secre-
tary, however, obtained from Congress,
the power* to purchase, or take at a
market Talue, for Confederate Bonds,
cottoQ and tobaooo to the extent of
130,000,000 Irom those who had been
subscribers to the "Produce Loan."
This was an enlargement of that officer's
ideas upon the subject, and had it
occurred earlier, would have greatly
aided the finances. The purchases
were made indiscriminately, and much
more exteuBively from non-subscribers
to the loan than from subscribers, aiid
at prices which ranged from 6 to 8 cts.
in C. S. notes to 66 cents, which was
the highest price paid by us, in a pur-
chase of nearly a quarter of a miUioD
of baJes. The object of the gOTemment
in getting posnession of the cotton was
to dispose of it for sterling or sold, for
army supplies, or even in liqnidaUon of
its own notes. A large amount of it
was pledsed for what was called the
Fifteen Million Loan, negotiated in
Europe ; much of it was shipped direct
through our ports, etc. It was p«d
for in Treasury notes as well as bonds.
During the first years of the war, the
i(overnment pursued the policy of burn-
ing ynst quantities of cotton in the ex-
posed districts— afterwards the attempt
was made to remove it from those dis-
tricts to points of greater safety ; but
these were generally failures. Finally,
the policy was adopted to sell all the
exposed cottons to whoever would pay
for them in gold or foreign funds, and
give a permit to take the cottons beyond
our lines. The poUcy was afterwards
virtually enlarged to embrace all cot-
tons. Of course, such transactions were
in their nature d< licate, and not open to
public discussion. PuUicity would
have defeated them; and yet their
importance could not be overra^ in
the low state of the exchequer of the
Confederacy. During our administra-
tion, large amounts of gold and ex-
change were remitted to Richmond, of
which we have preserved the full
reports.
The administration of government
cottons in Mississippi, when the enemy
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JOUBNAL OP THE WAR.
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began to penetrate the State, was the
most difficult matter conceivable, and
the losses on it in every way were
fri^htfal. It was burned, wasted, stolen
and lost, despite of erery effbit that
was mftde to the contrary. Had it
been possible to sare the purchases in
this State alone, they would, at the
great depreciation after the war, have
paid a very large part of the national
debtw The experience of Mr. Clapp,
who afterwards had charge of these
matters, concurred in erery particular
with our own.
We have fortunately preserved cop-
ies of all our financial reports and our
entire correspondence with the govern-
ment upon subjects connected with the
"Produce Loan" for four years, and
our last financial balance sheet preceded
but a few days the fall of Richmond,
and ma^e a rSfumS of all the transac-
tions of the office. We phall publish it
hereafter. All the books, papers and
documents of the office are now in
possession of the United States.
The first purchases of cotton which
were made by the Ck>nfederacy were
made in Missisirippi, and were intended
to adjust a transaction which we had
entered into with the Bank of New
Orleans, involving a \&m amount of
specie, used in the purchase of army
clothing, blankets, etc., from a French
honse.
Besides the cotton bought by the
Treasury Department, the War, Navy,
Ordnance, Medical, and even State
Departments purchased f^reater or less
onantities, which were shipped to meet
ttieir necessities from time to time.
For a considerable period prior to
the close of the war, our entire influ-
ence was exerted to check the burning
of cotton ; and in concert with Gener^
Polk, a scheme was matured for the
conversion of it into army supplies,
foreign funds, etc., and for the preven-
tion of traffic except where the govern-
ment derived a direct and considerable
benefit Under this policy many thou-
sand bales were saved.
We close this note with some extracts
from the last able Report made by Mr.
Roane, giving a detailed account of the
operations of the office which he ad-
ministered with signal ability and in-
domitable ceal, and with this remark,
that of the large amount of cotton turn-
ed over to the United States by the
officers of this Deparment, in the seve-
ral States, but a very inconsiderable
portion inured to the benefit of the
Government
"The statement below will shovr the
total amount of purctiases of cotton which
have been made :
Bales. Yalne.
Pnrohftses in AlabMna. .. 184 858 $18,688,921
In Mississippi 187,841 7,947.405
In Lonisiana 181,086 7.754,140
In Soath Carolina 18,888 8,061,706
In Arkansas 10.800 1,06^984
InOe<»rgia 18^ 1,066.676
InFloiii
rgia
rida.
70
6,688
ToUl 480,784 $88,080,814
—or averaging for all, $80.10 per bale.
** The average cost per bale in all the ■
States is as follows : In Mississippi, $62.
4-1 ; In Louisiana. $64.06 ; in Arkansas,
$65.25 ; in Georgia, $80.27 ; in Florida,
$94.95; in Alabama, $101.55 ; in South
Carolina, $168.68.
** The tobacco purchases were made ex-
clusively in the State of Virginia, and
amount as follows:
Qaaotltv. Yaloe.
Leaf Tobaoco, hhds 11,018 $760,775
Stems, hbds 1,189 145,008
ManoTd tobacco, tierces.. 768 684,870
*' tobacco, boxes. . 101 81,404
Total.
$1,462,057
" The average cost being for leaf, 68 cts.
per pound ; for stems. H cts. per pound ;
and for manufactureo tobacco, $3.40 per
ponnd.
• ••«•*
'* Under these regulations all cotton, to-
bacco and naval stores held bj the several
departments were to be turned over to
the Treasury, and together with all fu-
ture purchases were to be transported by
the agents of the War Department to the
ports of shipment, storea in order, com-
pressed and placed on board of vessels,
and bills of lading taken for the same,
which were then to be turned over to the
agent of the Treasury Department and
consigned bj them to the Government
ailments in the neighboring islands— if not
snipped directly to Europe— to be thence
re-shipped to the Treasuiy agent at Liver-
pool, there to be sold, and the proceeds
to be placed to the credit of the Confed-
erate States, and paid out upon warrants
of the Seoretarv of the Treasury in satis-
faction of requisitions made by the heads
of the several departments.
** The statement found below will show
the total amount of shipments made up
to this time, including shipments made in
redemption of bonos of the * Erl anger
Loan,' and on account of the Treasury
Department proper:
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
COTTON.
Bales.
Shipped on aco't of Treas. Dcpt proper 1,190
Shipped from Wilmington on general
accoHDt 4,910
Shipped from Charleston on general acct 8,ni9
Shipped f^om Mohile on general account lb
Shipped from Savannah on do 56
Shipped from Mobile on acoonnt of £r-
laneer Loan 8,161
Shipped from Wilmington on account of
Erlangcr loan d,705
Total shipped „.. 19,886
Of which 469 were captured by the enemj.
TOBACCO.
Shipped fh>m Wilmington on general ac-
C(uuiL leaf, hhds 21
Shipped from Wilmington on general
accoun t, manufactured, tiercoa 768
Shipped fh>m Wilmington on general
account, manufactured, boxes 100
Total packagea 884
" Losses by capture, burnt by our own
authorities, aud used for military pur-
poses :
Ba1e9.
MisslMlppl 60,000
Louisiana , 48,448
Arkansas 900
All other States, say 600
Total .104,848
" Takeu possessioD of and sold by mil-
itary authorities :
Louisiana 24,828
Arkansas 600
Total
•* Sold by Treasury Department :
Bales.
Mississippi 8^688
Georgia 8,278
Totol 6,961
Total In all the States 186,782
i«»)ed In redemption of Brlanger
onds and for sale in Europe 19,884
Expended in payment of cotton coupons 607
Expended in payment for Army sup-
plies on contract with Messrs. Oauth-
' rln&Co..., 15^000
T ^^^'^^'v 171,728
L<^aving on hand 269,001
Of which there remain in Miasisslppl . 68,668
4^»l»n«» 115.450
Arkansas ]4;88S
Loiihlana 68,266
Gcc gia, South Carolina and Florida . . 1 2,246
Total 259,001
** Deducting the cotton in the Trans-
Mississippi States, 67,658 bales, which
maj not be arailable, there will still re-
main 191,848 bales. To these it will be
proper to add for the estimated yield of
the tithe tax on cotton 15,000 bales, giv-
ing a total of 206.248. The greater part
of tbe cotton left m Georgia, South Caro-
lina and Florida has already been trans-
ported or arrangements hare been made
for its collection and transportation to tbe
seaboard for shipment abroad. Contracts
for the sale of cotton in Mississippi hare
been made, which will absorb about 20,000
bales, including, probably, all of that
now located in tne exposed districts. A
portion of the purchases in that State
will also be taken up bv warrants pay-
able in cotton, issued in mvor of tbe War
Department for the purchase of military
supplies.
• • « « • «
"The following Is a carefblly prepared esti-
mate of the number of bales which the tithe
tiix will probably yield :*'
Bales.
Cotton tithe In North Carolina 660
Cotton tithe In South Carolina 8,000
Cotton tithe in Georgia. 8,600
Cotton tithe in Alabama 6,000
Cotton lithe in Mississippi 2,000
Cotton tithe in Florida 800
Total 14,850
Finances op thb CoNrBnaRAcr.— About
this time counterfeits began to appear of
our Treasury notes, but they were not
difficult of detection at first, as it seemed
impracticable for the Yankees to use as
mean paper, and print so badly as we did.
These counterfeits were introduced in im-
mense quantities by Federal soldiers and
speculators who crossed the line, and were
advertised for sale all over tbe North. After
a time better paper was introduced from
Europe, and improved andvxtensire ma-
chinery, and the money mills at Rich-
mond and Columbia turned out bonds
and notes nearly as handsome as those
of the enemy. They improved in qual-
ity as they deteriorated in value. It
ceased at last to be an object to counter-
feit them.
Up to this time Mr. Memminger esti-
mated that $74,000,000 bad been issued
of 8 per cent, bonds and call certi6cat'es,
and $206,000,000, interest-bearing and
other notes. It employed the time of 72
clerks regularly to sign the notes as fast
as required.
The war- tax was very generally as-
sumed and paid by the Sutes, and reach-
ed $10,000,000 to August, 1862.
Gold, which had remained at par with
Confederate notes for the first four
months of 1861, went up to 120 by the
close of that year; averaged 185 during
tbe first six months of 1862 ; was 150 in
August, but jumped up suddenlv to 250
in September. It reached at the same
time, as compared with Federal money.
124 in New York,
Prices of some of tbe articles sold at
blockade sales in Charleston were as fol-
lows:
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JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
331
"Sperm candles. No. ft. $9 80 to $2 60 per
pooml; Boap, $1 M to $1 60 per ponnd : gnn-
powder l«i, $10 00 per pound ; men's patent
Congress Gaiters, $12 76 to $19 per pair ; Indies'
heeled Otngress Oalters, $18 per pair; Con-
TOS gaiters, $16 26 per pair; ladW heavy
Congress fralter^ $10 75 per pair ; coffee, dam-
aged, $1 62^ per pound ; ruled foolscap paper,
$20 to $26 per ream ; ruled letter paper, $16 60
to$20perreain.^ f-*- .v
SoMB Indication or Northbrk Sbnti-
MBKT.— The Boston Courier^ at this time,
tbos discoursed upon th« situation :
**We hare been laboring under certain
pave errors In respect to this rebellion, which
it is high time were corrected.
** We have supposed there was a Union party
In the South. There Is none.
'*We have supposed the rebellion could be
quelled In this campaign. It must last for
years.
"" We have supposed half s million of troops
were snflldent to subjugate the revolted States,
it will require at least a million and a half.
"This Is the most serious of all our errors —
this constantly undervaluing the strength of
the ("oeniy and over-estimating our own
strength. The time has arrived when we must
come up to the strength of our endeavor. Not
a man less than a million and a half will be
necessary. We must at once take measures to
raise this number of troops, or the contest will
be prolonged Indeflnltely.
"*■ We supposed that after subduing the reb-
els, a snoall force would suffice to enforce
obedience of the law. Snch may be the case
twenty years hence, but for the present, say
tor the next ten years, we shall want a stand-
ing army of not less than three hundred thou-
sand men to preserve order in the South. The
people literally hate us. The women teach
hatred to their children. The clergy preach
hatred from the pulpit The growing genera-
tion will be even more embittered against us
than the present Nothing but force can keep
the country. For this purpose my estimate
of three hundred thousand men is moderate.*'
Pbisonbbs of Wab.— We often visited
the prisoners at Richmond and other
points, and were struck with the eviden-
ces of humane management which exhib-
ited themselves. It was practicable then
to provide for the secunty and comfort
of this class, and the disposition uni-
versally was to do it. The enemy com-
plain of us a great deal on this point, but
the recent report of the U. S. Secretary
of War shows that a larger number of
Southerners died in Northern prisons,
than Northerners who died in ours. Two
of the former died out of every fifteen,
and two of the latter out of every 28 1 !
Thursday. — Telegraphed that Presi-
dent Davis has left for the Potomac,
and that Jaclcson's army has crossed,
and that the Yanltees under Wool were
marching to meet him.
Kirby Smith occupies Lexington,
Kentucky, and is marctdng on Cincin-
nati.
Bragg has crossed tlie Cumberland,
and is advancing on Louisville.
Brilliant dash of Confederates at
Bayou des Allemans, La.
**CoiiRAOB8:— Our campaign opens
auspiciously. The enemy is m full re-
treat, wifb consternation and demoraliza-
tion devastating his ranks. To secure
the fruits of this condition, we must press
on vigorously and unceasingly.
** Alabamians ! your Sute is redeemed.
Tennesseeans ! your Capital and State
are almost restored without firing a gun.
Yon return conquerors. Kentuckians !
the first sreat blow has been struck for
your freedom. Soldiers from other States
share, the happiness of our more fortu-
nate brothers, and will press on with them
for the redemption or their homes and
women." [Signed, Braxton Bbaog.
EDITORIAL
Tub grandest, the vastest conception
of the age is an accomplished fact— a
girdle has been put around the globe in
reality as in poetry, and the civilizations
of the Old and New World, of Homer,
Alexandria and Bonaparte, and of Wash-
ington, Captain Smith and Pocahontas
bold communion with each other by an
electric spark I Glorious consummation,
act worthy of the gods who piled Ossa
upon Pelion and hurled mountains at
each other in their warlike demonstra-
tioos in days of yore. Limit not again
the achievements of the energy,* the en-
terprise and the daring spirit of our age
NOTES, ETC.
and country. With an iron wire grap-
pling the Continents and iron bands
three thousand miles in length across the
boundless plains, rivers and mountains
of our own, connecting the shores of
the Atlantic and ^cific, the Nineteenth
Century might well rest in its giant
progress. Pact is here beyond all fiction .
Given the cable and there is no difficulty
at all about the railroad. That is next
in order. A nice ear might almost catch
already the scream of its locomotive.
Worthy of the great work is the first
message which leaps from Continent to
Continent Ptace prtvaUt in both.
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
We referred in oar last to the beautiful
charity which dictates Id erery part of the
Southern land the formation of Memori-
al Associationt in honor of our noble and
gallant dead. For that at Charleston,
Mr. Timrod, the most exquisite of our
Southern poets, contributed an ode, which
is worthy of the classic ages :
Sleep sweetly in your hamble grares.
Sleep martjn of a follen cause I —
Though yet no marble colamn crares
In seeds of laurels in the earth,
The garlands of yonr fame are sown ;
And, somewhere, waiting for Its birth.
The shaft is in the stone.
Meanwhile, yonr sisters for the years
Which bold in tmst your storied tombs,
Bring all they now can gf to you— tears,
And these memorial blooms.
Small tributes, but your shades will smile
As proudly on those wreaths to-day,
As when some cannon-moulded pile
Shall orerlook this Bay.
Stoop anffels hither firom the skies !
There Is no holier spot of ffronnd,
Than where defeated valor lies
By mourning beauty crowned.
John N. Cardoza of Charleston, the
Teterau of the Southern press, favors
us with a copy of his little volume en-
tiled " HeminiscencM qf CharUtton** and
no son of that heroic old city, wherever
in exile, should fail to send for the work.
The reminiscences cover a hundred
topics, which are all discussed with gra-
phic pen, and will furnish some material
for the Rkvibw hereafter.
Next to Memorial Associations, the
Relief, Orphan and Hospital Aisodations
at the south, are all noble and Christian
Charities, and speak volumes in favor of
a people who, in the times of direst dis-
tress and suffering, can still occupy
themselves in this manner. The address
of the Hospital Association at New
Orleans for disabled soldiers has reached
our table, and powerfully appeals to the
sympathies of every class. The Presi-
dent of the associatidS is General John
B. Hood, of New Orleans, and among
the Directors are Generals R. £. Lee,
Buckner, Johnston, Preston, Beauregard,
Hays, Lougstreet, Hardee and Hampton.
We extract from the address :
The subjects of the assistaDoe proposed to
be rendered by the assodiUlon are persons
who, In eonseqaence of their disabled con-
dition, have no means of earning a support,
but are left at present as a tax upon indlvidn-
' al obari^. Many of the soldiers whom we
propose to receive in this institution will be-
enabled, nnder skillfbl surgical treatment, to
resume the active pursuits of life, and not
only to earn an adequate support, bat con-
tribute again to the prosperity of their
fhmilles and to that of the conntiy.
It is not proposed to limit the advantages
to be derived from this association to any one
Sute, bnt all disabled soldiers from any ptrt
of the South will be equally entitled to receive
its benefits. Should the funds which we
hope to collect prove adequate to the pnipose.
it Is also contemplated to supply artlflelal
limbs, and to defray the expense of convtlet-
cents to their homes or to other points where
they may have obtained employment.
In reply to some criticism ventured
upon the spirit which characterised the
volume, being published by Mr. Lossing,
in illustration of the recent great war,
we received a friendly letter from that
gentleman, in which the following senti-
ments occur :
"^ I earnestly desire to have all the wounds
which the conflict prodnced speedily healed,
and I should be glad to see it done without a
visible cicatrix. The war lllnatrated the
courage, the endurance, and the wonderful re-
sources of the tohoU people <^ the Republic ;
and I desire a perfect union of that people ss
one great and powerful nation, working in
harmony In the numanUlng and christianizing
efforts for the good of mankind, which, I be-
lieve, is the grand design of Ood in his bte
dealings with ua. His hand is visible, to my
eye, in the late war, working for the Rights
of Man and the general happiuees of the
Human race.^
The author (signing himself *' Diversi-
ty ") of some &8ay9 on Taxation and
Reconttruetion^ which he sends us in
pamphlet form, entertains novel views on
the subject, and if his theories could be
carried out the Millennium would speedily
arrive. In our opinion they can only be
attempted q/lS^ that epoch. He opposes
all iuvoluntary taxation, all restrictions
upon commerce, and would require the
holders of the National debt to take in
payment the public lands in lieu of gold.
The publishers of the pamphlet are C. B.
Richardson k Co., New York.
The same house send us their pros-
pectus of a new Southern Uhivernty
Series^ consisting of primers, spellers,
readers and speakers, revised by George
Frederick Holmes, of the University of
Virginia, with illustrations by Southern
artists. It is intended that the produc-
tions of Southern intellect shall have full
and able representation in the series.
Mr. Holmes has also prepared au English
Grammar and a Chronological History of
the United States, which will shortly ap-
pear. Other Professors in the Uoiversi-
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
833
^ adrertise works to be published by
RicbardMD & Co.. io FreDch, Latin,
Arithmetic and Mathematics. This is as
it should be, and we hope to see a liberal
eDcoaragement extended to them.'
Bon. J, W, Clapp^ a disHngnished
dtizen of Mississippi, will receive our
thanks for his address delivered nt the
Universitj of that SUte, on the 29th Jqne
last Referring to the wonderful change
which has happened all over the South,
the transition from devastation and car-
na^ to law, order, industry and enter-
prise, Mr. Clapp eloquently says :
"For four or Are years the laws bad been
silent amid the clash of arms, and courts of
justice had nlmoBt ceased to exist, and when
the military anthority, which had controlled
everything, was subverted, i|nd there was in
»a no law, is there now, or has there been,
another country or people where, under such
circumstances, dvil and social disorders, and
indeed the wildest anarchy, would not have
oocnrred? And yet, no sooner does the
smoke of battle clear away, than with an in-
stinctive love of law and order, communities
are reorganized, the civil tribunals re-estab-
lished, and —
'Betumlng Justice lifts aloft her scale.'
** At the commencement of the conflict we
were, in the aggrefrate, beyond controversy,
the wealthiest people upon the globe, and
possessed more of toe elements or Sfrricultu-
ral and commercial poWer and prosperity.
Many of our people had been reared In the
lap of luxury, and a far larger proportion
were surrounded with all the comforts of life
in abundance, and exempt ft-om the necessity
of daily toil. Not only was our surplus
wealth. BO to speak, swallowed up by millions
and thousands of millions In the devour-
ing vortfz of war, but slmost every form
of property wss involved In indisariu.inate
destmciion. Fences and houses were burned :
farms pillsged and devasUted ; mills and
manufactories destroyed ; commerce anni-
hilated ; business paralyzed ; and our
system of Uibor utterly subverted. Not only
were those who had never known a want de-
g rived of all the luxuries to which they had
een accustomed, but thousands of our people
were denied the comforU of life, and thou-
sands more Its very necessities, so that mere
subsistence, in multitndt s of cases anu some-
times in whole communities, was. and is yet.
a qnestidu of startling import. Under cala-
mities so appalling where Is there another
people that woald not have staggered into
nopeless imbecility and despair 7 And ytt
not only were these incredible losses and trials
borne by our people with a heroic and
sublime fortitude, • but with a marvelons
promptne^ they adapted themselves to the
new condition of aflfairs,— the corner-stone of
a new M>cia1 and indni^trial edifice was laid
and soon the Phoenix, Prosperity, be^n to be
evolred from the ashes of her former self.'*
There can be no doubt that cholera^ in
a mild form, prevails more or less in all
of the large cities of the country, but it
has nowhere assumed an epidemic foim,
and probably will not, considering the
careful police regulations which are be-
ing adopted, and the enlarged knowledge
of the disease and the treatment which
it obtains. The disease in Europe has
been shorn of much of its horrors, and
some months since we introduced into
the Rbvibw extracts upon the subject of
its treatment from the Faculty at London.
"We now have before us an Essay on the
same subject, by Dr. Warren Stone,
which appears in the Medical Journal,
of which he is associate Editor. The
Doctor is known as the most distinguish-
ed physician of New Orleans, and has a
reputation which is world wide. Be was
considered an oracle in the early cholera
epidemics at New Orleans. Our readers
will be indebted to us for a few quota-
tions from his excellent production :
" Next in Importance to wardlnjr off cholera,
is the ability to detect it at the outset. What
are usually termed the premonitory symp-
of Cholera, or Cholerine, are in reality
toms
the Cholera; and the destructive rice-water
discharsres bear the same relation ^. this dis-
ease that black vomit does to yellow fever.
Some of these cases recover, but Um niajority
sink under the pestilence. I bell»-ve that in
the eariy stage, the disease Is easily warded
off, or the severer symptoms are prevented ;
bat after the warning signs have passe *
heeded, the mischief Is done,; and ft is n
..■^■w<i.v<^ «uw ,M,,o%,ut%it ua titfuv,, anu IL IB ns rea-
sonable to expect to discover a sncoessfiil
trentment for this stage as for consumption
after the InnffS have been destroyed.
" In the fall of 1848, when Cholera appeared,
I was lame from rheumatism, so that f could
not ride ; but I gave advice to a jnvat many
families. I advised them to watch carefaily
and if any member had derangement of the
bowels, to send him to bed; and my medium
prescription for adults was flAeen to twenty
grains of quinine. elRht or ten of calomel, and
two or three or opium, made Into six pills.
One to bo administered every hour or two
until all symptoms subsided. No deaths of
Cholera occurred, either In the families or
smong the servants of those who soufrbt and
followed this advice. Animal broth and a lit-
tle brandy and water may be useftil. If the
dischargees are c<ipious and exhauKtin?, astrin-
gents are proper, and moderate use of opiates.
Among the astringents, I think Kino Is the
best. I have never seen anythini? but In-
creased distress to the patient from any of the
heating and stimulating substances that con-
stitute so many Cholera remedies. Calomel I
have seen used from the dose of a quarter of a
grain, to half-ounce doses. The small doses
are useful in this stage of the disease, and I
ihink has more curative effect than anything
else. The half-ounce doses do not deserve a
comment There is a condition of the mu-
cous membrane even in the collapse that calo-
mel operates favorably on; and I lielieve
when pronerly given, assists in preventing
what has been termed the consecutive fever.
Half or a whole grain of calomel dropped on
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
the tongne every half honr or oftcner, nutJl
ten or twelre K^ains are Administered, often
relieyes the vomiting and fecal dischai^es,
and leaves a favorable ounditiun compared to
that left by heating stimulanta. The beat that
can be done for the cramps la to secare a 8tc»nt
attendant or two who can straighten the limbs
and talio the kinks out of the mascles. Sina-
pisms, like a hot iron, distress the patient, and
hot bags of salt or bran annoy very much, and
■eem to exhaust without doing any good.
" Ice water lo drink, and ice water to the
■arfoce, is not only the most grateful remedy,
but it favors reaction more than all the inter-
nal and external stimulants that can be ap-
plied."
After the qaotation which xras made in
the last number of the Rbvibw, showing
how inierestiog were the topics discuss-
ed in Dr. Craven's admirable little work
upon the *' Prison Life of Jtffenon Davis^"
it will be unnecessary lo make more than
brief reference to it now. Dr. Graven
has earned the lasting gratitude of all
good men, North and South, by his noble,
generous, and self-sacrificing course to-
wards the illustrious State prisoner. His
work will be a lasting memorial to his
own fame^ as to that of the ill-fated cap-
tive, who has proved himself equal to
either fortune — a dungeon or a court.
Every page will be read with keenest in-
terest. The work is published by Carle-
ton, New York.
From M. Doolady, Publisher, New
York, we receive TioeJ/ucky a novel, whose
scenes are laid in Virginia, during the
recent war. The work is written in a
spirited manner, and has much to do
with seceshion, the negroes, etc., etc. It
is one of a class of romances with which
our literature will abound for the next
half a century.
The Appletons favor us with
1. Ltj4 and Times of Andrew Johnson.
2. Sherhooke^ by H. B. O., author of
Madge. The latter is dedicated to the
young women of the Republic, who, it is
hoped, will glean strength, courage, and
patience from its pages, and a love of
Christian wisdom.
President Johnson is viewed from a
national stand-point, and receives a noble
vindication from the aspersions of his
enemies. His public and private career
are prominently developed, and his con-
sistency as a statesman. Every citizen of
the Republic should familiarize himself
with the volume. The attitude of Mr.
Johnson on tho great questions which
distract the land places him in the fore-
most rank of the great names of history,
and patriots in ages to come will revere
his memory, and emulate his example.
Messrs. Lippincott k Co., of Philadel-
phia, put us in possession of a *' Behel
War Clerk's JHary" in two volumes.
The author, J. B. Jones, who was long
connected with the newspaper press, and
was a sincere and true patriot, espoused
very early the cause of the revolution
which he had opposed, and accepted a
position under the Confederate Oovem-
ment, which he held at Montgomery and
Richmond, during the entire war. All
who had business with the departments
will remember him as the indefatigable
chief of the Passport Office; from which
his opportunities of observation and in-
formation were of consequence very
great. He has availed himself of this in
his work, and furnishes much in relation
to the secret history of the government
Of what was going on outbide of Rich-
mond his knowledge was limited, and
this is the field which we have select-
ed for ourself, but we shall very often,
refer to the pages ot our friend for illus-
trations. He is now in his grave, poor
fellow, having just lived long enough to
complete his work, which will long live
as an able and interesting chronicle of
the. •* times that tried men*s souls." For
the sake of his family, as for its intrinsic
merits, we trust the work will pass
through many editions. There are points
in it which we shall criticise hereafter.
Messrs. Harper k Brothers send :
1. Four Years in the Saddle ^ by Col.
Harry Gilmor.
2. Homes Without Hands, by the Rev.
J. G. Wood.
The fame of Harry Gilmor, as a dash-
ing cavalry leader of the war, will com-
mend his work to readers North and
South. It is written with the life and
spirit of romance, but has all the merits
I of authentic history. Col. Gilmor was
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
335
twice a prigoncr of war at the North, and
gives this testimouj : " I hare been
among the prisoners at Columbia, Salis-
barj, Danville and Richmond, and it is
my belief ihat the prisoners at the South
were better fed than we were, and had a
greater variety of food, and more of ft.
They got the same rations as our soldiers
in the field. If there was privation it was
caused by our poverty^ not our will."
*' Homes without Hands" is a superb
ToIume,in matter, appearance, and illus-
trations. It describes the habitations of
animals according to their principles of
construction. Insects, birds, reptiles,
animals of every kind figure in the vol-
ume, and their nests, caves, dens, are
beautifully shown in the engravings with
which it abounds. No one interested in
Natural History should be without the
work. It is worthy of a place in every
parlor, and in every gentleman's library.
We are charmed with it. The author,
who is an Englishman, has published
other able works upon Natural History.
In a recent number we promised a care-
ful perusal of, and some remarks upon,i/>*.
Greeley's superbly illustrated work up-
on the American Conflict^ of which the
first volume has appeared. The piomise
will not be forgotten. Though we have
never agreed with the author upon polit-
ical matters, we have ever respected
his personal worth, honesty and integ-
rity. His errors have been only of the
head. Hence he was opposed to the
war at its inception, was anxious to treat
with our Commissioners in Canada, has
always favored universal amnesty, and
recently offered to become the bail of
Jefferson Davis. In an interesting inter-
view with him last summer in New York,
be was far from even advocating the trial of
the prisoner, unless his friends required
ir, but gave utterance to the most liberal
and manly sentiments in regard to the
Dnbappy condition of the country. We
honor and respect him for them, what-
ever his idiosyncrasies in other matters.
We learn from their circular, that J. P.
Morton k Co., of Louisville, Kentucky,
the largest publishing bouse in the South,
have issued a series of approved School
Books, adapted to our institutions of
learning. Among others, are Butler's
Readers, Grammars, and Speakers, also
Towne's Arithmetic and Algebra, etc.
They deserve encouragement and sup-
port.
The following publications were re-
ceived too late for notice in this number,
but shall be noticed in the next :
From D. Appleton k Co.
Taxation. By Sir S. M. Peto.
Brevity in Chess— HazUtim Harkness^
—Introductory Latin Book, .
Prom Harper & Brothers.
Phemie Keller. F. G. Traftord.
Zand at Last. Edmund Yates.
From M. Doolady.
History of the Gipsies. W. Simson.
Ten Years of a Lifetime, Mrs. Mar-
garet Hosmer.
The mission of General Beauregard to
Europe, in aid of the finances of the Kew
Orleans and Great Northern Railroad^ is
understood to have been a success, and
the result is, the prospects of the corpor-
ation are most encouraging. The propo-
sal was accepted to fund the nccf ued in-
terest as a second mortgage, and to begin
at an early day the payment of interest
upon the original bonds. The Americao
bondholders will no doubt at once fall
into the arrangement.
We have upon our table a prospectus
of the Ameri<xin Industrial Agency^ re-
cently established in New Yoik. at No.
40-42 Broadway, under charters obtained
from the States of Tennessee and Vir-
ginia. The Association proposes branch-
es in the several States, and to make
advances to its stockholders which shall
enable them to cultivate their estates.
We advise all who would study the sub-
ject, to apply for a copy of the pamphlet.
We have space for but a single extract
from it :
"The charter was prepared after long and
careful study of the prtncipIeK and nroctioal
detuilaof administration of the crvoits Fou-
cier and Muhiller, and combines all the best
foatnres of boUi those succesttfiil iiihtitntions.
In offering vou the privilege of participating
la its benefits, we do nut propose to charge
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336
EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
7011 a nsurloaa rata of interest for advances,
nor to demand a surrender of aoj partof vour
crop, or of your lands, nor the i»ptl6n of bay-
ing your lands at their present depreciation ;
nor to cntrul the saU» and diqtosal of your
crops through agents unknown to yon. On
the contrary, by the strenffth of your associ-
ated credit susiained by the barmonioas ac-
tion of ail tbc branches, under the supervision
of a council elected by yourselves, we propose
to riKluce the rata of interest on advances to
■tocti holders even below the present legal
rates; to relieve you of the necessity of sacri-
ficing your lands ; to allow the stockholders
of each branch Agencgr to choose their own
otBcers and ag«<nts, and to obtain and pav over
to you in ftili the' highest possible price on
Tonr pnMlucts. at the least possible cost for
*eharg€S and ontntnitudonH^ which charges
and comuils>li*ns, less the actual incidenul
expenses, will lie repaid to the subscribers in
the shape uf dividends on their sbar<»s.**
^^T" Wo thank F. B. Pease, Buffalo, N. T.
for a valuable pamphlet npon the Manufactur-
ing Interests of that city, and shall refer to it
more fblly In our next issue.
far* Mr. Stein's article on the Mississippi,
having been unavoidably omitted, will appear
In an early issue ; as will also a very interest-
ing and valuable paper upon Arkansa$^ made
up fh>m the Bulletin and Reports of an Asso-
datifu at Little Bock.
yr vie credited erroneously to the ITeio
..Orleans OrMoeni, instead of Timety the re-
marks in a recent number on the history of
Perriqus TobacoOy so famous in the West
REVIEW ADVERTISING INDEX.
All advertisementaki the Review will
be regularly noted in this Index. Our
terms are the same as before the war,
and considering the large circulation of
the Review in every part of the Union,
and especially in Uie Southern States,
its limiUi hhould be occupied. Merchants
and manufacturers of the South, and
those baviug lands for sale, would do
well to imitate in advertising the enter-
prise of Northern cities. Our pages are
open to all, and it is from this source
only that the Review can be made re-
munerative.
Co. Emery Brothers.
W. O. Ciemont, Brown & Co.
Books, Bibles, etc —James Potts ; John P. Mor-
ton & Co.
Boots aud Sboes.— John Slater.
Bankers and Exchange.-— Dnncan.Shermnn &.Co.
C. W. P«rc«il&Co. ; E. Q. BeU ; U»ckwood
& Co. ; Connor & Wilson
Brokers.— Gold aCbd SiUer, Keal Estate, etc; Uor-
leran McCloutl, Murphy & Ciuih.
Charleston. S. C-, Dircclory.
Ciucinnalti, Ohio, Drreclo'ry.
ttrds.— Cution and Wi>ol ; J no. H. Haskell.
Colti>n Factors.— C re WB. Wilson. Bradlurd & CO.
Cupper>rnnhi!. Engineera, etc, — Thomus Uatinoo, J.
Wyatl Re id.
Cloth nil,'. Sliirts, Stc.— S. N, Moody ; Henry Rl jore
& Genunc:.
OoUeciioii and Commission MerchwntB.— Taylor,
>lrKwc[i and BI«w.
Dry GotrtJs, — Butler, Broom & Clapp.
iJru^Liist— S. Mansfitjld & Co. Jas Gfin*^£;:il-
Einit^ration Companies. — John WiUianiK.
EnpTavers, etc.— Fenl Meyer b Co; J. W. Orr.
Eyas.— IJr FiH>te.
Express Companies.— Southern-
Fertilizers, etc—John S. Ree«e & Co. ; Allra ft
Ne<:;dles; Bau<?h & Sons; Graham, Emleu
& H.issniorc ; Tasker and Clark.
Fancy G^mkIs, — J. M . Bowon & Co.
Fire Arms.— B. Kitbrrdije & Co.
Gardt^n Seeds, elc—D, LandreUi & Sons.
GriM'ers.- Baskervillo, SheriUHii & Co.
Hotels -Exchange Hottil, Runiet House
Hardwnre, etc,— G. Wolfe Bruce ; C. H. Shxiomb;
Choate & Cn. ; Orpll, Bros. & Co. ; E. Rob-
bins &. Bradley.
I n;* urn nee Compauit^s.— JEtJifl ; Accidental.
Iron Rai ingR, «ic.— Robert Wood & Co. ; W. P,
Hoi*d.
Iron Safes.— Herri m; & Co.
Jewelry, etr.— Tiffany & Co. ; Bal], Black & Co.
Lawyers.- Ward & Jones.
Liquors.- L. L. Burrell &. Co-
Euan A(?cncy.— Dopartnit'iit Ba»in(^^8, etc.— Na-
tiu]ial Bank of Metropolis.
Machinery, Stoum Engines, Saw Mr tin, Cardinif,
SpinumK and Weaving, etc. — Bridefchurg Man-
ufantunnR Company. Jacob B.Schaiick ; Poole
& Hunt : Smith & Sayre : Jas. A. l{ul>niiwn;
Gho. Page & Cii. : Edmund M, Iveus ; Lane ft
Bodiev \ Jo*:eph Harrison, Jr. ; J. E. Steven-
son. J. H. UuvaL
Mill Stones.— J, Bradftird & Co.
Mjlitary Equipments.— J. M. Mi^eod & Sou.
Medicines, etc.— Brnndreth's ; Dr. W. R. Mer-
wiu ; Riulway & Co. ; 'J'arraat &, Co.
Musical Instrument B.—F. Zogbaum &. F.iirchild ;
SmmiBsir & Bejjffs.
Masonic Emblems.- B. T. Hay ward
NurBeriof.— Eilwanger& Barry.
Organs— Parlor, etc.— Pelouliet.Pelton & Co.
Pamt, etc.— Pecora Eoad aud Color Company.
Patent Limbs.— W. Solpho & Son.
Pons— R. Esterbrook & Co.
pcrfumor*.— C. T. Lod^e-
Pianos.— W- Knabo ISl Co. !
Hop«.- J.T. Douglas.
Scales— Fairbanks &{. Co.
Straw Goods.— Bosl wick, Sabin & Clark.
Steams:! lips.— Jamea Conuoly & Co. \ Livingsta|ia^
Fox & Co,
Stationers.— Fraud B & Loulrel ; E. R. W^agener.
Soap, Starch, etc.— B. T. Babbit.
Stmt hern Bitters, etc.- C H. Ebbtrt & Co.
Sewing MjichiQos.— Sinpor & Co ; Fiukle ft. Lyoo.
StecL— Sanderstm Brothers & Co.
Silver and Plated Ware— Wind la & Co- ; Wm.
WilMJufitSou. W. Gale, Jr.
Tulmcco Dealers, etc— Dohan, Carroll & Co.
Tin Ware— S- J. Hare & Co- ; J- B- Duval & Son.
Tailors— Derby & Co. ; Harlem & Co.
Wirfi Work Railing?, etc— M Walker & Sorij.
Washing Machines ami Wringers and Mangles —
R- C. Browiiiuff ; Jiup. Ward & Co. ; Oaney &
Keating. Robl.DuncAD.
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N
DE BOW'S REVIEW.
ESTABLISHED JAITUARY, 184«.
OCTOBBB, 1866.
. ART. I.-A TALK WITH RADICAL LEADERS.
** While Yenobakcb pondered o'er new plans of pain,
And Btaanched the blood she saves to shed agaio."
Btbon. — Conair.
You are the head and front of that offending, which for so
many long years has reaped its frnits in the alienation of the
people of this great country, in the array of section against sec-
tion, of neighborhood against neighborhood, until the whole
land has been converted into a Pandemonium, and civil war
has run its career of blood, rapine, devastation and death.
Some of you are men of scholarly attainments, of much research,
taught in history and philosophy, and outside the limits of your
proclivities as agitators, we are informed, are men of many
social and personal qualities. The errors of such men ar^
more dangerous, their very sincerity and earnestness are the
harbingers of greater woe to their country.
Granting which, T am reluctant to admit that personal griev-
ances have had much to do with raising many of you to your
{)resent bad eminence, and that you have been cheered onward
)Y thousands as misguided as yourselves, and giving you even
the benefit of the statement, that those against whom your ire
is aroused are not free from offence (if you please, have them-
selves been active offenders), can there be found in all of this
justification for the savage and merciless warfare which you
wage ? It is no longer the noble and manly warfare' of the
field, of armed host against armed host, of bayonet, ball and
shell ; but a war of the armed against the disarmed, of the
strong against the weak, of the conqueror against his prisoners,
for it 4S to this condition that the event of the recent great
war has reduced the millions of the South !
And, sirs, who are these people of the South, that having
overcome by overwhelming millions from your Northern hivej
VOL. II.-N0. Wi A 22
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388 A TALK WITH THE RADICALS.
it is the end of your philosophy, by every ingenious contri-
vance of discriminating legislation, oi restrictions, of agrarian
and revolutionary manoeuvring, to humiliate, degrade and
crush hopelessly and forever ? Who are they ?
When your ancestors of the Mayflower^ in the dim antiquity
of our country, were struggling with the savages of the North,
ours enduring equal harcShip, and with like spirit and deter-
mination, were grappling with those by the waters of the
James and the Roanoke, in the shad v dells and among the flowery
slopes of the Cooper and the Ashley, the beautiful May and
the Savannah. Tuese hardy pioneers made the wilderness to
smile and blossom, and transferred from the Old to the New
World their high notions of liberty and independence, be-
queathing them as an inheritance to their chilaren. Among
those pioneers who landed at Port Royal, in South Carolina, in
the century which first disturbed the repose of Cape Cod, were
the ancestors of the present writer.
Two centuries cameof marvelous life and energy, the record of
which is scarcely preserved to us more than in tndition or doubt-
ful history ; wigwams and cabins, tomahawks aiid rifles, Indian
councils and woodman's axes, King Philips and Yemasees, and
the people by the Connecticut, the James, or the Savannah,
emergecf from the wilderness and talked to kings and Parlia-
ments, and ministers of rights, of independence and liberty,
and backed their noble language by blows, fast and thick, from
whigh despotism at last recoiled. These workers of the forest,
descendants of Winslow or Standish, of Berkley or Craven,
cemented by the memories of common toils and dangers, came
together in council, banded together in the field, and presented
to the world an example of heroic devotion, intrepidutv, cour-
age, and valor, which has ever since lived in song and story.
Were the fights less sanguinary when led by Sumter or Marion,
than when led by Putnam ? Was not the path of the invader
tracked with bfood, whether he landed by the Hudson, the
Chesapeake, or along the Southern bays ? Were the Wash-
ingtons, the Lees, the Randolphs, Henrys, Rutledges, the Mid-
dletons and Pinckneys, in retirement, while the Hancocks and
Adamses were carrying through the Glorious War, and when
that struggle was over, and the nations of the world anxiously
awaited results, were the councils of Jefferson and Madison
and the Pinckneys rejected, whilst that of the Hamiltons and
Jays was left free and untrammeled to build up the colos-
sal fiibric of American liberty f Is it needful to forget all of
this?
Three-quarters of a century again. The infant nation
has reached to vigorous manhood. Westward Ho! is the
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A TALK WITH THE RADICALS. ^ 389
cry^ ftwn tlie Penobscot to the St. Johns. Texas and Arkansas,
Arizona and Missouri, alike with Oregon and Nebraska, be-
speak the venturoufl enterprise and daring of the sections.
Thej meet shoulder to ahoulder and breast to breast in
fighting against Britain the second battle of independence :
in the same Union they brave death from the Seminole in the
glades of Florida, and carry the banner of the Stars through
all the desperate encounters of Mexrco, from the Castle de Ul-
loa to the very capital of the Aztecs. Washington, Jackson,
Scott, Taylor, chosen chieftains in these great encounters, sons of
the South all, do their glories pale by the side of Northern
heroes ? And in the great field of State-craft and diplomacy,
was not the national honor and repute preserved untarnishea,
and the national rights vindicated and upheld through all this
Eeriod, though for two-thirds of it the sceptre was in Southern
ands, and in nearly all of it Southern intellect was represented
everwhere, at home and abroad ? In enterprise and wealth,
section went hand in hand with section, though perhaps in dif-
ferent degrees ; and whilst Northern factories and workshops
peopled densely its sterile shores, and foreign immigration
sought the teeming prairies of the "West, the exhaustless agri-
cultural regions of the South freighted the great navies of the
country with its splendid products, brought back the fabrics for
which they were exchanged, and raised the nation to the rank
of almost the first maritime power upon earth I
What secret causes were at work, during all this period, to
undermine the noble structure, what teachings of statesmen or
demagogues, what seeds of bitterness were sown or reaped,
or who is responsible for the final catastrophe, it is needless
here to inquire. John Randolph, who saw the Government
inaugurated, claimed to have seen, even then, the '* poison
under its wing." In the times of the embargo, and the war
which followed ; when Louisiana was purchased or Missouri
was admitted ; when the tariff policy sought to become a vehi-
cle of oppression ; or when the Me;xican war left its Pandora's
box of territorial evils, the poison continued to manifest and
diflfuse itself, until the whole body politic was threatened with
incurable disease. The end was sure, however delayed. The
statesmen of Massachusetts, when pressed, alike with those of
Virginia and Carolina, taught the doctrines of State rights and
State remedies, and amon^ these, that of breaking up the com-
pact and resuming sovereignty. The question was argued in
Congress, as it had been in all the State conventions which
adopted the Constitution, and, to say the least, was left unde-
cided ; it was argued by the press, in the courts, and by great
political parties. The South, in the main, accepted one view,
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840 , A TALK WITH THE RADICALS.
and the North another. Acting upon its own theory, the blow
was struck. Thirteen States scJceded I
There was nowhere a more sincere and earnest believer in
the right of secession, nor a more earnest advocate of its prac-
tice at this particular juncture than ourselves, believing, as we
did, that it would be for the interest of both sections, on ac-
count of irreconcilable differences, to establish independent
but friendly nationalities. The energies of each would thus be
left free and untrammeled, and their mutual action upon each
other would be fevorable to the liberties of the whole. It is
not clear yet, but that history will pronounce the same verdict
when the generations now upon the stage shall have long since
passed away. We regarded it a peaceable measure, and believe
that had a more rational policy actuated the North, war could
not have resulted. The idea oi permanent separation was not
yet entertained by Southern masses, and it was altogether
practicable, with slight concessions, to have reconstructed the
Union without one drop of blood. We thought this result
highly probable, whether desirable or not, and believe that
ninety-nine in the hundred of the people of the South enter-
tained the same secret expectations. Mr. Lincoln's call for
troops, to repossess, by force of arms, those forts and navy
yards which it had been thought were possessed of right, and
in virtue of the doctrine of State sovereignty, dissipated the
illusion.
Throwing aside, however, the question of respofistbiUty,
when the decision against us was the sword, we will do the
Southern people the justice to say, there was no longer any hesi-
tation. The day of debate was ended. The talent, the worth,
the intellect, all that was noble and distinguished in the States,
from Virginia to Texas, tlie descendants of the men who fought
with Washington at Yorktown, of the heroes who figured in
all the great fights where the national eagle floated, or who
vindicated the fame of the nation on the ocean, on the floors of
Congress, in the chair of the Presidency, or the Cabinet, or in
positions of honor abroad, buckled on their armor, marshaled
their cohorts, and in hot haste rushed to the front. The ex-
ceptions were so few as not to affect the rule, and we are not
now, nor ever have been, willing to impugn the motives, or to
denounce the men, scattered here and there, in most of the
States, who constitute the exceptions. Let them defend their
record as we do our own.
Was this a rebellion ? were these traitors, or did the struggle
rise to a greater and nobler altitude ? The question can remain
for history. Name it, if vou please, however harshly, and where
do you find, in all the histories that you have read, from those
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A TALK WITH THE RADICALS. 341
of Thncididee and livy, down to Bancroft and Hildreth, so
unequal a straggle, maintained with so much fire and energy ;
such deeds of valor and prowess performed ; such privations
and sufferings endured ; such heroism displayed. How many
great armies were driven back ; what captains' fortunes were
ruined ; what Saragossa defences, as at Charleston and Yicks-
burg 1 Six millions of men were in the death -struggle against
four times that number; six millions without a ship, with
scarcely a gun-boat, cut off from all the world by rigorous
blockade, without workshops, machinery^ or mechanical apti-
tude, without clothing, witnout arms, and often without food I
Yet the fight went on for four long years, until some of vour lead-
ing writers and thinkers began to express the opinion that South-
ern independence was virtually achieved. These deeds of daring
and of heroism, this record of energy and endurance, startled
the European world, and extoi*ted its admiration if not its
friendship. Are the men of the North less impressible by the
morally sublime, when exhibited by those once their enemies?
Can tliey not recognize heroism, and claim it as their common
heritage in the future ? Even heroism, if you please to say so,
in a wrong cause.
This people have not been degraded or humbled. It is not
in your power, and if you are true statesmen it cannot be your
desire to do either. They are your countrymen, and for good
or for ill, your descendants and theirs, in all the ages that are
to come, are likely to mingle together. Their crest is erect!
Let their losses be ever so severe, they do not embrace honor.
That survives, and fortunately for America it does, for what
a picture would its republicanism present, were the people of
one-third of the States, self-aclfnowledged, to be degraded and
debased I Neither revenge nor policy could dictate this. Re-
venge could not be gratified by sowing the storm to reap the
whirlwind. Policy, ancient and modern, teaches differently.
The Greeks and Romans conquered the world by conciliation,
laws, liberties, institutions, as well as by arms. English liber-
ties and the English Oofastitution have beeu/maintained by the
descendents of York and Lancaster, of Cromwell and the CrfVa-
liers. On the field of Bosworth, after the star of Richard had
set in blood, the princely Richmond could exclaim :
"ProcUim n pardon to the soldiera fled
That in sobmieaion wiU return to ns ;
And then, as we have taken the Sacrament,
We wiU nnite the White Rose and the Red ;
Smile Heaven upon this fair conjunction
That long hath frowned upon their enmity."
A people with such antecedents as those of the South can-
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842 A TALK WITH THE RADICALS.
not submit permanently to be lorded over and acknowledge
the authority of a master race. They may endure for a time,
but the wound will rankle and bleed afresh, and they will
strike back and bite the heel of the oppressor. Inextinguish-
able hatred will grow up, and their cnildren and children's
children, like the infant Hannibal, will be sworn upon the
altars of vengeance. Nor ought the power of such a race to
be despised. Weak it may be to-day, disorganized and over-
Whelmed by defeat, and colossal, disciplined, and organized may
be the power which is brought iij threatening attitude against
it. There are small accidents in history which change the re-
lations of peoples. The weak have but to wait upon opportu-
nitjr. Ireland, Poland, Italy, Hungary, will rise ana rise
again. History is full of these examples. A vast military
establishment, great standing armies, garrisons will be needed
here, and whilst their force is expended in crushing rebellion
in one quarter, in such wide domain, it will be ar6used and
rampant in a hundred others. The Tyrant, the Oppressor, and
the Despot will in vain seek to prevent opportunities which
the great political relations of the world involve, and he will,
even in the grandeur of his pretensions, tremble before them.
"Who would be free
Themselves toitl strike the blow."
But why drive a brave and earnest people to despair?
What great public purpose can be answerea ? In what respect
will the North bo happier, wealthier, more powerful by such
a course ? What Christian or patriotic instinct can be gratified
by it? You have said that freemen work better than slaves,
and is not the doctrine as applicable to white men as to negroes ?
Do you not hasten to get rid of the expense and charge of
territories by converting them into States? Has not Britain
realized a thousand times over profit by the change which
made her colonies independent States?
Do you wish to make secession odious and prevent the pos-
sibility of its recurrence? If sharp, fierce, and sanguinary
wjftr has not accomplished this, do you think that the meaner
remedies of the thumb-screw and the galleys will avail ? What
a compliment are you paying to a people whose standards have
all gone down and the debris only of whose power survives !
Methinks
** There be six Richmonds in the field —
Five have I slain to-day ! "
The South went down under your cohorts and your legions,
else would she be in arms now ; but having gone down with
her broad and teeming lands wasted, with her cities destroyed,
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A TALK WITH THE RADICALS. 843
her warriors scattered, and bleeding, and dead, her resources
exhausted, and her people clothed in sackcloth and in ashes,
Jours is a magnificent tribute, when behind every lash you see
er bayonets gleaming still. Compose yourselves. The work
is done — done eflSciently and finally. The issue which was
made fairly, was as tairly decided. In appealing to the sword,
its arbitrament was accej)ted. People knew no higher Courts,
and Congresses may decide as they please — the aayonet gives
the law/ From the Chesapeake to El Paso, the South tells
you this. Her legislatures, her statesmen, her disarmed war-
riors, her people of high and low degree all solemnly and em-
phatically declare it, and having discovered their truth and
earnestness, when they told you that they meant war^ can you
not trust them now when they tell you that they mean jpeace,
permanent and lasting peace? Moreover, the issues which re-
sulted in war are extinct. If new ones arise, they are as likely
to be such as will disturb the peace of the North as ours. No
man in our domain, unless witnin the walls of a lunatic asylum,
dreams of resistance to a power which in the heyday of our
prosperity and might, bore so overwhelmingly and resistlessly
upon us. The Grovernment of the United States is our only
government, and in its honor and glory must we find ours !
But perhaps you expect to help the negro. Well now :
" In the name of all the gods at once
On what meat was this our darkey fed
That he is grown so great T
Is all the machinery of this vast {government, its Congress,
courts, purse, sword, but so many ingenious contrivances to
take care of CuflFee and his rights? Now, gentlemen radicals,
let us reason a little. Have you not done enough for Ethiopia ?
You enslaved the negro. Well I you vowed his emancipation
and removed his shackles. At the cost of five thousana mil-
lions of treasure and perhaps a million of lives you have made
him free. There he stands. On the basis of these figures each
puling infant of the Freedmen's Bureau has been purchased by
the nation Yiith twelve hundred and fifty dollars in gold, and
wherever you see four of them together, recollect that the for-
feit has been the death of one white citizen I We are not com-
plaining of this, however, but stating the fact All that the
negro has earned in bondage for the while man has teen returned
to him with interest. Have you not done enough, then ? Will
you find a better stopping-point? Se is free/ If he be a
man, if he has thougnts, will, instincts, appetites, capacities,
can he not take care of himself as you and we have done ; and
if he has not tiiese attributes, can you give them? Nobody
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844 A TALK WITH TH£ RADICALS. >
wishes now his enslavement. The Oordian knot has been cat.
The responsibility, from which, as Christian men, we shrunk,
is yours. The problem baffled us and our fathers. It baffles
no longer I With us the negro is to live and not with you.
The wealth of the nation could not colonize him. We want
his labor — ^there are thousands of avenues of employment in
which it can be absorbed. Will it not be our interest to make
him a contented laborer and an efficient one, and will not the
laws of competition settle questions of remuneration for one
race as well as for another ? The ties (/ sympathy between the
negro and the white man^ his former master^ are not dissolved
because slavery has ceased. The negro has been associated
with our youth, our manhood, and our homes, and by no act
of his is he dissociated now. He has the double protection of
our sympathies and interests. There will be parties, too, grow-
ing up at tlie South who will gradually avail themselves of the
negro element. The North may be sure that in the contesta-
tion the negro will- in time get every right and privilege. That
day cannot be hurried. All attempt to do so will bring an
** Iliad of Woes " to the luckless negro. Trust at least to time
and the new social elements that will be brought into ^lay.
Millions of your own people and people from all the nation-
alities of Europe will seek the golden treasures of the South,
and we are inviting them by immigration, societies and associ-
ations, in all the States and cities. Let them come. We are
not afraid of, but invite the inundation. We shall live happily
and prosperously with them, if they will live happilv and
Erosperously with us, each minding our own affairs, and each
uilding up one vast empire. Let it be kept upon record, too,
that African fi-eedom is no new thing at the South. When the
war opened there were a half million of emancipated blacks
within our domain, and it was never alleged, even by Fred
Douglass, that they were possessed of fewer social rights, im-
munities, and privileges than those of his own section. We
believe that he even asserted the contrary, but if he did not, we
will read a little from the Compendium of the Census of 1850,
page 81. By the table it appears, that of the free colored
population in New York sixty were clerks, doctors, druggists,
merchants, ministers, printers, students, and teachers, or one in
fifty-five of the whole, and in New Orleans there were one
hundred and sixty-five in similar occupations, or one in eleven I
The proportion of jiegroes occupying positions requiring edu-
cation was in Connecticut one m one hundred of the whole,
and in Louisiana one in ttvdvef The following is quoted also
ftom page 196 of the same Census:
"In ConnectiCat $215,585 in real estate was owned by free blacks, and
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A TALK WITH THE RADICALS. 846
$88,000 by muIaUoefl ; total |808,5S5. In LoniBiana $811 ,466 by free blacks^
and $8,968,880 by molattoee ; 4otal $4,270,296. New York city owned by free
blacks $66,310, by mnlattoee $44,000. New Orleans owned by free blacks
$222,970, mnlattoes $1,991,060. In Barnwell, Beaufort and Charleston, S. C ,
fifty-eight free colored owned under $1,000 each of real estate, ten owned be-
tween $1,000 and $6,000 each, two between $6,000 and $10,000, etc."
Do vou expect to advance the prosperity of the Union?
The whole land is covered by one vast mortgage created by
the war — a mortgage which bears sharply upon its industrv
and threatens its future safety. This mortgage must be raisea.
The Southern fields, which have been the great creators of
wealth in the past, can create again, and from this source, if
left free and untrammeled, and not otherwise, you may expect
princely contributions to the National exchequer. Under
even the partially "let alone" policy before the war, she fur-
nished five hundred millions of dollars annually as a trading
capital to the North. Grant that she is crippled ; you cannot
mend one wing by breaking the other. There is power yet in
her soil, and power in her energies, which have been wonder-
fully developed and brought forth by war, not dreamed of in
your philosophy. Her mineral as well as agricultural wealth
is limitless. Witness her marvelous achievements in the past
few months. In the moment which sheathed the sword she
grasped the plow-handle, and amid all the embarrassments
of the negro question, reclaimed from the wilderness whole
principalities which had once blossomed as the rose. This,
too, without money and without credit. She has repaired and
put in working order her vast railroad system, which was left
without bridges, without iron, without locomotives, and with-
out carSf and not satisfied, she has revived every projected
route, and is seeking, by organized companies, to connect every
part of her interior. She is erecting factories and workshops
at a rate which was never seen before. She is rebuilding her
country mansions, and her towns, Selrna, Atlanta, Columbia,
Charleston arise, Phoenix like, from the flames. Witnesg, too,
the improvement on her newspapers. Her periodical press
issues two numbers where but one was issued before. Each
charity is fostered and sustained. Churches go up, asylums
for the disabled, hospitals for the sick, relief establisnments for
the widow and the child ; schools on eveir hill, colleges and
academies more numerous, better organized, and more largely
attended than ever. Despondency nowhere. What a people I
A word in conclusion to what are called Southern rctdicals.
There are such scattered through all the States with greater or
less power. Is it your interest to keep up these agitations?
Your leaders deceive, if they do not tell you that you are in a
small minority. You were not strong enough to prevent se-
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346 CAMP .L££ AND THE FRBEDMEN'S BUREAU.
cession. The wave went over yon. You yielded. Grant that
you were wronged, grant that you suffered ; do you not mis-
take your remedy ? Those who opposed the old Revolutionary
War returned after peace, and their children and children's
children reaped the glories of that event. Even the property
that had been sequestered was restored. Your condition would
have been much better than these. There are stronger reasons
now to ignore the past. There is room enough in Uie country
for all. We can all prosper, grow rich, and according to merit
share political power. Better the friendship of your neighbor
across the road or in the next county, than your neighbor in
Boston or New Hampshire. You cannot successfully oppose
an overwhelming public opinion. Insist upon it, and sooner
or later you go down. Acknowledge the fact; graciously,
manfully, generously and intelligently, and you will be re-
ceived back into the family fold, and in a few years all that
existed of strife and bitterness will be things of the past, trifles
ligbt as air in the comparison of our harmonious Union and
accord. We are not without hope. The Convention Which
was recently held in Philadelphia, where all of the States from
the St. Lawrence to the Pacific affiliated harmoniously after
six years of separation, was a magnificent and stirring event,
and will cast its influences over all the land. Good and true
men will look up. Hope will revive, and even the worst radi-
cal, we care not who, will see the necessity of bending to the
storm. If you have sinned, sin no more —
" While yet the lamp holds oat to burn.
The vilest sinner may return."
ART. II.-CAMP LEE AND THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU.
Camt Lee, about a mile from Richmond, is but a branch or
appendage of the Freedmen's Bureau in that city. For this
reason, and because we ourselves live at Camp Lee, and until
recently held our court in Richmond, we have thought it
would be appropriate to treat of the two in connection. Ad-
mitted behind the curtains, were we curious, prying, or observ-
ant, we might have collected materials for an article at once
rich, racy and instructive ; but we are, unfortunately, abstract-
ed, and see or hear verv little that is going on around us.
What we have seen and heard, so far as we deem it interesting,
we will relate, without breach of confidence, because nothing
has been told us in confidence, and we have seen or heard no-
thing at all discreditable to any officer of the Bureau.
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CAMP LEB AND THB FREKDMDK'S BUKEAU. 847
The institation has a very pretty name, but unlike the rose,
*-^ would not smell as sweet by any other name." In truth, it is
simply and merely a negro nursery ; a fact .which would have
been obvious even to the blind, if led into our little court-room,
where the stove was in full blast, and about a hundred cushites
were in attendance, as suitors, witnesses or idle lookers-on. You
may be sure, Mr. Editor, we smoked desperately and continu-
ously. As this habit of ours, of smoking whilst sitting on the
Bench, has been made the subject of remark in some of the
Northern papers, we deem this explanation due to our cotem-
pon^ries and to posterity ; for as part, parcel, or appurtenance
of the Negro Nursery, we shall certainly descend to posterity.
Indeed, a good many of our Federal friends will be obliged to
us for this explanation, for our soldiers smoked terribly in
Bichmond, quite as terribly as Uncle Toby's soldiers swore in
Flanders.
This Negro Nursery is an admirable idea of the Federals,
which, however, they stole from us. For we always told them
the darkeys were but grown-up children that needed guardians,
like all other children. They saw this very soon, and there-
fore established the Freedmen's Bureau ; at first for a year,
thinking that a year's tuition under Yankee school ma'ams and
Federal Provost Marahals would amply fit them for self-sup-
port, liberty and equality, and the exercise of the right of suf-
frage. They have now added two years more to the duration
of the Bureau, because they now see that the necessity for
nursing the negroes is twice as urgent as they thought it at first
At the end of that time, they will discover that their pupils are
irreclaimable ^^mauvais svjeiSj^^ and will be ready to throw up
"in divine disgust" the whole negro-nursing and negro-teach-
ing business, and to turn the affair over to the State authorities.
The American people, by that time, must become satisfied
that they have expended enough, aye, and far too much, of
blood and treasure in the hopeless attempt to make citizens of
negroes. They must first be made, men, and the Bureau is a
practical admission and assertion that they are not men, and
will not be for two years hence. By that time they think the
Ethiopian will change his skin. We are sure he will not.
Negro he is, negro he always has been, and negro he always
will be. Never has he been, and never will he be a man,
physically, morally, or intellectually, in the European or
American sense of the term. None are so thoroughly aware
that the term " negro" is, in its ordinary acceptation, the nega-
tion of manhood, as the abolitionists and the negroes them-
selves. They are no longer negroes, but '* colored people."
Those who call them other than negroes, are acting falsely and
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848 CAMP LEE AND THE FBEEDXEN'S BUBEAU.
hypocritically, for "they thereby as good as assert that these
blacks have changed their natares, moral and intellectual, and
risen to an equality with the whites.
They are onr fellow-beings, children, not men, and therefore
to be compassionated and taken care of.
The Bureau has occasioned much irritation, and in some in-
stances, no doubt, been guilty of wrong and injustice to our
people; but it has saved the South a world of money and of
trouble, and expended a great deal of money among us, at a
time when we could spare neither men nor money to keep or-
der among the negroes, or to support: the helpless ones. ^We
can bear it for two years longer, but after that time we must
have negro-nurseries of our own ; that is, like the Federals, we
must institute a distinct and separate government for the ne-
groes. A majority of those living in the country will subside,
if they have not already subsided, into the ^^ statu quo ante beir
lumy The crowds of paupers, beggars, rogues, and vagabonds,
infesting our cities and their suburbs, must be summarily dealt
with by State bureaux located in each considerable town. No
bureaux or bureau officers will be needed in the country, or in
villages — nor are they even now needed.
We have resided at Oamp Lee for more than a year. Dur-
ing that whole time there have been from three to five hundred
negroes here, furnished with houses by the Federal authorities,
part of which were built by the Confederates during the war
for military purposes, and part by the State Agricultural So-
ciety before the war. The grounds are still owned by that
Society. The brick house, however, in which we reside^was
originally erected by Colonel John Mayo, deceased, father-in-law
of General Winfield Scott The dwelling-house, called the
Hermitage, was burned down many years ago. The Society
added a story to these brick buildings, and erected two-storied
porticos in front and at the sides of them. They now make
Suite an imposing appearance, with a portico of a hundred and
fty feet in front, and wings of about eighty on the lower
floor, and one of equal extent on the upper Boor. We are, just
now, the sole occupant of the lower floor, and a French lady
the sole occasional occupant of the upper floor.
Most of this building until a few weeks since, w^ occupied
by Mrs. Gibbons, her daughter and Miss Ellison. Whilst they
were here. Camp Lee was tolerable, and often very agreeable,
even to us, separated as we are from our family. We hope,
and have reason to expect, that they will return during tnis
fall. In front of tliis building we have a market-garden of two
acres, which so far, owipg to the drought, has been a great
failure, but which Daniel Coleman (Freedman), our gardener,
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CAMP liEB AKB TH£ FREEBMEN'S BUliEAIT. 349
assures US will do wonderfully well as a fall garden. But we
are qnite incredulous. We *are great at theory, and hence
generally fail in practice.
Just beside our vegetable-garden stands Mrs. Gibbons'
zoological-garden. Here she would sometimes have asr many as
a hundred and twenty negro orphans, of both sexes, and various
ages. The buildings for them were ample and commodious.
MrSi G.'s attention and kindness to her wards was assiduous,
untiring, and veiy successful. When she first took these in-
fants in charge, some time last fall, the mortality among them
was fearful ; but aflcr about two months, by frequent ablutions,
close shaving of their heads, abundance of .warm and clean
clothing, and plenty of good and various food, they were ren-
dered remarkably healthy, and so continued until their re-
moval to Philadelphia. Mrs. G. removed, in all, about two
hundred to that city. We presume they have not been so
healthful there, for we learn, indirectly, that the Board of
Health of that city has advised, or required, their removal.
Poor things I Camp Lee was a Paradise to them. Immorality
and crime in every form, want and disease, will fill up the
balance of their existence. They will be feeble, hated, perse-
cuted and despised. Thejr lost nothing in losing their parents ;
but lost all in losing their masters. They will meet with no
more kind Mrs. Gibb6ns in this cold, harsh, cruel world.
Mrs. Gibbons is a member of the Society of Friends, deputed
by an association of ladies, of Philadelphia, belonging to that
society, to superintend the negro orphan asylum at this place.
The Bureau furnishes the ordinary mtions to these infants, and
the association abundance of whatever else that is needed for their
comfortable subsistence. When Mrs. Gibbons left, she had on
hand some fifty-five new comers, not yet prepared to be sent
North. These were sent over to Howard Grove, another branch
of the Negro Nursery at Richmond. We believe most of the
sick, Aged and mfirm negroes are sent there. It was a Con-
federate hospital during the war, and is now a negro nursery
and hospital. We have never visited it since the war. Near
it is Chimborazo Hospital, now Nursery, and this also was a
(Jonfederate hospital. There were a great many negroes there
last winter, but we believe the Bureau has succeeded in getting
rid of all but the infants and infirm. We learn there are nine
ladies ther&, teaching literary or industrial schools.
Miss Ellison was the teacher at this place. This teaching,
however, is, we fear, but a cruel farce, that but incites to in-
subordination, and will induce the negroes to run a muck
against the whites, in which Cuflfee will come off second best.
These negro orphans have lost their parents, but we feel quite
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350 CAMP LE£ AND THE FBEEDMBN'S BUREAU.
positive that in three instances out of four their parents are
not both dead. Negroes possess- much amiableness of feeling,
but not the least steady, permanent affection. " Out of sight,
out of mind," is trne of them all. They never grieve twenty-
four hours for the death of parents, wives, husbands, or chil-
dren. Some of the negroes at th;s place informed us, many
months a^o, that many of Mrs. Gibbons' orphans had parents in
Richmond. About four weeks since, a very interesting little
negro child, about two years old, was deserted by its mother,
picked up in the streets of Bichmond, and brought to Mrs.
Gibbons. Not ten days since, just at the approach of a ter-
rific storm, a negro mother left her little daughter, of about
five years old, exposed in the field, within a few hundred yards
of this place. It was picked up by some kind-hearted negro,
and is now in the keeping of the French lady. It is clever,
and extremely emaciate. It has been starved. But we do not
blame the poor mother. She, too, deprived of a master, was
no doubt starving, and the best she could possibly do was
thus to expose her child, with the hope that some humane pe^
son able to provide for it might find it and take it in charge.
" Abolition" has dissevered the relation of husband and wife
among the negroes, as well as that of parent and child. Be-
sides Mrs. Gibbons' zoological gardens, here at Camp Lee,
there are some thirty or forty tenements, inhabited by negro
women and children. A negro man is scarpe ever seen. They
have very generally deserted their wives entirely, or live and
work at a distance, coice once a month to see their families, and
bring them nothing when they do come. The very young
children here have died out from neglect of their mothers.
There are scarce any births, and some three hundred women,
and children between the ages of six and sixteen — all as idle as
the dogs, which are quite as numerous as the negroes, for they all
love dogs and take care of them, however much they may
neglect their children. These three hundred ** Amazonido?'
are under the especial charge of the Richmond Bureau. They
constitute a zoological garden independent of Mrs. Gibbons'
zoological gardens. They are of all colors, from ebony-black
to almost pure white ; and of all races, except the pure Cau-
casian. My gardener, Daniel Coleman, is descended from an
Indian father, who belonged to the Pamunky tribe, about three
hundred of whom now live on the Pamunky Bijyer, about
forty miles from Richmond. Thoy retain not a word of the
Indian language, and have more of nqgro than Indian blood in
their veins. Daniel Coleman's first wife was an Indian woman,
and his childr^ have more of the Indian appearance than he.
He hasji daughter exactly like the picture of Jrooahontas in the
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CAMP LBE AND THE FREEDMEN's BUREAU. 351
Capitol at Washington. He himself has a very aquiline nose ;
in other respects he resembles the negro more than the Indian.
All of his cnildren by his first wife have delicately taring
limbs, very small feet, with hiffh instep. His present wife is
a bright mulatto, but her children resemble only the coarse,
sluggish negro ; yet she is quite a clever woman, and I would
sooner confide in her children than those of mixed Indian
blood, for all Indians are thorough, unmitigated scoundrels,
animals of the feline kind, false, cowardly, nypooritical and
cruel. Indians were made to be exterminated. But for aboli-
tion negroes might be put to a better use.
Uncle Daniel Coleman (his young wife and everybody else
call him Uncle Daniel, although he is ten years younger than
we, and we are by no means old). Uncle Daniel, we say, has so
little of the Indian blood in him, that he is honest, industrious,
reliable, and respected by everybody. He is a univei*sal favor-
ite, a good gardener, and the best chambermaid we ever saw.
But his boy John, about fifteen years old, small, handsome,
beautifully formed, and active as a cat, is a thorough Indian,
and the greatest scoundrel in America, yet we cannot help
liking John, for although he cheats or deceives us every day,
he is so graceful, so elegant, so polite, that we had much rather
be cheated by John, than to receive a favor from a Down-
Easter, a Dutchman, or a Scotchman. He is the very soul of
chivalry, and is always fighting, when he is not cheating or
stealinff. Nothing could be more amusing than to see Daniel,
his father, who is short, fussy, and irascible, trying, or pre-
tending to try, to catch him, to punish him for fighting. John
runs twice as fast as Daniel, who soon gets out of breath, and
before night foreets his wrath. But yesterday John was regu-
larly arraigned before us by a negro who had lost seven dollars,
and been to the fortune-teller's in Richmond, whose description
of the thief exactly answered to John. Upon the strength of
it he demanded restitution of the money from Daniel. There-
upon the prosecutor, Daniel, Daniel's wife and children, and
half the women, boys, and dogs in Camp Lee, came to lay the
case before me. I told the prosecutor I did not think his evi-
dence quite sufficient to convict John, and if it were, I was no
judge now, and had never been a judge in criminal matters.
These fortune-tellers employ spies and informers, and we
shrewdly suspect John did steal the money, yet this evidence
was not sufficient to convict.
The negroes have always had very vague notions of the ex-
tent of our power and authority as judge, and as they were
inclined to think our powers quite as extensive and unlimited
as those of Thad Stevens's Radical Congress, we have encour-
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352 CAMP LEB AND THE FRESDMBK'S BUREAU.
a^ed fhe delaeion. Indeed, although we practised law in the
civil courts for almost thirty years, we never had very precise
notions of military law, especially. of Yankee military law, and
felt, whilst sitting as judge in the Freedmen's Bureau, pretty
much, we suppose, as Sanoho Panza felt whilst distributing
justice in the island of Barratoria. We assumed that our
jurisdiction was almost unlimited, and that we were bound by
no system of laws, and therefore ought to decide each case
according to our own notions of right and wrong. Proceeding
upon this principle, we believe we gave entire and universiS
satisfaction to all parties, negroes, federals, and confederates.
But let us deceive no one. Our notions of right and wrong in
matters of law and justice are not the notions of unlettered
men. They are derived from almost forty years of study of
the laws and institutions of all civilized nations, whether
modern or ancient, so far as we had access to them. Crude^
indeed, are the ideas of law and of justice of men unlettered
in the law.
Our Camp Lee folks are a very party-colored people, and
we have given Uncle Daniel and his family only as a sample
of the whole. Never lived there a more quiet, indolent, and
orderly set. They never work except in strawberry, black-
berry, and whortleberry season, and when the peaches and
apples begin to get ripe. Very few of them are allowed
rations, and how they subsist no one can tell. It is not their
fault, however, that they do not work. A stronger, abler and
heartier set we never saw ; but they have not enough sense to
get emplovment for themselves, the Bureau will not hire them
out, and they are taught that it is discreditable and wrong for
negro women to work in the field. Now, we know, that there
is not a full-blooded negro woman in America fitted for any
other work except field work. At that they are almost equal
to white men, but in any other capacity, their labor is not
worth half that of white women. Half the country ladies of
Virginia have worked in their gardens, and some in the fields,
dunng, and since the war, yet tnese negro wenches are taught
to live by crime, rather than work in the field, where alone
they are fitted to work. They have, in a great measure, ceased
to have children. They have no husban<fc, and deserve none,
for they are too proud to work, and husbands cannot support
them in idleness. The inevitable consequence will be, that
the vast number of negroes congregated in and about our towns
will be rapidly exterminated.
The negroes in the country are contented, and valuable la-
borers. Having no rent to pay, abundance of food and fuel,
and money enough at all times to buy plain necessary clothing,
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CAMP LEE AND THE FBEEDMEN'S BUREAU. 363
they are never punished by absolnte want, never become rest-
less or insubordinate. Besides, they dwell too far apart to
combine for any mischievous purposes. But the excessive
numbers of negroes about our towns, for want of employment,
are continually in a state bordering on actual starvation, and
all starving men are desperate and dangerous. We know from
daily and careful observation that the Bureau in Richmond
has and still is exerting itself to the utmost of its very limited
powers to abate this nuisance, by refusing rations, and advising
and persuading the negroes to remove into the country, where
they can all find employment. Force, not '* moral suasion,"
governs all men, whether white or black. If the Bureau had
the power to take these idle negroes up, and hire them out to
the highest bidder, or put them out to the lowest, and were
about to exercise the power, the negroes would at once squander,
and find masters in the country. But the Radicals are afraid
that if negroes are treated no better than poor white people, it
will be said that they are re-enslaved, and subjected to a worse
form of slavery than that from which they have just escaped.
The result of all this must be, that a very large standing army
must be kept up in the South by the Federal Government;
STtions of it stationed at every town south of the Ohio and
ason and Dixon's line; or the Constitution must be amended
so as to authorize the several States to maintain standings
armies. But even after all this is done, there will be frequent
bloody collisions between the races in all of our Southern
towns. Negroes, so useful in the country, are an abominable
nuisance in town. Mobs at the South, after a time, will drive
them out, as mobs have often done at the'N'orth. The Radi-
cals hold the wolf by the eai*s. They have not tamed him,
and instead of letting him go, are trying to mend their hold.
This wolf is the opposing races in our towns and cities. In
conquering the South and freeing the negroes, they but bought
the elephant — ^and now they know not what to do with him.
But he is their elephant, not ours, and we are of opinion should
be left with them to be nursed and cared for. In two more
years they will grow heartily tired of nursing this elephant
and holding the wolf by the ears. Standing armies and Freed-
men's Bureaus are rather more expensive cages than the
country can now afford. These negro nurseries will bo broken
up, and their inmates, probably, be turned over to us at the
South, to try our hands at nursing. If the North, after turn-
ing them over to us, will not intermeddle in their management,
we will at once tame them, and make them useful, and instead
of costing the nation some thirty millions a year, they will
yield a neat annual profit to it of some two hundred millions.
VOL II.-NO. III. 23
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854 GAHP LEE AND THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU.
Then you will bear no more of idle, discontented, starving
negipoes. All will be well provided for, and all happy and
contented.
We have the highest respect for all the officers of the Bureau
in Richmond, from the commanding general down. They have
even treated ns with great courtesy and kindness; and we are
witness to the fact that they discharge their duties with zeal,
industry and integrity. Therefore, in calling the Bureau a
n^ro nursery or a congeries of negro nurseries, we intend no
disrespect — but only wish to convey to the public a full, accu-
rate and comprehensive idea of the true character of the in-
stitution. Besides, we have been one of the nurses ourselves,
and would not bring discredit on our own calling.
Moreover, it is our earnest desire and cherished object to aid
in restoring kind relations between the South, and at least as
much of the North, as will enable us to form new political
combinations and new political parties, irrespective of sectional
Unes. In this way alone can we ever have nereafter any voice
or influence in the administration of Federal aflFairs. Com-
munities and nations are little influenced in their conduct by
selfish considerations, more influenced by hatred than by any
other motive. They made war upon us and liberated our
negroes, with the full knowledge all the while, that they were
bringing pecuniarv ruin upon themselves. They were actuated
solely by sectional hatred and thirst for revenge. That bate
and that thirst are not yet satiated, and never will be, so long
as we treat them with naughty reserve, or heap upon them in-
discriminate abuse and vituperation. They are now making
legislative war upon us, more cruel than a war of arms, ana
almost as costly. They are still willing to ruin themselves, if
they can but persecute and punish us. If we would but treat
them courteously and fairly, try to make friends of them, in-
stead of increasmg their hatred by heaping abuse on them, we
might divide and conquer them. This war of words, kept up
by those who can no longer fight, is a mere woman's game,
unbecoming in men. We never can rise from our abject and
fallen condition, so long as the North presents a compact front
of opposition to us. By treating all parties at the North alike,
by denouncing all, by speaking of their presence among us as
a plague-spot and a vile contamination, and by repelling their
immigration, we will effectually preserve their compactness,
and perpetuate our own bondage. In truth, immigration from,
the iNorth is the onlv desirable immigration. We should in-
vite it, and treat their immigrants hospitably, kindly and
courteously. Few would come who were not well disposed
already towards us, and that few would become Southern in
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COTTON CONSUMING AND PRODUCING COUNTEIBS. 866
their feelings so soon as they became Soathern in their inter-
ests. We want above all things a homogeneous population*
The Northern people are far more like ourselves tnan any-
other people, xhey blend at once with our native population,
intermarry with it, and become Southerners after awhile.
Immigrants from Europe are usually low-minded' agrarians,
who settle to themselves in large bodies, and preserve for many
generations their national peculiarities, their antipathy to gentle-
men, and their love of negroes. The distinguishing peculiarity
of native Americans, both North and South, is their aristocratic
feeling and bearing. This was remarked by the poet Dr.
McKay, when he traveled among us^ and he rebuked the
North for calling us aristocratic, whilst they were equally so.
There never was a more aristocratic pretension than Kjiow-
Nothingism, nor one more heartfelt and sincere. Northerners
entertained not the least doubt of their infinite superiority to
all men of foreign birth. We of the South were quite satisfied
to assert and maintain our superiority to negroes. Yankee
aristocracy^ mounted a league nigher. Now, it is just such
aristocratic immigration that we desire. The work of abolition
is not completed. The next step is negro equality. Northern
immigrants will oppose this step; European immigrants advo-
cate it. We prefer American aristocrats to European infidels,
levelers and agrarians.
ART. ra.-coTroir consumikg ahd producing countries.
[During the war, at the instance of the Confederate Government, George
McHenry, of England, then in Kichmond, prepared a very elaborate and able
pamphlet upon the cotton crisid. -We have a copy of this rare docameut before
us, and extract what he says in regard to the European powers other than
Great Britain. No man in any country is more fiamiuar with cotton than Mr.
McHenry. — Editor.]
Frakob is the only country in Europe that can, in any sense, pre-
tend or claim to compet<e with England in respect to the spinning of
yarn and the manuflEUiture of cotton goods. But when the character
and development of that industry in the respective countries is
compared, it will be readily seen that France, unlike England, offers
no extended market for the produce of the Southern States. France
consumes annually within her own borders about 150,000,000 pounds
of cotton for clothing her people, while nearly double that quan-
tity is so used by the people of the British Isles. The exports
of cotton manufactures of all kinds from France reach only one-
tenth the value of those sent from England to other parts. As India
is the largest market for the productions of British cotton looms, so
is Algeria the principal importer of those of France. They each
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356 COTTON CONSUMING AND PRODUCING COUNTRIES.
take about one-fourth the entire exportations of cotton ^oods from
either oountry. The French cotton goods sold in the English and
American markets owe their valae rather more to the designer and
the dyer than to the planter or weaver. Their consumption, there-
fore, does not admit of any very rapid or wide increase. French
taste and French chemistry, wherever they are applicable, have de-
servedly won for French textile fabrics a superiority universally
recognized.
The extent of the cotton manufactures of France will be seen by
reference to tables F and G. A few particulars may, however, be
here introduced. The average quantity of raw cotton imported into
France^ and retained for the use of her mills in the five years, 1848
to 1852, was about 132,000,000 pounds. She likewise bought cot-
ton yarns, chiefly from England, to a value of about 700,000 francs
per annum. In 1853, her net receipts of raw cotton were increased
to 165,000,000 pounds, valued at 125,000,000 francs, and her imports
of yarns were worth 1,400,000 francs. The cotton goods exported
from France in 1853 were cleared at a valuation of 71,900,000 francs,
and her cotton yam at 866,000 francs. These amounts exhibit but a
slight increase on the average of the previous five years. The cot-
ton trade of France for 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862 and 1863, figured as
follows :
A Statement of the French Commerce in Raw Cotton, 1859 to 1863.
Exceat of Amerioftn
Tewt. Importation!. Exportationa. Imports. NtttTalne. . Portloa.
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Francs. Lbs.
1809 201.901,408 22,288.146 179.663.264 153,741,989 179,600,000
1860 806,676,848 34,686,257 272,140,691 202,710,114 262,667,565
1861 282,432,882 11,022.146 271,410.687 270,631,694 241,446,321
1862 101,842,286 16,413,960 85,428,325 126,167,880 487.578
1868 141,680,298 19,480,813 122,099,485 177,168,499 10,000
1,034,482,672 108,690,321 930,742,352 930.410,076 674,210,449
It will be seen by the third column of the preceding table, that
the excessive importations of raw cotton into France in 1859, 1860
and 1861, enabl^ her to manage without a full supply in 1862 and
1863. The net importations for the whole period made a fair aver-
age— 186,148,470 pounds per annum. France, like England, also
held a laige reserve of cotton goods in 1861. That reserve is now
reduced to a low point. So long as the old supply lasted, France,
as a community, hardly felt the pressure of high prices. On the con-
trary, the light outlay for cotton in 1862 made her easy in money
matters, and enabled her to stand the drain upon her resources,
created by the large importations of grain that year, in order to meet
the deficiency arising from the bad harvest of 1861. In place of
buying cotton, she purchased wheat. France on no former occasion
drew breadstufifs from abroad in such Quantities, without feeling
great financial embarrassment. The usual expense to the people of
France for the raw cotton contamed in their clothing is one hundred
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cxxrroN consuming and producing countries, 867
and twenty millions of francs per annum. In 1865, that material
will cost them upwards of five hundred millions of francs, unless
prices should be much reduced bj the opening of the Southern ports.
Of the quantity of raw cotton received into France, there was im-
ported through English ports (per British Board of Trade returns), in,
1858 6,261 .200 poands, valaed at £148,188
1859 7,487,888 ** " 186,698
1860 18,028.848 " " 806,610
1861 12.487,440 " " 871,926
1862 61,288,576 " " 3,787,866
1863 80,000,000 " «* 6,817,648
France sent to England in the same years (per British Board of
Trade returns), viz :
1858 4,264,560 pounds, valaed at £157.160
1859 8,849.186 " " 100,255
1860 2,186,688 " " 62,662
1861.,.^ 966,172 " • 88,840
1862 5,491,248 " " 327.828
1868 1,688,696 " " 160,108
The raw cotton exported from England to France in 1861, 1862
and 1863, was of the growth of the undermentioned countries :
^ 1861. 1862. 1868.
Growth of Southern SUtes.. £216.503 £703,677 £329,259
Brazil 2,951 87,085 50.820
" . Egypt 16,690 118,881 149,426
BritiBh India 135,882 2,810,686 4,682,648
Other conntries.. 17,687 206,490
Totel 371,926 3,787,366 6,317,648
It will be noticed by these tables that France carries on both an
importing and an exporting trade in raw cotton with England. -She,
however, buys more cotton from, than she sells to England. Her*
exports thither of that article consist principally of the American
staple, of which sort she sometimes imports more than she needs.
Her supplies from England of late are mostly of Indian cotton.
Under the Cobden treaty of 1860, all cotton of that description is
admitted into France free of duty, if imported in British or French
vessels direct from a British port. {Colon de Vlnde en laine^ im-
porter soil direcUment dee lievx de production^ eoit des enMpdte du
Royaume'Uni sous pavilion Francais ou Britanniqve,) American
cotton b subject to a duty of 20 francs per 100 kilogrammes or 220
pounds. Previous to 1832 the duty was nearly double that rate
when imported in any but French vessels. But by a treaty between
France and the United States, concluded that year, the vessels of
either country were placed upon the same footing. The importation,
however, had to be direct from the place of production, and the
origin of the article duly authenticated. A ministerial decree of
December 17, 1851, enlarged the provisions of the treaty, so as to
extend the equality between the vessels of the two powers, as far as
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368 COTTON CONSUMING AND PBODUCINO COUNTRIES,
cotton was concerned, eren should the American vessel touch at a^
British port ; but in that event, the captain is required to exhibit a
cettificatd from the French consul at such port, stating that no sale
bad taken place since it came on board of his ship. This relaxation
was doubtless owing to the fact of the steamships of the New York
and Havre line, which frequently carried cotton, making Southamp-
ton a port of call. The service of those steamers has been discon-
tinued since December 11, 1861 ; but their place has been supplied
by German and French linos. The restrictions upon the importa-
tions of cotton have been further relaxed, and it is now admitted
into the ports of France in the vessels of all nations. .The duty on
American cotton ought to be removed altogether. The amount
generally collected by the French Government, upon its importa-
tion, is about 15,000,000 francs. The commerce between the Con-
federacy and France, since the Cobden treaty came into operation,
has been so limited that the injury to the Southern planter, by the
discrimination in favor of the Indian ryot, has not yet been seen
or felt.
The chief exportations of cotton from Havre are by railway to
Switzerland. Next in extent are those to Holland and Sardinia.
Smaller shipments ave made to the other Italian States, to Spain,
and to Austria.
The shipments of cotton yams and cotton goods fr5hn England to
France, 1858 to 1863 (per British Board of Trade tables), were :
' PieeeGoodL £Sjl8a TwUt Mid Tarn.
Qittott^. Value. Valoe. QcuuiUtj. Vftlae.
Yards. £ £ Lbs. £
1868 11,566,075 192.432 88.000 800.129 63.398
1859 9.501.687 174.441 40.000 860.819 88.879
1860 10,871,407 206,849 41.412 588,981 50,459
1861 81,881,805 478.327 88,554 1,701,565 187,228
1862 84,716.448 548,881 190,256 1.899,366 245.807
1868 80,000,000 455,089 108,991 1,500,000 178,521
The shipments of cotton yams and cotton goods to Eneland from
France, 1858 to 1863 (per British Board of Trade tables), in value,
were :
OottoB MukufbotOTM. BmbrokleTy, Bto.
1858. £812,587 £21.987
1859 871,774 28,658
1860 884,251 28,954
1861 899,810 25,756
1862 450.897 8,552
1868 558,602 No retaros.
Belgium imports 75,000 bales of cotton of 400 pounds each, one-
half of which is the growth of the Southern States ; the other half
is East Indian cotton, received through England. Her re-exports in
the manufactured state amount to one-eighth of all she imports.
She buys from England 560,000 pounds of cotton yam and 3,000,000
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COTTON CONSUMING AND PRODUCING COUNTRIES. 859
yards of cotton ^oods. The consumption of cotton within her limits
is 4 pounds per head. Her population is 5,000,000.
In Spain, the cotton culture and manufacture was introdaced by
the Moors, and continued by them to some extent for several cen-
turies. The cotton grown in Motril, Kingdom of Granada, was of
good staple and much prized. Barcelona was famed for her sail-
doth. The cotton sail-cloth of the present day, therefore, is no new
article of commerce. The fustianeros of Spain wove stout cotton
goods, from which the term fustian is derived. Cotton paper was
made by the Spanish Arabs. The strong religious hatred that existed
between the two rival races on the peninsula prevented these Orien-
tal arts from extending further west, or taking a stong hold on the
Christian population, and consequently at the fall of the Saracen
empire in Spain, the cotton culture and manufacture relapsed into
insignificance. Aboikt a quarter of a century ago, the cotton manu-
facture began to revive, from which time, up to the period of the
American war, it had slowly increased. Spain imports annually
about 1C0,000 bales of cotton of 400 lbs. each— 80 per cent, of
which is the growth of the Southern States. She draws from Brazil
about 6,000 bales of the same weight ; from Porto Rico, about 700
bales ; Cuba, about 300 bales, and the balance from British India via
England and the Mediterranean. She also imports about 200,000
pounds of cotton yarn, and 8,500,000 yards cotton goods — the yarns
and goods chiefly from England. Her population is 16,500,000.
They consume 3 pounds of cotton per head.
Portugal imports about 5,000 bales of cotton annually — ^nine-
tenths of which quantity is received from the Brazils, and the bal-
ance is of the growth of the Southern States, obtained through Eng-
bind. Portugal is a lai^e cu-^tomer to England for cotton yams and
cotton goods — from whom she purchases annually about 300,000
pounds of the one, and 55,000,000 yards of the other. Her popula-
tion is 3,600,000. The consumption of cotton is at the rate of four
pounds per head. The Portuguese, who were the discoverers of the
passage to India, via the Cape of Good Hope, made large importa-
tions of cotton stuffs and muslins into Europe, but they did not
attempt to establish ootton manufactures in their own country.
Cott* n was introduced into Italy as a garden plant, at a very early
date. It was cultivated as a crop in the eleventh century along the -
shores of the Gulf of Taranto, where its manufacture sprang up. It
was the fashion for the ladies to occupy their spare time in spinning
yam and knitting stockings, which were greatly admired, and sold
for high prices. Italian muslins were much in vogue until the end of
the last century, when they were superseded by those of India, and
in turn by those of England. During the wars of Napoleon the
Great, when the " Continental system " was in operation, and oott<m
could not be obtained from other sources in Europe, Italy produced
a considerable quantity of that staple. So much so that the olive
tree and the mulberry tree, which at one time were the principal
objects of cultivation, were destroyed in order to make room for cot-
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360 COTTON CONSUMING AND PRODUCING COUNTRIES.
ton. This state of affairs existed about ten years. Afler peace
prices of cotton fell so low that cultivation shrank back into its
former narrow limits. About 40,000 bales of cotton are now grown
in Italy, and she imports a similar quantity — three-fourths of which
is of the growth of the Southern States. The Italian States take
from England 12,000,000 pounds of cotton yarn and 100.000,000
yards of cotton goods. Italy, in common with all the European
countries, held a large reserve of cotton and cotton goods when the
" war of the secession '' commenced ; and under the influence of
high prices, she has parted with a large share of her raw material to
France and England..
Greece is a grower but not an importer of cotton : nor was she
until recently an exporter of that article, in consequence of a heavy
duty having been placed upon all cotton leaving her ports. That
export duty, which was 40 per cent., has now 'been reduced to 20
per cent. She is a customer to England for 1,000,000 pounds of
cotton yarns and 10,000,000 yards of cotton goods.
The consumption of cotton in Prussia is only about 70,000 bales
of 400 pounds each, along with 12,000,000 pounds of yarn and
4,000,000 yards of cotton goods, which she purchases from England.
In Saxony, about 80,000 bales of cotton are consumed by the
mills. That quantity is about equally divided between Confederate
and East Indian cotton. Saxony is also a large consumer of Eng-
lish yarns.
Bavaria holds an equal position with Saxony towards the cotton
trade.
In all the German States, about three pounds of cotton per head
are consumed every year by their people. One-half of that quantity
is produced by their own mills : the other half is in cotton goods
imported from England. The German Suites are supplied with the
cotton consumed in their factories, chiefly through the Hanseatic
cities of Hamburg and Bremen. German cotton goods are exported
to the x\merican States to the amount of generally 2,000,000 dollars
a year. These goods are made principally in Saxony.
Austria hitherto has conducted quite a respectable commerce in
cotton with the American States. She has made a pretty rapid
stride of recant yeirs in her cotton manufacturing industry. She
purchases about 170,000 bales of cotton of 400 pounds each — one-
third of which reaches her through England, from whom she buys
about 5,000,000 pounds of yarn and 20,000,000 of yards of cotton
goods.
The cotton manufactures of Switzerland are known to have existed
as early as 1423. In that year a decree was issued by the Canton
of Lucerne, directing that cotton goods should be sold by weighty
It is conjectured that it is from this decree that the custom originated
of selling, entering and clearing cotton goods by weight as well as
by measure. The principal cotton marts at that time were France,
Germany and Italy. Switzerland manufactures about 75,000 bales
of cotton, or 30,000,000 pounds per annum. Four-flflhs the quan-
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COTTON CONSUMING AND PRODUCING COUNTRIES. 861
tity is imported into Havre, and passed through France by railway,
at a heavy expense. The other fifth is obtained through the ports of
Germany. One-half the cotton used by the mills of Switzerland is *
of Southern growth. She also imports 2,000,000 pounds of cotton
yam and 30,500,000 yards of cotton goods. The population of
Switzerland is 2,500,000, and she consumes within her limits threi V
pounds per inhabitant, or 7,500,000 pounds of cotton a year, am _^
exports in goods, including loss by spinning, 31,000,000 pounds per
annum. She ranks next to England, in comparison with her popu-
lation, in the production of cotton yarns and cotton goods. Her cot-
ton manufactures have largely increased during the last thirty years,
without the aid of protective duties, notwithstanding the enormous
expense she is subjected to, in obtairang her supplies of the raw
material, and sending overland to other countries, the surplus pro-
duct of her looms. Being situated on the confines of States which
impose high protective tariffs on the importation of cotton fabrics,
she has pursued the opposite policy, and admitted all goods free of
duty. This has caused her people to obtain cheap cotton fabrics,
and they therefore have been enabled to smuggle them with advan-
tage into the territories of her neighbors. This contraband trade
has yielded large profits. The prosperity of Switzerland is also due
to the abundance of her water-power, and the great energy, intelli-
gence and industrial genius of her population.
The Duch, who succeeded in depriving the Portuguese of a por-
tion of their Eastern colonies, imported the cotton goods of India in
large quantities, and in the latter part of the sixteenth century
established factories of their own to imitate the fabrics of the East.
The cotton manufacture has continued to this day. Holland imports
about 110,000 bales of cotton of 400 pounds each, three-fourths of
which is into Rotterdam, and the remaining fourth into Amsterdam.
She likewise imports from England 35,000,000 pounds of cotton
yarn and 35,000,000 yards of cotton goods.
Sweden imports 25,000 bales of cotton of 400 pounds each. One-
third of her receipts of that staple comes through England, from
whom she also purchases 1,000,000 pounds of cotton yam and
1 ,200,000 pounds of cotton goods.
Norway imports very little raw cotton. She buys from England
125,000,000 pounds of cotton yarn and upwards of 2,000,000 yards
of cotton goods.
Denmark imports from England 2,000,000 pounds of cotton yarn
and 3,500,000 yards of cotton cloth.
Russia, previous to the American war, imported upwards of 200,000
bales of cotton a year, about one-third of which was received direct
from American ports, and the remainder, with the exception of some
small lots of Persian growth, was obtained in England. Russia buys ^
from England about 4,000,000 pounds of yarn and 5,000,000 yards
of cotton goods. Russia, like other countries, has been reducing
her reserve stock of cotton and cotton goods for several years.
Turkey does not purchase any raw cotton, but she buys annually
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1
862 ALABAMA AND HSR RESOURCES.
25,000,000 pounds of cotton yarn and 300,000,000 yards of cotton
goods from £ngland. She exports moderate quantities of raw cot-
*" ton to Western Europe.
The figures that are given for the cotton trade of the sevefal Con-
tinental countries, other than Franc§, represent their ordinary com-
/tnerce. The inflated condition of affairs in connection with that
trade, which existed just previous to the American war, will best be
seen by statement I, which (o^^ the import, export, consumption
/ and stock of raw cotton in Europe in 1860 and 1861. All tlie Con-
tinental markets were likewise largely overstocked with British cot-
ton goods, as the tables of exportations from England for 1860 and
1861 testify. To such an extent was this the case that Russia
shipped back to England in 1862, 304,066 pounds of cotton yam,
and Germany returned large quantities of calicoes. Those ship-
ments, which seemed like '^ sending coals to Newcastle," actually
paid handsome profits.
Egypt imports from England about 2,000,000 pounds of cotton
yarn and 70,000,000 yards of cotton goo Is. She is the only coun-
try, other than the Confederate States, that exports more cotton in
the raw state than she imports in the manu^tured condition ; and
yet she did not commence the cultivation of that staple in earnest
until 1818. It seems strange that the two countries that were the
latest in engaging in that species of agriculture should be the only
countries that can produce more than they need for their own wants.
A great deal of cotton is used in Egypt for making up divans, the
usual furniture of the country.
China takes from England every year about 10,000,000 pounds
of cotton yarns and 200,000,000 yards of cotton cloth, as well as
200,000 bales of cotton from India ; also from one million and a
half to two millions of dollars in value of American cotton ^j^oods.
Nearly all the other Eastern countries are customers to England
for her cotton fabrics. Africa too is supplied by the looms of Lan-
cashire.
ART. ly.-ALABAMA AKD HER RESOURCES.
WITH RBrBBEXUS TO THE OONSTRUOTIOIT OF OHSAT LIKX8 OF RAILEOAD FROM HBR INTC-
RlOa TO THB SKABOAUD, AND WITH RBFBBBHOB TO TUB. ORBAT QUB8TION8 OF BAIL-
ROAD PBOOOBBS AND RB80LTS THROUOHOUT THB UNIOK.
No. I.
[We shall draw ia this and Buoceeding numbers of the Rbvibw upon the labors
of one of the ablest practical and scientific engineers of the Sontn, and furnish
our readers an amount of invaluable railroad material, to l>e obtained nowhere
else without the most extended researches. The notes were prepared at the
beginning of the war, and have so far been accesible to but few persons. We
shall complete the statistics to date whenever practicable. — ^Editob.]
Wb are now but at the beginning of the development of gigantic
national resources ; and the present amount of coal sent to marlcet
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ALABAKA AND HEB KESOUBCES. 368
from our own immediate coal fields will, fifty years hence, appear as
inoonsiderable as the amount sent twenty-five years ago does to us
now. Great Britain^ with an area of ooal deposits less than twelve
thousand square miles, and a population of about thirty millions of
inhabitants, raises, at the present time, nearly sixty-eight millions oT
tons. In the next twenty years, the population of the United States
will not be less than fifly millions. The area of coal-fields, as at
present traced, exceeds one hundred and thirty-three thousand square
miles. Is there any improbability in the inference, that with full
developments of these coal fields, the annual production, in the short
' period of the next twenty years, will be proportionate to that of
Great Britain, and that it thus may be made to reach, if demanded,
the enormous amount of seven hundred and fifty millions of tons?
The coal trade of Maryland, in 1858, was 642,725 tons.
In 1840, the production of coal in Ohio^ stated at two millions
three hundred and eighty-two thousand three hundred and sixty-
eight bushels ; in 1848, at six millions five hundred and thirty-eight
thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight bushels ; in 1857, at forty
millions bushels ; and the production of iron has swelled to the
aggregate of one million tons.
One reason for this increase is the great increase in steam vessels
of late years, especially in the coasting trade. The Gulf of Mexico
is destined soon to be the seat of the richest commerce the world
ever saw ; even now, one-half the exports of the United States pass
over this inland sea of ours. The following extracts, from the writ-
ings of Lieutenant Maury, more eloquently describe the future im-
portance of the Gulf of Mexico than I am capable of doing :
" A sea is important for commerce, in proportion to the length of
the rivers that empty into it, and to the extent and fertility of the
river basins that are drained by it. The quantity and value of the
staples that are brought down to market depend upon these. The
Red Sea is in a riverless district. Few are the people, and small are
the towns, along its coast. Its shores are without valleys, not a
river emptying into it ; for there is no basin for it to drain. Com-
mercially speaking, what are its staples, in comparison to those of
the Mediterranean, which gives outlets to rivers that drain and fertil-
ize basins containing not less than one million and a quarter square
miles of fruitful lands? Ck>mraercial cities have never existed on the
shores of the Red Sea. Ck>mmeroe loves the sea; but it depends
for life and health upon the land.- It derives its sustenance from
the rivers and the basins which they drain ; and increases the opu-
lence of nations, in proportion to the facility of intercourse which
these nations have with the outlets of such basins.
^The river basins drained into the Gulf and Caribbean Sea
greaUy exceed in extent of area and capacity of production the river
basins of the Mediterranean. The countries in Africa, Asia, and
Europe, which comprise the river basins of the Mediterranean, are,
in superficial extent, but little more than one-fourth the size of those
which are drained by this sea in our midst. It is the Mediterranean
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36:1 ALABAMA AND HER BESOUfiCES.
of the New World ; and nature has laid it out on a scale for com-
merce far more grand than its type in the Old*; that is, about forty-
five degrees of longitude in length, by an average of seven d^rees
of latitude in breadth. Ours is broader, but not so long ; it is, there-
fore, more compact. Ships can sail to and fro across it in
much less time, and gather its articles of commerce at much less
opst
'* Had it been lefl to man to plan the form of a basin for com-
merce on a large scale — a basin for the waters of our rivers and the f
products of our lands — he could not have drawn the figure of one bet-
ter adapted for it than that of the Gulf, nor placed it in a position
half so admirable. The Mississippi and the Amazon are the two
great commercial arteries of the continent. They are fed by tribu-
taries with navigable length of channel, more than enough to encir-
cle the globe.
'^ The products of the basin of the Mississippi, when they arrive
at the Balize, may, in twenty or thirty days, be landed on the banks
of the Orinoco and Amazon. Thus, in our favored position here in
the New World, we have, at a distance of only a few days' sail, an
extent of fruitful basins for commercial intercourse which they of the
Old World have to compass sea and land, and to sail the world
around to reach.
''On this continent Nature has been prodigal of her bounties.
Here, upon this central sea, she has, with a lavished hand, grouped
and arranged in juxtaposition all those physical circumstances which
make nations truly great. Here she has laid the foundation for a
commerce the most magnificent the world ever saw. Here she has
brought within the distance of a few days the mouths of her two
greatest rivers. Here she has placed, in close proximity, the natural
outlets of her grandest river basins. With unheard-of powers of
production, these valleys range through all the producing latitudes
of the earth. They embrace every agricultural climate under the
sun ; they are capable of all variety of productions which the whole
world besides can afford. On their green bosom rests the throne of
the vegetable kingdom. Here commerce, too, in time to come, will
hold its cciurt.
" The three great outlets of commerce — the Delta of the Missis-
sippi, the mouths of the Hudson and Amazon — are all within two
thousand miles — ten days' sail of Darien. It is a barrier that sep-
arates us from the markets of six- hundred millions of people — three-
fourths of tha population of the earth. Break it down, therefore,
and this country is placed midway between Europe and Asia ; this
sea becomes the centre of jthe world, and the focus of the world's
commerce. This is a highway that will ^ve vent to commerce,
scope to enei^y, and range to enterprise ; which, in a few years
hence, will make gay with steam and canvas, parts of the ocean
that are now unfrequent^^d and almost unknown. Old channels of
trade will be broken up, and new ones opened. We desire to see
our own country the standard-bearer in this great work."
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ALABAMA AND HEK RE30UHCE8. 365
The following report of Major Chase, of the United States Army,
will show the importance, in a military point of view, of coal in the
Gulf:—
" Considering the war steamers would enter largely, if not exclu-
sively, into our naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico, it is important
that convenient depots for coal should be established. Deposits of
coal could be made at Bahia Honda, and at Key West At Tortu-
gas, a three years' supply for ihirii/ steamers could be constantly
maintained. A position for a coal depot on some point on the west-
em coast of Florida is certainly necessary. Tampa Bay would,
probably, afford the requisite depth of water for heavy steamers,
and convenient sites for the depot and its defence. Thus held, it
would also give protection to vessels seeking refuge from an enemy.
A coal depot would be established at Pensacola and at Mobile Point,
under the protection of Fort Morgan. Another depot for coal
would afford great facilities to steam operations, if established at
Ship Island. A strong battery, but not costly, would protect the
harbor. This depot would be easier of access than the one at Fort
Jackson on the Mississippi, and would afford supplies, not only to
the light steamers cruising along the coast, but to those of the heavi-
est class. A depot at Fort Jackson would be necessary to enable
the steamers descending from Memphis to take in a full supply of
coal before proceeding to sea."
The commerce of the Gulf must be supplied wich coal.' The
stormy capes and sunken reefs along the coast of Florida, that so
binder our commerce in going out, will protect our coal from com-
petition from the Atlantic States ; and Alabama must be to the
countries around this central basin what Pennsylvania is to th^
Atlantic States. Her coal must drive their ships, their mills, and
their machines.
As yet, but little coal of any worth has been found upon the
Pacific coast. An inferior shaly stuff has been found in Chili, Aus-
tralia, and California ; but it will never do to carry ships across the
seas.
The immense steam marine now on the Pacific is mostly supplied
from the Atlantic States, Break down the isthmus barrier, by
building other roads across, and we can deliver coal in the Pacific
at one-half the present cost.
The following table will show the present price of coal at differ-
ent points, accessible by the Alabama coal, and the cost of our coal
delivered at these points :
Pennsylvania and other CoaL Alabama Coal.
Rates of Freight Rates of Freight
Price per Ton. from Price per Ton. From Mobile
Philadelphia to and Pensacola to
Endish Coal. . $2 60
PhUaddphia . . 8 50
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866 ALABAMA AND HEB BESOUBCES.
New York 4 50 $0 96 ,
Bftltimore
Charleeton. . . , 6 00 ' 1 76 to 2 00
Sayannih 6 00 176to 2 00
Key West.... 8 00 2 00 to 8 60 |6 86 to 7 00 $1 86 to 1 60
Havana 10 00 860 to 600700to 7001 60 to 200
Kingston, Ja. . 10 90 to 11 40 3 60 to 6 00 7 60 to 8 00 2 00 to 2 50
Penaacola 10 00 to 14 00 6 00 to 6 00 6 00 to 6 60
MobUe 900tol4 00 600to 600 600to 6 60
New Orleans.. 7 60 to 12 60 5 00 to 6 00 6 26 to 6 00 76 to 1 00
Tampioo 10 00 to 16 00 6 00 to 7 00 7 26 to 7 60 1 76 to 2 00
Vera Cruz 16 00 to 20 00 6 00 to 7 00 7 26 to 7 60 1 76 to 2 00
AsplnwalL 10 00 6 00 to 7 00 8 00 to 8 60 2 60 to 8 50
Pernambuco .. 10 00 to 12 00 7 00 to 8 00 8 60 to 9 50 8 00 to 4 00
Panama. 26 00 to 80 00 20 00 to 25 00 10 60 6 00
Carthagena.. ..1100tol5 00 700to 800 7 60 to 8 60 2 00 to 800
San Fraocidco 26 00 20 60 16 00
Melbourne..... 60 00 26 00 20 60 16 00
Talchaana. 21 OO! 26 00 20 60 16 00
Acapulco 80 00 to 85 00 26 00 to 80 00 15 50 10 00.
These statements have been obtained from the United States public
records, from Professor Tuomey's work, and from the Presidents
and Superintendents of the Pennsylvania, Georgia and Tennessee
Railroad Companies.*
The following table will exhibit the cost of transportation of
coal -per mile per ton on the principal roads engaged in the
business :
BATE PEB TON PER MILE FOR TRANSPORTING COAL ON THE
PRINCIPAL RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Name of Road. Rate per Ton per Mile in Cents.
Baltimore and Ohio 182
Pennsylvania Central 188
Reading, Pennsylvania •. 160
NashviSe and Cliattanooga 156
Average 148
TABLE SHOWING THE MAXIMUM GRADES ON THE PRINCIPAL
RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES, CROSSING THE ALLE-
GHANY RANGR
Name of Road. Maxlmnm Grade.
New York and Erie 68 feet.
Baltimore and Ohio ; 116 feet
Pennsylvania Central 70 feet.
Virginia and Tennessee 68 feet.
Blue Ridge (S.C.) 70 feet
Cleveland and Chattanooga 68 feet
Nashville and Chattanooga 106 feet
Georgia State Road 87 feet.
Coosa and Tennessee Rivers ••••... 106 feet
Tennessee and Alabama Central « . . 68 feet
« OtlealattoBsnade to I860.
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ALABAMA AKD HER RESOURCES. 867
TABLE SHOWING, OF THE DIFFERENT RAILROADS IN THE SOUTH,
THE LOSS PER CENT. OF DISTANCE OVER AIR LINE.
Miles. Air Line. Loss per cent.
Montgomery and W. P. R. R 88 12 11
Nashyille and Chattanooga R. R 151 111 86
Georgia State R. R 188 101 86
Atlanta and Augusta R. R 171 189 25
Mont«vallo and Decatur R. R 121 104 17
On the Reading Hailroad the total cost of transporting coal per
ton per mile is 27 7-10 cents. To this add repairs of road, renewal
fund and the proportion of expenses due by coal, and we find the
total cost on coal is 49 8-10 cents per ton per mile, or only thirty-
three per cent, of their chaise for freight. Ordinarily fifty per cent,
is the usual proportion of expenses to receipts.
From this we see how cheaply coal can be carried, and what a
paying business it is to a railway at the prices given. The Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad does a large and profitable business at the
prices given — almo.st half their freight. In fact, all coal Roads pay.
The average price per ton per mile on the principal coal roads in
the Union is 1 43-100 cents. We will take 1 1-2 cents per ton per
mile as the price upon our Alabama railroads, which is equal to
3 cents on merchandise, as will be seen by the full report of the
Reading Railroad. The distance from the centre of the Warrior
coal fields to Mobile and Pensacola is 260 miles, which, at 1 1-2
cents per ton per mile, is $3.90 for freight. In a communication
addressed to me by the Superintendent of the Reading Railroad, he
states the average cost of coal delivered by branch railroads to the
main trunk to be $1.70 per ton, including minkig, and everything
which, added to the $3.90 for freight, will give us $5.60 as the price
per ton at Mobile and Pensacola from the centre of the Warrior
Coal Fields. From the Cahaba coal field, when it is intersected by
the Central Railroad fourteen miles from Montevallo, it will be
thirty-six miles nearer, and can be delivered at fifty -four cents less,
or at $5.06 per ton. This is putting the price of transportation one-
ninth higher than the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
roads. We can safely say that coal can be delivered by the Central
and connecting roads at from five to six dollars per ton at Mobile
and Pensacola, and at any point om the Gulf of Mexico, at two dollars
more, or from seven to eight dollars per ton, and at Aspinwall for
three dollars more, or from eight to nine dollars per ton, estimating
sea freights the same as now paid from Philadelphia to various
points. By means of the Tehuan tepee and Panama Railroads it can
be delivered in the Pacific, allowing these roads three cents per ton
per mile, or double the charge in the United States, at twelve
and thirteen dollars, and ten and eleven dollars. The Isthmus
steamers on both sides must oonUnue for all time to consume
large quantities of coal. The Pacific Railroad, if built from
Vi&sburg to San Francisco, cannot carry freight one-half as
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368 ALABAMA AND HER RESOURCES.
cheaply to San Francisco and China as by way of Tehuantepec
and Pannma. The greatest drawback to the commerce of the
Gulf and Prtcifio is the cost of coal. Supply this at a cheap
rate and the highway of commerce will be directly through the- Gulf
of Mexico, and along some of the isthmus routes to the Pacific. The
amount needed for ten years to come, after the completion of the
Central Riilroad, is only conjectural. The produce shipped from
Galvesttm, Matagorda, and even New Orleans, where only small
vessels can enter, is to a considerable extent, sent to New York and
Boston for transhipment across the ocean in large and cheap car-
riers. The coasting business of all commercial nations is now
being done by steamers, and why not in the Gulf the same way ?
The railroads across the Peninsula of Florida, the deep water at
Fernandina and Brunswick, on the Atlantic, will offer every facility
for the successful transhipment of cotton to Europe in large ves-
sels.
The port of Fernandina, next to Norfolk and Pensacola, is the
best in the Southern States, as the following table will show :
Depth of Water in feet.
Poi-ts. , * V
Low Tide. High Tide.
New York 22 feet 27 feet.
Phila<ielphia 18 feet. 25 "
Norfolk 26 "
Charleston 16 "
Savannah 17 "
Brunswick 20"
Fernandina 21 "
Pensacola 22 "
Mobile 21 "
New Orleans 14 to 16
Galveston 12 "
Matagorda 11 "
The fallowing extracts from an article on the subject, in the
Charleston Courier^ will show the relative importance of this grow-
ing city and the route of which it is the exponent :
" The entrance to this port is easy with all winds ; the channels (of which
there are three) are straight; the harbor deep, varying from twenty to fifty
feet, and almost con^pletely land-locked: the anchorage extension and the hola-
ing ground of the best description, ifle deep-water line reaches close to the
shore for a length of two miles, so that a continued wall, bat little advanced
from the line of ehore, will give whar^ge for two miles, with a depth of twenty
to thirty feet at low water, and warehouses can line wharf front The entrance
from the st>a to the wharves is about two miles, and from the plateau of the
town the approach C4n be observed ^award as far as the telescope can nght
Tlie depth on the bar is stated in the report of the War Department to be fourteen
feet at low water, with a rise of water at ordinary tides of nx feet, and at neap and
spring tides of seven and a half to nine feet, thus giving a depth on the bar vary-
ing from twenty to twenty- three feet The fact is indisputable, that the sea
route through the Straits of Florida is the only one that competes with the Flori-
da. Transit K)r the immense commerce of the Gulf, coming from porta having bat
little water.
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ALABAMA AND HER RESOURCES. 869
" It is aseertaioed, by reference to the most reliable statistics, that the aver-
age time consumed by first-class sailing-yessels between New York and New
Orleans, is twenty days; that the average rate of freight between these cities by
sailing Teasels is six doUars p^r ton, and by Bteamehips, thirty cents p«r cnbio
foot ; that the rate of insurance by the sea route averages one and five-eighths
per cent Estimating mercbai;dise to average in value one thousand dollars per
ton measurement, the following statement will show the cost by these modes
of conveyance: —
Sailing vessels. Steamships.
Freight 600 00 1,200 00
Insurance 1,787 60 1,787 50
Total f2,387 60 $2,987 60
The cost by the Femandina route, including transhipment and all expenses,
-win be as follows: —
By Steamship via Femandina 600 00
Charges by Railroad across Peninsula 414 00
Insurance seven-eighths per cent 962 60
Total $1,976 60
Showing a saving of four hundred and eleven dollars over sailing vessels and
one hundred dollars over steamships running around the Keys. The saving in
time will be still greater than in expense of transportation.
"The rates of insurance are the principal causes of the hi^h cost around the
Capes. The rales from New York to Femandina are five-eighths per cent, and
to New Orleans or Mobile, around the Capes, one and five-eighths per cent
*' If the Femandina route can command the trade on high-priced goods be-
tween the Eastern Slates and the Quif ports, it must, for like reasons, command
the trade of the whole area of country dependent upon those ports. Taking St.
Louis for example, it has been carefully estimated tnat merchandise can be laid
down there, from New York, by the Femandina route, at much lower rates fo r
• transportation, than by the Western land or water routes, and in as short a time.
The total cost of the Femandina route will be as follows :
From New York to New Orleans (as above), per ton $19.76^
From New Orleans by the Mississippi River
To St Louis, (including insurance), say 7.00
Total $26.76i
** The avera^ cost by the several railroad routes is thirty-two dollars. The
diffsrence in &vor of the Femandina route is five dollars and twenty-three
cents."
These extracts are evidenily from Senator Yulee's pen, as the
statements correspond exactly with his speech before the Chamber
of Commerce in Charleston, in 1857. In that speech he demon-
strates the saving of one dollar and sixty-four and a half cents per
bag in transporting cotton from New Orleans, or other shallow water
Ovlf ports across the Florida Peninsula Railway over the old
route around the Capes, Governor Broome, of Florida, shows the
same facts in his message in 1857. Mr. Tulee also shows that the
mail can be taken from New York to New Orleans in three days
and a half by this route. The Postmaster-General alluded favor-
ably to this route last year in his report. Mr. Yulee also showed
VOL. n.-NO. ni. 24
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370 ALABAMA AND HER R£SOUBCKS.
that it cost twenty-eight dollars to transport a passenger from Cedar
Key to Aspinwall, and eighty-one dollars and a half from New Yorit
to the same place. From Cedar Key to New York twenty-five
dollars is sufficient, or fifty-three to eighty-one dollars and a half for
the whole distance^ Much greater would be the difference by way
of Tehuantepec, Vera Cruz, or even Nicaragua. Freights to the
Pacific must go through the Gulf. The Pacific Railroad can never
compete with the Gulf routes for freights. The two narrow necks
of land, the Florida Peninsula and the Isthmus, are slight obstacles
to the transmission of commerce since the invention of the railway.
It will not be long before every port from Tampico and Mazatlan to
Panama will, have a railway from the Gulf to the Pacific. The
Panama Railroad, costing one hundred and thirty-five thousand dol-
lars per mile, pays an extraordinary dividend. Its stock sells at
from $1 16 to $1 20. There is no reason why these Isthmus roads
should cost, even as high up as the city of Mexico, for the entire dis-
tance across the Isthmus, more than the Panama Railroad cost in
the aggregate.
They can carry, therefore, notwithstanding their greater length,
for nearly the same rates as the Panama road. The above figures
are facU patent to all who have taken the trouble to investigate the
matter. The old route around the Capes for costly freights will
soon be abandoned, provided cheap steam power can be obtained in
the Gulf. From experiments made by the Erie Railroad for a
year, the actual cost of transhipping a ton of freight is only seven
cents, or not quite two cents a bag on cotton. The time by the
Gulf route will be shorter, as it has been found by experiment that
long lines of railway cannot move freight as expeditiously on an
average as water carriage hy the agency of steam. The Gulf of
Mexico is soon destined to be the scene of the busiest commerce
the world ever saw. The countries all around it are becoming
rapidly Anglicized, and have awoke from the long torpor into which
they have been thrown by the mistaken policy of the Republican
Governments of liberating their slaves.
Negroes are healthy and able all around the Gulf shores, but
they are lazy and indolent. The Spanish population are now
recovering from the shock, and applying themselves to labor.
They are buying now largely from us flour,' lard, agricultural im-
plements, hardware, cutlery, cotton and woolen manufactured goods,
and many other articles. Most of the States around the Gulf have
a heavy duty on flour — Havana, $9 50 per barrel ; Laguira, $5 50.
Tampico prohibits entirely, under various political pretexts. These
difficulties once removed, and the millions of people that live
around the sea will ofler a market for one million barrels of our
flour per annum.
In return for our wares, they return us cash commodities, such
as sugar, coflee, hides, tobacco, sarsaparilla, mahogany, vanilla, India
rubber, and many other articles equally valuable. The trade of our
lakes in 1856 amounted to $608,000,000. Certainly that of the
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ALABAMA AND HER RESOURCES. S71
Gvli, surrounded by so many millions of people, and holding, as it
does, the mouth of the two rivers that drain one-fourth of ^e pro-
ductive land of the civilized world, will soon double that amount (!).
To move this commerce, our Alabama coal is the nearest^ the
cheapest and the best.
The Collins- steamers used from eighty to one hundred and twenty-
eight tons of coal per day, according to speed. Our small steamers
in the Gulf use twenty-five to thirty. Thirty steamers in the Gulf
will use in a year, running two hundred days ea'^.h, on an average
forty tons per day, or two hundred and forty thousand tons. The
Government have, and always will have, a number of steamers in
the Gulf The railroads centering in it will demand many more.
The port of Havana is the rendezvous of the Spanish fleet. The
business of the Gulf is emphatically that of steam ; so that I cannot
think my estimates high.
Alabama is to the Gulf what Pennsylvania is to the Atlantic
States. The amount needed for ten years to come in all quarters
froni our mines is only conjectural. It is not too much to say we
will need three hundred thousand tons per annum.- This at $3 15
per ton ; the price from Monte vallo to the Gulf will pay $945,000
to three railroads south from Montevallo for transportation, or seven
and a quarter per cent, on thirteen million dollars, the amount neces-
sary to build three first-class railroads to the Gulf The Reading
Railroad cost, per mile, $195,558, or $19,262,720 for ninety-eight
miles ; more than the amount necessary to build three railroads in
Alabama, two hundred and twelve miles long each. This great
difference in cost is the reason why Southern railroads pay so much
better than Northern roads. Suppose, then, the three routes, via
Montgomery, Selma and Uniontown, had the average coal tonnage
of the Reading road for ?i\Q years past, and nothing more to do.
At the above rates their gross receipts would be $6,015,500. Take
one-half for expenses and we will have $3,008,250, or over twenty
per cent, net profit on coal alone. Examine the tables and watch
the growth of this trade in Pennsylvania on only one route, and we
certainly are not over the mark. The Reading Railroad pays over
seven per cent, net notwithstanding its enormous cost. The same
may be said of all roads engaged in transporting coal.
Coal, as a fuel for railway engines, is destined to save millions of
dollars. It has been found by actual experiment, that the cost of
running a locomotive with coal is less than one-half the expense of
running with wood as fuel. Experiments have been made on the
Illinois Central, the New Jersey Central — in fact, throughout the
Northern States ; and even in Massachusetts, where coal is worth
six dollars and over per ton, it is found that the saving in expense
is equal to one-half over wood. From a very intelligent source,
the calculation has been made, that the saving from the use of coal
instead of wood as a fuel on the railways of the Union will be ten
millions of dollars per annum, or one per cent, on the cost of the
railroads in the country.
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372 ALABAMA AND HER RESOURCES.
The following extract from the last report of the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad Company will show the comparative cost of wood
and coal as fuel for locomotives (both costing about the same, as
along the Alabama Central Railroad) :
*' Much attention has been paid to the introduction of coke and
coal as fuel for the passenscr engines, and special attention is re-
quested to the report of the Master of Machinery on this important
subject. The results have proved highly satisfactory — the engines
operating very economically and efficiently. Experiments with fuel,
made with the same engine, running with mail and express trains,
hauling, in each case, five cars, resulted as follows :
With Wood, 7.8 cents cost per mile run.
" Coke, 6.6
" Coal, 8.6 " "
'^ According to this calculation, the cost of running a train as
above for fuel alone to Harper's Ferry from Baltimore, eighty-one
miles,
With Wood, would be |6 81
•* Coke, " 4 68
" Coal, " 2 91
" To "Wheeling, three hundred and seventy-nine miles.
With Wood, would be $29 66
" Coke, " 21 22
" Coal, " 18 64
"A saving between coal and wood of about fifly-five per cent, —
a very important item, and must command the attention of the rail-
road interest all over the United States at an early day. It must be
borne in mind, also, that this is putting down wood at its cost along
the line of the Baltimore and Ohio road, about two dollars per cord.
The Extern roads, where wood is scarce, are paying three times this
price. The result finally must be to greatly increase the demand
for coal, from the Cumberland regions particularly, as companies
are now endeavoring to reduce their expenses. If the fuel expenses
can be reduced fifly-five per cent, here is a heavy item of saving.
Fourteen of the passenger machines are now consuming mineral
fuel, and the Master of Machinery recommends the alteration of
others, as soon as the large accumulation of wood on hand is suffi-
ciently reduced to render it advisable.
"The great economies to be thus effected must attract the atten-
tion of managers of railroads generally, and add largely to the con-
sumption of bituminous coal."
In 1857, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad transported 530,110
tons of coal, and derived a revenue therefrom of $1,570,000. The
Beading Railroad transported 2,326,706 tons of coal, and received
for it $2,412,923. The Pennsylvania Central does an immense coal
business, and numerous other roads are transporting it to market
and making large profits.
The subject will be continued in other issues of the Review, with
reference to the iron interesti, the general questions of railroad con-
struction, cost, earnings, advantages, connections, etc, etc.
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IMPROVEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 873
ART. Y -IMPROYEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIYER.
Finding in one of our daily papers an extract from the Si, Louis
Republican in connection with the above important subject, I have
been induced to oflfer to the public, through the medium of your
highly valuable Rbvikw, some views on river improvement, which
may not be altogether uninteY'esting to some of your readers. Here
is the extract :
" A resident of Memphis^ has addressed the Goyenior of Missisfiippi, reoom-
mending to his attention a scheme for shortening the Mississippi River ; the
proposition is to lessen the distance between Cairo and New Orleans 800 miles,
or to reduce it from 1200 to 900 miles ; the effect wonld be to increase the cur-
rent one-fourth, or to g;ive for high water a current of seven miles per hour,
instead of five ; and for low water a current of five miles per hour, instead of
three. A part of this scheme, is to dam up Red River, near its junction, with
the Mississippi, so as to throw the waters which seek an outlet through the Red
River into Atchafalaya and Berwick's Bay.
" Not to damage the commerce of New Orleans, an iron lock is to be placed in
the dam so as to let boats into and out of the Mississippi through Red River.
Another part of the plan contemplates that all the outlets, boUi natural and
artificial, from near the month of the Red River, on the west side of the Missis-
sippi to Pine Bluff, Arkansas, could be opened, smatl streams strfughtened, and
their banks leveled, thus opening a system of drainage through a country em-
bracing the best part of Arkansas, at the same time, with the positive outlets,
drawing large quantities of water from the Mississippi, never to return.''
The channel of a river of movable bottom, as regards its capac-
ity, isln proportion to the quantity of water that flows through it. If
the quantity be increased, the capacity of the channel will gradually
be accommodated to it ; if the quantity be decreased, a correspond-
ing^ result in the channel will take place.
If there were no intervening obstacles to prevent it, the water in
a river would always flow in a straight direction to the mouth, where
it discharges itself. But as nature sometimes places obstacles in its
way, such as the irregularity or character of the surface of the coun-
try through which it flows, or acpidental causes in the bed interfere
with it, the river is diverted from its straight course, and forms
bends or serpentines, which in time, when very abrupt, it oflen
breaks through again, thus regulating itself. The bottom of the
bed of a river, as well as the banks, is subject to constant change ;
and the line of current, or thalweg, in which the water flows with
the greatest velocity, also changes after approaching alternately one
or the other bank.
Where a river flows in a straight direction, or nearly so, and has
a well-regulated regimen — that is, where its bed is not subject to
abrasion, accumulation, or change, the cross-sections remain nearly
constant, and the line of current ia the middle of the bed. There
is the place to determine the normal breadth of the river, its mean
velocity, and its discharge of water.
The Mississippi, like many other rivers, carries along from above
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374 IMPROVEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
a large quantity of detritus or materials, which it transports as long
as the force of its current is energetic enough to overcome the
effect of the weight ; but as soon as this latter force predominates
over the former, the detritus is deposited, the smaller particles only
being carried to the sea, the larger and heavier being deposited in
the bed, successively along its course, according to the diminution of
the velocity. The heavy materials thus deposited in the bed offer
a greater resistance to the scouring power of the water than the
banks or sides, which are composed of alluvial matter, sand, and
mud, the bed becomes enlarged in breadth, the velocity is dimin-
ished, and the deposit of heavy material coittinually increases. The
natural consequence of these accumulations or deposits is the grad-
ual elevation of the bed of the river and the formation of bars and
islands at those places where the condition of the bed causes a de-
crease of velocity. This elevation of the bed, in a natural condition
of things, has not such dangerous consequences, because in time of
flood, when the river carries along the greatest quantity of detritus,
the adjacent low lands will be inundated, a considerable portion of
the detritus will be deposited on them, so that their elevation will
keep pace with that of the river's bed, and consequently there will
be less danger to apprehend from the elevation of the latter. But
if the river be contracted by dikes or levees, and the waters of a
flood are confined within this artificial bed, they will raise the bot-
tom of the bed more and more above the level of the low lands out-
side the levees. The consequence will be that the floods will always
increase in intensity, the levees must be continually raised, and the
danger, when a crevasse occurs, will also become greater. In] time
of flood an extensive wave is formed in the bed of a river, which
moves in the direction of the current. At its fore-slope the &1L is
greater, and at its hind one less than that of the river in its normal
state. The front part of the wave advances, therefore, faster than
the hind part can follow, and consequently its height must gradually
decrease in its progress down stream, with a decreasing velocity.
The difference between high and low water at the mouth of the
Ohio is stated to be 60 feet, at Natchez 50 feet, at Baton Rouge 30
feet, at New Orleans 14 feet, and at the head of the Passes 3 feet.
When the water of a river meets with no obstacles, it has gener-
ally its greatest velocity at or near the surface in the middle of the
bed, and the least at the bottom and sides. But when it meets with
some obstruction in its passage, it appears to stop moving, forms a
semon, or rise of the surface, and produces a complete transforma-
tion in the whole of its section. The velocity at the surface may
becomer almost insensible, while that at the bottom is strong.
The transformation of a river into a uniform canal by artificial
means alone would be too costly an undertaking. The current itself
must be induced by works of improvement, either to remove cer-
tain parts of the banks and deepen the bed, or to form new banks
by accumulations or deposits, and fill up with detritus abandoned
branches.
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IMPBOVEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 375
The injurious effects produced by a bend in a river are, that the
distance is increased and the fall correspondingly diminished, the
greater resistance offered to the stream retards the free passage of
the water, diminishes its velocity, and causes the surface of the river
to rise higher in the reach above, in order to pass its waters, while
the bed also rises from the deposits left by the diminished velocity.
When the bend is very abrupt, it may be advisable, in order to rec-
tify the course of the river, to make a new channel across the neck
of the peninsula formed by the bend, so as to join the upper and
lower reach by a cut-off in as nearly a direct line as it can be done.
Such a rectification of the bed will increase the velocity of the.
stream, lower its surface, and render its inclination more uniform ;
almost essential to prevent inundation.
In regulating the course of a river, care must be taken that the
breadth of the channel be made uniform ; that is, that it be nowhere
permitted to be too contracted or too wide. Where the channel is
too narrow to admit of a' free discharge of its waters, they rise in
front of the contraction and produce a change in the direction of the
veins of water. The particles at the surface which had the greatest
velocity are retarded, while those at the bottom acquire a very con-
siderable velocity. The bed is indeed lowered and the channel
deepened in the narrow place, but the materials scoured out, when
they reach the wider part of the channel below, where the velocity
is more languid sink to the bottom, forming shoals. Where .the
channel of a river is wider than is. necessary for the free discharge
of its waters, the retarding forces are increased, the velocity of the
stream diminished, sedimentary matter deposited, and the waters
forced to rise until it has gained an additional head to enable it to
discharge its volume.
An island in the channel of a river, dividing it into two branches,
is highly injurious to the free discharge of the water and to navi-
gation. The width or length of the wetted perimeter of the two
branches together being greater than that of. the undivided stream,
increases the retarding forces, which must be overcome by a greater
head, and will consequently absorb a portion of the accelerating or
moving forces, as in those places where the river is too contracted
or too wide ; this evil can be remedied by closing up that one of the
two branches which is farthest removed from the proper line of
direction of the current, and turning the whole body of water into
the straighter or more direct branch, the waters of both branches
being thus united in as straight a channel as possible, will restore
the river to a more suitable breadth and depth, and give freer vent
to the discharge of the water in time of flood.
The course of- a river being thus straightened, the narrow parts
being widened, and the parts too wide contracted until the channel
is made to assume a more regular cross-section, the line of current
will be in the middle of the bed, where its uniform velocity will
exercise a scouring power sufficient to produce a uniform depth by
lowering the bed, wherever shoals previously existed. The whole
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376 IMPROVEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
force and velocity of the current being in the middle of the bed the
water along the sides will have very little motion, thus securing the
banks from abrasion, and making the river more convenient for
navigation ; the middle of the channel, where the velocity is greatest,
for vessels coming down ; nearer the sides, where the velocity and
resistance are le^st, for those going up. The course of a river beifig
once regulated both as regards its line of direction and its width, its
scouring power acquires a tendency to approximate the perinaeter
of its channel to that shape that is capable of discharging the largest
quantity of water in a given time.
This mode of regulating the course of a river, as far as regards
the continued uniformity of the channel, applies more particularly
to all that part abovenbe reach of tidal influence. Whereas, when
we approach the mouth where the tide flows and ebbs, it is there
more advisable to regulate the channel, so as to assist the propaga-
tion of the flood tide, and increase, as far as possible, the amount of
back water on the ebb.
When the channel of a river which drains a large extent of country
and has many tributaries is rendered defective by bends more or less
abrupt, islands, sand-banks or shoals, it is always liable to overflow
its banks in time of flood, for those obstacles in the channel present
so much resistance to the free discharge of the waters, and retard its
downward progress so much, thereby increasing the deposits and
adding to the elevation of the bed, that it rises to a height it never
could reach if they did not exist. But when the course of a river
has been made straight, or nearly so, and its waters are confined to a
single channel of proper breadth and direction, the velocity of the
stream, no longer meeting with the resistance of abrupt bends or
islands, becomes more uniform, and not only removes all the sand-
banks and shoals, but by its increased scouring power lowers the
bed of the river and consequently the surface of the stream, so that
the water in time of flood, meeting with less resistance and having a
freer vent, is discharged more rapidly, and can no longer rise to the
same height as before. Straightening the course of a riVer shortens
the distance between the head of navigation and the mouth more or
less in proportion to the extent to which it can be carried out. It
proportionately increases the fall, and consequently the velocity, and
by affording a freer vent for the more rapid discharge of the Water,
while it tends to lower the bed of the river, it actually requires a
channel of less depth to discharge the same quantity of water in a
given time. As the straightening the course of a river, besides
shortening the distance, tends greatly to its general improvement by
causing the removal of many of the impediments in its channel, its
advantages to navigation are invaluable, while just in proportion to
the extent to which it can be carried out will it secure the adjacent
country from the danger of overflow. I will here illustrate, by the
formula for uniform motion in open channels, the effect produced on
the velocity and discharge of the water by changing the fall or
straightening the course of a river. Suppose the distance from the
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IMPROVEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 377
mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Mississippi, by the course
of the river, measured by the line of current, be 1,178 miles, and in
a direct line be 500 miles, and the fall from the Ohio to the Gulf, at
low water, be 275 feet, we have the fall divided by the distance
tVi^=^'23 feet per mile in the line of current, and the fall
divided by the distance ili=0,^5 feet per mile, in a direct line.
Suppose the course of the Mississippi to be straight, and with the
same section and inclination from the Ohio to the Gulf, its breadth
at high water 3,000 feet^ the area of the section of the stream
200,000 square feet, the mean depth 6.67 feet, the perimeter in
contact with the water 3,050 feet, and the fall 0.27 feet per mile, we
have the mean velocity, by the formula for uniform motion in open
channels. •
V = 100 V H.Vf F- ^ Vli?gV = ^'Q ^®^^ ?^^ second, and the dis-
charge at high water 200,000 x 5*8 = 1,160,000 cubic feet per
second, deducting from this quantity one-fourth, on account of ob-
structions to the free passage of the water in the channel of the river,
we have the probable discarge at high water 870,000 cubic feet per
second. Suppose the breadth of the river from New Orleans to the
Gulf of Mexico, at high water, to be 2,425 feet, the area of the sec-
tion of the stream 166,172 square feet (taken eleven miles below
New Orleans), the wetted perimeter 2,448* feet, and the fall 014 feet
per mile, we have the mean velocity: V = 100 -v/lg^^p. x ^^^
= 4*24 feet per second, and the discharge at high water 106,172 x
424= 704,569 cubic feet per second.
Suppose the course of the river to be shortened from 1,178 miles
878 miles, or 300 miles, and the area of the cross-section of the
stream be 182,000 square feet, the wetted perimeter 3,000 feet, and
the fall 0*36 feet per mile, we have the mean velocity.
V = IOOVHJ^H^^ |;||7 = 6-4 feetper second, and the discharge
at high water, 182,000 x 6*4 = 1,164,800 cubic feet per second. The
effect of shortening the course of the river 300 miles would be
to increase the velocity pf the water 6*4 — 5*8 = 0*6 feet per
second, if the motion were uniform.
In order to discharge the volume of 1,160,000 cubic feet, with a
velocity of 6*4 feet, it would reduce the area of the cross-section of
the stream 200,000 — 182,000 = 18,000 square feet, and the mean
depth 66-7 — 60-7 = 6 feet.
From the foregoing calculations we have the discharge of the river
from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico, at high water, supposing the
stream to be straight, and with the same section and inclination from
one end to the other, 1,160,000 cubic feet per second, and from
New Orleans to the Gulf . . . 704,569
Difference . . . 455,431 cu.fl. per see.
The above calculations are founded on the data contained in the
work : " Mississippi and Ohio Rivers," by Charles Ellet, Jr., Phila-
delphia. 1853.
Along the banks of the Lower Mississippi, levees or dikes have
been constructed, in some places on both sides of the river, to pro
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378 IMPROVEMENT OP THE MISSISSIPPI RTVER.
tect the adjacent country from inundation. The tame means of de-
fence have been used in Italy, France, Germany, and other countries.
On the coast of Holland, where the level of the land- is, in some
places, lower than that of the ocean tides, dikes are absolutely neces-
sary to preserve the land from inundation. But in the case of
rivers flowing through an alluvial soil, experience has proved that
they are useful only as temporary expedients. For as long as the
defects in the channel of the river are permitted to remain, the bed
rises higher from the constant deposits, until at last the surface of
the water, in time of flood, reaches a height that renders it necessary
to raise the levees still higher. That levees are neither a safe nor a
permanent security gainst inundation, is sufliciently proved by the
frequent crevasses of late years made by high water in the Missis-
sippi levees.
The River Rhine, above Bengin, had formerly innumerable bends,
and an endless number of islands and sand-banks, which caused many
inundations. The frequent changes of the course of the river threat-
ened sometimes this and sometimes the other bank, and large tracts
of land became a prey to the stream, and even inhabited places, ex-
posed to danger, had to be abandoned. The people erected levees
to protect their lands from inundation, but as tne defective condition
of the channel remained, the bottom of the bed continued to rise un-
til the water, in time of flood, rose so high that the levees ceased to
be any security, for every now and again the flood would force a
passage through some weak point in the levees and devastate the
country. The extent of the damage, as well as the increasing im-
pediments to navigation, caused by its defective condition, became a
subject of serious consideration, and the proper regulation of the
channel was undertaken. The course of the river was straightened,
and its waters conflned within a single channel of proper breadth,
and the natural consequence followed, the velocity and scouring
power of the river being increased, its bed was lowered, and the
water, in time of flood, having freer vent, is discharged more
rapidly and regularly, and cannot rise to the same height as formerly,
while the banks of the improved channel are less liable to abrasion.
Mr. Bumgarten, in his report on the works which were executed
from 1836 to 1847, for the regulation of the two banks of the
Garonne, says : ** We ha^e seen that the shoals or banks of gravel,
which exist in every river of movable bottom, were sensibly low-
ered, if not destroyed
In fine, we have also seen that wherever the bottom was scourable,
the works had produced a lowering in the level of low water ; that
this lowering offset the rise which, without it, the works would
have caused in the level of the ordinary floods, when the overflow
' commences, and that thus the fears that were entertained with re-
gard to the very great intensity of the overflows, owing to the con-
traction of the bed of the river, proved groundless."
As the laws which govern water in motion are, under the same
circumstances, everywhere the same, it is reasonable to expect that
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IMPEOVEMENT OP THE MISSISSIPPI BIVER. 879
works of improvement similar to those executed in the case of the
Garonne and the Rhine would be followed by similar results in the
case of the Mississippi.
In order to prevent inundations in the Mississippi, the chief object
should be to give it the means of disch^ging the water of its floods
as &8t as possible. The increased freedom of vent would lower the
surface of the water, and the increased velocity, acting on the
bottom of the bed with increased scouring power, would make
it deeper, thus still further lowering the surface and also diminish-
ing the transverse section of the river. Suppose the velocity of
the stream were increased from three to four feet per second,
the bed of the river would not only cease to rise, but would
become lower, by the more rapid discharge of the water, because
the sand and mud of which it is composed would no longer
be able to resist its increased energy, but would be swept onward
by its scouring power. For instance, if a volume of water of 640,-
000 cubic feet, passing through a channel 3,000 feet in breadth, with
a velocity of three feet per second, would require a depth of sixty
feet, the same volume of water, in the same condition, if the velocity
were increased to four feet, would only require a depth of forty-five
feet ; that is, by increasing the velocity from three to four feet per
second, the surface of the stream is lessened fifteen feet. This fully
illustrates the advantage to be derived from the free and rapid dis«
charge of the water in time of flood.
As I have already said that the water of a river is the active agent,
when properly directed, in improving its channel, and that the
navi^ble capacity of the channel will always, all other thinc^s being
equal, be in proportion to the volume of water in it, therefore I
would recommetid that every facility should be afforded to the trib-
utaries of the Mississippi to discharge their waters as rapidly as pos-
sible into the main channel in a downward direction, where the in-
creased volume of water pressing upon the bottom of the bed with
increased weight and momentum, will deepen the channel, thereby
affording a freer vent for the rapid discharge of the upland waters in
time of flood.
In the lower course of the Mississippi, where the soil being alto-
gether alluvia], the bed is composed of fine sand and mud, where a
tributary unites with the main river, its waters coming from the
mountains in the interior by a shorter route, and having therefore a
greater fi^l and velocity. Communicate that velocity to the waters
of the main channel, and acting with an increased scouring power on
the bottom of the bed, enlarge its ciipacity sufficiently to enable it
to contain the united waters of both, rather by deepening the bed
than by increasing its width. Thus the channel of the river once
regulated, both as to the line of direction of its course, and the width
of its cross-sections, every addition to the volume of water in the
Mississippi would tend to increase the scouring power of the stream,
add to its navigable capacity, render the banks liable to abrasion,
keep the bed clear, and lessen the danger of overflow in time of flood.
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380 IMPROVEMENT OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
Lateral outlets, which are looked upon by some as highly useful
in preventing inundations in time of flood, have in reality a tendency
to produce the very danger they are supposed to obviate. As it is
the water in a river that makes the channel, and as the capacity of
the channel depends upon the quantity of the water, provid^ its free
discharge be not interfered with by natural or artificial obstrucUons,
and its course be properly regulated by art, it will always make a
channel sufficient for itself. If, then, in time of flood, the water rises
60 high as to threaten to overflow its banks, or break through them,
it is not because there is too much water in the channel, but be-
cause its free discharge is prevented by obstacles existing somewhere
in the channel below. The proper course would bo to regulate the
channel both in direction and width, so as to remove the obstacles
below and aflbrd the accumulated waters above a freer vent and
more rapid discharge. This rapid discharge could lower the surface
of the water above, and the increased velocity, acting upon the bed
with its full scouring power, would create and maintain a depth fully
sufficient for its discharge. But lateral outlets have a direct ten-
dency to render the condition of the main channel of a river more
defective than it was before. The division of a river into two
branches increases the retarding fbrces, because the breadth of both
branches together is greater than that of the united river, or the
wetted perimeters of both branches are longer than that of the united
river. This excess of resistance must be overcome by the head of
water which causes tho general motion, and will consequently absorb
a part of the moving force. Where a lateral outlet is created, either
by accident or design, the quantity of water is diminished in the
main river. The natural consequence follows that the velocity and
scouring power of the river below the outlet are diminished in pro-
portion to the quantity of water abstracted, and Nature, in full]accord
ance with her own laws, begins to raise the bottom of the bed with
deposits, so as to accommodate the capacity of the channel to the
reduced quantity of water left in it. Any one who examines the
channel of a river above and below an outle"t, will find that the depth
below is invariably less than that above.
The river Rhine aflbrds a most striking example of the injurious
eflects produced by outlets on the navigation of a river. Entering
the Netherlands, a navigable river, it was deprived of the greater
part of its waters by lateral outlets. The outlet called Waal leaves
the Rhine below Emmerich, and, uniting with the Meuse,. flows by
Rotterdam. In order to establish a navigable communication be-
tween the Rhine and the Zeider Sea, a canal was excavated from th«
former above Arwhem to the Yssel, which discharges a large portion
of the water remaining. In the year 50, the Romans, then in posses-
sion of that country, excavated a canal, now called the Lecht, con-
necting the water of the Rhine at Duurstede with the Meuse above
Rotterdam, which outlet, in the course of time, absorbed nearly all
the water that was left, while the Rhine, deprived of its waters, and
its navigable capacity completely destroyed, has dwindled to an insig-
nificant stream, entering the sea near Ley den through a shallow channel.
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IMPROVEMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI BITER. 881
Such, though not to the same extent, is pretty much the condition
of the channel of the Mississippi near its mouth, the lateral outlets
discharging so much water on either side, and the volume remaining
in the main channel heing so much reduced that it is no longer able
to maintain the depth it has above the others. The bed of the river
has been raised by the sedimentary matter which the diminished
velocity of the current is unable to carry off, depositing a large por-
tion at the mouth where it comes in contact with the resisting forces
of the Gulf water. This deposit at the mouth of the river, which is
called the bar, is composed of very fine sand and mud, and may be
considered the result of the balance of power between the reduced
scouring power of the river and the disturbing forces of the Gulf.
Now this bar, which effectually excludes vessels of heavy burden
from the navigation of the river, could easily be removed. All that
is necessary is^ that the force of the water passing out should be
made to preponderate over the disturbing forces of the Gulf. By
closing up all the lateral outlets, and confining the whole volume of
water belonging to the river or pass within its main channel, the quan-
tity passing out at the mouth, and consequently the scouring power,
would be largely increased. If, in addition to this, the channel were
regulated so as to facilitate the more rapid propagation of the flood-
tides, and the reception of the largest quantity of tidal waters that
the channel could be made capable of receiving, there would be se-
cured for the outward flow of the back-water on the ebb, such
an increase of scouring power as would sweep the bar away into
the deep waters of the Gulf, and make the mouth of the Mississippi
even deeper than would be necessary for vessels of the largest size.
When one considers the immense extent of country drained by
the Mississippi and its tributaries, that there are fourteen or fifteen
States, with a population of fifteen millions of people, whose inter
ests are more or less involved in the full and uninterrupted navi
gation of that river, and that before the death of many men now liv-
ing the population of the valley through which its waters flow, will
exceed more than fifty millions, one can hardly conceive, much less
realize, the immense importance of the improvement of the naviga-
tion of the Mississippi to the extent of which it is capable, and the
incalculable advanta8;es that would certainly follow its completion.
There are many cities on its banks that are advancing in population
and commercial importance with a rapidity of growth unknown in
other lands, all of which are deeply interested in this work, but far
more does it bear so deep an interest for New Orleans. Situated
nearest the mouth of the Mississippi, the great highway of an im-
mense vallQy, with immense agricultural and mineral resources be-
hind her, which will always supply her with the means of attracting
foreign trade, and from which resources she can never be cut off, it
is her interest, and, consequently, her duty, to see that the improve-
ment of the Mississippi be carried out to its fullest extent. Let her
do this, and do it in time, and a vast increase of population and
wealth and commercial prosperity await her.
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882 FLORIDA — ^PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE.
ART. YI.-FLORIDA-PAST, PRESEKT, AND FUTURE.
ORXAT RESOUROBS OF THE STATE — ^FRUITS, OBAINB, ETC.— CUM ATK,
SOIL, ETC., ETC.
[The foIlowiDg constitutes one of the chapters of a yery able work which is
DOW in course oi publication from the pen of L. D. SUckney on the " History oC
Florida." When finished, it will be one of the most yaluable works in relation
to that " Land of Flowers ** which has ever emanated from the press. We trust
that the autlior*s enterprise and spirit will be rewarded with heayy orders for
the work. He may l>ie addressed at the office of the Florida union, Talla-
hassee.]
The people of Florida should ever cherish with respect the
memory of Dr. Henry Perrine, a man of science and untiring in-
dustry, who gallantly gave his life, not for the reward of wealth,
but in the noble efibrt to change tropical Florida from a wilderness
of savage haunts to the highest state of cultivation and enjoyment
of civilized society.* From long residence in tropical countries,
Dr. Perrine had discovered that many valuable vegetables of that
zone propagate themselves in the worst soils and situations in the
sun and shade ; they arrive either by accident or design ; and that
for other profitable plants of the tropics which require human skill
and care, moisture is the equivalent to manure ; and that tropical
cultivation essentially consists in appropriate irrigation, which in
such a climate goes far to counterbalance the sterility of the soil.
The correctness of his opinion is well supported at Turin, where a
great deal of rain falls a soil which contains 77 to 80 per cent, of
sand is held fertile, while in the neighborhood of Paris, where it
rains less frequently, no good soil contains more than 50 per cent, of
sand. A light sandy soil which in the South of France would only
be of inferior value presents real advantages in the moist climate
of £ngland. Irrigation supplies the place of rain, and in countries
where recourse can be had to it, land has only to be loose and
permeable in order to have the whole of the fertility developed
which climate and manure can confer. Sandy deserts are sterile
because it never rains, and oases are in the vicinity of springs.
Rich crops of maize are gathered upon the plateau of the Andes of
Quito in a sand which is nearly moving, but which is abundantly
and dexterously irrigated.f M. Laugier gives the following as
fertile soil in Senegal :
* Dr. Perrine was killed bj the Semlnolei on Indian Key, August 7th, 1840. He had estab-
llabod a nurserj there for the propagation of tropical prodaetions under the eneonragement of
the Qovernment of the United BUtea. Politicians, adventurers and speculators, proroking
hostility with the Indians, and enriching themsolves by the war they had instigateo, called In*.
Perrine a visionary enthusiast But Thomas Andrew Knight, whose experiments In TegeUble
physiology resulted in vast numbers of now varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries, eto^
Viscount Gharies Townsoud, Chief Minister of George I^ who Introdnoed the tnmip, the most
Important crop in £ngland ; Sir Richard Weston, who introduced clover and coke, afterwards
Earl of Leicester, who, by skill, capital and enterprise became the founder of the agriculture
of immense Kngllsh estates, which he transformed from blowing sand and flinty gravel to a
ferUle domain, and many others whoso Intelligence and benevolence have been directed
to the improved condition of their race, were called chimerical and wild by the mnUUude who
could neither comprehend nor appreciate thdr effortu
t Bonsaingault (Roral Economy), p. 29%.
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AND FUTURE. 383
Siliceous Sand and Silex 87
Alumina 3 6
Oxide of Iron , 8.4
Carbonate of Xdme trace
Organic matter and Water 4.4
Loss ■ 1.6
100.0
In the yale of Teviot he gives the fol- The celebrated tobacco lands of Cuba
lowing as a good soil : as given by Don Ramon de le Sagra,
Siliceous sand and grave 88.8 Distrul of Yeulta de Abajo, two locali-
Siiica Y ties:
Alumina 6.8 Organic matter 9.60 4.60
Carbonate of Lime 0,1 Silica 86 .40 90.80
Oxide of Iron 0.8 Lime '. • 0.00 vestige
Salts and organic matter 1.4 Alumina 0.68 8.40
Oxide of Iron 1.92 1.20
100.0 Loss 1.40 0.00
100.00 100.00
Sandy soils, which, on account of the facility with which water
evaporates and escapes from them, are regarded as almost if not
absolutely sterile, may be rendered as fertile as the richest argil-
laceous land, and equally capable of producing the greater part of
the most valuable crops, if care is taken to preserve them in a
proper state of humidity.* Agronomy, or an examination of
the constituent parts of physical properties of the soil, will be more
fully explained nereafter.
Dr. Perrine was encouraged, in his undertaking to iiTt reduce and
promote the cultivation of new tropical plants in the Southern
States, by the general fact that most articles of culture flourish best
at the more temperate margins of their native zone. Hence he gave
special attention to the very beautiful and extensive family of palms,
whose diversified products embrace everything that is essential to
the subsistence and comfort of man ; the liliaceous and the amaryllis
orders, including the Agaves, which in his estimation ranked next
in their manifold utility to the human race ; the shrubs for choco-
late, coffee and tea, which have become articles of necessity to
civilized life ; the logwood, fustic, cochineal, indigo, and other dyes
of Mexico^ Brazil and Asia ; the cinnamon, pimento, ginger, and
other spices of the East and West Indies ; the mahogany, rose,
ebony and other precious woods of all parts of the world ; the
bananas, anonas, mangoes; and numerous delicious fruits for the
enjoyment of health ; and Peruvian bark, ipecacuanha, sarsaparilla,
caneJla, and innumerable salutary medicines, iR>r the removal of
disease.
It was further demonstrated by this indefiitigable investigator,
after several years' residence and careful meteorological observations
in South Florida, that it possessed the characterizing phenomena of
tropical climates — ^a dry warm winter, a wet refreshing summer, a
* The Principles of Agrlcnltare, by Albert D. Thaer, translated by William Sbaw and Oath-
bert W. Johnson, New York, 184«.
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.384 FLORIDA — PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE.
breeze from the sea by day and from the land by night ; and a con-
tinual trade wind — all of which extend up to 28 north latitude;
that below this parallel, Southern Florida, by the narrowness and
non-elevation of its surface, by its direction towards the South and
East, by the westwardly course of the trade wind in its latitude,
and moreover by* the steady high heat of the Gulf Stream from the
equator, enjoys a still greater uniformity of temperature — the grand
desideratum for human health and vegetable growth — than any
island, peninsula, or continent, of greater breadth and elevation
within the torrid zone.
" However diversified the climates of the other States," be wrote,
"the one great evil of variability of temperature is common to them
all ; sudden chari^es cutting off the tropical com of Maine and the
tropical cane of Louisiana, with the frosts of spring and of autumn,
and carrying off the farmer of the North and the planter of the
South with consumption of the lungs and liver, that hence our in
valids who are declining with northern disorders of the thorax, or
southern disorders of the abdomen, derived from the variable tem-
perature of one section of the Union, merely increase or exchange
of disease by removal to the equally variable temperature of the
other, that however diversified the climates of the more eulogized
portions of the whole belt of the world above 28 N. lat,* em-
braced in the miscalled temperate, but really variable zone, equally
great and sudden vicissitudes of temperature are common to them
all ; that hence our consumptive invalids who annually crowd to
Southern Europe, most generally perish in the vain search of the
natural remedy of an equable temperature, which can be found only
in the slandered torrid zone, or in tropical climates, unvisited by the
curse of cold ! and that therefore Southern Florida, by the benignity
of its climate, the proximity of its position, the form of its govern-
ment and the character of its people, combines more natural, social
and political advantages for a warm dry winter asylum of our sickly
voyagers, than France or Italy, Colombia or Cuba, or any other
portion of the world."
Another climatic belt of the Peninsula extends about a degree
and a half to the North, its limit in that direction may be defined
by the most Northern growth of the mangrove, or a line drawn
from Mosquito Inlet to Cedar Keys. It has the same geological
formation as the extreme Southern projection, though of an earlier
date.f But the face of the country is more varied and broken, in
some places presenting hills of considerable elevation. The Thlau-
hat-kee, or White Mountains, is an elevated range of hills, the ascent
* This equable climato extends in the Floridlan Peninsnla to 89 N. lat
t The rote of ooral growth bos been found br oarcfal obeerraUon through a aeries of jeart
to be twelve fncbea in twenty-four years, or half an inch per annum. Upon this basis the late
Captain R B. Hunt, U. 8. Engineers, in a paper pnblishedf in the U. S. Coast Sanrej Report,
ISOi, gives the total period of 6,400 fiOO years as that required for the growth of tbo entire corsl
Itmestone formation of Florida. This chronology is a few harmless oentnriea berond the
Mosaic account of the creation. In a specnlatlve view, one, delighting in limitleaa inftnities,
might find an ample field for calculation in tracing back throo^ the ancient eonl ages the
progressive formaUon of the great Gulf and Atbnuc slopes.
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FLORIDA — I?AST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. S85
of which, in many plaoes, during the Seminole war, was so difficult,
that drag-ropes and a heavy detail of men were necessary to take
the baggage wagons of General Jessup^s command over the heights.*
Id this section the principal rivers of the Peninsula take their
rise; the Kissimmee flowing south, the Withlacoochee with a west-
erly course, and the St. Johns running north, parallel with the At-
lantic coast. Many tropical productions disappear as the distance
from the equinoctial line is increased, others still continue to be
profitable staples of cultivation, while quite a number of the social
order follow man as ornaments to his habitation, or, by slight pro-
tection, to add to his luxury. The annual mean heat of the Penin-
sula up to the 29th parallel of latitude would indicate a tropical flora,
but the extremes of heat and cold and the suddenness of the
vicissitudes of temperature afford much better data. Plants which
are destroyed \\y change of temperature in Florida, at least below
29. 30 M. N. L., are not directly killed by cold, but by the speedy
subsequent heat It is not, therefore, the degree of cold in winter,
but the sudden application of heat to the frozen plants which poisons
the sap and induces gangrene. Hence the great frost of 1835, which
occurred late in the spring, was so destructive to the orange trees
north of the 28th parallel of latitude, in that year trees of more
than a century's growth were killed at St. Augustine, by a rapid
change of temperature from 70 deg. to 4 deg. F. in a few hours,
while the sap was in motion. Dependent as vegetation generally is
upon particular conditions of soil and climate, it must be borne in
mind that some plants have a peculiar power of adapting themselves
to all climates and circumstances, while others are readily natural-
ized in climates similar to their own. The pineapple has traveled
from America through Africa and Asia, where it is now as common
as if indigenous to the soil, and in like manner many spices and
fruits of Asia have become naturalized in the West Indies and on
the continents of America. fA vegetation of extra tropical cli-
mates is found in Cuba. The Pine (Pinvs occidentuUs) attains there
a height of sixty and seventy feet. It grows in the Isle of Pines
side by side with the mahogany ; and the interior of St. Domingo
and of Mexico is covered with the same class of conifers.
Tropical maize or Indian eom ripens in latitude 50 deg. North ;
in the valley of Red River, a district northwest of Lake Superior,
where sixty days only of clear tropical summer occur^ although the
mean annual temperature is below that of mean annual frost, or 32
d^. F. While plants are capable of great modification within cer-
tain limits, it is impossible to acclimate the tender plants of the
tropica in a colder btitude than their natural habital, and thus render
them, more hardy. The sweet orange grown at St. Augustine, or
the sugar-cane cultivated in Marion and Aladiua Counties, have no
more organic power to resist cold, than theitr^e plants growing im-
* 8pnigiie*t Hitt Flft. Wftr, n. 171.
t Bep<^ of Com. on Agrieutim (25 long. 2d sets. Lenoto Doa 800) on memorial of Dr.
H.PeiTiiie.
TOL. II.-N0. IL 25
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886 PLOKTDA — PAST, FBESENT, AND FUTURE.
mediately under the equator. Instead of a fruitier expenditure of
time and labor to acclimate plants in more northern districts than
those from which thej were derived it would be more profitable,
like Vilmorin, to skillfully apply the principles which influence plants
in their tendency to sport new varieties, and direct them in the de-
sired diannel. In this manner he has almost created a new race of
beets, containing twice as much sugar as their ancestors, and prom-
ising to be readily perpetuated.
. ^According to Frofessor J. Le Conte the three grades of soil ex-
isting throof^hout the State are owing to the greater or less facility
with which the lime has been removed from it by aqueous agency.
In the fertile and densely wooded hammock lands, large quantises
of soft carbonate of iime nuiy be found at or near the surface. lo
the mulatto pine lands, which are extensively cultivated in cotton
and com, the amount of surface carbonate is less aj>undant, a con-
siderable portion of it having been silicified or removed from the
soil, while in the sterile sandy pine lands no lime is to be found ;
the whole of the rock having disappeared, excepting that which has
undergone silification. In tne hammocks an imperious substratum
of day prevented the lime from being carried oft by the percolation
of water ; in the mulatto lands the substratum is less impervious, so
a large portion of lime has been removed ; while in the Pine barrens,
in consequence of that absence of clay subsoil, the whole of the
surface lime has been carried off.
A great portion of Middle Florida is a continuation of the elevated
rolling ridges of the State of Georgia. This tract extends into East
Florida, and predominates in Columbia, Alachua, Marion and Sumter
Counties, presenting diversified scenery, and an alternation of hills
often of considerable elevation ; good soil, lakes, extensive prairies,
savannas and pine plains, numerous sinks and subterranean water-
courses indicate a limestone basis. Rocks in situ and detached
appear in many places. Chalcedony, or mineralised coral, homstone
and quartz, are met. A compact light colored limestone resembling
the predominant rock of Cuba appears on the Western border of
the great Alachua savanna, forming the nucleus of a considerable
eminence. Lime stone hills occur in other parts of Alachua. The
most elevated hills of the interior of the I^eninsula are near the
source of the Ocklawaha River, a branch of the St. Johns. Tbey
have a surface of white sea sand covered with black jack oak, and
are a oontinuation of the White Mountain. fEyerywhere lakes
of clear deep water abound, generally of a circular or oval form,
and well stocked with fish. l%ese bodies of water are often pictor*
esque and beautiful, the ground sloping gradually down to the water's
edge, clothed with live oak, magnolia, laurel, gum, ash, bay and
hickory. Many of these lakes have no aj^rent outlet, alUioogh
the water is constant^ shifting, being drained by subterranean
channels. Orange Lake, one of the largest of these inland bodies of
* SiniiDaii^ Jonnil of Solenoe, ToL zxIL, p. 448, new MriM^
t 8«e Spragne's Kict Fla. War, p. IH.
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FLORIDA — ^PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURB. 887
water, communicates through the Ocklawaha River with the St.
Johns. Between this lake and the St. Johns River, a distance of
twenty-five miles, thirty lakes and ponds may be seen. They arfe
situated in basins, separated by high ridges that rise gently from the
water, clothed with a green carpet of grass, and decked with dowers.
Tall pines are thickly scattered over Uiree smooth lawns, sometimes
intermixed on the shore with evergreen groups, the view unobstructed
by shrubs or underwood. The soil of the pine barrens is almost
uniformly fine sand with a thin dressing of v^etable mould, and
sufficiently compact for roads. In soncie places it rests on day, but
generally at considerable depth. Most of the hammocks of the
rolling region are dry, the sur&oe sandy soil blended with various
portions of mould and clay, with a sub-soil of compact marl or clay,
from one to three feet below the surface. On some of the hills and
ridges the earth has a limestone basin. A large growth of timber,
particularly where there is much ash, gum and magnolia, is regarded
as a sign of good land, but this is sometimes deceptive. By boring
in apparently good hammocks, pure sand to the depth of four to six
fe^ resting on a compact basis has been found, to which the roots of
trees could penetrate and find ample support from the vegetable
mould and water there arrested. This would not be desirable for
planting. A region known as the high pine woods, several miles
orood, ranging North and South, has been traced more than fifty
miles. The timber is larger and more thrifty than on either side,
the soil is not deep but uncommonly rich, and resting on an immense
bed of marine shells. In many places wells have been sunk a
hundred feet without passing through this remarkable deposit. New*-
nansville is located about four miles to the east of it ; Gainesville
fifteen miles.
Florida, to use a common term of the country, is very spotted.
The general character of the State is sandy pine lands, while spots
are scattered over the surface varying from one to many thousand
acres of greater richness and fertility. The districts bordering the
Chipola and Apalaohicola Rivers of Tallahassee, Alachua and the
hammocks on the Atlantic and Gulf 'coasts belong to the latter
description, but the pine lands constitute by iar the greater portion
of the State. Uniformly healthy and well watered, and enjoying a
milder climate than any other Southern State, it is, by reason of the
faicJity and ease with which the comforts and luxuries of life may
be ^oyed, emphatically tbe poor man's country. In passing through
the State in whatever direction, the eye is attracted to spots, on the
margin of a lake, near a bold crystal spring, or on the border of a
stream, where a man with moderate industry might make a delightful
home, and embellish it with vines and orange and olive trees, the
cul^vation of which, in bearing, would suffice to maintain his family."^
There is scarcely any soil so poor that it cannot, without much
* Mr. Jefl^raon, In his interesUng letter on the rabject of the ollre, which ho thinks ftfTorda
sustenance to a greater nnmber of persons than can be affKtled by any given space of ground
oceupfed by any other prodnoUon, deolares that a tbw oHro-trees are snffioient to sspport a-
TlUage.
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388 FLORIDA — ^PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE.
labor, be permanently improved so as to produce fruit trees of the
most luxuriant growth. The delightful groves around the palace of
St. Ildefonso in Spain are formed of trees planted in holes cut out
of the solid rock, and filled with earth brought from a distance. The
soil of the vineyards of Los Angeles and Arrahoim, California, is a
deep light warm sand, which to t£e inexperienced eye looks as though
it were too poor to produce any valuable vegetable growth. In those
places where water runs through it for a few days, all the mould is
dissolved and carried off, leaving a white and almost pure sand. The
soil is so dry that cultivation is possible only with the assistance of
irrigation. The Sacramento vineyards are also planted in sandy
loam. The olive, the orange, the fig and the vine are thrifly and
astonishingly pruductive in the vicinity of Los Angelos. In Madeira
the vines are mostl y planted in sandy and stony soiL The soil
round Sorrento in Italy is very nearly as light and sandy as any
portion of the peninsula of Florida, and vineyards and olive orchards,
and cocooneries are part of the agricultural wealth there.*
Following the definitions of an eminent Grerman treatise upon
agriculture, f the constituent mixtures of the soil are the earth's
silica, alumina, lime, and sometimes magnesia ; portions of iron and
other elementary substances are found in it, but these latter are
always in smaller proportions than the earth's. Besides these
simple substances, fertile lands contain an exceedingly compound
matter called mould, vegetable mould, vegeto-animal earth, etc.,
which differs so materially from earth properly so called that it ought
never to be confounded with it. To distinguish it from primitive
earths it is designated by the Latin word humvs. One of the prin-
eipal distinctions between earths and htnnus is that no agent has
been found by which the former can be decomposed — ^they cannot be
destroyed or changed ; kumuSy on the contrary, is very susceptible
of decomposition ; being matter produced solely by animal vegetable
life, it can be changed or destroyed.
Silica and alumina are the abundant earths, lime next ; magnesia,
once confounded with earths, is now recorded as a simple substance.
The color of all earths is pure white ; the hue which they exhibit
arises from the admixture of other substances, chiefly oxide of iron.
Silica derives its name from silex, which as well as quartz is almost
entirely composed of it. No acid but fluorio will dissolve it.
Alumina is mostly contained in the compound mass called potter's
earth or clay ; alumina is the earth next to silica, found most
frequently and in great abundance in soils. It has a great affinity
for other earths, and combined with silica, forms the compound
called clay ; clay in drying always contracts and loses a portion
of its bulk. Lime is one of the most abundant substances in nature
— ^it is a compound of calcium and oxygen. Carbonate of lime,
known as crude lime, is the base of limestone and chalk ; subjected
to great heat, it forms quick or calcined lime. Gypsum, or
* Journal of * Reftidenoe on ft G«orglft Plftntation, bf Froaoet Anne KemU^ p^ 168.
t Principles of Agricnltare, by Albert D. Thaer.
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FLORIDA — PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 389
sulphate of lime, results from the union of lime with sulphuric
acid. Marl is a combination of carbonate of lime and clay. The
two bodies are frequently in so complete a state of amalgamation
that it is impossible to distinguish the particles of one from the
other, even with the aid of the microscope. The agents by which
the union has been effected have not as yet been discovered. The
Proportions of lime and clay are various, sometimes equal quantities,
[agnesia is less diffusible than the earths ; in its natural state it
resembles carbonate of lime. Hurmis is that portion of the soil
from which plants derive their nourishment. The richness of the
soil, or that quality which it possesses when it is said to be fat,
depends essentially upon the proportion of humus which it contains.
In examining a soil attention ought to be directed, first, to the sand ;
second to the clay ; and third to the humus which it contains, having
regard also to certain alkaline and earthy salts. The qualitity of
sand and clay is found by washing, humus by burning. The pres-
ence or absence of carbonate of lime maybe determined by treating
the soil with nitric acid slightly diluted with water. This will be
important as a guide in the application of lime or marl as a fertilizer.
It is therefore seen that plants would grow in pure sand or pure
clay, or both in combination, just as readily as to quartz or slate
rocks. All the elements of fertile soils exist in Florida — silica,
alumina, lime, marl, humus in abundance, and an excessive vegetation.
These are accessible to all, and skillfully combined. Compost can
be formed, adapted to any land to make poor land rich, and to keep
it so. *The numerous rivers, lakes, sea arms and bays which
complete a vast system of irrigation, and thus furnish great
facilities of water conveyance ; the natural growth, and the capa-
bilities of the soil for the varied productions of the temperate and
the torrid zones ; and the established salubrity of the climate, leave
nothing to be desired in Brazil or Mexico, unless, perhaps, the social
advantages of the latter country. Even there, morning calls, visits
and re-unions, possess the same characteristics as in other parts of
the world. Friends meet as lovingly, talk as scandalously, hate each
other as cordially, and lie as gracefully as in the most polished cities
of Europe.
fThe vine, the olive, the orange and the fig are valuable productions,
peculiarly adapted to Florida. The orange North of the 30th
parallel of latitude is liable to injury occasionally from frost, and^
the olive and the fig do not thrive South of the line of 27:30.
Grapes of many varieties are grown all ever the State and in great
perfection. In Key West three crops a year are produced from the
same vine. Among the many reasons why wine making from the
grape should be encouraged, the statement has been made from high
authority that " the history of the human race proves most clearly
and without a single exception, that there never was in any nation a
* Letter of DarlA Eirart to tbe Hon. Chanoellor Johnson of South Carolina, September
iBt^isse.
t OoatomBla, or the United Prorlnces of Central Americ*. By Henrj Dnnn, Kew York,
18S8.
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S90 PLOBIDA— PAST, PRESEIfT, AND FUTURE,
popular development of science, literature and the fine arts, until
after t)ie introduction of the culture of the grape vine, or as in
England and Sweden, afler a facilitated importation of wine. The
latest chemical analyses have proved that wine contains combinations
of phosphorus, which is a most important nourishment of the brain,
and upon which its highest development depends. For the individual,
wine may not be a condition without which no great work of the
mind can be produced, but it is so with nations. No great minds can
arise in a nation in which there is not a large number of men of
great brains. Hence, the religion of the Jews aclcnowledges the
grape-vine as a gift of Grod after the flood to prevent another sinking
of the human race. *Hence in the religion of Christians, the
wine is holy as an indispensable link between the Lord and mankind.
Hence, only M^ammedanism forbids the use of wine; of course,
without any good effect whatever, but introducing the use of opium,
hemp-juice and other dangerous substitutes, f Hence the national
want of wine promotes the dangerous use of alcohol, and with it
drunkenness.
In the wine-producing countries of Europe, Italy, which approaches
nearest to Florida in climate, shows the highest yield to the acre.
The average production of Europe is :
Acres. Gallons. Gls. pr. ac>
Austria and her Provinces 2,685,950 714,000,000 265 5-6
Greece and Grecian Islands 41,718 8,100,000 195 8-10
Italy 2,887,970 1,276,000,000 441 1-2
Switzerland and Belginm 76,400 2,600,000 83 8-8
France 5,018,774 1,820,000,000 186 2-7
Spain 956,004 144,000,000 161 7-10
Portugal 288,761 25,600,000 108 8-10
Total 11.986,442 3,490,934,000 260 4-10
Germany 850,888 62,105,000 146 7-10
Ionian Islands for Raisens, over 42,000,000 lbs.
It is thus seen the average number of acres under wine cultivation
in Europe is 12,285,780, and the total average yield of wine is
3,640,039,000 gallons, which at the low estimate of twenty-five
cents per gallon gives the enormous sum of $885,009,^750. This in
Italy amounts to $110 37 per acre. The official statistics present
1,320,000,000 gallons of wine of all kinds as an average crop in
France. This quantity of wine in barrels of 45 gallons each, piled
crosswise, five tiers high, would reach across the Atlantic from
London to Washington.
* As expressed by a modem Latin poet :
** Omnia vastatlt era o qanm oemeret arvls,
DeBolata Deas, nobit (ellola vInt
Donadedit; tristeB-hominom qnomanere fovlt
Beliqnias mnndl solatus vite raioam.^
(Therefore when God saw the desolation of the Delttee he gare mankind the blessed gift of
wine. Having solaced the rained world by the vine, He rejoieed by that present the preserved
remnant of our race.)
t Throoghout the whole of Persia the graoe-vine is coltivated. Notwithstanding that
most of the inhabitants profess the religion of Mohammed, they drink wine In secret, as they
formerly did pabllcly. The samo is practiced by the inhabitants of Turkey, Egypt and the
Barbery BUtes. Bee Qrape Goltorc and Wine Making, by A. Harasithy, Hew Tork, 18A
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FliOBIDA— PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 291
Italian wines are mostly used for home oonsinnption, though the
small island of Sidly exports annually upwards of 25,000 barrels
of Marsala. Candia formerly sent 200,000 casks of Malmsey to
the Adriatic. The exports.of Spain are large. Portugal sends from
Oporto 8,320,000 gallons of the Vinos de Fectoria, to which a
twelfth part of brandy is added after the first fermentation, wben it
becomes the port wine of commerce. Madeira formerly produced
over 3,120,000. The African Islands of Teneriffe and the Canaries
produce large quantities of wine. St. Michael and Pico of the
Azores, some 3,000,000 gallons of excellent wine. Only beneath
Italian skies can Lacrima Christi, Vino Santo, Malvasie and other
wines of pleasing taste and exquisite bouquet be produced. Spain
gives us Sherry from Xexes, and from Madeira comes a wine of
unrivaled delicacy and fVagrance. The richest wines are produced
in the Canaries, the Islands of Cyprus and in other parts of the
Levant lying in nearly the same latitude as Florida. The wines of
Lesbos and of Chios inspired Grecians of the classic age, and
Horace has made the Flemian and Ceculian wines of Rome immortal.
The Spaniards early transplanted the vine to St. Augustine, which
is still cultivated and produces a superior wine grape. *There is
scarcely a settlement in the State where the vine has been planted
that it does not flourish and bear abundantly. In the forests, wild
vines climb to the tops of the loftiest trees, or trail on the ground,
laden with large clusters of fruit. North of Florida, the Black
Hamburgh and other delicate European grapes can only be grown
under glass; here they succeed as perfectly in the open air as in the
countries where they are indigenous.
During the war the South displayed remarkable self-sustainins
energy, and a capacity of adaptation to changing circumstances which
surprised the North. Her proudest triumph and real glory now
consists in shaking off the prejudices of the past, and in keeping
pace with events which follow a great political and social revolution.
When '' Les Etats Generaux " of France assembled at the call of
Louis XVf. in 1789, all the landed estates of the kingdom were
owned by the church, the nobility and the crown. The State derived
no revenue from the soil ; it was either let out to " Fermers^^ who
paid all the taxes, besides the rent, or cultivated on 'shares by serfs.
This landed monopoly, which had been the corner-stone of feudalism,
was overthrown by the Republic; lands were parceled out, sold
very cheap, and often forced into the hands of the *' sans culottes " —
f^lebians. The result of this social revolution has been wonderful.
n the year 1789 the population of France was only 18,000,000.
After tw€«ty'five years of continuous and gigantic wars, when the
battle of Waterloo reduced her to boundaries with which she began
her career of conquest and aggrandizement^ it has increased to
28,000,000. The census of 1866 shows 40,000,000. \l&eiovQ her
• Three Tftrietlea, ft Maek, a purple and a white grape, are most eiteemed. The two lint
named ara lald to have been darired firom Madeira, of Cretan origin. The rinet trained on
arbore are moet proliflo.
t The rate of Inoreaie barbeaa firom 1817 to IMO, 190,000 annnaUy ; 1846 to liBST, onl/ 1,4a
per annum.
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892 swinton's abmy of the potomac.
great revdutioii, France was pertodioally scourged bj fomine ; abject
poverty was the normal state of the French " paysan."
The area of land under cultivation in grain (1789) was estimated
at about 5,240,000, and the yield 96,000^000 bushels. In 1861 the
area of land devoted to grain cultivation was officially reported at
20,000,000, 3rielding 360,000,000 bushels. The same official statistics
show in France 2,900,000 horses, 900,000 mules and asses, 12,000,000
cattle, 35,000,000 sheep, 5,500,000 swine and 1,000,000 goats.
The division of landed estates is far more minute than in any other
country of Europe or even of the United States. In a few depart-
ments may be found estates of two hundred acres ; but they are rare
and daily becoming more so, as the law divides the realty equally
among the children. The greater portion of the farms are now less
than twenty acres. The tax rolls show that in 1848 there were
5,000,000 of farmers, each paying less than one dollar taxes. With
these sub-divisions, in the wine districts especially, the price of land
during the past fifcy years has been on the increase. For example,
a lot of 24 hectares (57 acres), purchased in 1824 for 4,500 francs
($900), owned by the family of a gentleman now in Florida, sold in
1859 for 180,000 francs or $36,000.
The moral influence of the parcelment of land is not more striking
than the material progress. In 1789 reading and writing was abso-
lutely in the hands of the clergy — ^no paysan knew how to read, and
many noblemen could not sign their contracts ; no such thing as a
public school was to be found in the whole kingdom. As a conse-
quence, the bagnios of Toulon, Brest, Rochefort and Lorient were
full of convicts, the prisons of the interior swarmed with criminals.
The present state of education has advanced almost in the ratio of
the decrease of crime. Statistics of 1861 show less crime in France
with a population of 40,000,000 than in Ohio with a population of
only 2,000,000.
The great want of Florida is population. By encouraging the
migration of a sober, industrious people to the State, skilled in the
cultivation of the vine, the olive and the silk-worm, the door to
prosperity unprecedented in her history will be opened wide.
ART. YII.-SWINTON'S ARMY OF THE POTOMAC-
This is the title of a late and excellent book. As a work of art,
it is elaborate. As a commentary, it is calm and dispassionate.
CJombined with nervous energy, which always commands attention,
the style is graceful, perspicuous and dear. Had a century elapsed
since the termination of the campaigns on the Potomac, the author
could not have treated the subject more dispassionately. Recog-
nizing this, a conviction of truth is steadily forced upon the mind of
the reader, and false impressions, error, passion and prejudice are
dissipated. Any hbtory, discolored by passion, and oleared with
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SWINTON's army op the POTOMAC. 893
falsehood, is in&roous. To its ample, and we might say, sacred,,
page, posterity, always inquisitive, must look for precedents. Mr.
Swinton has vindicated the truth of history, and for this we thank
him. In this, too, he is fortunate. The historian who is able,
either by earnestness of style or of logic, to impress his readers
with his own integrity, has, at a single bound, gained an ascendency
which will enable him to lead wherever he would. We eagerly
follow him through a long succession of brave, brilliant and
bloody encounters. Unvarnished truth, however, oflen becomes
mere platitude, and is particularly hideous when applied to war,
unless covered by the mantle of fancy and expression. To with-
draw the curtain from this colossal panorama, this tragedy of forty
stupendous acts, in which heroes eagerly offered themselves to
martyrdom, is not, however, a mean attempt. Graceful expression
robs war, when we read of it, of many of its horrors.
Viewing the work before us critically, we find it often concise,
though not obscure, bold but graceful, elaborate and classical. A
nice perception suppresses useless circumstances, while the force of
language conveys to the mind images so complete as to transport as
if hy magic into the very so^ne of the action.
When we consider the labors and perplexities so oflen incidental
to the writer of history, which are so forcibly adduced by Gibbon,
who says (in recounting his own labors and distresses), " surrounded
on every side with imperfect fragments, always concise, often
obscure, and sometimes contradictory, he is reduced to collect, to
compare and to conjecture, and thus to place his conjectures in the
rank of facts," we find that Mr. Swinton's labors have been com-
paratively light. Being a contemporary, and nearly the whole time
an actual observer, he has had opportunities and faciUties rarely
enjoyed by the historian. A glance at the design of the work
shows it to be full, but fullness and harmony of design, unless
accompanied by accuracy of detail, though they leave us dazzled
and charmed, leave us at the same time uncertain and perplexed.
Without doubt, much of importance has escaped the observation
of Mr. Swinton, but he has displayed great skill in detecting and
giving prominence to the points of real weight and value, while a
nice ^' distinction of light and shade," together with his method of
arrangement, makes the work, on the whole, admirably complete.
With but a passing allusion to the cause of the war, the writer
utterly discards the ethical question of right and wrong, and his
reflections, always calm but forcible, display nothing of the passions
of the partisan, but rather the severe criticism of a master on the
science of war. Grand combinations and profound strategy are
readily and ably discussed, the strategic march and quick evolution
in battle are applauded or censured judiciously. The causes of
success and failure are naturally and clearly pointed out, and with
the true instinct of genius, the author rapidly seizes upon and
develops the plans of campaigns conceived, matured, and acted
upon by the greatest generals. Himself a zealous student of the
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394 swinton's abmy of thjs potomao.
art of war, he boldly critiolses the most brilUaiit achievements and
signd failures of such masters as Lee and Grant Writing at the
moment that one of these commanders is receiving the most flat-
tering ovations from every quarter, his strictures seem peculiarly
bold. They are not always conveyed by implication, as in the fol*
lowing, in which he says .
*'It would seem that in this War of the People it Was decreed there should
arise DO imperial presence to become the central figure and cynosure of men's
eyes, Napoleon, in an outburst of haughty eloouence, exclaims that in the
great armies of history tlie commander was everythioj^. ' It was not,' says he,
\the Roman army that conquered Gaul, but Csesar ; it was not the Carthsfi-
nian army that made Rome tumble at her gaten, but Hannibal ; it was not we
Macedonian army that marched to the Indus, but Alexander ; it was not the
Prussian army that defended Prussia for seven years against the three most
powerful States of Europe, but Frederick.' This proud apotheosis has no
application to the Army of tlie Potomac, and one must think — seeing it never
had a great, and generally had mediocre commanders — ^it might be said, that
What whatever it won, it owed not to genius^ but bought with its blood."
That the Army of the Potomac — the " Grand Army" of the
North, composed of the finest troops, wi(;h the most splendid and
complete appointments ever yet boni^ by an army, should have
never had, during its whole existence, a great commander, seems
wonderful ; but it is a point long since conceded by all who have
studied the course of those *' ten campaigns and two-score battles,'^
in which more than six hundred and twenty-five thousand men
suffered death or wounds. This fearful aggregate, when viewed
in connection with opportunities lost, reasonably sustains Mr.
Swinton in his assertion.
Confronted at every point by an able adversary, the Army of the
Potomac deserved better leaders. To the army itself he justly
ascribes every merit. Rarely imputing fault to the materiel^ he is
constanUy doing so, though never in an undignified or personal man-
ner to the generals. After graphically describing the Army of the
Potomac, and giving it unqualified praise for loyalty, devotibn and
labor, he tunis to that of Northern Virginia, and says :
" Nor can there &il to arise the image of that other army that was the adver-
sary of the Army of the Potomac — and which who can ever forget that once
. looked upon it ? — that array of tattered uniforms and bright muskets — that body
of incomparable infantry, the Army of Northern Virginia — which for four years
carried the revolt on its bayonets, opposing a constant front to the mighty oon-
oentration of power brought as^sb it ; which receiving terrible blows did not
fail to give the like, and which vital in all its parts died only with its annihi-
laUon.'^
This handsome tribute to a fallen foe, to brave men, who for over
four years strutted on the bosom of Virginia, " scornful of winter's
frost and summer's sun," bearing with them the destiny of eight
millions of freemen, and conscious of the trust, is not unworthy of an
able and generous writer. So often have our brave armies been re-
viled and abused by unworthy empirics who can only write o^t^e,
that wo feel like thanking Mr. Swinton when he does us bat sheer
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SWINTON's ABMY of the POTOMAC. 885
justice. From him posterity will learn that an army of heroes,
otherwise called an '' Army of traitors," lived confronted and dared
to die for — a dream !
Lord Karnes, in his Elements of Criticism, observes that to draw a
character is the master-stroke of description. In this Tacitus above
all authors excels, and for this reason he is more readily and easily
understobd, than almost any historian of ancient times. Unfortu-
nately, Mr. Swiqton seems not to have appreciated the importance
of presenting living portraits of the prominent men whose actions he
so freely discusses, and whidi he so forcibly throws before the mind
of his readers. The fault being one of omission rather than commis-
sion, is, however, venial. He gives us the character of leading men
only by implication, when a full description with such judicious com-
ments as he would make, would pass for a final judgment. We de-
plore the omission ! To his short description of Stonewall Jackson
alone, we must look for comment upon the Confederate Generals.
In describing the action of Chancellorsville he says :
" Fifty pieces of artillery vomitaDg their missiles athwart the night sky pour-
ed swift destractioQ into the Confederate ranks. Thus the torrent was stemmed.
Bat more than all, an unseen hand had struck the head and fropt of all this hos-
tile menace. Jackson had received a mortal hurt I
'* Thus died Stonewall Jackson, the ablest of Lee's lieutenants. Jackson was
essentially an executive officer, and in this sphere he was incomparable. De-
void of high mental parts, and destitute of that power of planning and combina-
tion, and of that calm, broad military intellect which distinguished Gen. Lee,
whom he regarded with a child-like reverence, and whose designs he loyed to
carry out, he had yet those elements of character that above all else inspire
itoc^ A fanatic in rdiffion. fully believing he was destined by Heaven to
beat his enemy wherever.be encountered him, he infused something of his own
fervent faith into his men, and at the time of his death had trained a corps
whose attacks in column were unique and irresistible : and it was noticed that
Lee ventured upon no strokes of audacity after Jackson had passed away.'
Our author, however, designed to describe not men but war, and
he has done it to the life. Describing the " famous charge of Pick-
ett's Division at Gettysburg, we are forcibly reminded of the beauti-
fbl lines of Ossian :
*' As roll a thousand waves to the rocks, so Swaran's host came on.
As meets a rock a thousand waves, so Inisfaii met Swaran."
Both descriptions, clothed in beautiful language, show the ad-
vancing— compressed — and now receding lines — ^now moving on-
ward in the consciousness of strength — for a moment hesitating and
then broken, shattered and destroyed. As the waves upon the rock
they recoil, struggle and die.
The closing scene of the drama — the surrender of Gen. Lee and
his brave veterans, we eztract^rom Mr. Swinton's pages. He says :
** In the course of the afternoon the result of this momentous interview [the
surrender] became known to both armies, and then all the intense, yet strangely
diverse emotions which the inteUlgenee was calculated to evoke, broke out in
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81>6 USURPERS AND TYRANTS.
mAnifestations that pass all words of description. On the Union side there was
joy unmixed and unrestrained, the joy of men that had g^ne through great trib-
ulation, the joy of an army that, often unfortunate and ever appreciated, saw at
length unparalleled labors crowned by the illustrious success. On the Con-
federate side there was a kind of joy to<> — such Bad joy as men feel when a lon$;
agony is oyer. Yet there could not fail to be deep anguish in their hearts ; and
this burst forth when Gen. Lee rode through the ranks. Whole lines of battle
rushed up to their beloyed old chief, and choking with emotion, struggled with
each other to wring him once more by the hand. Men who had fought through-
out the war, and knew what the agony and humiliation of that moment must
be to him, etroye with a refinement of unselfishness and tenderness which he
alone could jfully appreciate to lighten his burden and mitigate his pain. With
tears pouring down both cheeks, Gen. Lee at length commanded yoice enough
to say, ' Men, we haye fought through the war together. I have done the best
that I could for you.' Not an eye that looked on that scene was dry."
In closing the book, we feel that the writer has faithfully executed
his task ; and although an invidious and unworthy vanity might have
led us, by close and critical scrutiny, to the detection of errors and
inaccuracies, we do not feel that it is our province to do this.
ART. YIII.- USDBPEBS AND TYRANTSH)RIGIN OF GOVERlfMENT.
It is strange that so-called philosophers should be continually
indulging in d priori speculations as to the origin and character of
government, whilst all history is replete, almost to the exclusion of
other matter, with accounts of the beginnings of new forms of
political governments, and governments on a small scale originate
daily within the sphere of every one's observation. They are all
identically alike, in origin and in character — all begin in usurpaliony
and all are contintted by force. Never did a government, paternal,
patriarchal, monarchical, aristocratic, Republican, or Democratic,
begin otherwise, and never was one otherwise continued. Indeed,
human imagination can conceive and human ingenuity can devise
no other mode for their inception or continuance.
Usurpers who have beheaded or expelled weak, imbecile and
effete dynasties, and instituted new forms of government, or modi-
fied old ones, and tyrants who have, by rigid rule and inexorable
force, sustained and continued such usurped power, have justly been
considered the greatest of mankind. Sucn were the Caesars in
Rome, the Capets in France, and the Plantagenets and Tudors in
England. The Plantagenets and Tudors were almost half of them
usurpers, and most of them tyrants. Those who were not tyrants
were too amiable for rule, unpopular with their subjects, and, like
the Stuarts of England and Louis XVf. of France, invited and
begat revolution and usurpation by their very virtues — virtues that
would have adorned private life, but which disqualified them for
imperial dominion. But it is not only in Rome, France, and Eng-
land that we find government beginning with usurpation. Every
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USURPERS AND TYRANTS. 897
dynasty in Europe, naj, in the world, began with usurpation, more
or less obvious and flagrant.
We see the parental family government, the types and probably
the first of all government, beginning every day, not hy consent,
compact, or contract, but in all cases by usurpation. Parents
never ask their children whether they shall govern them or not.
They assume or usurp government over them, and continue to
govern them, not by persuading or reasoning with them, but by
arbitrary force, formerly by occasional salutary applications of the
rod, now by locking them up, making them study and recite a chap-
ter or so from the Bible, putting them to bed in the. day time, or
denying them their meals. Still, ia the family, all rule begins by
usurpation, and is continued by physical force. To persuade chil-
dren, servants, or other subordinates to perform one's requirements,
undermines authority, destroys respect, fear and prestige, and in-
vites disobedience and insubordination. To give reasons for our
commands to inferiors is the extreme of folly, for we thus encourage
dissent and provoke argument, and should the inferior be a more
ingenious reasoner than ourselves, he might overcome us in argu-
ment, and to be consistent we should have to withdraw our com-
mands, however proper, because, having appealed to the forum of
logic, and the decision being against us, we should abide by that
decision. To permit subordinates to reason with us, is to brins in
question the infallibility of our own judgments, and, infallibility
gone, the whole structure of human government falls to the
ground. It all consists in " the right divine to govern wrong," the
chances being, however, that in nine cases out of ten, those in
power will govern rightly.
Children, servants, slaves, subjects and all other inferiors, should
obey their superiors, without questioning the propriety of their
requirements, until tyranny becomes intolerable. Then rebellion or
revolution become duties. We may rebel against superiors, but
they should never permit us to argue and dispute with them. Ask
any sesrcaptain or army officer if we are not right. The right of
private judgment may be very innocently, if not very profitably,
employed in building up and governing Utopias in the closet, but
cannot safely be exercised in the practical walks of life, for it begets
anarchy. " Obey the powers that be," usurpative or not, is the
dictate of universal experience, of nature and of God. All estab-
lished government is of divine right, and the doctrine is so admi-
rably expressed and expounded by the Apostles that we quote from
them : " Render to Caesar the things that are Csesar's ;" " Let every
soul be subject to the higher powers : for there is no power but of
God : the powers that be are ordained of God ; whoever, therefore,
resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God ; and they that
resist shall receive to themselves damnation." " Put them in mind
to be subject to principalities and powers, and to obey magistrates."
** Submit yourself to every ordinance of man, for the Lord's sake ;
whether it be the King as supreme : or unto governors as unto
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898 USURPERS AND TTRANTS.
«
them that are sent by him for the punishment of evil-doers ; and
the praise of them that do well.'' Not a word is to be found in
the Scriptures about social contracts, free Governments and consent
GoTemments. Such paradoxical absurdities are medem inventions
of silly charlatans and of ignorant demagogues.
In looking to political Gk)vemments in Europe, it is obvious
enough that their Governments began with usurpation, and are con-
tinued by force. This fact, though not so obvious, is equally true
of our Republican institutions, State and Federal. They, in their
present f»>rms, originated in the revolution that threw off from us
the dominion of England. That revolution was a series of usur-
pations of power, from beginning to end — ^as are all revolutions. It
was originated by a few master-spirits, and carried on and controlled
by them. The people but acquiesced, submitted and obeyed. Re-
publics, like monarchies, begin with usurpation ; but whilst monar-
chies are only initiated by usurpation, and carried on afterwards
without it, elective republics and democracies can only be sustiuned
and carried by a continually recurring series of usurpations ; for
every election, from that of a constable up to that of a President, is
preceded by acts of usurpation, by public meetings, nominating
conventions, caucuses, <fcc. These bodies assume or usurp power,
control parties, and thus keep alive and control Governments,
although not recognized by the law or constitution as a part of the
Government, or as having any power whatever.
Nominating bodies are themselves gotten up and controlled by
the grossest usurpation. A few selfoonstituted political leaders get
up a meeting at a cross-road, or. a court-house. Some one usurps
the power to call some one to the chair, and the Chairman, on
motion of some one, appoints a committee to mak^ nominations.
These nominations made, and the party considers itself in that
county, state, or district, bound to sustain the nominees. Thus, by
daily and continued usurpations of power, are our Governments,
State and Federal, kept a-going, and thus only oan they be sus-
tained, renewed, and kept in action. The consent of the people is
not given, nor even asked. They quietly submit to and endorse the
nominations, or even where they protest against them, are forced to
obey the nominees after their election.
No new Congress, convention, or public meeting whatever can go
into operation or be organized for action, except by an act of usurpa-
tion on the part of some one who undertakes to call the meeting to
order, and to call someone to the chair. Of necessity, therefore,
all government begins by usurpation. Even military usurpers
usually get some friend or friends to take the initiative for thera ;
but they are none the less usurpers. The machinery by which
civilians virtually usurp power is less apparent, and is not accom-
panied by force ; yet they too are self-appointed and self-elected,
for by means of their friends they set the machinery in motion that
attains the desired result. ^'Modesty is a quidity that highly
adorns a woman," but is a sad incumbrance to a man. In fact, it is
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KATIOKAL DEBT A KATIOIf AL BLESSma. 899
only self-elected men that are fitted for rule. He who has not con-
fidence in himself never deserves the confidence of others. Timid
rulers are the worst of rulers. The courage that usurps power
generally sustains a man in wielding it with confidence, calm delibe-
ration and ability. Military usurpers have ever made the wisest
and greatest sovereigns, because they possessed most physical and
moral courage, had most confidence in themselves, and thereby
commanded the confidence, respect and obedience of others.
ABT, IX.~HATI0KA1 DEBT A SATIONAL BLESSING.
All debt, private, corporate or national, is a blessing, for debt is
the great and only motive power of civilized society, that begets all
wealth, prosperity and enlightenment, and advances human progress.
This proposition is easily comprehended and Explained, but, ^' that
National Debt alone is a blessing," can never be comprehended or
explained, for the proposition is false. Tis true, debt like steam
may be applied excessively, and beget explosions; yet society, as
now organized, would be as erect and motionless without debt as
a steamboat without steam.
The creditor and debtor classes of society are the property holders
and the non-property holders. All capitalists are property holders,
and that being a scientific and generic term, we shall hereafter em-
ploy it instead of " property holders." Capital is power, the only
power almost that keeps society at work in the absence of domestic
servitude. But it is a far more all-pervading and efficient power than
that defunct institution. We whites of the South own all the cap-
ital of the South, and shall continue to own it, for the negro is not
a money-making animal. We are the creditor class, the negroes the
debtor class. When they ceased to be slaves, they at once became
debtors. Debtors without property; yet not bankrupts or insolvents.
Their debts cling to them like the shirt of Nessus. To live, they
must labor for some capitalist, and no' capitalist will employ them
in any capacity, without sharing the profits of their labor. Every
stroke of work by the negro goes in part to pay the endless debt
which liberty imposes on him. Well it is for society that such is
the case^ Is not debt in this form a blessing %
The abolition of the relation of master and slave begets the rela-
tion of debtor and creditor. We must quietly and cheerfully accept
and submit to the change, and make the most of it. Debt, all musi
see, is a far more efficient motive power than slavery ; and hence
those societies are most industrious, wealthy and progressive, where
there are abundance of paupers to work, and abundance of capitalists
to keep them at work. All the world says, too, that capital or debt
is a far more humane motive power than slavery, although it com-
pel^ men to work harder, and taxes their labor more, for the benefit
of the creditor or (Capitalist class ; who consequently grow rich much
faster than masters, and have fewer cares, troubles and responsibili-
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400 NATIONAL DEBT A NATIONAL BLESSING.
ties. Let us accept as true, humane and Christian, what all the world
says is so, and apply the lash of capital or debt to the negro, just
as strenuously as it is applied elsewhere to the white laboring man.
Then, and not till then, will the humanitarians of Faneuil Hall, and
of Exeter Hall, believe our conversion to be sincere, and welcome us
into the ranks of genuine hard-working, practical philanthropists.
But the relation of debtor and creditor, arising from the ownership
of material, tangible capital by the few, and the want of such capital
by the many, will not of itself suffice to beget a high state of wealth,
civilization, prosperity and progress.
As a driving power, intangible, immaterial, representative capital,
such as paper money, government stock, bank stock, and credit or
paper evidences of debt in their various forms, are far more effident
than material, tangible capital or property. It is easy to associate
and combine representative or moneyed capital in larce masses, and
thereby to associate and combine large masses of labor for great
works and undertakings. It is not the landholders and houseownen
that build roads and canals, or that build cities and adorn the coun-
try with splendid public and private edifices ; but the owners of rep
resentative, intangible capital, who must thus employ it or suffer it
to remain idle. A large portion of this capital is now invested in
National debt, and if that debt were repudiated, much of the power
which now employs and propels labor would be lost. In such an
event all business would stagnate, laborers become idlers, and society
retrograde. The laboring poor pay all debts and taxes, because they
are the only producers. The more heavily a country is indebted
and the more heavily taxed (up to the repudiating or exploding
point) the better, provided the debt is due at home; for the larger
will be the profits of the creditor class, from the increased labor of
the working classes. And these profits will not be expended in the
erection of dirty, dingy cottages, such as the poor would build, if cap-
italists and governments allowed them to retain the profits of their
own labor, but in great public and private works, that adorn, improve
and strengthen a country and speed the car of human progress. No
people need the propelling power of representative or moneyed cap-
ital so much as we of the South. We have little but our lands left,
but if we can induce capitalists, mechanics, manufactOrers, bankers,
and skilled laborers of all kinds from the North to settle among as,
they by their various new trades, pursuits and undertakings, would
soon give a^three-fold value to our lands. We are entirely sincere in our
invitation, and do not invite common laborers, because they would
have to associate and compete with the negroes. Of these negroes,
we have still a plenty not only for ourselves, but for our Northern
friends who may settle among us. For common field and menial
purposes, their labor is much cheaper, and quite as efficient as that
of white working people.
National debt is nothing more, when analyzed, than private debt,
under a sounding and imposing name. The debt is due to private in-
dividuals, the creditors of government, and government is their
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NATIONAL DEBT A NATIONAL BLESSING. 401
agent to collect the interest^ nominally, from the capitalists of the
country, but really from the working classes, who pay all debts, be-
cause they create or produce all value. If all debt (up to the
bursting point) be a blessing, then is a national debt a blessing ; —
that is, if you leave out of consideration the well-being of the work-
ing classes — and under the new lights that have beamed in upon us
since we were honored by a membership in free, Christian, enlight-
ened and humane society, we cannot but believe that the condition
of the working classes, unless they be negro slaves, should never be
taken into consideration by statesmen, philosophers, Christians, or
philanthropists.
It was the votes of the Northern working people that brought on the
late war. It was they who thereby knowingly and willfully incurred
our present enormous national debt. Surely, they should be
made to pay it. It does not become us whose fields they ravaged,
whose houses, villages, and cities they burned, whose men they murder-
ed, whose women they insulted, and whose people they impoverished,
to sympathize with them under their self-imposed burdens. In free-
ing the negroes, they have not enslaved themselves, but they have
mortgaged or sold their limbs and their labor, for endless generations.
They Imve learned how to bear heavy taxes, and taught their gov-
ernments, state and federal, bow to impose them. They never will
be taxed less. They are not slaves, but debtors — ^born debtors,
and such they and their posterity will ever remam. They have sold
not their persons, but their labor. Their creditors, the capitalists,
say tbat their labor is most valuable without their persons, and
h«nce, ^^ free labor is cheaper than slave labor."
We will not rest our theory that debt of every kind is a blessing
on mere reasoning.
The people of Syria, Persia, Arabia, and of the whole Ottoman
Empire, are of the white race, and naturally the equals of any of
that race ; but for want of national debt, taxation and private debt,
society stagnates and retrogrades, and the people have become half
barbarous. Let governments impose heavy taxes, and divide society
into debtor and creditor classes, as in New York, and Western Asia
would soon become as prosperous, wealthy and enlightened as New
York ; for she is better situated, just on the lines of ancient trade,
and of the earliest civilization. But put her in debt, and the credi-
tor class would build up cities and other improvements superior to
her renowned ones of ancient times.
Western Asia abounds with slaves ; slaves of the white rac^and
floperior in information and intellisence to their masters. These
slaves are an aristocratic caste, who look down with contempt upon
the poor A*ee whites around them. The highest offices in the State
are filled by them. Yet as a class they are as idle and as indolent as
the Lazaroni of Naples. Even witb domestic slavery, sodety stag-
nates and retrogrades where there is no national debt and little tax-
ation.
Whilst, however, we think national debt a blessing, it is under
TOL. n.-NO. ni. 26
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402 THE INVITINa FIELDS OP ARKANSAS.
this condition and restriction, " that the debt be due at home/' If the
national debt be due to foreigners, then its interest is annually or
biennially abstracted from the debtor nation, and carried over to the
creditor nation, to be invested in the erection of durable iraprove-
ments in the creditor nation. This process, carried on for a century,
must impoverish the debtor nation and enrich the creditor nation.
Our national debt is a blessing so far as it is due to our own people,
a curse in so far as it is owing to foreigners.
The poor or working classes are better off in New York or Eng-
land than in Western Asia, because in those countries they get em-
ployment and wages, and all the employers cheat, tax, or exploit
them of at least one-half the products or results of their labor; the
half left to them is five times as much as the poor Western Asiatic
gets, who is rarely employed at all.
ART. X -THE INYITING FIELDS OF ARKANSAS.
' The State of Arkansas extends from 33 deg. to 86^ deg. north lati-
tude, and from 91^ d^. to 94 deg. west longitude, and has an area of
53,000 square miles. Although admitted into the Federal Union in
1836, she still possesses many of the characteristics of a new State, and
offers a rich field for the capitalist, the artisan, and the &rmor espe-
cially, since the desolation of war has rendered productive industry
unusually necessary and remunerative. The kitemal resources of the
State can hardly be exaggerated. Eight rivers — the St. Francis,
Black, White, Arkansas, Saline, Bayou Bartholomew, Ouachita, and
Red — ^all navigable, to a greater or less extent, and with numerous
tributaries, themselves navigable at certain seasons, flow through it
to the Mississippi, and contribute to a fertility and diversity of soil
unsurpassed on the globe. But the testimony of thoroughly soientiftc
men is probably better than our own, with regard to the quality
of soil. The celebrated Dr. Peter, of Louisville, says that " Ar-
kansas may boast, amongst her river bottoms and in her cretaceous
and lower silurian soils, of as fertile lands as any on the continent.
Some of her soils are so rich in carbonate of lime, that they may be
classed as marhy rather than sails. Others contain so much Oxide
of Iron, that they resemble in color, as probably in compositioD, the
famous red soil of the Island of Cuba, on which the best cigar tobac-
co is raised. Others, again, may be employed as a cheap pigment
for common painting, being of the nature of red odire or Spanish
brown ; which are found to be anK>ngst the best paints whidi can be
used for the preservation of wood, ^., which is exposed to the
weather."
The disposition, moreover, of the arable land of the State is emi-
nently favorable to its its development. The great diversity of s<m1,
to which allusion has already been made, the succession of hills and
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THE INVITING FIELDS OF ABKANSAS. 408
valleys, the number of creeks and springs, the rivers traversing
nearly every section of the State, and her great mountains, conspire
to produce a difiusion of advantages that renders every county in the
State desirable for settlement.
Within the limits proposed in this circular, it will be impossible
to particularize to any considerable extent Allusion, however, may
be made in a general way to the productions of different localities.
la Northern Arkansas all the grains, such as Wheat, Oats, Rye, Bar-
ley, and Com, are grown with great success, and the Apple, the
Pear, the Peach, the Quince, and the Grape, and all species of the
Melon, thrive most abundantly. South of and along the Arkansas
Hiyer, which cuts the State inton early two equal parts, from north-
west to south-east, all these fruits are grown, equally as well, and
others of a more tropical nature, such as the Fig and Apricot, are
easily produced; and as for the variety and quality of Grarden
Vegetables, Arkansas stailQs unrivaled. Cotton is, nevertheless, the
great staple of the State, and for years to come its cultivation will
unquestionably be remunerative in a high degree. Her uplands pro-
duce from 800 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre. On the creek
and river bottoms and other favorable localities from 1,500 to 2,000
pounds of seed cotton per acre aro easily produced. . In the valleys
of various streams, scattered here and there throughout the State,
the walnut, pawpaw, elm, box elder, pecan, and other trees, that in-
dicate a varied and fertile soil, thrive in great profusion. And pass-
ing along her larger rivers, observers are struck with the quantity
and size of the timber growing upon their banks. In the southern
portion of the State the forests of white oak are immense, from
which, in former years, great quantities of staves were made and
sent to the New Orleans market ; and from this section came also
the famous Cypress rafts that supplied with logs the mills of the
Lower Mississippi. ^ The timber on the uplands is abundant. It
conaists principally of the Black, White, Ked, and Poet Oaks,
Hickory, Yellow Pine, Dogwood, and Maple, while along the mar-
gins of the little streams there may be seen the Walnut, Beech, Elm
and Gum.
Arkansas has also medidnal springs of great value, especially the
Hot Springs, in Hot Spring county, south-west of Little Koek. The
latter possess, in fact, most remarkable qualities. Many of them
have a temperature ranging at the fountain-head as high as 148 deg.
Fahrenheit, surpassing the Warm Springs of Virginia in this respect
by 50 deg., and having a most potent effect in the cure of many dis«
eases. Says the lamented Dr. David Dale Owen, late State Geolo*
gist : ** In many forms, of chronic diseases especially, the effects of
these Springs are truly astonishing. The copious diaphoresis which
tke hot>batn establishes, opens, in itself, a main channel for the ex-
pblmoD of principles injurious to health, made manifest by its pecu-
liar odor. A similar effect in a diminish^ degree is also effected by
drinking the hot water, a common, indeed almost universal, practice
aaiong invalids at the Hot Springs.
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401 THB INVITING FIELDS OF ARKANSAS.
^^ The impression produced by the hot douche, as above described,
is indeed powerful, arousing into action sluggish and torpid secre-
tions ; the languid circulation is thus purified of morbific matters,
and thereby renewed vigor and healthful action are given, both to
the absorbents, lymphatics, and to the excretory apparatus, a com-
bined effect, which no medicine is capable of accomplishing.'^
The mineral resources of Arkansas are also of undoubted su-
periority, and will richly repay inveslngation and development.
Upon tms subject, Dr. Owen again says : " There are resources of
the State in ores of zinc, manganese, iron, lead and copper, marble,
whet and hone-stones, rock crystal, paints, nitre-earths, kaolin, gran-
ite, freestone, limestone, marls, green sand, marly limestones, grind-
stones, and slate, which may well justify the assertion that Arkansas
is destined to rank as one of the richest mineral States in the Union.
Her zinc ores compare very favorably with those of Silesia, and her
argentiferous galena far exceeds in per cefttage of silver the average
ores of other countries. Her novaculite rock cannot be excelled in
fineness of texture, beauty of color, and sharpness of grit
'^ Her Crystal Mountains stand unrivaled for extent ; and their
products are equal in brilliancy and transparency to any in the world.
Numerous iron regions have been discovered, many of whioh are
well worthy the examination of the iron-master. Wide belts of
country have been indicated where marble prevails. Sources have
been pointed out where the best limestones can be procured, both
for burning lime, making hydraulic cement^ and for the improve-
ment of land, as mineral fertilizers and physical ameliorators of the
soil."
The State possesses, also, great advantages in her coal formations.
The Illinob coal fields, covering parts of Indiana, of Western Ken-
tucky, and of Dlinois, throw out spurs into Arkansas. Coal has al-
ready, indeed, been found and surveyed in twelve counties of the
State, and in those that are fitrthest from the great coal basin, which
extends east of the Mississippi, a fiict said b v scientific men to be in-
dldative of a superior quality of coal, for the reason, as stated by
Dr. Owen, that the farther the spurs are removed from the centre
of the coal basin, the more valuable becomes the coal, from the sear-
city of the combustible material. Thus arises the great value of the
coal strata of Western Arkansas, offering safe returns to capital, and
inviting the construction of railroads, in a manner that will not long
remain unheeded. Promising surfiM^e indications of petroleum have
likewise been discovered in the vicinity of Little Rock and elsewhere,
and the ^ Arkansas Petroleum Company '' has been projected, with
the prospect of a complete organization within a reasonable length
of time.
The climate of Arkansas may be designated as neither too cold in
winter nor too warm in summer. In the shelter of the valleys in
the northern and of the cane-breakers in the sootham part of tiie
State, stock not only survive, but keep in good condition the entire
winter. The fierce northers experienced in Texas are wholly an-
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THB INVmNO FIELDS OF ABKANSAS. 406
known in Arkansas. But, aside from the inducements of soil, cli-
mate and production, Congress made, in times past, several valuable
donations of land to the State. ^
The following Report, in regard to the great resources of Arkan-
sas, emanates from a committee of the Arkansas Immigration Aid
Sodety : —
CoTTO!!. — It is almost unnecessary to say mnoh of this important staple. It is
known that for many years Arkansas has ranked among the first, if she has not
attained to the very first prominence as a Cotton growing State. Though some
States have produced more bales, it is questionable if any have averaged more
seed cotton to the acre, or produced, considering all its properties, a better
staple. Arkansas cotton has always commanded as high a price as the cotton
of any other State, except, perhaps, the Sea Island cotton, on the coast of
Oeorgia.
In the aouthern and south-western sections of the State, especially on the Ar-
kansas, Ouachita, and Red River bottom lands, crops will average from 1,000
to 1,600 lbs. per acre, whilst along the whole eastern border of our State in the
fine alluvial soil of the Mississippi bottom from the Missouri border to the Lou-
isiana line, cotton is everywhere planted and yields abundantly.
One of our committee, in the year 1856, witnessed the counting of the bolls '
and squares on a single cotton plant, grown on the plantation of R. H. Douglas,
of Arkansas county, which reacned over seven hundred in number. This was
of the famous ** Boyd prolific ** seed, and is only quoted as evidence of how
congenial a home the cotton plant finds in the climate and soil of this State.
In the Northern part of Arkansas, cotton is raised for home consumption prin-
cipally.
^at ever3rwhere throughout the State, on the uplands as well as the bottom?,
it may be made a source of profit
CoBN. — Arkansas has, without exaggeration, the very best climate, with the
greatest variety of soils for the production of this all-important grain.
In the valleys of the north, on the hills and bottom lands of tne south, on all
£he margins of the streams, wherever land is at all cultivated, there you will
find this universal life-supporting grain. It can be planted from March to July,
mnd will, according to the care l^^wed in its culture, yield an abundant return.
With the most careless cultivation, and the land in its natural state, 25 to 30
bushels per acre is common, while on good soil, with systematic and intelligent
Imbor, from 40 to 60 bushels to the acre are often raised — corn has been kno wn
to have been planted on the 4th day of July, and a full crop gathered on 'the
15th October. Corn in this State rarely fails. It is the universal crop for rich
and poor, food for man and boast, and only calls for the slightest efforts of in-
dostry to reward the husbandman. It ctows on the poor uplands — it grows on
the rich bottoms — it grows on the Prairies, and in fact may oe considered in its
native home in Arkansas.
Tobacco. — ^This is not a staple product of our State, but when cultivated, fully
repays the labor bestowed upon it When we say tobacco is not a staple, we
mean that the planters, as a class, do not plant or cultivate it to the same ex-
tent or with the expectation of realizing as large a profit as they do on cotton ;
bat this we do say, that Arkansas soil and climate are particularly favoi able for
tobacco. Formerly there was not a negro cabin in the State, but what had its
little patch of tobacco. Some fine crops have been raised on the borders of
Grand Prairie, in what is now Arkansas county. In Crawford county,
-wbich adjoins the Indian Territory on the west, it has been cultivated fbr many
vears with success. One interesting fact has been elicited in its culture, which
18, Uiat the crops raised from the Cuba seed are only second in quality and "fla-
vor to that of the Cuba tobacco itselt
It may be set down, therefore, as a fixed fact, that tobacco may be profitably
raised in Arkansas.
Wbelt, — ^ThiB grain was formerly but little attended to in Arkansas, but of
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406 THE INVITING FIELDS OP ARKANSAS.
late years it has been more geoerally cultirated, and at the present time a crop
of wheat forma a part of every well-regulated farm. It is sown from the last ol
October to the first of December, and is generally reaped during the month fol-
lowing the first week in May. The average yield of the State may be put down
at from 12 to 20 bushela per acre, though owing to droughty excessive rains,
or rust, that yield would be much reduced.
North-western Arkansas has hitherto been the great wheat producing region,
the bushel averaging in weight 60 lbs., while in some instances, well authenti-
cated, it has risen as high as 70 lbs.
It may be mentioned here in conneciion with this subject, that bottom lands
which have been long cultivated in cotton and com will, when sown down in
wheat, give a luxuriant and abundant yield.
It is considered safe to assert that wheat may be profitably raised in any part
of the State of Arkansas.
Grasses. — ^The native grasses of Arkansas are unrivaled for luxuriance.
Where not impeded by the rank undergrowth, the grass of the bottoms is pecu-
liarly relished bv stock.
On certain soils, as for instance, the black buckshot lands, crops of red clover
have been cut for eight years in succession, without renewal, and with but little
diminulion in the yield of the later crops. The blue grass imported from Ken-
tucky has been completely naturalized in Arkansas, and in some sections of the
State, one may travel formiles on roads going through the bottoms and see
the beautiful blue grass domesticating itself in the woods, and furnishins: a rich
and beautiful pasture. The grass on the Prairies, it is well known, feeds large
herds of c^ittle, and though burnei down almost every year, still comes up afresh
in the Spring. Latterly a grass called the Mezquite has been tried with some
success. Hungarian grass also yields abundantly, while the millet for many
years has been sown by the planters, and has been found prolific and service-
able.
Botanists have discovered and registered thirty-five different kinds of grasses
in Arkansas, the most valuable of which are the bent or herd grass, the red top
grass, the mezquite grass, the meadow grass^ and the fescue grass ; the Ben-
gal gras[s and the Hungarian are everywhere cultivated for hay. The grass
called Timothy -is cultivated , and grows luxuriantly in the bottoms. It may be
asserted confidently that Arkansas is rich in grasses, and their cultivation will
fully repay the farmer.
Oats, Bablet and Rye — Are all cultivated in Arkansas. The first of these
thrives remarkably well, and always brings a good price in market Barley and
rye are sown to help out the farmer in his fi^ for stock, and will thrive welt
and yield fair returns.
Your committee do not assert that hemp or rice are cultivated to any extent
in Arkansas, but they do assert that hemp has been seen to grow luxuriantly
in particular places in the sheltered bottoms, and also that they have seen a field
of about five acres in rico in Bradley county. But these are exceptions, and we
pass them over as not being common to the State.
The climate and soil of Arkansas are admirably adapted to the culture of the
different fruits, from those grown in more northern latitudes to those which
more nearly approach the tropics.
Apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, strawberries, etc,, flourish luxu-
riant.
Apples. — In the northern and western counties the apple is cultivated with
great success, trees yielding abundantly the richest and most highly priced va-
rieties of this fruit Kne orchards are seen on almost every farm. The Shan-
non pippin, considering all its properties, is perhaps as fine a fruit as is grown
in any country. Large, pale-yellow, melting, juicy^and delicious, and a variety
peculiar to the State of Arkansas. It was brought here by a nurseryman from
Ohio, some 20 years ago, and the label having been lost upon fruiting it, it took
the name of the producer, so much changed and improved by climate, that it is
nowhere mentioned in the hoi-ticultnral works.
Many of the varieties brought south have been greatly improved, whilst
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THE INVITING FIELDS OF ARKANSAS. 407
those unsaited haye been rejected, so that the fruits herein mentioned hare been
tested for years as to their climatic adaptedness.
The " Kentucky Red" is another splendid specimen of the apple, pronounced
by the CindnnaU Horticultural Society the " Great Unknown/' which bears
abundantly the finest and most beautiful fruit This is also peculiar to Arkan-
sas and the Southern part of Missouri.
Some of the varieties which have perfectly succeeded by the long trial are» in
addition to the above, the early harvest, sweet bough, fall pippin, yellow bell
flower, rambo, carthouse, limber twig, wine sap, swarr, EngUsh russet, and
monstrous pippin. The earlier varieties succeed best in the southern part of
the State, and the fall and winter in the northern section.
Pears of the most delicious kinds are succes^^fullv cultivated with but little
trouble and with great' success ; such as the Bartlett, Bloodfi^oods, American,
Julienne St Germain, Duchess d'Angouleme (on qnince), Flemish bcsanty,
Benrre brown, -Fondant d'Autumne, or Belle lucrative, White and Gray Doy-
enne, Winter nelis, and that paragon of excellence, the Secke\ Pears are as
little subject to blight in Arkansas as elsewhere in the United States. The Bart-
lett being, as in many other localities, roost subject to that disease.
PsAcnss. — Arkansas is cmphatioally the land and the home of the peach.
Here it delights to develop itself into the richest and most delicious flavor and
beautiful proportions. Here it rarely ever fails. On the Arkansas River, pro-
tected by the warm and kindly soil, it never misses. We look fcr the season of
the peach in this State as certainly as we do for the summer. Go where you
will over the State, the beauty and profusion of this fruit alike charm the eye
and gratify the tasta Every little farm has its peach-orchard, many of the
trees being propagated from the seed. From these spring new and rich varie-
ties, conclusively demonstrating the adaptedness of this country peculiarly to
this fruit It is only necessary to mention a few of tbe budded varieties which
have been cultivated for years. SiiTiib^d Eirly York, Royal Geor^ (a
very splendid fruit), Grosse Mignonne, Large Early York, Morris White, Early
Newington, Crawford's Early, Heath, Chinese Cling (a magnificent peach), to-
gether with all tlie rich and delicious varieties of the famous Indian
peach.
Tbe Grafs. — ^This fruit has not been extensively cultivated, yet the trials
made prove conclusively that the climate and soil of Arkansas are well adapted
to its culture. In many localities grapes of every hue, size, and flavor, stow
almost in juxtaposition, in wild and graceful profusion. Many of these nave
been domesticated, and have proved good. The imported varieties which have
been tried, meet with encouraging success ; they are the Catawba, a grape that
rarely ever fails, and produces large crops ; Diana, Delaware, To-Kalon, Con>
cord, and Norton's Virginia Seedlii^.
Your committee are of the opinion that the day is not far distant when
Arkansas will take a prominent stand as a Grape-growing State. Be-
sides the fruits above enumerated, apricots, nectarines, plums, cherries, and
fine strawberries abound. Of this latter fruit a bushel and a half has been
gathered at one picking, from a plat of ground not exceeding 30 feet square.
Tha Chickasaw plum is also indigenous to the State ; when planted close,
it makes a hedge almost impervious, and fully equal to the much talked of
Osaffe Orange or Bois d'Arc.
The Fig tree may be found all over the State. At certain favorable seasons ,
it pnftluces well It likes a sheltered situation. We have known this tree en-
tirely bitten down by the sharp frosts which sometimes occur in February, but
it invariably shoots out again with the first warm breath of spring, and will
yield its fruit the following summer.
As regards Garden vegetables everything can be raised that is desirable. The
whole family of melons flourish well in Arkansas. Watermelons savory and
refreshing to the taste, and of great size, grow without any trouble to the
planter. We have seen them 45 lbs. in weight. Of the well known pumpkin
every one has seen it grow to great perfection in all sections of the State,
lliey grow to sul^h a size that it is often difficult tp lift them into a wagon.
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408 SKETCHES OP FOREIGN TBAVBL.
The Sweet Potato, so aniyersally known and sought afler, is cnltiTated bj
every farmer io Arkansas. ThU fiimoos root ^rows abondanUy in Arkansas. A
fbw slips planted oat make food for a whole family. We have known 800
bushels gathered from a single acre. The Yam Potato is mnch liked, tbougli
there is a large red variety, weighing from two to three pounds each, which eat
remarkably well.
The Irish Potato also does well in Arkansas, some early varieties being ready
fbr the table in May. We have seen a very fine specimen of vegetable called
the Red Meshannoc, which was raised a few miles below the city of Little Rock,
and which always brought the highest price in the market.
While wridng this report, your committee have been inf >rmed by a gentle-
man of reliability, livins^ in the vicinity of little Rook, that he has succeeded
in bringing the sweet almond to maturity, and that the trees are doing weU.
We have thus, in the preceding report, endeavored to give a brief, but a true
statement of the staple products of our State, of her firuits. Her gn^s, her
grasses. We have been necessarily compelled to be very brief, in order to cover
the whole ground. It may be asserted of Arkansas as of other States, that in-
dustry will meet its reward, and that he who plants his crop and attends to it,
will assuredly be bountifully rewarded f4ir his labor.
J. A. DIBBELL, M.D., for 25 years a resident of
Crawford county. Ark
C. LANGTREE, Author of Langtree*s sectional
map of Ark., and 28 years a resi-
dent of Little Rock.
Hox. LIBERTY BARTLETT, Judge of 5th Judi-
cial Circuit, Ark.
ART. XI.-SKETCIES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL.
No. 4. •
Brunswick House Hotel, London, Auffu^ 25, 1866.
Dear Review : Something like a general taste for art may be
inferred in the English people, if we may argue from the crowd of
Englishmen and women who, on every day, throng the rooms of the
NATIONAL GALLERY.
More than a half dozen large apartments are embraced in this insti-
tution, and their utmost capacity is taxed, to accommodate the mul-
titude of visitors, who go daily to feast upon the creations of the
brush that illuminate their walls.
An attempt to epitomize the National Gallery would be out of keep-
ing with the plan of these letters, and would, on the whole, I think,
be a stupid undertaking ; for a large proportion of the collection
seems commonplace enough. Modestly disclaiming all pretensions
to connoisseurship, and only exercising that humility of judgment
which my disqualifications counsel. I invite your attention briefly to
such specimens of art as addressed themselves to my uneducated taste.
There are two pictures by Claude^ called the *' Embarcation of St.
Ursula,^^ and the ^^Embarcation of the Queen of Skeba^^^ which
struck <me as the most exquisite samples of landscape painting in the
Gallery. I am not positive in what special qualities it is that critics
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SKETCHISS OF FOREIGN TRAYBL. 409
agree ClaudeU excellency consists, but in the two pictures named,
it occurred to me that tney show forth chiefly in a certain imited
delicacy and vividness of color. The delineation of the clouds and
the water mainly illustrate this, while in the portrayal of the ships
and palaces, the fidelity of representation is startling. -They project
with a semblance of physical solidity from the canvas, and from their
phantoms, mirrored in the water, there proceeds an illusion of reality,
which Nature herself could not eclipse.
Portraits of a Jewish Rabbi, by RenihrandU and of a Dutch Girl^
by EemhrondU Judging from the different specimens of his art on
exhibition here, there would seem to have been a systematic purpose
in Rembrandt to exclude all light from his pictures. His portraits
are strongly wrought and individual, but he deals habitually in such
grim, dark, and scowling colors, that a sensation of gloom is infused
into the spectator, and one wishes that a flaming torch could be set
up behind the canvas, that we might obtain a clearer notion of
things. In the interpretation of marked character, for example, the
fece of the " Jewish RabbV^ would be difficult to improve upon, but
then the countenance is so irretrievably interwoven with the back-
ground, that some effort is required to decipher it. The quality of
strength involved is thus in a large measure counterbalanced by the
atmosphere of obscurity in which it is masked.
" TheodoHus and SU Ambrose^'* by Vandycic, — Much of that
wonderful vigor of delineation and depth of color, so conspicuous in
Rembrandt, imbue this work of Vandyck, unaccompanied by the
gloom of outlines, so vexatious to a full enjoyment. The persons
depicted in it are singularly palpable, conveying a despotic impres-
sion of flesh and blood. Not the least interesting feature in the group,
is the figure of a dog, who, with a demoralized tail and deprecating
face, is obviously smiling for a lost master.
" The Family of Darius^ at the Feet of Alexander,^'* by Paolo
Veronese, — ^The scene represented in this picture is supposed to
have occurred immediately after the famous battle of Issus, in which
the army of Darius had been utterly overthrown. The different
members of his family have sought the youthful conqueror, and,
kneeling at his feet, implore his clemency. The grouping is arrang-
ed with admirable effect. The number of figures portrayed is very
large, and the difficulty of accommodating them all, with a sufficient
individuality, is most happily surmounted. The two daughters of
Darius are surpassingly beautiful There is a lightness of figure,
a pensive loveliness of face, and a billowy perfectness of bust about
them, which would distract the intellects of a divinity student.
*' The Woman taken in Adultery^ by i^emftram/Z.-r-This, in my
judgment, is the most admirable portrait in the gallery. The sub-
ject is a difficult one, so difficult as to devolve upon any but a master
inevitable failure. The burning shame, the remorse, the fear, and
the host of clamorous passions which battle for the usurpation of the
culprit's face, demand for their just exposition nothing short of the
highest genius. This demand was satisfied in Rembrandt, who must
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410 SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL.
have brought to the execution of the task all of bis great resources.
The expressions of the woman's face, in its dire conflict with emo-
tion, are fearfully and wonderfully pictured.
" Judgment of ParU^'* by Enbens, — ^The scene represented is the
famous award of the apple, by Paris, to the belle of the mythologic
heavens. The rival Goddesses are gathered in an excited group about
him, plying the lucky dog with all the cajolements, and hopes of
earthly reward, which their sex and Goddess-ship authorized them to
employ. The celestial candidates are utterly bereft of dimity, and
appeal to the umpire with a burst of undisoruised outlines, altogether
trying on a youth of sensibility. Mr. Paris, however, scrutinizes
the palpitating tableau with a mixture of gusto and sang froid,
which quite edifies the beholder. He is clearly not insensible to the
advertised symmetries, but at the sahie time, he keeps one eye vigi-
lantly fixed upon the commercial aspect of the situation. He bis a
wholesome relish for florid tints, and a toothsome physique, but has
no thought of sinking the man of business in the connoisseur. It is
obvious, that whatever may be the bent of his private admiration,
Paris will elect a Queen of beauty, whoever ofiers the most congenial
bribe. Rubens must have wrought the work con anwre^ for it is
certainly a master-piece of naked flesh and warm color.
" Abduction of the Sabine Women^ by Rubens, — In the description
of excited and inflamed multitudes, Rubens seems to me to realize
his greatest power. '* The abduction of the Sabine Women" is a
capital illustration of this. Not one of the heterogeneous elements,
which must have entered into such a fierce medley, appears to have
been omitted. The rape is before us throbbing with life. The amorous
and headlong Romans, the spurred and neighing horses, the over-
turned seats, the torn dresses, the floating locks, the rank exposure of
person, the savage grapple of the ravishers, and every other physical
accessory of the mdange^ are reproduced with thrilling fidelity.
Nor is the moral physiognomy of the scene less faithfully delineat-
ed. There is hardly a mental condition, that such circumstances
might naturally engender in different organizations, which is not
typified in the face of one or more of the captured women. Some
of them, stark from fear, or stolid from indifference, lie in the rav-
isher's embrace, prone and mannerly. Some of them, full of out-
raged modesty and pluck, wage a valiant war of nails. Some of
them offer but a coy illusion of resistance, as if they half courted
the violence they assume to repel. Some again ""frankly applaud
the rape, while others lie dead afalnt, with their alabaster faces
turned pitifully to the skies, and their black hair drifting in the
wind, like flags at half mast.
^^ Raising of LazaruSy'^ by Sabastiano del' Piombo, — ^There is a
horrible magnificence about this painting, which all of its gorgeous-
ness of color seems rather to heighten, than to mitigate. The
ghostly grave-clothes, the frightened by-standers, the appalling
figure of the resurrected himself, evoked supernaturally from death
to life, and appearing too direfully wedded to the one, ever to be
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SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TBAVEL. 411
cordially reconciled to the other again, are set forth with a shock-
ing adherence to truth. The image of death it arouses is so real,
so carnal, that the idea of resurrection is completely disguised.
The train of thought originating from it, therefore, is rather impul-
sive than attractive, and thus it was with a sense of relief that I
turned from its contemplation, to the picture of
" Daphnis and Chloe^'* by Paris Bordonne, — ^This small painting
attracts more attention, I verily believe, than any other one in the
National Gallery, and yet, it is only after much deliberation, and
still with a sense of reluctance, that I consent with myself to de-
scribe it. The treatment of its theme is somewhat prurient, and
the association of ideas engendered is not altogether friendly to
purity of imagination. Notwithstandin ^ this, it bears the palm of
popularity, and from the opening of the gallery to its close, the
space in front of this little picture is crowded with well-dressed
ladies and gentlemen, canvassing its graceful features with eager
looks. A description of it then is probably warrantable, since it will
indicate what manner of thing it is, which solicits with success the
sufirage of so many eyes.
In it, Daphnis, a remarkably handsome fellow, is depicted by the
side of Cbloe, a remarkably handsome girl. His audacious fingers
have ruffled her snowy robes, revealing above the dimpled knee.
Her hand, pressed upon hi», gently arrests the movement. In this
position they sit, with anxious expression, as if listening to aome-
thtj^y or for somebody. The abstract quality of grace could not, it
appears to me, be more bewitchingly personified. Considered from
an Exeter-Hall point of view, especially after a fine ventilation of
the negro question, it is doubUess very shocking. Leaving out of
consideration, however, the whatever-respects in which it may be
obnoxious to a sound morality, it will always remain to true
lovers of the beautiful in art a most charming creation.
" Susannah and the two Mders^^^ by Ottido, — In Susannah is rep-
resented the best naked figure in the collection ; which is something
of a distinction, for there is an army of handsome women in the
Gallery, with all their charms candidly unmasked. The form of
Susannah is the covp de prdce, the ultimate possibility of voluptuous
symmetry ; while the face, half-withdrawn, shy, and blushing, shines
through its expressions of pain, with the light of tender beauty.
The portraits of the two elders exhibit the same power of strong,
dark delineation, so characteristic of Rembrandt. As expounded
by Ovido^ this pair of respectable Jews are fine instances of that
hard-mouthed, pig-headed kidney, which is so handsomely repre-
sented, even in our Christian church ; gentlemen who indulge a fine
verbal adoration of the virtues, and great tenderness, in practice,
for a savory vice.
I cannot close this cursory glance at the " National Gallery" with-
out saying a word about the Madonnas. I presume there are not
less than one hundred pictures of the Holy Mother, in this reposi-
tory. Correggio has a Madonna, Guido has a Madonna, and nearly
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412 SKETCHES OF FOBSIGN TBAYSL.
everybody who has been able to smuggle iQ a picture, has a
Madonna. There is a Madonna in almost every imaginable attitude
of body, and frame of mind. There is a Madonna looking solemn,
another looking pleased, another looking pensive, another disposed
to smile, and another threatening to burst into t6ars. One Madonna
is suckling the child, one is contemplating him with a very specula-
tive expression ; one looks as though it would be a great satisfaction
to her to pull the baby's ear, while another has him on her knee,
and worships him devoutly. There is a Madonna in every conceiv-
able aspect, and in not a single one is she handsome; in not a single
one, of a noble appearance ; in not a single one, even moderately
comely. She is uniformly rendered as incurably ugly. Every
man who starts out with an ambitious brush, seems to consider it is
due to the age he proposes to illustrate, to paint a Madonna. He
accordingly does so, and in nine cases out of ten, he afflicts us with
a pair of saucer eyes, and a Dutch face.
HYDE PARK.
The man who comes here, and goes away without seeing Hyde
Park, has missed seeing London. It is only on this parade-ground
that London doffs its blouse, and emerges into Aill view. Here it
takes on all its quality, here it appears in its sunshine aspect, here
it puts its best foot foremost.
I am just returned, with a parcel of friends, from a drive in the
Park, and have all of its impressions fresh upon me. We sailed
out from the hotel, under the brilliant auspices of an open carriage,
gleaming with new paint, and a coat of arms, devised on a most
imposing and savage plan ; a driver, who was wrought upon with
gold lace, until he was painfully luminous; » pair of dappled
thorough-breds, and a gorgeous footman, who towered scornfully
above us, from behind, but who, I am glad to assure you, treated
us with the greatest affability, during the whole ride.
Hyde Park covers an area of about four hundred acres, and under
the joint administration of good taste, and a full purse, it expands
into a series of beautiful woodland prospects. It is conveniently
diversified with broad carriage drives, and contains several fine
courses, set apart for the horsemen, and horsewomen, who pranoe,
and gallop, and fiercely race over them. Immense throngs of car-
riages circulate about the drives, and great concourses of ladies and
gentlemen career. up and down the famous ** Rotten Row,'* display-
ing their horsemanship, or the lack of it, to the admiration or dis-
gust of the critical crowd afoot, who congregate in censorious groups
to observe. There could not to-day have been less than five hun-
dred private carriages, and some two hundred persons in the saddle.
The whole together, made up such an ensemhU of well-bred and
enlivening gayety, as I have seldom witnessed before. There was
a diversity in the style of the vehicles used, which trespasses on* the
limits of the incredible. No two carriages in the entire assemblage,
I think, were exactly alike. Every man seemed to have thrown
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DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE. 418
himself fearfully upon his unprompted invention, and the general
result was the quaintest inventory of four, two, and one-wheeled con-
trivances^ that ever startled a quiet man from his equilibrium. The
methods of driving, too, were as strangely at variance as the patterns
of jeqnipage. In one carriage, a servant would drive ; in another,
the mistress, with a servant by her side ; in another, the master,
with a servant on the back seat ; and in a fourth, the master and
mistress would lounge behind, and the fellow with the yellow band
and knee-buckles would handle the ribbons, astride the off horse.
The Serpentine, a beautiful stream three hundred yards across,
flows through the Park, describing a course indicated by its name.
On this^ are a number of pleasure boats, of various rig and struc-
ture, and in these you may row, scull, and even satisfy a circum-
scribed taste for sailing.
Hyde Park is at once the fashionable and democratic rendezvous
of London. There the whole world of cits, with its last wife, and
its youngest child, assembles together, and compares differences.
The lover goes there to meet his sweetheart; the rogue, to concert
with his fellow-rogue ; the nursery maid, to trundle her charge, and
get at a dainty morsel of flirtation ; the shop-keeper, to meet an
appointment ; and his clerk, to exhibit his last short-tail coat, and
air the rose-bud in his button-hole. The Queen suns the royalty of
England there, and the nobility carry out their quality to give it a
bit of fresh air, and educate the ignoble in the vital distinctions
between somebody and nobody. Work-a-day goes there for a full
lung of oxygen, and a vivifying glimpse of animated and pleasing
sights. In fine, on any evening, when the rain does not actually
pour down, you will find in the fierce- gallopers on horseback, the
loungers in soflly-cushioned carriages, and the multitude on foot,
the whob of London, epitomized in Hyde Park.
Cartk Blanchb.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
l.—ANmiAL STATISTICS OF NEW ORLEANS TRADE. 1866.
[In aocordanctt with oar oustom since 1846, we ooodeose from the excellent
annoal tables of the New Orleant Prices Currentf and shall continue to do so in
regard to the leading items of the commerce of that great mart ;]
rsohfib r»ox thi nrrntion nr the tbae kkdixo on thk SIst auqust.
Articles. 1865-66. 1864-66. 1869-60.
Apples hblf 69.582 85,902. . . 67,416
Bacon. asst. cks. Ac 16,248 18,682.... 45,016
Bacon bblsAbxs.... 2.299 4,942 5,987
BaconHams hhds.... 14,887.... 10,646.... 87,814
Bacon in bulk lbs.... 17,740 89,000
Bagging :;. pieces 8,842 6,871.... 21,427
Bale Rope...; coils.... 43,940.... 17,876.... 126,429
Beans ....bbls.... 6,812.... 12,881.... 8,889
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414
DEPARTMENT OP COMMEROE.
Butler. , kegs. .
Butter bblB..
Bran sacks..
Beef. bbls. and tea. .
Beef, dried. lbs. .
Cotton bales. .
Corii in ears bbls. .
Com, shelled sacks. .
Cotton Seed sacks. .
Cheese boxes, .
Candles boxes. .
Coal, Western bbls . .
Dried Apples, <tc. . . .bbls. .
Ftaxfleed tierces. .
Flour bbls..
Feathers ^^K^* •
Glassware boxes. .
Hemp bales..
Hides
Hay bales..
Iron, Pig tons..
Leather bundles. .
Lard ^tcs. <fe bbls. .
Lard t^gs. .
Lime, Western. bbls. .
Lead P^o^- •
Lead, bar kegs. .
Molasses bbls. .
Oats. . . . .bbls. and sacks. .
Onions bbls..
Oil, Lard bbls..
Potatoes bbls..
Pork tcs and bbls. .
Pork hhds..
Pork in bulk lbs..
Porter and Ale bbls. .
Packing Yarn reels. .
Skins, Deer packs. .
Shot kegs..
Sugar hhds..
Sugar bbls. .
Soap .boxes. .
Shingles. .'^....M. .
Staves M..
Tallow bbls..
Tobacco, leaf hhds. .
Tobacco, chew boxes. .
Tobacco bales. .
Twine bundles..
Whisky bbls..
Wheat sacks..
.. 16,909.
610.
.. 191,474.
8,408.
4,300.
.. 787,386.
.. 27,289.
. .2,003,176.
.. 94,172.
.. 66,278.
. . 64.210.
..1,295,916.
148.
10.
.. 998,381.
141.
6,240.
866.
. . 76.490.
.. 129,131.
1,968.
7.828.
.. 21,272.
. . 27,012.
68,926.
870.
186.
. . 27,408.
.. 621,482.
.. 88,518.
1,289.
.* 255.718.
.. 76,847.
716.
.. 271,140.
.. . 19,881.
666.
98.
.. 2,386.
.. 17,896.
919.
6,121.
1,688.
2,610.
412.
. . 16,412.
.. 88,411.
90.
.. 1,641.
. • 68,916.
636.
21,880. . . .
88.845
179...
1,606
118,314...
. 274,277
26,541...
. 44.984
6,800. . .
. 98.726
271,015...
.2,255,448
4,170 ..
. 86.092
558,278...
1,722,039
18,199...
26.781...
95.306
81,717...
. 110,405
994,770. . .
2,900,000
1,214. . .
70
425...
1,121
790,824...
. 974,340
5...
936
. 2,861...
. 68,879
8,171...
. 4,888
9,961...
. 163,568
226,764. . .
. 162,669
, ,
64R
8.576...
6,115
11.245...
. 65,784
7,308. ^
90,699
14,029. . .
83.143
6...
80,964
1.668
18,726. . .
813,840
278,988. . .
659.560
17,552. . .
26,401
2,507, . .
9,333
144,228. . .
207,698
41,796...
. 216,523
1,874
280,800...
3,808,500
11.604...
. 20.949
789. . .
8.748
117...
1.642
17...
4,001
9,978. . .
195.186
2,046...
. 4.808
86,287....
12,202
1,064...,
7.000
1,907...,
10.178
882...
1,026
2,410...
80,965
13,989. . . ,
14,644
79...,
. 274
2,151
8,508
21,248...,
186.042
2,024. . .
18,116
Table showing the quotations for Middling Cotton at the dofe of each month
with the rate of gold and sterling bills at same date. '
Middlin|L Sterlkig. Gold
1866-66. ct*. per lb. per cent. per dollar.
August .42to43 150 to 166 148i to 144
September 44 to 46 162 to 157 144* to 146
October 66 to 66 150 to 166 161 to —
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 415
November 51 to 68 166J to 160 148i to 148f
December 61 to — 166i to 169 146^ to 146f
January — to 48 148 to 162 13»f to 140
February 46 to 46 145 to 148 136f to 186
March 40 to 41 132 to 183f 126^ to 126|
April — to— 18Sitol42 181 to 182
May 80to40 146 to 153 186f to 187
June 36 to 88 168 to 167^ 162^ to 153
July — to— 155 to 162 145fto —
August 85to86 152 to 168 145^ to —
Table showing the total product of Cotton, with the receipts at New Orleans,
and the total crop of each year.
Total Crop received at N. 0. Av*ge price.
Bales. Bales. . cts. per lb.
1866-57 2,939,619 1,618,247 I2i
1857-68 8.118,962 1,678,616 llf
1858-59 8.851,481 1,774,298 IH
1869-60 4,675.770 2.255,448 lOf
1860-61 3,699,926 1,849,812 11
1861-62 ) 88,880 10
1862-68 }• «3,900,000 22,978 55|
1868-64 ) 130.044 85
1864-65 600.000 271.016 69i
1866-66..^ estimate 800,000 787,886 89^
Receipts Aver, price Total
Seasons. N. Orleans. per bale. value.
1854-55 1.284,768 |40 00 61,890.720
1866-56 1,759,298 40 00 70,871,720
1856-57 1,613,247 67 00 86,215,079
1867-58 1,678,616 62 60 88,127,840
1858-69 1.774,298 68 00 92,087,794
1869-r60 2,255,448 48 60 109,389,228
1860-61 1,846.^12 90 00 92,465.600
1861-62 88,880 45 60 1,769,040
1862-63 22,078 281 82 5,107,082
1863-64 131,044 856 20 46,677,872
1864-65 271,016 270 64 78,826,398
1865-66 787,886 178 20 140,312,186
Total 12 years. . ..18,546,275 1902,798,090
Date of receipt Rec'ts of Total Receipts .
of new crop at Total
first bale. to Sept 1. New Orleans. Crop..
1854.. July 25.... 1,391 1854-66. .1,284,768. ,. . 2,847,339
1866.. July 26 23,282. .. .1856-56. .1,769,298 8,527,846
1866.. July 15 1,166 1856-67. .1,618,247 2.989,619
1867. .Aug. 15 S3 1867-56. .1,678,616 8,113,962
lB58..July 25.... 4,884 1868-69. .1,774.298 8,861.481
1869.. July 28 9,698 186^60. .2,255,448. .. . 4.676,770
1860. .July 6 86,670 1860-61. .1,849.812: . . . 3,699,926
1861.. Aug. 11 61 1861-62) 88,880
1862 -^ — 1862-68}. 22,078 *8,900,000
1868. .Sept 7 1868-64) 131.044
1864.. Aug. 14 12 1864-66.. 271.016 600,000
1865. .Aug. 11.... 22 1865-66.. 787,886 800.000
1866.. Aug. 7 128.... .. . ... estimate.
* These figures include, as near as possible, only Cotton which really came
to market, or was taken for home consumption.
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416 DEPARTMENT OF COMMEBCE.
In regard to the prospecU of the growing crop the able editors of the Prim
Citrreni entertain similar opinions with those which we have expressed, viz :
As we go to press, the accounts of the growing crop continue to be very on-
satisfactory. The severe drought which succeeded the copious rains of Jane
has extended in some sections of the northern cotton region to the latest date?.
The plants have shed their forms and stopped growing. In various portions of
the more Southern region, caterpillars are doing more or less damage. On the
overflowed lands the prospect is more encouraging, the result depending on the
character and duration of the fall weather, without frost. Where rains have
fallen to revive the drooping fields, and fresh bolls are coming out, it must be
remembered that only two weeks remain to complete the period (16th Sq)t)
beyond which not much reliance can be placed on the maturing of newly formed
bolls. Among those l>est informed, the estimate of 1,500,000 bales is considered
a full one ; it may possibly be less, and only very favorable circumstances can
increase it.
SUGAR TBADX AND PE06PECT8.
We have compiled from our records the annexed statement of the Sugar crops
of Louisiana since 1828, giving the details of the past thiry-two years. Up to
1848 the product was estimated in hhds. of 1,000 lbs., which was presumed to
be the average weight, but for the crops since that date We have taken the
figures of Mr. P. A. Champomier, as we find them in his annual statements.
Total Crop. Av. price. Total
Year. Hhds. Pounds. perhhd. , value.
to^lSSsi 281,000.... 281,000,000....! ....$
1834 100,000 100,000,000 60 00 6,000,000
1835 80,000 80,000,000 90 00 2.700,000
1836 70.000 70,000,000 60 00 4,200,000
1837 65,000. . . . 66,000,000 ... 62 60. . . . 6,062,500
1838 70,000 70,000,000 62 60 4,876,000
1839... . 116,000 115,000,000 50 00 5.750,000
1840 87,000 87,000,000 55 00. . . . 4,785,000
1841 90,000 90,000,000 40 00 3,600,000
1842 140,000 140,000,000 42 50 4,750,000
1843 100,000 100,000,000 60 00 6,000,000
1844 200,000 200,000,000 45 00 9,000,000
1845 186.650 186,660,000 55 00 10.266,750
1846 140,000 140,000,000 70 00. . . 9,800,000
1847 240,000 240,000,000 40 00 9,600,000
1848 220,000 220,000,000 40 00 8,80(»,000
1849 247,928 269,769,000 60 00 12,896.160
1850 21 1,803 281,194,000 60 00 ... 12,678,180
1861 286,541 267,138,000 60 00 11,827.350
1862 821,981 868,129,000 48 00 15,462,688
1868 449,824 496,166,000 86 00. . . . 16,726,840
1854 846,635 886,726.000 62 00 18,026,020
1866 281,427 264.669,000 70 00 16,199,890
1856 78,976. . . 81,873,000 110 00 8,137,860
1867 279,697 807,666,700 64 00 17,900.608
1858 862,296 414,796,000 69 00.... 24,998,424
1859 221,840.... 266,116,750 82 00 18,190,880
1860 228,758.... 268,066,000 68 26 14,468,627
1861 469,410. . . . 628,821,600 64 62 25,096,271
1862 87,231 96,964,100 88 84 7,749,602
1868... .• 76,801 84,481,100.... 179 70.... 18,801,189
1864 10,887. . . . 10,780,000 208 50 1,994.800
1866 • 18,079 19,886,900 157 60..,. 2,847,442
Total 6,884,290. . . .6,277,469,060 810,747,906
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DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE.
417
In last February our senior editor devoted several weeks in collecting statistics
of the crop, and we published the results of his researches on the 24th of that
month. 'We now give a recapitulation of the details compared with those of
the previous year and of 1861-2. 1866-6. 64-5.
Parishof Orleans and St Bernard... 1,024 887...
Plaquemines 4,217 2,801 . . .
Terrebonne 1,4^4 426...
Assumption 1,891 881...
Lafourche Int'r. 407 118...
Ascension 1,889 1,285. . .
Iberville 420.
Jefferson 704. . . .
St. James 966. . . .
St. Charles 21
St. John the Baptist 886
Rapides 795. . . .
Pointe Coupee 60. . . .
West Baton Rouge. 60
East " —
St. Mary —
St Martin 150
St. Landry — . . . .
Vermilion — . . . .
Lafayette — . . . .
Avoyelles — . . . .
West Feliciana — . . , .
East " —
Cistern bottoms of 889,264 hhds. at
an estimate of 8 per cent — . . . .
Scattering crops — we have no returns — . . . .
429.
803..
262..
78..
48..
4*.!
86..
60..
61..
61-2. .
8,480
22,488
28,889
87,766
29,781
80,721
41.922
11,086
84,204
18,191
18,843
19,587
22,665
24,697
10,949
48,799
16,088
7,988
907
1,848
6,121
5,712
716
11,677
746
Total crops .14,790 6,668 469,410
The following gives a comparative view of the number of plantations in cuL
tivation for the seasons specified: 1865-6. 1864-6. 1861-2.
Parishes. Number of Plantations.
Orleans 8.
St. Bernard 8.
Plaquemine 81 .
Terrebonne 21.
Assumption 28.
Lafuurche 12.
St Charles 1.
St John the Baptist 6 4
St. James 21
Ascension 20
Iberville 21
Jefferson 6
St Mary 1
Pointe Coupee 1
West Baton Rouge 1 1
East Baton Rouge 1
Rapides : 6
Avoyelles — ,
West Feliciana —
East Feliciana —
St Martin -*
Vermilion —
Lafayette —
St lAndry — .
1
5
7
... 19
29
... i2
21
... 88
81
... W4
7
... 76
5
:.. 84
4
... 64
18
... 88
19
... 58
28
...121
8
... 26
2
... 168
1 ....
... 69
1
... 54
8
... 89
—
... 86
—
... 19
... 18
4
—
... 77
—
8
—
6
—
. . . 89
VOL. II. -NO. in.
27
188 176..
...1,291
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418
DKPARTMEKT OF COMKEROE.
Articles. Amomit.
Alcohol 854.
Apples 69,582.
Baoon, aas'd . hhds. d casks 1 6,248 .
BacoD, assorted boxes. 2,299.
Bacon Hams.. hhds. A tcs. 14,307.
Bacon in bulk. . . .pounds. 17,740.
Bagging pieces. 8,842.
B^c Rope ooiU. 48,940.
Beans barrels. 6,312.
Butter. . .kegs and firkins. 16,909.
Butter barrels. 610.
Bran sacks. 191,474.
Beef • barrels. 8,408.
Beef tierces. 885.
Beef, dried lbs. 4,300.
Cotton bales. 787,886.
Cotton Seed sacks. 94,172.
Com Meal bbls. 27,001.
Com in ear bbls. 27,289.
Corn, shelled. 8ack8.2,003,176.
Cheese boxes. 65.278.
Candles . .boxes. 64.210.
Coal, Western barrels. 1,295,91 5.
Dried Apples <k Peaches " 148 .
E^ bbls. U,006.
Feathers bags. 141.
Flaxseed tea. 10.
Flour bbls. 998,831
Glassware packages. 5,240 .
Hemp bales. 856.
Hides. 76,480.
Hay bales 129,181.
Horns 18,990.
Iron, pig tons. 1,968 .
Lard bbls. and tcs. 21,272.
Lard. kegs. 27.012.
Leather bundles. 7.829.
Lime, Western. . ..barrels. 68,926.
Lead pigs. 870.
Lead, bar . . .kegs ds boxes. 186.
Lead, White kegs. 1,417 .
Molasses gallons. 1,096, 120.
Oats. sacks. 621,432.
Onions bbls. 88,518.
Oil. linseed bbls. .
Oil, Castor bbls. 5.
Oil, Lard bbls. 1,289.
Oil Cake tons. 96.
Potatoes bbls. 256,718.
Pork tea. and bbls. 75,847 .
Pork boxes. 8.
Pork hhds. 716.
Pork in bulk. pounds. 271,140.
VmO AT NBW OBLBANS.
1865-66.
Average
Value
Price.
Dollars.
.$190 00 . . .
162,260
4 5 00 ...
410,288
. 190 00 ...
. 8,086,170
. 57 00 . . .
181,048
. 169 00 ...
2,417,888
19 ...
8.870
. 49 60 ...
190,179
. 28 90 . . .
1,060,166
. 6 75 ...
42,606
. 80 85 . . .
521,642
. 85 00 . . .
61,850
. 1 28 ...
245,086
. 18 25 ...
168.854
. 27 AO . . .
• 24,887
22i...
967
. 178 20 ....
140,812,185
69 ....
64.918
. 5 26 ...
141,755
. 1 85 ...
50,484
. 2 47 ...
4,947.844
. 10 50 . . .
680,866
. 18 00 ....
834.730
. 1 05 ...
1,860,710
. 26 60 ... ,
8,986
. 27 25 . . .
881,686
. 47 80 . . .
6,669
. 87 90 . . .
879
. 10 05 ... .
10,429,976
. 7 00 ...
86,680
. 40 00 . . .
84,240
. 2 85 ...
178,751
. 6 20 , , .
, 671,481
07i....
1,124
. 48 40 . . .
95,009
. 69 40 . . .
1,268.666
. 12 50 . . .
887,660
. 45 00 . . .
829,806
. 2 76 ...
176,485
. 10 15 ...
8.766
. 11 25 ...
2,092
. 7 40 . . .
10.485
64i...
704.257
. 2 25 .
1,898,222
. 8 05 ...
. 145 25 . . .
117.464
726
. 71 00 . . .
91.519
. 88 00 . . .
8.610
. 8 50 . . .
894.995
. 87 50 ...
2.844,262
. 19 60 ...
58
. 160 00 . . .
107.400
15 ...
40.671
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DEPABTMBNT OF OOUUBBCE.
419
TALUS PEOOIKJB OF DrTKRIOB RBOIITXD AT MEW OKLBAIfS.
1865-60.
Average
Value
noant Price.
Dollars.
19,881 21 50..
427,441
666.... 12 S5.,
8,212
819.... 10 25 .
8,394
20,978.... 11 66 ,
244,608
18,781.... 9 07 .
169,980
22.... 71 80
1,579
98 120 00 .
11.760
2,886. ... 8 50 .
8,851
5,121 5 50 .
28,166
12,000.... 61 60
739,000
2,510. ... 120 00 .
801t200
1,588. ... 6 75 ,
10,719
18,079.... 157 50
. . . 2,847.442
8,322.... 28 00
93,016
412.... 48 75 .
18,026
15,412.... 261 00
. . , 4.022,532
_.. . ^
90. . . . 17 00
1,580
88,411.... 112 00
. . . 4,302,032
1,641 18 36 ,
20,587
4.415.... 8 50
37,527
8,083. ... 58 00
163,399
68,916.... 90 00
. . . 6,802,440
636. . . .
8,000
estimated at
6,000,000
201,722,179
Artcles. A
Porter and Ale bbls.
Packing Tarn reels.
Ficklee. . . .bbls. and kegs.
Rioe sacks.
Roein bbls.
Ram bbls.
Skins, Deer packs.
Shot kegs.
Soap boxes.
Spirita Turpentine. . .bbl3.
SUvea M.
Shingles M.
Sugar hhds.
Spanish Moss. .... .bales.
Tallow bbls.
Tobacco, Leaf .hhds.
Tobacco, Strips hhds.
Tobacco, Stems hhds.
Tobacco balee.
Tobacco, Chew . kgs 4 b^zs.
Twine. . . .bdls and boxes.
Vinegar bbls.
Wool bags.
Whisky bbls.
Wheat sacks.
Total 1868-4 179,233,986
1862-8 29,766,454
1861-2 61,610,990
1860-1 155,863,564
1869-60 186,21 1,264
COMPAKATEVX ARRIVALS, EXPORTS.
AND STOCKS
ORLEANS.
OP COTTON AND TOBACCO AT NEW
For ten years — firom 1st September each year.
Yearft.
1866-66.
1864-65.
1863-61.
1862-68.
1861-62.
1860-61.
1859-60.
1858-59.
1857-58.
1866-57.
Ck)tton — Bales.
Arrivals. Exports. Stocks.
768,543.. 102,082
787,386.
271,015.
131,044.
22,078.
38,880.
1,849,812.
2,265,448.
. 192,351..
, 128,130..
23,760..
27,678..
.1,915,862..
.2,214,296..
1,774,298.. 1,777,171..
1,578,616.. 1,669,707.,
1,513,247 .1,516,921..
Tobacco— Hhds.
ArFls. Exp'ts. Stock.
16,412. 6,921. 8,707
2,410. 1,831. 873
1,363. 797. 594
156.12,666. 311
1,063. 2,224.12,711
34,892.89,806.15,121
73,934. .80,956.82,689.20.636
26,022 . . 75,926 . 79,974 . 23,369
30,230. .87,141.72,215.28,418
7,321.. 55,067 .50,181. 13,715
83,239..
4,575..
• 120..
10,118..
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420
DEPABTMENT OF COKliERCE.
OOMPABATITS PRICES OF MIDDLniG COTTOIf AT NEW OELBAK&
On the first day of
65-66.
cents.
Sept...42 to— ..
Oct... 44 to 45.. 161
Nov... 66 to 66.. 119
Dec....60to51..127
Jan....— to 51.. 118
Feb... 48 to 49.. 68
March . — to 46 .
April.. 40 to 41.. —
May.. ..86 to—.. 85
June-.. 88 to 89.. 42
Jaly...36 to 88.. 40
Angast — to — . . 42
each month daring a period of five years.
64-66.
cents,
to .
to 168.
to 120.
to 128.
to 120.
to 10.
— to 76,
86.
48.
44!
68-64.
cents.
. — to — .
. 62 to
. 65 to
. 71 to
. 72 to
. 76 to
. 72 to
. —to
. 82 to
. 92 to
. —to 160.
.160 to 168.
62-68.
cents.
.— to— .
. — to — ..
.— to 64 ..
61-62.
cents.
9 to 10
8ito 9
9 to 9i
68
78
72..— to64i..lOf to 11
73. - "
77.
78.
70,
88
93.
— to 68
.— to 62
.— to 80
.— to 72
.— to 60
.— to —
.— to—
.— to63
11 toll
.10 toll
.11 to —
. 9itol0i
.— to —
.— to —
.— to —
.— to —
Receipts Bales,
at N.O.. 787,886.
Crop.... 800,000.
Bales.
..271,016..
. .600,000.
Bales.
..181,004.
Bales.
. . .22,078..
Bales.
. . .88,880
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OP TBB RECEIPTS, EXPORTS AND STOCKS OF COTTON, AT THE
FOLLOWmo PLACES, AT THE DATES ANNEXED.
Stocks
on hand, Sep-
tember!.
1866. 1660.
88,289 78,984
24,990 41,682
4,006 4,807
9,972 8,897
12,660 864
.... 2,800
18,867 i'l68
74,862 64,891
.... 90,201
BeoelTed Exported
eSnoe To
September 1. Great
186& 1860. Britain.
716,007 1,767,160 868,878
421,669 687,881 226.808
966.661 477,944
107,448 886,940
146,884 108.617
6i282
78,946
from Sep. 1, 1866, to date*.
Total to Coaat-
Forel^ wile
Portiw Porta.
To
France.
184,610
86,710
64,981
98,867
46,986
87,977
6,057
Porta.
17owOrIeana....Aog. 81
HobUe Aug. 24
Bayunah Aug. 11
Charleston Aug. 17
Vlorids Jane 18
Virginia Aug. 18
N. OaroUna.... .Aog. 18
Texas Aag. 26
N.Y.,overrnd,^AHg. 21
Other Ports. ^ug. 11
T0UI » 214,876 220,760 2,009,477 8,498,628 1,248,648 219,124 1,689,066 866,110
Total to dates, in 1861.. 220,760 8,498,628 .... 2,167,160 677,699 8,106,722 748,609
174,799 148,919
186,168
21
69,486
402,161
19,071
616,188 289«886
40,184 267,671 116,964
1,492 99,349 164,887
63,814 68,646
87,977 107,899
.... 86,719
21 64.260
64,883 70,999
1,789
86,149 479,887
.... 19,861
Increase this year.. .
Decrease this year.
6,876
1,484,061
906,607 868,676 1,666,666
106,661
2.— COMMERCE OF MOBILE, 1866.
The following is made up from the Merchant's and Planter's Exchange Re-
port, by Colonel Forsyth :
COTTON STATEMENT — ^PORT OF MOBILE.
• Stock on band Ist September, 1865 bales . 24,290
Received this week 1,420 ^ ^
Received previously 421,669—423,089
447,379
Exported this week 8,647
Exported previously 410,161
Burned and Lost 6,807 — 420,006
27,374
Add for deficiency in receipts 1,636
Stock on hand and on shipboard not cleared 29,009
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DBPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 421
OOTTOX 8TATEMVNT, AUG, 81, 1866.
Stock on hand and on shipboard not cleared 29,009
Exports to Great Britain 229,171
France 40,184
Other foreign ports 1,679
*' • ' IT. B. ports, including 4,878 bales from Mont-
gomery to New Orleans direct 147,142
Bamed and lost. . , 6,807
Receipts for the year jast closed 429,102
Received since close of the war 504,407
STOCK OF OOTTOir AT T^K PORT OP MOBILE, IN PEBSSEU, WABEHOUSBS, AND
ON BHIPBOABD, AVQ, 81, 1866.
Planters' Ship
Mark. Mark. Total.
Shippers' and planters' presses and
warehouses 10,657 886 10,898
Merchants' and Mathewe^ presses and
warehouses 4,017 260 4,267
Walker's press and warehouses 4,488 16 4,501
Hitchcock^s press 2,160 896 2,666
Verona warehouses 1,929 8 1,987
Orange Grove warehouses. . « 200 • • 200
28,861 1,006 2,4866
On board of ship Ganges 8,086
" Tiger. 281
" Steamer Gulf City 842
Brig S. E. Voorhees 484
" Schooner Julia E. Gamage 100
Total in warehouses, etc 28,698
Received since 411
Total in warehouses, Aug. 81, 1866 29,009
COTTON C20P OF SOUTH ALABAMA FOB 28 TEABfl.
Tears. Bales. An. Increase. Annual Decrease.
1839 251,742 68,065
1840 446,725 198,988
1841 817,642 126,088
1842 318.816 678
1848 482,681 164,816
1844 468,126 14,505
1845 517,560 49,424
1846 421,669 96,881
1847 822,516 69,158
1848 488,824 115,808
1849 517,846 79,622
1860 850,297 167,549
1851 461,697 110,400
1852 549,772 98,075
1858 646,514 8,268
1854 588,110 8,404
1856 464,595 88,515
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422 DEPARTMENT OF COmCEROK.
OOTTOX OBOP OF SOUTH ALABAMA FOB 28 TKAB8.
Teara Balea. An Increase. Annoid Decrease
1866 669.788 206,148
1867 608,177 166,661
1868 622,843 19,666
1869 704,406...... 181,668
1860 842,729 188,328
1861 649,441 _,.. 298,288
1862 J..
1868 ,
1864
1866 76,806
1866 429,4(f2 8«J,797
SKA ISLAND OOTTON AND BIOV.
The stock has become very litnited, say only 286 bales on hand and on sbip-
board. We have no tranaaotions to report during the week. The first bale of
the new crop has been received here and has been forwarded to Liyerpoo].
COTTON STATKMDrr.
Sea leland.
Stock on hand, Sept 1, 1866 862. •
Receipts firom Sept 1, 1866, to Aug. 22, 1866 6,867. .
Receipts from Aug. 28 to Aug. 81, 1866 2. .
Excess of receipts not before reported. 144. .
Total receipts 6,866 107,821 4,119
BZPOBTS.
S. Island. Upland. Rice.
From Sept 1, '66, to Aug.
28, 1866 6,677. . 100,226. . 8,096
From August 24 to Aug.
81,1866 68.. 772.. 24
Ezoesfl of exports occur-
ring during the year
by Custom House <jear-
ance 1,628
Rice taken for local con-
sumption .... 999
Upland.
Rice.
1.610. .
100
102,748..
8,926
941..
94
2,622..
....
Total exports 6,680 102,621 4,119
Stock on hand 236 6,800
In regard to the prospects of the coming crop the editors of the Tnbwnt re-
mark :
"The first and roost important part of this future is in'relation to the result
of the cotton crop. It is impo!*sible for any one to get at anything like accu-
racy on the subject At the North, some persons have gone so far as to predict
a yield of over 8,000,000 bales. Those persons, however, are not familiar with
the subject, and make their hopes the measure of their opinions. The latter
part of the season has not been favorable. Floods have destroyed the proepect
m some places; and on the uplands the drought have had the same effect. The
lowlands have not been worked as they usea to be. The high lands have the
advantage of small plantations which are superintended by their owners. From
them, comparatively, will, probably, come more than from the bottom lands.
The army worm, it is said, is in the fields of some of our most prolific counties.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 423
To estimate -what the result of that will be is impossible. The telegraph re-
ported yesterday that an English gentleman, who had Tisited oar State, re-
ports that the crop will not exceed 1,200,000 bales. This is nearly the lowest
estimate that we have seen ; but, low as it is, it is certainly much nearer accu-
racy than the estimates of the big croppers. Let us put the figures at 1,500,000
and we shall, probably, get closer to the actual result At this present moment,
we believe that this is as much as can be expected.
8.--C0MMERCE OF CHARLESTON, S. C, 1866.
TBS COTTON TEADX AXD PROSPECTS.
The following remarks are made by the editors of the Courier in their annual
statement :
SUPPLY OF 1865-'66 ^UNITED STATES.
The extent of the crop of the present year can be ascertained within a few
thousand bales. It far exceeds the estimates made a few months since. The
cotton remaining in the South at the end of the war was estimated at 1,500,000
balesL It has reached 2,407,000 bales.
The following are the receipts at the latest dates, at the various ports since
September 1, 1865 :
Bales.
Galveston, August 190,000
New Orleans, August 10 746,000
Mobile, August 11 420,000
Apalachicola, August 80,000
Savannah, August 260,000
Charleston, August 24 110,000
Overland to the North 100,000
Probable receipts of 1866-'66 1,906,000
We have made no attempt to estimate the quantity remaining in the interior
as there are no data as the basis of such an estimate.
The first remark we have to make on this head is the discordance of the
statements, as we have said, in regard to the efficiency of negro labor. The
trials made of the system of voluntary exertion, at the commencement, were
highly discouraginff. The scheme promises more favorable results. The modi-
ficatioDS iDtroduced by several of the planters are leading to better fruits than
was anticipated. The system of weexly money payments seems satisfactory
both to the freedraan and his employer. The Freedmen's Bureau is also operat-
ing beneficially in the same direction. Under these circumstances, the prospects
are more hopeful than they were some weeks since. Of course this does not
apply universally. Whilst several portions of the South will make half an
average crop, si>me sections will not produce one-third, or even one-fourth of
the ordinary yield. Texas, it would appear, has been visited with the most
favorable conditions for the development of the productive resources of its soil,
while it has been comparatively exempt from those casualties which usually
afflict the cotton region.
There is one circumstance, however, which is apt to be overlooked in the
question of supply, which is the extraordinary stimulus presented by the hope
of gain, acting on the minds of a large number, from the high price of the staple.
All who possess a small patch of ground were anxious to turn it to a profitable
account, the only restramt being the want of seed. If each individual, fible
and willing to work, were to raise only one bale of cotton, in a population of
six millions, the aggregate would be very large. This is intended only as an
illustration, but it exemplifies the force of that principle of gain which, acting
under the incentive of high prices, induces individuals to act in the same man-
ner as comnmnities. The influence of this motive, we are confident, has been
overlooked in the estimates made of the growing crop.
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424 DEPARTMENT OF OOMMBRCE.
The invariable proneness is to underrate the supply. The«crop of 1865--'66
was estimated oo the Ut uf April at 800,000 bale^ It has proved at the latest
dates to have reached 2,407,000 bales. The estimates of the crop of 1866-67
have gradnally advanced, as we have shown, from one million to three millions
of bales. And, although this latter estimate must be deemed an extreme figure,
as the actual result will prove, the accuracy of our remark will be confirmed,
that there is a proneness to-tinderrate the supply.
BATE OF GBOWTH.
In entering on this branch of our subject, we must distinguish between tem-
porary and permanent effects. It is no part of our desigu to consider in detail
the causes which will promote or retard the culture of cotton in the future.
As it was no part of our purpose to take into view the circumstances that may
influence the future eupply, such as the better orgiinisatiun of labor, etc., so it
is no part of our present purpose to discuss, except briefly, the question of
future cO)i8umptioti, We will only succinctly adveirt to the causes that will
operate to extend the culture, such as the completion of the railroads by which
British India is intersected ; the establishment there of banking institutiont,
offering increased facilities of credit ; but on the other hand, the existing tenure
of land,, and the fact that England has frequently to export large quantities of
silver bullion to pay for her imports of cotton, are obstacles to the extension of
the culture, while the stimulus of high prices will be gradually withdrawn.
Limiting our inquiry, therefore, to ih^ present and not the future, it would still
be instructive to compare the rates of growth and consumption.
The annual increase from 1818-'19 until 1859-'60, has been 4 and a fraction
per cent., which, if the war had not followed, in that proportion the crop of
1866-'66 would have been 4,916,000 bales; or for the six years from 1861 to
1866, 26,714,800 bales, as the following condensed statement will show, suppoSo
ing that fair average crops had been made in that period :
Bales.
1860-'61 : 4,012,600
1861-'62 4,1 79,700
1862-'68 4,862,800
1868-*64 4,538.000
1 864-'65 4,720,600
1866-'66 4,916,100
26,714,800
BATE OF OONSUlfPTION — DXITED STATES COTTON. ^
A comparison of the rate of coneumptlon for the twelve years, up to 1859-'60,
the same as wo have made with regard to the growth, win enable us to form a
clearer idea of the probable rate of future consumption. We annex a compara-
tive statement of this kind, founded on the basis of very nearly 4 per cent. :
Bales.
1 860-'61 r. 900,940
1861-*62 936,610
1862-'63 978,400
1863-'64 1,011,910
1864-'66 1,051,970
l8tf6-'66 ; 1,098,620
5,968,350
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 425
The c<5n8Qmption pf all sorts in Great Britain, from 1860 to 1865, has been
for-
1860. 2,482,400 bales— 48,700 bales weekly.
1861 2,368.700 " —46,264
1862 1,196,500 " —22,900
1868 1,877,900 " —26.488
1864 1,606,800 " —30,890 "
1866 2,084,800 " —89,180
Angust 1, 1866, 48,000 bales weekly, against 40,000 bales same time last year.
The establishment of peace on the continent of Europe leaves only one'
prominent cause affecting the rate of consumption, t. «., the state of the money
market. The reduction of the rate of discount to Tper cent, by the Bank of
England removes all apprehension on this score. We are inclined to the opin-
ion that there will be a progressive decline in the rate until perhaps three or
four per cent will be reached, under an increased accumulation of bullion by
the Bank of England. On this topic, as an important element of the value of
cotton, we would observe, as an evidence of the anomalous condition of the
money market in England, that while the rate of discount by the Bank of Eng-
land, on the 8d of August, was 10 per cent., and the bullion in her vaults was
£14,000,000, the rate of discount by the Bank of France was three and a half
per cent., and her stock of specie £28,000,000, double its amount in the formei^,
and more than three times the rate of discount. It is impossible for this anoma-
lous state of the money market to continue, for it is contrary to the tendency
of the value of money and the rate of interest to an equality in the different
countries of Europe.
The |>aDie has reached its culminating point, and the reaction in favor of
cheap money was assured, notwithstanding the great loss of loanable capital
from the recent heavy failures. These circumstances favor an increased con-
sumption of the raw material. An impulse to trade has been given on the
continent since the cessation of hostilities. The markets are almost bare of
cotton fabrics, and there was an increased demand for yam on the continent.
The cotton trade is, therefore, rapidly recovering its former elasticity, and the
rate of consumption will soon reach a point almost beyond example.
It is adraitted by the most intelligent observers that the key to the future
position of the market is the American crop. With a moderate crop, prices,
in all probability, will be maintained. With a large yield they will give way
nnder the accumulation of the stocks of East India dei*criptions, which are
pressing on the market It is this tendency to a glut of East India cotton that
has kept the American descriptions from advancing. One of the Liverpool
circalars, dated August 8, observes '* that the arrivals of India cotton for the
next three months must be at the rate of 60,000 bales per week, and the largest
possible denaand cannot be expected to absorb all this. Doubtless the amount
of cotton now afloat from the East represents the bulk of what we will get from
that quarter for six months to come, for we know by telegraph that scarcely any
cotton is now shipping for England, nor is it likely that exports will be resumed
freely for several months, still these considerations cannot be expected to weigh
much till later in the year, and only then if the prospects of the American crop
are poor. It is evident that we will have an ample supply of Indian cotton to
last till next January or February, and^y that period we will be receiving
freely whatever America has to spare from the next crop. The conclusion from
these views is, that although an easy money market, a scarcity of cotton fabrics,
and an additional demand for yam in the German market, are circumstances
highly favorable, still, until an advanced period of the season, their influence
canned be felt from the large quantities of Indian ootton pressing on the market
The important point is the extent of the growing crop. This is mere guess-
work antil all danger is past from the usual casualties that visit the cotton crop
until the picking season is over. There never was a period in the history of the
cotton trade in which the estimates were so widely variant embracing the ex-
tremes of one million to three million bales, the lowest being one million and
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426 DEPARTMENT OF OOMMEBCB.
th« liighesi three millions. We are incHoed to adopt the medinm between these
ezLreme figures, and estimate two millions as the crop of 1866-'67.
Our summary of conclusions from the above data lead to these inferences :
I. That the receipts will, in all probability, reach 2,000,000 bales. 2. That the
large supplies of East India cotton in England and on the way will tend lo de-
press the market. 8. Thnt the rate of consumption will be large in consequence
of the prospects of peace and the increasing ease of the money market, the effect
of a progressiye reduction of the rate of discount by the Bank of England.
4.— COMMERCE OF SAVANNAH, 1866.
The Savannah Bepvhlican is authority for the following
COTTON 8TATK1CKNT.
Uplsada B. IsUnd.
Receipts since August 24 1,170 2
EXPORTS.
Exports since August 24 2,375 2
Exported previously 244,878 * 10,972
246,768 10,974
Stock September 1, 1865 8,724 281
Received since August 24 1 ,170 2
Received preyiously 247,687 10,718
Total ReceiptB 262,681 1 1,001
Exports since September 1 246,758 10,974
Stock on hand August 81 ; 6,828 27
As will be seen from the above table, the stock of cotton on hand and on
shipboard, not cleared this day, 8 1st inst., is 6,828 bales Upland, and 27 bales
Sea Island cotton, a difference of 776 bales of Upland and 427 bales Sea Island,
as compared with our stock, carefully taken this day. We have been at great
pains to arrive at a correct stock on the 1st of September, and think our
figures will be as near the mark as poBsible. The difference in our figures will
be readily accounted for, when the aifficnlt and various modes of transportation
during the early part of the season is taken into consideration.
The following figures will sliow the receipts and exports for the months of
July and August, and the stock on hand and on shipboard not cleared at the
close of onr report :
BBOEIVKD
Upland. B. L
In July 7.118 66
In August 7,898 29
Total Receipts. 16,016 94
XXPOBTKD
In July 10,276 871
InAugust 10,820 147
Total Exporte 20,696 818
STOCK ON HAND
September 1, 1866 6,098 464
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DEPARTMENT OF COHMEBCE.
427
XXP0RT8 OF COTTON
JFVwn the Port of Savannah, Commencing Sept, \, 1866.
Wh«re Exported. ThlfWeek. Prevfoiiftly. Total.
B.L UplU 8. L UplU 8. L TTprd.
Liverpool '^ 4,987 88,98:3 4,987 88,988
Other British Ports...
ToUl to Ot Britain 4,987 88,988 4,987 88,988
French Ports. 1,492 1,492
Other Eur(^eAn Ports
ToUl Foreign 4,987 90,426 4,987 90,425
New York 81 6,491 4,769 120,602 4,850 136,098
Boston 846 197 9,506 197 9,852
PhiladelphU 1,086 7 6.009 7 7,094
Baltimore 1,410 21 7,221 21 8,681
Charleston 945 946
Other ports 697 697
ToUl coastwise. 81 9,882 6,989 162,«86 6,020 162,267
Grand toUl 81 9,882 10,876 248,860 10,967 262,692
The above is from the Daily Advertiter,
6.— THE CITY OF NASHVILLE.
There are no ammal reports of the commeree and raannfaotares of this flour-
ishing city, and we urge it upon the Chamber of Commerce to provide for the
publication of snoh hereafter. The annual report for Memphis, if received in
time, shall be appropriately referred to in the present issne of the Review,
In regard to Ifashville and its fatare, we coincide in the views expressed In
the recent circular of Messrs. Anderson, Johnson dr Smith.
This city, containing about 40,000 inhabitants, is handsomely located on the
Cumberland River, in the midst of the rich and beautiful grazing and highly
improved agricultural lands of the Basin of Middle Tennessee. The prolific
soil of the surrounding country, yields an abundance of every pniduotlon neces-
sary for the sustenance of its population, increased fifty fold, and contributes
largely to the valuable exports or the State. No interior city of the South is
more eligibly situated for a large manufacturing town, and for an extensive in-
terior commerce. On all sides, save on the west, there are, at convenient dis-
tances, inexhaustible deposits of the be^t bituminous coal ; while on every hand
the finest qualitv of iron ore is scattered in immeasurable beds — to say nothing
of the copper, oil, marble, lead and other minerals, the locations of which are
being discovered, and are destined to contribute great wealth to the city. The
opening of the regdons bordering on the upper Cumberland and its tributaries,
will bring to Nauiville abundance of the minerals, petroleum and agricultural
products of the mountainous districts, while the railroads projected and being
constructed in every direction from this city, will bring into competition simi-
lar materials from other parts of this ana adjoining States, hitherto shut out
from our trade.
In view of the great capacity and adaptation of the climate and soil of Ten-
nessee, with its valleys and mountains, the growth of cotton and woollen factor-
ies, for the production of the richest fisbrics, roust ultimately crpwd our city,
extend our trade, and control ranch of the business in the broad lands spread
out in this and adjoining States. Especially must all the heavier manufactured
articles for the adjacent country, including agricultural implements, iron and
wooden materials, be made here.
By our present system we produce abundance of the best material, transport
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428 DEPARTMENT OF AGBlCULTURfi.
it to A distance, bring it back after it is fabricated into usefal articles, and send
it out through the channels of trade for consumption. It is impossible that this
system can continue. Though our mineral and agricultural wealth may occupy
us aifd enrich us to the utmost limits of our ambition, this field for manufacturers
and capitalists cannot remain unoccupied. Our enterprising neighbors will be
attracted to it, and will find it abundantly to their interest to place themseWes
beyond competition by manufacturing Ihe material in the land where it is pro-
duced, and where it must mainly be consumed. By such combined interests as
these, our city is destined to be largely increased in population and wealth.
To all the material advantages enjoyed by the city of Nashville, may be add-
ed its healthful location and its refined, cultivated, moral and religious society.
Tears, and even age^ have demonstrated that it is subject to no prevailing
disease, or epidemic, and its statistics of mortality will compare advantageously
with those of any city. North or South.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1.— THE RICE PROSPECT— THE PRESENT CROP.
It is estimated that the large district tributary to Georgetown, S. C, which
ordinarily produced 60,000 tierces will not exceed this year 12,000 tierces. The
Cooper Kiver district will not go beyond 8,000 tierces. The Charleston
News says of th^ rest of the State and of the prospects in Georgia and North
Carolina :
To the south lie the Pon Pon rice fields, on the Edisto River, at which point
there is but little land in cultivation ; the Ashepoo rice fields, where we learn
there are some excellent crops, and the Combahee River plantations. In this
region lies the elegant estate of Jehossee Island, belonging to the Hon. Wm.
Aiken. The yield of this district the present season is estimated at about
100,000 bushels, equal to 6,000 tierces.
It is stated that there are some good crops on the South Carolina side of the
Savannah River, and that Mr. Daniel Heyward has here a superior show of rice,
which he has made by the most untiring effort and skillful management, and
that he will be able to send to market 60,000 bushels. It is estimated that
Charleston will get from this source about 100,000 bushels, equal to 5,000
tierces clean rice.
We have no certain intelligence from Georgia, but if we estimate the yield
there at one-third that of South Carolina, the rice crop of South Carolina and
Georgia for the present year will give the following result:
BSfTIMATX OF THE RICE OEOP VK SOUTH OABOUITA AXD OIOBGIA FOB 1866.
dean Bice,
Waccamaw, Pee Pee and Santee district 12,000 tierces.
Cooper River district 8,000 "
Pon Pon. Ashepoo, Combahee and vicinity « 6,000 "
Savannah Back River, amount to come to Charleston 6,000 *'
Crop of Georgia 8,000 "
Total 88,000 Uercea
There is, perhaps, a limited amount planted on Cape Fear River, in North
Carolina, and some inland rice produced in the interior ; the latter will, to a
certain extent, if the price keeps up, be brought to this market by railroad;
but the al)ove estimate will not be much changed by these elements. The
dangers now are an equinoctial gale and bad work during harvest.
To show our readei% the complete prostration of this branch of agriculture
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DEPABTMENT 07 KDUCATIOK.
429
by the war, we give the receipts at this point during the years 1859 and 1860,
and 1860 and 1861, and 1865 and 1866, and conjecturally for 1866 and 1867:
Tierces,
ReeeipU at Charleston from the let Sept 1869, to 81st Aug. 1860 154,970
ReceipU from Sept. Ist, 1860, to August Slst, 1861 126,269
Receipts from Sept Ist, 1866, to August Slst, 1866 4,026
Estimated for 1866 and '67 26,000
DEPARTMENT OF EDCCATION.
Iv this department it is our intention,
from time to time, to notice what is
being done by the large institutions of
learning in the South, and we shall al-
ways be happy to receive information
in regard to them :
1. University or Virginia. This time-
honored institution is again in full
tide of success, with a most able
faculty and a large attendance of
students. The catalogue which
was promised has not yet been
received.
2. "WAsniNGTON CoLLBOK (Lezlngtou,
Virginia) was founded in 1782.
The first endowment wa8 made to
it by George Washington, which
now yields |60,000 per annum.
The Cincinnati Society added to it
an amount now worth $23,000 per
annum. Very many valuable do-
nations have subsequently been
made. Mr. McCormick, of New
York, gave $16,000; Mr. Warren
Newcomb, of the same dty, $10,-
000 ; and Mr. R. Wilson, of Phila-
delphia, a valuable library — all
since the war.
General Robert E. Lee was elected
President of the College in 1866. There
were 146 students in 1866, and wiU
probably be 800 to 400 next year.
Session opens second Thursday in
September.
xxPK^rsKS :
Gollego feeis all items. $100
One modern langoage... 90
Two or more languages 80
Board per month $16 to $26
There are schools of Latin. Greek,
Modem Languages, Moral Philoso-
phy, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy,
Chemistry, History, and Literature,
Law, Engineering, etc., with an able
and well-^ected corps of professorSi
faculty:
Qen. B. £. Lee. President
Garter J. Harria, Professor of Latin.
James J. White, Profensor of Oreek.
Sdward 8. Jojnea, A.lf., Professor of Mod-
ern Languages and English Philology.
Bev. J. A. Lefevre, A.M., Professor of
Moral Philosophy.
Alexander L. Nelson, A.M., GiDdnnati Pro-
fessor of Mathematics.
William Allan, A.M., Professor of Applied
Mathematics.
Richard S. McOalloh, A.M., McGormlok Pro-
cessor of Natural Philosophy.
John L. Campbell, A. M., Boblnson Profes-
sor of Ghemistrv.
Hon. John W. Brockenbrongh, LL D., Pro-
fessor of Law and Equity.
8. Thb llNivKRsrrY of Soma Caboli-
WA — Columbia. This institution
of learning was established by an
act of the General Assembly in
1801, as the South Carolina Col-
ic^ ; and was opened for the ad-
mission of students in 1806. By
a recent act of the Legislature it
has been changed into a Univer-
Mty. The prospectus issued by
its Faculty will show the nature
and extent of the means at its
command, for a comprehensive
and thorough education.
There are eight distinct schools, from
which students may select, to wit : Po-
litical Economy, Prof. R. W. Barnwell,
Chairman of Faculty; Ancient Lan-
guages, Prof. W. J. Rivers; Modem
Languages and Literature, Prof. ;
Rhetoric, Criticism, Elocution, and
English Literature, Prof. M. Laborde ;
Mental and Moral Philosophy, Sacred
Literature, etc.. Prof. J. L. Reynolds;
Mathematics, Civil and Military Engi-
neering, Prof. E. P. Alexander; Natural
and Mechanical Philosophy and Astro-
nomy, Prof. John Le Conte ; Chemirtry,
Pharmacy, Mineralogy and Geology,
Prof. Joseph Le Conle.
First term commences first Monday
in January ; second opens first Monday
in October.
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430
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
EZPEN8K8 FOE TEAM I
Room rent and fees $40
Tuition each, for three or more schools. . . . 95
Taition each, for two or more schools 85
Tuition each, for one or more schools 00
Board, per week , 5
Fuel and wasliing extra.
4. UinvEBBriT of Geokoia.
SIXTYSIXTn ANNUAL SESSION.
FACULTY.
A. A. Lipscomb, D.D., Chancellor, Professor
of Criticism, Bhetoric, and Oratory.
P. H. M«ll, D.D., YioeChaDoellor, Professor
of Moral and Mental Philosophy and PoUtical
Economy.
Williams Ratherford, Jr„ A.M., Professor of
Mathematics and Civil Engineering.
W. H. Waddell, A. M., Professor of Ancient
iMffuages and Literatare.
W. L. Jones, M. D., Professor of Natural
Sciences, Chemistry, Geology, and Terrell
Professor of Agriculture.
W. Leroy Broun, A. M., Professor of Natu-
ral Philosophy and Astronomy.
L. H. Cbarbonnier, A. M., Adiunct Profes-
sor of Ancient Langusges and Erencfa.
J. Pembroke Jonea^ Adjunct Professor of
Mathematics.
FKOFKS9IONAL RCnOOLS.
Hon. J. H. Lumpkin, LL.D., Professor of
Law.
Professor of Civil Engineering to be filled.
sneioNS Ain> tkbms.
The second term, beginning Febru-
ary 15th, 1866, will cloee with Com-
mencement, firat Wednesday in Aa-
goat, 1867.
BXPEN8B8 — BSTIMATE.
For tuition, etc, per annum. $75.00 to tiUM
For board on Campus, for 9^ •
months, at $20, or. In town,
at$26 l»0.00to «T^
For washing, fuel, lights.... 88.00 to 50.00
$998.00 to isiniso
SCHOOL OF CIVTL KNOIIfEXRS.
This school, which is a new feature
in the institution, is designed to be a
professional school, in which young
men will be carefnlly and thoroughly
trained both in the theory and prac-
tice of Civil Engineering. The course
of study will embrace 0^ Departmeata
of Surveying, Levelii]^, Statics, Plat-
ting, Topographical Drawing, Field
Work, etc. It a stadent is familiar
with the rudiments of Mathematics, It
will require but two years for him to
complete this course.
Terms — One hundred (100) dollars
for the annual session of nine months.
JOUSNAL OF THE WAR.
RePBESRNTING TBI VIEWS AND OPINIONS WHICH OBTAINEI^, AND THE COKl>ni0X
of thinqs which existed at the dats of each day's entbt, in teob ck>nfedeaatb
States, or in portions of thkm; the obioinal bntrieb^ with subseqitsnt
NOTES, ETC. — (Continued.)
BT THE EDITOR. 1862.
** Oh, who that shared them ever shall forget
Th' emotions of the spirit-rousing time " ?
Scott's Lord of the Isles.
" Now Civil Wounds are stopped— Peace lives again.'*
RiCHABD III., Act V., Sc IV.
e « e « e •
** My paramount object Is to save tho TJoioiL
and not either to save or destroy slavery. If
I ooald save the Union without fireeing any
slaves I wonld do it, and if I could save it by
it; andlfl
News comes that General Armstrong,
on the 80th August, attacks the enemy
at Bolivar, Tennessee, and took large
numbers of prisoners — also, that we
have had a great victory in Virginia,
over Pope and Banks.
The enemy were driven the same
day from Stevenson, after four hours
shelling, and the people received our
soldiers witli open arms and great
rejoicing. Lincoln has written and
publish^ the following letter. It is
very refined logic :
freeing all the slaves^ I would do J .
coold save it by Ageing some and leaving oth*
ers alone, I would also do that. What I do
about slavery and the colored nioe I do be-
cause I believe it helps to save the Union ;
and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not
believe It would help to save the Union. I
shall do less whenever I shall believe that
what I am doing hurts the oause ; and I shall
do more whenever I believe doin g more will
help the cause. I shall correct errors when
shown to be errors, and I shall adopt new
views so fhst as they shall appear to be true
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JOUBNAL or THE WAB.
431
Tlawa. I have here stated my porpoee accord'
log to my Tiew of daty, and I Intend no modl-
fieation of my oft^xpreMed personal wish
that all men everywhere eoold be free.
Yoors, A. LniocLH.
TAEnra the oath of allegiance.
FsoTOST Max8iial'*b Omcs, )
Nkw OBLBAm, La., Ane. ft, 186S. )
In obedience to ynar **.BDeelarordeni^ I here-
with transmit a statement of the number of
men subscribed to the "* alien oath,"^ and the
oath of allegiance to the United States.
JoHAS H. Fbbkoh,
ProToet Karsbal of New Orleans.
Citizena, Aliens.
ProrostConrt 8,695 128
Mayor'sOffloe 175 47
Provost Marshars Office, N.O. 6,198 2,087
Prorost Marshars Office, Algiers 208 188
First District Police Station 827 —
Second District Police Stotion 275 40
Third District Police Station 670 54
Ibnrth District Police Station 185 10
Total liilS 2^59
^ 2,499
Aggregate 14,222
Parole oath to officers and soldiav of the
C(»federate States service :
Privates.%. 44W8
Commissioned Officers 211
The above comes from a New Or-
letns paper. It is no doubt a great
exaggeration, and indudes women as
wellas men.
Wednksday. — Glorious news from
Virginia. General Lee telegraphs to
the President :
QBOTKTOir, Ang: 80, 10 P.M.— This army
achieved to-day, on the Plains of Manaasas, a
signal vlctonr over^the combined forces of
Gens. McClellan and Pope.
On the SSth and 29th, each wing, under
Generals Loiwatreet and Jackson, repnlsed
with valor the attacks made upon tnem sepa-
rately.
We moam the loss of oar callant dead In
every conflict, yet our flpratltnde to Almighty
God for His mercies rises higher each day.
To Him and|to the ralor of omr troops a.NaUon^s
grstitnde is due.
(Signed) R. E. Lk&
The enemy are eyacnatiog Western
Virginia, and its people are coming
over to the Coofederacy. Unionists in
Fairfax and other neighboring counties
of Virginia, frightened out of their
wits by the movements of Stuart, are
msMng to Washington in hot haste.
Stuart occupies Manassas Junction.
Pope publishes a ridiculous report of
the operations against Longstreet on
the 29th, in whidi he claims the yic-
tory.
The Yankees shell Natchez for a short
time— ita citizens having killed or driven
off a party of Rebs, who had attempted
depredations upon them.
Thubsdat. — The news /or to-day
published out of place, page 881, Sep-
tember number of Review.
Friday. — Deceived again. Our army
has not even yet reached the Potomac.
Extra* session of Kentucky Legisla-
ture will meet at Louisville, since the
Confederates have taken Frankfort, or
rather since it was abandoned by the
Federals.
Fredericksburg, Virginia, is evacua-
ted.
THE BATTLE-FiELD— FEDERAL LOSSES.
Alexandria, Va., Sept 2.— The dead,
the dying and the wounded still crowd
the streets of Alexandria. Thoosands
have already been sent to the hospitals
in Washington and to the cities of the
North. Ten, fifteen, twenty thousand,
will hardly cover our loss in the late bat-
tles. From an officer of high character,
and who participated in all the battles of
last week, I learn that our dead are ac-
tually Ijing in heaps by the side of the
Orange and Alexandria Railroad, near
Manassas Junction, and fill the ditches
around the forts erected bv Beauregard.
The proportion of the dead will outnum-
ber those of any other battles during the
war. Rebel and national soldiers he to-
§ ether, with their bayonets locked in the
eath-grapple. But few of these dead
have ^'et been buried. Their bodies lie
festenng in the sun, and the rebel army,
in their eagerness to follow up their vic-
tory, will not take time to cast a few
sbovelfulls of earth over them.
Our army baa again fallen back— this
time almost within the forts around
Washington. The body of Gen. Kearney
was this morning sent to our lines under
a flag of truce. It was not recognized
uutilafter daylight, and the rebels, in or-
der to compel us to admit that they occu-
pied the battle-ground, generously gave
It up.
THE APPROPRlA'nONS MADE BY THE
LAST FEDERAL CONGBESS.
The recapitulation of the appropria-
tions made by the last session of the Fed-
eral Congress is as fo!low8 :
For legislatire, exeentive, and
miscellaneous purposes. $18,997,504 60
For suppport of Army for 1862, 238,543,488 11
For support of Navy for 1862,. 88,486,294 04
Fur diplomatic and consular
expenses, 1,285,809 84
For Army for 1862 and 1868. . . 542.846,846 tO
For Navy for 1662 and 1868,.. 42,741,888 41
For Indian Department 2, 1 17,962 04
For Post-Office Department. . 14,744,800 04
For Military Academy, 156,211.000 00
For Fortifications, 7,085,000 00
For Invalid and other pensions 1,450,000 00
For Treaty with Hanover,. . . . 44,497 00
Total $894,904,972 84
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482
JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
SatubdaXi 6th Sept. — Confederatefl
under Gen. Armstrong rout the enemy
noaf Denmark, Tennessee ; took 200
prisoners and burned the bridges be-
tween Bolivar and Jackson.
President Davis sets apart a day for
Thanksgiving; on account of the great
victories in Virginia. The President is
very devout, and recently made a pub-
lic profession of religion.
A Confederate >vnr steamer lias at
last made her appearnce in our waters.
She was built abroad, and ran the block-
ade at Mobile.
Our losses in Virginia are stated at
10,000,and theYankees admit to 17.000,
including a number of general officers.
They are reported evacuating Nash-
ville.
Secretary of "War reports that we
have Increased our stock of arms in tBe
last three months over 80,000 by cap-
ture, manufacture and importation.
We also produce 1500 pounds of nitre
a day, and will soon reach 3000 lbs. and
supply our consumption. The follow-
log Ballad appears.
EN BEVANCHEt
BT PATTL n. UATirS.
A Ballad <^fth« Present War. Faundsd on
FaeU.
I ramember that onoe I was hnioan and par* 1
Then loved ones came to my call,
And I dreamed, that denpite earth^s passion
and guilt,
Ood's mercy was over as all I
Bat Fm human no more! There^s blood,
blood, blood.
Wherever my vision mav fall I
There^s blood on the heartnatone^ blood in the
sky,
And blood on the temple wall.
And my brain grows hot with the bamlng
tbouffht
Of my fatr young daaghtor defiled.
Of her mother dashed to earth and slain.
As she struggled to shield her child.
And my brain grows hot with the bamlng
thought
That, manacled, boand, oppressed,
I saw it all, with a hand at my throat.
And a feion'a knee on my breast I
now did I bear it? Halhalgoaak
The vnlturcs that feed on the slain.
From the red mvioea of the wild Southwest
To the waves of the Eastern uuilo.
In the lone m4M«ss where the panther and fox
Bnarl over their mangled prey.
In city and hamlet, field, monntaia and wood.
Tea t ever by night and by day.
I am tracking the fiends who mnrdered my
And overtaking them, one by < .
Oh, €k>d I bat whenever I bring them to bay,
Ask not of the deed that Is done 1
Here t look on my sabre I ^tis coated with gore
For its strokes were sodden and fell :
Bat it shall not be sheathed while the Master
Fiend
lives yet nndalmed of Hell.
That Devil who'whelmed my dangfat«r In shams
While manacled, boand, oppressed,
I writhed with a rnfllan hand at my throat,
And a mffiaa knee on my breast.
He may cronch in the darkest care of the
earth,
Yet ril tear him oat from his den,
And ril feast my eyes on the blood of his
heart.
Were he l>acked by a thonsand i
at
Then away, to my doom! wbtresoever a
** Hope,"
The '*foriomest" speeds to the strife.
My breast shaU be bared to the fire and the
steel,
For Vm. sick to my soul of life I
Sunday. — No reliable rumorei. 8000
returned Confederate prisoners have
reached Vicksburg, and will be organ-
ized, with others that may come in, un-
der Gen. Tilghman, and perhaps dem-
onstrate upon New Orleans.
Monday. — An error. The prisoners
have not yet reached Vicksburg* and
much anxiety is felt.
2 P. M. — ^The moet extraordinary
news reaches us by telegraph, and
though on seemingly good authority,
we hesitate to believe it.
It is published, it is said, at Oairo,
that Eirby Smith, after a rapid march,
had taken Lexington, Covington, and
Newport, Kentucky, and compelled the
surrender of Cincinnati without a blowf
Jackson's reported marching upon
Baltimore with 40,000 men, and Pope's
whole column is falling back upon
Waahington, where the greatest ex-
citement preTails, as it does all over
the North.
Bueirsarmy, on the retreat, has pass-
ed Murfreesboro', en route to Nashville.
The whole of Middle Tennessee is in
a blaze, having the foot of the oppress
sor removed from their necks.
The news of the day appears in an
extra with this heading. (Such are
war's rumors) :
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
433
BY TELEGRAPH.
"WHEN IT RAINS IT POURS."
GRAND AND GLORIOUS 1
Three Thousand Cheers for Kirby Smith !
KIKBY SMITH FOREVER!
NEWPORT AND COVINGTON ARE OURS I
CINCINNATI IS OURS!
HURRAH FOR OLD STONEWALL!
HB HAS GONB TO MARTLAKD !
GEN. LEE STILL VICTORIOUS!
Tuesday. — Noihiug: received con-
firmatory of the exciting newa of j*es-
tt-rday, which was almost generally
credited, having coine through North-
ern sources with so much cirpumstan-
tial detail. We cannot believe th«
Yankees even when speaking against
themselves.
It must, however, be regarded as ex-
tremely probable that Lexington, Cov-
ington and Newport are ours, and that
Jackson has crossed the Potomac.
Wbdnesdat.— No news again. Some
rumors that Louifeville has been taken,
or evacuated, and that Memphis will
be.
A part of Gen. Breckinndge's forces
left Jackson to-day for Kentucky.
Breckinridge has been ordered back
to his own State, and Beauregard is to
take command at Charleston.
President Davis' Proclamation invit-
ing another National Thanksgiving is
as follows. Extract:
" Once more u]>on the plains of Manas-
sas have oar armies been blessed by the
Lord of Boats with a triumph over our
enemies. It is my privilege to invite jou
once more to His footstool, not now in
the garb of fasting and sorrow, but with
joy and gladness, to render thanks for the
ereat mercies received at His hands. A
rew mouths since, and our enemies pour-
ed forth their invading legions upon our
soil. They laid waste our fields, polluted
our altars, and violated the sanctitv of
our bomca. Around our capita) they
gathered their forces, and with boastful
VOL. XL-NO. IIL
threats claimed, it as already their prize.
The brave troops which rallied to its de-
fence have extinguished these vain hopes,
and, under the guidance of the same Al-
mighty hand, have scattered our enemies
and tlriven them back in dismay. Unit-
ing these defeated forces and the various
armies which bad been ravaging our
coa.sts with thearmy of invasion in North-
ern Virginia, our enemies have renewed
their attempt to subjugate us at the very
place where their first effort was defeat-
ed, and tlie vengeance of retributive jus-
tice has overtaken the entire host, in a
second and complete overthrow.
•* To this sienal success accorded to our
arms in the East has been graciously ad-
ded another equally brilliant in the West.
On the very day on which our forces were
led to victory on the plains of Manassas,
in Virginia, the same Almighty arm as-
sisted us to overcome our enemies at
Richmond, in Kentucky. Thus, at one
and the same time, have the two great
hostile armies been stricken down, and
the wicked designs of oar efiemiea set
at naught.
'* In such circumstances it is meet and
right that, as a people, we should bow
down in adoring tnankfuloess to that
gracious God who has been our bulwark
and defence, and to offer unto Him the
tribute of thanksgiving and praise. In
His hand are the issues of all events, and
to Him should we, in an especial manner,
ascribe the honor of this great deliver-
ance."
Wednesday. — ^Mach recent news from
the West unconfirmed. Nothing to-
day from any quarter.
PROCLAMATION OF GENERAL BMirfl TO THE
PEOPLE OF KPNTUCKT.
Ktntuchiana :—l am authorized by the
President of the Confederacy to organize
troops and issue commissions. I appeal
to you to make one effort for your prin-
ciples, for your institutions and for your
Slate; rally under your flag, organize
and muster your men in the cause of the
South.
Breckinridge, Buckner, and their brave
Kentuckians are on their way to ioin
you. Make one effort. Strike one blow,
and your State will be saved from Yankee
thraldom, and take a place in the van of
the Confederacy, where her institutions
and her principles rightfolly place her.
(Signed) Kirbt Smith,
Major-General, C. S. A.
Thursday. — Even , more glorious
news than of yesterday. Enemy, after
three successive engagements are rout-
ed by our forces near Richmond, Ken-
tucky, and several thousand prisoners
are captured, inclndiog Gen. Maneon
28
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484
JOURNAL OF THE WAR,
and staff. Thej had been re-enforced
by Gen. Nelson, who is reported wound-
ed. Kentuckians deserted from the
Federal ranks to ours. Enemy 10,000
strong. We are on the march to Lex-
ington.
Lord John Rnssell reproves Mr.
Seward and the conrse of the Federal
Government, by the remark, in his dis-
patch on the American difficulties, that
(in England) "perfect frtedofn to com-
ment upon all public eventt is the inva-
riable practice, sanctioned by law and
approved by the universal sense of the
nation.'' Confederate Secretary of the
Treasury estimates the expenses of the
Confederate States fortne last fiscal
year at $828,748,880.
Friday. — Many details of the great
batUes of the 28th, 29th, and 80th inVir-
ginia. Enemy reported as completely
routed, and our troops on the rapid
advance to Washing^n. The battle
of the 80th was od the old and classic
field of Manassas, and the rout was al-
most as complete. We have many
thousand prisoners, and immense stores
and arms. Slaughter of the enemy
very great, and many of their leading
generals reported killed or wounded.
Our lose also very heavy.
Richmond, 4.— Manassas, 80th, via Ra-
pidan, 4tb. The second battle of Manas-
sas has been fought precisely on the same
^ spot as on the 21st of July, 1861, with the
' exception that our troops occupied many
positions that the enemy occupied at that
time,and the Federals fought upon srouod
that had been held by us. Severalof our
reffiments entered the field where they
did a year ago.
The fiffht commenced near Groveton,
on the Warrenton turnpike, about three
o'clock. Loogstreet was on the right and
Jackson on the left— their line being in
the form of a broad Y— the enemy be-
tween.
The Federals made the first advance,
endeavoring to turn Jackson's flank, but
were repulMd in g^at confusion. A bat-
tery of twenty pieces of artillery, com-
manded by Col. S. D. Lee, of South Car-
olina, mowing them down by scores.
Longstreet at once threw forward
Hood's division and advanced his whole
line, which was in a short time desperate-
ly engaged.
Jackson now gave battle, and the ene-
my were attacked on every side.
The fight was fiercely contested until
after dark, when the Federals were driv-
eu three miles.
Their force consisted of McDoweirs,
Sigel's, Banks', MUroy's, McClsIIan's and
Pope's divisions.
The loss of the enemy exceeds the Con-
federates five to one. Their dead cover
the field.
Our men captured numbers of batteries,
numbers of colors, thousands of prison-
ers, from six to ten thousand stand of
arms, and could have taken more of the
latter, but the men would not be troubled
with them.
Gens. Ewell, Jenkins, Mahone and
Trimble are wounded.
Cols. Means, Marshall. Gadberry, of 8.
C, killed. Moore and licGowan wound-
ed. Maj. Del. Kemper severely wounded
in the shoulder. Capts. Tabb and Mitch-
ell, 1st Va., wounded. W. Cameron. Ad-
jutant 24th Va., and Adjutant Tompkins,
Hampton Legion, both wounded.
Fifty citixens of Washington came out
to see the show, and we have bagged the
whole lot. ^
Satubdat, Skptimbbr 18tb, 1863. —
Rumors again by telegraph, but being
so often deceived we luiow not what to
think.
It is now declared that our forces are
at the Relay House, 9 miles from Balti-
more, and that the citiaens have risen
upon their oppressors nnd taken pos-
session of the citT and fortificationai
It is also said that our forces are
entering Pennsylvania, near HanoTcr;
that Buell's army has left Nashville for
Louisville, and that the Governor of
Kentucky has called out M),000 thirty-
day men to repel our advances.
Sunday. — ^There is no room to doubt
that our forces in whole or part, have
crossed the Potomac and are reoeired
enthnsiasticaUy in Maryland.
It is said by telemph that we occu-
py Frederick, and that Jackson has had
a success over the Federals 16 miles
from Baltimore ; also that we took
many boats and large supplies on the
Chesapeake and Ohio canaL
Hbadquartiss, Abmt Northwbstbkk )
Va., Chantilly, September 3, 1862. )
Hi9 ExceUeney Jeferson Davie^
lYeH. Qm/ed. /Statet of Arnica:
Mr. President— My letter of the 80th
ultimo will have informed vour Excel-
lency of the progress of this army to
that date. Gen. Longstreet's division
havins arrived the day previous, was
formed in order of battle on the right of
General Jackson, who had been enga^
with the enemy since morning, resisting
an attack commenced on the 28th. The
enemy on the Iktter day was vigorously
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JOUBNAL OF THS WAB.
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repulsed, leariDg bis nnmerons dead and
wounded on the field. His attack on the
morning of the 29th was feeble, bat be-
came wanner in the afternoon, when he
was again repulsed hj^ both wings of the
armj. His loss on this dajr, as stated in
his pnbliahed report herewith enclosed,
amounted to 8,000 in killed and wounded.
The enemy being reinforced, renewed
the attack on the afternoon of the 80th,
when a general advance of both wings of
the army was ordered, and after a fierce
combat, which raged till after 9 o'clock,
k* was complete^ defeated and driTen
bs^ood Bull Run. The darkness of the
night, kie destruction of the Stone Bridge
after crossini^ and the uncertainty of the
fords, stopped the pursuit.
The next morning the enemy was dis-
oorered in a strong position at Centre-
▼ille, and the snnT was put in motion to-
wards tho Little River Turnpike, to turn
his right. Upon reaching Ox Hill, on
the 1st of September, he was ag^in dis-
covered in our front on the heights of
Oermantown, and about 5 P. M. made a
spirited attack upon the front and right
of our columns, with a view of appa-
rently covering the withdrawal of^ his
trains on the Gentreville road, and mak-
ing his retreat. Our position was main-
tained with but slight loss on both sides.
Major-General Kearney was left by the
enemy dead on the Aeld. During the
night the enemy fell back to Fairfax G.
H., and abandoned his position at Centre-
Tille. Yesterday about noon, he evacu-
ated Fairfax G. H.. takins the roads, as
reported to me, to Alexandria and Wash-
infftoD.
1 have, as yet, been unable to get offi-
cial reports of our loss or captures in
ibeee various engagements. Many gal-
lant officers have been killed or wounded.
Of the general oflBcers, Ewell, Trimble,
Taliaferro, Fields, Jenkins, and Mahone,
have been reported wounded. Cols.
Means, Marshall, Baylor, Neff, and Oad-
berry, killed. About 7,000 prisoners
hare been already paroled, about the
same number of small arms collected
from the field, and thirty pieces of can-
non captured, besides a number of wag-
ons, ambulances, Ac A large number
of arms still remain on the ground. For
want of transportation, TaTuable stores
bad to be destroyed as soon as captured,
while the enemy, at their various depots
are reported to have burned many mil-
lions of property in their retreat. « « «
Nothing could surpass the gallantry
and endurance of the troops, who have
cheerfully borne every danger and hard-
ship, both on the battle-fieul and march.
1 have the honor to be,
Yerj respectfully,
'Your most ob't sery't,
R. E. LEE, Gen'l.
Monday, 16th. — Leaye Jackson at 7
A. M. for Mobile ; a seyere storm of
wind and rain rages all the night and
the cars are not at all weather proof.
Got through safely howeyer. Pass on
the road an embankment said to be of
copperas, dug from the hill- sides. Thus
the war is deyeloping our resources in
eyery way.
TuBSDAT.— Reach Mobile to break-
fast. Great delight in reaching a seat
of comfort and civilization after endur-
ing Jackson for nearly three months.
The Battle House is a perfect luxury,
ordinary as it would be under other
circumstances. Scarcity reigns every-
where. Tea is worth $10 to $16 a
pound; coffee $1.76 to $2; flour $40
per barrel ; candles $2.60 per pound ;
soap $1 per pound ; bacon $1 : sugar
60 to 76c., &c„ Ac, ic. The wonder is
how the people liye, and yet there
seems to be no suffering.
Storm continues all day, and much
to our disappointment; are unable to
get any fartner on the way.
Wednesday. — ^The enemy haye stolen
a march on ub and destroyed some of our
cars on the Jackson and New Orleans
Railroad near Pontchitoulas. Per contra,
General Price has taken luka, on the
Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and
with it an immense amount of stores
and 200 prisoners. Loring has de-
feated the Yankees in 'Western Vir-
ginia, and Jenkins made a raid into
Ohio. Eentuckians are flocking to our
standard
Enemy's gunboats repulsed near the
mouth of St. Johns' river, Florida;
Bndl has returned to Nasbville in
force.
Thtjrsday. — ^Yankee papers of the
18th say that " Stonewall Jackson left
Baltimore and Washington to the right,
and is marching on HarrisburK. His
cavalry adyanoe is on eyery road, creat-
ing consternation ; it not being known
upon what point be will make a demon-
stration, Goyemor Curtln called on the
Mayor of Philadelphia to furnish 20,000
men in twelve hours for the defence of
the city."
This is a day of public thanksgiving
proclaimed by the President for recent
glorious successes to our arms.
Leaye at 2 P. M. for Mont^^omery.
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
Friday. — Should have reached Mont-
gomery at daylight, but the recent
storm which delayed us at Mobile
carried away some of the railroad
bridges and we do not reach Mont-
gomery until night.
General Jackson is reported to have
taken Harper's Ferry.
Satubday. — Lcnve at 7 A. M. Reach
Atlanta about dark. Jackson's victory
was glorious. Almost without a blow, he
is in possession <»f Harper's Ferry, hav-
ing captured immense stores, 16,000
stand of arms, nearly 12,000 prisoners,
and 2000 negroe", also 60 pieces of can-
non.
Cumberlnnd Gap is evacuated, bnt
our troops are in full pursuit of the
enemy.
Buell's army is in rapid retreat down
the Tennessee river.
ADDRSS8 OF OBN. LBB TO THB PBOPLB Or
MARYLAND.
The followino: address of Geo. Lee to
the people of Marvland, has been issued
from bis head-quarters at Frederick :
Ubad-quartkrs Army of Northbrn )
YiBQiNiA, Near Frederick Town, >■
September 8, 1852. )
To the RopU of Maryland:
It is right that jon should know the
purpose that has brought the army under
my command within the limits of your
State, so far as that purpose ooncema
yourselves.
The people of the Confederate States
hare long watchod, with the deepest
sympathy, the wrongs and outrages that
have been inflicted upon the citizens of
a Commonwealth allied to the States of
the South by the strongest social, politi-
•cal and commercial ties.
They hare seen, with profound indig-
nation, their sister State deprived of
.every right, and reduced to the condition
of a conquered province.
Under the pretence of supporting the
Constitution, nut in violation of its most
valuable provisions, your citizens have
been arrested and imprisoned upon no
charge, and contrary to all forms of law.
The faithful and manly protest against
this outrage, made bv the venerable and
illustrious Marylanders, to whom, in
better days, no citizen appealed for right
in vain, was treated with scorn and con-
tempt. The government of your chief
city has been usurped by armed stran-
gers: your Legislature has been dissolv-
ed by the unlawful arrest of its members;
freedom of the press and of speech hare
been suppressed^ words have been de-
clared offences by an arbitrary decree of
the Federal Executive, and citizeoi
ordered to be tried by a military com-
mission for what they may dare to speak.
Believing that the people of Harjlaad
possessed a spirit too lofty to submit to
such a government, the people of the
South have long wished to aid jon in
throwing off this foreign yoke, to enable
you agam to enjoy the inalienable rights
of freemen, and restore independmce
and sovereignty to tout State.
In obedience to this wish our annj has
come among jou, and is prepared to assist
you with the power of its armn in regain-
iug the rights of which you Lave been
despoiled.
This, citizens of Maryland, is our mis-
sion, so far as you are concerned.
No constraint upon your free will is in-
tended—no intimidation will be allowed.
Within the limits of this army, at
least, Marylanders shall once more enjoy
their ancient freedom of thought and
speech.
We know no enemies amon^ yon, and
will protect all, of every opinion.
It is for you to decide your destiny,
freely and without constraint.
This army will respect vour choice,
whatever it may be, and while the South-
ern people will rejoice to welcome you to
your natural position among tbem, they
will only welcome you when you come of
your own free will.
R. £. LEE, Gen'l Command'g.
Sunday. — Kn route all day between
Augusta, Oa., which we leave at 7 A
M. for Winnsboro S. C, which we
reach at 8 1-2 P. M.
8,000 more of our exchanged prison-
ers have reached Vicksburg. They
are to be put under command of Gen-
eral Tighlman.
We have had another great battle,
and upon the soil of Maryuind, but the
facts are not received. It is only known
that we were successful
Monday. — Nothing more definite
from Maryland. The battle referred
to yesterday was very bloody, and im-
mense forces were engaged. The Fed-
erals seem to have made a very deter-
mined stand. It is a life and death
business with them now, and not a
moment is to be lost by either side.
We must drive them to the wall before
their new levies can be made avwlable.
Tuesday, 26th Skpt. — As usual, the
Yankee papers claim an overwhelming
victory in the recent fight at Sharps-
burg, Maryland. They represent im-
mense losses on our side, including the
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
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capture of our generals and forces. As
there U no definite news from Lee.
mach uneasiness and anxiety are bnt
natural. It is reported that our troops
have recrossed the Potomac, whioh
would seem an unfavorable augury.
The following will further exhibit
the Vandal character of llie enemy :
Ox Board thr U. S. Gon boat Essbx, )
Off Bayou Sara, Aug. 1 1 , 1862. f
To the Mayor of Bayou Sara, La. :
Sir — You will please immediately fur-
nish teams and drivers to supply my two
ships with coal, and the coal must be
brought to the wharf convenient to the
ships. If you don't comply, at your
hazard. It is necessary, or I will be
compelled to impose a heavy penalty on
your town. Yours very respectfully, and
obedient servant,
(Signed; W. D. PORTER,
Com'dg Div. U. S. Flotilla.
Mator's Opficb, Batou Sara, )
August 11, 1862. S
W. /). Ibrter, Oom. Div, U, S. FlotiUa:
Sir — Your communication of this date
has this moment been received, and I
hasten to reply. You must be aware that
the jurisdiction of the Mayor of Bayou
Sara is restricted to the limits of the
town of Bayou Sara. I have no author-
ity outside ef its limits ; and inasmuch
as the town of Bayou Sara is at the
mercy of your gunboats, I am, from a
sense of humanity, compelled to comply
with your demand, and shall consequent-
ly order out all the carts and wagons
within the limits of the corporation.
Very respectfully, your obedient ser'vt,
J. C. DOUGHERTY, Mayor.
Wkdnksdat. — Our anxieties are now
relieved. The battle of Sharpsbuig, on
the 17th, was one of the fiercest and
hardest contests of the war, and the
loss of life on both sides was fii^htfiil.
The entire strength of both armies ap-
peared to have been brought to bear.
Several of our Generals were killed or
wounded; among the former, Stark.
Manning and Branch.. Only a portion
of our forces recrossed the Potomac,
and for prudential reasons, and the
annjr is repre^^ented as in the best of
spirits and condition. Lee claims the
victory.
•* Stonewall " Jackson, on the 20th,
engaged the enemy again in Virginia,
and, with J»raall loss to himself, etfectu-
ally routed them.
Price, on the 19th, had a fight near
luka, Mil?., with about 8,000 of Rose-
ncrans's troop?, whom he repulsed —
though in much greater force than his
own — and took nine pieces of artillery
and 60 prisoners. He then drew off
with hi* captured stores. Confederate
Gen. Little killed.
From Missouri the news is, that the
State Guard, 50,000 men, and the Lieu-
tenant-Governor have declared for the
Confederate cause.
6**neral Buford addresses the people
of Kentucky :
I call yon to srms. Bally, and we will sas-
taln the sacoesses of those heroes whose
achievments have loosened the chains of op-
pression which have been riveted upon as
since March 4, 186L Eeotackians, your fath-
ers, brothers and sons have been dragged from
their homes,and are now oonfloed in loathsome
prisons at the will and pleasure of those des-
potic Vandals, whoso fool touch will never
again pollute this part of Kentucky's fair soil
The oavonet of the invader and tyrant was
presented to your breast at the ballot-box in
Angast last
Ton have been denied the freedom of the
press and speech. Yoa have been robbed (^
your property, and your slaves run off by the
cowardly enemy on his route from the capital
of the mate to the Ohio B! ver. Then can von,
in a moment Mice the present, forget all those
wrongs and acts of oppression, and remain
quiet in your lethargy ? You most answer
no I
I can equip, with the best of arms, thrown
away by the enemy in his retreat from Bioh-
mond, 20,000 men. I have wagons, mules and
horses marked Ui & sufficient to transport
such an army. 1 have in twenty -four hoars
recruited 8,000 men, and still thoy come. I
have all the cavalry Gen. Smith has author-
ized mo to raise.
lofkntry is the strong arm of the service,
and it is as Infantry that new levies of troops
can bo the sooner mode efficient. Then rally
as infantry. Seize your musket iu time to
take a hand in carrying the war into the eiie-
niy's own country.
All regiments of infantry reported to me
fh>m any part of the country will be mastered
into the Confederate service for three years or
during the war.
TuuRSDAT. — More and more evidences
that. Federal accounts of recent fights
in Maryland are the most atrocious
fabrications, and without a redeeming
feature.
Mumfordsviile, Kentucky, captured
by Gen. Bragg, with 6,400 prisoners.
Guerrillas captured a Federal train
in the vicinity of Nashv'dle. City not
evacuated, it would seem, by the
enemy.
The Lynchburg Viryininn of to-day
(24th) says, the Yankee column recent-
ly routed by Jackson, near Sheperds-
town, was commanded by Bumside.
Four brigades of the enemy rushed
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JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
across the rlrer, when Jackson prscipi-
Uted bis whole force upon them. The
enemy were literally mowed down — bo
many were killed that the stream was
almost Jammed np by their bodies.
About fifteen hundred prisoners were
taken, and of the whole force, estimated
at ten thousand, it is thought that not
more than two thousand escaped. The
casualties on our side were 250 killed,
wounded, and missing.
Fbiday. — Our advance upon Mary-
land has not developed the Southern
sentiment which was anticipated, but
on the contrary shows that the sym-
pathies of the main body of the people
are with the North. On this account
our occupation of the State becomes
donbtluL
Yankee loss at the battle of Sharps-
burg estimated at 10,600 ; Confederate,
5,000 ; both sides had many general
officers killed or wounded.
Federals said to have had 200,000 in
the fight.
Twnrrr-six PrromD Battlh.— ^Last rear
onr military operations were ofaaracterized by
an onaccoantable lassitude. There were only
four battles of Importance daring the cam-
paign—Manassas, Oak Hill, Belmont and Lees-
Durg. This year, on the oootrary, there has
been a rapid saccesaion of battles, which we
beUeve. is not eonalled in history. BInoe the
first or May, there have been twenty-six
pltdied battles, to say nothing of the naral
attacks on Yleksbarg and Dmry^s BlufTs, and
ihe enooanter between the Arkansas and the
enemy's fleet on the MiBsiasippt The follow-
ing is the series of battles:
OomriDaBATi Yictobiss. — Front Royal,
McDowell, Strasbqrg, Winchester, Cross Kevs,
Port Bepablic, Wiliiamsbnig, Barhamsville,
t*eTen Fines, Mechanlcsville, Qalnes' Mills,
8aTage*8 Station, White Oak swamp, Malvern
Hill, Cedar Bon, Bfanassas Junction, (Auf^ust
STth,) Manassas PUin^ (August 29tb,) Man-
asses Plains, (Augnst SOihj Murft^sboro,
C^Jrntbiana, Gallatin, Tazewell, Johnson's De-
feat Bichmond, Ky.
Yaivkrb YioTuKiBS. — LswisbuTg, Hanover
Ooort House.
Besides these, there have been a grevt manv
skirmishes and combats, in almost all vi which
the enemy haye been defeated.— i^icAmoiuf
VThiff.
Satubdat. — ^Lincoln, it is said, has is-
sued a proclamatioD,freeing the slaves of
rebel masters after 1st of January next.
Bragg is advancing upon Louisville,
which he has summonea to surrender.
Summons refuf»ed, and women and
children ordered out of the city.
(Proved untrue.)
Federals admit a dreadful slaughter
on their side in the battle of Sharps-
burg.
Our guerillas active against the ene-
my at Nashville.
Kirby Smith occupies Frankfort.
Georgetown, Cynthia, Falmouth, and
Williamstown, Kentucky. State arous-
ed ; 23,000 Keutuckians already repair-
ed to our standard (?) Buell in the
vicinity of Bowling Green.
Bragg has captured Green River
Bridge, Kentucky, and -8,500 prisoners.
Sunday. — ^No telegrams.
After all, we have i>een deceived, and
it is almost certain that onr w hole army
is on this side of the Potomac. Fare-
well to Baltimore. This settles forever
the question of aggpressive war, of which
so much ha^ been said. If we cannot
invade the Yankee land now, when can
we ? Never.
They b^in to concede now that they
gained no victory at Sharpsburg, bat
that it was only '* a drawn battle."
The affair at Shepardstown was
gpreatly exaggerated. Believed that
only 8,000 or 4,000 of the enemy were
involved in the disaster.
There has been fighting near Hdena,*
Arkansas, in which the Yankees suffer-
ed severely, and lost a large dumber
of prisoners.
HsAiHkirABTiBS Akht or KairnTCKT; \
Bichmond, Ky^ Aognst 80, 1861 )
Osneral & Coopsr, Adjutant and Inspsetor^
Gentraly C. S. Army^ Bichnumd^ Va.
Bib : It is mv great pleasure to annoanee to
you that Qod iim thrtoe blessed onr arms to-
day. After a forced march, almost day sad
night, for three days, oyer a mountain wilder-
ness, destitute alike of food and water, I found
the enemy drawn up in foree to oppose us, at
a point eight mites from this place. With less
than half my force I attacked and csrried a
very strons position at Mount Son Cbnreh.
after a hard tight of two hours. A^in. s ^11
better position at White*a Farm, in half an
hour, and finally, In thia town, Inst before
sunset, our indomitable troops deliberately
walked (they were too tired to run) op to s
msfrniflcent position, manned by ten tboosand
of the enemv, many of them perfectly fresh,
and carried It in fifteen minutes. It Is im-
possible for me now to giro you the exact re-
sulu of these glorious battlen Our loss Is
oomparatlvcly small: that of the enemy, many
hundred killed and wounded, aad soTenl
thousand prisoners. We have captured artil-
lery, smsll arms and wagona. Indeed, every-
thing indioutcs the almost entire snolhilatloa
of this force of the enemy. In the first two
battles they were commanded by Qeo. Man-
son ; in the last by Oen. Nelson.
e e e e e We haye large aambers of
adherenta here. ♦ ♦ ♦ I am, sin respeet-
ftiUy, your obedient serrant,
' ' E. KIEBT SMITH,
Mi^or-General Commanding.
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Monday. — Spend day in Columbia, S.
C, nothing new from any qnai ter.
Tuesday. — Even duller than yester-
day in r^ard to news ; it never rains
but it pours, and vice vema.
Reported that Bragg and Kirby
Smith have united their forces, which
ought to give us Louisville.
Lincoln's infamous proclamation is
received. Henceforth the war assumes
a new aspect, and mankind will be
shocked by the atrocities which it in-
vites. Nothing in history will furnish
a parallel. We have indeed fallen upon
fearful times. Our trust remains in
God and our cause.
BT TEE TVmXDMn OP TBI UVITID STATM A
PBOOLAMATIOH.
WASHoroToir, September SS, 1M9.
I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States of America, and Oommander-in-Chief
of the Armv and Navy thereof do hereby
proclaim ana declare that hereafter, as here-
tofore, the war will be proseoated for the ob-
jeet of practically restoring the constltational
relation between the United States and the
people thereof In which States that relation is,
or may be, snspeoded or disturbed; that it is
my purpose, upon the next meeting of Oon-
gresa. to agun recommend the adoption of a
practical measure tendering pecnniarv aid to
the free acceptance or rejection of all the slave
States, so- called, the people whereof may not
then be in rebellion against the United States,
and which States may then have voluntarily
adopted or thereafter may voluntarily adopt
the Immediate or gradual abolishment of slav-
ery within their respective limits ; and that
the efforta to colonize persons of African de-
scent, with their consent, upon the continent
or elaewbere, with the previously obtained
consent of the governments existing there,
win be continued ; that on the first day of
January, In the^year of our Lord one thousand
elffht hundred and sixty-three, all persons
held as slaves within any State, or any d<^8lg-
nated part <rfa State, the people whereof shall
then be In rebellion against the United States,
thall be tAsnc^rward and /oreeerfrM;
and the executive government of the United
Statea, including the military and nava! au-
thority thereof, will recognize and maintain
the freedom or such persons, and will do no
act or acts to repress such persons, or an v of
them, in any efTorts they rnfiy make for their
actual freedom ; that the executive will, on
the iSrat day of January aforesaid, by procla-
matioii, designate the States and parts of
Statea, if any. In which the people thereof re-
spectively shall then be In rebellion anilnst
the United SUtes; and the fact that any Sute,
or the people thereof, shall on that day be In
good iMth represented in the Congress of the
United States bv members chosen thereto at
elections wherein a minority of the qnaiifled
voters of such State shall nave participated,
shall, in the absence of strong countervailing
testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence
that snch State and the people thereof have
not been in rebellion against the United States.
And I do hereby enjoin upon and order all
persons engaged in the military and naval ser-
vice of the United States to observe, obey and
enforce within their respective spheres of ser-
vice tiie act and sections above recited.
And the Executive will in due time recom-
mend that all citizens of the United States
who shall have remained loyal thereto through-
out the rebellion shall (upon the restoration
of the constitutional relation between the
United States and their respective States and
people, if the relation shall have been sns-
pendea or disturbed) be compensated for all
losses by acts of the United Stutes, including
the loss of slaves.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my
hand and caused the seal of the United States
to be affixed. Absahak Liroolk.
Done at the City of Washington, this
twenty-second day of September, in the year
of our Lord ene thousana eight hundred and
sixty-two, and of the independence of the
United States, the eighty-seventh. By the
President Wv. H. SawAan.
Secretary of 6tate.
"Wednesday, October, 1, 1862. —
Telegraphed firom Mobile that our war
steamer, the '' No 290 " so called, has
captured at the mouth Of the Missis-
sippi, a Yankee yessel with General
Phelps and Ck>mmodore Porter aboard.
Too good to be true, and it is not
Thuesdat, Oct. 2. — News very unim-
portant. Our (urmy rests on the banks
of the Potomac. We must have lost, in
killed, wounded and prisoner?, in the.
recent invasion of Maryland, 10,000
men, and the Yankees 20,000.
Bragg has not yet reached Louis-
ville. He has lost his opportunity,
most likely, and that city is safe to the
Federals.
Feiday, Oct. 8. — ^The Yankee army
has crossed the Potomac again, and
Gen. Lee is awaiting their advance.
We may expect another great battle in
a few days, if this be so.
Enemy has occupied War ronton,
Ya., and taken our hospital. Demon-
strations again expected upon the James
River.
Our guerrillas operate within three
miles of Nashville. Bull Nelson has
been killed at Louisville.
Satueday. — A ppecial dispatch to
xUe Advertiser aftd Kem»tei\ dated Jack-
son 2d, says Butler has i^ued order
No. 76, requiring all persons in New
Orleans, male or female, 18 years of
age or upwards, who sympathize with
the Confederacy, to report themselves
by the Ist of October, with descriptive
lists of their property, real and person-
al; and if they renew their allegiance
they are to be recommended for par-
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don ; if not, they will be fined and im-
prisoned, and their property confiscat-
ed. The police of the city are charged,
with the duty of seeing that every
householder enrolls his property in
their respective districts^
Sunday. — More mmors of foreign
intervention, and of an expedition
againsit Savannah or Mobile.
A PATRIOTIC SONG FBON ACROSS THB WATERS
We have been favored wiih a copy of
the following beautiful, soul-stirriog
hues, from the gifted pen of Mrs. Ellen
K. Blunt, daughter of the late Francis
Key, the well-known author of the *^ Star
Spangled Banner," to whom and his song
a touching allusion is made in the second
stanxa. Accompanying the lines is a
model of a national flag, in which thir-
teen stars, equal to the number of the
thirteen States, are arranged in the form
of a cross on a blue ground, the red and
white ban being disposed as at present
THV SOTTTHSSK 0B088.
In the name of God I Amen I
Stand for our Sontbem rights I
Over ye, Southern men,
The God of Battles fights I
FIf ng the invaders hr^
TLvltX back their work of woe :
The voice is the voice of a brotoer,
But the hands are the hands of a foe.
They come with a trampling sfmy,
Invadiog our native sod.
Stand, Southerns t fight and conquer I
In the name of the mighty Qod I
Tbcv are singing our song of triumph,
which was made to make us free,
While they're breaking away the heart>8tring6
Of our nation^a harmony.
Sadly it floats th from us,
Sighing oVr land and wave,
Till mnte on the lips of the poet,
It sleeps in his Southern grave.
Spirit and song departed I
Minstrel and minstrelsy \
We mourn thee, heavv-hearted.
But we will, we shall be trcn I
They are waving our flag above ns
With a despot's tyrant will.
With our blood they have stained its colors.
And call it holy still.
With teorfal eyes, bnt steady hand.
We'll tear its stripes apart.
And fling them like broken fetters
That may not bind the heart
Bat weMl save oar stars ot eh>i7»
In Xhe might of i he sacred sign
Of him who has fixed furever
Our Southern cross to shine.
Stand, Southerns t stand and conquer t
Solemn and strong and sure t
The strife shall not be longer
Than Ood shall bid endnre.
By the life whieh only yesterdav
Came with the infant's breath t
By the feet which ere the rnorn moy
Tread to the soldier's death t
By the blood which cries to Heaven r
Crimson upon our sod I
Stand, Southerns, stand and conqnerl
In the name of the mighty God I
Pabis, im.
Monday. — No news. Some more
counterfeits of confederate money dis-
covered. These are now so well exe-
cuted that it is diflScult to distingui^
them from the genuine. Notes to the
value of $ 100,000,000 are therefore call-
ed in by the Government. It causes mach
uneasiness and embarrassment. Our
people, however, will march forward in
spite of all, and preserve their glorious
liberties.
Tuesday. — Van Dorn telegraphs from
Corinth, Miss., that he has driven the
enemy from every position there, and
that, with great loss on both sides, he
has had a glorious saccess.
Northern Missouri is almost entirely
in possession of Soothem adherents.
Wednesday, Bth Oct. — Start for Mis-
sissippi on government bnsinessi
Van Dorn has l>een completely de-
ceived by the enemy, who have fallen
upon him with overwhelming force, and,
it is believed, scattered and destroy^
a lai^e portion of his army.
He is either very unlucky or very
incompetent The public think md
latter.
Thursday. — Spend day in Charles-
ton. It rains hard, and see but little
of the city. Examine the gnu-boats,
which seem nearly completed, and visit
the old battery. City very deserted.
News from Van Dorn; puts every-
body in the blues, and the worst fears
are held fur Mississippi
GEN. LEE TO HIS TROOPS.
Ubai>-qdartbbs Army of Northrbk I
Virginia, October 2d, 1862. f
General Orders, i
No. il«. f
In reviewing the achievements of the
army during the present campaign, the
Commanding General cannot withhold
the expression of his admiration of the
indomitable courage it has displayed in
battle, and its cheerful endurance of pri-
vation and hardship on the march.
Since your great victories around Rich-
mond, vou have defeated the enemy at
Cedar Mountain, exnelled him from the
Rappahannock ; and, after a conflict of
three davs, utterly repulsed him on the
plains or Mannasses, and forced him to
take shelter withiu the fortifications
aroiind his capital.
Without halting for repose you crossed
the Potomac, stormed the heights of
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HarpePs Ferrj. made prisoners of more
than eleven thousand men, and captured
upwards of seventy pieces of artillery,
all their fimall arms, and other munitions
of war.
While one corps of the armj was thus
engaged, the otner insured its success
by arresting at Boonsboro' the combined
armies of the enemy, advancing under
their favorite general, to the relief of
their belea^ner^ comrades.
On the field of Sharpsburg, with less
than one-third his numbers, you resisted,
from daylight until dark, the whole armv
of the enemv, and repulsed every attack
along his enlire front, of more than four
miles in extent
The whole of the following day you
stood prepared to resume the conflict on
the same ground, and retired next morn-
ing, without molestation, across the
Potomac.
Two attempts, subsequently made by
the enemy, to follow you across the river,
have resulted in his complete discomfit-
ure and being driven back with loss.
.Achievements such as these demanded
much valor and patriotism. History re-
cords few examples of greater fortitude
and endurance than this army has ex-
hibited ; and I am commissioned by the
President to thank you iq the name of
the Confederate States foi^ the undying
fame you have won for their arms.
Much as you have done, much more re-
mains to be accomplished. The enemy
again threatens us with invasion, and to
your tried valor and patriotism the coun-
try looks with confidence for deliverance
and safetv ; vour past exploits give as-
surance that this confidence is not mis-
placed. R. E. LEE,
Genl Commanding.
Fmdat, lOrn Oct. — Travel through
Georgia to day ; cars crowded with
sick and wounded soldiers, and much
of the time cannot obtain a seat.
News more favorable from Corinth.
Our defeat not so bad as anticipated.
£nemy*8 force twice as numerous and
strongly fortified; our troops fought
with desperate valor.
Saturday. — Part of the day In Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Confederates inaugurated Richard
Howes as Governor of Kentucky, and
he is installed by Bragg's army with
great eclat at Frankfort.
Van Dorn's army is concentrating at
Holly Springs, and with its re-enforce-
ments will soon be stronger than be-
fore. It is believed that 2,000 will
cover the entire list of killed, wounded
and prisoners on our side. The Yankee
account is as follows :
Corinth, Miss., October 4.
7b Major-Oeneral U. S. Grant :
Your dispatch is received, telling me to
follow the rebels.
This morning Price made a fierce and
determined attack on our right. Van
Dorn and Lovel on our left. The contest
lasted until half-past eleven o'clock, and
was very deadly to the enemy. They
drove in our center— some of them pene-
trated to the Corinth House. Hamilton,
whose left wis on the main line of their
attack, maintained his ground in all but
one spot, and making an adrance, secur-
ed the center • with two first-rate regi-
ments. Col. Sullivan gave us time to
bring batteries into action, and saved the
dav on that side.
Van Dorn and Lovell made a most de-
termined attack on the extreme right, on
the Chewalla road ; they were led to the
attack through the abattis — two of them
reached the ditch, the other two stopped
not fifty paces from it. All that grape
and canister could do was tried, but
when it reached this point a charge waa
ordered, when it became a race between
the 27th Ohio and the 11th Missouri. This
was too much for the staggered columns
—many fell down and held up their
hands for mercy. They are badly beaten
on both fronts— left their dead and wound-
ed on the field, and are in full retreat
Our loss, though severe, especially in
otficerSj is nothing like that of the enemy.
Brigadier-General Hackleman fell bravely
fighting at the head of his brigade yester-
day, shot through 4he iugular vein.
Colonels Kirby, Smith, Gilbert and Mow-
er wounded, not mortally ; General
Oglesby dangerously. The number killed
I cannot tell. Their killed and wounded
are strewn along the road for five miles
out, where they had a hospital.
We have between seven hundred and
one thousand prisoners, not counting
wounded. McPherson has reached here
with his force. We move at daylight in
the morning.
W. S. ROSECRANS.
Major-General.
Lincoln's emancipation proclamation
has induced t^e determination to resort
to extreme measurt-s of retaliation, and
it is proposed in Congress to raise the
black flag. Various rf>solutionB are
offered looking to this end.
The judiciary committee, to which was
referred a resolution in reference to the
question of retaliation under Lincoln's
late proclamation of emancipation, pre-
sented the following as the report gene-
rallv concurred in by the committee :
Whirea$y These States, exercising a
right consecrated by the blood of our
revolutionary forefathers, and recognized
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JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
as fuDdamentAl io the Americftn system
of goyernmeni, which is based on the
consent of the governed, dissolved the
compact which united them to the North-
ern States, and withdrew from the Union
created by the Federal Constitution ;
and whereas, the jBCovemment of the
United States, repudiating the principle
on which its founders, in their solemn
appeal to the civilized world, justified the
American revolution, commenced the
8 resent war to subjugate and enslave
lese^ States, under the pretext of re-
pressing rebellion and restoring the
Union ; and whereas, in the prosecution
of the war for the past seventeen months
the rights accorded to belligerents bj
the usages of civilized nations have been
studiously denied to the citizens of these
States except in cases where the same
hare been extorted by the apprehension
of retaliation and by the adverse fortune
of the war ; and whereas, fh>m the com-
mencement of this unholy invasion to
the present moment the invaders have in-
flicted inhuman miseries on the people of
these States, exacting of them treasona-
ble oaths, subjecting unarmed citizens,
women, and children, to confiscation,
banishment and imprisonment ; burning
their dwelling-houses, ravaging the land,
plundering private proper^, murdering
men for pretended offences, encouraging
the abduction of slaves by government
ofScials and at ^rovernment expense, pro-
moting servile msurrection by tampering
with slaves and protecting them io resist-
ing their masters, stealing works of art
and destrojring public libraries, encour-
aging and inviting a brutal soldiery to
commit outrages on women by the un-
rebuked orders of military commanders,
and attempting to ruin cities by filling
up the entrance to their harbors with
stone ; and whereas, in the same spirit
of barbarous ferocity, the government of
the United States enacted a law entitled
" An act to suppress insurrection and to
prevent treason and rebellion, to seize
and confiscate the property of rebels, and
for other purposes :** and has announced
by a proclamation issued by Abraham
Lincoln, the President thereof, that in
pursuance of said law, '^ en the 1st day
of January, 1863, all persons held as
slaves within any State or designated
part of a State, the -people whereof shall
be in rebellion against the United States,
shall be thenceforward and forever free,"
and has hereby made manifest that the
conflict has^ceased to be a war as recog-
nized among civilized nations; and on
the part of the enemy has become an in-
vssioo of an organized horde of murder-
ers and plunderers, breathing hatred and
revenge for the numerous defeats sus-
tainea on legitimate battle-fields, and de-
termined it possible to exterminate the
loyal population of these States, to trans-
fer their property to their enemies, and
to emancipate their slaves, with the
atrocious oesign of adding servile in-
surrection and the massacre of families
to the calamities of war ; and whereas,
justice and humanity require this gov-
ernment to endeavor to repress the law-
less practice and designs of the enemy
by inflicting severe retribution, therefore,
The Oonortat of the OonJedtraU Stata
do enact. That on and after the 1st day of
January, 1868, all commissioned and non-
commissioned officers of the enemy, ex-
cept as hereinafter mentioned, when cap-
tured, shall be imprisoned at hard labor,
until the termination of the war, or until
the repeal of the act of the United States,
hereinbefore recited, and until otherwise
determined by the President.
2d. Every person who shall act as a
commissioned or non-commissioned offi-
cer, commanding negroes or mulattoes
against the Confederate States, or who
shall arm, organize, train, or prepare
negroes or mulattoes for military ser-
vice, or aid them in any military enter-
prise^against the Confederate States, shall,
if captured, suffer death.
8d. Every commissioned or non -com-
missioned officer of the enemy who shall
incite slaves to rebellion, or pretend to
give them freedom under the aforemen-
tioned act of Congress and proclamation,
by abducting them^ or causing them to be
abducted, or inducing them to abscond,
shall, if captured, suffer death.
4th. That every person charged with
an offense under this act shall oe tried
by such military court as the President
shall direct, and, after conviction, the
President may commote the punishment
or pardon unconditionally or on such
terms as he may see fit
5. That the President is hereby au-
thorized to resort to such other retalia-
tory measures as in his judgment may
be best calculated to repress the atrocities
of the enemy.
SoNDAT. — ^Tho country people are
making excellent cloth, shoes, blan-
kets, hats, and almost everything
necessary, but are doing without su-
gar, tea, coffee, Ac. It is wonderful
what a spar the war has given
to their Industry, and especially
the women, who are now all workers.
If cotton and wool cards oonld be had,
clothing woald be abundant, but they
are very scarce, and worth $20 per
pair.
Monday.— Most of the day in Mo-
bile. Active preparations for defense,
and early attack expected. There is
to be no surrender. In this sentiment
all concur. There are many fortifica-
tions in the bay which are passed by
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our steamers. City healthy, and it is
remarkable that the eotire Sonth, with
the exception of Wilmington, has es-
caped yellow fever the present sum
mer, and even New Orleans, which is
loll of Yankee soldiers.
Federal accounts report Bragg as
retreating from Kentucky, pursued by
Buell
ADDKXS8 or TBK GOVERNORS TO THK
PRESIDENT.
Address to the President of the United
States, Adopted at a Meeting of the
Governors of the Loyal States to Take
Measures for the More Active Support
of the Government, held at Aitoona,
Peoosjlvania, September 24, 1862.
WAsmNQToy, October 2, 1862.
After nearlv one jear and a half spent
in contest with an armed and gigantic
lebellion against the national Govern-
ment of the United States, the duty and
purpose of the loyal States' people con-
tinue, and must always remain as they
were at the origin, viz : to restore and
perpetuate the authority of this Govern-
ment and the life of the nation, no mat-
ter what consequences are involved in
our fidelity. Nevertheless, this work of
restoring the Republic, preserving the
institutions of democratic liberty, and
justifying the hopes and toils or our
fathers, shall not fail to be performed ;
and we pledge, without hesitation, to the
President of the United SUies, the most
loyal and cordial support, hereafter as
herefotore, in the exercise of the functions
of his (B^eat office. We recognise in him
the Chief Executive Magistrate of the na-
tion, the commander-in-cbief of the army
and navy of the United States ; their re-
sponsible and constitutional head, whose
rightful authority and power, as well as
the constitutional power of^ Congress,
must be vigorouslv and religiously jguard-
ed and preservea, as the condition on
which alone our form of government and
the constitutional rights and liberties of
the people themselves can be saved fW>m
the wreck of anarchy or from the gulf of
despotism. In submission to the laws
which may have been, or which may be
duly enacted, and to the lawful orders of
the President, co-operating always in our
spheres with the national Goremment,
we mean to continue in the most vigorous
exercise of all our lawful and proper
powers, ooniending affainst treason, re-
oellion and the public enemies, and
whether in public life or in private sta-
tion, supporting the arms or the Union
until its cause shall con<^uer, until final
victory shall perch upon its standard, or
the rebel foe shall yield a dutiful, right-
ful and unconditional submission; and
impressed with the conviction that an
army of reserve ought, until the war
shall end, to be constantly kept on foot,
to be raised, armed, equipped and
trained at home, and ready ror emer-
gencies, we ask the President to call
For such a force of volunteers for one
year's service, of not less than 100,000 in
the a^^gregate, the quota of each State to
be raised after it shall have filled its quo-
tas of the requisitions already made for
volunteers and for militis. We believe
that this will be a measure of nulitary
prudence, while it would greatly promote
the military education of the people.
We hail with heartfelt gratitude and
encouraging hope the proclamation of
the President, issued on the 22d of Sep-
tember, declaring emancipated from their
bondage all persons held to service or
labor as slaves in the rebel States whose
rebellion shall, last until the first day of
January.
Tuesday, — Reach Jackson Miss., at
4 P.M. Trains, as usual, crowded with
soldiers and citizens. It is marvellous
everywhere how many people are trav-
eling. Everybody seems to be in mo-
tion and afloat. Thousands in this
way no doubt escape the army. Money
is abundant, and Uie most miraculous
prices are paid without a wry face.
On the route in many parts of South
Carolina and Georgia, the ladies in
large numbers come down to the cars
with baskets of refreshments and sub-
stantial food, wines and milk, which
are supplied to the sick and wounded
soldiers. It is a beautifiil charity, and
contrasts strongly with the brutal ra-
pacity with which others prey upon
these poor creatures, who are found
everywhere half-starved and naked,
and almost in a perishing condition on
the way to their sad homes. These are
among the terrible realities of war,
and perhaps there are no means of
preventing them
The women, however, are angels of
mercy everywhere.
The enemy's dead at Corinth said to
be frequently found breast-plated.
Bragg reported to have had a fight
near Perryville, Kentucky, and the
Yankees admit a loss of 2,000, includ-
ing several generals It must have
been a great Confederate success, Judg-
ing from the rapid rise in the value of
gold which at once occurred in New
York.
Wbdnesdat. — Gen. Stuart, with his
renowned cavalry command, has made
another brilliant raid into the enemy's
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J^OUBNAL OP THE WAR.
country. This time ho penetrated
Pennsylvania, and m«de the complete
circuit of the enemy's lines.
McClellan'a army has not crossed
the Potomac, and our own U represent-
ed in excellent condition, waiting such
advaijice.
Converse with many persons recently
from New Orleans, who represent a
scene of terror existing there. Citi-
zens are compelled to take the oath of
allegiance or declare themselves ene-
mies of the United States, and surren-
der the whole of their property. Thou-
sands have been driven to take the for-
mer oath — 6,0(K) to 10,000 said to have
taken the latter. Butler's tyrannies
excel all recorded in modem history.
Negro regiments are raised and drilled,
and people stand in constant terror of
them.
Thursday.— Great victory reported
by Bragg over Buell, in Kentucky, but
nothing reliable.
Enemy said to have lost 25,000 or 30,-
000 men.
Stuart destroyed valuable stores in
Penosylvania, and returned without
loss. It was a brave and dashing af-
fair, and equals his former exploit.
Feidat. — ^The dispatches from Ken-
tucky are as follows :
Knoxvillb, October 16.— The KnoxtilU
RegitUr has information, from which we
glean the following particulars:
The fight in Kentucky has been con-
firmed by the arrival of two couriers,
who state that it commenced at Perry-
viUe, in Bovle county, on Monday morn-
ing, the 6th inst. General Hardee com-
manding the left. General Buckner the
center and Generals Marshall and Morgan
the risht. As the result of the first
day's fight, Hardee captured 1,000 pris-
oners, with very heavy slaughter to the
enemy.
On Tuesday the fi^ht was renewed
with still greater slaughter to the enemy
— Hardee capturing 4,000 prisoners, and
Marshall and Morgan capturing 8,200
prisoners.
The enemy were driven back twelve
miles with tremendous slaughter.
Our loss in the whole engagement was
verv small.
We are not posted as to who were in
command of the Yankee forces, except
Ottvt. Thomas, who encountered General
Hardee.
We captured 40 pieces of cannon.
Saturday, Oct 18. — Said that Cor-
inth and Nashville are being evacuated
by the enemy, and telegraphed that
Bragg is in the rear of Buell, and has
utterly routed his army, having Louis-
ville in his power.
The news is no doubt greatly exag-
gerated.
John Van Buren, In New York, at a
Democratic Convention, proposes a
General Convention, or peace with the
South if that cannot be had. A good
sign from that quarter.
Sunday. — It is not believed that any
important batfle has been fought in
Kentucky, and we are compelled re-
luctantly to give up the Idea which
gfdned ground in the last few days that
the State was in our bands.
The great fight is yet to come ofL
QBN. BRAQG's ADDRBSS TO THE PBOPLB Of
THE NORTHWEST.
The responsibility then rests with you,
the people of the Northwest, of continu-
ing an unjust and aggressive warfare oo
the people of the Confederate States. And
in the name of reason and humanity, I call
upon you to pause and reflect, what
cause of quarrel so bloody have you
against these States, and what are you to
gain by it. Nafure has set her seal upon
these States, and marked them out to be
your friends and allies. She has bound
them to you by all the ties of geographi-
cal contiguity and conformation, and the
great mutual interests of commerce and
productions. When the passions of ibis
unnatural war shall have subsided, and
reason resumes her sway, a community
of interest will force commercial and so-
cial coalition between the great grain and
stock-growing States of the Northwest,
and the cotton, tobacco and sugar regions
of the South. The Mississippi nver.is
the grand arterj of their mutual national
lives, which men cannot sever, and which
never oueht to have been suflTered to be
disturbed by the antagonisms, the cupid-
ity, and the bigotry of New England and
the East It is from the East that have
come the germs of this bloody and most
unnatural strife. It is from the meddle •
some, grasping and fanatical disposition
of the same people who have imposed
upon you and us alike those tariffs, in-
ternal improvements, and fi»hing bounty
laws, whereby we have been Uxed for
their aggrandizement. It is from the
East that will come the tax-gatherer to
collect from you that mighty debt which
is being amassed mountain high for the
purpose of ruiuing your best customers
and natural friends.
When this war ends, the same antagon-
isms of interest, policy and feeling which
have been pressed upon us by the East
and forced us from a political union,
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JOUBNAL OP THE WAB.
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where we bad ceased to find safety for
our interests or respect for our rights,
will bear down upon you and separate
you from a people whose traditional pol-
icy it is to live oy their wits upon the la-
bor of their neighbors. Meantime, you
are being used by them to fight the battle
of emancipation a battle which, if success-
ful, destroys our prosperity, and with it
your best markets to buy and sell. Our
mutual dependence is the work of the
Creator. With our peculiar productions,
convertible into gold, we should, in a
state of peace, draw ft*om you largely
the products of your labor. In us of
the South you would find rich and willing
customers; in the East you must con-
front rivals in production and trade, and
the tax-gatherer in all the forms of par-
tial legislation. You are blindljr follow-
ing at^litionism to this end, whilst they
are nicely calculating the gain of obtain-
ing your trade on terms that would im-
porerish your country. You say you are
fighting for the f^ee navigation of the
Mississippi. It is yours freely, and has
always oeen, witKout striking a blow.
You say you are fighting to maintain the
Union. That Union is a thing of the
past. A union of consent was the only
union ever worth a drop of blood. When
force came to be substituted for consent,
the casket was broken, and the constitu-
tional jewel of your patriotic adoration
was forever gone.
I come, then, to you with the olive
branch of peace, and offer it to your ac-
ceptance, in the name of the memories of
the past and the ties of the present and
future. With you remains the responsi-
bilitr and the option of continuing a
cruH and wasting war, which can onlv
end, after still greater sacrifices, in such
treaty of peace as we now offer, or of
preserring the blessings of peace by the
simple abandonment of the design of
subiugating a people over whom no right
of dominion has been conferred on you
by Qod or man.
Braxton Brago,
General C. S. Army.
MoiTDAT, Oct. 20.-:— There is much
contraband trade between Jackson,
New Orleans and Memphis, and peo-
ple pass in and out every day. A
French etibject offered to bring out
from N. O. 10,000 sacks of salt if 1,000
bales of cotton would be allowed to go
in. This would be, to give equal to
$600 for each bale : but Government
has stopped the exchange as contrary
to an Act of Congress. Great distress
prevails on account of salt, and crowds
of planters are flocking to Jackson,
having heard that cotton would bring
salt The town is now full of cotton.
and grievous is the disappointment.
Government has, however, taken pos-
session of a salt island in Louisiana,
and will put on it 2,000 negroes to sup-
\Ay the demand. Without salt we
shall have little meat, unless Kentucky
is opened. It sells in certain locations
at $100 per sack.
The Confederacy will have abundance
of all breadstuff^, including potatoes,
and com is bought in Louisiana in
quantities at 75c. and even 60c. per
bushel. NeCToes sell at old rates
despite of Xincoln's proclamation ;
and lands have not risen much
in value. Everytliing el?e has risen.
Confederate money is worth about 40
cents in the dollar for gold, and Yan-
kee money, to be used in New Orleans,
is worth nearly double as much as our
own. Gold in New York is at a pre-
mium of 86 per cent., and advancing.
Most people think that we can only
win our independence through foreign
intervention, or a division among the
enemy at home. Of both there is now
slight probability. Northern Demo-
crats are, however, making fierce war
upon the despotism of the Lincoln
Government, and if they could carry
New York, there might be some ray of
hope of peace.
The prospects are for a protracted
and desolating war.
People are removing as much as
possible of their property into the in-
terior. The enemy plunder, steal or
destroy everything in their way. Cot-
ton is worth to 10 to 12^ cents, Con-
federate currency, m Mississippi, and
16c. to 1 7c. in Carolina; in New Or-
leans ^and New York, 60c., Federal
currency. Our Government is pur-
chasing several hundred thousand
bales. Planters, fearing the torch of
the enemy, are offering freely to sell.
About half a million l^les have been
burnt. The new crop will about re-
place it.
No news to-day. A dreadful acci-
dent on the Central Railroad of Miss.,
kills and maims 76 unfortunate sol-
diers. Our railroads are becoming
more and more dangerous to life, and
no chance of improvement whilst the
war la^ts.
Tuesday. — Federals are crossing the
Potomoc in force, and we ehull goon
have exciting times in that quarter.
Without doubt, Bragg ha? had little
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4A6
JOUBNAL OF THE WAB.
success ID EoDtacky, and is retiring
from the State. It is aad news.
OUoy lBdBeB% mad Fanosjimm
bsfv gone for the Democrats^ and many
of us are finding a source of conso
lation and hope in the adyent of that
party again to power at the North.
Any di^ffe, however, must be for the
better, ■» w aa we are concerned.
God only seee the cBidL
EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
Histories of the war are becoming,
as a matter of course, everyday more
numerous, and we may expect for the
next quarter of a century that its inci-
dents will oonstltue the ground work
of much of our literature. So far, the
works wliich have appeared are liable
to the great objection^ that full access
to material on both sides has been im-
practicable, but this will cease to be
the case. Northern writers have mon-
opolized the field, though in good time
the South will desire to be heard. We
have met with nothing yet, which is so
fair and just' towards u^ as the little
volume recently published, in very
handsome style, by Van Evrie, Horton
4fe Co., entitled, " A Youth's Bistofyof
the Oreat Civil War** It traces the
war to its true causes, and does full
justice to the actors and moving spirits.
It shows the shock which our institu-
tions have received, and from which
they are not likely soon to recover. It
tells the story in the dmple language of
truth, and is embellished with numer-
ous engravings. We commend the
publication to the Southern public.
Mr. F. B. Carpenter, who had the
opportunity, during the year 1864, to
become intimately acquainted with the
domestic life of Mr. Lincoln, publishes
through Hard & Houghton a little vol-
ume, with the title Six Month* at the
White ffoiue. The remiuidcences cover
a wide field, and ore written out in a
spirit of enthusiasm and affection.
*' My aim," he 8ays, " has been through-
out these pages to portray the man as
he was revealed to me, without any
attempt at idealization."
Taxation — Its Levy and Expenditure,
Pott and Future, being an Inquiry
into our Financial Policy, by Sir S.
Morton Peto, is published by D. Apple
ton <fc Co., and will be an interesting
work for politicians, bankers and mer-
chants. The low duty or free trade
principle is the moving one with the
author, and he examines with great
fairness and ability, the whole financial
policy of the British Government
Since the publication of Mr. Porter's
work we have met with nothing so
comprehensive on the subject
From the same publishers we re-
ceive :
1. An Introductory Latin Book, By
Albert Harkness.
2, Brevity in Cheu, By Miron I.
Hazeltine.
The former work is intended as an
elementary drill*book on the inflections
and principles <^ the language, and
also is an introduction to the grammar,
reader and compositions by the same
author, who is professor in Brown
University. The latter work is from
the pen of a gentleman who has pub-
lished a great deal upon the subject of
chess. In this instance he culls from
the whole range of chess literature,
and furnishes a collection of games,
ingeniously contested, and ending with
scientific problems and wood • cut».
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IDITOBIAL NOTES, ETC.
447
HabituaUd for jean to chese teaebiog,
he has aimed to make the work in-
Btmctive to the studeDt, as well as
amuBiog to the eaaoal amateur.
Ten Yearn of a Li/etiine is a very read-
able story, brought out in all the most
eottly and elegant style of the publish-
ers, from the pen of Margaret Hosmer,
author of " The Morrisons.*' Messrs.
Doolady A Co., of New York, who
send us this beavtiful volume, are the
publishers also of a work in similar
style, entitled "^j^oryo/ the O^fftUa,"
a production from the pen of Walter
Simson, with notes and disquisitions on
the past, present and ftiture of Gipsy*
dom, by James Simson. We have
never met with a more interesting,
instructive and readable work. The
specimens of Gipsy literature are very
curious. The author brings out a re-
markable fact, which is well supported,
and will be new to our readers, to wit:
that the celebrated John Banyan was
of Gipsy origin.
We are severely called to account
in two letters from anonymous sources :
FirH, because we hare not corrected
the typographical error, made In June
number, by means of which some of the
incidents of the battles of Manassas and
Shiloh were jumbled together. Had
the writer looked into the July num-
ber, page 57, note, he would liave seen
the correction. Anonymtnis No, 2
bears down heavily because we allowed
certain expresrions in Mr. Atkinson's
article on cotton, in a late number, to
go out without protest or comment, and
rather fears that we are not so strong
in the faith " as we used to be." This
is good. A palpable hit ! But let our
friend judge us in the aggregate, and
not in detail ; let him note the tone
and spirit of the Review from January
to October, including our " Talk with
Radicals" on the first page ot the
present issue, and then we will make a
wager that he does not write to us
again, " You are in a fSair way, Mr.
Editor, to endear both yourself and
your paper to Southern men, by pub-
lishing without comment such arti-
cles as this I" Our mle for twenty
years has been, thai we are not re-
sponsible for the views of contributors
when their names are given, and that
it is a good thing now and then to let
our enemies speak out and see what
they have to pay against us, and that
we need not always break our necks in
the hurry to pitch into them in reply.
Thomas Reed, Esq., of Fayette, Miss.,
who has just returned from an extensive
tour in Texas, writes us a long letter
upon the subject, not intended for pub-
lication. The results of his observa-
tions are, that he does not believe
Texas can possibly produce more
than half of a cotton crop the present
season. Labor was scarce, and not
more than a third of the usual quan-
tity of land was cultivated. The
principle cotton region is in south-
western and southern Texas. The
worm -has ravaged, and the slands are
not good. The crops on the swamp
lands of Louisiana, Mr. Reed thinks,
will also be comparatively small.
We are indebted to Dr. Paul F. Eve,
of Nashville, for his pamphlet demon-
stration of the PemieiofUB Effects of
Whiiky and Tobacco, being the sub-
stance of his replies to questions pro-
pounded by the United States Sanitary
Commission. We stand up to the Doctor
heart and soul in "damning" the
whisky (a ** sin ** we are " not inclined
to,") ; but as to the tobacco, we must
" compound ** a little ; and, not to be
too rash, at all events give us time to
consider Doctor !
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448
EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
Messrs. Morgan As McCIoud send a
valuable pamphlet od the Reaources of
Jfinnesota, from the pen of its CommU-
eioner of Statistics, from which we
ehail make up aa article hereaAer.
Mr. O. F. Bledsoe, of Columbus, Miss,
very eloquently and happily discoursed
upon the "Hopes and Duties of the
Present Hour," on a late occasion before
the " Literary Socieljes of the Univer-
sity of Missisf-ippi," and sends us a
pamphhdcopy for which we are much
obliged. Want of space prevents an
intended extract at this time.
Two other pamphlets -are also upon
our desk ; one from tlie pen of John D.
Bichardson, of Perry, Georgia, being a
stirring appeal to the South in behalf
of the destitute families of deceased
Confederate soldiers, acd furnishing a
plan of rfelief The other is the pro-
duction of Elizur Wright, and is some-
thing about " A Cariosity of Law,"
though we do not clearly understand
it, and are not in the secret oi what
the author is aiming to effect.
BEVIEW ADVERTISING INDEX.
All advertisements in the RsviBw will
be regularly noted io this Index. Our
terms are the same as before the war,
and considering the large circnlation of
the R'bvibw in every part of the Union,
and especially lu the Southern States,
its limits should be occupied. Merchants
and manufacturers of the South, and
those having lands for sale, would do
well to imitate in advertising the enter-
prise of Northern cities. Our pages are
open to ail, and it is from this source
only that the Rbvibw can be made re-
munerative.
Agricaltnral Iinp1emonl»^Machiiiery, etq.— R. H.
Allen ft Co. ; l>ani«l Pratt ; IMtkiu, Wiard &
Cu. Emery Brothers.
W, O. demons, Brown & Co.
Books. Bibles, etc —James Potts ; John P. Mor-
ton fe Co.
BsMiB and Siiocs.— John Slater.
Bankers and Exchange.— Dnncan, Sherman li Co.
C. W. Purcell & Co. ; E. Q. Bell ; Lockwoud
&Co.: Connor & Wilson
Brokers.— Gold and Silver, Real EsUte. etc ; Mcr-
— in nT!^!mir!. Mnmhv b Cash.
CI , - .
Ci' r.
i aui-.- t:.ii.f;i :iiiil W .hk . Jno. H. Haskell.
Con MTi Fji(iMrv—(rt\v!.. Wilson, Bradford ft Co.
e tc— Thomas Gannon, J.
Coput'rtiiiithN. l'jit:iii'
. ' Wyatt Held.
Olothiiis, Shirts, Sic— S.N. Moody ; Homy Moore
in. tioiiuiig.
Ooilcclioii aud Commission Merchants.— Taylor,
McKwoiLQiid Blew.
Drv GtMiUs.— Riitler, Brocim & Clapp.
Druf^pist— S. Mansheld & Co. Ja*. Oone«i;al.
Enn^raiioii Companies.— John Williams.
Eii^riiverf!, etc.— Ferd Meyer fc Co; J. W. Otr.
Ej' -,— Ur Fo*.te.
Exprc>s Ouniii:iines.— S.fU'.liera.
Ftriii, J .:. -, ;;8ese It Co. ; Allfn k
Ntc^ii.,, Ij:iuj;ii x Sons: Graham, Emleti
fit P.issmore ; Tasker and Clark.
Fancy Goods.— J. M. Bowen & Co.
Firo. Arms.— B. Kitbridije & Co.
Gard^tn Seeds, etc— D. Laudreth fc Sons.
Grocers.— Baskervi lie, Sherman & Co.
Hotels -Exchange Hotel, Bamet House
Hardware, etc.— G. Wolfe Bruce ; C. H. Slocomb;
Choate & Co. ; Orgill, Bros, fit Co. ; E. Bob-
bins fib Bradley.
In^nrniice Compauifs.- JEtna ; Accidental.
In-ii K;ii luies, tnc— Roljert Wood & Co.; W. P,
I [..0,1.
Inm Saii-'S— Hurring & Co.
Jeurirv. tir.— Tiffany & Co.; Ball, Black k Co.
La .\ ', ITS.— Ward k Jtmes.
Liqiiurs- L. L. Bunrell &, Co-
LrOHu Atroncy.— Deuartiiient BitsJne^, et*.— Na-
tional Bank of Metropolis.
Mucliniery, Sloain Entfines, Saw Mills. Cardirur,
Spmmn;^ and Wcavmg,etc.— Kndt^hurg Man-
iifacturiiig Company, Jacob B.Schenck ; Poole
&, Hunt : Smith & Sayre ; Jas. A. Rubinscn ;
Geo. Page k Co. ; Edmund M. Ivens ; Lane k
Bod ley ; JofCph Hiirriyon, Jr. ; J, E. Stereo-
son. J. H. Duval ; Wood & Maun.
Mill Ston«s.— J. Bradford & Co.
MiliuiryEquipmeiiis.— J, M. Mi^eod feSon.
Miiiirmes. etc.— Bnindreth's ; Eh", W. R, Mer-
n 111 ; Kadway Sl Co. ; Tarrant & Co.
M"-.M li ln<.triuuiMit*; — F. Z.jgijaum & FairchiM ;
M -H.T. Hay ward
Nurserieti.— Ellwauger fc Barry.
Organs— Parlor, etc-4»eloubet, Pelton k Co.
Painty etc.— Pecora Lead and Color Company.
Patent Limbs.— W. Selpho fit Son.
Pens— R. Esterbrook k Co.
Perfumen.— C. T. Lodge.
Pianos.— W. Knabe fit Co.
Photographrrs.— Brady.
RdfM.— J. T. Douglas.
Scales.— Fairbanks fit Co.
Straw Goods.— Bostwick, Safain fc Clark.
Steamships.— James Ct>nnoly fit Co. ; Liviofston,
Fox fc Co.
Stationers.— Francis fc I.^utrel ; E. R. Waffpner.
Soap, Starch. etc^B. T. Babbit.
Southern Bitters, etc.— C. H. EbUrt fit Co.
Sewing Machines.— Singer & Co; Finkle fi& Lyon.
Stecl.— Sanderson Brothers fc Co.
Silver and Plaled Ware-— Wirnlle fc Co. : Wa.
Wilson fc^n. W. Gale, Jr. .
Tobacco Dealers, etc — ^Dohan, Carroll fc Co.
Tin Ware.— & J. Ilare & Co. ; J. B- Duval fc 8<«
Tailors.- Derby fc Co. ; Harlem fc Co-
UniTcrsities and Law Schools.
Wim Work Railings, etc— M Walker fc Sons.
Washing Machines and Wringers and Mangles-—
R- C. Browning ; Jno. Ward fc Co. ; OaJcey ft
-Keating. Bobt Duncan.
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DE BOW'S REVI-EW.
ESTABLISHED JANUARY, 1848.
HOVEHBEB, 1866.
ART. I.-PROGRESS OP AMERICAN COMMERCE.
Part V.— Our Coiimbroe Durinq and Subsequent ^o thb War or 1812-15, and
UNTIL THB Adoption of thb Tariff of 1882.*
" Commerce is King.** — Carlisle,
We have in previous papers discussed the origin, influences
and history of commerce from the earliest times, the origin of
American commerce and its extent during the Colonial period,
the commerce of the States under the Confederation, ana again
until the war of 1812, and will divide what remains of this
subject into several chapters, which will treat,^r«/, of the com-
merce of the country from the war until the year 1832 ; secondy
from that period to the peace of 1865 ; thirds of our tariff sys-
tem ; fourth^ fifths &c., as far as occasion may require, of our
commerce witn the several great powers of Europe, interspers-
ing the whole with comparative and other statistics which will
show the relative status of our own and other countries in re-
gard to commerce.
It cannot bo denied that commerce is the great civilizer of
Che world, and the great power, next to Christianity, which holds
in check the ambition and passions of nations. It develops
agriculture and manufactures ; stimulates the construction of
railroads and canals ; increases population by affording it em-
ployment; promotes the growth of great cities ; stimulates the
arts, and does everything to promote the brotherhood of man-
kind I Without it our great forests and great prairies would
have remained in wilderness; for unless the products of man
* In the oonrse of tb» present series of papers, the author has sometlroes adopted the Ian>
goase need \>j himself on previous occasions, and vbile discussiDg other qnesdons. If the
reader shall dIsooTer some of these passages In the Ojclopedla of Commerce, bf Bir. Honians,
be will take notice that they were borrowed firom ns by that editor, who makes the acknowl-
edgment onee for all in his prefoce.
VOL. n.— NO. V. 29
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450 PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMICERCS.
and man be brought together in barter, indigence, barbarism
and social declension are unavoidable. Trade is an instinct of
the animal man, and, unless there be opportunity for its indul-
gence, he sinks to the level of the other animals. Well has it
then been said to be the " Golden Girdle of the Globe ;" an^
referring tS its achievements, the poet has beautifully declai«d :
" Her danghtera haye their dowen
From epoUs of nations, and the ezbaniUess East
Poors in her lap idl gena in sparkling diowers."
During the war, the foreign exports of the country declined
from an average of about ^0,000,000 per annum, at the be-
ginning of the century, to $38,627,236 in l≪ 27,855,997 in
1813, and $6,927,441 in 1814. The exports consisted of ashes,
beef and pork, flour, fish, Indian corn, flax-seed, rice, tobacco,
tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine and wheat The average export
between 1810 and 1814 was, of
Flour 1,089,092 bWs.
Corn 1 ,461,920 bushela
Wheat 115.865 do.
Tobacco , 81,140 hhds.
Beef and Pork 58,000 barrtlsi
By the first article of the Treaty of Peace, 3d July, 1815,
reciprocal liberty of commerce was agreed upon between the
territories of the [Jnited States of America and all the terri-
tories of his Britannic Majesty in Europe.
The first steamship sailed from the United States for Europe
in May, 1819. Six years earlier, the first steamer was enrolled
and licensed on the Mississippi. In 1822, ninety-eight such
vessels were enrolled at New Orleans, of an aggregate of 18,000
tons. The Arkansas River had already been ascended more
than 600 miles by steamers.
On the 1st of October, 1828, the whole line of the famous De
Witt Clinton Canal, which did so much to make New York
what she is, was prepared for the reception of water.
The value of dned and pickled fish exported from the
United States ranged from about half a million to a million of
dollars between 1812 and 1832. In whale oil and candles the
increase was from about $200,000 to $1,500,000.
LmabM'. Kftral Stores. Aihea. FnrtftndSUna^ Glateng. BarkADjrea
1812.. 11,638,000 490,000 888,000 128,000 10,000 107,0«0
1816.. 1,886,000 466,000 866,000 409,000 10,000 886,000
1820.. 8,208^000 292,000 962,000 696,000 174,000 108,000
1825.. 1,717,671 468,897 1,992.881 629,692 144,699 98,809
1882.. 2,196,717 476,291 980,898 691,909 99,646 62,944
Tlie export in value of wheat and flour averaged, during the
war, thirteen millions of dollars annually, but immediately
afterwards declined one-half, except for the years 1817 and
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PROGBESS OF AMERICAN COHHERCE. 451
1818, when it reached an average of fourteen millions. From
that time until 1888 the average was about $6,000,000. The
rice trade, on the other hand, remained nearly stationary, the
exports of 1815 and 1888 being the same, to wit, $2,774,418.
The export of Indian corn in the same time fell off on the
average about one-half, viz., from $2,000,000 to less than
$1,000,000. The whole agricultural export was :
1812 |l'7,79'7.000
1816 11,284,000
1820 8,401.000
1826 '7,626,'718
1881 18,997,492
1882 8,862,494
The exports, prcJduce of animals slaughtered, rose from
$1,657,000 in 1812, to an average of $2,500,000 from 1821 to
1833. The tobacco trade showed exports, 1812, $1,514,108 ;
1882, $599,769. In the same time cotton rose from $3,080,086
to $36,191,185, of which Great Britain took $26,253,205; our
manufacturing exports rose from $1,855,000 to $6,923,922.
The following table will be very interesting, in comparison
with those of subsequent years, showing as it does the articles
in detail which were exported in 1832 :
Expont UwrriD STATsa, 1383.
Softp and tallow eandles $701,184 Bags, and all manti&etarea ot .. . 8,635
Leather, boots, and ahoea. 877^888 Wearing apparel 80,808
Honaebold fomitore. 160,088 Oomba and battona 184i80b
Ooaehea and other earriagea. 46^877 Broahes 4,704
Hats 810,918 Billiard Ublee tSlO
Saddlery 89,578 Umbrellas and paraaola 80,861
Wax 68,444 Leather and morocco aUna, not aold
Spirlta from grain, beer, ale 4 porter 187,583 per pound 48,565
Bnnff and tobaoeo 295,771 Printing preaaea and tjpe 88^558
Load ~ 4,488 MaslcaT Inatmments 4958
Linaeed oil and aplriU of turpentine. 88,804 Bookaandmapa 99,898
Oordage 18,868 Paper and other statlonerj 64,847
Iron, pig, bar, and nalli 65.979 Palnto and rarniah 84,611
eaatlnm 26,689 Vinegar 4,677
manaractnrea of, 180,288 Earthen and atone ware 6,888
Splrlta (h>m molaaaes 83,8;fl Plre-engtnea and apparatus 7,758
8agar,reflned 74,678 Manaftustnres of
ChoooUte 8,265 Qlaaa 106,865
Gunpowder 96,028 Tin 8,157
Copper and brasa 105,774 Pewter and lead 938
M^ldnal druga. 180,288 Marble and stone 8,455
Gold and sUrer, and gold leaf! 658
8,780,888 Odd and silver eoln 1,410,941
Cotton, piece goods: Artificial flowers and Jewelry. 14,658
Printed or colored.. .$10i870 Molasses 8,498
While 1,058,891 Trunks 5^14
Nankeens 841 BriokandUme 8,508
Twist, jarn, A thread 18,618 Domesttcsalt 87,914
All other manuTrs of 58,854
8,858,674
1,889,574 Uncertain 4n,86T
Flax and hemp :
Cloth and thread 1,570 $6,461,774
The imports, from 1815 to 1817 inclusive, were classed as
those paying duty ad valorem at 7i per cent., 16 per cent., 20
per cent., 25 per cent,, 30 per cent., 33i per cent., and 40 per
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452
PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
cent Those which paid 15 per cent, in 1817 were one-third
of the whole ; another third paid 25 per cent. The import of
the articles named was as follows :
Ijfpont iirro thb UvmD SrtAJMB.
Bpeolet of MerohandtM.
1815.
-mnes, Madelrft, gallons 164.519
Borgnndy. &C. do 8,619
Bberrr and 8t Lnoar do 29,606
All other do 1,088,819
Spirits from grain do M7,199
Other materials, do 8,612,718
Teas, Bob ea . . , ponn ds 1 1 6,196
8oochong;&o. do 1,108,892
Imperial, &c do
Hyson and Young Hyson, do 1 61,040
Hysonskln^&c do 997,804
8agar,Brown do 41.881,226
White ^. do 8,606.260
OoflTee do 19,596.677
Molasses gallons 4,762,642
Bait bushels 2,090,181
All ether articles
Quantity.
1816.
814,891
1^926
288.964
S,020lO77
607,712
6,808,166
419,156
714,581
26.279
606,176
1,484,618
48,666,686
^,276,590
26,976,118
8,494,248
2,864.821
1817.
186,108
a&ss
89.8M
1,461,408
274,826
4,418,129
446,466
2,148,667
899,277
2400,511
1,986.486
84,628,188
8,879,791
81,8ia.064
11,480,948
2,879,688
For the year 1832, the following table will show the detailed
commerce of the United States with all foreign countries. Our
imports from Britain and her colonies and dependencies made
up nearly one-half of the whole import. Tne table will be
interesting for comparison under other divisions of our subject
rALum or kxpokts.
COUNTRIES.
Prussia
Sweden snd Norway
Swedish West Indies....
Denmsrk.
Danish West Indies
Netherlands
Dutch West Indies and American Colonies..
Dutch East Indies
England
dootland
Ireland
Ouemsej, Jersey, etc
Gibraltar.
British East Indies
BriUsh West Indies
Newfoundland, etc
British American Ck>lonios
' Other British Ck>lonles
Hsnse Towns
France on the Atlantic
France on the Mediterranean
French West Indies and American Colonies.
other French African PorU
Hayti
Spain on the Atlantic
Spain on the Mediterranean
Teneriffe and the other Canaries
Manilla, and the Philippine Islsnds
Cuba
Other Snanish West Indies
Portugal
Madeira ,
Fayal, and the other Azores
Cape de Verd Islands
0th er Portugese African Ports
Italy .7.
TALtn or
8,251,809
«7,92T
1,097,894
68,410
68848
1,110,886
1860,668
*828,882
668,974
;84348,568
1,580,818
491,891
584
979,858
9,588,988
1,489,887
Domestic
produce.
121,114
11,116
914,048
141,249
181,605
1.898.490
9,282.799
857,520
24,516
26,682,068
1,125.898
159,918
8,700
Foreign
produce.
461,668
109365
7,478
850,115
282,841
8,870,490
46.644
508,504 _ _
9,875,187 29,607,206
9a864 1,146,769
TotaL
682,689
11,116
866,418
148,797
681,790
1,675,881
6408,289
404,164
6^080
4,115
180,218
1,655,448
185,074
889,935
157,0!
8,700
618,907
688,468
1,688,276
1,229,526
2,551
9,865,096
10,981 988
1,248.775
578,857
2,058,886
677,488
740,701
154.887
882.280
7,068,857
1,S81»,169
128.816
22^S,818
21,682
87,706
28,742
1,619,795
8.669,809
46,088
8,614.885
7.840
7,840
9,485,549
1,652.670
4,088,212
9,028,485
1,686,771
10.565,256
914,091
1,140,876
2.054.467
605,798
19,189 .
^ 624975
1,248.610
426.498
1,609*668
802.684
41681
847,265
166,864
1.054
187.918
14.567
7.851
9i,418
20,906
118,414
184320
8,681,897
1,680.764
5,812,151
822,669
72..^52
895111
28,269
800
28,562
145,667
999
146.696
28,409
11.863
84,766
66,858
19,707
66,295
178,507 609,056 687,568
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Google
PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE.
458
Sicily
Trieste, and other Aastrian Adrlfttio Ports .
Tarliej, Lersnt, Md Egypt
Moxi CO
Gentnil Republic of America
Colombia
Houdoraa, Campeachy, etc
Braail
Argentine Republic
CIspIatine Bepubllc
Peru! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!![!!!!!!" 1
South America, gcnentlly
Cape of Qood Hope
China :
Arabia.
Asia, eenerally
East Indies, generally
West Indies, generally
Europe, generally
AfMca, generally
South Seas
Sandwich Islands
Nortb-Weit Coast of America. .
IJDoertain
156.61T
8,088
8,068
862,027
199,911
986,776
1186;686
928.629
64,722
681,886
746,608
4298,954
845,777
2,621,764
8,467,641
28S,816
189.206
196,101
886,807
1,489,182
406,867
710,167
1,117,024
84.162
nv»
17,897
i 88,866
8,890.845
1,282,077
622,717
2,064,794
1,660,171
ilil
458,408
928,040
8,826
1,221,119
6(VI,628
641,749
780>099
10:884
17.960
41,802
41,802
12.015
5,844,907
24,025
111,180
886,162
924,360
1,260.622
42,888
469,489
612,827
12,t40
606,446
6,608
662,954
174,182
7,411
181JS98
821,582
267.422
106,649
868,971
15,176
920
80,096
**46;078
12,888
42,984
96,604
^028
Total 101,029,266 68,187,470 24,089,478 &7,176.948
"We close statistics with two tables, which show the value of
the entire imports and exports of the United States from 1812
to 1833, and also the commerce of the several States for the
same period :
Imposts. Expobts.
ToUL
RetelDed for
Domestio.
Foreign.
Total.
home oonsamptlon.
1818 .
... 22,006,000
.... 19.167,166 ..
.. 2.\MU3, 1.^)2 ....
. 2,847,846 ....
87,866,997
1814 .
... 12,965,000
.... 12.819,881 ..
.. 6.782,272 ....
. 146,168 ....
6.927,441
1815 .
... 118,011,274
.... 106,467,925 ..
.. 4.5.974,4(18 ....
, 6,688,850 ....
62,567,768
181« .
... 147,108,000
.... 129,964,444 ..
.. 61,781,896 ....
. 17,188,666 ....
81,926.462
1817 .
... 99,250,000
.... 79,891,981 ..
.. 68,818,500 ....
19,856,069 ....
87,671,668
1818 .
... 121,750,000
.... 102,828,804 ..
.. 78,854,437 ....
, 19,486,696 ....
98,2Sl|l88
1819 .
... 87,126,000
.... 67,959,817 ..
.. 50,976,883 ....
19,165,688 ....
70,142,681
1820 .
... 74,460.000
.... 66,441,971 ..
.. 6i,6s;i,&40 ....
, 18,008,029 ....
69,691,679
1881 .
... 62,585,724
.... 41.283.836 ..
.. 43,671, S94 ....
, 21,802.488 ....
64,974,862
1822 .
... 88.241,511
.... 60,965.809 ..
.. 49,^74.185 ....
22,286,202 ....
72,160,887
1888 .
... 77,679,267
.... 60,086,645 ..
.. 47.1.V>,40S ....
27,658,682 ....
74,699,060
1884 .
... 80,649,007
.... 65.211,860 ..
.. 5O,649.&00 ....
85,887,1M ....
7^98«,667
1685 .
... 96,84'»,075
.... 68,749,432 ..
.. 66,944,745 ....
82,690,648 ....
99.586,888
1886 .
... 84,974,477
.... 66,484,865 ..
.. 53,<>.\V10 ....
, 81689,612 ....
77,696,828
182T .
... 79,4S4,06S
.... 66,078,982 ..
.. f>S.931,69I ....
, 28,408,186 ....
82.884,827
1888 .
... 8S.509.824
.... 66,914,807 ..
.. 51669G69 ....
, 21,695,017 ....
72,264,686
1889 .
... 74.492,627
.... 67.834,049 ..
.. fM.700,193 ....
16,658,478 ....
72,868,671
1880 .
... 70,876,990
.... 66,489,441 ..
.. 59.462.029 ....
14,887,479 ....
78,849,508
1881 .
... 108.191,124
.... 88,157,593 ..
.. 61.277,057 ....
, 20,088,526 ....
61.810,588
1888 .
... 101029,266
.... 76.939,793 ..
.. 68,187,470 ....
24,089,478 ....
87,176,948
FOREIGN EXPORTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES.
Mara.
N.Y.
Teon.
Md.
1819?22
NC. Oa.
La.
1813 .
1807923
8184494
S5nil7
3787885
2968484 1094596
1045153
1814 .
1133799
209670
248434
17581
737899 2183121
387191
1915 .
5280083
10675373
4593919
5036601
6676976
6675129 4172319
5102610
1816 .
10136439
19690031
7196246
7338767
8212860
10849409 7511929
5602948
1817 .
11927997
18707433
8735592
9833930
5621422
10372763 8790714
9024812
1818 .
11998156
17872261
8759402
7570734
7016246
11440962 11132096
12924809
1819 .
11390913
13587378
6293788
5929216
4392391
82507f>0 63104ft4
8882940 6594623
9768753
1820 .
Un0892a
13163244
5743549
6609364
4557957
7596157
1821 .
12481691
13162917
7391767
3850394
3079309
7200511 6014310
7272172
1822 .
12MM52S
17I0O482
9047802
4536796
3217389
7260320 5484870
7978645
1823 .
13683239
19038990
9617112
5030228
4U06788
6898814 4293666
7779072
1824 .
10434328
22897134
9364893
4863233
3277 i64
8034082 4623982
7928820
1825 .
11432087
35imfil
ll:!69981
4501904
4129520
11056742 4223833
12582
1828 .
10098862
21947791
8331722
4010748
4596732
7554036 436frMl4
10284380
1827 .
10421383
23831137
7575833
4516406
4657938
8332561 4261555
11728997
1828 .
9025785
22777649
6051480
4334422
3340185
6550712 3104425
11947400
1829 .
8854937
20119011
4089935
4804465
3787431
817&586 4981376
12386060
1830 .
7813194
19697983
42)1793
3791482
4791644
7627031 5*36626
15488698
1831 .
7733763
25535144
5513713
4308647
4150475
6575201 39S9613
16761988
1832 .
11993768
28000945
35160S6
4493918
4510650
7752731 5515883
16530930
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454 PROOREISS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE. .
The average exports of the other States were, North Caro*
liDa, $493,270 ; Connecticut, $498,728 ; Khode Island, $609,820,
District of Columbia, $816,310 ; Delaware, $61,117. The ex-
ports of Alabama, which were in 1818 less than $100,000,
m 1824 reached $460,000; in 1829, $1,693,958; in 1832,
$2,736,387.
rOBEIGN IMPORTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES.
Maw. N. Y. Pcnn. Md. Vinr. 8. C. 0«o. L» .
1821 148S6732 23821»46 8158933 4070842 1078490 3007U3 1002648 3379717
1822 18337320 3M4J628 11874170 4792486 864162 2283586 989391 3817238
1823 ....... 176U7I60 29421349 13696770 4946179 681810 2419101 670705 4283125
1824 15378758 36113733 11865531 4551442 639787 2166185 551888 4539769
1825 15848141 49639174 15041797 4751815 553562 1892297 343356 4290034
1826 17063482 38115630 13551779 4928569 635438 1534483 330993 4167521
, 1827 13370564 38719644 1121293S 4405708 431765 1434106 312609 4531645
' 1828 15070444 41927792 12884408 5629694 375238 1242048 308669 6217881
j 1829 12520744 34743307 10100152 4804135 3953.tt 1139618 SMS93 6857289
1830 10453544 356S4070 8702122 4523866 405739 1054619 282346 7599083
1831 14269056 57077417 12124083 4836577 488522 1238163 399940 9766693
1883 18118900 53214403 10678358 4629303 553639 1313725 253417 8871653
As an advance in the discussion of the subject hereafter, a
good deal will necessarily be said upon the subject of the
tariff system of the United States, and of its effects upon the
general commerce and prosperity. It will be sufficient to say,
m- this place, that the onerous and restrictive legislation of
Congress, and its heavy protective duties, produced results
which in 1832 nearly ended in civil war. The protest of one
of the States (South Carolina), in 1830, against this abuse of
power may well be kept upon record. She then protested —
1. Because the sood people of that Common wealth helieve that the powers
of Congress were delegated to it in trust for the accomplishment of certain spe-
cified objects which limit and control them, and that every exercise of them for
any other purposes is a yiolation of the Constitution as unwarrantable as the
undisguised assumption of substantiye independent powers not granted or ex-
pressly withheld.
2. Because the power to lay duties on imports is, and in its very nature can
be, only a means of effecting the objects specified by the Constitution : since no
free government, and least of all a goveroment of enumerated powers, can of
right impose any tax (any more than a penalty) which is not at once justified
by public necessity, and clearly within the scope and purview of the social
compact, and since the right of confining the appropriations of the public money
to such legitimate and constitutional objects is as essential to the liberties of
the people, as their unquestionable privilege to be taxed only by their own
consent.
8. Because they believe that the Tariff Law, passed by Confess at its last
session, and all other acts of which the principal object is the protection of
manufactures, or any other branch of domestic industry — if they be considered
as the exercise of a supposed power in Congress, to tax the people at its own
good wiU and pleasure, and to apply the money raised to objects not specified
in the Constitution — ^is a violation of these fundamental principles, a breach of a
well-defined trust, and a perversion of the high powers vested in the Federal
Government for Federal purposes only.
4. Because such acts, considered in the light of a regulation of commerce, are
equally liable to objection — since, althoujjh the power to regulate commerce may,
like oUier powers, be exercised so as to protect domestic manufieioturea, yet it
is clearly distinguished from a power to do so, eo nomine, both in the nature of
the thing and in the common acceptation of the terms ; and because the con-
founding of them would lead to toe most extravagant results, since the en-
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IMMORTAL FIOTIOKS. 455
couragement of domestic iodastrr implies an absolate control orer eXl the
interests, resonrces and porsuits of a people, and is inconsistent with the idea
of any other than a simple coosolidated goyernment
6. Because from the contemporaneous exposition of the Constitution, in the
numbers of the FederalitU, (which is cited only because the Supreme Court has
recognised its authority,) it is clear that the power to regulate commerce was
conMdered by the conrention as only incidentally connected with the encourage-
ment of agriculture and manufactures; and because the power of laying impc^ts
and duties on imports was not understood to justify in any case a prohibition
of forei|^ commodities except as a means of extenmng commerce by coercing
foreign nations to a fiidr reciprocity in their intercourse with us, or for some
other bona fidt commercial purpose.
6. Because whilst the power to protect manufactures is nowhere expressly
CTanted to Congress, nor can be considered as necessary and proper to carry
into effect any specified power, it seems to be expressly reseryed to the States
by the tenth section of the first article of the Constitution.
7. Because eyen admitting Congress to haye a constitutional right to protect
manufactures by the imposition of duties or by regulations of commerce, de-
signed principally for that purpose, yet a Tariff of which the operation is grossly
unequal ^nd oppressiye, is such an abuse of power, as is incompatible with the
principles of a nree government, and the great ends of ciyil society, justice and
equality of rights and protection.
8. Finally, Decause South Carolina, from her climate, situation, and peculiar
institutions, is, and must oyer continue to be, wholly dependent upon agnculture
and commerce, not only for her prosperity, but for her yerv;. existence as a
State — because the abundant and yaluable products of her soil— the blessings
by which Diyine Providence seems to have designed to compensate for the
g^reat disadvantages under which she suffers in other respects — are among the
very few that can be cultivated with any profit by slave labor — and if by the
loss of her foreign commerce, these products should be confined to an inadequate
market, the fate of this fertile State would be poverty and utter desolation — her
citizens in despair would emierate to more fortunate regions, and the whole
frame and constitution of her civil polity be impaired and deranged, if not die-
eolyed entirely.
Deeply impressed with these considerations, the Representatives of the good
people of this Commonwealth, anxiously desiring to live in peace with their
fellow citizens, and to do all that in them lies to preserve and perpetuate the
union of the States and the liberties of which it is the surest pledge — but feeling
it to be their bounden duty to expose and to resist all encroachments upon the
true spirit of the Constitution, lest an apparent acquiescence in the system of
protecting duties should be drawn into precedent, do, in the name of the Com-
monwealtk of South Carolina, claim to enter upon the journals of the Senate
their Protest against it, as unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust
ART. IL~IMMORTAL FICTIONS.
It is not often that a work of fiction excites more than a
passing interest, or exercises a more profound influence than
that of amusement. Tlie productions of Cervantes, Le Sage,
Defoe and Walter Scott are but exceptions that establish the
rule ; and Don Quixote and Gil Bias might well be thrown
out of the list of purely fictitious works, as th^ not only in-
culcate a profound moral, but reflect the true features of cor-
relative living character. The morality of the Waverley novels
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466 IMMORTAL FICTIONS.
being of a negative kind, they — in common with the mass of
British novelists — rest for their success upon their power of
exciting the passive imagination, and of amusing the surren-
dered mind. Ivanhoe, Tom Jones and the Vicar of Wakefield
are of too recent date for us to pronounce dogmatically upon
their immortality. It must be confessed tliat the class of
which the two last mentioned are representatives are scarcely
known to the mass of readers, and are esteemed only by lit-
erary connoisseurs. These were publications of the highest
repute fifty years ago ; and it is p<>ssible, in the mutations of
style and social life, that, like them, the charming creations of
*' the Wizard of the North" may become old-fashioned and
prosy.
The great pictures of English life, exhibited on the canvas
of Dickens, !Bulwer and Thackeray, however vivid and cap-
tivating, will probably fall into that dark and sombre tint, laid
on by time, that most terrible of painters, — a tint so much
lauded by the initiated few, and so utterly unappreciated by
the outside millions. Our poeterity of the 25th century may
have a scene from Vanity Pair onered up to them by some
learned Academician, as a literary curiosity, in the same man-
ner as a bit of Perseus or Aristophanes is now and then
popularly interpreted to us. Lord Verisopht may be plagia-
rized into some modem fop, with impunity, by the novelist of
the day, and Gentlemen Waife and Pelham may serve but " to
point a moral or adorn a tale."
But the fairy tales of our vouth, even the most juvenile, of
the Cinderella order, and, aa vancing in interest, Robin Hood,
Robinson Crusoe and the Arabian Nights, will no doubt live
as long as the English language is spoken. Innoxious emana-
tions q{ fancy ^ and addressing the young thought and feeling
yet rambling through the quasi barbarous period of adventure
and superstition, they exercise the same fresh power upon suc-
cessive generations.
But is there a work of imdgination — necessarily representing
the moral as well as the physical life — that we can confidently
Ijronounce immortal ? Outside of the few world-renowned
fictions, excepted already, it would be premature to set up
such a claim, even for the most acceptable and celebrated pub-
lications. We have no reference to the drama, nor to fiction
adorned by poetry. But we simply ask, who of the legion of
novelists — properly so called — who have deluged the reading
public with their lucubrations for the major part of this cen-
tury ; who of the more select band of ruffled wortbies tfiat
delighted the good people from the days of Queen Anne, who
of these prose novelists is sure of immortality ? Prose fiction
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IMMOBTAL FICTIONS. 467
is a modern fact, and at the present day the sneers before in-
dulged in at the novel-reader have completely died away.
The wheel of literature has rolled around. Dialectics, heavy
Divinity, the French Epigram, the Pedantic Essay, have each
had its day, and have successively sunk beneath the horizon.
The literature of the present day is for the most part comprised
of Science and Fiction. And until this arc of fashion rolls out
of sight, he who would address the popular ear and popular
heart will succeed most readily through the avenue of Fiction.
Philosophy, Eomance, Narrative, Science, Poetry, nay, even
Truth itself, have been compelled to don the fashionable attire,
or else sleep in the hands of ancients, or on the booksellers
shelf. The novel has become a household and daily fact. As
such it must be accepted and treated. He who would dispute
the influence of this fact, would now declare himself an idiot.
Religion itself, fearing to find in Fiction a foe, has for some
time worn its garb to popularize the Divine truths of Chris-
tianity. But we must not be led into a discussion of the
character and influence of modern fiction — ^the temptation is
great, but, as the Gaul tersely but inaccurately remarked, *^ We
must fry some fish I "
Prosaic fiction, before the days of Goldsmith and Fielding,
was but an abortion of the mind, but vaguely foreshadowing
the vigor and symmetry- of the full offspring of Genius. Such
abnormal pictures of the imagination were the monstrous ex-
travaganzas of the Feudal Chroniclers, and the tiresome hagi-
ologv of the Mediaeval Monks.
The modern novel was born in the brain of Walter Scott.
The publication of the Waverley Novels marked the advent of
a new era, the result of a wide-spread education produced by
the influence of the Printing Press. Then was inaugurated
the literary revolt of JEsthetical civilization, from the bonds of
Scholasticism on the one hand, and Epigrammatic frippery oh
the other.
Scott was a literary reformer ; but that his originality con-
sisted in aught but the form of thought, we are not prepared
to say. Without question, he opened new paths of thought
and feeling. He was a benefactor to his race, for he lit up the
common life of man with the beautiful lights of a vivid imag-
ination ; and with the radiancy of a fine humor he flashed an
honest glow into the hearts of thousands.
But must Walter Scott necessarily become immortal, as
Plato or Shakspeare is immortal? Or has not the sturdy
iconoclast of Chelsea already anticipated the verdict of a re-
mote and refined posterity, in the insolent fling — " Pretty
Story-telling Walter ? " We will not venture to decide. Per-
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468 IMMORTAL FICTIONS.
Bonally, we fold Ivanhoe and Quentin Durward to our hearts
and laugh, in advance, at the hypercritical airs of our over-
civilized great-grandchildren! But, judicially, we admit that
those enfanis terrible must have their day, and that our boy-
hood's delight and manhood's solace may be to their etherial-
ized taste but the oaten reed of Pan, or the alphabet of a fiir
purer and higher pictorial genius.
This suspicion on our part is based upon the fact that the
Waverley Novels, and their thousand imitations, are mainly
objective in their pictures of life, and therefore one-sided. Men
must eat, drink and deal in adventures, from fighting before
Troy to driving a bargain on the Strand ; but thev must also
think and feel — ^be the subjects of passion. The hero of the
Eerfect novel should not only act, but reflect ; not only should
e look out upon the visible and pronounced features of the
world around him, but he should also look in upon the invis-
ible, vaguely-discerned lineaments of the spirit within him, a
spirit which chiefly makes him Man. The combination of
these two counterpart qualities, in one person, and their har-
monious solution m the grand problem of life, is one of the
foundation principles that underlie all of Shakspeare's great
conceptions, and which invest them with so indescribable an
air. of naturalness and life. His men are men, not abstractions.
They live a concrete life in a concrete society, — not moving
like unsphered spirits amidst naked thoughts and feelings, nor
like brainless gladiators in a fool's paradise. Compare lago
with Du Bois Gilbert, one of Scott's most vigorous characters,
and this superior naturalness is patent Scott tells us — and
graphically, too — ^how the proud Templar felt and thought and
spoke: lago, in the hand of the Great Master, shows himself
to us, even as our personal acquaintances do, without the help
of outside comment, or the intervention of any accomplished
accoucheur of thought The invention of the one is carefully
veiled, but covered with external description and gaudily la-
beled—" Man," " Hero," or " Villain 1" In the conception of
the other, no veil obscures the actual processes of thought,
feeling and expression, which "give the world assurance of
a man I"
The more recent school of English novelists, headed by
Bulwer, Dickens and Thackeray, have advanced beyond the
chronicles of Matthew Paris and the brilliant narratives of
Scott They have delighted the reading world by presenta-
tions of men "compounded of many simples" — thinking,
speaking and acting as we find them in lite. Uniting (we
speak in gross) the analytic, descriptive and dramatic methods,
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IMMORTAL FICTIONS. 459
they have approximated, if they liave not achieved, a great
and lasting success.
Should the works of this triad — now, unquestionably, the
masters of modern fiction — wane in interest or become abso-
lute in the course of time, the germs of such decadence appear
to us to lie patent upon the pages of their finest publications.
Bulwer may fail of immortality, in the same proportion as
he falls below the stature of genius. In the fine arts (and De
Quincey proves Literature to be one of them), genius alone has
discovered the Fountain of Eternal Youth. Talent does the
•work of to-day and to-morrow ; and the day after returns to
the dust whence it came, in spite of all its energy. Men of
talents are then the day-laborers of the mind. One genius
opens the mine for the work of myriads such as these. The
palaces, temples and fields of his imagination are transformed
into facts of wood, stone and fruitful earth by the cunning-
fingered crowd that follow his steps and become rich upon the
overflow of his beneficent greatness I Bulwer, in spite of ex-
traordinary cleverness, is not a genius. The lights of a bril-
liant intellect flash from his varied page. His creations, how-
ever failiug in originality, shine with all the polish of taste, and
are splendid with the grace of scholarship. His works, the
latter especially, please and instruct in an eminent degree, but
they are, nevertheless, the offspring of the Lamp and the File.
If Bulwer be read flve hundred years hence, we are neither
{)rophets nor sons of a prophet, and genius may be born of
abor. If after that interval ne will have become forgotten, it
will but prove our thesis, that even eminent and well-directed
talent may not aspire to the crown of Immortality.
Dickens, on the other hand, is the child of nature. He
writes as the birds sin? and as the rivers flow. But it is not
every bird that sings the song of the nightingale, nor every
stream that can be raised from the mud of utility into the
region of the beautiful. We cannot forget that the author of
the Pickwick Papers is also the author of Bleak House. That
he is the Prince of Humor does not incapacitate him from
being also the Prince of Dullness. The excessive contrasts
ever presented by the works of this remarkable man prove
undeniably that eccentricity may degenerate into affectation,
humor into buffoonery, and pathos into bathos.
The son of a God may possess the stature and strength of
the Cyclop ; but, lacking the grace and symmetry of the Apollo,
he is doomed to thunder on his anvil in the bowels of the earth.
The workshop of Mr. Dickens is situated certainly too low ; for,
though he sometimes dazzles our eyes by a piece of work ex-
quisite as the shield of Achilles, he is too often tinkering upon
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460 IMMORTAL FICTIONS,
grotesque pots and pans, to divert our attention from his many
monstrosities. Should Dickens live to be read by Americans
lapsing into the yellow leaf of a fading civilization, it will be
to the accompaniment of many a laugh, a few tears, and an
unknown quantity of disgust.
He has held the mirror up to nature ; but not as Shakspeare
did — to Kinffs and Beggars, and all between, in a large and
royal style — but up to quaint heroes, shabby villains and ab-
normal children chieflv, atoning for his Puck and Caliban
predilection, now and then, by the reflection of an angelic face,
or by the head of a Prospero.
Of Thackeray it is more difficult to dispose. Of a more
reserved and classical genius, he addresses a smaller and more
discerning audience. The author of Vanity Fair could never
have become popular in the sense that I)icken8 is popular.
His publications are too intellectual for such general accepta-
tion. The kitchen and the drawing-room enjoy Mr. Weller
in common ; but the simple nobility of Col. Newcome can
only be apjpreciated by the refined. Nor could Thackeray
have achieved the popularity of Bulwer; for with equal cul-
ture and superior calibre of mind, he yet continually disturbs
the serenity of the optimist, and offends the sensibility of that
class upon whose patronage circulating libraries chiefly depend.
Choosing satire lor his theme, he at once strengthens and
weakens himself — strengthens, in so far as he restricts himself
to a method in which he greatly excels — to a weapon, in the
fatal play of which both the generosity and the terrible power
of a great master is evidenced — weakens, in as much as he
violates, by this contraction, the proprieties of a life's picture,
and maims and vitiates what should have been a healthy and
symmetrical genius. That satire is successful, affords proof
that human nature is a legitimate subject for its exercise ; but
that satire should form the chief staple of fictitious literature,
is no more proper than that Major Dobbins and Becky Sharp
are true pictures of average men and women. We would fain
believe that Thackeray possessed power to have written an
immortal work ; but we dare not pronounce him as having
done so, until, llibernic6, we hear from posterity I
Turning from these great writers, we look across a sea of
literary aspirants, but although recognizing many a head en-
circled, with its proper bays, we can discern none that are
crowned beforehand (except by a frantic worshiper) with the
amaranth diadem. But, softly I Did we say none ? Who,
then, are those Titans, looming grandly, but somewhat mistily,
across the ocean, from the Continent I
Goethe is dead. His fame, poetic, artistic, philosophical, is
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THE TWO ARISTOCRACIES OF AMERICA. 461
the pride of his land. He, the great Critic and Interpreter of
Shakspeare, could, doubtless, have created a novel upon the
plan and with the power of Shakspeare : but Faust has no
counterpart in prose, for Wilhelm Meister is no more a great
novel than it is a great steeple I
Victor Huffo is yet alive — and, dissenting vehemently^ as
sons of Englisnmen and Conservatives, from his frequent here-
sies, we can never take his great work, Les Mis^rables, into
our hands except with profound deference and unaffected emo-
tion. Let men say what they will as to the character of this
extraordinary book, it is plainly stamped with the broad seal
of genius. Since Shakspeare wrote his Lear, no such ^moving
scenes of passionate humanity have thrilled the hearts of men.
ART. III.-THE TWO ARISTOCRACIES OF AMERICA.
The term Aristocracy is usually considered only to be strict-
ly applicable to an hereditary nobility. To a class of men en-
titled to govern, not because of superior wisdom or merit of
any kind, nor of superior wealth, but by virtue of blood or
descent. Yet the advocates of such an aristocracy contend
with great force of argument and powerful array of facts and
authorities, that an aristocracy of blood, founded, as such aris-
tocracies always are, on the courage, bearing, wisdom, and
wealth of its original members, will furnish better and far safer
rulers, than the people at large would ever select. Practically,
this^difiference ot opinion between the Democratic and Aristo-
cratic theories of government seems compromised in Europe,
by leaving the chief executive department of government to be
filled on tne principle of hereditary aristocracy of Wood, whilst
most of the mferior offices, especially the legislative, shall be
selected for presumed merit, either directly or indirectly, by the
the people.
Such an aristocracy as this has never existed in our Amer-
ica; and no institution is so odious to us, nor so little under-
stood by us. Yet, in the metaphorical sense, we have thou-
sands of aristocracies among us, none the less real, and many
of them far more insidious and dangerous because metaphon-
cal. All wealth is hereditary, all a special privilege, and con-
fers actual power — power of the most odious Kind — that of com-
manding the labor of the working classes, without paying for
it; for the rich retain their capital, only employing it as a
means or instrument to command labor without paying for it.
Wherever this process is seen, and can be understood by the
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462 THE TWO ARISTOCRACIBS OF AHSBIOA.
people, it becomes extremely unpopular, as in the case of do-
mestic slavery at the South — ^ana is dnbbed in derision aristoc-
racy. No doubt the slaveholders of the South did constitute
an aristocracy, and one that united much of hereditary merit,
to hereditary descent. They generally controlled the adminis-
tration of Federal affairs, except when pecuniary advantages
were to be had, on which occasions the North predominated.
The splendid career of the Republic, its vast expansion, and its
rapid increase in wealth and population, attest the merit, the
energy, and the wisdom of this ruling power, the slaveholding
aristocracy of the South. A more honest and incorruptible
set of men never directed the affairs of a nation. They were
jealous guardians of the treasury, opponents of heavy taxation,
lavish expenditure, and especially of all partial legislation.
We never may see their like again. They did not tax, ex-
ploit, or in any wav make, or seeK to make a profit out of the
North, but were her best customers, buying her manufac-
tures, with forty per cent, added to their open market value by
protective legislation, and selling to her, cheap, com, wheat,
rice, tobacco, cotton, and various other agricultural products
and raw materials, cheap, because at their open market value,
unprotected by partial legislation. Thus, the North did tax,
exploit, and make a profit out of the slaveholding aristocracy,
Our only sin was that we did t&x, exploit, and make a profit
out of the labor of our slaves, commanding their labor, not as
capitalists, but as masters. For this sin, if sin it were, the
South has suffered most grievously, and, if Radical rule be
continued, must in the future suffer still more grievously.
Yet, would the Freedmen but be as quiet, patient, and sub-
missive as free white laborers are elsewhere, we would tax,
exploit, and make a larger profit out of their labor by the com-
mand which capital gives over that labor, than we ever did by
our command as masters, and should, therefgre, find "free
labor cheaper than slave labor." The Radicals, who never
dream of giving white laborers more than the market value of
labor, regulated by the cruel, exacting, and grossly dishonest
laws of free competition and supply and demand, have, in many
instances, compelled employers to pay for negro labor, not its
market price or value, out what these Radicals considered its
real value — thus making the negroes a privileged class.
Gradually and surely, however, ne^ro labc»r must be brought
down to an equal footing with white labor ; and then, if we
could but keep the negi-oes quidt and at work, we should be
greater aristocrats than ever, and the negroes more degradingly
enslaved than ever. But the negro's instinct will reject what
the white man's boasted reason tamely and passively submits to.
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THE TWO ARISTOCRACIES OF AMERICA. 463
He does not understand political economy, could not for his
life pronounce the words, but feels that the laws of free compe-
tition and demand and supply operate as a bitter mockery
and crying injustice, and would often starve him, not because
his labor was mtrinsically less valuable, but because labor was
more abundant. When labor ceases to be sufficiently remune-
rative, white laborers hold meetings, publish windy preambles
and resolutions, enter into Trades' Unions, and have strikes.
On such occasions negroes will fight outright, seeing no other
exodus from their difficulties. We see no better prospect in
the future, at least in all of our towns and cities, than a perpet-
ually recurring war of the races. The Southern aristocracy is
asphyxiated, if not defunct.
Whilst the chivalry of the North and of Europe, essentially
aided by the negroes, were scotching the Southern Hydra, a -
monster ten times more terrible grew up at the North-East,
more rapidly and in grander proportion than * Jack's Bean.'
The moneyed power,
*^ Monstrum horrendum, informe ingens, coi lumen ademptum,*'
appeared upon the political arena. A monster, unprincipled,
rapacious, cruel, exacting, vulgar, thievish, omnipresent, and
almost omnipotent. Now domestic slavery is abolished, and
there is no political slavery in America — but slavery to capital
Buch as never existed anywhere in this world before, is grind-
ing down into the dust every laboring man in America. If
you doubt it, calculate your taxes, and compare them with the
taxe^ you paid before the war. Are they not ten times as
creat ? Or go to a store and buy the necessaries of life, do
Siey not cost twice as much ? If you be a laborer, have your
wages risen proportionally ? Certainly not I Fifty per cent.,
in bad money, has been added, perhaps, to your wages, and a
hundred per cent, to your expenses. And for whose benefit ?
Certainly not for that of the Government, or of the people at
large, and as certainly for the benefit of the vulgar, vicious,
parvenu moneyed aristocracy, that, mushroom-like,have grown
up out of the ruin of both North and South. The Federal Gov-
ernment has become a mere agent to collect interest for the
Government creditors, and to enact protective tariffs to increase
the profits of North-Eastern manufacturers. Politically we are
free, but the moneyed aristocracy of the North-East lords it
over us of the South and of the North- West, and, indeed, of the
whole agricultural and laboring interest, wherever situated,
with ten times the crnelty, and twenty times the rapacity, that
ever Imperial Russia lorded it over abjectly enslaved Poland.
This new aristocracy that has arisen on the ruins of the slave
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464 THE TWO ABISTOCRACIES OP AMERICA.
aristocracy knows no distinctions of race or color ; it tyran-
nizes over and robs them all alike. The National debt be-
longs to this new aristocracy ; most of the State and Corpora-
tion debtd are due to them ; the Banks all over/the Union, in
great part, are owned by them ^ so are the Railroads and Ca-
nals, and the factories of various manufactures, and the great
mercantile interest is theirs. Through all these agencies they
tax the agricultural and working interests of the nation. They
do not labor, they are non-producers, but tax the whole pro-
ductive labor of the nation so heavily as to take away from it
more than half its products. Are men thus taxed freemen or
slaves ? What matters it whether you call the man who takes
away, under the forms of law, without compensation, half the
proceeds of your labor. Master or Fellow-Citizen ? Does not
North-Eastern capital now tax white labor more heavily than
ever masters taxed negro slaves ? Is not the new aristocracy
of capital situated mostly at the North-East, ten times as ra-
pacious and exacting as ever was the slave aristocracy ? Is not
the Federal Government in their hands, and do they not em-
ploy it as a mere engine to tax, fleece, rob, and exploit the
South and the North- West ? Have they not ten times the
wealth of Croesus, and did they ever labor, did they ever make
an honest cent? Is not all their wealth the result of the mere
tricks of trade ? Like the Faro Banker, they cut, shuffle, and
deal the cards, and rob everybody's pocket, and nobody can
understand how.
In way of profits of trade, interest derived from National
debt, from State and Corporate debts, and dividends on
Stocks, more than two thousand millions of dollars a year is
transferred from the pockets of the laboring producers of the
North- West and of tne South to the capitalists, the idle non-
producers of the North-East. Such is the aristocracy that has
succeeded to the slaveholding aristocracy, and that now rules
and tyrannizes over the nation. We are the most heavily
taxed people upon the face of the earth, and, therefore, the
least free. We begin to feel it, but do not see it and under-
stand it.
The North- West and the South, the whole agricultural and
laboring interests of the nation, must combine to check the ag-
gressions and mitigate the cruel exactions of North-Eastern
jkiitiom capital, or universal bankruptcy and bloody anarchy
will soon ensue. The capital that oppresses us is fictitious ; it
represents no real values ; it has not, and never had, a real
existence ; 'tis the mere creature of legal construction and of
legislative and financial legerdemain. 'Tis a mere power of
taxation conferred by law — not property, not wealth, nothing
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THE TWO ABISTOCRACIES OF AMERICA. 466
real, substantial, visible or tangible whatever. This aristocracy
have no money, and never had any. The law has made thBir
otherwise worthless credit subserve the purposes of money.
They have the power of taxation — nothing more. The real
material wealth, the actual visible and tangible capital, and all,
or almost all, the productive industry of tne country, is to be
found in the Nortn-West and the South, but all the profits of
this wealth and this industry are transferred by the tricks of
trade, by legislative contrivance, and financial legerdemain, to
the holders of fictitious capital in the North-East. Aristoc-
racy 1 why the world has never seen an aristocracy half so
powerful, half so corrupt, so unprincipled, and rapacious, nor
one-tenth so vulgar and so ignorant, as the moneyed aristocracy
of the North-East.
The North- West is taxed, cheated, exploited, enslaved by
it, yet continues to glorify a Union that has built up and sus-
tains this aristocracy, and to abuse and fight the shaaes of de-
funct slavery, and of a defunct Southern aristocracy. Better
chance their tactics, unite with the South, always their best
friends and customers, and make war upon our common ene-
mies, tlft moneyed aristocracy of the North-East. Nay : the
whole agricultural and laboring interests of the nation should
unite, and, as one compact party, strenuously endeavor to check
the aggressions and mitigate the tyranny of this new aristoc-
racy. JFor we stake our honor as a man, and our reputation
as a philosopher and political economist, to the trutn of the
statement, ** that if slavery consist in the fact that one set of
men labor, whilst another set, without paying an equivalent,
appropriate great part of the results or products of that labor,"
that then the agriculturists, we mean the laboring class of
them, of America, are at this day and hour more grievously,
cruelly, and degradingly enslaved, than ever were the negroes
of the South.
None but a fool will deny the proposition. Everybody
knows that the white agricultural laborers, the men who own
but little or no land, ana cannot command other people's labor,
are virtually enslaved. But nobody cares for, or sympathizes
with, white slavery. It is unfashionable to deny or oppose
such slavery, and fashion rules and regulates our sympathies,
feelings, and opinions, just as it regulates the cut and color of
our clothes. All common laborers stand on the same footing
with agricultural laborers, and all should unite to oppose and
put down the rule of the North-Eastern moneyed anstocracy.
VOL. U.-NO. v. 80
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466 THAD. STEVKNS'S CONSCIENCE.
ART. IT.-THAD. STEVENS'S CONSCIENCE-THE BUMP PARLIA-
Consciences, in the general, are vague, indeterminate, illu-
sory, half-developed, capricious and unSefinable things. To
catch, cage, and analyze a conscience, would be as difficult a
task as to arrest, confine, and analyze the electric spark. We
have observed, however, that the most ordinary phenomenon
of a good, sound, healthy conscience, is, that it begets a feeling
of elation, self-approval, self-appreciation and happiness when
we have succeeded in our undertakings, and on the other hand
depresses our spirits, destroys our self-res|)ect, makes us look
mean and sheepish, and feel penitent and remorseful, when we
have failed in those undertakings, without the slightest regard,
in either case, to the objects or ends in view. Much has been
said, and with some truth, of a clean shirt and sound stomach,
as promotives of cheerful spirits and a clear conscience. A
dyspeptic usually looks and feels mean and melancholy ; and
his conscience is reproachful in consequence of the infirmity
of his stomach. So a man in a dirty shirt, with a long beard,
uncombed hair, and unbrushed clothes, hat and boots, is un-
easy, uncomfortable, and a little conscience-smitten — Unless he
has just returned a large winner from a faro bank. In that
case, no matter what the condition of his stomach, or his cloth-
ing, he is gay as a lark, self-appreciative, and self-approving,
ana has a clear, clean conscience, that will cheer him up through
life — or at least until he spends or loses his winnings. Until
that time, too, he will be (seemingly at least) respected and
admired by his associates ; and few men care for public opin-
ion outside of their ordinary associations. The man who has
lost his money last night, and half ruined himself, in vain
moves his toilet, has his boots blacked, his hat and clothes
brushed, washes his face, changes his linen, shaves, and combs
his head. Not " all the means and appliances to boot," not
brandy, not '* Hock and soda water," will soothe the upbraid-
ings of his guilty conscience. He is self-reproachful, miserable,
penitent, cowed, despises himself, and is despised by his ac-
qaintances ; not because he gambled, but because he was un-
lucky. Oh conscience, what a miserable jade thou art I You
follow and fawn on, approve and flatter the rich, powerful and
fortunate, and apply the scorpion's lash of remorse and misery
to the weak, the poor, and unfortunate. Some men have con-
tinually unquiet consciences merely because they are afflicted
with bilious temperaments ; others are always cheerful, happy,
and elate, for no other reason that we can discern, except that
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THiJ). STEVKNS'S CONSCIENCE. 467
they have sound digestion, clean skins, and ruddy com-
plexions.
How fallacious, treacherous, and deceptive a guide mere
conscience is, we see most conspicuously displayed in the
false estimate which the world holds of successful warriors and
great conquerors, and in the false concert and undue self-ap-
preciation which their successful butcheries engender in them-
selves. Bonaparte was, without comparison, not only the
greatest of human homicides, but the most purposeless and
useless one. Caesar, and all other Koman conquerors, spread
and planted Roman civilization in the track of their conquests :
a civilization that generally remains to the present day, and
which probably will never become extinct. Alexander spread
Greek civilization throughout Western Asia and part of Africa,
and even Mahomet and his successors elevated and enlightened
the people that they subdued. But Bonaparte did exactly the
reverse of all this. He disgusted all sensible, virtuous, and
conservative people with French politics, French manners and
customs, French thought, morality and infidelity, with the
French language, and with Frenchmen. In Germany, Austria,
Russia, Italy, throughout Continental Europe, and even in
England and America, Bonaparte found French thought, man-
ners and customs aped and imitated, and the French fiterature,
language, and civilization cultivated among all the higher and
more enlightened classes. When his star began to rise above
the horizon, all Christendom was half galvanized. His cruel,
disorganizing, bloody career of conquest and of carnage, dis-
gusted whatever was respectable and influential in the world,,
not only with himself, but with Frenchmen, and with every-
thing pertaining or peculiar to them. Yet so long as he waa
successful, the world, except a few of the thoughtful, admired.
He nationalized every petty State in Europe as fast as Csesar
and Alexander denationalized whole continents, and applauded
him as never was man admired and applauded before. The
world's conscience then was where it will always be found, on
the side of the successftil ; and Bonaparte's conscience became
the more self-satisfied and self-approving, just in proportion as
he slaughtered more men, devastated more countries, and in-
flicted more of human misery in every form. He became per-
fectly beside himself with arrogance, pretension, vanity, and
self-conceit, and issued weekly bulleti£»s, more pompous, frothy,
silly and absurd, than Alexander's drunken pretensions to dfi-
vinity. Measured by the amount of human misery which he
wantonly and causelessly inflicted, and he was the worst man
that ever lived, yet so long as he was successful his whole con-
duct and behavior showed that he had the clearest and most
proving conscience of any man in Christendom.
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468 THAD. Stevens's conscience.
When luck ran against him, he was visited with the most
horrible goadings of conscience, and stings of remorse. Hence
he took poison on his retreat to Fontainebleau, and demeaned
himself like a restless, angrj, fretful, snarling beast of prey, in
his cage at St. Helena.
Conscience, when not properly trained, cultivated, educated,
and directed, is a mere infidel Bible.
The title of our essay is paradoxical, and most people, with-
out these prefatory remarks, would be ready to exclaim,
*'Why, the man must be mad. As well attempt to write a
dissertation on hen's teeth, or marcs' nests, or the wool of a bull-
frog, as on Thad. Stevens's conscience. He never was suspected
of owning such an inconvenient thing in his life." Now, we
are charged, by our best friends, with paradox and eccentricitjr,
and are resolved to live down and write down all such injuri-
ous imputations. Thad. has a conscience — an excellent, healthy,
sound, capacious, comprehensive, adaptable, plastic, elastic.
Protean, chamelion-like, powerful conscience. A forty-horse
power conscience. A conscience that, with its horrid congres-
sional imprecations, had like to have " hurled headlong " the
whole South,
" With hideous ruin and combustion, down
To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
In adamantine chains and penal firea.^
Why, the man was as terrific in his conscience-comnelling
wrath as Jupiter Tonans hurling thunderbolts from Mount
Olympus, to crush the Titans, or Jeffries on his circuit, or Puri-
tan John Milton cursing kings, lauding regicides, and eulogiz-
ing Cromwell, or the Bostonians when burning witches and
hanging Quakers, or the Puritan parson, who but the other day
whipped his three-year-old child to death, because it would not
say its prayers. Aye ! to the full, as conscientious, as wrong-
headed, and as black-hearted as any of them, and as " terribly
in earnest" as they, llow happy and self-approving Thad. must
have felt with his "Rump'' and "Barebone" fanatics over
ready to follow his lead and obey his commands, whether he
ordered them to exclude Southern gentlemen from their seats,
or to apply a little of Pride's Purge to the Senate, when the
number of Northern gentlemen and conservatives in that body
threatened to become dangerous ! How happy whilst he saw
how his tyranny and his persecutions impoverished, tortured
and tormented the South ! Such conscience as his, and that of
the crew that followed at his heels, delight in cruelty and in
inflicting pain and misery ; for it is only thus that they can
gratify their vulgar ideas and appetite for power, just as the
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THAD. Stevens's conscience. 469
Bang of Dahomy or the Ertiperor of Hayti has a few hundred
subjects beheaded to celebrate a festival. The vulgar are al-
ways cruel, and conscientiously cruel. Thad's Congress, with
a few Democratic and Conservative exceptions, was as vulgar
and as cruel a body as ever convened in Europe or America.
Nothing saved the South from bloody decimation and general
confiscation but the protecting shield of the President, and their
apprehensions of that sleeping Lion, the Northern army. We
would advise Thad., in order to keep in practice during the
recess, to compose Anathema Maranatha for the Pope, to cor-
respond with Parson Brownlow, and write for Forney's paper.
We should have nothing to say about his conscience, if he and
his fanatic Legislature were not representative men, just sam-
pies and specimens of the worst phase of Puritanism. Just
such men as emerge from the Puritan ranks in time of civil
commotion and revolution, and take the lead in government.
All New Englanders are not Puritans, and all Puritans are not
vulgar, ignorant, and half-demented like Thad. and his Rump.
A majority of the people of New England may be brought to
entertain kind feelings towards the South, and to mete out
something like justice and equality to us, if we will only dis-
criminate between the vile outgrowths of Puritanism that are
ever disturbing and disgusting society, at home and abroad,
and the great body of the sect, who are usually moderate, or-
derly, conservative people, a little given to money-making and
self-righteousness. Throughout their whole history, they have
had the most accommodating, elastic, self-approving consciences
in the world, and hence have ever been the most conceited
people in the world. But they have played quite a useful and
conspicuous part in human aifairs, and we can well forgive
their self-conceit except when they put their meanest upper-
most, and place in power the cruel, the vindictive, the intoler-
ant, the vulgar and the ignorant, such as the Rump and Bare-
bone Parliaments in England, and Thad. and his suit here.
Love is a pleasanter passion than hate, and we have been hating
so intensely for the last six years, that we are now looking
about for something to love. The search, we hope, will not be
vain, even in New England. Indeed, we have a good many
valued friends there already, and some of them, strange to say,
thorongh abolitionists. But they are mere monomaniacs, sane
on all other subjects, and quite interesting and amusing even
in their madness. They afrord us very instructive subjects for
philosophical dissection, analysis, and disquisition, and are,
besides, very agreeable companions. Old age, too, is approach-
ing, and we wish to have as few causes of disquietude as pos-
sible. We are resolved to hate no one, and to quarrel with no
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470 THE AMERICAN FISHERIES.
one. No, not even with Thad. Stevens and his men. They
are rather subjects for contempt and ridicule, than for serious
aversion. They have ceased to be dangerous, and will be
placed in a pitiable plight should the fall elections go against
them. Then, remorse of conscience will seize upon them and
torture them, and we will try to condole with their suflFerings.
Besides, we know that they are still terribly afraid, even of the
conquered South, and to make sure work of her, they were not
content to give her a few extra stabs, as FalstaflF gave the dead
Percy, but they hewed and hacked and cut her to pieces just
as negroes often serve the victims that they murder. Fear of
a resurrecting South may account for, if not excuse, the seem-
ingly superfluous cruelties of Thad. and his band of Radicals.
Just suppose that some fifty members from that section,
whom Thaa. was daily denouncing as rebels, and traitors, and
murderers, should be suddenly admitted to their seats, and
brought face to face with him. Would not his knees tremble,
his hair stand on end, and his voice fail him ? Nay, would he
not faint, or swoon, or give up the ghost outright f That the
Radicals should be afraid to admit Southern members whom
they have grossly belied, insulted, and abused, is quite natural,
and altogether in character with men who are habitually men-
dacious, scandalous, impertinent, and insulting, when they can
escape responsibility ; conscientiously so, no doubt, deeming
such conduct and demeanor part of the prescriptive morality
of the most saintly class of ultra Puritans, such as Butler has
immortalized in his Hudibras, and such as now attend negro
abolition gatherings.
Our purpose in writing this essay was to show that mere
conscience is a treacherous delusion and dangerous moral
guide, and in taking up Thad's for dissection, we cared no
more for him than the dissecting anatomist does for his subject,
and now cast him aside with equal sang-froid 1
ART. V.-THE AMERICAN FISHERIES.
GENBBAL FACTS — COD, HERRING, ALKWIVES, SHAD, HACKEREL,
SALMON, WHITE FISH, HALIBUT, STURGEON, LOBSTERS, OYS-
TERS, CLAMS, WHALE FISHERY, ETC.
We introduced this subject and gave some of the earliest infor-
mation in regard to it in our article upon the " Progress of Ameri-
can Commerce" in the April and September numbers of the Review.
Drawing for our information upon- the Reports of the United States
Census, we append the following :
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THE AMERICAN FISHERIES. 471
The total product of the fisheries of the United States, including
the whale fishery in 1860, according to the official returns, was up-
wards of thirteen millions of dollars, ($13,664,805) — an increase of
more than thirty per cent, over their value in 1850. Considerably
more than one-half of this amount, or 17,749,305, was the proceeds
of whale fishing, and $4,183,503, or nearly one-third of the whole,
represented the value of cod, mackerel, and herring, &;c., taken in
that year. The value of the white fish taken in the northern lakes
was $464,47d ; more than half of which was returned from Michigan.
The shad fishery yielded a product of $321,052 — North Carolina
being the largest producer. Of oysters, the value taken was
$756,350, and $51,500 was the value of salmon caught, principally
in the rivers of the Pacific coast.
The statistics of ihe deep-sea and river fisheries, exclusive of the
whale trade, embrace the products of 1,524 establishments, and
amounted to $5,915,500. Of these, 1,053 belonged to the Eastern
and Middle States, and employed an aggregate capital of $3,898,606
and 13,699 hands, the product of which was $4,756,766. The West-
ern lake States returned 248 fishing establishments, with a capital
of $294,219, which employed 1,274 hands, and yielded a return of
$583,241. Virginia, North Carolina, Florida^ Alabama, and Texas
numbered 206 establishments, with a capital of $252,002, and an
aggregate product of $400,666. California, Oregon, and Washing-
ton Territory reported seventeen concerns, having collectively a
capital of $70,420 and 244 hands engaged in taking fish to the value
of $174,937. Of the aggregate returns, $6,734,955, the product o f
the whaling business, and $2,637,604, the value of other branches,
making together $9,163,842, or 70 per cent, of the total value, was
the result of the maritime industry of Massachusetts alone. The
latter sum was the product of 169 fishing establishments, whose
capital amounted to $2,520,200 ; the raw material consumed amount-
ed to $452,778, and the hands employed to 7,642, (twenty of them
females,) whose labor was valued at $1,220,439.
Cod Fishert. — ^The cod fishery, which has been an established
industry of Massachusetts for more than two hundred years, em-
ployed annually, from 1765 to 1775, from twenty-one ports in that
province, including Maine, an average of 665 vessels, a tonnage of
25,630 tons and 4,405 seamen. The annual exportation to Europe
in that time was 178,800 quintals, which sold for $3 05 per quintal,
and to the West Indies the quantity exported was 172,500 quintals,
worth $2 06 per quintal. After the Revolution fishing was again
resumed, and from 1786 to 1790 the number of vessels annually
employed in this fishery was 539, the tonnage 19,185, the number
of seamen 3,292, and the exports to Europe were 108,600 quintals,
at $3 each, and to the West Indies 141,650, at $2 per quintal.
Marblehead and Gloucester were the principal fishing ports. A
memorial of the Marblehead fishermen to Congress, in 1790, stated
that the average annual earnings of e^ch schooner from that time
had fallen from $483 in 1787 to $456 in 1788, and to $283 in 1790.
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472 THE AMERICAN FISHERIES.
The average annual expenses, including insurance, was $416, showing
a loss in the latter year of $143. A report of Mr. Jefferson, Secre-
tary of the Treasury, on this and similar petitions, advised a with-
drawal from the fisheries of all support from the treasury. Congress,
however, granted a bounty on the exportation of salted fish by way
of drawback of the duty on imported salt, and an allowance in
money was afterwards made to vessels employed for a certain num-
ber of months in this fishery. Thus encouraged and stimulated by
the revival of trade and commerce under the ne^y organized
government, the New England fisheries again entered upon a season
of prosperity. In 1807 four vessels were fitted out at Newbury port
for the Labrador cod fishery, and were the first vessels from the
United States that made their fares in the Esquimaux bay. From
1-790 until the embargo and the last war with Great Britain, the
export trade in fish steadily increased and reached its greatest pros-
perity. The heaviest exportations were in 1804, when they amount-
ed to 567,828 quintals of dried fish, worth $2,400,000, and 89,482
barrels and 13,045 kegs of pickled fish, worth $640,000. The pro-
duct of the cod fishery has never since been as great, and in 1814
fell to 31,310 quintals of dry fish, valued at $128,000, and 8,436
barrels of pickled fish, worth $50,000. The lowest average price
obtained for dried and smoked fish from 1806 to 1823 was $3 25
in 1809, and the highest price $4 80 in 1815, towards the end of
the war.
The principal markets for American codfish were the French,
Spanish, Danish, Swedish, and Dutch West Indies, the Brazils, and
the Catholic States of Europe. Hayti and the Spanish and Danish
West Indies were the largest foreign consumers of pickled fish, but
the greater part of the pickled fish of the United States is consumed
at home.* An active trade, which commenced in 1791, is carried
on from Gloucester, Massachusetts, with Surinam or Dutch Guiana,
and in 1856 employed 14 ships, barks, and brigs. About the year
1845, a prosperous trade was commenced between that town and
the British American provinces, from which, in 1856, upward of
200 vessels arrived annually. Gloucester, in that year, had em-
ployed in the fisheries a fleet of 304 vessels, averaging 70 tons each,
or 21,000 tons of shipping. The capital invested was $1,089,250,
and the men employed in it 3,040. The town exported 72,000
barrels of mackerel, worth $500,000, and 98,000 quintals of codfish,
worth $300,000, 660 barrels of oil, and 210 tons of smoked halibut,
and consumed 250,000 bushels of salt. This was exclusive of the
boat and shore fishery of the place. Boston, as the leading fish
emporium, had, at the same date, about thirty houses engaged in
the fish trade, whose aggregate capital was $1,100,000, and their
sales for that year were nearly $6,P00,000.f Massachusetts, in
1853, employed 51,425 tons of shipping in the cod fishery.
An important branch of the domestic fishery, carried on in the
* HcGreeor's Statistics of America.
t Third AnQual Report of Boston Board of Trade, for 1857.
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THE AMEKIOAN FISHERIES. 473
bays, harbors and rivers of New England — the value of which is
usually omitted in the published statistics of this industry — is the
trade in fresh fish for the daily markets of the seaport and inland
cities of the Union. This trade is of two kinds : one of these con-
sists in supplying the several maritime towns with fresh fish of
various kinds, brought in boats from the local fisheries in the neigh-
boring waters ; the other is for the supply of more distant markets.
Boston is the principal seat of the latter business, which was com-
menced there upwards of twenty years ago. In 1844, several firms
in that city were engaged in furnishing New York, Philadelphia,
Albany, Troy, and other cities, between the first of December and
the first of May, in each year, with large quantities of fresh codfish,
haddock, and halibut, to the amount of 1,734,000 pounds. Of this
amount one of the oldest and largest firms alone sent off 934,000
pounds of halibut, and 386,000 pounds of cod and haddock. The
trade employed at that time about 60 vessels, of 3,000 tons, and
400 men, one-half engaged in the halibut, and the other in the cod
and haddock fishery. They were chiefly owned at Cape Ann and
Cape Cod, and varied from six to fourteen days in the length of
their voyages. The fish are brought to the wharves alive, by a pe-
culiar construction of the vessels, which admits the water into a
part of the hold, and when landed they are packed in ice and shipped
to their destination. This business is conducted independently of
that which supplies the city market. The latter trade, in 1836, era-
ployed in Boston 15 or 20 small schooners and a large number of
boats in catching fresh codfish for market. A single vessel of 25
tons with six men, during five months, took 194,125 pounds of
fresh cod, worth $3,026, exclusive of the oil made from the livers,
which sold for $15 per barrel. The price varied from five to twelve
shillings per hundred. Large quantities of haddock were, in the
same way, brought to market and sold for a few cents each. Lynn,
in the same season, was supplied with 4,680,000 pounds of fresh
fish. Duxbury had ten market boats and forty men employed,
which took thirty-eight to forty thousand fresh fish. Provincetown
bad the same number of boats in the business. Rockport, in Essex
County, in 1855, sold 1,050,000 pounds of fresh fish, worth $15,750.
The sale of fresh codfish and halibut in Boston in 1856 was esti-
mated at $300,000. The fish were shipped in a frozen state to all
the neighboring States.
Herring. — On the coast of Newfoundland, where immense schools
of herring appear early in the spring and furnish food for the cod,
which pursue them close into the shore, they are chiefly caught by
the resident fishermen for sale to the " bankers*' and shore fishermen
as bait for codfish. On the southern and western coasts of the
island hundreds of barrels of live herring, of good quality, are often
turned out of the seines in which they are taken, the people not
deeming them worthy the salt and labor of curing. From this
fishery, which is not pursued as a distinct branch of business, but
might be made very profitable, our fishermen are excluded by the
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474: THE AME&ICAN FISHBBIES.
great quantity of ice in the Gulf until the season Is past In the
Gulf of St. Lawrence herring are also found so soon as the ice dis-
appears, and here, particularly at the Magdalen islands, the Ameri-
cans have long carried on a profitable herring fishery. The herring
arrive there in April to spawn, and during their stay, which lasts
about ten days, the waters are nearly solid with them, while the
beach, when the wind blows on shore, is in many places covered two
or three feet deep with their spawn. During their sojourn any
quantity can be taken, but they are at that season generally poor.
Their offspring, which inhabit the bays and harbors, become quite
fat, being protected from the larger fish by the shallow water, while
they become the tyrants of the small. These herring, being poor,
are easily preserved by being smoked or " dry-salted," and will keep
in hot weather. They are not much used where the better qualities
can be obtained, and are never compressed for their oil. They are
{•rincipally sold in the West Indies or in South American markets,
n 1839 Captain Fair, of the royal navy, found at the Magdalen
islands, chiefly at Amherst and House harbors, on the 1 9th of Ma/,
about ] 46 sail of American fishing schooners, of from 60 to 80 tons,
and each carrying seven or eight men. Among them were only
about seven belonging to the British possessions, chiefly from Ari-
chat. Cape Breton. The American schooners were computed to
average nearly 700 barrels each,- or in all about 100,000 barrels,
valued at $100,000, as the product of {10,000 tons of shipping and
1,000 men, several of which by the 27th had completed their cargoes
and sailed.
The best quality of herrings are taken in the Bay of Fundy and
Passamaquoddy bay, the waters of which in the spring are literally
alive with young herring, which feed and fatten on the shrimps
brought in by the full tides. The spring herring are of large size
and full of spawn, which abound in the harbors of Nova Scotia and
neighboring provinces in May, are lean, and less esteemed than the
fat fall herring. A small variety, very fat and delicious, enter the
Digby gut about the end of May, and are caught in great quantity
on the shore of Clements, in Annapolis basin. They are smoked
and cured as red herring, and packed in boxes of half a bushel each,
containing about 200 in number. Of these, 100,000 boxes have been
export* d in some years, but are now less plentiful than formerly.
Many herring are taken in St. Mary's bay and the basin of Minas.
In 1805 and two following years an average of 10,410 boxes of
smoked fish were exported from Nova Scotia. The provincial laws
respecting the inspection of fish have given them a reputation in
foreign markets. Of the several species of this fish taken in the
waters of the United States, the principal is the Clupea elongata^ the
representative of the common herring, (C karengus,)
By the Dutch and English, herring arei principally caught in drift
nets, which the former make of coarse Persian silk, as being stronger
than hemp, and 500 to 600 fiithoms in length. These are blackened
by smoke to disguise them, and in the evening are set, being buoyed
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THE AMEBICAN FISHERIES. 476
up by empty barrels and stretched by weights, so that the upper
margin floats just at the surface. The darkest nights, and when the
surface is rippled by a breeze, are considered the most favorable.
Fishing by day with these gill-nets is prohibited in England. The
fish are sometimes attracted towards them by lanterns, and in the
morning the nets are drawn in by a windlass. Great quantities are
sometimes meshed in this manner.
In American waters herring are at present principally taken in
weirs, but formerly by " torching," or driving, which was as happy
a union of business and pleasure as can well be imagined.
The principal seat of the herring fishery of Maine is in Washing-
ton county, and the neighborhoods of Lubec, Eastport, and Machias.
The total catch of the State in 1860 was reported at 525,974 boxes
of smoked herring, valued at about $118,000, in addition to a few
thousand barrelt of pickled herring. Of the whole quantity, 398,174
boxes were returned by Washington county, which reported $301,517
as the value of all kinds of fishes taken by its fishermen. Sagadahoc
returned 90,000 boxes, and Knox county 7,000 boxes. The average
value was less than twenty-five cents a box. In the State in 1850
there were returns of 29,685 boxes of herring taken. The total
value of the smoked and pickled herring taken in the waters of
Maine does not probably fall short of $200,000 annually. This is
the value estimated by Mr. Hallowell, who includes also the value
of oil made from the herring by compression. The annual catch in
Passamaquoddy bay is computed to be equal to 75,000 barrels, the
market value of which is $170,000. The quantity of herring taken
being much in excess of the demand, about two-thirds of the catch,
or 50,000 barrels, are now converted into oil, which sells at $20 to
$25 per barrel at the manufactory. This manufacture of herring
oil is of recent origin. The first press was introduced at Passama-
quoddy in 1862 by U. S. Treat, Esq. At the present time almost
every man engaged in the herring fishery has them. The market
value of the oil has almost doubled in price since the first year. It
is thought that fully 60 per cent of the fish taken in future will be
compressed for oil, which will cause a falling off in the number of
boxes of smoked fish prepared for market. When herring are to
be compressed they are red-salted in the same way as for smoking,
but witnout being scaled, and are allowed to lie three or four days.
The apparatus, including two presses, two screws, a kettle holding
70 gallons, &;c., costs $50. With this, two men will make from 35
to 40, or, if the herring be very fat, about 70 gallons of oil in a day.
Fourteen presses, of five gallons each, is, however, an unusual day's
work ; three gallons each being the average of a season. The
pomace or refuse of the press is used for manure, and sells for $4
per ton. The poggy is preferred for the manufacture of oil, and
considerable quantities of poggy oil are made in Maine, but that fish
is now much less plentiful than formerly.
Alewivbs. — ^The alewife, {Clupea vernales^) belonging to the same
&mily with the common herring, and forming a link between it and
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476 THE AMEBICAK FISHERIES.
the shad, though less valuable than either, ascends our eastern rivers
in great abundance in the spring. Unlike the herring, it deposits its
spawn in fresh water. In former years more of this fish were taken
and packed in Massachusetts than of any species of the same family.
The quantity inspected in 1832 was 1,730 barrels; in 1833, 2,266
barrels, and in 1836, 5,600 barrels. Many were taken in the Charles
river, at Watertown ; the inspections in ten years preceding 1836
averaging 700 barrels annually." They were first pickled, then
salted, barreled, and sent to the West Indies, where they sold for
$1 50 to $2 per barrel. Twenty-five years before they were so
abundant there as to be sold for twenty cents the hundred, and were
shipped in greater quantities. The building of dams and factories
on the rivers caused their partial disappearance. In 1854 Massa-
chusetts employed 485 men in taking alewives, shad, and salmon to
the amount of 52,278 barrels and 4,802,472 in number, the total
value of which was 173,156. They were principally taken at Water-
town, Cambridge, Medford, Middlebury, Tisbury, Berkeley, Dlgh-
ton, Gloucester, and Lynn. Upwards of half a million alewives
were returned in 1860 by Sagadohoc county, in Maine, chiefly by
Bowdoinham. Many of ^hese fish from our eastern ports^ are sold
in Baltimore for more southern markets, where they are in demand
on account of their cheapness!' being sold at $8 50 to $4 50 per bar-
rel in ordinary seasons. But on account of their inferior value as a
commercial article, much of the catch of these fish is not reported.
Many ajewives are also taken on the eastern shore of Maryland, St
Mary's county employing in 1860 eighty hands and eight seines,
which cau^t about 16,000, valued, in the fresh or green state, at
$4,000. The season begins in September and lasts about two
months.
Shad. — ^In the rivers at the head of the Bay of Fundy, where
many fine shad are taken, the gill-nets are sometimes made station-
ary and placed transversely to the stream, on a flat or bar, over
which the tide flows many feet in depth. The shad are always
meshed in the ebb of the tide. In the deep, narrow rivers at the
head of the Bay of Fundy, where the tide ebbs and flows fifty or
more feet in depth, seines are sometimes extended entirely across
the channel from bank to bank. During the influx of the tide, they
lie flat upon the bottom of the river, the upper margin directed up
stream, and on the turn of the tide, at high water, they are sprung
to a vertical position by means of boats and buoys, thu^ intercepting
the return of nearly all the fish in the stream. Many thousands are
thus taken in a single tide, although the sturgeon often opens vast
rents in the seine, admitting a pretty general escape. Many shad
are also taken in weirs, in Penobscot bay. The town of Richmond,
in 1860, returned 32,000 as having been taken in four weirs. Large
numbers of these fish were formerly taken in the Charles river, at
Watertown, Massachusetts, and sold in Boston market for twenty-
five cents each. Many were also caught at Taunton, where they
were sometimes sold from the seines as low as fifty cents a hundred.
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THE AMERICAN FISHERIES. 477
Large numbers of shad and manure fish are taken in the harbors
and rivers of Long Island sound, by the fishermen of Connecticut,
and in the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. In 1 850, Connecticut
returned 248,448 as the number of shad, exclusive of white fish used
as fertilizers, caught in the State. North Carolina returned the same
year 56,482 barrels of shad and herring.
The total value of shad fishery of the United States in 1860 was
$433,671. Of this amount North Carolina produced upwards of
one-fourtd, or $117,259; Florida, $68,952; New Hampshire,
$64,500; New Jersey, $38,755; and Virginia, $68,210. The
average value returned in many places was about $12 per barrel,
and $7 per hundred for fresh shad.
Of the alosa menhaden, an inferior species, known by the several
local or popular names of mossbunker, pauhagen, hardbead, white
fish, and bony fish, large numbers are caught for mackerel bait, and
still larger quantities for manure. • In former years they have been
sold as bait to Massachusetts fishermen at $2 to $4 per barrel.
Many of them are also packed and sold as food. For that purpose
1,448 barrels were inspected in Massachusetts in 1836. As fertil-
izers these fish have been caught and hauled upon the land in the
neighborhood of Cape Cod for upwards of twenty years. A single
fish of medium size has been considered equal, as a fertilizer, to a
shovel-full of barn-yard manure. Their use for this purpose is now
very extensive on the seaboard, especially in Connecticut, along the
sound. In 1850, Connecticut returned nearly 87,000,000 of white
fish, caught chiefly for that purpose, and Rhode Island reported
187,000 barrels of menhaden taken. In 1860, Middlesex, New
Haven, and New London Counties, Connecticut, together returned
about 27,000,000 of white and manure fish taken, valued at $288,589,
in addition to fish converted into $31,500 worth of oil and fertilizers
in New London county. At the average reported value of one dol-
lar per thousand, these would make an aggregate of about 60,000,000
of mossbunkers taken in the State in the year, but the actual value
is nearly $2 per thousand. Vast numbers of these are taken at Sag
Harbor and the shores of Long Island. In 1849 an attempt was
made at New BLaven, by Mr. Lewis, to manufacture a portable
manure from the white fish, and a quantity of the fertilizer, contain-
ing, according to the analysis of Professor Norton, of Yale CoU^e,
an equivalent of 12.42 per cent, of ammonia, was put into the mar-
ket. For some reason the enterprise was abandoned. In 1861 or
1852 a second effort was made by a Frenchman, named De Molen,
who had, in 1856, an establishment near the Straits of Bellisle, em-
ploying 15ft m^n in manufacturing taugrum^ or fish manure, from
herrings or herring refuse, large quantities of which were shipped to
France. Pettit <fc Green, in England, also engaged in the manufac-
ture of fish manure, by a patent process, involving the use of sul-
phuric acid. By the more simple process of De Molen, and we
believe of Lewis, the fish were boiled or steamed into a pasty mass,
from which oil was then expressed and economized, and the cake or
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478 THE iJCEBICAN FISHERIES.
pomace, after being dried in a current of hot air, was finally ground
into powder. Fish manure has been somewhat extensively manu-
&ctured at Concarneau, in France, from the refuse of sardines and
other fish ; at Christiana, in Norway, and at Oldenburg, on the
North Sea ; the last principally from crabs, dried and ground, and
thence called granet guuno. More recently, commercial fish manure
has been made in New Jersey from crabs, and called cancerine^ and
also by the Narragansett Company, in Rhode Island. The last of
these made two manures, " fish guano," and ** fish compost ;" the
former a concentrated article, made by " chemically treating, cook-
ing, drying, and then grinding the fish to a powder ;" the latter con-
sisting of the cooked and dried fish mixed with equal quantities of
street sweepings, and sold at $2 per barrel of 200 pounds. Each
barrel of the latter contained the desiccated organic matter of two
barrels of fi^h, with a variable amount of the fertilizing salts of am-
monia, potash, lime, or their elements. In 1860 New London
County, Connecticut, returned 31,000 bushels of fish guano, made
at an average price of eighteen cents per bushel, and 2,120 barrels
of oil from the same source, valued at about $12 25 per barrel, or
$31,000 for the two articles.
Mackkrbl. — ^The mackerel fishery has long been carried on from
the seaports of Massachusetts. In 1770 the town of Scituate had
upwards of 30 sail engaged in it. In May, 1828, Congress author-
ized special licenses to be granted to vessels in the mackerel fishery,
in order to keep them separate from those in the cod fishery. When
not otherwise employed, they were allowed to fish for cod, but
could not claim the bounty allowed to cod fishermen. But the law
has not been rigidly enforced. The first separate returns were not
made until 1830, when the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed
in the mackerel fishery of the United States was 39,973 tons, from
which it had declined in 1841 to 11,321 tons. In 1850 this branch
employed 58,111 tons of shipping, nearly one-half of which, or
26,327 tons, belonged to Barnstable County, Massachusetts. That
county in 1836 had 206 vessels in the mackerel fishery, 98 of which
belonged to Provincetown. The State in 1855 had engaged in the
cod and mackerel fisheries 1,145 vessels, measuring 77,936 tons,
and employing 10,551 men and a capital of $3,696,436.
The quantity of pickled fish, chiefly mackerel and herring, exported
from the United States in 1790 was 36,804 barrels, valued at
$113,165. In 1831 the quantity so exported was- 91,787 barrels,
8,594 kegs, worth altogether $304,441. The mackerel fishery of
Massachusetts reached its maximum productiveness in the year last
mentioned, when the number of barrels inspected in the State was
383,559. During the next ten years it regularly declined to 50,99^
barrels in 1840, which was the lowest production of any one year.
The total product of pickled fish in the United States in that year
was 472,359i barrels, and the quantities exported were 42,274 bar-
rels and 2,252 kegs, worth $179,106. By the census of 1850 Mas-
sachusetts return^ 236,468 barrels of mackerel taken, Maine 12,681,
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THE AMERICAN FISHSBIES. 479
aDd New Hampshire 1,096 barrels, of which the total exports were
22,551 barrels, valued at $83,759. This branch of the fishery is
subject to great fluctuations, and we consequently find the product
of the mackerel fishery in Massachusetts in 1860 only reached
111,375 barrels, chiefly produced in Essex and Barnstable counties.
The returns for Maine in that year footed up 23,653 barrels. Bris-
tol County, Rhode Island, returned 1 5,000 barrels of mackerel.
Thb Salmon Fishbrt. — The waters of North America contain a
greater number of species of the trout family {Salmonides) than
those of any other country.* They are all esteemed for their delicacy
of flesh, and are found in nearly all of our northern rivers and lakes.
The lar^^est and most valuable of the several genera is the common
or true salmon, {Salmo salar.) This beautiful fish, which is the de-
light of the angler, lives ten or twelve years, and in Europe often
attains great size — the largest specimen on record having weighed
83 pounds. The largest salmon taken in our rivers have not ex-
ceeded 70 pounds — the average weight being considerably less, or
from 12 to 20 pounds. A British author has ranked the salmon
fishery next to agriculture as a source of food — an estimate less ap-
plicable to our country than to Scotland, the rivers of which alone
have been computed to furnish salmon to the annual value of
1750,000. This fish never enters the Mediterranean, but is found
on the coast of Europe, from the Bay of Biscay to Spitzbergen.
The salmon is taken in most of the rivers and estuaries of North
America, from Greenland to the Kennebec, in Maine, on the eastern
coast, and from the Columbia river northward, on the Pacific sea-
board. It is found in all the tributaries of Lake Ontario, its further
progress being arrested by the Falls of Niagara. It is very abun-
dant in the Restigouche and the numerous other streanTs falling into
the Bay de Chaleur, in the Saguenay, and all t^e rivers on the north
of the St Lawrence eastward to Labrador, and in the St. John's
river and its tributaries below the grand falls. The St. John's fur-
nishes nearly one-half of all the salmon brought to our markets, and
its principal branch — the Aroostook — is the richest salmon fishery
on the Atlantic coast. About 40,000 salmon were caught in the
harbor of St John in 1850, and shipped fresh in ice to Boston.
From the British provinces the imports of pickled salmon in the
same year were 8,287 barrels, valued at $78,989, in»addition to con-
siderable quantities of smoked salmon. The cold and limpid waters
of many of the streams of British America, and the absence on most
of them of dams, mills, steamboats, and other improvements, invite
the presence of the salmon, which is a timid fish, and quickly for-
sakes its accustomed haunts when disturbed. For this reason these
fish have now nearly forsaken the Merrimack, the Cumberland, the
Thames, the Hudson, the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and other
Atlantic rivers of the United States in which they were formerly
found and taken in considerable numbers. Few are now caught
seuth of the Kennebec. In 1818, 2,381 barrels of salmon were in-
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480 THE A1££RICAN FISHERIES.
spected in Massachusetts. They were formerly so abundant in the
Connecticut that it is said one shad was considered equal in value
to three salmon, and the day laborer stipulated that salmon should
be served to him only four days in the week !
The domestic salmon fishery of the United States is at present
confined principally to the rivers of Maine and those of the Pacific
States.
The total value of the salmon caught in Maine at the present time
is estimated by one of the principal dealers at $16,000 per annum,
about thriee-fourths of which is supposed to be taken in the Penob-
scot, chiefly in weirs, and from April to August, inclusive. Bangor
and Bucksport are the principal seats of this fishery. The average
size of the salmon is 13 pounds, and the average price 20 to 25 cents
per pound. Fresh salmon, in our eastern markets, have often been
sold in the first of the season as high as $1 per pound, and when
plentiful, at other seasons, sometimes as low as 8 or 10 cents per
pound.
The salmon fisheries of California are principally carried on upon
the Sacramento and Eel rivers, though other rivers of the State
abound in salmon. On the Sacramento, for a distance of fifty miles,
extending south, from a point ten miles north of Sacramento city,
during five months, from February to April, and from October to
JTovember, inclusive, in* 1857, the catch was estimated at 200,000
salmon, of the average weight of 17 pounds, or an aggregate of
3,400,000 pounds, worth, at five cents per pound, $170,000. The
amount of salmon packed in the same season, exclusive of fresh and
smoked sent to market, was 1,500 barrels. The Eel river fishery,
which yields salmon of superior quality and size, weighing 60 to 70
pounds, produced in September and October of that year 2,000 bar-
rels of cured fish, besides 50,000 pounds smoked for home consump-
tion, principally in the northern mines. These fish are shipped to
Australia, China, the Sandwich Islands, and to New York, and sold
at remunerative prices. The exports from the State in 1857 con-
sisted of 77 hogsheads, 1,745 barrels, and 608 packages.* The State
returns of 1860 were from seven establishments, averaging ten hands
each, and together employing a capital of $17,500, the annual pro-
duct being $18,940, an amount probably below the actual value of
this fishery.
White Fish. — ^The celebrated white fish of the Northern lakes
belongs to a genus ( Coregonwi) of the salmonidse, in which are in-
cluded many species found in our own lakes and those further north,
as well as in Northern Europe. One of these (C. Otsego) is caught
in the lakes of New York, where it is called Otsego bass. Ine
white fish has been prized for its excellence since the ewrly explorar
tions of the French in the lake regions of the northwest Michigan,
on account of the extent of the lake shore of its two peninsulas, en-
joys a valuable source of wealth in her white fishery, which has
grown rapidly, but is still in its infancy. The American Fur Com-
* California State Begister for 1S57.
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THE STATE OP MISSOURI. 481
pany many years ago engaged in the fish trade in this region. The
quantities of fish shipped from the upper lakes in 1836 were 12,200
harrels; in 1837, 14,100 barrels ; and in 1840, 32,005 barrels, prin-
cipally white fish. At the average price offish ($8 per barrel) dur-
ing the preceding five years at Detroit, the value in the latter year
was $246,040, added to the wealth of Michigan from this source.
The census returns of 1850, which were doubtless defective, showed
a catch in that State of 15,451 barrels of white fish. In 1860 the
marshals reported 186 fishing establishments in Michigan — a greater
number than any other State except Maine. Their united capital
was $209,769, and they employed 629 male and 63 female hands,
the product of whose labor was 67,444 barrels of white fish, valued
at $456,1 17. In Wisconsin, the same year, 13,235 barrels of white
fish and trout were taken by twelve fishing establishments, princi-
pally in Door County, and valued at $93,374. New York reported
white fish caught to the value of $36,000, and Indiana to the value
of $22,500, making the total value of this fishery in the United
States to be $662,991. Many of these fish are also taken in the
Pacific States. In addition to siskawits, Mackinaw trout, white
fish, muskelunge, and' pickerel, which are the most valuable, and are
chiefly caught fi)r pickling, the northern lakes abound in other fish,
which are taken in less quantities. Among these are the pike or gar
fish, roach, rock bass, white and black bass, mullet, bill fish, cat-
fish, &;c.
In consequence of the length of this paper, it will be necessary to
defer its conclusion to our next.
ART. YI.-THE STATE OF MISSOURI.
IMMIGRANTS MINERAL WEALTH COAL, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, PUBLIC
LANDS, TOBACCO, HEMP, VINEYARDS, TIMBER, QRASSES, ETC., ETC.
The State of Missourl — Missouri already begins to feel the
generous impulses of freedom. A new life is invigorating the body
politic. Enterprise, commerce, and manufactures are stimulated.
Capital is flowing into the State. Corporations are forming for the
development of our internal resources, and fiiotories are rising for
the fabrication of domestic materials. The unsunned wealth of our
mines is coming to the light in larger quantities. The pleased earth
is yielding to the hand of free labor a richer store of golden grain.
Twenty-five Thousand Immigrants in two Months. — Prooes-
sions of immigrant wagons are moving along all our bighwavs. It
is estimated that there was during last August and September an
accession of 25,000 people to the population of the State. There is
a fresh viMlity in the very air of Missouri.
The domain which the Ordinance of Emancipation has restored to
freedom is imperial. Missouri contains more than 67,000 square
VOL, n.— NO. 7. 31
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482 THB STATE OP MISSOURI.
miles. It is half as large again as Kew York, and more than eight
times the size of Massachusetts. It would make a score of German
principalities. Larger than England and Wales, or Scotland and
Ireland, it is equal to one-third of the area of France. The State b
818 miles long by 280 broad. Of its 43,000,000 acres, at least
35,000,000 are valuable for the purpose of agriculture or mining.
The geographical advantages of Missouri are peerless. The State
lies not only in the centre of the Mississippi Valley, but near the
heart of the continent. Its metropolis, lying upon the Pacific Rail-
road, will be the half-way station between the oceans, and the great
central emporium for the distribution of the productions of the Mis-
sissippi Valley. This destiny is inevitable. It is the glorious ne-
cessity of physical geography.
Dblightpul Climate. — Missouri lies between the parallels of 36
des. 30 min. and 40 deg. 36 min. north latitude. The climate is the
goMen mean of the temperate zone. Its salubrity is proverbial.
The summers are long and warm. The winters are generally short
and mild. On the parallel of St Louis the fall of snow is seldom
more than two or three inches deep, and rarely remains on the
ground a week. Sleigh-rides are un frequent and unsatisfactory.
They illustrate the pursuit of pleasure under difficulty. The balmy
airs of the Indian summer temper to delightful soilness the tardy
approach of winter. The average temperature of November, 1865,
was 46 deg. 39 min. Semi-tropic fruits mature in Southern Missouri,
while the productions of higher latitudes flourish in the Northern por-
tions of the State. The soil of the river-bottoms and rolling prairie is
inexhaustibly fertile, and even the mining regions are capable of sup-
porting a large agricultural population. The surface of Missouri is
varied and imdulating. Hills and mountains diversify and intersect
the State. The copious streams which flow from these elevations
fertilize the valleys, and afford a motive power which the level
prairie can never supply. Missouri invites manufacturers to her
borders, with the offer of rare facilities. If natural adaptation is any
index of destiny, then this State will ultimately become the work-
shop of the Mississippi Valley.
Missouri is heavily wooded. Her forests contain fuel and timber
amply sufficient to meet the wants of a population of 10,000,000.
The mineral wealth of the State is illimitable. Probably no equal
area on the face of the globe surpasses Missouri in the richness and
variety of her minerals. Her vaults are stored with almost every
kind of ore which the arts of men require. The key to all this
wealth is a spade. The lock which secures this treasure is earth —
any man can pick it.
The State, though rent and scarred by convulsions, is restored to
sanity and health. It is now ready to commence an unobstructed
career of development. The motives of freedom, fertility of soil,
salubrity of climate, wealth of minerals, facilities for commerce and
manufactures, and ease of railroad and river transportation, are the
material advantages which invite the capitalist, the tradesman, and
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THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 483
the artisan of every clime and nationality, to a home in Missouri, to
a co-operation in the development of its measureless resources, and
to an enriching participation in its prosperity.
One Hundred Thousand Million Tons of Coal in Missouri. —
Coal underlies a large portion of Missouri. It has already been
discovered in 30 counties. Beds of cannel coal, 45 feet thick, have
been found. There are 160 square miles of coal in St. Louis county.
The amount of coal in Cooper county has been estimated at 60,000,-
000 tons. Under every acre of Boone county there is supposed to
be at least $1,000 worth of coal. The deposits in the vicinity of
Booneville cover an area of 2,000 square miles. The strata have a
mean thickness of three feet, and are calculated to contain 60,000,-
000 tons of coal.
The following estimates are based upon the survey of Professor
Swallow :
CouDtiefl. Square MilesL Mean Thicbness. Tons of Goal.
Andrew,
Atchison,
Buchanan,
Holt.
Platte,
Chariton,
Linn,
livingston,
Macon,
State of
Miseonri,
- 2,000. j 10 feet, 20,000,000,000
lif. ' -
. 1,600.
only 2 feet, 4,000,000,000
j 12 feet, 18,000,000,000
I if only 4 feet, 6,000,000,000
Oft ftft^ 3 8 feet thick, 200,000,000,000
: ^ '^^ '• ( if only 4 feet, 100,000,000,000
Upon this lowest estimate — which is more than 34,400,000,000
tons below the calculation of Professor Swallow — it would take, at
100,000 tons a day, more than 3,000 years, at 300 working days
each, to exhaust the coal deposits of Missouri.
Iron abounds in different portions of Missouri, but the stupendous
masses of almost solid iron found in St. Francois, Iron and Reynolds
counties, dwarf the discoveries of other localities into insignificance.
Before the blomaries of Ironton, the furnaces in other sections of
the State must pale their ineffectual fires. The results of Dr. Lit-
ton's investigations have been often published, but perhaps the use
for which this article is designed will justifv their reproduction.
Shepherd Mountain is 660 feet high. The ore, which is magnetic
and specular, contains a large per centage of pure iron. The height
of Pilot Knob above the Mississippi River is 1,118 feet." Its base,
581 feet from the summit, is 360 acres. The iron is known to extend
440 feet below the surface. The upper section of 141 feet is judged
to contain 14,000,000 tons of ore.
AoRiouLTURAL Rbsourobs OF MISSOURI. — ^Missourl presents to
the farmer those conditions of climate which are most favorable to
husbandry. The cold of the Northern latitudeiis restricts the variety
of production, and blockades communioation with icy barriers. The
heat of the South enervates enei^y and invites to indolence. Mis-
souri enjoys the genial mean which permits the widest range of pro-
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484 THE STATE OP MISSOUBI.
ducts and the full exercise of physical powers. The therraometrical
record, kept at Jefferson Barracks — latitude 38 deg. 28 min., eleva-
tion 472 feet — shows that the mean annual temperature for twenty-
six years is 55.46 deg. The highest monthly average is 85.80 deg.,
and the lowest 18.54 deg. The mean annual rain-fall is 37.83 inches.
The thermal and hydrul averages of the seasons are :
Spring, B6.16 degrees 10.66 inohef.
Summer, 76.19 " 12.88 *'
Autumn,66.63 " 8.02 "
Winter. 88.85 " 6.87 "
It seems as though it would only be necessary to advertise these
advantages of climate to induce agricultural emigrants to avail
• themselves of such a genial co-operation of nature.
Soil Six Feet Deep.— Of the 35,000,000 acres of arable land
in Missouri, 2,000,000 are the alluvial margins of rivers, and 20,000,-
000 high rolling prairie. The richness of this soil is practically in-
exhaustible. In bottoms the mold is sometimes 6 feet deep. Some
farms, after bearing, without artificial fertilization, twenty-five suc-
cessive crops, have yet &iled to show any very material decrease in
productiveness. The strength of the land and the length of the sea-
son permit two harvests to be gathered from the same field every
year. Winter wheat or oats can always be succeeded by a crop of
corn-fodder or Hungarian grass from the same ground. This is an
advantage of material importance to small farmers. The composi-
tion of the soil varies with the geological formation. But the main
elements — clay, lime, sand and vegetable mold — commixed in differ-
ent proportions, form a rich marl or loam, which the facts of harvest
prove to be highly fruitful The following statistics, which are given
by Parker, may, in some instances, largely exceed the average yield,
but still they illustrate the possible productiveness of the soil :
Pettis Lafayette Howard Holt Saline
CJo. Co. Co. Co. Co.
Wheat, bush, per acre 50 25 40 — 40
Corn, " " 100 100 100 126 100
OaU, " " 50 — — 40 50
Potatoes, " " 160 — — — 800
Turnips, " " — — — — 400
Grapes, " " 100 — — — —
Hemp, lbs. *• 1,200 2,200 1,600 1,600 1,800
Tobacco, " '• 800 800 2,000 — 1,200
Flax, " " 200 -. — — —
Hay, tons, " 2 or 8 2 or 8 — — »
These counties are not selected on account of superior fertility ;
they are taken as samples for the simple reason that I have not been
able to procure recent returns from other counties. In some of
these products the figures indicate a productiveness which is below
the average of the richest districts. The table refers to special har-
* Hmotby, 8; Clorer, 4; Hungarian Grass, 5.
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THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 485
vests and farms, and does not aim to express the mean fertility of
the several counties or of other years.
The average yield of wheat in Missouri is from fifleen to twenty-
five bushels. Little facts are often suggestive of the fruitfulness of
the soil. Sweet potatoes have been raised in Missouri which weighed
ten pounds apiece. Apples and turnips have been exhibited at our
fairs which measured respectively six and eight inches in diameter.
Melons and pumpkins have been produced which attained the rela-
tive weights of forty and one hundred pounds. Corn sometimes
reaches the height of sixteen feet, and sorghum eighteen feet. In
good seasons, farmers occasionally cut four tons of hay to the acre.
Of course the average in all these cases is much below these figures.
These exceptional instances are cited to show what vegetable mon-
sters the richness of the soil sometimes brings forth.
Six Million Acres of Land Subject to Entry in Missouri.
— Yet, notwithstanding this wonderful wealth of soil, more than
25,000,000 acres of land in Missouri are suffered to lie fallow. There
are to-day 6,000,000 acres of unentered land in this fipaje. Nearly
all this land is rich in agricultural or mineral resources. Under the
Homestead Law, 160 acres can be bought for $18. Improved farms
can be bought at from $5 to $30 an acre. In the interior agricul-
tural labor commands from $15 to $25 a month.
The water of Missouri is abundant and healthful. Perennial
springs and copious streams are found in every part of the State.
The alluvium which the Mississippi holds in solution does not impair
the salutary quality of its waters. The undulating surface of Mis-
souri affords advantages of drainage and water power which are de-
nied to level prairies. This is an important consideration. The
necessity of thorough drainage to highly successful husbandry has
heen established, and the emigrant who would prefer the plains of
other States to the gentle inequalities of Missouri would betray a
costly ignorance of his own interests.
The products which thrive in Missouri are too numerous for sep-
arate enumeration. The list would be an inventory of the produc-
tions of the temperate zone. All the cereals grow with rank luxuri-
ance. The soil is rich in the chemical elements of which the differ-
ent grains are composed.
CJoTTON, Hemp, Tobacco. — Cotton is produced in the Southern
portion of the State. The amount per acre varies from 200 to 400
lbs. During the war it has been a very profitable crop.
Sorghum and Imphee are developing into a large interest. The
main yield is from 120 to 350 gallons of juice per acre. By recent
improvements in the process of manufacture, the saccharine matter
can be economically crystallized or granulated. In a few years our
demand for sugar and syrup will be largely met with articles of do-
mestic production. No portion of these important vegetables is
worthless. The leaves make excellent fodder, and the fibre of the
stalk is manufactured into paper.
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486 THE STATE OP MISSOURI.
Hemp and tobacco are two of the main staples of Missouri. Equal
to the best growth of Kentucky and Virginia, they are a vast source
of wealth to the State. Few crops yield a larfjer profit. Missouri
produces more than 45 per cent, of the hemp of the United States.
Fruit Cultubb. — Missouri is admirably adapted to the culture
of fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, currants, straw-
berries, blackberries, quinces, apricots, and nectarines reach a rare
size and delicacy of flavor. Trees and vines grow rapidly and bear
largely. In Southern Missouri the winters are so mild that fruit-
trees are seldom injured by the inclemency of the weather. The
season, which, even in Northern Missouri, permits plowing by the
middle of March, cannot be very severe or protracted. In open
winter, farmers have not unfrequently done their plowing in Decem-
ber and January. In the genial climate of Missouri, th^ farmer may
enjoy from May to November an uninterrupted succession of fresh
fruits. Apples can be produced in illimitable quantities. The trees
mature at least five years earlier than they do in New England.
Peach trees continue to bear from 15 to 20 years, and apple-trees
from 25 to 30 years. Two thousand bushels of peaches have been
gathered from a single acre. Fruit culture is one of the most lucra-
tive branches of husbandry in Missouri.
Missouri the Vinkyard of Ambrica. — Unless the prophecies
of scientific men are false, and the obvious intentions of nature are
thwarted, Missouri is , destined to be the vineyard of America.
There has been no elaborate investigation since the geological sur-
vey of Professor Swallow. But the familiarity of the facts which
his researches developed does not diminish their truthfulness. It is
estimated that there are in Southern Missouri 15,000,000 acres
adapted to the culture of the grape. This land is situated 1,000 or
1,500 feet above the level of the ocean. Nature has in many locali-
ties molded the surface into terraces, as if on purpose to facilitate
the labors of the vine-dresser. The composition of the soil is re-
markably like that of the celebrated vinelands of Germany and
France. Chemical analysis shows that the soil abounds in lime,
soda, potash, magnesia, and phosphoric acid, and these are the prin-
cipal elements which enter into the structure of the vine. The soil
is dry and light, the air equable and comparatively vaporless, the
water abundant and pure. These are the identical conditions under
which the luscious vintages of the Old World attain their perfec-
tion.
The original cost of preparing a vineyard is $350 per acre.
The annual cost of cultivating a vineyard is $100 per acre.
The main yield of an acre is 250 gallons.
The value, at $2 per gallon, $500.
These figures exhibit a profit which is certainly ample enough to
satisfy any reasonable expectation of gain. If we may be guided in
our estimates by European statistics, the vinelands of Missouri are
able to afford a pleasant and remunerative occupation to a popula-
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THB STATE OP MISSOUBI. 487
tion triple the present census of the State, and to yield at least
1,000,000,000 gallons of wine. The physical structure of Southern
Missouri is a prophecy of. rich and delicious vintages, which the sa-
gacious enterprise of our citizens should speedily fulfill.
Abundant and Valuablb Timber. — Almost all the valuable va-
rieties of forest trees abound in Missouri. The pine, oak, ash, elm,
walnut, hickory, maple, gum, overcup, cottonwood, cypress, chest-
nut, sycamore, linn, beech, catalpa and tupelo are found in different
portions of the State. The following table, taken from N. H. Par-
ker's suggestive volume, shows the magnitude which some of these
trees occasionally reach :
COUNTT. TBEE. CIBOUH. IN FEET. BEIGIIT.
Howard White Oak 28 100
Stoddard Beech 18 120
Stoddard Tupelo 80 120
Dunklin Catalpa. 10 90
Pemiscot Elm 22 100
Pemiscot Cypres**. ./L 29 126
Cape Girardeau 8weet GuiJ^. 16 180
Cape Girardeau White Ash 18 110
Mi^'sisslppi Spanish Oak 28 110
Mississippi Sycamore. 48
The magnitude of these statements excites distrust. But I have
no means of verifying them. If there is no error in the figures, the
existence of such vegetable giants demonstrates a marvelous opu-
lence of soil. Largo districts of Southern Missouri are heavily
covered with timber. For the purposes of ship-building, the live
oak of this State is unsurpassed by any that grows in the Mississippi
Valley. In the Southern counties there are millions of acres of val-
uable yellow pine which the hand of man has not touched. Some
of these are four feet in diameter, and shoot up, " straight as an ar-
row," to the height of ninety feet. Energy might easily coin this
timber into a fortune. Last year about $50,000 worth of tar, rosin,
and turpentine was brought to St. Louis from these pineries, and sold
at a large advance upon the cost of manufacture.
Richness of Herbage — Cattle Graze all Winter in Mis-
souri.— The cultivation of grass brings the farmer liberal profits.
Clover, timothy, redtop, Hungarian, and herdsgrass grow with spon-
taneous exuberance. The yield varies from one and a half to three
tons an acre. The present price is $15 a ton. In the culture of
this crop, improved machinery enables the farmer to secure large
returns for a slight outlay of labor. The richness of the herbage is
favorable to stock-raising. Cattle occasionally graze all winter. It
is seldom necessary to feed them more than two months and a half.
The luxuriant verdure of our alluvial bottoms and loamy uplands
could fatten enough cattle to supply the market of the country.
The farmer has the advantage of the open prairie — his herds can feed
at will upon its verdant pasturage. The stock-raiser adjacent to a
prairie can make a profitable use of its vast commons. The hilly
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488 THE STATE OP MISSOURI.
region of Southern Missouri is admirably adapted to sheep-grazing.
A moderate use of Missouri's ability to raise sheep would remove
the necessity of importing into this country 100,000,000 pounds an-
nually.
The mulberry-tree grows wild in Missouri ; it is hardy and rank.
With cultivation, it would answer every want of the silk-grower.
The Chinese si Ik- worm, which has been imported from France and
naturalized in this country, would find in the abundant folinge of the
aiianthus-tree rich material for its glossy fabric. The softness of the
climate is peculiarly favotable to the health and industry of this little
manufacturer.
Profit of Raising the Castor Bean. — ^The castor bean richly
repays the labor of cultivation. An acre will yield from 15 to 25
bushels. During the last four years the price has varied, in conse-
quence of the activity of competition, from $2.50 to $5.50 a bushel.
The oil factories of St. Louis alone are able to express 200,000
bushels of castor beans annually. At the present price of castor oil,
the manufacturers can afford to pay from $2.50 to $3 a bushel.
Flax is a quick crop. In three months from the time of sowing,
the farmer can receive the profits of his industry. The yield of an
acre is from 15 to 22 bushels of flaxseed, or, when flax and barley
are sown together, from 10 to 15 bushels of flaxseed, and from 16 to
22 bushels of barley. The average weight of straw to the acre is
from I J to two tons. The crop is unfailing. Its certainty is a
strong recommendation. The annual capacity of our St. Louis mills
. for the manufacture of linseed oil is 250,000 bushels. For the last
three years, the seed has been worth about $2.50 a bushel.
The millions of dollars which this country is now paying for im-
ported castor and linseed oil ought to enrich American producers.
The culture of flaxseed and the castor bean challenges the favorable
attention of the farmers of Missouri.
The cultivation of the beet may yet expand into an important
branch of Western agriculture. The enormous productiveness of,
this vegetable may enable it to enter into a profitable competition
with cane in the manufacture of sugar.
Minerals of Missouri. — Missouri may safely challenge the
world to produce its equal in the number, extent and value of its
minerals. The immensity of its mineral wealth subjects even a
truthful exposition to a suspicion of exaggeration. The sober calcu-
lations of geology seem to be mere figures of rhetoric. The imper-
fect explorations which have been made have disclosed the superior-
ity, but not the full magnitude, of the metallic resources Of Missouri.
Some of the vaults of nature's bank have been opened, but the trea-
sure is too vast to be eounted. The earth has hoarded in its cofiers
an unminted and incalculable wealth. The inventory of the mineral
resources of Missouri enumerates springs whose waters are impreg-
nated with salt, sulphur, iron and petroleum, jasper, agate, chalce-
dony, vitreous sand, granite, marble, plastic and fire clays, metallic
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THE PREEDMEN. 489
paints, hydraulic cement, lithographic stone, limestone, mill and
grind stone, fire-rock, kaolin, eniory, plumbago, nickel, cobalt, zinc,
copper, silver, gold, lead, coal and iron. Most of the.se minerals
occur in quantities that are literally inexhaustible. In case of many
of these articles, the mines and quarries of Missouri could easily
supply the market of the world. If an incomplete geologic survey,
and the rude efforts of unscientific miners, who have as yet scarcely
touched the vast deposits of the State, have disclosed such results,
we may justly expect far richer developments when an exhaustive
investigation has been made, and systematic mining been extensively
prosecuted.*
ART, VII.-THE FREEDMEN.
[We do not agree with Mr. Fitzhugh either as to the value of white foreign
labor at the South, or as to any possible danjeer to the Freedmen after the re-
moval of the troops and negro Bureaux. Mr. Fitzhugh has remained in Virginia,
"whilst we have traveled over the entire South. In sections of country where
there are and have been no troops, our experience invariably i^ that the negro
is happier and better, and tiuHiavia the moat amicable relatione with the whites.
Still it would be well to make our police system perfect for whites and blacks.
The idea of negroes going to the North is more fanciful than real. Its climate,
as statistics show, is in the long run fatal to him. Let the negro, however, be
guarded in all things. Everybody at the Sonth favors and our interests dictate
this. — Editor.]
Light and hope are breaking in upon us from several sources. The
-wise, cautious, and conciliatory proceedings of the Philadelphia Con-
vention ; the consummate statesmanship, the wonderful prudence,
sagacity, and whole-souled nationality, the courage and the magna-
nimity displayed by the President, and the movement by a large and
respectable portion of Northern officers and soldiers to hold a Con-
vention, one of whose objects will be to urge the speedy restoration of
the Union, gives us of the South the assurance that at no distant day
the disabilities to which we are subjected will be removed, and that
the cruel and tyrannical rule of radicalism will cease, by the expul-
sion of radicals from office. But our social and industrial difficulties
are of more serious and vital consequence than our political disabili-
ties, and out of these difficulties we begin to see our only exodus ;
one which, if not satisfactory, may by pradence, foresight, and rigid,
yet just and humane rule, be rendered endurable. We cannot pro-
cure white laborers from Europe, and if we could, they would be a
nuisance rather than advantage to us. The experiments made within
the last year with this sort of labor prove that it is wholly unre-
liable, infinitely more worthless, than that of Freedmen. The native
whites of the South are either landowners Or tenants, or engaged in
some occupation more respectable and more profitable than that of
liired field hands. They very rarely hire themselves for such labor,
• Tbd aboTO was prepared bjr Mr. Watertumse for Brsditreet's admirable St Lools Trada
Clrealar.
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490 THE FREEDMEK.
and then only for a few days or weeks. No crop whatever can be
made, gathered and sent to market with such laborers. Our sole
reliance hereafler, as heretofore, for farm hands, must be on the ne-
groes. The two races at the South now understand fully their rela-
tions to each other, and must make the most of those relations. They
are mutually dependent. The Freedmen cannot live without the pro-
ducts of the land, and can, in general, only procure those products
by laboring for white landowners, for Freedmen own very little
land. But lands are wholly unproductive without labor, and hence
landowners (at least the owners of large tracts, such as usually con-
stitute farms in the South) are as dependent on the Freedmen for
their labor as they are on the landowners for employment, either as
tenants or hired hands. Both the Whites and the Freedmen seeing
this state of things, should, and probably will, with a view to their
mutual interest, cultivate kindly and amicable relations, and frown
down all attempts to excite antipathy and hostility of race between
them. Dependent as we are, and shall continue to be, on negro la-
bor, we should by kind and humane treatment, coupled with exact
and rigid discipline, do all in our power to keep them among us, to
improve their morals and their intelligence, and to multiply their
numbers. Some of them will acquire independent properties, and
become useful, moral, intelligent, and respectable citizens; for the
avenues to wealth are equally open to them as to the whites. The
example of such will be an incentive to all to diligent industry and
provident habits. On the other hand, severe penal laws, rigidly en-
forced, applying equally to blicks and whites, will deter most of
them from crime. More of the whites than formerly will be de-
moralized by association with the vicious portion of the Freedmen,
and the Freedmen, having no masters to enforce morality among
them, will, unless checked by many and severe penal laws, become
much more immoral and vicious than when in a state of slavery.
Our criminal codes, applying equally to blacks and whites, must be
revised, increased in severity, and rigidly and inexorably enforced
by our courts and juries. Vagrant laws deserve especial atten-
tion, revisal and enforcement. Funish the Freedmen in all cases
for criminal conduct, and encourage them by kind, humane, attentive
and liberal treatmeno when they behave well, and it is quite possible
we may make them as good laborers as the white workingmen of
Europe or the North. When the Federal troops and the Freed-
men's Bureau are withdrawn from the South, the m^groes will be
left in a state of great apprehension and alarm. Many of them,
trusting to the protection of those troops and of that Bureau, have
been guilty of great insolence and wrongs to our white citizens, and
they fear that when they are removed the whites will visit indiscrim-
inate punishment and revenge on the whole race. It will be our
first and most imperative duty to let " by-gones be by-gones," to rec-
ollect that under the exultation of newly -acquired liberty, with Fed-
eral armies, and a Federal press and Congress to back and uphold
them, boastful insolence and insubordination on their parts wero
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THE FREEDMEK. 491
quite natural. White Freedmen, similarly circumstanced, would
have acted much worse. The negroes are, even now, behaving far
better than the liberated serfs of England behaved for centuries after
their manumission. Most of them were nomadic banditti, hordes of
vagabonds, beggars, thieves, robbers, and murderers, up to the time
of the Tudors. There is quite a large area of land in grain and cot-
ton now in the South. The crops look well, and have been cultivated
chiefly by Freedmen. They will work better in the future if we treat
them properly. The collisions between the races, for the last year,
have been brought on in all instances by vicious and turbulent^ne-
groes. Such will not be the case after the Federal troops are* re-
moved. The danger then of collisions and massacre will arise from
vicious whites, who will attack the negroes because they think them
defenceless, or from whites who suffered injury and insult from the
blacks during the occupation of the country by the Federals. We
must have a strong police force of prudent, discreet men, in the
towns and in the country, to take the place of the Federal troops so
soon as they are withdrawn ; and it must be the especial duty of
this police to prevent the whites from wreaking vengeance, however
deserved, on the blacks ; for by so doing, the negroes might be
driven to desperation, and a war of races might arise more terrible
than the war through which we have just passed. The laborers of a
country are its only valuable property, for nothing possesses value
except labor, and its results. Take away labor, and houses and
lands, and everything else, cease to have exchangeable value. In
very truth, the laborers of a country are its only real capital,
for that which has no value is not capital. It makes no dif-
ference whether the laborers be (so-called) free, or slaves. All
laborers are alike slaves. The free, slaves to skill and capital ;
the slaves, to individual masters. Now we have few laborers at
the South except the Freedmen. If we exterminate them, or
drive them off by bad treatment, most of our lands would not be
worth a rush. We take good care of other live stock, and human
laborers are the most valuable of all live stock. We should take
the best care of them, and endeavor to increase their numbers. Mr.
Greeley says, " Every imported white laborer is worth a thousand
dollars to the North." In the South, one negro laborer, be he free
or pot, 18 worth three white laborers. We must not only have a
strong police, and jails, 6cc., to punish the vagrant and vicious ne-
groes, but we must also have charitable institutions, and good poor-
houses, to take care of the weak, aged and infirm negroes. We
must dismiss at once all hatred of a race which, if well treated, will
go far to support us all. In the Island of Barbadoes, where all the
lands are arable, and all owned by the whites, the liberated negroes
were compelled to work harder, and to produce more, after libera-
tion than when slaves. They are now more valuable to the land-
owners as (so-called) free laborers than they were as slaves. Such
is the case now in the Cotton States with those who, before the war,
relied on hired negro labor. Negroes hire now for, much less than
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492 THE FREEDMEN'.
before the war, although cotton sells for almost three times as mucb
now as then. If the negroes behave well, the profits to the land-
owner •cannot be less than double the profits made from hired labor
before the war. If so, lands in the Cotton States will, in time, be
worth double as much as before the war, and will continue at that value
so long as negroes hire as low as now, and cotton commands its pres-
ent price. Indeed, we learned from a gentleman from Red River that
lands have rented there as high as fifleen to twenty dollars per acre.
With negro hire at fifleen dollars per month, and cotton at thirty
cents a pound, good land there should rent for more than that amount
In England they fully understand the value of workingmen, and
undertook at once to give a liberal support to some half million of
them, thrown out of employment by the American war, and conse-
quent dearth of cotton. Emigration to America and Australia is
rendering labor scarce and high in England, and emigration to the
North-west is having the same effect at the North-east. Negroes
have, few of them, means or intelligence sufficient to enable them
to emigrate, but contractors and other employers are carrying off
large nutnbers of them to New York and other Northern States.
They are far more reliable, tractable, docile, and eflicient laborers
on canals and railroads, in coal and iron mines, and for all coarse
common labor than whites, and may readily be hired for a third
less than whites. If we do not speedily enact such laws and
make such other provisions as shall satisfy tha Freed men that
after the withdrawal of the Federal forces they will be safe, se-
cure, and well treated here, there will be a panic and stampede
among them, and they will go off to the North with the Federal
troops. Northern capitalists will readily pay their passage. They
want cheap, obedient, tractable labor ; and, we have no doubt, will
extend to them the (nominal) right of suffrage, in order to allure
them northwards. Like all laborers, they will have to vote as
their bosses and landlords require. They stand the climate of the
North quite as well as white men. Man is an ubiquitous animal.
Indians, Mongolians, Whites, and Negroes are equally healthy under
the Equator and within the Arctic circle. The Yankees set our ne-
groes free, and are now stealing them. We must look to this and
guard against it.
We know from frequent conversations with many of the Frbed-
men that they are in great dread of cruel persecution, and even of
massacre from the whites, so soon as the Federal forces are re-
moved. They know many are angry with them merely on ao
count of their emancipation ; many more, because hundreds of
thousands of them bore arms against their masters ; and still more,
because of the insolence of many of the Freedmen since our coun-
try has been occupied by the Federals. They know that they
have given many and heavy causes of offence, and tremble at the
thought of a terrible retribution. As Christians, as civilized and
humane men, as chivalrous and magnanimous Southrons, let us
freely and cordially forgive the poor ignorant creatures for all the
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THE AGE OF BEASON AND BADICALISM. 493
past. They knew not what they did, and were mere puppets in
the hands of our cruel, savage enemies. They were continually
urged to servile insurrection and massacre of their masters, yet
wonderful to tell, no attempts of the kind were made by them.
They were satisfied, contented, and happy, and had liberty forced
upon them by men who hated alike the blacks and the whites of
the South. If considerations of Christianity, honor, and humanity
did not suffice to induce us to guarantee to them forgiveness,
protection, and kind treatment, then, looking to mere selfish inter-
ests and pecuniary considerations, and we shall find abundant reasons
for at once adopting such measures as shall make them feel safe and
secure in the future. The danger we shall have to apprehend after
the withdrawal of the F.ederal troops will arise from the ruined, in-
sulted, and exasperated whites, not directly at least from the Freed-
men ; but an efficient police and well-organized militia will remove
all cause of danger arising from the misconduct of either race.
The Freedmen are with us, and will remain with us if we treat
them with justice and humanity. If we frighten them off we shall
be without labor, and our ruin will then be complete.
ART. V1II.-THE AGE OF REASON AND RADICALISM.
HuMB was not only the boldest, but the ablest and most ingenious
reasoner of modern times. If he believed his own speculative rea-
soning, he was less of the philosopher than any sane man who ever
lived, except, perhaps, his compeer. Bishop Berkeley ; less of a phi-
losopher, because he excluded all faith or belief not founded on rea-
son. The result was, that he and the Bishop, by the most unanswer-
able ratiocination, demonstrated that there is no material world, no
earth, no moon, no sun, no stars, no bodily existence. Employing
reason untrammeled and unrestricted by faith, they very logically
r^uced all existence, the univ^se itself, to a parcel of vagrant, urt-
definable, incomprehensible ideas. Nobody ever did, nor, from the
nature of our being, ever possibly can, believe in the conclusions at
which they so logically arrived ; for belief in our own physical ex-
istence, and of an extraneous material world, is intuitive, instinctive,
necessitous, and was never doubted for a moment by cither Hume
or Berkeley, any more than by the rest of mankind.
It is no objection whatever to belief in the existence of a material
world that such belief is contrary to reason. Hume would tell us
so if he were living. Nor can it be any objection to belief in
miracles, that such faith or belief is contrary to reason. Hume
having demonstrated that reason is an utterly deceptive, false and
fidlacious guide in the pursuit of truth, has thereby amply refuted
his reasoning, to show that ail miracles are incredible. Grant that
he has shown that miracles are contrary to reason, he has not thereby
advanced an inch in proving that they are untrue or unworthy of
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494 THE COTTON SUPPLY.
belief, any more than he has induced douht of the existence of a ma^
teria] world, by demonstrating that such a world is unreasonable, and
therefore false.
We do not write this essay to prove the truth of the Christian
miracles ; that has often been done by abler pens than ours. Our
object is to show the danger of relying too much on reason in the
pursuit of truth. To reason is part of our moral and intellectual
nature ; but our reasoning, our speculations, our theories, should al-
ways be limited and restricted in some degree by faith, authority,
precedent, prescription, experience, and common sense. Reason not
thus limited, balanced, and counterpoised, always leads to false, and
oflen to dangerous, conclusions. Whatever is purely and only rea-
sonable is false. To arrive at correct practical conclusions, we musfc
combine faith with reason. But reason restricted by faith ceases to
be mere reason. We therefore repeat what we have often before
maintained, " that whatever is reasonable is false." All the sages
and poilosophers, from the days of Socrates and Solomon to those
of Hume, had seen, felt, and lamented that reason would not conduct
to truth. Hume has demonstrated by the " reductio ad absurdum "
what other philosophers only saw and felt.
Faith and reason are the two great antinomes that, by their op-
posing and concurrent forces, control and govern the moral world.
Excess of either is noxious and dangerous. But we live in the age
of reason, of bold and rash speculation. Every bloody revolution
in Christendom, as well in (Jhurch as in State, for the last three
hundred years, has been brought about by following the too often
deceptive guide of reason. And reason now, except in the South,
is everywhere busily at work in undermining and upsetting all
laws, governments, faiths and institutions, with no visible results
except the shedding of blood, and the rapid and vast increase of
pauperism.
The banner of faith went down when the South was conquered,
and we expect, ere long, we shall t^e a Reign of Terror and a
Goddess of Reason throughout Christendom.
ART. IX.-THE COnON SUPPLY.
Next to the political questions growing out of our late war and
the conflicting feelings and interests of sections and parties, the un-
settled condition of which have placed us in a lamentable state of
uncertainty and apprehension for the future, we know of no one sub-
ject upon which so many of our countrymen are at this time inter-
ested as upon that of the immediate future of the supply of what was
the great Southern product, and yet it is the only hope of its plant-
ers to fill their depleted pockets, besides being a matter of deep in-
terest as well to those whose spindles and looms are hoarding wealUi
for their owners by its manufacture, as to those whose business it is
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THE COTTON SUPPLr. 495
to carry their products into every nook and corner of the globe for
sale and consumption. We therefore propose to give some statisti-
cal information as well as some suggestions upon this question which
have occurred to us upon a tolerably close investigation, and which
we hope may be of interest. And we are the more readily induced
to do this from the fact, that either from the want of access to its
sources, or from the indisposition to undertake the labor of the task,
but comparatively few persons, even among those interested, are as
well informed upon the subject as they would desire, or as their in-
terests should prompt them to be. Of course no one can recur to
the question without at once seeing its difficulties ; and we must pre-
mise our statements by saving that accuracy in most cases is impos-
sible, and that we only pretend to as great an approximation to the
facts as is possible from the past history iind the present uncertainty
of our subject.
Demand and supply being relative terms, the first inquiry to be
settled must be in reference to the former. We propose, then, first
to arrive at the probable amount of cotton which will be required
to supply the demand of the manufacturers of our own country and
of Europe, leaving out of question those of other countries, as they
are comparatively unimportant, and cannot affect the question. Of
course this can only be done by approximation, though we think that
the statistics of former years give us data from which this approxi-
mation may be very closely made. It seems to us that the fairest
mode of making this estimate will be to take the quantity required
to supply this demand for manufacturing purposes during some year
immediately preceding our civil war, and add thereto such an amount
as the increased requirements of trade, from the increase in the
wealth and population of the world, will reasonably warrant. We
shall therefore tiike such statistical information from the reports of
the year 1859 as will show the quantity of the raw material required
and consumed by these manufacturers during that year. We take
this year in preference to 1860, because the information for that
year to be gathered from the statistics of Great Britain, as well as
of other countries, upon this subject seem to us fuller and more
reliable. At least we have been able to meet with none for the year
1860 which seem so satisfactory.
The following table will show the amount of cotton from our
Southern States for consumption by the various countries of Europe
during the year 1859 :
Great Britain, 2,086,841 bales.
France, 462,000 "
Beleium, 88,000 "
Holland, 62.000 "
Germany, 146,000 "
Trieste. 8 1,000 "
Genoa, 41,000 "
Spain 109,000 "
Total.^ 2,966,841
Besides this amount from the United States, there were imported
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496 THE COTTON SUPPLY.
from other countries — East Indies, Brazil, Egypt, &c. — ^771,000
bales.
During the same period the manufacturers of the Northern States
took of the South 730,000 bales, to which roust be added 120,000
bales retained by the South for home consumption, making nn ag-
gregate of 4,586,341 bales, of which, as will be seen, our Southern
States furnished 3,815,341. Of the amount of stocks remaining on
hand at the beginning of this year of the importations previously
made we have no definite information ; but we may fairly presume
that the stocks on hand unconsumed and remaining over of the im-
portations of '58 and '59 were so nearly equal as to authorize the
estimate, from the foregoing figures, of the actual consumption in
Europe and America during the year 1859 at least four and one-
half millions of bales.
This estimate, however, of the amount required to supply the de-
mand of 1859 is of course far from being equal to what would have
been the present consumption had nothing in the mean time occurred
to lessen the production and increase the price, both of the raw ma-
terial and its manufactured products. It is a matter of astonishment
with what rapidity this demand for and consumption of cotton and
cotton goods steadily increased with each year during the half centu-
ry and more immediately preceding the year 1861, more than doub-
ling during some-^f the decennial periods of that time, and keeping
full pace with the supply ; the imports of Great Britain, for instance^
in 1860 more than doubling those of 1850, while the actual amount
used in manufacturing in that kingdom had also increased one hun-
dred per cent. Strange as it may seem, the imports from all quar-
ters of the same country were very nearly fifteen times as great in
1860 as in 1821. From this we may infer that, had nothing occur-
red from 1860 to the present time to diminish the supply, and con-
sequently increase its price, the consumption in 1870 would be
nearly or quite double that of 1860. We have no reason for
supposing that the increased demand would not have continued dur-
ing these latter ten years with the same rapidity as during those
from 1850 to 1860, there having been no other period of equal
length in the history of the world in which both population and
wealth have more rapidly increased than from 1860 to the present
time. This rapid increase in the demand is well illustrated also by
the census of the Southern States compared with that of 1860, the
production of the latter year having been nearly twice that of the
former, and the market value of cotton higher, showing that the sup-
ply, although so greatly increased, had not kept pace with the de-
mand.
; This increase in the demand for any series of years during the last
quarter of a century will be found, upon investigation, to have been
nearly at the rate of ten per cent, from year to year ; and, as before
stated, as we have no statement of the whole amount required for
1860, so reliable as that for 1859, we prefer making the estimate
for the European demand, from that before given ^r the last-men-
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THE COTTON SUPPLY. 497
tioned year by this mode of calculation, making the amount required
for 1860 upwards of four millions bales. The correctness of this
method of calculation, and its results, is confirmed by the fact that
the total imports of Great Britain in 1860 were very nearly one-
tenth more than in 1850, and corresponds with a recent statement
which we have seen, giving the number of pounds taken by the whole
of Europe in that year at 1,797,400, or about 4,000,000 bales — the
whole importation for 1859, as before seen, having been 3,736,341
bales. It is also shown that the production in the Southern States,
then the almost sole producers of the staple, was correspondingly in-
creased, the market price remaining about the same.
Had the demand and supply continued to increase from 1860 as
in former years, which doubtless would have been the case but for
the intervention of our war, the total consumption by the European
and American manufacturers alone would have amounted in 1867 to
very nearly eight millions bales, purchased probably at a higher
price than in 1860.
This then is the amount, we take it, which would have been re-
quired for the manufacturers of these countries .had the supply in-
creased correspondingly with the population and wealth of the world,
and had no civil troubles occurred in our Union, but for which latter
cause this increased supply, and perhaps more, would have been"
produced. It is well known, however, that the increase of the price
of any article of commerce will diminish its consumption, and nei-
ther cotton nor cotton goods are an exception to this rule. But what
ratio this decrease in the consumption will bear to the increase of
price can be fixed by no certain rule. We know that the consump-
tion of the necessaries of life will be less affected by such increase in
price than that of such commodities with the use of which we can
more easily dispense. Among the former class we must now, be-
yond doubt, class cotton goods, which have become almost as indis-
pensable to the human family as the very food which sustains life.
Be this as it may, it cannot be denied that the increase of price will,
to some extent, diminish the inclination as well as the ability to buy
and consume cotton goods, and will to that extent diminish the de-
mand for the raw material.
Assuming, as before stated, that the increase of the wealth and
population of the world would have required, all other Aings being
equal, a much larger amount of cotton goods now than formerly, and
having, from the experience of former years, shown that had nothing
intervened to lessen the demand, it would have required the manu-
facture of something like eight millions of bales ; if we further as-
sume that the increased price will diminish the demand 25 per cent.,
which we think is a liberal allowance, we shall have between five and
six millions of bales as the probable number which will be required
by the looms of Europe and America for the present cotton year,
beginning the Ist of September, 1866. In round numbers we will
suppose this number to be five and one-half millions, of which, ac-
cording to the opinions, of manufacturers, the Northern States will
TOL. n.-N0. 7. 82
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4:98 THE COTTON SUPPLY.
take 1,250,000; and from the present' indications of enterprise and
improvement in the Southern States in the direction of cotton facto-
ries, that section will probably require some 250,000 ; leaving a bal-
ance for Europe of 4,000,000, which, as before shown, was about the
amount of consumption there in 1860 ;* Great Britain alone taking
for actual consumption over two and a half millions bales.
Having thus settled as satisfactorily as possible the demand which
is likely to exist, which we have only pretended to do, as before stated^
by approximation, the question which next arises is, from whence
and to what extent this demand is likely to be supplied ; and here,
again, we are lefl in a great measure to conjecture. Fortunately,
however, we are not without information upon this point, upon which
to base, as we think, a very satisfactory opinion.
Tliough our Southern States, by reason of the ordeal through
which they have recently passed, do not, as formerly, enjoy the al-
most exclusive monopoly of furnishing to the world the supply of
the raw material required for manufacture and commerce, yet it is
well known that even now this whole question of demand and supply
depends upon their success or failure in the crop which is now being
gathered for market. The experiment which is now being made un-
der the new and changed condition of things to raise this essential
staple of commerce is, as we know, being watched with the greatest
interest in almost every quarter of the globe, and. the importance
attached to the result in the commercial world is shown by the ex-
treme sensitiveness evinced in the fluctuations in its price, as the re-
ports in regard to its success have been more or less favorable.
These reports, in most cases, though professing to be entirely relia-
ble, though generally made by interested parties, and in many cases
without one particle of information on which to base them, have
been as numerous and as varied as the days of the year, ranging
from 800,000 to as much as 5,000,000 bales. Men have been pwd
to travel, and men who have not traveled have been paid to write
up the number of bales which the South would certainly raise ; and
though some of them had never seen a cotton-field, hardly knew
whether cotton grew on trees or on stalks, and seem to have had a
confused idea that an acre of Arkansas mud was as prolific of cotton
bales as an acre of Georgia sand of pea-nuts, have enlightened the
world b/ profound calculations and suggestions on the subject;
while, on the other hand, others form opposite motives, though we
believe in many instances from honest mistake, have gone to the
other extreme.
Between these extremes we think it not very diflicult, at the pres-
ent advance of the season, to strike tlie proper mean and to arrive at
conclusions as to the amount likely to be produced with tolerable
accuracy. Such have been the unfavorable circumstances from the
commencement of the season that we believe now all extravagant
* We have seen, since writing this, the statement of a Liverpool correspond-
ent of a commercial house in this country, which is, that 80,000 bales per week
will be required by Europe for the next twelve months.
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THE COTTON SUPPLY. 499
estimates have been abandoned, and the number of those who 6gure
largely upon this question Kavo grown to a very few. None, who
are well informed, will now be found who will fix the amount to be
expected at above two and a half millions of bales ; while most of
them write down a much smaller number as the probable yield. The
latest estimate which we have seen is from the Commercial Ckronu
cle, of Sfept. 8th, which makes, as is stated, upon a '* very careful ex-
amination," and '^ with unusual facilities for making inquiries,'' the
following table : —
Texas, 460.000 Bales.
Alabaraa, 400,000
Louisiana, 2«0,000 "
Mislsaippi, 460,000 "
Qeorgia, 260,000 . "
Arkansas 190,000 "
South Carolina, 1 80,000 "
North Carolina, 70,000 "
Tennessee 120,000 "
Florida, 46,000 "
Total, 2,866,000 Bales.
This is almost equal to the whole crop of 1850, and to one-half of
the crop of 1859-'60, which latter was by far the most propitious
season, all circumstancos considered, which the South has ever had.
Though wc regard these figures as more nearly correct than some
others we have seen in Northern journals, which, of course, largely
overshoot the mark, we cannot believe that the crop of the present
season can possibly amount to even as much as is here stated. Ad-
mitting, as is generally stated, that three-fifths of the cotton-lands in
cultivation in '59-'60 have been put in cotton in 1860, we cannot be-
lieve the yield will be as much as one-half of , that of the former
season, and we shall be greatly surprised should such be the result
The reasons for this opinion are too well known and too often urged
to need any repetition here. The thousand and one misfortunes and
difficulties which have unfortunately beset the planter from the very
beginning in the inauguration of the " new system" have nearly
driven him mad, and have induced many to abandon the enterprise
in utter disgust, and in some instances with utter ruin.
"We do not pretend to any uncommon facilities for knowing, or
to any superior information, either from our own observation or that
of others, though, having devoted careful attention to the subject
from the beginning of the season, we have formed a positive opinion,
based upon such facts as have come to our knowledge from reliable
sources, as well as from our own travels and personal observation in
some few of the principal cotton States ; and this opinion, we may as
well state, has been formed without any interest whatever to bias it,
except that which we feel as the citizen of a Southern State, in having
the exaggerated ideas upon the subject set right With the facts be-
fore u«y»we are constrained to differ in our estimate from even the
most moderate of those made by Northern manufacturers and
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600 THE COTTON SUPPLY.
Northern journals, and which have been so sedulously transferred
and pressed upon the other side of the Atlantic. We cannot believe,
for instance, as in the statement just referred to, that the crop of
Texas will amount to 500,000 bales, for we know that though the
season in that State has been comparatively propitious, the over-
flows in the early part of the season of the principal streams, besides
other contingencies of less consequence, have greatly curtailed the
prospect there, and we cannot believe that the crop of this year will
exceed that of 1860, which was only 405,000 bales. Besides, we see
that the newspapers of that State give the yield at 300,000, and not
more. We cannot believe that the crop of Mississippi can amount
to 450,000 bales — nearly one-half the crop of '59-'60, and very nearly
equal to the crop of 1850, because we are satisfied that only about
one-half, or three-fiflhs, at the farthest, of the cotton lands of '59-'60
were this year planted ; and we know that from excessive rain, drouj^ht,
overflow and almost every other drawback imaginable, she has
suffered more, perhaps, than any other State. We would sooner believe
that her crop will not exceed 250,000 bales, but do not believe it will
reach even that. In Arkansas, we are satisfied, from the best of infor-
mation as well as from personal observation, that not more than
150,000 bales, at the outside, can be realized. Nor can we believe
that in Louisiana, in which eight of the principal parishes were
during several of the most important months of the season sub-
merged, and in all of which the same difficulties have had to be en-
countered as in the other States, 250,000 bales, one-third more than
the crop of 1850, will be secured. Satisfied as we are of the errors
in regard to these four States, we can but believe that they are equally
as great as to the rest. Our candid judgment is, that not more
than one and a half million bales, at the farthest, can be depended
upon from the South, even with a good season for the rest of the
year and a late frost — the common opinion among the cotton-raisers
themselves being that it will be a great deal less. But for fear that
we may be as greatly mistaken as our Northern neighbors, we will
assume that the production will amount to two millions of bales.
During the year 1865 the East Indies shipped to Great Britain
1,287,000 bales (amounting in weight to less than 1,000,000 Ameri-
can bales) of her short, rough, dirty staple. This, however was, the
largest amount ever received from this quarter, being the effect of
the stimulus given to its cultivation by the extraordinary prices pre-
vailing. Even of this inferior article India, has accordingto all ac-
counts, reached the extreme limit of her production. The India
Times of June 1 1 th says, ** Not only is our crop certain to be smaller
this year than last, but the supply from China and Bengal besides,
from many of the experimental cotton grounds, stimulated by high
prices, will be almost wholly withheld from the European market."
This decline seems to be attributable mainly to the necessity for a
rotation of crops required by the India soil, which, unlike ours, is unfit
for raising cotton for more than one or two years in s«0ce8sioD,
iind having been widely cultivated for the past few years in that
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THE COTTON SUPPLY. 601
staple, has b^un to refuse to make itsacoustomed yield. With our
competition, India at once goes back to her former insigni6cance. In-
deed, no matter what its production, such is the character of the staple
that it will contribute but little to supply the demand, being only
fit, as we understand, to mix in small proportions with American,
and to be used in the manufacture of coarse yarns. Its v^lue for
manufacturing purposes may be known from the fact that whilst
American cotton is bringing in the Liverpool market from lid. to
17c?., the India staple is quoted at from 6r/. to llrf. From this quar-
ter Great Britain will probably receive during the twelve months
from the 1st Sept., 186G, some 600,000 bales, most of which was at
that date, as we see from recent English Cotton Circulars, at sea
and likely to reach its destination before the beginning of the next
year.
. A recent writer for this Review, who seems to have given atten-
tion to the subject of cotton production in the various countries
where its culture has been attempted, estimates that we may depend
upon Brazil for 130,000 bales, and upon Egypt for (probably)
300,000. In all other portions of the world where any attempt will
he made to raise this crop the quantities produced will be so insig-
nificant as to produce no effect upon the market, and so we leave out
all conjectures in regard to them.
We may therefore sura up the quantity of the raw material of
this year's growth, and which may be thrown into the market within
the existing cotton year, as follows : —
Southern States of America, 2^000,000 Bales.
Eastlodies, 600,000 "
Brazil 130,000 "
Egypt, 300,000 "
ToUl, , 8,030,000 Bales.
To this it would at first sight appear that there should be added
the stocks on hand on the first of September, 1866, the beginning of
the cotton year, which might be put down at 250,000 bales, at all
ports and in manufacturers' hands in the United States, and in Great
Britain at 800,000 bales, of which about one-half is India cotton.
But it must be borne in mind that we are only including the proba-
ble amount which will be consumed between the 1st September, '66,
and the 1st September, '67. It would of course be erroneous not to
allow in the calculation an amount of stock necessary to supply the
wants of manuflicturers from the 1st September, '67, to the beginning
of the year 1868 ; as it is well known that the crop of the Southern
States does not generally begin to reach the markets, and especially
the European, until the beginning of the year. The India crop de-
creasing from year to year, and being, as before stated, of so infe-
rior quality as to be almost entirely useless for cotton goods, can do
but little towards supplying this want, and we may therefore take it
for granted that there must necessarily be held on hand on the 1st
September, 1867 very nearly, the amount now shown. Otherwise
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602 THE COTTON SUPPLY.
the cotton-mills would be idle from that time to the end of the year,
for want of the raw material. The present stock on hand (ex-
cluding that at sea, of course), amounting to about one million bales,
may consequently, with propriety, be excluded from the amount of
supply for the current cotton year. Thus it will be seen that, ac-
cording to these estimates, the supply for the year just commenced
will be some two million bales below the actual requirements of man-
ufacturers, even upon the supposition that the product of our South-
ern States will amount to two million bales.
That our. figures are accurate we do not pretend, of course; but
that they approach as near the. truth as they can be made to do, we
believe. This question of supply must of course remain somewhat
uncertain for some months to come. When the true state of facts is
known, we feel convinced that it will be found that a great mistake
has been made by those who so confidently predict large crops and a
full supply, and who are holding back for a decline in the price. If
our premises are nearly correct, it is an easy matter to foresee that
so far from a decline, there must necessarily be an advance ; to what
extent it is of course impossible to tell. One thing, however, should
be borne in mind, upon which, from our observation, even business
men are sometimes liable to be mistaken ; and that is, that the price of
an article of consumption only advances in proportion as the supply
diminishes. This, of course, is an egregious error. No one would
contend for an instant that if the supply of flour should diminish to
one-half the effect would be only to double its market value. With-
out any certain rule by which to work in such case, we might fairly
presume that it would, instead, be quadrupled in value, and, mu-
tatis mvrtandia^ the same principle will hold good in other cases.
The causes which are depressing the price in the foreign market,
and of course in our own, are explained in the recent circulars of
Liverpool brokers. They are the stock on hand, amounting, as be-
fore stated, on the 1st September, to 800,000 bales ; the amount
(nearly 500,000 bales) of India cotton now at sea for the British
market; the expected receipt of several hundred thousand bales dur-
ing the Fall months from America ; and lastly, and principally, the
fact, that large amounts of cotton have been hypothecated to English
bankers to secure advances during the recent stringency in the finan-
ces of that country, which are being forced upon the market to sat-
isfy these advances, added to reports from America of large crops
expected. The intimations in these circulars are plain, that these
causes of depression will be merely temporary. The stock on hand
will soon be consumed by the home and export demand, amounting
now to some 70,000 bales per week. No more cotton is to be ship-
ped from India for six months to come. The bankers will soon be
satisfied, and there will be no further reason for urgent sales ; added
to which, it is more than probable that the English money market
will soon become easy again, when the speculative demand will be
revived. It is a significant fact, too, that on the 1st September
there were at sea for the English market only 23,000 bales, and that
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^ THE COTTON SUPPLY. 503
the whole number in transit, principally fi'om India, was smaller
than bad been known for months before, being less than half a mil-
lion.
The policy which should, under these circumstances, govern the
course of Southern planters is plain. Where it is possible, let
them by all means hold on to their crops until these causes of tem-
porary depression have been removed, and especially until the ex-
travagant reports of the large crops to be raisea by them during this
season have been corrected abroad. These reports have been indus-
triously started and industriously propagated, from motives which
are easily seen and understood. The game is being adroitly and
systematically played, with many odds against the producer, whose
toil and vexation entitle him to the stakes, and unless he is wary
they will be snatched from him. Where stern necessity does not
compel, let him rather prefer to count his bales than his greenbacks,
until the propitious time shall come, and as sure as he lives he will
reap a high reward for his labors. But if haste and hurry are to
rule the market, it will become glutted, and he will get a mere
pittance.
We think one thing, at least, will be conceded by all those who
have had any experience in the cultivation of cotton ; and that is, that
unless those who make it can receive more remunerating prices
than are now being paid, the production must rapidly decline ; and
none will be more ready to admit this than those who, having no
knowledge of the mode of its cultivation, have blindly rushed into
the field with visions of the golden harvest they were to reap. After
deducting the three cents per pound tax, which of course must come
out of the pockets of the producer, and other expenses incident to
the shipment and sale of his cotton, but little is left to the planter as
net gains at 30 cents per pound, which, by the way, is rather more
than he can expect with the present market. The average quality
will not be higher than what is styled in the market '' low middling''
or " good ordinary," for which, at the present rates, he could not ex-
pect more than S?7 or 28 cents per pound, or about 20 cents net,
which can be but barely more than the cost of production.
As was proposed, we have confined ourselves strictly to the ques-
tion of demand and supply for the year commencing on the Ist
September, 1866. It was not our intention to notice, in any way,
the opinions prevailing in certain quarters, that a new and glorious
era had been opened by recent events to cotton production in the
South, and that the time is fast approaching when that section will
send twetity bales to market where it now sends one ; that in the
place of the '* wastefiil" and *' iniquitous" system of labor which has
heretofore prevailed, we are to have the enlightened systems of the
North and of Europe put in practice by thrifty, honest, intelligent
and good-looking emigrants from those countries who are to swarm
upon our hitherto half til led cotton-fields, and make our prairies, our
hills and our forests alive with labor and white with expanding bolls ;
that, in short, the South is now to become the land where all the
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504 SKETCHES or FOREIGN TRAVEL.
weary and oppressed of the earth are to come to get rich and be
happy by growing dollars where only cents grew before. These are
visions of ignorance and diseased imagination. It is useless to at-
tempt to combat them by argument or reason. Experience and
time, the greatest and dearest of teachers, must do that. We will
only remark in closing this short article, that unless some new system
does take the place of the one now existing, the production of the
country must greatly decrease, and that some of us may yet live to
see the day when a pound of Southern cotton will be worth its weight
in paper money, which, indeed, would be no new sight
ART. X.-SKETCHES OF FOREIGU TRAVEL.
No. 6.
London, October Ist, 1866.
Dear Kevibw : — Next to Westminster Abbey, the most inter-
esting object in London, to your correspondent, is " The Tower,^^
Blot out the Tower from the records of the past, and English history
would be lamentably incomplete, for in its traditions are the mate-
rials which go largely towards making up that history.
There is an immense mass of buildings which go generally by
the name of " The Tower^^'* but the chief feature of the pile, and that
which stands godfather to the balance, is a great square structure
about four stories high, with walls of solid stone fourteen feet thick,
and massive towers shooting up at each of its four corners. It was
built, we are informed, by William the Conquerer^ in the year 1079,
as a place of retreat in case the rebellious Saxons outdoors should
grow too contumacious and strong. It is distinctively called the
*' Wliite Toxoer^^ and is now used as an arsenal, and a store-house
for every curious species of arm and armor peculiar to different
ages and countries. There may be seen every weapon of offence or
defence employed by every nation of the known world from the re-
motest to the present time.
On the ground floor, as we go in, are arranged about fifty horse-
men, clothed in impenetrable panoply of chain armor and solid steel,
and bristling pugnaciously with the different weapons peculiar to
their several centuries. The coup cToeil is positively startling. The
eflSgies of the horses are so instinct with life, and the vizored figures
astride so accurately personify the knightly images kindled in our
minds by romance, that we are lifted, for the moment, out of our
Consciousness of the present, and transported into the life of dead
centuries. But that history is aflame with the feats of arms and
daring courage of those iron-clad riders, one would conclude they
were rather a timid set, for their chief aim was obviously to keep
from being hurt In looking at those steel fortresses, frowning
down from their horses, the spectator is puzzled to imagine how any-
body could have been killed, A " monitor'* does not seem more
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SKETCHES OP FOREIGN TfUVEL. 505
impervious to successful attack. And yet, recent experience has
shown, that even a ^^ monitor" is not improvable to an assailing
prow, and this teaches us to realize how those grim warriors suc-
cumbed to the fierce impact of a battle-axe.
Along the staircase and first landing of the second story large
collections of arms of foreign pattern are stored, and it is instructive
to observe what admirable ingenuity man, even in his primitive con-
dition, has exhibited for the effective taking off of his fellow-man.
The same mechanical genius, in our worthy predecessors, directed
in more peaceful channels, would have sensibly abridged that histor-
ical epoch known as the Dark Ages.
The most noticeable object in this armory is a cannon, carved by
hand out of solid metal, and heavily ornamented with a variety of
delicately wrought figures in bas90 relievo. It is the work of an
Italian, who is said to have been thirty ye^rs engaged at it. The
immense amount of labor obviously expended upon it makes it
seem possible that even an industrious man might have required a
hundred years to accomplish it. The cannon is about the size of our
modern six-pounder, and does not materially differ from it in
pattern.
Up another flight of stairs, and we enter a long room which is
garnished with a small door let into the wall, about midway on the
right-hand side. This door opens into a scowling little cell, just eight
feet square. In t^is pent-up Utica of Cimmerian gloom Sir Walter
Raleigh was confined for fourteen years, by Elizabeth, that illustri-
ous slip of decayed virginity. Save her own sister, of bloody mem-
ory, there is no other woman in English history who had such a
cultivated taste for dabbling in noble blood, as that same carroty-
headed vestal. Her affections were something like boils, for they
generally ended by coming to a head.
While cribbed in the dungeon described, Sir Walter is said to
have written his " History of the World." It was rather a droll
ambition, on the whole, for a man who held by very uncertain tenure
only eight feet square of the world.
The large room into which the cell opens is used, at present, as a
magazine, in which are kept the various instruments of torture which
plagued our venerable ancestors. There are the thumb-screws,
the racks, the pincers, the boot, and the " scavenger's daughter ;"
the last of which is as unwholesome a looking contrivance as its
name would imply. There also, in perfect keeping, is the block on
which Anne Boelyn, Kate Howard, Lady Jane Grey and Sir Walter
Raleigh were beheaded. The axe, too, which served on those occa-
sions, is there, in thorough preservation. The block is dark with
age, and polished with much handling. It retains very legible im-
pressions of the strokes of the axe for the last three occasions on
which it was used. There may be sermons in stones surely, for that
stupid and senseless block is eloquent of many sermons.
*' The Jewel Tower," which is reached by crossing the court-yard
from the White Tower, is the place where the crown jewels are
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506 SKETCHES OP FOREIGN TRAVEL.
kept. There, exposed in a glass case, the republican eye may view
with modest awe the great diamonds from which royalty, on State
occasions, is wont to borrow one of its stunning effects. About mid-
way that part of the court-yard, east of the White Tower, is the spot
where the scaffolds were erected on which the executions took place.
No sign of its murderous antecedents now remains, and it looks as
serene and pacific as if it had never known what it was to suck up
innocent blood.
Some fifly yards from this, proceeding in an easterly direction,
we approach the tower in which Anne Bolcyn, Kate Howard, and
Lady Jane Grey were at different times confined. The room is a
small octagonal structure, with little recesses let into the solid stone-
work. These recesses were designed for sleeping-places, and very
appropriate they were, for the hard fates they temporarily accommo*
dated. Various inscriptions are carved on the walls by the many
poor devils who only left them to ascend the scaffold outside. Some
of the inscriptions are quotations from favorite authors, and others
are original. Most of the latter are commonplace enough, but a
few of them are full of touching pathos.
In another lofly tower which surmounts the immense gateway
leading into the court-yard, I observed a woman with three little
children pLiying around her. The spectacle was so thoroughly
peaceful, tender, domestic, that 1 instinctively singled out the spot as
one, at least, about which clung no butcherly memories. Imagine
my shock of surprise when informed that this was, par excellence^
the " Bloody Tower^'^ the place where the infant sons oi Edward IV.
were murdered by order of Gloster. The sight of the spot brought
irresistibly to mind those beautiful lines in Richard 111., in which the
assassin pictures the sleeping aspect of the doomed children.
" The tyrannous and bloody act is done ;
Tlie most arch deed of piteous massacre,
That pver yet this land was guilty of.
Dighlon and Forrest, whom I did suborn
To do this piece of ruthless butchery,
Albeit they were flesh'd villains, bloody dogs.
Melting with tenderness and mild compassion,
Wept like two children, in their deathV sad story.
O timtt, quoth Dighton, lay the qentle babes, —
Thwi^ thiie, quoth Forrest, girdling one another
Within their alabaster innocent arms :
Their lips icere four red roses on a stalk, ^
}Vhich, in their summer beauty, kissed each other.
We smothered
The most replenislted sweet work of nature
TJiat,from the prime creation, e*er she framed."
Another spot to M'hich the guide specially invoked my attention
was the "Devcreux Tower." It is so called from the fact that
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, a favorite of Elizabeth, was con-
fined there up to the time of his tendering her his head. In nothing
else did Elizabeth so satisfactorily vindicate her paternity, as in the
ugly trick she fell into, of rewarding with the axe whoever had the
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SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL. 607
iDisfortane to excite her tenderness. A queen's love is doubtless a
valuable commodity, but to pay for it with your head makes its pro-
prietorship expensive.
Every inch of this venerable pile is historic, and to the student
of English annals, few other places appeal so eloquently as " The
Tower."
Zoological Gardens. — ^To one who has a taste for ornithology
and zoology, these gardens hold out irresistible attractions. There
are collected together, it is said, the most complete assortment of
quadrupeds and birds that is to be seen anywhere else in the world.
Asia, Africa, Europe, America, Japan, and all the discovered islands
of the universe, have been put under contribution to supply this
mammoth menagerie. The gardens in which it is lodged are very
handsomely improved, and all the arrangements for the domicilia-
tion of the beasts and birds seem to be governed by an admirable
regard to taste and the comfort of the inhabitants.
Most of the animals were familiar to me, but some of them I had
never enjoyed the honor of meeting before. Of the latter was a
white peacock. Its general configuration seemed identical with that
of the ordinary species which we have domesticated, but not a colored
feather illustrated its body. Fr^m the nib of his beak to the tip of
his tail he was as white as new-fallen snow. This modesty of plu-
ro^e probably rendered his personal bearing comparatively unaf-
fected, which contributed still further to disguise the fact that he was
a peacock.
Among the new acquaintances I formed there were two varieties
of fox. For the sake of an attenuated brother of mine, to whose ear
the cry of a full pack by moonlight is the most tuneful orchestra in
the world, I made a special note of the foxes. One is of a deep red
color, as to the nether part of his person, with a vivid gray rim en-
circling his back. In size he is much larger than the red fox of
America, but defers humbly to the latter in that crowning glory of
the fox, the tail.
The other variety is of a uniform mouse color, and remarkably
small ; not larger, I should say, than an ordinary poodle. He has a
splendid reddish-looking brush, and his ears, curious to relate, are
larger than those of the white rabbit. He is called the ^^fennec fox^'*
and is a native of Egypt. But for the caudal appendage, of which
the veritable " molly hare'* is inde<jorously deficient, one would
rather infer it was a rabbit than a fox.
The queerest-looking animal in the collection is a creature stand-
ing perilously on two legs, and called the " weak-headed stork.*'
A misnomer, it occurred to me, for his head was the only substan-
tial thing about him. He is, perhaps, four feet high, with a huge
bill in the shape of an alligator's jaws, and a head so preposterously
large, that it is a standing miracle for his pipe-stem legs to uphold
it. He seems to have a perfect confidence in the permanency of the
miracle, for he stands his ground with as unfaltering a faith in the
integrity of his legs, as if he had purchased a policy from a " limb-
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assuring^' company. I commend him to the tender consideration of
your radical friends, for he is brought, I am informed, from the Ul-
terior of Africa.
The Crtstal Palacb. — ^To attempt to give anything like a fair
notion of the Crystal Palace under a shorter dispensation than twenty
reams of foolscap, would be a supreme exploit of madness. It isonie
of those wonderful repositories which have to be seen, and seen
often, to acquire adequate conceptions of. I have devoted three days
to it, and find that I have seen just enough to put me in a state of in-
structive confusion. The universe appears to have come forward
voluntarily from the remotest antiquity, and deposited its choicest
possessions there.
That which attracted me most in the Palace was the reproduction,
in incarnate forms, of the various types of architecture which pre-
vailed in the olden times. The half of one entire side of the im-
mense structure is devoted to illustrations of the Egyptian, the
Greek, the Moorish, the Assyrian, the Roman and the Byzantine
architecture. These illustrations are expressed in what the Direc-
tors of the Palace denominate the Egyptian, the Greek, the Assyrian,
the Roman, and the Byzantine courts, and the court of Alhambra.
To the Alhambra, or Moorish court, I confess that all of my pre-
ferences award the palm. It so far surpasses in magnificence every
rival style, and is so lacking in every principle of analogy with any
other, that if you invite me to describe it, ** I treat it as a conun-
drum, and give it up."
Aflber wandering for hours through the mammoth repertoire, I
strayed out into the surrounding gardens, actually to escape from the
throng of curious things which solicited my tired eyes, and the army
of novel impressions which attacked my worried consciousness.
The gardens occupy about two hundred and fifty acres of ground,
and in them I again found food for that mental dissatisfaction
flowing from the contemplation of objects which soar above all efforts
at description. I lay down on the green-sward, and looked at those
fairy gardens, abreath with fountains, and lakes, and flowers, until
my heart and eyes fairly ached with a sense of the beautiful.
Trusting that your heart nor eyes may ever ache from a more dis-
tressing cause, I remain truly yours. Carte Blanche.
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EMANCIPATION AND COTTON. 509
ART. IX.-EMANCIPATION AND COnON-THE TRIUMPH OF BRIT-
ISH POLICY.*
[The author of Uie present paper sends ns a copj, with the request to publidi it in the pa^es
of the Sktizw. We beliere that its careful perusal will effect good In the present war&re
against Badlcal policy and measures, and commend it to the carefhl study of Conservative men
North and South. It is lh>m the pen of Prof. David Cueistt, author of **■ Ck)tton is Eing.^]
EABLT MOVEMENTB OF GREAT BRITAIN TO RETRIEVE HER LOSSES CONSEQUENT UPON
WEST INDIA EMANCIPATION.
The death-blow to cotton cultivation in tlie West Indies was given by the act
abolishinj^ the slave-trade. At the beginning of the present century the ex-
ports of cotton from these islands nearly equaled that from the Uniteo States —
the one exporting 17,000,000 pounds, the other 17,780,000 pounds. But urjon
the prohibition of the slave-trade, 1808, and the consequent diminution of laoor
in the islands, its cultivation began to decline, so that by 1834, when the Eman-
cipation Act WQfit into operation, it had diminished to 2,296,525 pounds. This
enormous decline in cotton culture in the West Indies was a source of great
alarm to British manufacturers.
Emancipation was expected to remedy this great misfortune, on the theory
held by the philanthropists, that the labor of the negroes, when free, would be
much more productive than it had been while they were slaves. Upon this the-
ory Parliament based its act for the abolition of West India slavery; and, as a
consequence of this act, the English people confidently anticipated an enlarged
production of all the commodities usually cultivated in tlie islands.
Even as late as 1889 this theory was still held as true, as appears from an ad-
dress delivered in Boston by Mr. Scoble, a gentleman who had been Secretary of
the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which was reported in Th^ Chris-
tian Watchman of that year. Mr. Scoble had recently visited the West Indies,
and professed to speak from actual observation. He represented the prosperity
of the islands as on the increase, and this he " accounted for by saying that one
freeman would do more than two slaves."
All this, it is now well understood, was mere bunkum, designed to influence
the people of the United States to follow the example of England in abolishing
slavery. jtEsop would have illustrated the designs of Mr. Scoble by his fable
of tiie fox that nad lost his tail in the trap, and who urged upon a convention of
foxes the great convenience he experienced in having that bushy appendage out
of the way.
* The astute policy of France, equally with that of England, is marked in its cmanoIi>atIon
of slavery.
Lacroix, in closing a speech in the National Convention of France, 1791, in seconding the
proposition of Lavasseur, that the decree should at once be proclaimed abolishing slavery all
over the territory oi the Republic, thus gave utterance to the sentiments which governed the
members in adopting that measure:
♦'Let this great example to the universe, let this principle, solemnly consecrated, re-echo in
the hearts of the Africans in chains under English dominion; let them feel all the dignity of
their being; let them arm themselves and come to augment the number of our brothers and
votaries or universal liberty I**
The President having pronounced the abolition of sn^ery, Danton rose, amid the shouts of
exultation that followed, and addressed the Gonventlon. In closing he said :
**■ Citizens, to-day the Englishman is dead I [Loud appbuso.] Pitt and his plots are foiled !
The English behold their commerce annihilated! France, which to this day, as it were, trun-
cated her glory, at length resumes, in the eyes of astonished and submissive Europe, the pre-
ponderance wnioh is due her through her principles, her energy, her soil, and her population.
Activity, energy, generosity— but generosity directed by the torch of reason, and steered by
the compass of prinoiplea— will insure you forever the gratitude of posterity."
And why this denundatton of EngUad, and this sadden sympathv for the negro by these
French orators and phllanthropisU? It is explained by the writer from whom we quote, M.
Cochin, of France. It had just been announced to the Convention that the English, then at
war witn France, had possessed themselves of Martinico and Gnadaloupe, two of the French
West India slave-holding colonies. The decree of emancipation, it was believed, would ren-
der the islands vahieless to the English ; and not this only, but that the slaves In the other
British isUnds, acting under the new impulse, would throw off their chains, and thus deprive
Qreat Britain of the basis of her prosperous commerce.
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510 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
The year 1839, in which Mr. Scoble came over to instroct as as to the benefits
of emancipation, found the West Indies exporting bat 928,425 pounds of cotton,
and the year 1840 but 427,629 pounds, as against 17,000,000 pounds exported in
1800. Cotton cultivation was about at an end in the British West Indies. The
labor necessary for ils production could not be commanded; and, even if it had
been in sufficient abundance, prices had so fallen, in consequence of the immense
production of the United States, then equaling, for export alone, 748,941,000
pounds that year, 1840, that attractive wages, it was said, could not be offered
to the newly emancipated blacks.
The American planter had the monopoly of the supply of cotton to the mar-
kets of the Christian world ; and the West India planter, as far as he could com-
mand labor, chose to employ it in the production of sugar rather than upon cot-
ton. This left the British manufacturer at the mercy of the slave-holder of the
United States for his supplies of this commodity — a position that he chose not
to occupy A moment longer than it could be avoided. We find, accordingly, that
at the same time that Mr. Scoble was telling the American people about the in-
creasing prosperity of the West Indies, and the greater efficiency of the free
negro over the slave, a movement was set on foot in England to transfer the seat
of cotton cultivation to the East Indies. George Thompson, Esq., the Abolition-
ist, was placed in the foreground in this movement, and during 1839, in a course
of lectures, undertook to prove that all the elements of sncces^ul cotton cultiva-
tion existed in India, and that the English people might soon obtain their sup-
plies of cotton from that country, and thus be enabled to repudiate that of the
United States. The appeal was made to Parliament to extend a helping hand
to cotton culture in the East Indies ; and the object to be ^ined by the measure
proposed was the emancipation of the slaves of the Unitea States, by destroying
the markets for cotton of their production. In one of his lectures Mr. Ihomp-
son exclaims :
" The battle-^rroand lor the tre^dom of the world is on the plains of Ilindostan. Yes, mj
friends, do Justice to India; wave there the sceptre of Justice, and the rt^I or oppression fklls
from the hands of the slave-holder in Aroerica ; and the slave, swelling beyond the measure of
his chains, stMids disenthralled, a fbeemaa and an acknowledged brother."^
The introduction to the American edition of the lectures delivered by Mr.
Thompson on that occasion, which was written by William Lloyd Garrison, con-
tains the following sentences. They sufficiently indicate what were the antici-
pations of the advocates of that measure:
** If Enghind can raise her own cotton in India at the paltry rate of a pennj a pound, what
inducement can she have ta obtain her supplies from a rival nation, at a rate of six or eight
times higher? It is stated that the East India tree labor costs three pence a dav — African slave
labor two shillings; that upward of 800,000 bales of cotton are exported from the United States
annually to England, and that the cotton trade of the United States with England amonnts to
the enormous sum of $40,000,000 annual! v. Let that market be closed to this slave-holding re-
public, and its slave system must inevitably perish of starvation.**
In pursuance of this policy, cotton-seed from the United States was sent to
India, and experienced planters from Mississippi, at high salaries, were employed
to superintend its cultivation: but the enterprise was not successful, and the
Mississippians, after several years' experimenting, returned home to their own
plantations. #
The public are so fully informed on this subject, that the history of the enter-
prise need not be traced at large. Towards the close of the experiment the Lon-
don TitneSf under the head of ** Cotton in India," said :
**Tho one great element of American snceese— of American enterprise— can never, at least
for manv generations, be Imparted to India, it is impossible to expect of Hindoos all that is
achieved by clllxens of the states. During the experimcnta to which we have allnded, an Bo-
glisb plo^ was introduced Into one of the provinces, and the natives were taaght its snperlor-
ity over their own clumsy machinery. They were at first astonished and d^ghted at its ef-
fects, but as soon as the agents back was turned, they took it, painted it red, set it up on end
and worshiped it**
But this attempt of Great Britain to secure her supplies of cotton from other
sources than the United States does not stand alone. Seeing, as if by prophetic
forecast, that the attempt to cultivate the better qualities of cotton in India
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EMANCIPATION AND COTTON. 511
would prove a failare, a nearly simultaneons effort was* made to extend its enl-
tivation to Africa. Tlie West Todies, as a field of cotton supply, seemed to be
closed forever as a consequence of emancipation. It was the expectation of the
British that the United States could be made to share the same &te by the suc-
cess of Abolitionism, and tiiat the monopoly of the American planter being thus
destroyed, the price of cotton would necessarily rise, so that it could be grown
and exported at a profit from moro distant fields, but especially from her own
tropical possessions.
The circumstances which gave rise to the attempt to make Africa a field of
cotton production are of very great interest. 1 he slave-trade had long been
prosecuted with tlie utmost vigor. Great Britain, at the Assiento Treaty, 1718,
had secured its monopoly to lierself ; anti, on surrendering that monopoly, four
years before its termination, had received, as a consideration from Spain, the
Bum of half a million of dollars ! In 1798, the exports of slaves, chiefly to Bra-
zil and Cuba, were 85,000 annually, and the number increased regularly until
1840, when the exports were 135,800. One exception exists. From 1880 to
1885 the annual exports were only 78,500.
England alone had expended nearly ninety millions of dollars in an attempt,
without succe<>s, to suppress the trafiic in slaves. The rapid increase of the cul-
tivation of cotton in the United States, and the equally rapid increase of the ex-
ports of coffee from Brazil, and of sugar from Cuba, were truly alarming to her
statesmen. The remedy proposed was to make all Africa a dependency of the
British Crown, and to secure the deliverance of Africa by calling forth her own
resources. The African Civilization Society was formed as the agent for ac-
complishing this work, and the Government, to promote the enterprise, fitted out
three lai-ge iron steamers, at an expense of $300,0(>0, for the use of the company.
The ablest writers in the kingdom brought the wiiole weight of their influence
to bear upon the question, so as to secure its success. Mr. McQueen, in speaking
of the great things that England had already accomplished, and what she could
yet achieve, exclaimed :
^Unfold tbo map of the world. We command the Gan^s. Forttfled at Bombay, the Indus
Is our own. Possessed of the islands in the mouth of the Persian Gnlf, we command the oat-
lets of Persia and the mouths of the Euphrates, and, consequently, of countries the cradle of
the human race. We command at the C^pe of Good Hope. Gibraltar and Malta belonging to
us, we control the Mediterranean. Let us plant the British standard on the island of Socatoro
— upon the island of Fernando Po, and inland upon the banks uf the Niger, and then we may
flay Asia and Africa, for all their productions and all their wants, are under our control. It Is
in our power. Nothing can prevent ua.'^
But the magnificent scheme of the African Civilization Society proved an ut-
ter failure, and Britain saw no prospect of escaping from her position of depend-
ence upon the United States for her supplies of cotton. The year 1844 rolled
round, with no improvement in the conoition of things ; and Mr. McQueen again
sounded the note of alarm, by reminding the English people of what they bad
been, and the changed circumstances in which they were now placed. He said :
** During the fearful struggle of a quarter of a century for her existence as a nation, against
the power and resources of Kurope, directed by the most intelligent but remorseless military
ambition against her, the command of the productions of the torrid zone, and the adTantageous
commerce which that afforded, gave to Great Britain the power and resources which enabled
her to meet, to combat, and to overcome hor nhmerous and reckless enemies in every battle-
field, whether by sea or land, throughout the world. In her the world saw realized the fttbled
^iant of antiquity. With her hundred hands she grasped her fees In every region imder heav-
en, and crushed them with resistless energy."
Now, if the possession and control of tropical production gave to England
such Immense resources, and secured to her such superiority and such power in
the last century, then she wooid not 3rield them in the present but in a death-
struggle for their maintenancer That struggle had commenced when Mr. McQueen
came forward with his appeal to the nation to resort to Africa for the remedy.
British philanthropy had wrought out its results in the West Indies, and demon-
strated the futility of the schemes it had pursued. British tropical cultivation
and the commerce it sustained both lay in ruins, while the slave-trade and slav-
ery laughed the nation to ecopn. It became necessary, therefore, to arouse the
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512 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
country to a eense of its dnnjrer, and facts wore at hand upon which to base the
most profound arguments for immediate action. He showed that " the increased
cultivation and prosperity of foreign tropical possessions had become so great,
and was adTnncmg so rapidly the power and resources of other nations, that
these were embarra^sinc^ England in all her commercial relations, in her pecuni-
ary resources, and in all her political relations and nei^tiation"*."
In proof of his assertions Mr. McQueen presented the official returns of the
exports from the British tropical possessions, as compared with those of a few
only of those of other nations, in three article* alone of tropical product?. The
following are the results :
r Articles. British PossMwiont. Other f^iuntrt
Fugar, 1S4«. Iba 441,802.858 Ibft. 14W,044,T84
Ck)ffee,1842 21,898.003 887,482,840
Cotton,1840. 187,448,44« »81,20«,903
The British possessions referred to include the East Indies, West Indies, and
Mauritius; the foreign countries, the United States, Cuba, Brazil, Jara, and
Venezuela.
This exhibition of figures is full of meaning. Nearly three-fourths of the prod-
ucts of these foreign countries had been created within thirty years of the date
of the appeal of Mr. McQueen ; and, aside from the United States, Java, and
Venezuela, all were dependent upon the slaTC-trade for the succiissful prosecution
of their cultivation. Mr. M. therefore proceeded to say :
** If the foreiflro Blave-trade be not extlngalsbed, and tho tropical territories of other powers
•ppoaed and checked by Brltiah tropical caltivailon, then the intemts and power of anch
Suites will rise into a preponderanoo oyer those of Great Britain, and the power and tho infla-
enoe of the latter will cease to be felt, feared, and respected among the civilized and powerfnl
nations of the world.^
From these facts it is easy to perceive that the slave-trade had been very sen-
sibly and very Feriou«ly afflicting the interests of the British Government; that
it had been an engine, since 1 808, in the hands of otht'r nations, by which they
had thrown England into the background in the production of those articles of
which she formerly had the monopoly, and which had given to her such power
and influence ; and that she must either crush the slave-trade, or it would con-
tinue to paralyze her. Here is the true secret of her movements in reference to
the slave-trade and slavery. Her first step — the prohibition of the slave-trade
to her colonies — gave to Spain, Portugal, and France all the advantages of that
traffic ; and the cheaper and more abundant labor thus secured gave a powerful
stimulus to the production of tropical commodities in their colonies, and soon
enabled them to rival and greatly surpass England in the amount of her produc-
tion of these articles. It was considered absolutely necessary, therefore, to the
prosperity of Great BritaiA that she should regain the advantageous position
whicn she had occupied in being the chief producer of tropical commodities, or,
at least, that she should lessen her dependence upon other countries by their cul-
tivation in her own colonies.
But the Government and its advisers now found themselves in the mortifying
position of having blundered miserably in their emancipation scheme, and of
having landed themselves in a dilemma of singular perplexity. The prohibition
of the slave-trade, and the abolition of^slavery in the West Indies, resulted so fa-
vorably to the interests of those countries employing slave labor, by enUrging
the markets for slave-grown products, that the difioculty of inducing them to
cease from it was increased a hundred fold.
In relation to these embarrassments Mr. McQueen said :
** Instead of supplying her own wants with tropical prodaotlonB,and next nearly all Europe,
as she formei iy did, the British nation had scareely e^nRgh of some of the most Importaot ar-
ticles for her own oonsanipUon, while her colonies were mostly sappllcd with foroign slare
produce In the mean time, tropical produclions had increased teom the valoe of
t7fi,000,000 annually to $800,000,000 annually. The English capital Invested In tropieal
.^ .. _ « . . « _. ,_,.._ ^ . t _ . 'onlnU ' ^ * *
relffn m
iy dopei
sUvee.** The odds, therefore, in agricultural and commercial capital and Interest, and conse-
Iy In political power and influence, arrayed against the British tropical-posseislons ** were
i^fliz to one."
$70,000,000 annually to $800,000,000 annuallv. The English capital Invested In tropieal pro-
ductions In the East and Weat Indies had been, by emancipation in the latter, reduced from
$750,000,000 to $650,000,000; while, since 1806, on the part of foreign nations, $4,000,000,000 of
flzed capiul had been created in slaves and in cultivation wholly dependent upon the labor of
sUves!*^- " ' - • • ' • .. ..< ...t^- .
qnently
narftd—
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EMANCIPATION AND CX)TTON. 518
This, then, was the position of Eoffland from 1840 to 1844, and thea^^the
forces marshaled against her, and which ehe must meet and comhat In all her
moTements hitherto site had only added to the strength of her rivals. Her first
step, the prohibition of the slave-trade, had diminished her West India laborers
100,000 in twenty years, and reduced her production thirty-three per cent, giv-
ing all the benefits arisine from this and the slave-trade to rival nations, who
but too well improved their advantage?. Her second step, emancipation, re-
duced her production to abont one-fourth of what it had been previous to 1808.
But, besides her commercial sacrifices, she had expended $100,000,000 to re-
munerate the planters for the slaves emancipated, and another $100,000,000 for
an armed repression of the slave-trade. And yet, in all this enormous expendi-
ture, resulting only in loss to England, Africa had received no advantage what-
ever. On the contrary, she had been robbed, since 1808, of at least 8,500,000
slaves, wlio had been exported to Cuba and Brazil from her coast, making a total
loss to Africa, by the rule of Buxton, of 11,666,000 human beings I
Now, it was abundantly evident that Great Britain was impelled by an over-
powering necessity, by the instinct of eelf-preservation, to effect the suppression
of the slave-trade. The measures to be adopted to insure success were also be-
coming more apparent Few other nations are guided by statesmen more quick
to perceive tlie best course to adopt io an emergency, and none more readily
al>andon a scheme as soon as it proves impracticable. Great Britain stood
pledged to her own citizens and to the world for the suppre^on of the slave-
trade. She stood equally pledged to demonstrate that free labor could be made
more productive than slave labor, even in the cultivation of tropical commodi-
ties. These pledges she could not deviate from nor revoke. But she could
only demonstrate the greater productiveness of free labor over slave labor by op-
posmg the one to the other, in their practical operations, on a scale coextensive
with each other. She must produce tropical commodities so cheaply and so
abundantly by free labor that bhe could undersell slavo-gcown products to such
an extent, and glut the markets of the world so fully, as to render it unprofitable
any longer to employ slaves in tropical production. Such an enterprise success-
fully carried out, she conceived, would be a death-blow to. the ilave-trade and
slavery.
** But there remained no portion of the tropical world where labor could be had on the spot*
and whereon Great Britain could conyenlentiy and safely plant her foot In order to aooompliah
this desirable object — ezteoslve tropical cultivation— but In tropical Africa. Bvery other part
was occupied bv Independent nations, or by people that might and would soon become Inde-
pendent.^ Africa, therefore, was the field upon which Great Britain was compelled to enter
and make her second grand experiment.
But lo ! even this field was not now as fully open as it had been when the
Niger expedition was fitted out The failure of that enterprise occurred while
the Government was engaged in adjusting its first difficulty with China, which
grew ont of the " opium question," and in conducting its war with the Sikhs in
India. When, therefore, attention was now turned to Africa, it was found that
much of its territory also had been occupied by other nations, and that England
no longer had it in her power " to make all Africa a dependency of the British
Crown."
Let us state the &cts on this point. France, fully alive to the importance of
the commerce with Africa, had, within a short period, securely placed herself
at the mouth of the Senegal and at Goree, extending her influence eastward and
southward from both places. She had a settlement at Albreda, on the Gambia,
a short distance above St. MarVs, and which commands that river. She had
formed a settlement at the mouth of the Gaboon, and another at the chief mouth
of the Niger. She had fixed herself at Massuah and Bure, on the west coast of
the Red Sea, commanding the inlets into Abyssinia. She had endeavored to fix
her flag at Brava and tMimouth of the Jub, and had taken permanent possession
of the important islampQi Johanna, situated in the centre of the Mozambique
Channel, by which she acquired its command. Her active a^nts were placed
in Southern Abyssinia, and employed in traversing the borders of the Great
White Nile ; while Algiers, on the northern shores of Africa, wasspeedily to
VOL. IL-NO. V. 33
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614 ^ EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
become her own. Spain had planted herself, smce the Ni^er expedition, in the
island of Fernando Po, which commands all the outlets of the Niger and the lif-
ers from Cameroons to the equator. Portugal, witnessing these movements, had
taken measures to revive her once fine and still Important colonies in tropical
Africa. They included seventeen degrees of latitude on the east coast, from the
Tropic of Capricorn to Zanzibar, and nearly nineteen degrees on the west coast,
from the twentieth degree of south latitude northward to Cape Lopez. The Imaam
of Muscat laid claim to the sovereignty on the east coast from Zanzibar to Ba-
belmand^, with the exception of the station of the French at Brava. From the
Senegal northward to Algeria was in the possession of the independent Moorish
Srinces. Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt were north of the Tropic of Cancer, and in-
ependent tributaries of Turkey.
Here, then, all the eastern and northern coasts of Africa, and also the west
eoast, from the Gambia northward, were found to be in the actual posseasioii of
independent sovereignties, Who, of course, would not yield the right to England.
Sontnem Africa, below the Tropic of Capricorn, already belonguig to England,
though only the same distance south of the equator that Cuba and Florida are
north of it, is highly elevated above the sea level, and not adapted to tropical
productions. The claims of Portugal on the west coast, before noticed, extend-
ing from near the British South African line to Cape Lopez, excluded England
from that district From Cape Lopez to the mouth of the Niger, including the
Gaboon and Fernando Po, as alreaay stated, was under the control of the French
and Spanish.
The only new African territory, therefore, not claimed by civilized countries,
w^ch could be made avcdlable to England anywhere along the coast for her
great scheme of tropical cultivation, was that between the Niger and Liberia,
embracing nearly fourteen degrees of longitude. There she began her work,
making I^igos and Abbeokuta ner principal points. In the mean time Dr. liv-
ingstone, penetrating the interior from the south, gave great promises as to the
prospects of a large supply of cotton from the regions he traversed.
Pardon these details. They are necessary to the proper understanding of the
course pursued by England to retrieve her losses consequent upon her schemes
for the elevation of the negro race.
ooNornoN of thk cotton question in 1850.
Before attempting to show the result of the British efforts in Africa and else-
where towards mcreaslng the supplies of cotton to the English manufacturers
the exact condition of this question in 1860 must be given, as it will afford a
starting-point from which to estimate the true progress made by England in
her efforts to become independent of the United States for her supplies of cot-
ton. The year 1888 brought about emancipation, and 1840 convinced the Eng-
lish people that, economically at least, it would be a failure. Hence the efforts
we have enumerated to relieve themselves from the fatal consequences that were
likely to follow. And what had the ten years of laborious exertion produced ?
Let the London Econoiniit answer :
*-' 1. That oar sopply of eotton from all qaarters (exdading the United States) baa for maof
yean been decidedly, tbongb irregalarly, decreaalng.
**2. That oar aapply of cotton h'om aU qoartera (ladadlng tho United StateaX available for
home oonaomptioB, bas of late yean been nlliog off at the rate of 400,000 poonda a week, while
our oonanmpUon has been increaatng daring the Bame period at the rate of 1,4401,000 ponoda
per week.
**8. That the Unltad States is the only comitry where the growth of cotton is on the
Increase ; and that there, CTen, the Increase does not, on an average, exceed three per oeot,
or 88,0M,000 ponnda annaally. which ia barely sofflcient to aapply the Increasing demand for
tta own conaompUon and for the Continent of Borope.
**4. That no stimalns of price can materially aogment thfa annual increase, aa the plantera
always grow aa mach cotton aa the negro popalation can pick.
'*a That oonaeqaently, If the cotton manaflictare of weat jIMtaln Is to increase at all— on
Ita present footing— it can only be enabled to do so by ^yplytng a great atimnlaa to the growth
of cotton in other coantries adapted for the cnltare."
This condition of things was forced upon the British manufacturers, becsoae
the British free labor system could not compete with our slave labor system.
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EMANCIPATION AND COTTON. 515
We coold Bopplj tbe markets so mach cheaper than the English colonies were
able to do, that our cotton drove theirs from the British market. From 188(i
to 1848 the fall in the price of cotton, other than that from the United States,
was from 86 per cent to 48 per cent. This included the importations irom all
the miscellaneous source?. In the last century the West Indies and Smyrna
had supplidd the demand. Brazil had diminished her exports to one-half of
the former amount. "E^ypt had diminished her exports to less than one-third
of what it had been. India had also diminished her exports. All this was the
result of the fall in the price of cotton, consequent upon the more efficient labor
system of the United States.
The opening of 1850 showed that the total consumption of cotton, for the
preceding year, in Europe and the United States, had been near 1,180,000,000
pounds, of which only 73,689,000 pounds were from free labor countries. The
Indebtedness of the Christian world to »laye labor, at that moment, for the arti-
cle of cotton, was near 1,101,000,000 pounds. Great Britain, during 1869, con-
sumed 624,000,000 pounds, of which a little 'imder 71,600,000 pounds were of
free labor origin.
Here, now, we find that the ten years' struggle of Great Britain, to escape
from her dependence upon the United States for cotton, had been a complete
failure. She was more dependent upon us for that article than ever before.
She, therefore, renewed her struggles for another ten years.
PROGRESS OF KTBNTS OONNZOTED WITH COTTON CULTUBB AFTER 1860, AND THEIR
RESULTS AT THE OPBlHirQ OF 1860.
The great leading interest of England — her principal dependence for the
maintenance of her power and influence — is her manufactures. Out of this in-
terest grows her immense commerce, and from her commerce arises her ability
to sustain her vast navy, giving to her such a controlling influence in the affairs
of the world. It is asserted that Manchester and Glasgow could, in a few years,
prepare themselves for furnishing muslin and cotton goods to the whole world —
that with England the great difficulty felt is, not to get hands to keep pace with
the consumers, but to get a demand to keep pace with the hands employed in
the production. This is her position.
But, to proceed. From 1840 to 1849, the average price of cotton was 7 91-100
cents per pound. This low price was the principal cause of the decreas^of its
production in countries other than the United States ; and an increase of price
was essential to the encouragement of extended cultivation in the countries
which had been supplying it. as well as in new fields where its growth might
be introduced. But no permanent increase of price occurred until 1867, when
it rose to 12 66-100 cents per pound. This, however, was in consequence of
the short crop of our planters, wno exported that year 808,000,000 pounds less
than in the preceding year. The years 1860 and 1861 had also been unfavora-
ble—the former supplying for export 891,000,000 pounds less than the exports
of 1849, and the latter near 100,000,000 pounds lees than those of that year —
the average price per,'pound for the two years being 11 7-10 cents. The five
years succeeding 1861 furnished abundant crops in the United States, and the
price averaged only 9 12-100 cents per pound. No increased production
abroad^could be secured under these prices. While the rise of price in 1867
had brought from India the unprecedented amount of 260,800,000 pounds, the
fidl in price afterwards reduced the exports down nearly to the former standard.
But, though the crops of 1868 and 1869, in the United States, were large—
that of the fiU;ter year allowing an export of 1,872,000,000 pounds-^yet, owing
to the increasing consnn^tion on the continent and in the United states, the
supply of England was not equal to her wants ; and the anxiety in relation to
her cotton supplies continued to engage attention.
The year 1869, like 1849, supplies a point from wldch we can survey the re*
suits of the British efforts to promote the cultivation of cotton in their own
possessions, and in countries other than the United States. In that year, 1869,.
the imports of cotton into Great Britain, firom all sources, was 1,216,900,000)
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616 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
pounds, of whioh 1,164,000,000 pounds were from the United States and the
East Indies, leaving but 61,900,000 pounds from all other countries, or an in-
crease of only T60,000 pounds durini? the year ! Her efforts, then, in other
countries, had been almost a failure. From 1867 the prices remained more than
two cents higher per pound than during the five preceding years, and thus a
^at stimulus was afforded to the American planter to increase his cultivation.
But while lie prices richly remunerated him, they were at Iwist one cent per
pound too low to allow of any serious competition from India. At 12 65-100
cents per pound, in 1867, the Eust Indies sent to England 260,800,000 pounds;
but in 1868, at 11 72-100 cents per pound, only 138,200,000 pounds were for-
warded from that Quarter. It became plain, therefore, that if the American
planter could keep the price of cotton below al^put eleven cents a pound, he
could retain the monopoly of the markets of Europe, by preventing an increased
supply from India. But here, at this very point, a diffculty presented itself.
The increase of the demand for cotton, as has been estimated, would equal five
per cent, per annum, were it practicable to augment the pixxluction to tliat ex-
tent, and the American planter could only increase it in the ratio of three per
cent.
Thus, an important question arose, as to who should supply this demand.
The American planter could not do it, except by extending the area of slave
labor ; and the British people dare not attempt it, while cotton maintiuned the
low prices which had prevailed. The English introduced the coolie system of
labor, to revive their lost fortunes in their tropical colonies ; and,^ fearing the
Americans would renew the slave-trade, they again commenced their efforts to
prevent such a result It was readily perceived, by English manufacturers
and statesmen, that if the slave-trade should be renewed by the United States —
an opinion for which there never was any iust foundation — all their hopes of
regaining the monopoly of tropical cultivation, as well as their expectations of
divorcing themselves from the cotton planters of the United States, would be at
an end. It was of the utmost importance, therefore, that such a calamity to
England, as the renewal of the slave-trade by the United States, should be
averted at all hazards. It was almost equally important, also, that American
slavery should be kept within the limits where it then existed, and prevented
from extending to new and more productive fields of cultivation. Ajid why ?
Becauee, after all the efforts itiade by Great Britain to promote cotton culture
throughout the world, there had been no contdderable increase, in the aggregate,
excepting in the United States and the East Indies. What was the fact at that
moment ¥ These " other countries," in 1800, supplied 48,000,000 Iba. of cotton ;
and in 1869 nearly 62,000,000 lbs., presenting an increase in 69 years of about
14,000,000 lbs. only.
These were startling results, truly, to those who liad been flattering them-
selves that British capital and enterprise could force the cultivation of cotton
in now fields of production, or augment it in old ones from which the original
supplies had been obtained. There is, therefore, no cUsguising the £eu:t that» at
the opening of 1860, the East Indies and the United States were the only
countries from which increasing quantities of cotton had been obtained to any
extent, and that it could not be greatiy increased in the East Indies until prices
should rise to at least the standard of 1867.
In 1860, then, the United States and British India were the only prominent
rivals in the great cotton markets of the world. The American planter had the
decided advantage in the contest for supremacy in very many respects, but still
he had obstacles to overcome of a very stubborn nature, among which, as al-
ready stated, were the difficulties in the way of the extension of slave labOT.
To retain his monopoly of the cotton markets, he must not only increase his
production, but, at the same time, keep the prices depressed below the rates at
which it could be supplied from India. To allow any measures to be adopted
which would greatly diminish the production of American cotton, and so en-
hance its prirse, would be to promote the interests of the East India jplantera,
and enable them successfully to rival those of the United States. That the
dave-trade should not supply additional labor to the American planter, was
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EMANCIPATION AND COTTON. 517
provided against by the Brltisb mea-of-war craising on the African coast; and
that the extension of American davery should not be permitted, the American
allies of Great Britain, the Abolitionists, by the aid of British gold, went
zealously to work to prevent that result
With these facts before ns, it is easy to perceive that Great Britain has lone
been deeply interested in the promotion of whatever policy would tend to di-
minish the production of American cotton and enhance the price of that com-
modity, so as to stimulate its cultivation in her own provinces. And it is
equally as plain that those citizens of the United States who co-operated with
her in the execution of her echemes, or who are now resorting to all possible
means to ^vent the renewal of our cotton cultivation by embarrassing the
South, and leaving her in uncertainty as to the future, are doing the work of
the enemies of our Republic, and deserve, and ere long will receive, the execra-
tions of the American people.
Now, on arriving at this point in these investigations, it is very easy fo com-
prehend why the people of Great Britain have made such extensive and perso-
vering e£fbrts to promote the' abolition of slavery in the United States. Emanci-
pation, they very well knew, would at once embarrass our planters and greatly
diminish the prioduction of cotton on their estates. It is also very obvous
why the English abolitionists, on falling in their schemes in reference to the
immediate abolitioa of slavery iu this country, should have, with such perfect
unanimity, approved of the proposition of the American abolitionists to confine
slavery withm the limits of the States where it exittted, because, to prevent the
extension of Southern slavery, would be to diminish the production of our great
commercial staple, and to allow the monopoly of the cotton supplies, ultimately,
to pass from the hands of our citizens into those of the subjects of Great
Britain.
The primary movers in these measures, beyond a doubt, knew that eman-
cipation everywhere, without exception, had been disastrous to the production
of tropical commodities. The great mass of freedmen would not work volun-
tarily, to any useful extent, beyond what was needed to supply their absolute
necessities. The blacks of the United States, they felt assured, would form no
exception to the general rule, and emancipation would accomplish all they
desired.
And, through the *' war power," their purpose has been accomplished. Eman-
cipation has been effected ; and not that alone, but the war has reduced the
amount of blacks in the South at least one million, by death, thus destroying
not only the labor system that offered such an " unequal competition " to Uieir
labor system, but reducing our laboring population, of the same color with their
own, at least one-fourth. The English cotton philanthropists may well rejoice
at such a result.
. A remark here. The American abolitionists have always insisted that South-
ern slavery was worse than any other in the world. It would be easy to prove
that this was a vile slander, and our only hope that the utter prostration of
cotton culture in the South will not follow emancipation there, as it has in the
English West India Colonies, is based upon the fact that our black population,
in industry and intelligence, in morality and civilization, are immensely in ad-
vance of the West India negroes. Lest the culture of cotton should assume
something like its furmer proportions in the South, and prices fall too low to
allow of its production in the British possessions, the conspirators against our
national prosperity have just assessed an export tax upon American cotton.
THE VAST SOUKOES OF WEALTH WHICH THE ABOLITIONISTS WERE WILLING TO
DE8TB0T.
We have spoken, in the preceding sections, of the persistent efforts of the
Abolitionists to ruin the foreign commerce of the United States, by the destruc-
tion of the labor system which supplied the principal basis upon which it
rested. Is this assertion not sustained by the facts ? Look for a moment at the
condition of that commerce, and see what were the commodities it bore abroad
from our shores.
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518 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
^ The Oongresuonal reports for^ 1860 give the total exports of the country
siDce 1821, stating the valne of each class of commodities separately. The
following are the results :
Breadstuff* and provisions $L00S^15,285
Rice 87,854,511
Tobacco 8S6,181067
* Cotton «,eT4,884,091
Here the value of the cotton crop, during the last 89 years, stands out in its
true proportions. And if to the cotton we add that of tobacco and rice, the
exports of the Southern States, in these three products alone, reachj» value of
nearly $3,000,000,000, or thrice the amount of the whole value of all the other
products of the soil from both North and South.
Nor will the results be materially different by taking the exports of the three
years immediately preceding the war, giving each year separately, except that
the value of the cotton was increasing at a rapid rate over that of the other
products of the soil : ,
ProdttoU, 1808. 1850. 18«0.
BreadBtoffH and Provisions $5«,638.«85 $88,806,991 $45,«7t650
. Tob«3CO lT,(M)9,7fiT 11,074,088 15.906,547
* Rice 1,870,578 2.207.148 2.667.899
Ootton 181,886,661 161,484,928 191,806,555
The term " Cotton is King," at the dates referred to, was no unmeaning
phrase. It had its origin in the title of a book, bearing that name, of which
the writer of these articles was the author. In adopting that name, the object
was to convey the idea that cotton was the leading article in the commerce and
manufactures of the world ; and, especially was it designed, by the work, to
demonstrate that in the foreigu commerce of the United States—in that which
had built us up and given us our greatness as a nation — cotton occupied a
royal position. But it went further, and from an investigation of the extent
and character of cotton culture throughout the world, it showed that the cot-
ton planters in the United States had the ascendency in the foreign markets for
, that staple, and would be able to retain that pre-eminence, so long as no dis-
turbing agency arose to interrupt their system of labor.
But this was not all that the author had in view. There were fanatical men
at the North who clamored 'for a dissolution of the Union. The book demon-
strated that, so long as the North held the reins of commerce, and the South
supplied two-thirds of the basis of that commerce, dissolution would be ruin,
especially to the North ; and that from the disastrous consequences of emanci-
pation in the British West Indies, it was fair to infer, that ♦he liberation of onr
slaves must be followed by similar results, and the North and South, both, must
equally suffer from the overthrow of our labor system.
Staggered at considerations such as these, it became apparent to the agents
of Great Britain, that the people of the United States would not assent to either
dissolulion or emancipation, if the result must be followed by the prostration
of our foreign commerco. To disparage the importance of our cotton crop, and
to induce the belief that we could not, at any rate, retain the monopoly of the
cotton markets, was the policy adopted to reconcile the people to the measures
of the Abolitionists. Two lines of argument, therefore, were pursued. FLmi^
Exaggerated statements as to the greater value, over the cotton crop, of certain
other product, of agriculture. Second, The certainty that other countries were
progressing so rapidly in the production of cotton, that our planters would
soon be shut out of the foreign markets, and the growing of cotton become
almost valueless to us as an article of export. One example only, under the
first head, need be given.
The story of the hay crop — not a pound of which was exported — as being
of more value than the cotton crop, nearly $200,000,000 worth of which were
exported during a single year just before the war, is still fresh in the memory
of the intelligent reader. Because, forsooth, we had $800,000,000 worth of
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EMANCIPATION' InD COTTON. 519
hay — all of which was consumed by our own live stock — we could do rery
well without the $200,000,000 worth of cotton, which went abroad to pay for
' our importations ! Such was abolition logic A few facts will set this question
in its true light :
Hay, instead of bein^ a standard of wealth, is but the indication of severity
of climate and prolonged winters. This proposition may be illustrated by ex-
amples taken from a few of the Northern States which save large quantities of
bay, as compared with the same number in the South which save but little hay ;
and yet the Southern States are able to subsist a much larger amount of live
stock, from the fact that their climate is so favorable as to afford more or less
pasturage through the winter.
Statbs. H«y. toiM. Hokm, cuttU, ate. Sbem. Hogs. ^
New Hampshire M^a'M 802,163 884,766 88,^
Yermont 866,168 410,128 1,014,199 66,906
Ulaine T66,889 8£>6.115 461,677 §4,608
Oonnectloat 616,181 889,608 174,181 76,479
MIchiMD 404,948 888,078 746,486 206,847
Georglft 28,449 1.806.288 660,485 2,168,617
Alabama 82,686 916,911 871,880 1,904,640
Mississippi 19.604 908,977 804990 1,689,784
Booth Carolina 20,925 912,840 985,661 1,065,606
Arkansas 8,976 864,466 91,256 886,727
I use the census tables of 1850, those of 1860, though equally favorable to
my purpose, not being at hand.
Here is Georgia, on less than 24,000 tons of hay, supporting more than
1,300,000 head of horses and cattle, while Vermont, with 866,000 tons, is able
to support only 410,000 head of similar stock. Georgia, too, supported, in ad-
dition, on the same hay crop, more than half as many sheep as Vermont fed,
besides growing nearly 200,000,000 of pounds of ginned cotton.
But I cannot dwell upon the absurdiUes of these ruinous theories, gotten up
to familiarize the public mind with the idea that, economically, the Union was
of but little value to the North. Reader, look at the tabular statement aboye,
presenting the value of the cotton exported, as compared with the value of the
other products of the soil exported, and you can judge what would have been
the condition of our foreign commerce, had no cotton entered into our exports
for the last 89 years. But enough of this.
Under the second head, still bolder attempts at imposition were practiced.
The senior editor of a religious newspaper, in New York city, who had always
opposed Abolitionism, but who had been " coerced ** into the support of the
war policy, in the fore part of the summer of 1861, thus wrote:
**Ten jears hence India will ftimish as moch eotton within a trifle as America will even
if the rate of increase oontiniies in this conntr j as rapidly in the next 10 years as it has in the
last decade of jears."^
This opinion of the editor was bused upon statements made in an article in
the North Briliah Review, which contained the estimates of the increase only
in the British supplies of cotton, from the several cotton-growing countries,
from 1860 to 1857. The Retiievo said :
^ Daring that period the increase of 800,000,000 poands, in round nambers, in our imports
of cotton, was ftirnished by the following countries :
Pounds.
United States 161,604,906
Egypt 5,910,780
West Indies 1,184,667
Eastlndies 181,465.402
Africa and others 6,895,462
The deception practiced by the Review was in the selection of the seven years
ending with 1867. The year 1867, as already stated, gave a short crop
in the United States, and a corresponding increassd importation from India,
because of the increased prices. Had the contrast been made between the
three years 1868, 1869 and 1860, the Increase would have been as follows —
leading to a very different conclusion from that indorsed by the editor to whom
reference has been made :
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520 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
Poands.
United States, Increiae 888.488,168
Eaat Indies. Increase 65,887,808
West Indies, etc., decrease 196,3M
Egypt, increase 9,©77,2«4
Bradl, increase 820,064
These statUtics tell a very different story as to the coDdltion of the cotton
BuppHes at the time the Review prepared its article from that which the fignres
of 1860 and ISSY afford.
But the Reviev)^ lest its statement as to the increase of the cotton sunplica
should fail in the effect inten<jed to be produced, went still further in its decep-
tive course, and, instead of the actual importations, presented the increased
shipoMnts to England in per cents, of increase, from 1843 to 1857, being 14
years, thus: *
United States, per cent, of increase 16
Egypt, per cent, of increase 140
Brazil, per cent of increase 54
East Indies, per cent of increase 988
Africa, per cent, of increase 800
Now, what were the facts ? The year 1843 gave only 65,709,729 pounds of
cotton from India — a much less quantity than in the two preceding years ; while
1867 gave 260,381,144 pound?* — a great increase over that of any previous
year. The premeditated deception here practiced is apparent, when it is further
stated that, owing to our short crop, England received 126,281,978 pounds less
from us in 1857 t£an she had the previous year, and 461,182,560 pounds less
than in 1860. Had the contrast been drawn between 1857 and 1860, the result,
instead of showing an increase from India, would have presented a decrease of
28 per cent The increase from Africa may have been at the rate of 300 per
cent, but then the whole imports from the favored African districts of Lagos
and Abbeokuta, in 1857, were only 35,000 pounds I
And now, as to the estimates of the future, as quoted with approbation by
the editor :
** If we tales the imports of 1S57 as the basis, and Assume the increase of the fbnrteen sno-
oeedlng years to be In the same ratio, the rate of increase in 1857 will be as follows :
^ Pounds.
United States 758,911,764
East Indies 720,978,808
Brazil 46,464,464
Egypt 8t,n6,849
Africa and others 28,758,460
It is only necessary, in noticing this formidable array of -figures, to sAy, that
the imports of cotton into Great Britain from the United States, for 1860, were
1,116,890,608 lbs., or 362,297,864 lbs. in excess of what it was to be, according
to the editor, in 1871 ; and that the supplies from India, in 1860, instead of
haying increased at the rate of 280 per cent, were actually decreased below
those of 1857 to the amount of 45,196,076 lbs. I Brazil, too, instead of having
had an increase between 1857 and 1860, supplied less in the latter year than in
the former by 12,623,968.
As the Review and the editor both wrote their articles in 1861, when the
foregoing facts had been officially published, their conduct is inexcusable, the
one for misleading, the other for being misled.
But the editor, above quoted, was not alone in falling into the trap laid by
the ReviewiQ influence public opinion in the United States so as to promote the
work of emancipation by the 8woi<4. In the New York ludependefU, September
6, 1861, the following very positive opinion is expressed :
**lfe predict Uiat within five years the wants of the world can be supplied with cotton
elsewhere than here. While this great staple was abundant at eight or nine cents a pound,
public attention in other countries was not called to its production ; but now, at double former
- prices, the matter is commanding almost universal attention.**
The secular press, too, fell into the same train of writing :
The Boston Post said, in relation to the cultivation of cotton in Southern Illinois: ^'It la
believed that there are at least 500,000 acres of land in the State adapted to the growth of
ootton.**
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EMANCIPATION AND COTTON. 621
The Railroad JUcord, 'Jane 5, 1862, said :
"Memben of OongreM fh>m IIUdoIs stato that cotton will be extensively caltlvated In
tbeir State this jear. The Illlnoli Central Ballroad Compon j have prepared 2,000 acres for
this pnipoee."
The same joaraal, Nov. 20, 1862, said :
**Bat that cotton can be profitably grown as C&r north as the 40th degree of north latitude
mj the line of the old National Rom, Is manifest ttom the result of experiments daring; the
present season. No donbt large quantities of cotton will be grown In fhtnre In Southern Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois and Kansaa, as well as in the bottom lands of Kentucky.*"
Eztensiye quotations might be made of a similar character, attempting to
give currency to the idea that there need be no dread of any ill consequences
fW>m emancipation, as any deficiencies in the production of cotton in the South
could l>e made up from sources outside of the slave States.
Lord Palmerston gave the whole weight of his influence to sustain this view.
At the Lord Mayor's dinner in London, 1861, the American Minister, Mr.
Adams, being present, his lordship, in alluding to the want of cotton from
America, said:
*That temporary evil will be productive of permanent good roheersi, and we should find
in various quarters of the globe sure and certain and ample supplies, which will render us no
longer dependent upon one source of production for that which is so necessary for the industry
and wel&re of the country.^
As early as 1858, this same distinguished statesman. Lord Palmerslon, during
the debate in Parliament, July 18, said :
** I venture to sav that yon will find on the west coast of Africa a most valuable supply of
eotton, so essential to the manufactures of this country. It has every advantage for the
nawth of that article. The cotton districts of Africa are more extensive than those of India.
The access to them is more easy than to the Indian cotton districts, and I venture to say that
your commerce with the western coast of Africa in the article of cotton will In a few years
prove to be fSur more valuable than that of any portion of the world, the United States
excepted.**
But why should his lordship speak so favorably of Afrioa as a field of cotton
growing for England ? It is known to every one finmiliar with the civil con-
dition of Africa, that slavery everywhere prevails throughout its territory, in-
habited by the negro race. To cultivate cotton in Africa, therefore, is to
establish slavery on a profitable basis, in a new field of tropical production.
But to do so, it was argued, was justifiable on the gpround of philanthropy, as
it would tend to paralyze the slave-trade, and prevent its renewal in America ;
that is to say. Englishmen assented to the encouragement of slavery in Africa,
provided its success there would destroy it in the United States. On this topic
the London Economist, in 1859, said:
** Onoe let the African chiefs find out, as in many instances thev have already found out,
that the sale of the lab<Mrer can be onlv a source of proiBt once, while his labor may be a source
of constant and increasing profit, and we shall hear no more of their killing the hen which
may lay so numy golden eggs, for the sake of a solitary and final prize.**
But why should neither his Lordship nor the JCcanomist say nothing of the
sinfulness of slavery t Simply because the theory that slavery is sinful, was
never adopted as a rule of action by the British people. That theory was de-
signed for American use, and as a maxim that might overthrow American
slavery.
But'has success attended the efforts of Great Britain to gain adequate sup-
plies of cotton from other sources ? Not at all. Very briefly it may be said
that the promises of a considerable supply from Africa, founded on the en*
ooarageroents held out by Dr. Livingstone, and the adaptation of Southern
Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, to its cultivation, were all urged in support of the
theory presented for public acceptance. Time has brought out the results.
The increased imports from Brazil, Egypt, and India have fallen far short of
what was expected from these principal sources of supply. Dr. Livingstone's
promises, in relation to Africa, have utterly failed, and his Vhole expedition
come to grief. From the region where the British agent had expected a large
amount of cotton, not a pound was afforded — the wars among the native A^i-
cans having driven away the population, and the crops thus left to destmc-
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522 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
tioD. Nor has the expectation as to Southern Ulinoif been realised. Forty
yeare' experimenting, by South Carolina emigrants, had proved the climate nn-
nivorable, and shown that not oftener than once in ten years could a paying
crop be expected. Illinois can never adopt cotton as a staple article of cultiya-
tion.
The vast sources of wealth which the Abolitionists were willing to destroy,
may now be comprehended by maldng an additional statement. The value of
the exports of raw cotton in 1860, the year before the war, was nearly
$192,000,000, while the value of the same article, exported in 1862, when we
were in the midst of our strug^gle, was only $1,180,000. And yet, our impor-
tations of foreign goods have continued to be enormous. But how have these
goods been paid for ? We answer : In our bonds now held abroad, to the
amount of nearly $1,600,000,000, and upon which the interest has to be paid.
But let us take a glance at the prospects for restoring our cotton cultivation.
THE RESULTS OF EMAXOIPATION IN THR COLONIES OF FRANOB, AS ILLVSTRATIVS OT
THE 8T8TEM OF PENAL AND OONTBACT LABOR IN THEIB OPERATIONS UPON LIBER-
ATED NEGROES.
The circumstances under which emancipation was effected in the coloniea of
France have been briefly referred to in the introductory portion of these arti-
cles. The results of that measure are exceedingly interesting, and should be
studied in detail in the work of M. Cochin, taken in connection with the facts
on the general subject of emancipation as embraced in " Cotton is King " and
"Pulpit Politics."
At present a reference can be made to a few of the prominent facte only, as
illuetrative of the InextKcable confusion into which both the French and En-
elish have thrown the labor systems of their tropical possessions, by their ^-
lorts, under the professed name of philanthropy, in favor of the African race.
Designing great brevity, we proceed at once to the subject.
Witli emancipation, as carried out at Guadeloupe, came "the institution of
cantonal iuries and the establisment of pend labor."
As applied to Bourbon, this system of penal labor ran thus:
"That before the 90th of December, the end of the delay aooorded by the decrees, every
slave should hire himself to labor for two yean on a sugar plantation, or for one year as a
domestic, under penalty of being regarded and punished as a vagrant.^
That the planters should not be too much in the power of the liberated ne-
groes,
**More than 80,000 East Indians, and some 100 Africans, were introdaoed daring the first
vears; an addition nnftiTorable to good order, morala^ and even to wealth— einoe the coolies
kept their wages to carry back to their own oonntry, instead of settling in the colony like the
negroes— bat most valoable in making np for the desertion of the largo plantations.**
The great falling off in the cultivation of the French islands, after emancipa-
tion, is thus explained by M. Cochin, as a very natural consequence of that
measure :
**To the law that said, *Tbe laborer is fi-ee;* regalations have added, *The labor is com*
pnlsory.* It will be admitted that the shade of difference was not easy of oomprebeasion to
the newly freedmen. Escaped trom constraint they distrusted all that resembled it** . . .
**■ This was natural. What prisoner does not escape when his prison door is broken ? What
bird does not take flight when its cage is opened 7 What I we expect of an ignorant, wretdied
being, less intelligent than a gamin of Paris, less virtuous than a Kegulus, what none of those
who speak or write on these subjects would assuredly have done I We expect of him to mak«
'• • • * ' • itrei - " • - .....
his freedom consist in resuming, under another title purely ideal, the same tool, in the f
place, under the same authority, to content himself with changing name, without chanains
condition, and to receive this precious boon, freedom, without endeavoring to make use of Itl^
This French system of penal labor, by means of which the newly-emancipated
negroes were controlled, and forbidden to lead the life of vagrants, has been
lauded as a vast improTement upon the involuntary servitude required under
American slavery. But the twenty-seven degrees and orders of 1848 were not
long-lived. The fourth, relative to juries, was abrogated by article eleven of the
decree of 1852, on bound labor, which also replaced the seventh decree on va-
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KMANCIPATIOK AND COTTON. 523
grancy, and the eighth, which iostilnted a system of penal labor. The exact
regalatioos now preyalling, or the difference between bound labor and the penal
labor which it superseded, are not stated. It would seem that those in author-
ity dnce 1848, attaching bnt little importance to the old class of negroes, pur-
sued a liberal policy towards the freedmen, so that portions of them have been
allowed to squat upon vacant lands, or purchase small tracts for cultivation,
while others have gone to the towns — ^the whole being considered as unreliable
for plantation labor.
As a system of control over the emancipated negroes of the South, somewhat
allied to the French system, appears to be the policy of Congress at Washing-
ton, it may be well to examine it more fully, and see wherein it will be more
advantageous to the blacks than their original slavery. For, as Cochin well ob-
serves, it must be very difficult for the negro to comprehend the nice distinction
between the two systems. The one makes him the slave of the master, the oth.
er the slave of the law. The one compels him to perform his task as a slave ;
the other forces him^to contract to perform a task, equally arduous, as a free-
man. In either case, neglect brings upon him the penalty due to his idleness.
The remedy for the di^ndination of the negro to work, Cochin declares, is in
immigration, as a means of developing production and diminishing expense ; as
a means of lowering wages by the competition of labor, and of diminishing the
costs of mmufaoture by manufacturing on a large scale.
** We repeat It, luinds are demanded less to replace the former workmen than to stimalate
them, to lower wages and to develop caltares; not sabstitates, bat competitors are aoaghk"
The importation of immigrants from Africa into the French colonies was au-
thorized in 1852. Previous to that the supply had come from India and China.
It was found necessary to impose strict regulations upon this immigration in one
important particular. In the English coolie traffic for supply of the island of
Mauritius, from 1884 to 1889, of 25,468 coolies introduced, there were only 727
women, or 1 woman to 85 men.' Of the 40,818 introduced from 1842 to 1844,
463 were women, or 1 woman to 89 men. Of the 5,092 introduced in 1845, the
women numbered but 646 ; and in all, of 96,004 coolies from India, 13,284 were
women, or about 1 woman to 7 men.
In view of such facts as these, the French Government, in article three of its
African immigration regulations, imposed npon importers of laborers the condi-
tion that at least one in five of the immigrants should be women, and that they
should not be more than one-half 1
After enumerating the disadvantages connected with the employment of Chi-
namen and coolies, owin^ to the revolting immoralities attending their condi-
tion, M. Cochin declares that the African race is still uniyersally preferred. He
says:
**I8 it not carions to see the colonies rotarn hy preference to the AfHcin race J^
And again :
** Bnt what! is not this a most remarkable fact ftt>m the stand point we take ? It is from
the African race that laborers are borrowed, destined to replace other Africans who are accused
of caring onlj for Idleness.''
It was predicted, when the Asiatic emigration had been tried for a time, that
it would totally crowd out the block race from amon^ the whites, in the coun-
tries where they had the sovereignty ; but, instead of this result, the contrary
is realized. M. Cochin, on this point, says :
^ These higher fimllles bow less willingly to toll, and open themselves less reodilvto
i;nriBtianit7 than this always despised race ; and after having carefully sought how to replace
the freed negroes, we have been forced to conclude that It must bo by other freed negroes.'*
After considerable additional discussion as to the necessity of an increased
snpply of labor for the colonies, and the dangers to the future of colonial soci-
ety from a large increase of Caffres and Malgaches, Hindoos and Chinamen —
yast factories where workman and master will be eager only to make the most
of each other and flee — ^M. Cochin proceeds :
**It is demonstrated that the best Immigrants are AfHcans;" and then asked this qoestlon
and answers it :
^^ **If the Africans are the race of all others easiest assimilated to oar manners and Iklth,
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624 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
If it Is to tbia robast and rigorous race that we always retvrn after so many trlali, wby then
go afar to seek AfHeans more brutish and ignorant than the former slaves? Beoanae thete is
obtained of the new-comers engagements, a livret^ forced services—in a word, what may be
called provisional slavery.^
M. Cochin seems never to weary of speaking kindly, as well be may, of th«
African race. In closing his resume of the chapters relating to the French isl-
ands, be thus draws the portrait of the negro :
**The negro race is so gentle, that under the yoke it makes no resistance; free firom the
yoke it commits no abuses. Liberty has not the Virtue of restoring to it the fticnltiee denied
it by the Creator ; alone, deprived, as at St Domingo, of the Intellect of the whites, it will re-
turn to a slothftil life, and give birth to a very inferior state of society. But, after all, under
this climate, which enervates the whites, after essaying all the races one after another to re-
place the negro race, we are forced to return again to the latter ; we find none more' vigorous
or submissive, more capable of devotion, more accessible to Christianity, more happy to escape
its native degradation. This race of men, like all the human species, is divided into two
classes, the diligent and the Idle ; fireedom has nothing to do with the second, while it draws
from the labor of the first a better yield than servitude.^
M. Cochin has much to say in relation to the success of emancipation. Like
most European writers, he urges it as a duty alike incumbent upon all nations.
But scarcely, a single one of the results of slavery — adduced to prove the neces-
sity of emancipation in the French islands, and upon which his arguments for
the universal abolition of slavery are based — ^have ever had an existence in the
United States. His fireneral assertions on the subject correspond to the clums
of the English Abolitionists as to the results in the islands of Great Britain.
Emancipation is a success, they all say, because "slavery was bearing 'the isl-
ands down to fioancial ruin" in various ways, but especially on account of the
continued decrease of population after the slave-trade ceased to keep up the la-
bor forces to the needed extent Under the reign of slavery, free labor could
not be introduced to restore new laborers to the plantations ; but with emanci-
pation came the introduction of coolie labor, and with it a revival of cultiva-
tion, which has prevented the financial destruction of the islands. The results
in the French islands are thus referred to :
*( Donbtless production has been reduced, but has never been annihilated : labor has been
diminished, but has never wholly ceased. Oast the blame of it above all, on slavery. Whence
comes, then, this abhorrence by the former slaves of their former labor? Freedom is the occa-
sion of it, but servitude the cause. A man visited an abandoned plantation, about which the
fireed slaves were lazily sleeping. * See what freedom has made <^ labor,* laid his oompaniooa.
' See what servitude has made of laborers,* was the reply.**
The view that slavery is the cause of the idleness of the nesroes is the one
usually urged by the Abolitionists in apologizing for their indolence; but it is
not in accordance with the facts. Slavery nas not degraded the negro and re-
duced him to habits of idleness. In his native land he is universally an idler ;
*and all the industry acquired bv the race, at aU approximating the standard
ruling among civilized men, has been in consequence of its reduction to slavery ;
and, as M. Cochin justly remarks, in referring to the results of emancipation in
Hayti, whenever the blacks are deprived of the superintending intellect of the
whites, they necessarily retrograde towards their original barbaroua condition
of indolence and degradation.
The remedy for this tendency to idleness, proposed by the French philanthro-
pists, is the same as that attempted by mo^t of the British islands — the intro-
duction of immigrant labor to such an extent as *' to compel the freedmen to
work or starve."
In summing up the results of emancipation in the British islands, M. Cochin
■ays:
**Tbe harm produced by emancipation Is reduced to the incontestable rain of a certain
number of colonists, and the momentary and inevitable suffering of all. It is worthy of not^
that the colony which resisted most— Jamaica— suffered most The colony which most
promptly resigned it»elf, and made efforts to renew the methods, stock and peraonnsi of manu-
uctnre— Mauritius— scarcely suffered at all, and its wealth Is to-day doubled, nearly tripled.**
Now, pray, how was it that Mauritius resigned herself to the emancipation
policy, and thereby not only escaped suffering, but has been able to triple her
exports ? The story is soon told. No table is given of the number of slaves in
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EMANCIPATION AND COTTON. 525
this island at the time of emancipation : bat the number pdseessed^by the plant-
ers about the beginning of the present century ia stated at 156,618.* At the time
of emancipation the effective field laborers numbered about 23,000. The method
adopted to meet the changed circumstances of the island was the immediate im-
portation of coolies to meet the wants of the planters. Up to 1849 the island
nad received 106,638 coolie laborers; and from 1849 to 1865 it had received an
addition of 76,842— making a total of 182.980, or about eight times as many
imported laborers as the inland had lost of its field laborei-s by emancipation I
Well may Mauritius boast of having tripled her exports since emancipation 1
But, then, the world should be distinctly told that all this multiplied prosperity
is not due to the increased industry of the emancipated negroes, but to the mul- ^
ti plication of coolie laborers.
Although the inefficiency of the freed neffroes in the British West Indies, as
a laboring class, is well understood by the public generally, the following addi-
tional testimony is here submitted. It is copied from a synopsis of the reports
of the governors on the industrial condition of the islands, as given in a British
periodicaL
Of Jamaica it is said :
''It Is the stronffly-expressed opinion of Gov. Darling that, on an average of seabona, the
export of sugar will rarely exceed 80,000 tons, unless imnilgrant contract labor be more largely
employed, and this leads to the subject of negro Industry. The governor sees no prospect *of
an augmentation of the effective strength of that portion of the native population who work
for hire on the larger plantations,^ because he doabts whether siifBclent wages can be given for
sugar cultivation to stimnlAte the negro, who Is fonder of his ease than of money.^*
Of Trinidad it is said :
** The most interesting part of this report refers to Immigration. It Is known that most of
the colonies mast have perished, or returned to a state of weeds and Jungle, had not laborers
been procured tvom India and China after the Negro Emancipation Act bad been passed."^
Of Grenada it is said :
** Within the last three years agriculture has made considerable progress, and It has been
ascribed to the introduction of Indian laborers. By their industry seven large estates have
been reclaimed In the last three years, these having been abandoned when the negro revised
to work after his emancipation. They are now in a flourishing condition."
Of Antigua it is said :
^Morality seems to have been almost exiled from A.ntlgua. Out of 4,184 births registered
In three years, 2,201 were illegitimate. This proof of vice, it Is said, wonld be strengthened If
the number of al>ortions and premature births could be ascertained. Here children are deemed
an Incumbrance to the mother; they are badly nursed and badly fed, and are deprived of
proper medical attendance. These are among the causes of a declining population. Under
slavery these evils did not occur; the planter provided the slave with everything needftil. * * *
On the whole, the condition and prospects of the colony are considered by Gov. Eyre as on-
satlsfiActory. What Is chiefly wanted is a large influx of the industrious coolies."
Bat we need not dwell longer upon the results of emancipation, in its^bear*
in^s upon the economical interests of the Colonies of England and France.
With all the explanations and apologies that have been oflfered, no other conclu-
sion can be drawn, th.in that the freedom of the negroes has rendered them, as
a class, wholly unreliable in conducting the cultivation of the estates. And
more than this, it is as good as confessed, that the coolie system, though an im-
provement upon the free negro labor, is also unable to compete with the slave
labor of Brazil, Cuba and the United States as heretofore existing ; and that a
return to Africa for laborers will soon become an economical necessity, equally
as imperious in its requirements as any military necessity can be in its
demands for a disregard of treaties, laws or constitutions. And, further still, it
will be required that this imported labor, to render it efficient, shall be subjected
to a plan of control which M. Cochin characterizes as a system of " provisional
slavery."
In dosinfi^ our remarks upon the questions under consideration, attention ii
acain called to the language of M. Cochin, immediately before our slavery was
abolished. *' The slavery of Spain and the United States," he says, " threatens
by unequal competition, the prosperity of our colonies ; * * * it exposes Europe,
through the reaction of the crises wmoh it excites, to formidable misfortunes."
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526 EMANCIPATION AND COTTON.
Here standi confesesd the true secret of the policy pursued by European €h>v-
erments towards American slavery. Our slave lal>or system liad been a power
with which their tropical free labor systems could not compete ; and it expoeed
them to " formidable misfortunes I" And what course have these European Gov-
ernments heretofore pursued under similar circumstances ? Have they not al-
ways, when in their power, remorselessly stricken down every obstacle in the
way of the execution of their purposes of ambition ? And is it strange that
they should have contributed their aid towards sweeping away the whole sj-s-
tem of American slavery, not caring but that it might destroy the existence
of the American Republic itself ? Has not the doctrine held by us, that the pco-
Sle are capable of self-government and need not the aid of kingfs to rule them,
one as much to brjng upon the crowned heads of Europe some of their " formi-
dable misfortunes,'' as any effect that may have been produced by the cheapness
or scarcity of slave labor cotton ? What but American sentiments produced the
formidable revolutionary movements of 1848 thoughout Europe, which came
so near overturning half their thrones? And have ihey forgotten the terrors
of that period, or forgiven us as the exciting cause of the calamities which came
upon them like a whirlwind ?
The hope long indulged by the EngUsh people, that the culture of cotton
could be developed elsewhere, so as to relieve them from their dependence upon
the United States for that great staple, can have no immediate realization.
The American production of that article, therefore, must be continued, or their
manufactures must greatly diminish their operations. They are thus placed in
a dilemma. The American supply oP cotton, greatly reduced, would not only
diminish their foreign commerce to a ruinous extent, but would perpetuate the
present hiffh prices of cotton fabrics, and thus inevitably force tne world back
again to the old system of household manufacturing, to the detiiment of the
great manufacturing and commet*cial interests of the world.
But the difficulties increase the further we extend our examinations into this
subject. Should our freedmen, following the example of those of England and
France, become inefficient laborers, how are we to replace the labor lost by emanci-
pation, so as to restore our cotton monopoly ? We shall then be in precisely the
same condition in which England and France would have been placed, had no
coolie labor been available to their planters. But where are our planters to find a
substitute for the liberated slaves ? How are they to secure Chinese, coolies, or
native Africans, as immigrant contract laborers ? Chinese emigration, it is stated,
has been forbidden, and doubtless, through British Interference, coolies from India
cannot be had except by British and French consent, which will not be granted
unless the Increase of our cotton culture becomes necessary to them. Immigrants
from Africa we cannot obtain, because we have no territory, like England and
France, upon the African coast Portugal may sell us her African subjects, as
she originally eold slaves to the Europeans. How, then, are we to renew our
cotton monopoly ? We are In the power of our foreign enemies — the enemies of
democratic principles.
And this is the point towards which, for thirty years, we have been drifting ;
the condition to which the superior strategy of European stateemanshslp lonj^
since doomed us ; when the proud Republic of America, hitherto dreaming of uni-
versal dominion, should lie prostrate at the footstool of the European monarchies 1
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DKPARTMENT OP COMMERCE. 527
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
I.— THE SOUTHERN COTTON TRADE AND THE EXCISE LAWS.
Tbs merchants of New Orleans have memorialized the Secretary of the Treas-
ury in regard to the oppressireness of the system for collecting the Direct Tax
npon Cotton, and sent a Commission to Wasnington upon the snbject.
The Memorial assigns the reasons, and proposes the chaofi^es given below, and
was prepared by tha following named gentlemen : John Watt, W. M. Pinkard,
A. H. May, S. B. Buckner, F. S. Herron, R. Nugent, C. Fellowes, and A. Mllten-
berger.
1. The cost of weighing will be greater to the planter in the country than at
the point of sale. He must either hnul bis cotton, at a heavy expense, to a point
designated for weighing, or he must pay the expenses of the assessor to his plan-
tation in addition to other costs of weighing.
2. Before moving h!s cotton he must await the convenience and the pleasure
of the assessor, when oftentimes he may thus lose the opportunity of shipping
his crop. On many of the tributaries of the main rivers the season of naviga-
tion continues but a short time, and the opportunity of shipment once lost, it does .
not return for a year. The sickness or neglect of an assessor might thus re-
sult disastrously to an entire district. It is the interest of the planter, as well
to realize on his crop as to avoid the risk of its destruction, to ship it to market as
rapidly as it is packed and baled. In this way he might realize on much of his
crop as early as October or November. Under the present system he may be com-
pelled to await until January the bailing of his entire crop, thus incurring the risk
of its destruction by fire — or he must submit to paying the expenses of repeated
journeys of the assessor to weigh, mark, and bond bis crop for separate shipments
of different portions. And it will often happen that even where the planter and
assessor will agree in all respects in reference to compensation, the numerous
calls upon the latter from different planters in widely separated localities will
necessarily occasion delay which may prove fatal to the interests of the planter.
8. Though there are very many districts, they are still of such extent, and the
communications are so difficult, that it will be impracticable for the assessors to
visit the numerous plantations and attend to the weighing of cotton, without so
multiplying the number of assessors as to defeat the objects of the revenue law.
Cotton which might already have been in the market is, we are assured, now
awaiting at various points, and in an exposed condition, the pleasure or conve-
nience of the weighers.
4. The difficulties thuEf Interposed in the way of executing their duty will be
a strong temptation to Government agents to certify to constructive weights, in
order to overcome the impracticabilities of the regulations, or to avoid difficult and
unpleasant journeys ; and may thus lead to extensive frauds upon the revenue,
injurious alike to {he. planter and to the Government.
5. Many of the points designated for weighing cotton are so inconvenient and
80 inaccessible to a majority of the planters, that the cost of taking their cotton
to the place appointed would be double that of taking it to New Orleans, or
Memphis, or Mobile. Some of these points seem to have been selected without
any reference to the convenience of the planter, and some of them are practi-
caUy inaccessible at some periods of the year.
6. The majority of the points where cotton is usually shipped by plant-
ers have not been designated as weighing points.
7. On the navigable streams the majority of planters have shipping points on
their own places, or very convenient to their plantations. It is an unnecessary
hardship to require them, at great cost, to ship from another point especially
dedgnated for weighing cotton, when the Government can derive no possible
advantage from imposing such a hardship and expense.
8. The majority of plantem must depend upon the sale of their cotton to
enable them to pay their tax. They must therefore, either sacrifice their cotton
by selling to those who wish to speculate upon the necessities, or they must
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528 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
giro bond for the payment of tlie tax before the cotton vill be permitted to
leave the district. Ih's bond is a needless hardship, when the cotton is itself
sufficient security.
9. Most of the planters hare received advances from merchants on the pledge
of shipping tlieir cotton to the merchant who advances. The requiring of toe
bond, by placing the cotton under the control of Treasury officers, on its arrival
at llie port, interferes with this arrangement between the aierchant and the plan-
ter. It enables the collector to send it to such bonded warehouse as be may
designate, before transferring it to the merchant, and thus to accumulate unnec-
essary cost to the merchant and the planter.
10. The bonding system may seriously interfere with the discharging of
cargoes by steamers. A vessel arriving after Custom-hou(>e office hours on
Saturday cannot claim the right, under existing regulations, to discharge cotton
from another district, until office hours the following Monday. This will seri-
ously interfere with the interests of navigation, and must enhance the price of
freights to compensate for the costs of detention to vessels.
11. Though existing regulations authorise the collector to receive the tax on
constructive delivery of the cotton on the levee, and then to relinquish it to the
merchant, it imposes no obligation on him to do so, but leaves it optional with
him to retain it as long as may suit his convenience, thus accumulating unneces-
sary charges for the custody of cotton. This might materially interfere with
advantageous sales, and result in serious loss both to the planter and the
merchant
12. New Orleans, Mobile, Memphis', Savannah, Galveston, Charleston, Wil-
mington, Apalachicola, and several other ports, are the chief points in the cot-
ton districts for the reception and sale of cotton. The planter who produces
cotton in the district v^ithin which either of these points is situated, is author-
ized to ship his cotton without weighing, bonding or paying the tax, and in
such proportion as he may choose, to the point of sale within his district But
a planter who may be only fifty vards beyond^the line of this district must first
have his cotton weighed, marked and bonded, or else must pay his tax before
he is permitted to remove it The law is thus made to bear upon him with un-
necessary and unequal severity, and he is deprived of the advantages which
would result from an early shipment and sale of his crop.
13. The Government would have as good security for collecting the tax on
the unassessed cotton brought to the point of sale firom places fifty yards, or
fifty miles, or five hundred miles beyond the limits of the district, as it would
have for collecting the tax on the unassessed cotton shipped from within the
limits of the district The same regulations which secure the payment of the
tax dn the last named class of cotton will also secure it on the first, and, if pre-
scribed, will avoid the complications of different systems. The weighing and
marking and bonding in the country is therefore unnecessary to the collector of
the revenue ; and the restrictions imposed by the present system are conse-
quently needlessly oppressive.
14. The inconvenience of this system will be perceived, by supposing a tax
imposed upon grain in the grain-growing districts of the North, as it now is
upon cotton in the cotton-growing regions of the South ; and by the further
hypothesis that each one of those States should be subdivided into numerous
collection districts, beyond which the farmer could not ship his grain until it
was weighed and bonded. Every obstacle interposed to delay the grain on its
way to the final market in New York would be a posidve injury to the fanner
ana a detriment to the Government, and every enlargement of the districts, by
giving greater freedom to the movement of the grain, would be a positive ad-
vantf^e to all parties ; until, by making the entire grain-growing res;ion a single
collection district for the tax on grain, the crop would be free to seek its proper
market without restriction, and the grain in the hands of the merchants would
be under proper regulation, the best security for the collection of the tax. The
same rule is equally applicable to the actual tax on cotton, or on sugar, or other
staples.
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DEPJIRTMENT OF COMUBRCB.
529
16. The roAtrictions at preseDt imposed to moving the cotton, in addition to
the heavy tax assessed upon it, will tend serious^no discourage further pro-
duction of that staple, and will thus act injuriously upon the entire financial
condition of the country. If the planter cannot ship bis crop to market with-
out being compelled to sacrifice a laige part of it to the rigors imposed by
onerous regulations, he will naturally turn his attention to a dfierent system of
agriculture.
In consideration of the above-mentioned, and of many other inconveniences
of the present system.
Your memorialists would beg leave to suggest such modifications of the ex-
isting regulations as will secure an object which is desirable to all the parties
interested : To the Government, to the planter, and to the merchant
Having reference to the cottc»n tax only, we therefore recommend thai all the
cotton gi owing Slates be arranged into a single cotton collection district for tlie pur-
pose of cdUcting the tax on cotton. The authority for such a change af organiza-
tion exists in section seven of the act to provide internal revenue, etc, approved
June 30, 1864. (See BoutwelVs edition Internal Revenue Laws, page 4.) The
act alhided to, in connection with that to which it refers, authorizes the Presi-
dent *' to alter the respective collection districts
as the public interests may require," without limiting the number of States
which may be included in one district
Your memorialists, therefore, are convinced that the authority exists to
establish a single cotton collection district which may embrace every cotton-
growing State.
That the establishing of such a district would be to permit all the cotton in
the possession of the planters to be shipped without being shackled by oppres-
sive regulations, to the best and most convenient markets to be found within
the district
That such an arrangement, by effectually removing the existing embargo,
would afford instantaneous relief to the planter, as well as to the commercial
community, and permit the cotton to come forward to market
Thai it would result greatly to the benefit of the Government, by securiog a
more speedy and economical collection of the tax, and .would greatly diminish
the chances of oppressing the planter, of injuring the merchant, and of de*
frauding the revenue. .
The following named factors and merchants have already signed the Memo-
rial to the Secretary of the Treasury :
Butler, Terry & Co.
ChiWers, IVrleton & Ca
Aikou Sc Raiiicy
A. Heudersoo, Peale& Co.
Martia & Butts
K, L. Walker
PmckarU & Steele
Fellows, Furguson & Hervey
N. C. Gulldtt
Payne, Huutington fc Co.
Bradley. Wilsun & Co.
Coucer k, Seixas
ThomhJli Ife Kicbardaoa
Lacey, Terry & Co.
Jurey It Hams
T. H. k. J. M. Allen fc Co.
H. Allitwn fe Co.
Foster & Ct».
J. R. Powell
J. J. Mtciiic fc Co.
6tepboD9on & May
Walker & Vauirht
Carroll. Hoyt & Co.
Wulfe & Tliunipson
J. P. HiKgios fc Cou
Johnsou, Denegre & Penn
C. Fellowes
Win. Follows, Jr.
Perkiua, Swenson fc Co.
FolRer k Co.
BUke & Tower
J. G. Landry
VOL. II.— NO, V.
Beggi. Wolfley & Co.
Monroe & Reddiugtun
John L. Lee & Co,
Duval & Smith
W. Co<iper
W. J. Fnerson & Co.
Kearney, Blois & Co.
Stewart & Brother
T. k S. HendHrwink
0. A. Oreen ft Co.
F. J. UaSilva
A. B. Charprntier
Chsmhers k Latting
C. N. Wtirthiugton
Kluuche ft Wiltz
J. ft O. Cromwell
Voisiu & Drouet
J. R. Anderson
W. H. Bunnell
Hewm, Norton ft Co.
Oliver P. Janksou
Hunt ft Macaulny
Wurren. Crawioru ft Co.
Price, liiiie ft Tupper
R.C Mor»e
Randall ft Co.
Johu Phelps ft Co.
8. B. Newnian ft Co.
H. W. FarUy ft Co.
W. T. Bartl.y
M. J. ZnuU ft Co.
6t;ale, Culomb ft Co.
34
Ober. AtwateiC* Co.
BoseoyACo.
H Ware4Son
Richard Flower * Maes
Darby, Muoltou * Co.
SutherliUjWarren A Co.
Ethell A Thomas
Lee. Crandall A Co.
H VonPhol.Jr. *Co.
Van Oruom * Truant
Kirkpatrick, Nevius * KelUi
Hamilton 4 Dunnica
& O. ft T. A. Nelson
Creevy, Nickerson ft Co.
George W. West
Wm. Edwards A C<»-
BUikeuiore, WooldridgeA Co.
Stauard A Slaytiack
Walthall A Co.
Gold, Roach A Co.
John 8. Wallis
ParhnmA Blunt
A Levi
Boyd. Coleman A Graham
James Rainy
JaoMrs N. Putnam
Wm. J Britton
JunasA Enlestnn
Edw. A. YorkeACo.
Topp, Dinkensim, Hill A Co.
B. S. Harper A Co.
E. B. Fuqua A Co.
{Oitntinued on next page.)
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530 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
u m T^^^^la Brooks, MacxlonaW 4 Oa.
J. B. OribWo JjJL L^;*?;^* John Challe A Bro
Briitr, Brother & Scover x^'^A^unmrimr Winston, Morris<m * Co.
F. H. Foley . „ _ Ri\S!& BuSnS Briltou. Moore h Bragg
Moses Greenwood & Son SRf?:!„ * t SetLi H l^jUy * < -« •
BJittlo & Noble JrSV SAl^n F.J Him.n
Seymour. Yarborouph & Co. JLS; t^^-?^ W. C. I.tpKC^n.b k Co.
Cummuips. Brown U to. S?t *k- * i^)l«r,l.n« Snykei A Sandidgo
Wm. B. Tulh. ^ ^ . S?«h.u J^R^ShTro Speed. Kuniuif r. A Co.
Violett. Black t CO, ?*J'S!i/,;Pr Pres? Sin In. Co.W B. Tlu)mp«>n
Meter. Deutsch k Weisa 8. B. B"ckner Prest Com. in». ^"' j^^ ii«nkcl * Co.
Esilm&Co ^T^MJ-J^rro Wnght. Allen A Co.
Hamilton & Banka J- C. Huey « to. j,j,j^ ^ Chamlwrlain
Calvin Hoberis J«vy, Derter & Co. ^ j Shiff A Co.
Campbell Si Strong Thomas M. Scott k Co. ^ ^ ^^^
StewWt. Hyde ai Co. Fulkorson, McLaarln k Co. gtowart, Galbrealh A Fixer
Logan, Soniat & Claiborne A. I^ne j^^ MiUenbcrcer
T. J. Bonnabel JM- A. White Oporto S. Monde vlUe
J. M. Urqultait ^^^^ ™® u„..« Byrne. Vance A C-o.
Sam. Do Bnw & Co. Charles p. Johnspa Summers A Branums
Bower & Garner OiYon. Watta & Co. RenthcU A Prather
Buiilmuv & Esclapon Wm. C. Cook Waddy. Thomiwun A Cot
R. K/WalkRf & Co. Sl"')^,S92^ S. B. jVlrContiic
Harlow J. Phelps ft Co. M. OilHs fc Co. Roman A Olivier
Alcus & Shcrk W. 8. Wheeler Miirtni, Hawthorn 4 Co.
Webator fc Co. John Watts fc Co. A. D Kellv A Kemper
I/JIlgsrtrf^et, Owen b Co. Walters, Cooper k Elder ^. ^-^^^ j^j,,^, Cotica Prose
R. H. FrasoT ^ 8. W. B. Brady w. J. Wl,eii«. A Co.
Watte. Hawthorne k Ca J. P. Manico/k Co. Barrett A U»assier
J. W. nurbridge &Co. O. BroussanJ k CO. Hut;li MrColl
J. P. Harrison Ik Sous 9<>i*«' * f*"*?* " « ChuUm A Rirhards
Nnllc, Day & Co. i,*^-.^*.^^?*' *^ 9**A C L Walmsley 4 Co.
Rcutt, Case & Co. Woods. Mathews 4 Co. i.(,we 4 Blrnoa
Hosnn Ik Patton 8. Whitehead 4 d Gilmor. Hopkine 4 0>.
Bois^r, Pruthro & Co. Montisomenr 4 Bro. Blorh BnAlwira
James D Btair k Co. D. R. Carrol 4 Co. e. W. Kodd
Rawlins k Murrell J. W. Gillespie 4 Co. Merntt, Dunham, McKin-
Thomas K. Price J. B. Munson 4 Co. twU A Co.
Lew k Haas S. H. Kennedy ACo. j. \v. Clinmplin
R. rthnkcly k Co. Horrel, Qayle 4 Co. Klliott A McK^'ever
A. Milt«ulierBcrkCo. Lewis, Cominjrore 4 West M. Muiwon, Prest. Factors aod
W . S. Dounell Tunstall, Chnssing 4 Co. Traders' Ins. Co-
Kahn. Adler k Co. McLean 4 Tarltoa j ?> \'i\uu
Wm. R. Graeue k Bros.
2.-OR0WTH OF MEMPHIS, 1866.
The assessed value of property in Memphis has increased from ^,600,000 in
1861 to $17,996,000 in 1866; and for 1867 the assessment is put at $30,819,298.
The amount of business done Is thus estimated in the Appeal:
The estimated total transactions of 1865-66 is f 92,095,000, which, against
f 45,686,397 in 1860-61, would give an^ncrease of $39,870,760, as follows:
1800-61. 1866-66. Ineivase.
Value of Cotton receipts. $17,568,167 $33,643,000 $16,O85,0«)0
Groceries and Produce 12,380,000 24,160,000 11,780.000
Dry Goods 4,700,000 7,980,000 8,190,000
Manufactured artlclea 5,019.740 9,000,000 8,980,260
Boots, Shoes, Hats, & Clothing 2,327,000 4,872,000 2,645.000
Hardware and Cutlery 1,600,000 2,600,000 1,000.000
Jewelry 672,000 642,000 . 70,000
Furniture 617,500 1,080,000 462,500
Hides and Peltries 800,000 400,000 100,000
Coal 442,000 1,000.000 658,000
Ice 120,000 240,000 120,000
Total $45,686,397 $92,095,000 $89,870,760
DEPARTMEST OF AGRICULTURE.
l._PROSPECTS OF THE COTTON CROP.
Toe Cotton Planters' Association of Mississippi have published an interesting
circular upon this subject. We extract as follows :
To this date only 328 planters of the counties of Hindp, Madison, Carroll,
Copiah, Claiborne and Scott have reported. This number in 1860 employed
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DEPAETMENT OF AGBIOULTURB. 631
7)624 hands, cultivated 84,811 acred in cotton and produced 46,681 bales of
cotton. In 1866 they employed 8.495 hands and planted 82,222 acres of cot-
ton. Of the number of acres planted this year a considerable amount has
been thrown out in consequence of the continual rains, during the cultivatinfi^
season ; of the above number of planters about oue-fifih report good stands ana
the percentage of work per hand as compared with 1860 does not exceed two-
thirds or 66 per cent. From the best and most reliable information in our
possession, we feel safe in stating that the crop of Mit^sissippi will be less by
one-half than was anticipated two months since, in consequence of a most un-
precedented drought, by which the greater portion of the State has suffered.
Of the many false reports sent to New York, and from thence, of course,
across the water, to which our attention has been called, is one forwarded from
Mobile a few days since, estimating the cotton crop of this year at 2,600,000
bales, putting Mississippi down for 600,000 bales, about one-half as much as she
produced in 18G\), when we cultivated nearly three times the number of acres
m cotton' we are cultivating this year.
For the benefit of our planting friends, we publish the following calcula-
tions, based upon information which we deem reliable, and which we think
proves most conclusively that by the firpt of January, 1867, the supply now on
hand in Europe, including all afloat, will be exhausted — and further, that the
supply for the year 1867 will fall very far short of the demand.
July 18, 1866, Mr. S. G. Laughland, of Liverpool, reports the following
which is published in the New Orleans Price Current of the 11th inst:
Stock on hand 880,000 baits.
American afloat 85,000 "
All other descriptions afloat. 646,000 "
Number of bales, 1,561,000 bales.
In the New Orleans Picayune, of the 12th inst., under the head of " Dissipa-
tion of Another Delusion,*' we find the following: In 1850 the weekly con-
sumption of England was 29,125 bales; in I860 it was increased to 48,268
bales; and in the same ratio, we add, in 1866 the consumption will increase to
59,717 bales per week. Add to this (which we find in the Liverpool Cotton
Brokers' Association Weekly Circular, May 8l8t, 1866,) 17,124, the actual
weekly export, makes the quantity required weekly by England 76,831 bales.
Multiply that amount by 20 (which is the number of weeks from the 18th of
July to the 6th of December,) and it will amount to 1,586,620, leaving a balance
on band on the 5th of December, '66, of the above stock, as reported by Mr.
Laughland, of 24,880 bales.
To continue the calculation, if England requires 76,831 bales per week for
consumption and export, she will require for the year 1867, without any increase
of machinery, 3,995,212 bales. We have seen various estimates of the quantity
of cotton which England will receive the present year, from the Indias, Brazil
and all other countries, other than America. These estimates vary from 1,800,-
000 to 2,800,000 bales. Suppose she receives the largest of these estimates in
1867 — 2,800,0<^0 bales; deduct it from the amount required (3,995,212 bales)
and it leaves a deficiency of 1,295,212 bales, a larger amount, we honestly be-
lievC than will be made in the United States in 1866. ^
In order to prove that we do not over-estimate the quantity which Europe
will require in 1867, we annex the following figures taken from a reliable source :
<*In 1860 the total supply in Europe was 1,797,400,000 pounds, equal to 4,498,-
500 bales of 400 pounds each. Having no reliable data oy which we can ascer-
tain the stock on hand on the 1st of January, '61, we suppose it to have been
650,000 bales, which deducted from the above, leaves 8,848,500 as the amount
consumed in 1860, and varying but little from our estimates for 1867.
2.— THE GRAIN CROPS OF THE COUNTRY.
A writer in one of the Western papers calculates that, as a bushel of com con-
tains sixty solid pounds of grain, the crop of the current year, even if it should
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•582 DEPARTMENT OP INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.
Dot exceed 80,000,000 ba^hek, will amount to foar thousand eight hundred mil-
lion (4,800.000,000) pounds of grain, besides an equal weight in fodder. The
Talue to the country of such an aggregate of agricultural wealth, springing
from a single crop, is not easily ccmceiv^ Though wheat reiilizes a higher
price per bushel in the market, its positiye ralue as a life^ustaiDing product is
much inferiur to that of maize, since the former averages but little more tbaxk
one third as much to the acre in the quantity grown. The statistics of the
production of corn in the United States fur the last twenty five years are as fol-
Iow8» vii. :
JSusheU.
In 1840, total crop 877,681 ^75
In 1850, total crop 692,671,104
In 1860, totol crop 880.461.707
In 1866, total crop (estimated) 1, 089,0* )0,00o
The writer whose calculations we have noticed remarks upon this showing
as follows: — " The increase being at the rate of four per cent, per annum, the
agglregate crop of 1866 will be over one thousand millions of bushels! Esti-
mate this at sixty cents per bushel, and conceive, if you can, the feeding power
of this enormous quantity of Indian com."
No wonder that the farmers in the West exult in the prospects afforded by
their luxuriant fields. They have surely been disappointed, as no staple of
agriculture seems so well adapted to resist the changes of our climate. Taking
the last twenty years together, the average yield per acre in the Buckeye Slate
is not far from thirty-three bushels. Com is a commodity whieh should not be
despised.
8.— CROPS IN THE PRAIRIE LANDS OF MISSISSIPPI.
A planter neor Oolnmbus, Miss., writes as follows :
"The attempt to raise a very large crop of cotton has resulted in the failure
of both corn and cotton. The negroes will not work as they did formerly, and
those who plant with that expectation will always be disappointed. Eight
acres to the hand is as much as the best hands will make and save; for one of
the difficulties of cotton-planting is the saving of the cotton after it has opened.
" I have given you these facts, and you may rely upon them. This region,
which is one of the best in the South, and sustained less loss from the war, both
in labor and capital, will not rouke more than one-fourth or one-third of the
amount of cotton raised in these counties U> I860; and if it is so here, it must
be much worse in other parts of the South. If we have a bad, wet fall, there
will not be orie^ixth as much cotton saved as was in 1860. 1 hope our planters
will learn wisdom from the sad experience of this year, and will plant less cot-
ton and more corn to the hand, and thus be enabled to work both better, and
to save more of each."
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.
1.— NORFOLK AND THE GREAT WEST.
Mb. Jeffbrson always maintained that Norfolk would eventually become a
greater commmercial mart than Nu'w York. Colonel Hughes, who made a re-
port upon its connections with the We^t, ffave at large the basis of this opinion:
Norfolk is, beyond dispute, the most admirable seaport on the Atlantic sea-
coa^t; and Cairo, in the same latitude, is the ereat trade centre of the Missis-
sippi Valley. A study of the map will »how that the junction of the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers is the grand converging point of the Kansas, Nebraska, Mis-
souri, Des Moines, Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, Cnmberhind and Tennex«see rivers
— the geographical centre of their trade, and the converging and diverging
point of full five thousand miles of inland steamboat navigation — a vastly
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DEPARTMENT OP INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. 533
greater amoant of navigation than concentrates at any other gathering-point in
the world. So, likewise, Norfolk is the great central seaport of the Atlantic;
midway between the Canadas and the West Indies ; on the finest, most conven-
nient, safe, and capacioua harbor on this continent; open at all periods of the
year; accessible from any point with any wind; and better caloul.tted for a
mighty trade than any harbor in the world. Of this city and harbor Lieute-
nant Maury, the highest authority on these subjects, thus wrote long ago :
"As to the natural adrontages of position, depth of water, and accessibility
by land and sea, Norfolk has no competitor among the seaport towns of the At-
lantic Midway the Atlantic coast line of the United States, Norfolk is the
roodt convenient, because the most central point, where the produce of the inte-
rior may be collected, and whence it may be distributed, North and South,
right and left, among the markets of the seaboard.
'' Its climate is delightful. It is exactly of that happy middle temperature,
where the frosts of the North bite not, and where the pestilence of the South
walketh not. Its harbor ifl commodious, and as safe as can be. It is never
blocked up with ice, and as to the egress and ingress between it and the eea, it
possesses all the facilities that the 'mariner himself could desire. It has the
oouble advantage of an outer and inner harbor. The Inner harbor is as smooth
as any mill-pond ; in it vessels lie with the most perfect security, where every
natural facility imaginable \a offered for lading and unladiag. Being ready for
sea, the outward- bound trader, dropping down from his snug mooring, and ap-
proaching the sea, finds a storm raging from the outside. The outer harbor
then afifords a shtiUer until the fury of the gale is spent, when the white-winded
messenger trips her anchor, trims to the breeze, and goes forth, rejoicing on her
way, to the haven where she would be. Moreover, the prevailing winds in
the parallel of Norfolk are westerly winds, which are fair for coasting, and
for going seaward in any direction. A little to the South of that parallel, you
find the northeast trades, which are fair winds for the inward-bound Noriolk
vessel Then, there is the Gulf Stream-^that mighty river in the ocean — ^upbn
the verge of which Norfolk standsb It flows up with a current, which, without
the help of sweeps, sails, or steam, will carry the European-bound vessel out of
Norfolk at the rate of nearly one hundred miles a day, directly on her course.
Then, at the sides of thif«, and counter to it, are eddies which favor the same
vessel on her return to Norfolk. These hawse her along and shorten her voy-
age by many a mile, such are the natural advantages of Norfolk, seaward.** '
But these are not all the advantages of Not folk, or of the eastern harbors of
Virginia, as receptacles of a eontinental commerce. The trade of the West is
growing into such immense proportions as imperatively to require the opening
of the shortest and most direct lines of transit. In the infancy of the West,
and during the sparsity of settlemenis and the scarcity of capital, its trade was
susceptible of control, and could be diverted from its natural and most direct
channels by artificial means. But the case is now changed. The ehurtest lines
of transit must be sought, and will be preferred ; and this, not only with refer-
ence to the land transit, but to the ocean passage.
In regard to the passages of the ocean, it is to bo observed that the old routes
of steam navigation have been modifieJ with the progress of improvement in
steam naval architecture. At first, the narrowest passages of the Atlantic were
sought; and, as both Liverpool and Halifax were British ports, British steam-
ers enjoyed almost a monopoly of the ocean steam navigation. But of late
years, this state of things has changed. Steam naval-architecture has been
carried to such perfection that the g^eat vessels no longer hug the shore of
either continent until reaching the narrowest passages, before staking out upon
the main, but boldly ste^m forth directly into mid-ocean, regardless of the
breadth of the passai^e, pursuing the mo»t direct lines of transit The direct
passage from New York is preferred to the circuitous- one which took Halifax
lA the way, and the broad passage from Norfolk to Liverpool or St. Nazal re.
inspirt-s no more awe than the narrow one from Newfoundland to the Irish
Clifis. Already a direct line of ocean steamers is established between Norfolk
And St, Nazuire.
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534 DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT^
Bat the case does not coDtlone the same with respect to seaports south of
Norfolk. Indeed, the general course of the ocean winds and currents renders
a northward curve even in the passage from Norfolk to Europe desirable, and
sometimes necessary, for both sailing ressels and sieamers. In the admirable
charts of navigation prepared by Lieut Maury, and published in his *' Sailing
Directions," the tmtb of this observation is plainly presented to the eye, and it
is made obvious titat the trade of all ports of the United States, south of Nor-
folk, must coast the continent until it reaches the latitude of that city, before
striking out aross the main. Even if the trade of the MissisMppi YaUey
could reach seaports south of Norfolk by a shorter overiand route than the
Norfolk route, it would gain nothing by going to these southern ports, for
the reason, that ader embarking npoD the ocean, it would still have virtually
to pass Norfolk on its passafe to Europe. Norfolk, therefore, possesses over
all Northern seaports the advantage of being nearer by overland route to
the centres of Western trade ; and possesses, orer all Southern seaports, the
advantage of being nearer by the ocean routes to all Enropean ports.
What is here said of Norfolk, holds true of any point on the waters adjacent
to Hampton Roads ; and applies as well to I4ewport News, West Point, City
Point, and Hampton. I speak of Norfolk alone simply becaose it is more prom-
inently before the public mind.
Cairo being the centre of the Western trade, and Norfolk the most eligible
seaport for its shipment abroad, the one connected with the system of railroads
in Kentucky, and the other with the system in Virginia, I can conceive of no
work more important, both in its continental and local relations, than the Vir-
ginia and Kentucky railroads. A comparison of the distance between Cairo and
Uie Eastern cities will still further display the importance of this route, direct
from Cairo to Norfolk, and of the Bristol and Cumberland Gap link of it The
distance of Norfolk fi^nn Cairo in an air line is 660 miles. The distance on a
railroad line, passing through Danville, Kentucky, Cumberland Gap, Bristol,
Lynchburg and Petersburg, is 810 miles, and could be reduced to 750, on straight
line. The distance fW>m Cairo to New York is 1,200 miles, and to Baltimore,
by the shortest route, 885 miles. The distance from Cairo to the mouth of the-
Mississippi River is, by the curve of the river, 1,119 miles, and by rHilroad via
New Orleans and the lower river, 665 miles. But the trade which takes this
route must, after reaching the mouth, skirt the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, a dis-
tance of more than fifteen hundred miles, before reaching a point in the Gulf
Stream opposite Norfolk on its route to fkirope ; and must encounter, moreover,
the damaging effects of the Gulf climate. Placing them in tabular form, these
dbtances are as follows :
From Cairo to Norfol k. 8 1 0 or 7 05
" New York 1 ,200
" BalUmore 885
" " To the month of the Mississippi by water 1,119
" " To the mouth of the Mississippi river by land 665
The time is not tar dl&tant when the immense trade which converges at Cairo
will refuse to traverse a distance of 1,200 miles to reach New York, or of 835
miles to reach Baltimore, or of more tlmn 2,0ii0 miles in making the tour of the
Gulf, and will prefer to move directly to Norfolk, or the deep waters of the
Lower James river, over a distance of 760 miles.
The case is nearly as strong in favor of this direct lino to Norfolk, if we take
Louisville as the starting-point ; and is not materially weaker if we take Cin-
cinnati. The di:<tances by actually constructed and projeoted railroads from
Louisville to various points on tide-water are as follows ;
To New York 1,065 milea.
To Balitmore ,. 730 "
To Norfolk ,.... 675 «
To ship navigation at City Point, Va 600 "
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•• DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
635
The distances by railroad from CiDcinDatl to tlie same points are as follows :
ToNewYork 926 miles.
To Baltimore 690 "
To Norfolk, via Bristol 702 "
To aty Poi.:t, via Bristol 68i "
This distance in favor of Baltimore is neutralized by the fnct that trade, after
reaching that city, must still move one hundred and fifty miles before reaching
the ocean, which it enters in the vicinity of Norfolk. The distance via Bal£
more to the Capes from Cincinnati is, in met, 760 miles, or 60 miles further than
to Norfolk.
Whether, therefore, we assnme Cincinnati, or Louisville, or Cairo, as the
point of departure for the trade of the West, the route through Cumberland
Gap, with a single exception, offers the shortest transit to the seaboard. The
only route that competes with our own in point of distance, and competes only
with reference to Cincinnati, is that through West Virginia over the projected
Coving^n and Ohio railroad. The intervention of a new State on that line,
politically antagonistic to Virginia, has clouded the prospects of that great im-
provement, and cannut fail to engender dii^ord in its management. At my
present writing nothing has been definitely accomplished or settled towards in-
suring the completion of that great improvement, ^y means of the road which
we have in charge, Virginia may reach the railroad systems of the West rimply
by extending her own chain of roads, on her own soil, to her own western
border.
2,— SOUTHERN RAILROAD ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC.
The proposed railroad from Knoxville to Memphis will be an important link
in this line of communication, as we shall show nereafter. The route west of
Texas it is said will be provided for by Northern c^italists, at the he^d of
whom is John C. Fremont
The plan is to connect the line of railroads running through the Southern
part of Texas, thence to Monterey, with Guayamas, now in Mexico, but wliich
IS soon expected to be in the United States.
The eultlvatable and inhabitable region is to be traversed, and not the arid
"plains, and a mining country is to be pierced through by it during its whole
extension through what is now Mexico. This is part and parcel of the scheme
of a '* liberal loan," which is to be repaid with concessions of territory. This
or a permitted protectorate over American interests in Mexico, is to make this
railroad enterprise safe at first and very profitable afterward. With Fremont
at the head of it, it will be sure to have congressional sanction and assistance.
Will New Orleans see that its connection with this line of railroad is speedily
made?
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
1. UicTVEBsmr of Virginia. Wo are
glad to a^ertain that the number of
students will reach between five and six
hundred the present year, which is a
degree of prosperity scarcely ever en-
joyed bffore.
The Medical Dcpahtmsnt consists
of Drs. Howard, Cabell, Davis, Maupin
and Chancellor; at the head of the
Law School is John B. Minor, LL. D. ;
William Werlenbaker is Secretary of
the Faeulty, and Reverend I. S. Lindsay,
Chaplain. There is a teacher of Gym-
nasties. Messrs. Toy, Garnett, Lanza,
and Smead, are teachers of the Lart-
guages and Mathematics,
The fees in the Literary department,
room-rent and board, amount to $360
per annum ; in the Law, |365 ; in the
Medical, $390.
LnVRABT AVD SCIBimnC 80B00LS.
Basil L. Oilderaleeve, Ph. D^ Profossor of
Ancient LangnagM.
M. Scheie De Vera, LL. D., Profesaor of
Moslem LnngtiageB.
Gbarles H. Yen&ble, Professor of Math«<
matios.
Francis H. Smith, A M., Professor of Notor-
ft] Philosophy.
8. Maupin, U. D^ Professor of Chemistry.
Wm. H. McGoifey, P. D., LL. D., Professor
of Moral Philosophy.
Qeo. Fred. Uolmes, LL. D., Professor of
BlUory and General Uteratore.
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536
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.**
2. William an© Mart Colleob. This
yeteraa institution at Willianisbarg.Va.,
is again revised, aod we find the follow-
ing reference to it in a recent Exchange :
WlllUm and Mary alone has bmn anew her
career ander cireamstances pecollarlir nnrav-
orable and depr**6slng. AJmoet witbnat a
** local habitation.*' because of the randftllc de-
stractloD of a portion ot the collese boildings
and desecration of Uiose remaining hj the
Federal soldiery, she again lifts her proud face
for the third time in her history, from the dust
and ashes of her (Ulen temples, and eloqaeoUy,
{et, MTith all her ancient dtgnit/, pleads that
er past glorr, her noble services and great
sacrifices uialf not be forgotten. For the third
time since its foondatiottf the College is now
in ruins, each time having perished bv the de-
Touring elemoat. The original building was
burned In 1705, the second In February. 1859,
and the third, completed a few months before
the beginning of the late war, was destrored
by the Federal soldiery in September, 1862,
upon their compulsory evacuation of Williams-
burg in consequence of the approach of a Con-
federate force. It is a notable oircutnstanoe,
and one that will live as an inefbceable stigma
upon the military annals of the North, that
this Gollece survived the revolutionary stmg-
gle, and although several times in the hands of
the Biitish escaped nnli^nred ; iu occupation
as quarters by the forces of Gornwallis on their
march to York town, and remained to be of-
fered among other noble sacrifices to Yankee
malignity; iU cmmbUng walls and moulder-
ing ashes, mute, but eloquent, commentaries
npon the boasted civilization and heroism of
those who call themselves, par eoooelUnoe^ the
9avan4 and heroes of the age.
5. Unitbrsitt or Georgia, at Athens. —
From a recent publication, we insert as
follows :
The action of the Board of Tm8tee^ in en-
larging the fseillties for education in the Uni-
Tersity, was promptly and most wisely con-
formed to this new era in the history of the
University. They did just what was wanted.
They did It exactly at the time and In the way
that it was wanted. Fonr new Professors —
men of mind and mark — have been elected to
Professorships that are virtually connected
with the kind of education now needed in this
State; nor can we doubt that the foresight
evinced In this action, will have a most sain-
taiy effect in binding the confidence of the
people still more sirungly to the institution.
Taken in this oonnection, the establishment
of a School of Engineers, which 48 designed to
prepare young uien for the prof«*8sional busi-
ness of enalneering. is a most auspicious move-
ment In the right direction.
While the professorships have been so filled
as to meet the approval of the well-wishers of
the University, we feel that the friends of Agri-
cultural progress have special reasons to con-
gratulate themselves on the election of Dr.
Jones to the Terrell Professorship of Agricul-
ture. On the resignation of Dr. Lee, it at once
occurred to us, that of all our scientific acquain-
tance Dr. Jones was the man whose knowledge
of practical agrlanltiire. obtained in this climate
in the managementof hisown plantation, com-
bined with his th<troagh attainments In Nat-
oral History, Physicsl, Chemical, and Agricul-
tural Science, best qualified him to be useful
in this position. It is a selecUon mbeC credit-
able to the Trustees, and will give wide and
Increasing satisfluldKm to all interested in tbe
Agrlcnltnral Department of the Inatttatton.
4. College of CHARLBim)N, S. C. —
Our noble old Alma Mnter issues tbe fol-
lowing pros^nirae fur tbe future, and
e1evAt<>a as bas been ber mission in the
past, tbere are indtcAtiona that in fa-
tute it will be more elevated still :
The Faculty of the College of Charleston
would respectAiIly inform parents and guar-
dians of young gentlemen oestrons of obtain-
ing a oollesiate education, that this Institnticui
has been re-opened under verr favorable aus-
pices, and at a greatly redue«>d rate of tuition,
the terms of which are only Fifty Dollars per
annum, payable quarterly. Students fh>m the
interior can obtain board at reasonable rates
in respectable private families residing in the
dty.
Admission.— Candidates for admission into
the Freshman Class must be able to translate
into English the whole of Otesar^s Gommenta-
riea. Vincll, Cicero's Select Oratlona and Sal-
lust, They must also possess an accurate and
minute knowledge of tne Latin Orammar and
Prosody.
In Greek, they will be expected to possess
a thorough knowledge of Valpy's Greek Gram-
mar, Anthonys Edition, and be able to trans-
late and parse with readiness any portion of
Jacobs* Greek Reader, the first two books of
Xenophon*s Anabasis, and the first book of
Homer's Iliad.
In Mathematics, their knowledge will be ex-
pected to Include arithmetic (Inclnding frac-
tions, vulgar and decimal,) extraction of Squars
and Cul>e Boots, Toung's Algebra throngli
Simple Equations, and the first three books of
L^ndre's Geometrv.
Geography, both Andent and Modem, wtll
be the snhlect of a Haid examination.
N. B.— Students will be sdmitted to a par-
tial course upon special application.
pACirLTT.— N. K. Middleton. LU D., Proai-
dent. Professor of Logic. Political Economy,
and the Evidences of Ohristianity. snd Hony
Professor of Moral and Political Philosophy.
Rev. James W. Miles, A. M., Professor of
the Latin and Greek Languages and Literatare,
and of B«>roan and Greek Antiquities.
Lewis R. Gibbes, M. D., Professor of Aa-
tronomy. Physics and Chemistry.
John McChady, A. M., Professor of Matlie-
matlcs.
F. A. Porcber, A. M., Professor of Historj,
Ancient and Modi-m, Uhrturic Belles-Lettres,
English Composition and Elocution.
F. S. Holme^ A. M.. Professor of Geoloer,
Paleontology and Zoology, and Curator of uie
Museum.
5. University of Tehnrsbeb on Cdm-
BBRLAND Uniykrsitt. — Its circular ap-
pears in our advertising culumna. Its
annual attendance of sludenta nnmber-
od from 60o to ftOO before tbe war. Tbe
cost of instruction and board ia very
moderate. TheXavSc/ioo/ bas ever been
regarded one of tbe best in Amt- rica^
LrrsBAaT Faoultt.— T. C. Anderson, D. D.
President.
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• JOUBNAL OF THE WAK.
537
B. Beftrd, D. D^ ProfMSor Andent Lftngiu-
ges and Theology.
B. W. McDonnold, D.D., Prof. Mathematlos.
Jalius Elan, Profeaeor Modern Langaagea.
J. W. Bojd, A. M., Principal Preparatory.
6. LouisfANA Stat* Seminary, near
Alexandria.
W« have recelred the •* OfBdal Beglster of
the Officers and Cadets of the Lonletana State
Bemioary of Learning and Military Academy.^
sear Alexandria, for the session ending June
80th, 1866. From the Beglster we loam that
there were 108 stadents In attendance mostly
Arom Louisiana, bat sereral fmm Texas, Ar-
kanraa and Mississippi It is expected there
will be at least 200 stadents present the next
session, which began the first Monday in Sep-
tember. The Beglster, we mar remark, is
very neatly printed, and creditable to tho ty-
pography of the AUwnndria Dtmoorai office,
m>m which it was Issaed.
7. H1LL8BOEO MlLlTAftT AOADEMT,
Hillsboro, North Cai»liDa.
Qen. Colston has taken obarjre of the HIIIs-
boro Mllitanr Academy, founded by the gallant
Colonel C. C. Tew, who fell at Sharpsburg.
The buildings are new and comfortable,
consisting of handsome barracks erected in
1890, for the special parpoaes of a Military
School, and saffldent to accommodate 150 Ca-
dets; together with mess hall, hospital aad
all other necessary bnlldlngs. The sltoation
Is about a mile from the town of Hillsboroogh,
within a feiv hundred yards of the North Car-
olina Central Railroad, and in a region ansnr-
paased for health. It offers special induce-
ments to the stadents from the Sonthem
States, being ft*oro four to six hundred miles
nearer to them than the great schools of Ylr^
glnia and Maryland.
Ckneral CoUton^s object will be to make
this Academy the great PolyUohMo School
of the State of N. C. and one to which all,
from every State, may resort with advantage.
8. Thb Medical Colleocs of South
Carolina and Qborola are anin in
sneceBsful operation. In regard to the
latter, located at Angusta, it may be
said :
The character of the old members of the
Faculty is too well known to require any alln-
slon on our part In the chair of Obstetrics
we find a gentleman whose rcpatation is wide
as the country, and whose attainments in that
particniar branch of the pn>f«*ffsl'»n, gives him
a position second to none in this or any other
country. 80, too, of the Professor of Snigery,
and the Practice of Medicine. These two dls-
tingalsbed practitioners have been connected
with the College we believe since its organi-
zation. They are ftilly identified with its his-
tory, and are Jealons of its fiame. Their suo-
cesa not only in private practice, but also as
accomplished ana saccessful lecturers, gives
the strongest proof of their fitness for the po-
sitions they occupy.
9. New Orleans Medical School. —
Its circular appears in our advertising
department.
The faculty comprises young, active
and able men. The eleventh annual
course opens on the 12th of November,
Dr. D. Warren Brickie is Dean. The
fees are as follows :
All Tickets $140
Matriculation (once). 5
Practical Anatomy 10
Diploma in Medicine 80
Diploma in Pharmacy 15
Medical Department — University
OP Nashville. — Lectures begin first
Mouday of November. The Museum
and building are in fine condition.
Profbssors. — Joseph Jones, M. D^ Hate
Professor of Cliemistry in the Medical CoUege
of Georgia) Professor of Pathology.
W. K. Bowling M. D., Prot of Institute and
Practice of Medicine, and Dean of Uie Fkcal^.
Thoe R. Jennings. M. Dm Prot of Anatomy.
J. Berrien Lindsley, M. D^ Professor of
Chemistry and Pharmacy.
C. K. Winston, M. D., Professor of Materia
Medica and Medical Jori*prodenco.
Wm. T. Brlen. M. D., Professor of Saigtoal
Anjttomy and Physiology.
John M. Watson, M. D., Professor of Obstet-
rics and Diseases of Women and Children.
Paal P. Eve, Professor of the Principles and
Practice of Surgery.
T. B. Buchanan, M. D^ Oarator of Museum,
and Prosector to the Chairs of Anatomy and
Suigerv.
V. 8. Lindsley, M. D., Demonstrator of
Anatomy.
JOURNAL OF TOE WAR.
Repbesknting the views and ortNTONs which obtained, and the condition
of things which existed at the date of each day*s entry, vx thb ck)nfedebxte '
States, or in portions op thkm; the original entries, with subsequent
X0TE8, etc. — {Continued.) by the editor. — 1862.
'* Oh. who that shared them ever shall forget
Tb emotions of the spirit-rousing time '' ?
Scott's Lord op thb Isles.
" Now Civil Wounds are stopped— Peace lives again.*'
Richard In., Act V., Sc. IV.
Jackson, Miss., Wednesday, 22d Oot^, now superseded perhaps by Gen. Pem-
1866. — Converged last ni^ht with Oen. berton. Gen. Sparrow, Senator for
Bng:gles at his quarters. lie has been Louisiana, and Duncan -Kenner, mem-
mifitary commander of this district, ber of the lower House of Congress,
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JOITRNAL OF THE WAR.
present. Keimer says the Yankees
stole his yalaable plate and horses and
sacked hU place.
Bragg^ has reported to Richmond the
particulars ^f the Perryville fight
we took, it seems, 16 pieces of artil-
lery and about 4.000 prisoners. The
fight was by Polk's mvision chiefly,
and our loss in killed, wounded and
missing was 2,000. The enemy was
driven back two miles.
No doubt that Bra^^cg is retreating
towards Cumberland Gap. pressed by
overwhelming numbers. So much for
Kentucky.
Tlie following is but one of a thou*
eand instances which the war furnishes
of Vandalism on the part of the enemy.
They remove Washington'* statue from
the State House of Louisiana to New
York, and take a large part of the
State Library. They liberate the con-
Ticts from the Penitentiary.
The Plukderbrs in Louisiana.— The
MbrUpelier < Vt.) Journal contaids a letter
from a Yermout soldier in Louisiana,
describiog the manner in which the
81aDtaiioa of General Richard Ta/Ior, of
le C. S. A., a son of old Zac, was " con-
fiscated." After mentioning that the
slaves, 150 in number, were carried off,
the Yankee warrior adds :
" It is one of the most splendid planta-
tions that I ever saw. Tnere are on it
700 acres of suffar-cane. which must rot
upon the ground if the Government does
not harvest it. I wish yon could have
seen the soldiers plunder this plantation.
After the stock was driven off, the boys
began by orderioff the slaves to bring
out everything there was to eat and
drink. Ihej orongbt out hundreds of
bottles of wines, eggs, preserved figs and
peaches, turkeys, diickens, and honey in
any quantity. I brought away a large
camp-kettle and frying-pans that belonged
to old General Taylor, and also many of
his private papers. I have one letter of
bis own bana-writing, and many from
Secretary Marcy — some from General
Scott, and some from the traitor Floyd.
J brought to camp four bottles of claret
wine. Lieut. brought away half a
barrel of the best syrup from the suffar-
bouse, and a large can of honey. The
camp-kettle and pans I intend to send
home. They are made of heavy tin,
covered with copper. I think I will send
home the private papers by mail, if I do
not let any one have them. The camp is
loaded down with plunder— all kinds of
clothing, rings, watches, guns, pistols,
f words, and some of General Taylor's
old bats and coats, belt swords— and, in
fact, every old relic he had is worn about
the camp.
" You and every one may be thankful
that you are out of the reach of plunder-
ing armies. Here are whole families of
women and children running in the
woods — lar^e plantations entirely de-
serted—notbmg left except slaves too old
to run awajr— all kinds of the best ma-
hogany furniture broken to pieces. Noth-
ing is respected."
TouBSDAT. — Our pickets have again
driven the. enemy into Nashville, and
the condition of its citizens is repre-
sented as deplorable. Some prospects
of its evaouation.
Yankees fail in an attempt upon the
Charleston and Savannah railroad at
Coosanbaichie and Pocotalico — are
handsomely repulsed.
Under our Conscription Act, all able-
bodied men under 40 are to be enrolled.
Those between 40 and 45 are the re-
serve.
Gen. Winfield Seott, Oommanderin-
Chief of TJ. S. Army when the war
broke out, wrote the followiDg letter,
which has just made its appearance .in
print:
Washixgton, March 8, 1861. — "It
seems to me that I am guilty of no
arrogance in limiting the Presideafs
field of selection to one of the four plans
of prooedure subjoined.
Firsts throw off the old and assume a
new desi^atton — the Union party — adopt
the conciliatory measures proposed by
Mr. Crittenden, or the Peace Conference,
and my life upon it, we shall hare no
new cases of secession, but, on the con-
trary, an early return of many, if not all,
of the States which have broken off from
the Union. Without some equally benign
measure^ the remaining slaveholdiog
States will probably join the Montgomery
Confederacy in less than sixty days,
when this city, being included in a
foreign country, would requi^ a perma-
nent garrison of at least thirty-five thou-
sand troops to protect the government
within it.
Seoondf oollect the duties on foreign
goods outside the porta of which the
government has the command, or close
such ports by acts of Congress, and
blockade them.
Third, conquer the seceded States by
invadins^ ariyies. No doubt this could
be done m two or three years by a young
and able general— a Wolfe, a Dessaix, or
a Hoche— with 800,000 disciplined men,
estimating a third for garrisons and a
loss of a yet greater number by skir-
mishes, sieges, battles and Southern
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
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ferers. The destrnctioo of life and
property on the other side wonld be
frigntful» however perfect the moral and
discipline of the invaders. The conquest
completed at that enormoas waste of
human life to the North and Northwest,
with at least $250,000,000 added thereto,
and eui bono f Fifteen devastated prov-
inces, not to be brought into harmony
with their conouerors, to be held for
generations by heavy garrisons, at an
expense quadruple the net duties or taxes
which it would oe possible to extort fh>m
them, followed by a Protector or an
Eoaperor.
Fourthy say to the seceded States,
"wayward sisters, depart in peace/' In
haste, I remain very truly yours,
WiNPiBLD Scott.
To Hon. W. H. Seward.
Friday. — ^Negro officers at James-
town, Ya., cause several promioent
citizens to be shot
An immense naval expedition the
Yankee papers say will soon proceed
against a Southern Fort — the most
irresistible in modem history.
The enemy in Soath Carolina are
again driven to their gan-boats.
Thb Battle or PBBRTvibi.B— Gbnbral
Bragq*s Opfxcial RKPORT.-The following
is a copy of Major-Oeneral Bragg's offi-
cial report of the battle of Perryville,
Kentucky :
Hkadquartbrs Dbpartmbnt No. 8, [
Bbtantsvillb, Ky., Oct 12th. )
Sir : Finding the enemy pressing
heavily in his rear, near Perryville, Maj.-
Oenefal Hardee, of Polk's command, was
obliged to halt and check him at that
point. Having arrived at Harrodsburg
from Frankfort, I determined to give
him battle there, and accordingly con-
centrated three divisions of my old com-
mand—the army of the Mississippi— now
under Major-General Polk— Cheatham's.
Buckner's and Anderson's— and directed
General Polk to take the command on
the 7th, and attack the enemy next morn-
ing. Withers' division had ffooe the
day before to support Smith, llearin^,
on the night of the 7th, that the force in
front of Smith had rapidly retreated, I
moved early next morning to be present
at the operations of Polk'f forces.
The two armies were formed confront-
ing each other, on opposite sides of the
town of Perryville. After consulting the
General and reconnoiterin^ the ground
and examining his dispositions, I de-
clined to assume the command, but sug«
geated some changes and modifications
of his arrangements, which he promptly
adopted. The action opened at 12 1-2
p. M., between the skirmishers and ar-
tillery ou both sides. Finding the enemy
indisposed to advance upon us, and
knowing be was receiving heavy rein-
forcements, I deemed it best to assail him
vifforonsly, and so directed.
The engagement became general soon
thereafter, and was continued furiously
from that time to dark^ our troops never
falterine and never failing in their efforts.
For the time engaged it was the sever-
est and most desperately contested en-
ngement within my knowledge. Fear-
fully outnumbered, 'our troops did not
hesitate to engage-^^at any odds, and
though checkea at tiroes, they eventu-
ally carried every position, and drove
the enem^ about two miles. But for the
intervention of night^we should have
completed the work. We had captured
fifteen pieces of artillery by the most
daring charges, killed one and wounded
two Brigadier (Generals and a verv large
number of inferior officers and men,
estimated at no less than 4,000, and cap-
tured 400 prisoners, including three
staff officers, with servants, carriage and
baggage of Major-General McCook.
The ground was literally covered with
his dead and wounded. In such a con-
test our own loss was neoessarilv severe,
probablvnot less than twenty-five hun-
dred killed, wounded and missing. In-
cluded in the wounded are Brincadier-
Generals Wood, Clebum and Brown,
gallant and noble soldiers, whose loss
will be severely felt by their commands.
To Major General PoIk, commanding the
forces, Major-Gkneral Hardee, command-
ing the left wing, two divisions, and
Major-Generals Cheatham, Buckner and
Anderson, commanding divisions, is
mainly due the brilliant achievements of
this memorable field. Nobler troops
were never more gallantly led. Tne
country owes them a debt of gratitude,
which I am sure i^ill be acknowledged.
Ascertaining that the enem^ was
heavily reinforced during the night, I
withdrew my force early the next room-
ing to Harrodsburg and thence to this
point. Major-General Smith arrived at
Harrodsburg with most of his forces and
Withers' division the next day, 10th, and
yesterday I withdrew the whole to this
point, the enemy following slowly, but
not pressing ua. I am, air, very reapect-
fuUy, your obedient servant,
(Signed,) Braxton Braqo,
Oen. Commanding,
To Adjutant-General, Richmond, Ya.
SATuaDAT.--^Yi»it the plantation near
Clinton, Miss., of my friend Mr. J — — .
Weather intensely cold and bleak. A
retreat from Jackson to the repose of
the conntrv is delightful.
The deraat of the enemy on the
Charleston and Savannah Kailroad is
reported as very oomplete.
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JOURNAL OF THK WAR.
Engliflb presB loud in its denunciation
of the Emnncipation Proclamation of
Lincoln, and re^rdn the Yankee Gov-
ernment as having reached tlie lowest
8tas:e of degradation.
Sunday. — Weather colder, and thiclc
ice. Am ont of the reach of any news.
In these times a day is an age.
Monday. — Bragg has gone to Rich-
mond. Our Army of the Weat is in
the vicinity of Knoxville. We gained
little from Kentucky except in supplies ;
the«e represented very large. Jackson
said to have made a second dash across
the Potomac
Tuesday. — No telegraphs.
Wednesday. — Emancipation Procla-
mation denounced at large and enthu^
elastic meetinsjs in New York,
BAVAinf An, Oct 28.— The Abolitionists at-
tacked, in force, Pbcotaligo and Coosawatchie
yeaterdaj. They were gallantiv repulsed to
their gnnboats at Bfaolcey'a Point and Bee^s
Creek Landtoff bj Colonel W. & Walker, com-
manding the diatrict, and Colonel G. P. Harri-
son, comnianding tbo trtops sent from here.
The cnoray iiad come in thirteen transports
and gunboats.
Tbe Charleston and Savannah Railroad Is
uninjured.
The AboIitionistA left their dead and woond«
ed on the flold, and our cavftlry Is in hot par-
soit G. T. BBAUaaoABD.
Tna following verses are firom an English
lonmal, depictlBg the anfftfrlnga amoag the fluo-
torj operatives in that eoont^ for the want of
cotton:
Dead— dead->dend !
She was starv«d to death, I say,
Because of the fierce and crnel strife
*M!d our kinsmen far away.
Man, look on her face, so worn and pale.
On her hands, so white and thin :
Here was a spirit that wonld not qnall
From strlVing her bread to win ;
But yonder, closed, is the Citotorygate,
The ongloe Is red with rnst;
And what could we do but storro and wait
Till poaoe shoold bring us a crust?
Pead— dead— dead I
With her brother lying ill.
And her father shirking on the step
That leads to the silent mill.
Alone, I kneel In mv blinding tears;
Alone, In my black despair;
My heart overburdened with gloomy fears,
Yet far too bitter for pmyer!
Whv do yon prate how the world still grows
More kind and morti wise each day?
War^s bloody flame atlU glitters and glows;
The olives of peace decay I
THURSDAY. — News unimportant
Converse with persons from New Or-
leans, who represent Butler's tyrannies
as beyond comparison in modem times.
Major WilllamB, an aid of General
Polk, who was in the battle of Perry-
yille, Kentucky, gives us an account of
the fight It was not a defeat, and
scarcely a victory; our retreat was
rendered necessary by the enemy's
large re-enforcements, and was conduct-
ed in good order; we took cannon, but
did not bring them off. and loet a large
amount of arms. Did not bring any
considerable amount of supplies from
Kentucky, and made very little, it
would seem, by this movement
Faro AY, ifrov. 1. — Ck)n verse fully with
Governor Pettus, Joe Davis (the brother
of the President), and John Perkins,
Member of Congress, on the progress
and conduct of the war. Things are
in a bad way, and the future is not
very bright
The old story of foreign intervention
is started as^ain, but hardly deceives
anybody. If anything, however, will
force the Powers to act. it will be the
atrocities contemplated by the Eman-
cipation Proclanution. Here is the
dispatch :
Biomc oiTB. Oct 80l— Tbe New York Emprem
says Information has been received from semi-
official sonrceain Europe that Franee and En-
gland are In accord as to America.
Lord Lyons was to have~ sailed in the Am9-
tralasian^ bnt was detained at the last nM>-
ment by an order fN>m Lord J«>hn RnaselU to
a^ait further inahractions, io oonseqaence of
Lineoln*a Abolition Prodamatioa.
Saturday. — The story of foreign in-
tervention again repeated, on the au-
thority of the London Atm^ OazetU ;
and it is said that France. England, and
Russia are in accord. We have heard
" Wolf cried so often that when he
comes, no one will be prepared.
A dismal rumor comes up by passen-
gers from Louisiana, this evening, that
our forcw on the Lafourche have been
cut up entirely or captured. Bad newa
we generally find to be true. A repe-
tition, probably, of the Corinth affair.
Tut "Nine Hukdrbd TffoiJSAHn'' Ccming. —
Under this heading, the New York Eatprevt of
the l^th Inst has the annexed capital political
sqnib:
*' It Is with feelings cX the sapremest aatlafke-
tion that we are enabled t** Miaonnfe that Uie
If too Hundred Thousand Men whom the Tri^
ufu promised would be forthcoming to swell
the grand armies of the Union as soon as the
PrtfSidenOs Abolition Proclamation was iaaned,
will arrive In this elty (over the left) fhmi Cen-
tral New Turk. New England, etc. some time
la the oonrse of next week, la the following
oaoBa or paocsssioir.
Provost-marshal, with Aids, In Lincoln Green.
Senator Sumner, of Bfasaachusetta, escorted
by Ohasseors d^AfHqae.
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JOUBKAL OF THK WXR.
541
ProTOtt*nutrsbaI.
GoTernor ADdnrw. of MAMAcbnsetta, wiUi tbe
Kidghto of AltooDa.
Bund.
Oontra-Bands,
Managers of the Undtrgroand Batlroad, two
abreast.
PrOTost-niarsbaL
Joshua R. GiddlnffS, Frederick Donglass
(bteek man), and Abbv Kellf Foetar, repre*
sentiug tbe Three Graces.
StrtKtg-mlnded Women.
Eev. Henry Ward Screecher.
6ergt Fitzgerald, of tbe Corcoran Legion.
Band — "List, oh List"
More Contra-Band^i.
Sopt; of the Kegro Schools at Port BoyaL
Provost- marshal.
Shoddy €k>ntractors.
The LIbelers of Qen'l McClellan blUng a File.
Aunty Slavery, led by Uncle Tom.
Fremont.
More Shoddy Contractors.
Tbe Ghost of Magna Charta.
Goddess of Liberty, with a broken Gonstitatlon.
Knights of ibe Order of Furt Lafayette.
PruTost-marsbal.
The mortal remains of the late
Habeas Corpus, Esq.
Pall bearers.
Monmers. etc, etc
ProToet-marshaU
Army 8peculator&
Field-mambal Horace Greelev and Staff, with
A»sl6tant8 bearing Pondora^s Box.
Tablean.— Kenresenting Servile Insnrreciion —
Young St. Domingo— Apotheosis of Toos-
saini rOnvorture, etc.
Provost-marshal.
The Genins of I>isnnlon.
Banner, with the inscription, '*Let the Union
Slide.''
Band.
Air— "John Brown's Body Lies a-MiiraMering
in the ChTtve," etc
Provost- marsbaL
Ker. Dr. Cheevfr, with a Man and a Brother.
i>elegate8 from Kxeter Hall.
Postage-stamps.;
Wide Awakes.
Contra- Bands.
Provost-marshal.
More Wide Awakes.
Nine Hundred and Ninety-nine Thousand
Substitutes.
'*The route of tbe Procession will be along
tbe Underground Itailroad, through the Bealms
of Imagination, until It reaches the Limbo of
Vanity and Paradise of Fools, when the crowd
will be dismissed until next Election liay."
Sunday. — No rumora or dispatches.
The Yankees wiU do doubt succeed
in breakiug up our salt works on the
Teche, in Louisiana, -which will be a
serious blow.
Unless salt can be obtained, little
m^at will be saved in tJ]ie«Soutliwedt.
People are nearly mad on the subject.
A large trade bas been tolerated l>e-
twee& here and New Orleans; but the
Govmimeut has come down upon ir,
and seizes all the vei^els and their car-
goes on the Lake Shore. It was a source
of great corruption and abuse, or be-
lieved to be so. The Yanket-s were bo-
f^inning to get a good deal of cotton.
They will give anything for it, even
arms.
A KoKTuxsK Opiviox of SoxmncBiv Soarrr.
—Among the most striking episodes In the
proceedings of the Unitarian Autumnal CoU'
Tention which opened its session in New York
last week, is the peculiar feeling excited by
the remarks of Rev. Dr. Bellows, in eulogy of
Southern social life and the influences proceed-
ing from it The opinion so fWnkly expressed
by the reverend gentleman has elicited the
most bitter comment among the members of
tbe Convention.
No candid mind will deny tbe peculiar charm
of Southern young men at college, or Southern
young women in sitcletv. How far race and
climate, independent of servile in&titutiuns,
may have produced the Southern cliivalric
spirit and manner, I will hot here consider.
Bnt one may as well denv the small feet and
hands of that people as deny a certain inbred
habit of command; a contempt of life in de-
fence of honor or class: a talent for political
life, and an easy control of inferiors. Nor is
this merely an external and flashy heroism.
It is real It showed itself in Congress early
and always, by tbe courage, eloquence, skill,
and success with which it oontroUed m^ori-
ties. It showed itself in the social life of
Washington, by the grace, fascination and ease,
the free and charming hospitality by which it
governed society. It now shows Itself in En-
f;land and France, by the succees with which
t manaeres the courts and the circles of litera-
ture and fiishions in botli countries. It shows
itself In this war in the orders and proclama-
tions of its generals, in the messages of the
rebel Congress, and in the essential fcoodbreed-
ing and humanity (contrary to a diligently en-
couraged public Impresalon) with which it not
seldom divides Its medical st<ires, and gives
our sick and wounded as favorable care as it is
able to extend to Its own. It exceeds us at
this moment in the possession of an ambulance
corps.
I think tbe war must have increased the re-
spect felt by the North for tbe South. Its ml-
racnlons resources; tbe bravery of Its troops,
their patience under hardships, their unshrink-
ing firmness iu tbe desperate position thev
have assumed; the wonderful success with
which they have exteroporked manufactures
and munitions of war, and kept themsclyes In
relation with the world in spite of our mag-
nificent blockade; the elasticity with which
they have risen from defeat ; an«l the courage
they have shown In threatening again and
again our capital, and even our Interior, can-
not fkil to extort an unwilling ndmi ration and
respect Well is General McClellan reported
to nave snid (privately), as ho watched their
obstinate fighting at Aniietam, and saw them
retiring In perfect order in the midst of the
most Irlghtful carnage. "* What terrible neigh-
bors these would bo ! We must conquer them,
or they will conquer us I ^
MoicDAT. — A Ini^e numi er of the
river planters are removing iheir ne-
groes to Texas, and many from the in-
terior of Mirtissippi are doing the same.
They thus protect them from the Yan-
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JOURNAL OF^ THE WAB.
kees. Land can be bought cheap io
Texas, and the emigration thither will
be immense. Go^emraent is purchas-
ing the cotton crop very generally,
which enables the planters to be put in
control of funds for purposes of remov-
al. It is a good move. As the cotton
is bought low, no doubt enough will be
saved from the enemy and the torch to
realize a round profit ; and if it can be
made the basis of credit in Europe, it
will be a grand move. If, however,
the war lasts very long, the scheme
may not be advantageous. The cotton
ought to have been taken a year ago,
when it could have been had for eight
cents.
No news from any quarter to-day,
Hopes expressed that reports from Lou-
isiana are unfounded.
Wednesday. — A calamitous day at
Jackson.
In the afternoon the Arsenal blew
up, destroying some 80 or 40 lives. It
was a shocking sight to see tlie arms,
legs, heads, and mutilated bodies of
men, women, and children scattered in
every direction. Some were thrown
great distances, and lodged in the trees
around.
At night a fire raged, which de-
stroyed many valuable storehouses and
the splendid depot and warehouses of
the Yicksburg Railroad. An immense
and irreparable loss in these disastrous
times.
Mb. Gladston b on thb Oonfbdxbact.— The
following is that portion of Mr. Gladstone's
Speech on American Aifidrs, recently delivered
At Newcastle, which has created so mach sen-
sation In England:
^ We may have oor own opinions ahont slav-
ery ; we may be for or antnst the South ; bat
there is no doubt that Jetterson Davis and oth-
er leaders of the South have made an army.
Tboy are making, It appears, a navy ; and they
have made what Is more than either— they
have made a nation. [Loud cheers.] I cannot
sav that I have viewed with any regret their
failure to establish themselves in Maryland.
It appears to me too probable that, If they had
been able to establish themselves there, the
consequence of their military success In that
aggressive movement would have obtained
power in that State; that they would have
contracted actual or virtual engagements with
that political party, and that ue existence of
those engagements, hampering them in their
future mgotiations with the Northern States,
might have created a now obstacle to peace.
[Hear.] Now, from the bottom of our hearts,
wo should desire that no new obstacle to peace
should start up. We may anticipate with cer-
tainty the success of the Southern States, so
for 08 regards their separation from the North.
[Qear, hoar.] I cannot but believe that that
event Is as certain as any event yet future and
contingent can be. [Hear, hear.] Bat It la
from a decided feeling that that great event Is
likely to happen, and that the North will have
to suffer that mortiflcatlon, that I earnestly
hope that ShigUshmen will do nothtng to In-
flict additional shame, sorrow, or pain npon
those who have already suffered much, and
who will probably have to suffer more. [Hear.]
It may be that a time might arrive when It
would be the doty of Europe to offer the word
of expostulation or friendly aid toward com-
posing the quurel. If It be even possible that
such a time should arrive, how important that
when that word Is spoken it should address It-
self to minds not embittered by the recollec-
tions that unkind thln^ have been said and
done toward them In Europe, and above all.
In EngUnd, the countrv which, however they
may £id fault with It from time to time, has,
we know, the highest pUK)e in their admiration
and esteem.'' [Cheers.]
Thursday. — Melancholy funerals of
the victims of yesterday's tragedy.
Many of tbe bodies could not be iden-
tified for their mutilation. It is too hor-
rible to think oC
Tlie loss of ammunition was quite
small, which is exceedingly fortunate.
Many thousand pounds were stored
in the vicinity, and were for a time in
great danger. No due to the cause of
the disaster. ^
No telegraphic dispatches for several
daysb Reported that the Yankees aro
advancing in North Mississippi and
that our array is falling back, pressed
by overwhelming numbers. The State
is really in great danger.
The disaster to our arms spoken of
a few days ngo, in Louisiana, proves
too true. The enemv largely outnum-
bered us^ and after hard fighting and
much loss on both sides, took scyeral
hundred of our troops prisoners. No-
thing but rumors on one side, and the
report of the Yankee " Delta ** on the
other.
Friday. — ^The enemy are concentrat-
ing large forces with the view of de-
monstrating upon Uolly Springs and
Jackson by the Central Road. This
would be a very hazardous movement,
notwithstanding his great superiority
of numbers. No later news, however,
from that quarter. It is said that we
are crossing over troops from Arkansas.
Thb Nigro'M a Frbbnak.— The con-
dition of the *^ contrabands'' wherever
they have collected during the war ap-
pears to be tbe same — and sad enoush it
18. A correspondent of tbe Indian4K>Iia
StaU Journal f writing from Cairo, gives
this account of the negroes (or menage-
rie, as he says) there collected :
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JOURNAL Of THE WAR.
543
WiehiDg to get into the notions of the
darkies, I passed among thera as an Illi-
nois fanner, my army bat answering. a
capital purpose' in the game. I proposed
to hire a roan. " Dun no, sab. Where
you want me to go ? What you gim, 'ee?"
Going up to the dirtiest woman I saw, I
proposed to her. " OanH go, sab ! Fs
got four babies !" " Well, I'll take your
babies." "But Fs got a husband/'
''Well, FIl take your husband, too."
"But dar's old granny; I can't leave
her." ** Why, canH you go, too. granny?"
'* 0, master, Fs in hopes some clays it will
please de good Lord to eive me back to
old master." I tried a dozen or more,
and found underlying the hopes of most
of them was an ultimate return to their
natire land. The one refrain was :
" O, carry me back T
Their local attachment is unconquera-
ble, and they seem utterly unreconciled
to separatins the families. An orer-san-
guine friend of mine, a physician, spoke
to me tbe other day to procure a suitable
boT for him, who, after serving a reason-
able time as a hostler, could be put to the
science of physicking. I concluded to
get the boy here ; but you ought to have
seen the whites of their eyes and their
ivory when I suggested studying to be a
doctor. The burstins of a bombshell
would hardly have produced greater con-
sternation. The facts here and tbe facts
everywhere bid us look the subject fairly
in the face. Until the time comes when
these can return to their homes in peace
and freedom, they must be managed here,
and to do this some system of apprentice-
ship must be adopted. These creatures
have neither tbe mtelligence nor the in-
tegrity necessary to contracting yrisely
for their own labor. One man asked $15
per month the year round, atiotber $20,
and another $5.
And yet philanthropists—so called —
desire to turn free, and thus to deprive
them of their natural protection and shel-
ter, four millions of just such beings—
brioffiog desolation upon both whites
and blacks.
Saturday, Sth Nov. — Weather very
cold. Our troops will suffer severely
everywhere this winter. Nearly im-
possible to furnish them woolens and
blankets. Several hundred at Jaok-
Eon are camping out, and moet of them
are without olaoketo or overcoats. Men
who are cheerful, and hopeful, and,
brave aoHd such trials and sufferinga,
can never be enslaved.
if the war lasts mnch longer our suf-
ferings will be great. Nobody, however,
complains, but all are for fighting to
the bitter end; though not so hope-
ful as in the past The combinations
against us are so powerful I W^ithout
'the expectation of European aid it
would have been difficult to brin^
about the revolution, and tliat has fail-
ed signally.
Commodities grow scarcer and scar-
cer. Shoes here sell at 25 to 30 dollars
the pair, and boots 40 to 60 dollars ;
hats 15 to 20, and other tltines in pro-
portion. Coffee now commands $4 per
pound, and tea $26. Salt $75 to $100
git sack. Whiskey $15 per gallon,
randy $80 to $50, Ac, Ac.
The news from the North to-day is
that the Democratic party have carried
New York, New Jersey and Illinois,
and thus have the control in the Uni-
ted States. Many see in this an augu-
ry of peace, or at least find something
for congratulation — but northern dem-
ocrats have equaled republicans in
their hostilitv and deception.
Snows in Virginia which may inter-
rupt the campaign there.
The Yankees whilst Rome is on fire
are fiddling and dancing right merrily.
The Gaibtt or Washington City. —
The Washington correspondent of the
Chicago 'litMi thus speaks of the gaiety
of that city :
Washinffton is iust now lively beyond
all precec^nt. Three theatres, two cir-
cuses, and two hybrid places of amuse-
ments known respectively as Canterburv
and Olympic Hall, besides a dozen small-
er places of enjoyment, are in full blast,
ana are nightly jammed to repletion.
Hacks by the hundred, filled witn pleas-
ure-seeking parties, are incessantlv dash-
ing hither and thither; gaily dressed
equestrians canter about the avenues,
and dense crowds of happy, richly-dress-
ed pedestrians throng the sidewalks at
all hours. The skeleton in our national
closet isn't suspected of existence in this
section ; the gigantic war affects people
as little as if it were being waged between
the Hottentots and Senegambians.
The irrepressible Barnum is also here
lecturing on Sundays, in the Capital
grounds, upon temperance, and on other
ays exchanging views of Commodore
Nutt, Tom Thumb, grizzly bears, etc., for
the quarters and halves of the citizens, in
which transaction he, as usual, gets much
the best of the bargain. Just now there
is a more interesting newspaper war rag-
ing between bios and Nixon, the proprie-
tor of a rival circoH, in which Barnum is,
as usual, ahead, and has shown that, in
the use of abuse, be is by far the biggest
blackguard of the two,
Maggie Mitchell, at Ford's theatre, on
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JOURNAL OP THE WAB.
Tenth Street, has dravrn crowded houses
for six consecutive weeks, and in addi-
tion, has turned the heads of half the
spoon V shoulder-strapa in Washington.
Iiiigbtly the stage is flooded with bou-
(^uets, and frequently with more substan*
tial evidences of admiration, until the
green-houses of Washington and the
pockets of her admirers are about equally
empty. And thus we go, a gay and fbs-
tive community.
Sunday. — A day without pumops.
Some females haye lately come out
from New Orleans under circumstances
that lead to the sn£>pieion that they are
spies, and they will not be allowed to
return. The authorities should be on
the alert Our most important move-
ments are generally known to the en-
emy in advance, and the intelligence is
carried frequently by women, who are
allowed to pa?s and repass. Recently,
a notorious profligate came oat from
Memphis to Holly Springs, and, after
having dalliance for a while with our
officera, returned and carried with her
the most minute iiiformution desired
by the enemy.
The Indies of South Carolina partici-
pate in the gloiious purpose of the State
— to suffer extermination rather than
conquest — as the following, which tells
but the truth, will ^ow. If we fail in
the number of our men, let us enlist
and drill our women, who would a
thousand times rather brave the field
than submit. They have faith, cour-
age, and endurance, and could soon be
learned the use of arms. Every South-
ern eirl and mother should be taught to
handle the pistol and the rifle — thou-
sands have already been taught — and
few would shrink in tlie hour of trial.
We have half a million of females be-
tween the ages of eighteen and thirty
who would not back down.
Patri»tio Womsx to thb Eescui.— Afew
davs since, says the Savannah Jfews^ we pob-
llfthed the appeal or the venerablu Chrlstupber
Gadsden to the pcnplo of Charleston, oatltog
npon all, old and yonng, to organize fur the
defence of the city. In ihe Mercury we find
the following res^ionse from the ladles of Co-
lumliia:
•*The voice from the grave toachca the
chorda of oar heart-strings. la the daUKbters
of Carolina there are kindred fplrlts to the
*Maid of ^'a^lg<•ss.'l.*
•* If the tlino for ns to act has come, we are
ready. Wo at»k for the best method of action
— whether to be formed Int*) companies and
reginsents. or to wait and fill the plact-s of our
beloved S'lldiers who fall ? 8ave <»ur coantry,
ourS'MUhcru sunuv h<ime8.from Yankee thral*
dom, men and fathers. Tour daughters hush
their ttmid fearlngs, and would die for tbelr
conntry^s freedom.^
Monday. — Oar army has fiillen back
beyond the Tallahatchie, which leaves
the northern counties of Mississippi to
the enemy.
The Yankees have made a demon
stration into Virginia, which presages
an early fight, and we may expect stir-
ring news in a few days. Onr army is
said to be in condition, and well pre-
pared.
Dkpabtxbbt or 8tati. )
Waahiogton, Sept. 28, 1809. f
OsirrLKXBif,— Ton will receive by the mail
which will carry yen ibis dispatcbu evideaoe
which will eonvlDce yon that the a^p^asive
movement of the rebels asalnat the ~tat^ re-
maining faithfkil to the Union la arrested, and
that the forces of the Union, strengthened and
reanimated, are again ready to undertake a
campaign on a vast scale.
If yon consult the newppapera, yon win
easllv perceive that the flnanetal resources of
the InBurreetlon deollae rapidly, and that tba
means of raising truopa have been exhaosted.
On the other side, you will see that the flnaa-
clal situation of tne oonntry is good, and tbat
the call for fresh troops, without which the
material force of the nation would be »erionsly
crippled. Is l>elnir promptly responded ta
I have already Informed our representattves
abroad of the approach of a ohani;e In the so-
cial organization of the r«>bel States. This
change continues to make itself each day more
and more apparent
In the opinion of the President, the nooment
has come to place the great fact more deariy
before the people of the rebel States, and to
make them understand that if these States
persist In Imposing npon the ooantry the
choice between the dissolution of tbIsQovera-
ment, at once neeesfeary and beneficial, and
the abolition of slavery, it is the Union and
not slavery that mast be maintained and
saved. With this objeet the President is aboot
to publish a proclaiiMtlon, In which he an-
nounces tbat slavery will no longer be reoor-
nlsed in any of the SUtes which shall be u
rel>elllon on the first of January next. While
all the good and wise mea of all countries will
recognize ihls measure as a Just and proper
military act. intended to release the country
from a terrible civil war, they will recognize at
the same time the moderation and magnanim-
ity with which the Oovernmeni proceeds in a
matter so solemn and Important
I am, gentlemen, your obedient servant,
Wm. H. Sbwako.
Tuesday and Wednesday. — Enemy
driven back in their advance npon
Gordon^ville, Va. lliey are ad va Do-
ing, it is said, npon Mi8ndsii>pi from
Corinth, Grand Junction, and Memphis.
frroK iwALL Jackson — wuat tub ABOunesr
Papers sat of Him.— A Harper's Ferry corre-
spondent of the New York JTeeain^ Po«t^ wbo
was present when Stonewall Jackbon-oaptnred
it "ays :
** While the officers were dashing down tho
road, and the half naked privates bexging at
every door, General Jaokson was sunning htm-
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JOCENAL OF THE WAR.
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9oH and talking with a group of soldiers at the
pamp across the street— a plain man. In plain
elothevwlth an Iron face and Iron-gray hair.
Onlj bi^lils bearing oonid he be dlstingnlshed
from his men. He stood as If the commonest
of all, marked only by the mysterions Insignia
of Indlvldnal presence by which we know, In-
tuitlTely, the genius from the clown. No gold-
en token of mnk gleamed on his rusty clothes;
of the shining symbols of which, alas, too many
of onr officers are so rldicnlnnsly fond .that they
seem onconsdous how disgraceful is this gilt-
ter of vanity 1 They were nowhere visible on
old Stonewall's person. When Oeneral Jack-
son had drank at the pnmV and talked at his
leisore, he mounted nls flame-colored horse
and rode down the street at the Jog of a com-
fortable fkrmer carrying a bag of meal.
**Ashe passed, I could bnt wonder how many
times he bad prayed on Satnrday night before
commencing bis hellish Sabbath work. His
old servant says that * When massa pravs four
times In de night, he knows the devil i! be to
pay de next day.^ And I am verv sure that
there were a large number of devils at work
above Harper's Ferry on Sunday, September
14,1862. M.aA."
Thursday, — ^Yellow fever said to be
raging on the coast of South Carolina
among the Yankees; their General
Mitchell is dead of it.
They are thought to be advancing
upon Weldon ; and it is also believed
that McCIellan's army is being with-
drawn from the Potomac to operate
upon Richmond from the south.
Other rumors are, that there has
been a fight near the Potomac, and the
old story, that France has intervened,
comes, it is said, in a dif>pntch. Nobody
believes anything on that subject, even
if one from the dead should ?peak.
A member of General Bragg's staff
gives the following as the advantages
gained in the advance upon Kentucky :
Bat was nothing gsinedT
1st. Buell, who had been threatening Chatta-
nooga, and even Atlanta, was forced to evac-
uate £ast Tennessee in *' double-quick."
2d. North Alabama was thereby relieved
fhun Federal occupation.
8d. We got possession of Gnmberland Oap,
the doorway tnrough that mountain to Knoz-
vtile and theVlrfflnla and Tennessee Ballroad.
4th. We took from 18.000 to 20,000 prisoners
at Richmond, MurofordsvlUe, and other places.
6th. We brought off a fiir greater amount of
arms and ammunition than we carried into
SLentucky.
6. Jeans enongfa to clothe the Army of the
Mississippi were bronebt oft, besides what
Oeneral Smith obtained. I know not what
this amounts to, but I understand it Is, as It
ought to be, from his longer stay in the State,
much larger.
7th. We beat the enemy In three considera-
ble battles, at Richmond, Hunifordsvllle, and
Perryville, and onr cavalry whipped them in
twenty smaller ones^
8th. And last, we have paid a debt of honor
4ne by the Ck^ofederate States to Eentuckv.
We have offered her an army to help her Hb-
VOL. II.-NO. V.
eration, and her exclnsion wonld be no longer
an obstacle in honor or on principle to a treaty
of peace with the United SUtes.
The onlv real mistakes of the campaign are,
in my judgment, first, that from the m^t ad-
vance of General Smith, in July, the rich sup-
plies of Kentucky were not gathere<rand sent
oack to the South ; and, second, that prominent
Unionist hostages were not brought away to
guarantee the good treatment of onrfHends In
the State.
Friday, Nov, 14. — McClellan has
been removed from the command of
the Federal army. It leads to much
excitement, and the Democrats are
boieterou?. He did not suit the Aboli-
tion dynasty, and Bumside takes com-
mand. The cry again is, " On to Rich-
mond r
Saturday. — McClellan, it eeeras, was
not willing to advance as fast as his
masters required, and persistently re-
fused to make the cause of the Union
second to that of negro emancipation.
We are not inclined to credit the latter
report. Thouffh the ablest of the Yan-
kee generals, he has proved himself a
tool and braggart The South gains
by his removal.
General Joseph Johnson is to have
command in the West. It is hailed as
a favorable augury. Bragg is under a
cloud, and Pemberton is, to say the
least, untried. Van Dorn and Lovell
are below par. Time only can vindi-
cate them. They are doubtless brave
men, but unfortitnate commanders.
The Cincinnati Inquirer has the fol-
lowing:
We have no doubt that the following, from
the Washington correspondent of the New
York B^raidy Is substantially true. He sayii
** As soon as the result of the election was
definitely known, a meeting of the Cabinet
was held, at which. It is understood. President
Lincoln announced to the assembled members
that, in bis opinion, the result was a verdict
against the radical policy, and especially against
the Emancipation Prochunatlon, and that Mr.
SewarU, Mr. Blair, and Mr. Smlih echoed his
words and his arguments. It is said that, aft-
er the conservatives in the Cabinet bad ex-
firessed their views, Mr. Chase calmly and de-
iberately told Mr. Lincoln that there were two
oonrses open for him. If he withdrew the
proclamation, and discarded the policy he bad
Deen pursuing sioce It was Issued, the war
would be promptly stopped, assuring him at
the same time that, nnon the opening of Con-
gress, Mr. Sumner and Mr. Wade, In the Sen-
ate, and Mr. Stevens and Mr. Lovejoy, in the
House, were ready to make a proposition for
peace with the Southern Confederacy; that
not another life should be lost, nor another
dollar spent if this war was to be a war for the
restorauon of slavery ; that as these ge n tie men
ccmtrolled a noajority in the Congress which Is
to govern the country, so Cu* as the appropria-
tions go, for another year, they were in a po-
85
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JOUBNAL OF THE WAB.
Bition to dictate the oovrse of the Administnt-
tloD. Not onlj most he adhere to the procla-
mation as issued, and to all its radical feaiarea,
bnt he mast, moreoTer. give it to the benefit or
generals in tbe field wno believe In it.
**The story goes on to relate that letters
were reoelTM rlrom Senators Sumner, Wade,
Wilson. Fessenden, and the other radi(»I load-
ers in the Senate, and flrom Sterens, Lovejoy,
Boscoe Gonkllng, and other radicals In the
House, stating tfe^t, if the Emancipatioo Proo-
lamntion should be withdrawn, the war must
be stopped and would be stopped.
'*That tbe President has yielded to some
such pressure as this we do not doubt ; nor
the rumor that ho will, after the opening of
Oonffress, modify bis Cabinet by msRlng it an
Abolition unit, and supersede tbe generals In
the field with Abolition chieftains.''
Sunday. — Lord Lyons, the British
Minister, annoances in conversation,
that his £^yernment does not contem-
plate any interference with the Ameri-
can quarrel, but Northern accounts
represent their relations with France
and Spain to be unfavorable.
The Soath, however, is satisfied in
that respect. She expects nothing from
the selfish and narrow sighted pulicy
of the courts, and experience has
proved that the Yankees will make
any humiliating concessions to avert a
conflict with them. If a reunion with
the North ever takes place, the South
would be heartily prepared to join in a
war that might be undertaken against
these powers. They are afraid of the
Yankees tiow, and will have good
reason (o be afraid of them t/teu.
The enemy in North Mississippi are
still advancing. ITiey outnumber us
very heavily, and the prospect is one
of gloom. Mississippi, unless Hercu-
lean efforts are made, will be overrun,
and that speedily. The greatest ex-
citement prevails, and people are re-
moving to Texas, Louisiana, and Ala-
bama, with their stock and neeroes.
Corn is worth but 75 cts. a bushel in
Mississippi, but flour $50 per barrel. In
Carolina com is worth $1.50 to $2.00.
Salt, $1.00 per bushel; bticon, 75c. to
$1.00 per pound. Coarse country wool-
ens bring $6 to $8 per yard, and wool
$4.00 per pound. Negro shoes, $8.00 ;
ladies* shoes, $12.00 to $15.00, etc.
NAsnviLLB. — One of the ediiors of the
Chattanooga Rebel has receired a letter
from a young lady of Nashville, from
which the following paragraphs are ex-
tracted :
^* Nashville is not what it was, believe
me. You may walk a whole morning
and never meet a familiar face. The
ladies never go in tbe streets except j
accompanied by some escort or in carria-
ges. How many of them are in black I
How many bouses are in mourning! Yon
do not know, you cannot know tfti* men-
tal suffering we experience every day.
The old haunts, which used to be so
lively, are now deserted and dark; no
lights at night, nor music, nor notes of
laughter I Why, I haven't smiled in a
month. Whenever the strings of my
heart vibrate, the face is not wreathed
with dimples— the eyes are full of tears."
♦ ♦ ♦
" Many of our young ladies have gone,
like tbe last rose of summer. But still
many yet are here. They, without an
exception, detest everything that ever
looked like a Yankee. Some reports got
out, I hear, about one or two having re-
ceived the Federal officers. It is posi-
tively not so, except those of Union
families, who are now few and far be-
tween. These latter we svstematically
cut. One of them was lately married to
a Tennessee Federal office-bolder, which
§reatlv shocked her friends of ' Lang
yne.*^ Bnt we consider her dead ; have
buried her, mourned over her, and are
fast forgetting her. The Yankee officers
have at last discovered that there's no
use * knocking at the door,' and have
collapsed into a magnificent indifference,
whicn is as amusing as acceptable." * *
MoNOAT, 17th. — Leave for South
Carolina on a visit to my family, and
afterwards to Richmond.
Thb Gborgia Lbqislators. — The Legis-
lature of Georgia on tbe 6th inst. paMed
tbe following preamble and resolutions
unanimously in both Houses :
Whereas, It is evident that the theatre
of war must soon be transferred from tbe
battle-fields of Virginia to the seaport
towns of the cotton states ; and whereas,
emulating the devoted heroism of the
people of Vicksborg, we desire for
Georgia that her seaport citv should be
defended to the last extremity, at what-
ever cost of life or property :
Jiesohsd, That in tbe opinion of the
General Assembly of Georgia, the city of
Savannah should never be surrendered,
that it should be defended street by street,
and house by bouse, until, if taken, the
victor's spoils alone should be a heap of
ashes.
Resolved, If the House concur, that the
Joint Committee on Finance be instrocted
to report forthwith a bill appropriating
such sum as may be necessary for tbe
removal of the helpless women and chtt-
dren in Savannah to a place of safety.
Retolvtd, That a copy of these resolu-
tions be forwarded by the Governor to
the General commanding, with the as-
surance that the people of Georgia will
accept any calamity rather than suffer
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ber soil to be polluted bjr the hand of
AboHtioD iDvaders.
Atbogitibs or tbb Enbmt. — *' The
troops under General Hamilton com-
mitted the most inexcusable derastations
on their march from Corinth to Grand
Junction, and it will take u long list of
valorous deeds to atone for the acts of
these three days. Fences were fired'
maliciously, and the whole line of march
lighted by cohflagrations. Houses were
entered and pillaged by bands of strag*
flers, and almost every conceivable in-
ignity heaped on the families without
regard to age or sex. A large church,
well finished inside, was set fire to and
consumed. Houses and barns shared the
same fate. Property of no earthly use
to a soldier was often taken, and some-
times, if not taken, destroyed through
pure vindictiveness. In one case a squad
of soldiers entered a house where the
matron was enceinUj and were guilty, in
addition to other things, uf oreaking
open her drawers and trunks, and carry-
ing away and destroying the clothes pre-
pared for her unborn child. My heart
sickens at such recitals, and I had well-
nigh determined at one time to pass them
by in silence : but the people at home
should know that such acts are perpe-
trated." ^
Tuesday. — Rosencrans is at Naeb-
Tille with five divisions of Yankee
troops. He declares his determination
to snbdae the Southern people as he
proceeds south. The alternative will
be offered, be says, of allegiance to the
Union, or they will be forced within
the rebel lines. He will apply the
same law to women and children. His
idea is to throw an immense population
on the South, in order to consume
what he considers onr limited supplies,
and thus starve ns into sabiectiun.
Randolph, for alleged disagreement
with the President, has resigned his
post of Secretary of War, and General
G. W. Smith holds the office ad interim,
New York is being fortified, in appre-
hension of an attack from Confederate
war steamers sidd to be expected from
Europe. It is an old story and few
have much faith in it — though it is
difilcnlt to understand why such vessels
have not been long since provided.
The rumor is plausibly supported, and
may have some foundation in fact — at
least everybody is hopeful.
Enemy tiave appeared opposite Fred-
ericksburg, Virginia, but have been held
in check thns far.
Col. Adam Johnson's cavalry made a
dash into Madisonville, Ev., last week,
killing40 and wounding 112 Abolition-
ists. The Abolitionists fled to the Ohio
River, but were pressed hard. We suc-
ceeded in capturing three steamboats,
and brought back 40 wagon-loads of
army supplies.
Wednesday. — People of Mobile hope-
ful, and defences actively urged. Two
new gunboats building at Selma are
expected down, and an early attack
upon the city is feared. Conversed
with General McCowan, who is to have
command of the post.
A correspondent of the New York
Times says the French Government has
demanded full and immediate indemnity
for all injuries inflicted upon French
citizens by General Butler, and that the
State Depirtment is ready to back down
to any extent from Butlers acts ; that the
Spanish Minister has demanded an
apolojgy for the burning of vessels in
Spanish waters by one of the ships of
Farragut's fleet.
Thursday. — Fredericksburg is being
evacuated, and a battle is expectea
before many days.
New York 7nbnn« repeats the story
that three immense iron-clad rams, the
most powerful in the world, are being
constructed for the Confederates in
Great Britain.
Friday, 21st Nov. — John A. Seddon
has been appointed Secretary of War.
He is an aole statesman, but of too
feeble health for that position.
Burnside's army reported demoral-
ized by McCiellan s removal, and whole
regiments have thrown down their
arms. General Halleck pacified the
malcontents.
The Yankees abandon the Piedmont
region of Virginia, and intend an ad-
vance upon Richmond by the Rappa-
hannock and Fredericksburg.
Several regiments of troops are on
their way from Goergia to Mississippi
Cars are crowded everywhere. Never
in peace times was the travel CTeater.
It is impossible to believe otherwise
than that thousands manage to evade
the Conscript Act by continued passa^
from place to place. The authorities
are much in fault. Thousands are
greedy speculators, and fatten on the
public misfortunes.
Saturday to Monday. — Engaged
without a moment's relaxation prepar-
ing report of cotton operations to be
taken to Richmond. It is practicable
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JOURNAL OF THE WAB.
to extend these operations very mnch
in Mis^^issippi, and perhaps generally
by a more liberal policy upon the part
of Government A million of bales
should be purchased and pledged in
Europe for arms, ships and supplies.
It cnn be done. If much of this cot-
ton is burnt or stolen by the Yankees,
what is left will amply reimburse.
News unimportant.
Tuesday, 26th Nov. — Leave for South
Carolina. Persons from Fredericks-
burg to-day say that all is quiet, and
no demonstration on either side. It is
the impression that the enemy hns
moved tlie bulk of his forces towards
Acquia Creek, though his pickets ex-
tend to the Rappahannock River. Some
refujB^ees have returced. Passengers
by the evening train report all quiet at
Fredericksburg. Not a gun was fired.
The enemy is perceptibly falling back.
Iheir camp-fires extend in the direc-
tion of Acquia Creek, and it is believed
the enemy is moving in that direction.
Wbdnksday. — Yankees advancing
upon Btaunton, Virginia, by the way
of the Alleghany Mountains, and mass-
ing their forces in Suffolk, with
the view of an attack upon Peters-
burg or Weldon, in order to isolate
Richmond from the South.
Thursday. — The Lincoln Goyemment
has again backed down. The Diario de
la Marina savs that as soon as the repre-
sentative of Her Migestj at Washington,
Sefior Ta«sara. received the details of the
case, he hastened and read to Mr. Seward
the dispatch of the Captain General of
Cuba, in which the facts of the case are
stated and the necessary reclamation
made. Mr. Seward assured the Spanish
representative in the most ^tegorical
manner, that the United States Govern-
ment felt bishly disappointed with the
conduct of the naval officers who vio-
lated our lawf and territorv, and was
willing to give complete satisfaction to
the government of Spain.
The London Star^ in an editorial on the
escape of the Alabama, says : " It is
known that as many as nine other ships
are being built or equipped in British
harbors for the service of the Confede-
rate States. If they were to serve simply
and strictly as vessels of war; if they
were to be employed in an attempt to
break the blockade ; to recover New
Orleans ; to fight the Federals in South-
ern rivers, or other legitimate acts of
warfare, they would be subject to arrest
and detention."
Fbiday.— " A letter in the Mobile Ad-
vertisfr and Jt^^ister, dated Headquarters
Cavitlry Division, ten miles south of Holly
Springs, Miss., Nov. 28d, says that there
is no doubt that the enemy intend ad-
vancing in this direction soon. Fifty to
sixty thousand Abolitionists are in front,
at Grand Junction, Davis' Mills, and La
Grange, and reinforcements are joining
them daily from Memphis and Jackson,
Tenn. Toe enemy are rapidly prepar-
ing the Memphis and Charleston railroad
to Grand Junction, as also the Mississip*
pi Central railroad towards Holly Springs.
All the stations and bridges on these
roads are heavily guarded. Their armed
foraging parties are composed of the vi-
lest robbers and murderers on the face of
the earth, and ratage the country around
for miles on every side. From Davis'
Mills to Moscow seems to be their base of
operations."
Saturday, November 29. — ^Reached
Winnsboro, S. C, after a passage of five
days from Jackson, Missw Trip without
incident, which is remarkable.
President Davis has demanded that
Gen. McNeil, who hung ten of our guer-
rillas in Missouri, should be given up,
and in failure has ordered Gen'l Holmes
to execute the first ten Yankee offi-
cers that he may capture. This is de-
manded by public opinion, and sad as
may be the necessity, will be justified
by the whole civilized world. In no
other way can such enormities be
checked. The result is awaited witb
anxiety.
Sunday. — Yankee transports and
guu-bonts are at Port Royal on the
Rappahannock. This evinces a pur-
pose to cross the river. They have ad-
vanced in force from Nashville towards
Franklin.
The " wolf* cry of *' mediation* and
" recognition** seems, after all, to have
something in it, however contemptibly
i n signifies Qt as the following will show.
The smallest favors of that sort roust,
we suppose, in our condition be thank-
fully received. More may happen by
and by, and perhaps in good enough
season.
The Examiner has received the New
York //eraid of the 27th : Mr. Drooyn
De L*Huys, French Minister of Foreign
Affairs, addressed a dispatch to the Am-
bassadors of France at London and St.
Petersburg, dated Paris, Oct. 80th. He
refers to the painful interest with which
Europe has watched the struggle raging
in America. *' Europe/* he says, ** baa
suffered from the consequences of the
crisis which has dried up one of the moat
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fruitfal sources of public wealth. The
neutraiitjr maintaineid by France and the
other powers ought to make tbem of ser-
Tice to the two parties by helping them
out of a position which seems to have no
issue. At last accounts the two armies
were in a condition that would not allow
either party any decided advantage to
accelerate the conclusion of peace. All
these circumstances point to the oppor-
tunity of an armistice. The Emperor
has, therefore, thought that the occasion
has presented itself of oft'ering to the bel-
ligerents the good offices of the maritime
powers. He therefore proposes that
England, Russia and France should pro-
pose an armistice for six months, during
which every act of hostility, direct or in-
direct, should cease at sea, as well as on
land. This armistice might,Jf necessary,
be renewed for a further period. This
proposal would not imply any pressure
of negotiations for peace, which it is
hopea would take place auring the ar-
mistice."
Earl Russell, in his reply, says ! *^ Her
Majesty's Oovemment reco^izes, with
pleasure^ the design of arresting the pro-
gress of the war by friendly measures,
but asks, is the end proposed attainable
at the present moment by the course sug-
ffested by the Oovemment of France?
After weighing all the information which
has been received from America, Her
Majesty's Government are led to the con-
clusion that there is no ground at the
present moment to hope that the Federal
Government would accept the proposal
suggested, and a refusal from Washing-
ton at the present time would prevent
anjr speedy renewal of the offer. Her
Majesty's Government thinks^ therefore,
that it would be better to awsit the time
when the three Courts may offer their
iHendly counsel with a greater prospect
than now exists of its being aooeptea by
the two contending parties/'
Monday, December 1, 1862.— The Her-
ald says the Union army of Virginia is
stronger and better prepared now for the
work of a triumphant campaign than
ever heretofore, or likely to be hereafter.
The HtralSi plan for the capture of
Richmond is as follows : let Washington
be rendered perfectly safe, without re-
quiring Burnside to keep a sharp eye in
tnat direction, while advancing upon
Richmond ; let him be assisted with the
oo-operation of the land and naval force
by the James and York rivers, and hif
advance upon the rebel capital will be the
deathblow to the rebellion, as the army
of I.iec, if not captured or destroyed at
Richmond, will be enveloped, as tiie for-
ces are sufficient to capture or scatter it
to the winds.
A dispatch from Cairo, dated the 21st,
•ays paiseogers from Lagrange report
the main body of the Federals still there.
None but the cavalrr have been to Holly
Springs. The railroad bridge, three
miles south of Lagrange, which was
burned by the rebels, is being rebuilt.
Tuesday. — Weather very cold. Snow
and rain would break up the military
operations in Yire^inia and Northern
Mississippi. It isTiard to say whether
or not we should desire such results in
Virginia. Perhaps we shall never be
better prepared than now in that quar-
ter, and the Yankees will gain in point
of both discipline and numbers. A
great victory on our side would beget
results very different from former ones,
taking into consideration the division
of parties at the North, and the bitter-
ness of feeling which has been engen-
dered. But as for peace, nothing seems
to promise that for many a long day to
come.
Wbdkksday, Richmond, Decembers. —
A special New Orleans correspondent of
the New York Tinue censures Reverdy
Johnson for advising the Government to
pay back to the French Consul the specie
seized by Butler. He says the money,
four hundred and five thousand dollars,
released on Johnson's recommendation,
was actually sent to Havana within the
last forty days by a Spanish war steamer.
It was borrowed from the Bank of New
Orleans by J. D. B. De Bow, agent of the
Richmond Government, to pay for cloth-
ing in Havana waiting to run the block-
ade. The Bank of New Orleans was
seized and closed by Butler for sending
specie to the rebels.
Thursday. — ^The Federal Excise Tax.
it is paid, will produce f 360,000.000,
instead of $160,000,000. as was intend-
ed. This will exceed the entire in-
come of the British Government Thus
far the South has paid little or nothing
in taxes. This cannot and should not
last. Our war tMX did not realize more
than $15,000,000. We have, however,
contributed Toluntarily in support of
the war as a people eight or ten tim^
that amount, which is not the case at
the North.
The New York World says that Lin-
coln will yield to the conservative
pressure, and modify or withhold his
emancipation proclamation. They will
find some way to get out of the ecrape.
A member of Congress intimated to
us last night, in confidence, that onr
cause was lott, and said that the opin-
ion was gaining ground at Richmond.
Democratic successes talk of recoiistruc-
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JOURNAL OP THE WAR.
tion, and the perils and sufferings of
the war are oyerooming many who
were the staoncheat and boldest in onr
ranks.
The prospect is dark enough to the
stoutest, bravest and most hopeful
among us. When will morning come ?
God only can determine the end, and
we are in his hands.
LATBSt FROM YicKSBURO. — We Icacn
from a friend just teom Yicskburg that
the most formidable preparations have
been made for giving the enemy a warm
reception in case of another attack. The
woods, which in a measure last winter
aerred to conceal the movements of the
Yankee gun-boats, have been entirely
cleared awav^ so that no vessel can take
shelter within range of the city. Our
batteries command the grand Yankee
aqueduct made by the enemy last winter.
Breastworks have been thrown up in the
streets of the city. The people are very
sanguine of their ability to hold the city.
No apprehension is felt of an immediate
attack, there being no perceptible rise in
the river.
Fridat. — The season of foul weath-
er has apparently set in. Rain all last
night and to-day. Imagine the suffer-
ings of our half-olothed soldiers in Vir-
ginia particularly, and contrast it with
that of the Yankee invaders, who are
supplied sumptuously in all things. It
may be doubted if our revolutionary
fathers suffered more. Every effort is
being made to supply the army, and
scarcely a family that is not contribut-
ing woolens and blankets, and if the
war continues, every household will
soon be stripped. Shoes are most diffi-
cult to supply. They are worth from
|16 to $30, and boots as high as (40
and $50. Soldiers tell us they have
stood guard bare-footed in the snow,
and we have seen thertk sleeping out
on icy-cold nights, without tent, olan-
ket or overcoat, and by a scanty fire.
Such are the sufferings of a patriot
soldiery. "Did the world ever wit-
ness such heroism V* Nothing addi-
tional from Fredericksburg, but gage
of battle hourly expeotod. We are
moving the army stores from Middle
Tenne^rsee to Chattanoo^n. Pierre
Soul^ of New Orleans, andother polit-
ical prisoners at Fort Lafayette, are
liberated.
Joint RaaoLUTioxs in rblation to the
War Dkbt or the Ookfbobratk Statks.
— Whereas, the Government of the Con-
federate States is involved in a war for
the independence of each of the States of
the Confederacy, as well as foi its own
existence ; and whereas the destiny of
each State of the Confederacy is indisso-
lubly connected with that of the Confed-
erate Government; and whereas the Con-
federate Government cannot successfully
prosecute the war to a speedy and hon-
orable peace, without ample means of
credit ; .Be it therefore
Befolved hy the Senate and House of
Representatives of the State of Alabama %n
General Assembly convened^ That in the
opinion of this General Assembly, it is
the duty of each State of the Confederacy,
for the purpose of sustaining the credit
of the Confederate Government, to guar-
antee the debt of that Government in pro-
portion to its representation in the Con-
gress of that Government.
Resolvedjurther, That the SUte of Al-
abama hereby proposes to oar sister
States of the Confederacy, to guarantee
said debt on said basis, provided that
each of said States shall accept the prop-
osition, and adopt suitable legislation to
carry it into effect, iu which event these
resolutions shall stand as the guarantee
of this State for the aforesaid proposition
of the debt of said Confederate Govern-
ment
Resolved furthery That his Excellency
the Governor be, and is hereby, request-
ed to transmit a copy of these resolutions
to the Governor of each State of the Con-
federacy and to the President of the Con-
federate States.
Saturday. — Banks* fleet has sailed
from New York, perhaps for Texas.
Bumside is delayed in crossing the
Rappahanfiock, forwarding Pontoon
Bridges. Thayer is preparing to colo-
nize Florida with Yankees. Army said
by Lincoln not to be stronger than
when the last levy of 800,000 was
made. Onr army reported as retreat-
ing upon Hichmund.
Federal Congress has met Lincoln's
message the most trashy and contempt-
ible that ever emanated from public
officer.
He proposes :
"Article 1.— Bvcry State wberels alaveij
exists which shall abolish the same before the
first of January, ItOO, shall be comp«'iisaled bj
the United States, with bond bearing interest
at the rate of — per cent, per aannm, to the
amoant of— for each alave ahowa to have
been therein bv the eighth oensoa of the Un-
ited States. Any State having rooelved the
bonds as aforesaid, and shall aftorwards rein-
troduce and tolerate slavery, shall refhind the
bonds. Article 8.— All slaves who, by the
chances of war, have enjoyed froedom daring
the rebellion shall bo forever fk«e, but the loy-
al owners shall be oompenaated at the rates
provided for the Stat^. Article 8.— Congresa
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may approprfato money and otherwiM provide
for the cofonlzatioii of free persons of color,
with their own consent, at a place without the
United States.''
Sunday. — Gunboat affair in the vi-
cinity of Port Royal, Va., in which
they are repulsed by land batteries.
Weather intensely cold.
RiouiiOND, December 6.— The London TimM
comments at lensth on the French pruposiUon
for uedlatton. ft regards France as standing
alone, and sees in the French proposition not
only medlatiOB bnt interrentlon, forcible re-
moval of the blockade, and war. The Times
agrees with Mr. Cobden, that England had bet-
ter not plnnge into a desperate war with the
Northern States of America— war with all Eu-
rope at our backs, and donbts if Virginia be-
longed U* France as Oanada belongs to Eng-
land, if the Emperor of the French would be so
active in beating np recruits in this American
medlatluB leagoe.
Monday. — ^Visit Columbia, S. C. Le-
gislature in session, and active can-
vass for Governor. Forty candidates.
Among the rest, Preston' Manning,
Boyce, Miles, Eeitt, and Bonham. The
last is late in the fit- Id and will prob-
ably win in the race, though Manning
stands very high on the list.
Columbia is filled with refugees for
Charleston. Prices enormously high.
Board $4 60 per day at Hotels. Shops
scantily supplied. Paid $4 25 per
yard for flannels, and about the same
for alpacas, worth in ordinary times
26 cents. Yet we save by the war in
buying very little, and cutting off all
luxuries. We save, too, the immense
tribute formerly paid to the Yankees
lotion shall sneceed or whether it shall faiU
Their constitutions, and laws and customs,
habiu and instituiions, in either case will re-
main the same. It is hardly necessary to add
to this iRcojcTBSTABLK STATEMENT (!) the fur-
ther fsct that the new President, as well as
the citizens throaffh whose suffrages he has
come into the administration, has always re-
f>Qdiated all designs whatever and wherever
mputed to him and them, of dinturhing the
Mt$Um o/ slavery as it is soHsting under the
Oonsiitution and laws. The case, however,
would not be fully presented were' I to omit
to say that any such effort on his part would
be vnoonsUtuUonal^ and all his acts in that
direction would be prevented by the Judicial
AVTHOETTT, cvca though they were assented
to by Oi.ngress and the people."^
8o wrote Mr. Be ward. Secretary of State,
** by the direcUon ." of Abraham Lincoln, Pre-
sident, little more than a month after his in-
stallment into office. What will European
Governments now think of the ** 4noontevtal>le
sUUemsaUs ^ of the Yankee President and his
Premier?— and will they not reasonably ask
why the ^Judicial atUhority^ so reveien-
tially M>oken of by the Premier, has not mani-
fested itself ?
Tuesday. — Return to Winnsboro.
Cars, as usual, crowded with soldiers.
War has engendered in this class
shocking and eross profanity, and the
traveler must be content to hear the
vilest language, go where he may.
There is no escaping it. Thus war
demoralixes. When ahall we recover
from its effects ?
Rbtubmbd PMSoaBBS.— The Tankee tran-
sport Metropolitan arrived above the point
yesterday with about one thousand Confede-
rate prisoners to bo exchanged here. As us-
ual, the treatment of these men by the Yan-
kees was brutal and inhuman in the highest
d^ree. At Louisville they were confined lu
a filthy prison infested with vermin, and from
for their notions, and m other ways. ! there they were sent to Cairo, where they
Economy and frugality are the order J^^ placed in a prison which had been occu
of the day, and domestic industry. Fa-
milies who lived in opulence, now dri-
ven from their homes in many cases.
pied by negroes. On their way down they
were kept on a crowded boat fifteen days
without any comforts, or any means of cook-
ing er providing for their wants. In addition
are huddled together in comfortless i ^ ^'>*^ the Dutch Yankee guards on the boat
quarter., and ch^rfnlly put up with the -*^" »»««»^»°»^ «^d abusivcand «»:uallvUv-
greatest privation*.
The wheels of revolution roll on.
Col. Beall, dth Virginia cavalry,
made a splendid dash into Westmore-
land County and captured 40 to 60
picketa. Enemy have occupied Fair-
mz and Warrenton.
Iif Sewanfs official letter of instructions for
Dayton, the Yankee French MinUter, dated
April 22d, 1861, and which Mr. Seward says is
written •• by the direction of the President,**
referring to the rebellion, occurs the following
•"2^.=
^Tne condition of slavery in the several
States will remain Just the same, whether it
sneceed or fail. The rights ol the Sutes and
the condition of every human being in them
will remain subject to exactly the same laws
were insulting and abusive, and actually bay-
oneted some of the prisoners and knocked
down several with their muskets. This expo-
sure caused much sickness among our men,
end a number died during the passage.—-
ViOcsburg OUistn.
Wednesday, 10th Dec. — Enemy's
train captured near Corinih.
Banks' expedition helieved to have
gone a^inst Brunswick, Georgia.
Yankee War Office Reports &x, their
present army at 800,000 men, which,
when the quotas are filled, will reach
l,OuO,000. Against this we cannut set
off more than 600,000 as things look at
preeent, though the Conscript Acts
should have given us a million, or near
it. These Acts are feebly enforced.
and form of admialstration, whether the rero- 1 and are easily evaded. Probubly, how-
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
ever, the Yankees OTer-estimate their
nnmbers.
RiCHMOHD, December 9.— An offlclal dis-
patch has been reoeired from General Bragg.
at the Adjatant-OeDerars office, announcing
the gratifying inteliiganoe that Qen. Jack
Morgan attacked an ontpoat of the enemy at
Hartsville, on the Cumberland, capturinc
about 1«80() of the enemy, two pieces of artlH
lery, 2.000 small arms, and a qaantlty of stores,
besides killing and wounding 800 of the ene
my. The Confederate Ims was not over 125.
A SPECIAL diflpatch to the Adverti»9r and
MUgitter^ dated Mnrfreesboro, Stb, says Mor-
gan's command surprised a portion of Rous-
seau's division, vesterdar, near Uarris?iUc,
fifteen miles north-east of Lebanon, and after
a sharp oonfliot, captured 1,400 of the AboU-
tionista, six pleoas of artillery, 1,600 stand of
anna, their wagon train and camp equipments.
A large number of the enemy were killed and
wounded. Our loss was oonsiderable.
The wtather is dear, and Areccing bard.
Obm . LovKU. has defeated and driven back
the enemy at Coffee vllle, killlug and wound-
ing a large number, and capturing tbirty-flve
prisoners. Our loss was eight killed and forty-
two wounded. Lovell brought the entire train
and his corps safely to Grenada. The Adoer-
ti«er savs the adranoe of the enemy South, on
both sides of AbbevHIe. has been made neces-
sary, for Pemberton will withdraw his whole
force to Grenada, thus preventing the Yankees
fi*om gaining his flank and rear. Lovell was
left to check the advance of the enemy's ool-
Batov Kouoi, November 29.— Testerday
evening, about 4 o'clock, the steamer Lune
Star, an Abolition boat fh>m New Orleans,
landed about two miles below Plaqnemlne, for
sugar. Our cavalry attacked her, when she
crossed the river to this side, and was again
attacked by Captain Btockdale's cavaU^, who
captured her and her crew, and burned the
boat The prisoners, ten in number, are now
hero.
Thurbdav. — RuiDored that French
bearers of dispatches have reached
Richmond, and also that the new Yan-
kee Ram, on the plan of the Monitor,
and on which ko much was counted, is
an entire failure, and nearly foundered
at sea. She is named the Passaic.
Legislature of Alabama has ossumed
the Slate's ratio of the public debt.
The parne was agreed upon in the
South Cnrolinn Assembly, and it is be
lieved will be adopted by ail ihe States.
This will c^ive higher cnaracter to our
securities, even in Europe. They are
said to be rising erery day there.
Our war debt already reaches at least
$600,000,000.
Friday.— The fight has at last open-
ed upon the Rappahannock, and was
progressing at the last report The
enemy, in iheir attempt to cross, was
repulsed at two points, but was proba
bly snccessfol at the third. We may
expect to hear of a general action.
News from Nassan that Yankees
have sent from the South cargoes of
negroes to Cuba for sale.
The New York Herald thus, for the
hundredth time, speaks confidently of
Federal successes in prospective. It
says:
The guB-boat flotina of Admiral Porter, with
the cooperating army of McClemand, will
move down the Mississippi river tugetber, and
will follow the rebel forces of Bragg, Pemberton
and others, and as Ihe powerful and victorious
armies of Rosenoranx and Grant will advance,
we may e3q>eet to hear of the rout and disper-
sion of the last remaining rebel armies of the
West at anv moment^nd the capture of Vicka-
bnrg and Mobile. With these grand results
achieved. East and West, the conquest of the
remaining strongholds of the rebellion wtll be
so easy that, excepting Charleston, we may
expect them to &1I without serious result
Saturday. — ^Yankees shelled Port
Roval, Va.," without notice to women
and children, who were diiven to the
woods.
At six last evening they were re-
ported as crossing the Rappahannock.
They will not long enjoy the protection
given by their gunboats, and a general
engagement may be momentarily ex>
pected.
Gallant action of North Carolina
troops at Plymouth, N. C. Said that
McCook will supersede Rosencranz in
the West
President Dayis is on a visit to the
West, and was serenaded at Chatta-
noo^ Purport of the visit not known.
Evidence that Richmond is not regard-
ed in danger.
Thi DsspoT.—The editor of the Chieaga
Poti reeently visited Washington. He thus
writes to his Journnl of the protection of Lin-
coin from the danger of assassination :
'* We saw him leave the building once, and
though the sight may be witi;essed evwy day.
It was of a character too wretched to Invite a
s^coDd visit. We saw him leave on Sunday
afternoon, and the manner was as follows :
** About half-past five in the mtltmoon a
mounted guard numbering some thirty or
more troopers, all armed with drawn aabrte,
extensive spears, dangling and rattlinsr sa^
bards, fierce beards, and revolvers sinck la
their holsters, dashed ftiriously through the
streets and entered the ground north of the
Pre8i<lent*s honse. At the steps In fW>nt of
the door, and under the archway, was a car-
ringe. The officer, or one of the officers of the
mounted gnard,allghU*dand entered the house.
In about ten minutes he appeared at the door,
and giving the signal, the carriage door was
opened, the guardii pat themselves In martial
attitudes, commands were given, and the Presi-
dent appeared with a portfolio under bis arm,
and, with one or more soldiers at each side,
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wftlked npldir to the carrtago uid entered It
Two officers jamped in also, the door was
slammed, the gnard galloped Into position,
and the carriage, containing the President of
the United States, was drnren, preceded by
troopers, followed by troopers. At a very
rapid pace the party left the ground, and npon
reaching the aTcnne proceeded at a hard gal-
lop ont at fourteenth street
Sunday. — ^Though numbers of the
enemy were killed or cantnred In cross-
ing the Rappahannock, tne passage was
finally effected and Fredericksburg oc-
cupied. Citizens evacnated the town,
and many houses and public buildings
were destroyed by the enemy.
Skirmishing was going on at the
latest intelligence.
Fords of the Blackwater river (Va.)
carried by the enemy, and a general at-
tack al9ng the whole line of Ihe riyer
is momentarily expected.
1,500 bales of cotton belonging to the
Yankees was bnmed by our scouts
near Corinth, Miss.
Our forces under Kirby Smith, Har-
dee, Morgan, etc., advancing upon
Nashville. The city, it is thought,
will be invested on all side?, in the
hope of drawing ont Rosencranz from
its intrenchments.
The New York Tims$ pabllshes several
columns of dispatches fhun deward to Minis-
ter Adams, sent at different perluds daring the
Tear. In several of tbese dispatches, intended
for foreign effect, he argues to show that the
Admlnifttratlon is hostUe to the institnUon of
slavery.
In a dispatch dated July 23th, he says: ** We
will iodace or oblige oar slavebolding citizens
to sapply Europe with cotton, if we can, and
the PresideDt has given respectfdl considera-
tion to the desire infonnally expressed to me
bv the Governments of Great Britain and
iraoce for some farther relaxations of the
blockade in fiivor of the cotton trade. An a:n-
swer will be reasonably given.^
He closes by saying: ''That this Govern-
ment relies upon the respect of our sover-
eignty by foreign powers, and if this reliance
fkfls this civil war will, without our faalt, be-
•ome a war of continents, a war of the world,
and whatever else may survive, the cotton
trade, built upon slave labor in this countiy,
will be irredeemai'lv wrecked on the abrupt
cessation of haman bondage withlu Uie terri-
tories of the United SUtes."*
Monday, December 15, 1862. — ^Having
made all arrangements, leave Winns-
boro with family at 2 p. m. We have
been treated with gpreat courtesy and
kindness here.
Cars much crowded, and in the hur-
ry of changing them, all of our baggage
is left.
Many trains filled with soldiers pass
ns on their way from Charleston to
North Carolina.
Much anxiety in regard to affairs on
the Rappahannock.
Tuesday^ — Reach Charleston at 8a. m.
Thousands of people are returning to
the city, in the full faith that it can-
not be taken. Families b^in to re-
occupy their houses.
Federal headquarters advanced to
Oxford, Misd.
Gens. Lee and Evans telegraph as
follows :
** 7b Oen, & Ck>opsr .-—At nine o'clock Satur-
day morning the enemy attacked our right
wing, and as the fog lift«-d tbe battle ran along
the Tine, fh>m right to left, until six p. m., the
enemy being repulsed at all points— thanks be
to God. As usual we have to mourn tbe loss
of many brave men. I expect the battle to bo
renewed to-morrow morning.
(Signed) S: B. Lai.''
** 7b G«n. & Ooop&r .'—Gen. Foster attacked
Kinston yesterday with fifteen thousand men
and nine gunboats. I fought him for ten
hour*, and nave driven him oack to his gun-
boats. Bis army is still in mv front
(Signed) N. G. Evans.**
Our loss at the Rappahannock esti-
mated at 2,000 killed and wounded —
the enemy's being many times greater.
Gens. Gregg and T. R. Cobb were kill-
ed— ^the former a heavy loss to the
Confederacy.
Affairs in Mis^isHppL—li appears bv a
correspondent of the Jackson MmiaHppian
that our forces under the veteran General
Price have (alien back flrom Abbeville, as he
speaks of the army being in Grenada on the
5th. The men were weH dad, well shod, and
in fine spirits— making the welkin ring with
** Missouri lAud."* There was a brisk fight at
Oakland, on the Mississippi and Tennes-
see Bailroad, on the 8d instant, in which
the Texas troops displayed their characteristic
bravery, driving hack the enemy and captur-
ing two pieces of artillery, although opposed by
a large force. Oxford was the scune of a fierce
cavalry combat on the 4th, in which Ballon-
tine*s cavalrv did noble service. They held a
portion six hours, fighting as infiintry, against
an infantry force sent to support the Yankee
cavalry, losing some fifty In killed and wound-
ed in ihe affttir. The affair at GoflTeeville was
a brilliant Confederate victory. The enemy
was whipped and driven back four miles, and
their battery and about thirty prisoners cap-
tured.
Wednesday. — Remain in Charleston.
Visit the South Bay (Battery) fortifica-
tions, which will be formidable, but
which are yet without guns. Vbit also
one of the iron-clad«(. She is an excel-
lent vessel, under good management,
and mounts five or six 3fery heavy
guns. Her speed, however, is insufii-
cient. There is another similar vea-
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
Bel already finished, and two or three
more on the stocks. They will con-
tribute larf^ly to the defence of the city.
The fortifications in the harbor, which
we examine through a glass, are com-
plete and formidable, and will present
an almost impassable barrier to the in-
vader. It is an experiment, however,
after all, as we cannot tell the strength
and capscities of the eea monster
which the Yankees are preparing for
this enterprise.
General Evans having fonght the
Yankees, who outnumbered him three
to one all day, fell back from Kinston,
N. C, which was immediately occupied,
the town having been furiously shelled
during the engagement
But a small part of Fredericksburg
was injured by the bombardment. The
Yankees are said to have lost six thou-
sand killed and wounded, and 1.600
taken prisoners. Burnside's army is
reported mutinous, and officers and
men to have refused a renewed attack
upon oar batteries. He is believed to
have fallen back.
General Hindman reported to have
defeated the Yankees in a severe battle
near Fayetteville, Ark.
ThuesdAy. — Visit the salt works
which are to be found on nearly all the
wharves in Charleston.
Yankee cavalry raid on the Wilming-
ton and Weldon railroad, which they
somewhat damage. It produces intense
excitement.
Our army heavily reinforced at
Golddboro, and Gen. Gustavus Smith
has taken command.
Abolition raid on the Mobile and
Ohio Railroad. Much damage done at
Tupilo. Saltillo and Okolona. We
evacuate the road as far South as
Egypt.
A Yankee ram was destroyed on the
Yazoo river by one of our torpedoes.
It is a glorious and significant fact.
Feidat, December 19th. — Have an
interview with General Beauregard.
He is very hopeful and enthusiastic
' Can hold Charleston against all odds,
but has not much confidence in the ob-
structions. The vessels may pass in,
but he will be well prepared fur them,
and the ciiy will never surrender. The
General does not e'kpect to be attacked
before the 1st of February, and is mak-
ing active preparations.
Yankee newspapers are in despair
over their repulse at Fredericksburg.
They have retired after pillaging the
town. They admit a Ibss of from ten
to twenty thousand, which is mtTe
than our highest hopes. They had
several Generals killea and wounded.
Our people wear brighter faces eve-
rywhere, and hopes of peace grow
stronger every day.
Two steamers with arms, ammuni-
tion and supplies have reached Charles-
ton and Wilmington within the last
48 hours, and others are hourly ex-
pected. Many heavy and swift steam-
ships are prepared to run the blockade,
and we smU soon have every military
want supplied.
Satukdat. — ^Leave at daylight with
family for the West, having been de-
tained several days at Charleston, wait-
ing the arrival of baggage.
Reported that the Yankees are evac-
uating Nashville.
The damage on the Wilmington ^nd
Weldon road proves to be very slight^
and will only interrupt communication
a few days. The Yankees have retired
in great fright. Nearly all who were
concerned in destroying the bridges
are said to have been killed.
A NoaTHBRN Protest Against thb
Atbocitibs op thb Lincoln Govbbk-
MBNT.— Says the Chicago TUnei, ** The
New York Tribune has recently given
the public a detailed account of an expe-
dition of negroes in Georgia and Florida,
commanded by officers ot the navy and
armv. whose acts of pillage and 'arson
would compare very favorablv with the
atrocities of the Indians in Minnesota.
The account has been generally copied
hy the Abolition press, and accompanied
with comments seeking to prove the
viUue of negroes as soldiers. The report
made by the correspondent acoompany-
ing the expedition is sufficient to makn
infamous everv person, except the ne-
groes, who bad anjr command or respon-
sibility in the busi&ess. It was such a
foray as was made by Scottish clans in
English borders before the days of Wal-
lace and Bruce. It was an expedition
such as has characterized the marches of
English armies in India. It wua similar
in character to the robberies and devas-
tation which have followed the march of
guerrillas in Missouri. It was an expedi-
tion of slaves enticed from their roasten^
and incited to rob and burn. There can
be no justification iu such warfare. Thn
administration which permits it, and the
officers who conduct it^ are earning a de-
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655
testable notoriety. Nefpx>e8 were stoleo,
houses were plundered, plantations were
reduced to ruin, and the pious priest who
joined the foray and details its enormi-
ties rejoices in the destruction. One of
the female philanthropists located at
Port Roral, impressed with the idea that
the priest was incapable of doing the
subject justice, takes the pencil to polish
the picture. French, the schoolmaster
of negroes and abolition stipendiarT, and
his female associate, bare ezhaustea their
descriptive powers in accounts of this
raid upon peaceable inhabitants, made
bj stolen negroes, and commanded by
Cforemment officers. If we are a Chris-
tian nation and amenable to the laws rec-
ognized by enligbtened and Christian
governments, it is nearly time that rob-
bery, murder, and arson should cease in
the conduct of this war.
Sunday, 21. — Pass several cars on
the road which were desti-oyed last
night, and learn that many soldiers
were seriously wonnded. Railroad ac-
cidents are now of daily occurrence. It
is frightfully insecure to travel. Track,
engines and cars are all dilapidated,
and no time for repairs, and no materi-
al to repair with. One is safer on the
battle-field. /We may expect to hear
of frightful disasters frequently. Not
running stock, in sound condition, to
supply half the demand. Cars, too, in
dreamul condition, always crowded to
suffocation. No through tickets, and
frequently no schedules. Confusion all
the time. Thieves ever on the alert,
and are off with your baggage in a
moment. Carpet-bag broken open,
and a valuable pistol stolen. Com-
plaints general. Thus war demoral-
izes and diaorgaoizes. Pandemonium.
Monday, 22.— Most of the day at
Montgomery. Place crowded, ana can
obtain no accommodations. Leave at
6 F. M., on steamer for Selma.
Our loss in the recent battle in Ar-
kansas is given at 760. We took 80
wagons loaded with clothing, 4 stand
of colors and 800 prisoners. General
Greene and Cols. Clarke and Pleasants
killed. Yankee loss over 1000. 1500
of their cavalry are cut off from the
inain body and may be captured.
Northern journals express the great-
est wonder and astonishment over
their defeat at Fredericksburg. They
cannot comprehend it.
Gbnbhal Lbb's OrriciAL Report.—
The official report of General Lee was re-
ceived in Richmond on Tuesday :
Hbadquartbrs Army Northbrn Ya., )
December Uth, 1862. )
7b tht Hon, Secretary of }Var, Richmond^
Va,:
Sir— On the night of the 10th inst. the
enemy commenced to throw three bridg-
es over the Rappahannock— two at Fred-
ericksburg, and the third about a mile
and a quarter .below, near the mouth of
Deep llun.
The plain on which Fredericksburg
stands is so completely commanded by
the hills of Stafford, in possession of the
enemv, that no effectual opposition could
be offered to the construction of the
bridges or the passage of the river, with-
out exposing our troops to the destruc-
tive fire of his numerous batteries. Po-
sitions were, therefore, selected to op-
pose his advance after crossing. The
narrowness of the Rappahannock, its
winding course, and deep bed, afforded
opportunity for the construction of
bridges at points beyond the reach of our
artillerv, and the banks had to be watch-
ed by skirmishers. The latter, sheltering
themselves behind the houses, drove
back the working parties of the enemy
at the bridges opposite the city, but at
the lowest point of crossing, where no
shelter coula be had, our sharp-shooters
were themselves driven off, and the com-
pletion of the bridge was effected about
noon on the 11th.
In the afternoon of that day the enemy's
batteries opened upon the city, and by
dark had so demolisbeA the houses on the
river bank as to deprive our skirmishers
of shelter — and, under cover of his guns,
he effected a lodgment in the town.
The troops which had so gallantlv held
their position in the city, under tlie se-
vere cannonade during the day, resisting
the advance of the enemy at every step,
were withdrawn during the night, as
were also those who, with equal tenacity,
had maintained their post at the lowest
bridge. Under cover of darkness and of
a dense fog^ on the 12th, a large force
passed the nver and took position on the
right bank, protected by their heavy guns
on the left.
The morning of the 18th, his arrange^
ments for attack being completed, about
9 o'clock — the movement veiled by a fog
— he advanced boldly in large force
against our right wins. Gen. Jackson's
corps occupied the right of our line,
which rested on the railroad ; Gen. Long-
street's the left, extending along the
heights to the Rappahannock above Fred-
ericksburg. Gen. Stuart, with two brig-
ades of cavalry, was posted in the exten-
sive plain on our extreme right.
As ."^oon as the advance of the enemy
was discovered through the fog, Gen.
Stuart, with bis accustomed prompt-
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JOURNAL OF THE WAB.
ness, moved up a section of his horse ar*
tillerj, which opened with effict upon his
flank, and drew upon the gallant Pelbam
a heavy fire, whico he sustained unflinch-
ingly for about two hours. In the mean
time the enemy was fiercel;^ encountered
by General A. P. Hill's division, form-
ing Gen. Jackson's right ; and, after an
obstinate combat, repulsed. During this
attack, which was protracted and notly
contested, two of General Hill's brigades
were driven back upon our second Tine.
Oen. Early, with part of his division,
being ordered to his support, drove the
enemy back from the point of woods he
had seized, and pursued him into the
plain until arrested by bis artillery. The
right of the enemy's column extending
beyond Hill's front, encountered the right
of General Hood, of Lonj^treet's corps.
The enemy took possession of a small
copse in front of Hood, but were quickly
dispossessed and repulsed with loss.
During the attack on our right the en-
emy was crossing troops over bis bridges
at Fredericksburg, ana massing them in
front of Longstreet's lines. Soon after
his repulse on our right he commenced
a series of attacks on our left, with a view
of obtaining possessiou of the heights im-
mediately overlouking the town. These
repeated attacks were repulsed in gallant
style bv the Washington Artillery, under
Col. Walton, and a portion of ilcLaw^s
division, uUich occupied these heights.
The last assault was made after dark,
when Col. Alexander's battalion had re-
lieved the Washington Artillery, (whose
ammunition had been exhausted,) and
ended the contest for the day. The ene-
my was supported in his attacks by the
flre of strong batteries of artillery on the
right bank of the river, as well as by the
numerous heavy batteries on the Stafford
heights.
Our loss during the operations, since
the movements of the enemy began,
amounts to about 1,800 killed and wound-
ed. Among the former I regret to report
the death of the patriotic soldier and
statesman, Brigadier-General Thomas R.
R. Cobb, who fell upon our left; and
among the latter, that brave soldier and
accomplished gentleman, Brigadier-Gen-
eral Maxey Gre^g, who was very seri-
ously, and, it is Teared, mortally wound-
ed, during the attack on our right.
The enemy to-day has been apparently
engaged in caring for his wounded and
burying bis dead. His troops are visible
in their first position in line of battle,
but, with the exception of some desulto-
ry cannonading and firing between skir-
mishers, he has not attempted to renew
the attack. About five hundred and fifty
prisoners were taken during the engage-
ment, but the full extent of his lost is
unknown.
I have the honor to be.
Very respectfully,
Tour obedient servant,
[Official ] B. E. Lbb, GeneraL
Cbarlm Mabshall, Miy. and A. O. C.
PRODUCE LOAN OFFICE.— Now.
It has been deemed best to postpone
our voluminous notes npon the Journal
until its close, when they will be given
chapter by chapter, so as not to disturb
the order of the original record, or to
impede its early publication. There is
one point, however, in reference to oar
connection with the Prodnce Loan Of-
fice, adverted to in the September
number, which might as well be made
here. Mr. Jones in his " Diary of a
Rebel War Clerk," makes a note that
we were "offered a clerkship bv Mr.
Memminger and spumed it," and that
our " Produce Loan Office was taken
away for alleged irregularities of
some sort.*' He is in error io both in-
stances. There was no cUrlahip of-
fered. The position tendered woi ac-
cepted and held for half a ywir without
salary. Mr. Memminger did not ** offer,"
because he said he knew that we
** could not accept a clerkship,** bat in-
dicated thai the " Assistant Secretary-
ship or Treasurership ** were appropri-
ate. Nor was our office " taken away •*
at any time or for any reason. Near
the dose of the war its duties were
divided, as they had been divided in
other States, and those which pertained
to the questions of tithe, and the cus-
tody and sale of Bonds, involves the
most confidential trusts, and many
millions of dollars were left in our
hands. The Secretary in making the
change said in his fetter of July 18,
1864, " ht) had oonoluded to make a
division of the duties of the office," and
Au^. 23, the new Secretary, Mr. Tren-
holm, wrote '* the confideoce hitherto
reposed in you by the Department is
unchan^d," and Nov. 17 sent as a com-
mission in addition to our other duties,
to " visit the several States and report
upon the condition of Government cot-
ton, and the best mode of preserving
it." After the war was over, Oct. 8,
1866, Mr. Roane, who was at the head
of the Department at Richmond, wrote
that " all of our reports and voachers
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567
bad passed throci|^h his hands, and
evinced a fair and just administration
of the office, and that we enjoyed the
confidence of the President and Secre-
tary of the Treasury to the very last."
Mr. Clapp, who took charge of a por-
tion of our duties, when the division
was made, was instructed to carry ont
the identical policy we had been pftrtni-
ififf, and against which some complaints
had been made by the people of Missis-
sippi, and after haying turned over to
him all the papers and documents
which related to those matters, it af-
fords us great pleasure to receive a let-
ter from him, Nov. 11, 1865, in which
he acknowledges that not in the min-
utest particular was there any irregu-
larity discovered. Col. Baskerville,
who had been onr chief assistant and
manager, was retained by Mr. Clapp in
the most important relatiens.
Having said this much for Mr. Jones'
remarks — more than we had intended
at first, or their nature ought to have
warranted — ^we will add that it was na-
tural that imputations should have
been cast upon our office, charged with
such indefinite and delicate duties, al-
though these imputations were only
against subordinates employed at dis-
tant points. Mr. Trenholm appreci-
ated this when he snid in his letter of
Aug. 23, (acknowledging the receipt of
a large amount in sterling), "it is easy
to perceive how the negotiations by
which this has been effected may have
eawxed popular dissatitfaetion and ex-
posed the agenU of the Oovenime^it to
unmerited reproach^ We replied to
him, Sept. 1 3, reviewing some of the
allegations which had come from the
War Department, in regard to one of
our mibordinates, which was in exact
keeping with every similar allegation.
" Only to think of it Mr. Secretary.
The Domine Samson allies ttiat he
has stolen 4,000 bales of cotton, when
the records of this office show that at
the time of his appointment there were
not 500 bales of Government cotton in
the whole sphere of his operations,
which might have been spirited away,
and of these, two-thirds of that quan-
tity are now known to be there. Pro-
digious I ** ,
EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
Wb are indebted to Habpbr A Bboth-
BRS, New York, for a very handsomely
printed and bound volume, entitled Bat-
tie Pieces and Aspects of the H'aTf embrac-
ing a collection of fugitive pieces written
during the conflict, by Herman Mellville.
The writer, though be gave in to the gen-
eral sentiment of the North in regard to
the necessity of " crushing out the rebel-
lion " by any and all means, seems often
to hare had a secret misgiving, as to
whether much that was done, was in re-
ality justified by the laws of hnmanity
which rise higher than those of war.
Hence, when the conflict is over he ranges
himself on the side of the Conservatives
and peace. The lines entitled *' Lee in
the Capital," evidence this mind. He
makes the hero say without disapproval :
♦♦These noble spirits nre yet yours to win.
Shall the great North go Sjlla's way?
Proscrilw— prolong the evil day?
OonArm the onrse ? Infix the hate f
In Union^B natne forever alienate?
. . . Unless yon shun
To copy Europe in her worst estate—
Affoia the tyranny you reprobate.**
The same publishers send us ** English
Travelers and Italian Brigands" which
is a narrative of captivity and capture,
and is illustrated with maps. The au-
thor, on a visit to Southern Italy in the
Spring of 1865, was taken prisoner by
the brigands who infest the country, and
held during a long time by them in ex-
pectation of ransom. He furnishes the
most interesting material in regard to
the mode of life, manners, institutions,
etc., of that extraordinary brotherhood—
a brotherhood who defy the law and its
ministers, and keep up many of the forms
of government among themselves. The
work is exceedingly interesting:, and ap-
proaches to the nature almost of romance.
From D. Applvton k Co., we receive—
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558
EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
1. The Office of i^e Holy Communion in
the Book of Common Prayer^ * series of
lectures by the Rer. E. M. Goalburn,
B. D. The author, who is one of Her
Majesty's chaplains, endeavors to main-
tain "that oar Lord's body and blood
are verily and indeed, and not merely a
igwe taken aad received by the faithful
in the Lord's Supper, though after a
heavenly and spiritual manner." He has
written several other works publbhed by
the same house, viz., ** Thoughts on Per-
sonal Religion," ** An Introduction to the
Devotional Study of the Scriptures,"
"An Idle Word," "Sermons Preached
on Various Occasions," etc.
2. A Grammatical Analyzer, by W. I.
Tenney, This is one of Appleton's ex-
cellent series of school books. The ob-
ject of the author is to make students ac-
quainted with the principles upon which
our language is formed, render them
ready in the use of words, and familiar
with their signification and grammatical
classification and adepts in spelling.
8. Frederick the Great and hit Court;
an Historical Romance, by L. Mulbach.
Translated from the German by Mrs.
Chapman and her daughters.
Those who have read the admirable
novel of " Joseph II. and his Court," and
the number is very great, will be the first
to seize upon this new work from the
same author and read it with avidity. It
is one of the most interesting produc-
tions of the day.
uable one, and should be in every South-
em household.
It is sold only by subscription, eon-
tains many illustrations, and is hand-
somely published.
The publishers, E. B. Tbbat A Co.,
New York, deposit upon our desk a copy
of Mr. Pollard's well known work enti-
tled The Lost Catue. This is a new edi-
tion in one large volume, brought down
to the date of the suriender, and embrac-
ing much recent material. The original
edition was published from year to year
during the conflict, and gave the South-
ern view of it from records only accessi-
ble to our own people. Mr. Pollard had
many advantages in this respect, and al-
though we do not agree with him in many
of his strictures upon men and measures,
his work is undoubtedly an able and val-
Diutumity ; or, the comparative age of
the world ; showing that the human race
is in the infancy of its being, and demona-
trating a raasonable and rational world
and its immense ftitara duration. Thia
little volume is from the pen of the Rev.
R. Abbey, and is published by Applegale
k Co., of Cincinnati. The author is well
known to the Methodist world, and proves
himself to be a profound and original
thinker. We have not the opportunitj
now to examine his views, but shall do so
hereafter. It is a strong testimony io
their favor that the New York MdhodiH
says :
" The author of this work and Sir Charles
Lyell, stand at the opposite poles <^ thought —
one maintaining for man an Immense anti-
quity, the other that he Is in the infancy of hia
belDK. On the hypothesis that the human moe
Ib in Its infkncy, Mr. Abbey, by a fine course
of analogical reasoning, proceeds to demons-
trate that there is an Immense earthly careei^
before It
^In setting forth his views, new In manj
respects, no ordinary ability la displayed. The
author is evidently a thinker, and his book la
calculated to awaken reflection. It commeneea
well the great battle that most be fought
against the extravagant theories of the anti-
quity of man and the globe. To those holding
the good old Biblical views upon the anbjeet,
this book will be hailed with real pleaaure.
Its blows are heavy from their side of the
question. In the former part of the treatise,
one is reminded of the cogent reasoning or
Butler in his immortal Analogy. The argu-
ment for the inAmey of the woifd is based upoa
the infinite wisdom and goodness of the Crea-
tor. His purpoaee, ende, deHons, have as yet
been but meagerly Ailfllied. The author enters
upon an extensive induction of nature to prove
this. There Is, he maintains, * a vast amount
of undiscovered nature.' t^denoe is yet infkn-
tlle; the »go of discovery has hardly com-
menced. In medicine, in agriculture, in me-
chanic arta, Jurisprudence, government, educa-
tion, etc, all are in a crude beginning state.
This process of reasoning is applied to the
intellcctoal aspects of the world, and then in
turn to its religious phases. Religion as yet has
hardly had a commencement Keligloufi pro-
gress has been marked, so fur, by irregularity.
There have l>eeu remarkable saocessea, but also
great fellures. In a dlutumity view, ihls la
not irrational, since a day has hardly yet passed
in the great lifetime of our world.''
The author, Edward McPherson.Wash.
ington City, sends us '' A IblilicalJfan-
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
559
tiflZ/or 1866/* 182 pages, price $1, free
of postage. He sajs *
I have, at the request of ffontlemen of
crrerv shade of oplnloii who feel the need of a
reliable Yolame containing the more important
Political data of this Period, prepared for ase
in the campaign, a roliUcal Manual for 18661,
beginning wttb President Johnson's accession,
April 15, 1S65. and extending to Julv 4, 1866.
It contains the action of persons and parties,
on pending qnestlons, COMPILED FROM
OFFICIAL SOURCES; and includes Mes-
sages, Proclamations, Orders, Telegrams, Bills,
Speeche^ Propositions, Votes, Laws, Statisti-
cal Tables, and other facts necessary to make
the Record complete.
Wb hare receiyed from A. B, Demarest,
Esq., 119 Broadway, of New York, three
exquisitely finished works of art, ia eb-
ony oval frames, representing JeffersoD
Davis, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jack-
son. We have seea sotbing to compare
with them in flsiah and beauty. They
are in medalion style, raised from the
surface, and are fabricated from some
cooiposition of silvery whiteness, and are
^tirely new in the field of art. We have
seen nothing to compare with them, and
as they are furnished at a moderate price,
we hope to see them before long adorning
all the parlors of the South.
Magnificent manufacturing establish-
ments have recently been opened in New
York on Broadway and under the Metro-
politan Hotel by Messrs. Wm. Gale, Jr.,
and Brown A Spanlding. The first named
in sterling silver and plated-ware, and
the latter in jewelry, parlor statuary and
bronzes. These two houses, we are sure,
can exhibit some of the most beautifully
manufactured articles to be found in the
United States. Such establishments are
truly embellishments to the great metrO'
polis.
Now that it is evident enough that the
South has little or nothing to expect from
the tender dealings of the radicals of the
North, and that no reaction is promised
from that quarter, it would be as well for
u^to abandon all interest in politics and
l^etake ourselves to the development of
the wealth and resources of the country.
Had we arrived at this conclusion long
ago, what a magnificent region would
have been ours ? What precious intellect
and energy have been spent unavailingly
upon State matters, which, if given to en-
terprise and development, would have
made our country the most prosperous
and wealthy in the worid. Now is the
time to strike! What a field opens for
mining, manufactures, foreign commerce,
internal improvements and arts. We
may people our country, and gain strength
for the future. This was the advice
given by Dr. Franklin, long before the
old war, whe» it was discovered that no
hope rmnained from the English ministry.
** Light up the torches of industry " said
he. W6 repeat ttu words. And just here,
let us make a remark which is in a small
degree personal. We are toiling in this
field against a thousand difficulties and
embarrassments, and yet, how few of the
many thousand Southerners, who are so
deeply interested, gives us that tangible
welcome which comes in the shape of
greenbacks to reimburse our heavy outlay.
Of the thousands of dollars due us on old
acco\int, bow paltry are the remittunces.
The expenses of the Rbvibw, are three
times what they were in former days!
Even the most trifling sums are gratefully
received. We know, and make all allow-
ance for the necessities of the oountrj,
but there are numbers who by a very
small effort, or sacrifice, might aid us in
this contiufijency. Will they not do so?
Send anything on, the old or new aooovnt^
and make an efort to forward un a dub of
new eubecribers. We solicit, too, th^ kindly
oflSces of the press. Our Exchange list is
heavy, and we hope to make it the basis
of circulation. A word from any of these
editors, acknowledging the receipt of a
number, referring to the title of its ar-
ticles, etc., is a service highly prized and
pregnant with benefit ; and yet how often
is it overlooked in the crowd of other
matters ? We do not complain. It would
be unreasonable in us to do so, in view
of the innumerable favors we have re-
ceived in the past. We are all alike in-
terested in the development of our great^
but now afflicted South. Ovr pagee are
•open to every enterprise^ and through them,
all may find a ready utterance.
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660
EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC.
We thank Mr. Gribble of New Orleans,
for a copy of his cotton circular, and will
make use of it in our next It is worthy
of note, that all of the recent estimates
of the coming crop are greatly reduced
from earlier figures, and there can be
little doubt that the crop will be very
much under 1,500,000 bales, which has
hitherto been our estimate.
An interesting paper will appear in our
next from the pen of Major Jj. Dubois, of
Charleston, on claims of the modem lan-
guages to be introduced into our colleges
and nnirersities. We entirely concur in
the reasonings of the writer, and would
like to see the reform he urges iotroduoed
at an early day.
REVIEW ADVERTISING INDEX.
All adrertisemeDts in the Rbvibw will
be regularly noted in this Index. Our
terms are the same as before the war,
and considering the large circulation of
the Rbvibw in every part of the Union,
and especially in the Southern States,
its limits should be occupied. Merchants
and manufacturers of the South, and
those having lands for sale, woald do
well to imitate in advertising the enter-
prise of Northern cities. Our pages are
open to all, and it is from this scarce
only that the Rkvibw can be made re-
munerative.
Agricaltural Irapleiflmts-^Mschiaeiyt eto.— R. H.
Allen lb Co. ; OaoHl PraU ; PiUOn, Wiaid k
Co. ; Emery Brotheni ; W. O. Gleiaons, Brown
fc Co. ; E. G Blalherwick.
Books, Biblos, etc —James Fotts ; John P. Mor-
ton & Co. ; Richardson k Co.
Boots Olid Sfaues.>~Jolin Slater-
BonkerH and Exchanfe.— Duncan, Sherman k Co
C. W. Parccll&Co. ; E. Q. Bell; Lockwood
k Co. : Connor k Wil«on ; Bruce k Co.
BrokerB.>-Oold and Silver, Real Estate, etc ; Mor-
gan McCloud. M^rphj k Cash.
Charleston, S. C , Directory.
Cincinnattl, Ohio, Directory
Cards.— Cotton and Wool ; Jiio. H. Haskell.
Cotton Pactors.-<;rBWB. Wilson, Bndford k Go.
Copperamiths, Engineen, etc.— Thomas Gannon. J.
Wyait Reid.
Clothing, Shirts. kc.—S. N. Moody ; Honry Moore
ItQeiiang.
Collection and Commission Merchants.— Tuy lor,
McEwen and Blew.
^ Dry Goods,— Bailer, Broom k Clapp.
Dmggist— 8. Mansfield fct!o. Jas. GonegaL
Emigration Companies.— John Williams.
Eagravers, etc.— Ferd Meyer k Co ; J. W. OfT.
l^es,— Dr Foota.
Express Companies.— Sonthem.
Fertilisers, etc.— John 8. Reese k Co. : Allen k
Needles; Baogfa k Sons; Gnham, Emien
k Passmore ; Tasker and Clark.
Fancy Goods.-J. M. Bowen k Co.
Fire Arnis^B. Kitbridge It Co.
Fire Bricks— Maurer A Weber.
Garden Seeds, ctc—D. Landreih It Sons.
Grocers.— Baskervflle, Sherman k Co.
Hotels —Exchange Hotel, Bamet House
Hardware, etc.— O. Wolfe Bruce ; C. H. Slocomb;
Choate It Co. ; OrgUl, Bros, fc Co. ; E. Bob-
bins It Bradley.
Insarance Companies.— £tna ; Accidental ; State,
NatOaville.
Iron Railings, etc— Robert Wood k Co.; W. P,
Hood.
Imo Safes.— Herring fc Co.
Jewelry, etc.— Tilbny fc Co. ; Ball, Black fc Co.
Lawyers.— Ward fc Jones ; H. C- Myers.
Liquore.- L- L. Burrell fc Co-
Loan Agency.— Department Business, etc.- Na-
tional Bank of Metropolis.
Machinery, Steam Engines, Saw MilU* Oardiag,
Spiuuiug and Weuvmg, etc— Brtdosbui^ Man-
ufirtunng Curapany, Jacob B.Schmick : Poole
k Hunt : Smith k Si^re : Jas. A. Robinson ;
Geo. Page fc Co. : Edmund M. Ivens ; I,Ane fc
Bodley ; Joseph Harrison, Jr. ; J. E. Steven-
son. J. H. Duval ; Wood fc Maun.
Mill 8Conra.-J, Brsdfbtd fc Co.
Military Equipmcnts.-^J. M. Migeod fc Son.
Medicines, etc.- Brandreth's : Dr. W. R. Mer-
wm ; Radway & Co. ; Tarrant fc Co.
Musical Instrunienu.- F. Zogbanm fc Fairchlld ;
Sonntagg fc Beggs.
Masonic Emblems — B. T. Hayward j
Nurserier.- Ellwauger fc Barry.
Organs— Parlor, etc.— Peloubet, Pelton fc Co.
Paint, etc —Pecora Lead and Color Compaaay.
Patent Limbs.— W. Selpho fc Son.
Pens— R. Esterbrook fc Co. ; Stimpson.
Perfumers.— C. T. Lodge.
Pian«s.-W. Kuabe fc Co. ; Stodanl.
Photographers.— Brady ; HalL
Rope.— J. T. Douglas.
Scales— Fairbanks fc Co.
Straw Goods.— Boetwiok, Sabin fc Clark.
SteaiMshifie.^-Jaaaea Connoly fc Co. ; Livingston,
FoxfcCo.
Stationers.— Francis fc Loutrel ; E. R. Wagnier.
Soap, Starch, etc.— B, T. Babbit.
Southern Bitten, etc.— C. H. Ebbcrt fc Co.
Sewing Macbinoa.— Singer fc Co; Finkle fc Lyon.
Steeli— Sanderson Brothere fc Co.
Silver and Plated Ware— Windle fc Co. ; Wm.
Wilson fc Son. W. Gale, Jr.
Tobacco Dealers, etc — Dohan, Carroll fc Co.
Tin Wure—S. J. Hare fc Co. ; J. B- Dnval fc Sen.
Tailors.— Derby fc Co.; Harlem fc Co.
Universities and Law Schools.
Wire Work Railings, etc—M Walker fc Sons.
Washing Machinea and Wringers and Mangles.—
R. C. Browning ; Jno. Waxd fc Co. ; Oakey fc
Keating. Robt Duncan.
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DE BOW'S REVIEW.
ESTABLISHED JANUARY, 184C.
DBCBMBEB, 1866.
ART. I -THE IMPENDING FATE OF THE COUNTRY.
THE RADICAL AND CONSERVATIVE WAR.
Radicalism, or to speak more accurately, " Rationalism" and
Conservatism are as old as mankind. The bold, the enter-
prising, the men of genius, energy and industry have always
relied on the dictates of their own reason, regardless of the
lessons, the experience and the admonitions of the past — al-
ways inventive and progressive, they are frequently rash, pre-
cipitate and inconsiderate. They constitute a necessary ele-
ment in the organism of society, but unless restricted, checked,
balanced and counterpoised by the conservative element, which
is their opposite or antinome, they speedily become the aixshi-
tects of ruin, of anarchy, of agrarianism, of licentiousness,
and of universal infidelity and moral depravity. Want of
faith, religious, political, moral and social, and implicit reliance
on the suggestions of their own re^ason, however unenlightened
by study or experience, have been at all times the distihguish-
ingcharacteristics of this party, or part of mankind.
Their necessary opposiDff and balancing force or antinome,
the Conservatives, are studious observers of the history and
experience of the past, and treasure up and heed the lessons
which it teaches, because they believe that, human nature never
materially changing, the religion, the laws, and the political
institutions adapted to it in the past will be equally well
adapted to it in the future. They nght under the banner of
faith, wholly rejecting reason when it conflicts with faith in the
experience, the lessons, and the authority of the past. They
oppose all innovation, all change, all revolution, all progress,
almost all improvement* Theirs is the stand-still policy ; which
is sure to become retrogressive, when not dragged along by
their antinomes, the Rationalists.
Conservatives are too timid, too cautious, rely too much on
vol. II.-NO, VL 36
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662 THE IMPENDING FATE OF THE COUNTBT.
the promptings of blind bigot faith, too little on the sugges-
tions. Tney have more learning than the Rationalists/bat
often less practical wisdom. They are, left to themselves, as
danfferous guides or nilers as the Kationalists; for by opposing
moderate reforms, rendered necessary by change of times and
circumstances, they beget desperation, and the pent up passions
of men burst out in bloody revolution, as in England under
the too conservative Stuarts, and in France under the obtuse,
obstinate, stupid Bourbons.
Conservatism and Eadicalism, being e<jually necessary, are
equally meritorious when justly proportionea, opposed and
balanced, and equally ruinous and destructive wnen either
5 arty acquires an undue and prolonged ascendancy. Light and
arkness, dryness and moisture, heat and cold, action and rest,
sleep and wakefulness, nay, everything in the moral and phy-
sical, is equally good when duly alternated or balanced, equally
evil when not counterpoised or balanced by its opposite or an-
tinome. No doubt, everything if we knew its peculiar quali-
ties and effects would be good and valuable in a properly
compounded concrete, as everything is known to be evil ia
the abstract, because it exists there in the greatest possible
excess.
We make these prefatory remarks, because we are about to
endeavor to show that there has ever been too much Eational-
ism or Eadicalism in the North, checked, balanced, and suffi-
ciently counterpoised hitherto by the excessive Conservatism of
the South ; but that now, the South being powerless. Northern
Badicalism will have full swing and dominion, and, unless the
South is speedily restored to the Union, will, by rash innova-
tions and radical changes, destroy our present form ot govern-
ment.
We have said, that in all societies, and all times, the parties
of Faith and Beagon, of Conservatism and Eadicalism, have
existed. Indeed, we should go farther, and say that the prin-
ciples of Faith and Eeason are each more or less developed in
the mind of every individual, and that sometimes the one, and
sometimes the other, controls individual conduct. The rash,
and inconsiderate rely too little on authority, experience and
faith ; the timid, too much.
Faith became a moral epidemic in the dark ages, as we see
evidenced by the Crusades, by the despotic power exercised by
the Catholic priesthood, and by the implicit obedience yield^
to tyrannical rulers, who were believed to govern by JDivine
right, wholly irrespective of the will or the wish of the peo-
ple. It would be as fruitless to inquire into the causes and
origin of this moral, social and political epidemic as to attempt
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THB IMPENDING FATE OP THE COUNTBY- 66S
to detect the causes of cholera, plague, or other physical epi-
demics or contagions. Indeed, as moral causes are more subtle
and comi)lex than physical ones, the search would be more
hopeless in the former than in the latter case. Yet all the
while that unreasoning, blind, bigot Faith sat like an incubus
upon a benighted world. Reason lurked beneath, and was vainly
struggling to assert her equal and legitimate dominion. The
Waldenses in Switzerland and Italy, and the WicklifBtes in
England, in the midst of the dark ages, boldly, but rashly and
prematurely, upraised the banner of Keasou. Force, not argu-
ment, put them down. Men's wills were constrained, their
tongues silenced, but their reasons not convinced. The infec-
tion spread slowly, stealthily, continuously and steadily, like a
great subterranean fire, until, some centuries after, it broke
K>rth from its concealment with brilliant light, in vast propor-
tions, and with irresistible strength.
Now began the Reformation, a reformation in its purposes,
iu it3 origin and in its action, quite as much political as reli-
gious. It was the assertion of the unrestricted right to reason,
and the right to act on the convictions of reason. It was, in
manv countries, the temporary triumph of Reason over Faith,
Authority and Conservatism. But the triumph was very ephem-
eral. The leaders of the movement, those among the first
who caught the contagious infection, and who were boldest and
most active in spreading it among the people; those who at
first most loudly and vehemently assertea the right of private
judgment, were the very first to fall back upon conservative
f rounds, and to deny that right Such were Luther, Calvin,
Irasmus, Melancthon and Henry the Eighth. From that dav
to this, men have found it necessary to appoint the few to think
and act for the many, as well in religious as in political matters.
In fine, to assert, and maintain in practice, the Catholic doc-
trine of infallibility. Not the infallibility of a Pope and his
council, but of a king, a religious convention, a synod or gen-
eral assembly, who settle and prescribe articles of faith, and
CLxpel recreant church members who dare fjo assert the right
of private judgment, and think for themselves. In political
matters, there is in all countries a tribunal which is deemed
infallible in its judgments, and from whose^ decisions there is
no appeal.
When we practised law, country justices, sitting singly,
were deemed infallible in their decisions when the amount in
controversy did not exceed ten dollars. Individual libertjr is
a very pretty thing to theori25e about, but is wholly inconsist-
ent with all government and all social existence. Radicals
in power always become the icost cruel Conservatives, like
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564 THE IMPENDING PATE OP THE COUNTRY.
Cromwell and the Puritan Fathers, because thej have wit-
nessed more of the evils of unbridled liberty.
Every tyro in history knows that Protestant intolerance,
that began in the days of Luther, was rendered necessary by
the monstrous and iniquitous doctrines and practices of the
Anabaptists and other German sects, and afterwards in England,
by the dark plots and conspiracies of the Catholics, and the
levelling and agrarian doctrines of the Independents and other
Dissenters. Luther has been called the Apostle of Reason,
with little justice^ for* although among the first to raise her
banner, he was first and foremosb in deserting it, in assuming
all the powers of the Pope and his council, and in excommuni-
cating all who dared to think for themselves. Calvin and
Henry VIIL asserted the same religious supremacy, and main-
tained it far more cruelly. We censure neither of them, nor
do we censure the Puritan Fathers of New England. Their
seemingly cruel measures were necessary to restrain within
proper limits the outbursts of political and religious fanaticism
that threatened Protestant Europe with universal anarchy.
That demon, human reason, had been unshackled and uncaged,
and her diabolical doings rendered it necessary to shackle and
cage her again. It was but Radicalism falling back upon Con-
servatism.
The worship of reason is the negation of God. All Ration-
alists or Radicals, to be consistent, should be infidels — infidels
in religion, which is sure to carry along with it infidelity in
law, government, and all old established usages, customs and
institutions of society. The French thoroughly understood
this, and when in their Revolution of 1789 they resolved to
cut loose entirely from the past, and erect institutions founded
on pure reason, they formally dethroned the Christian God,
and set up in His stead the Goddess of Reason, impersonated
by a prostitute. (Tom Paine would have answered just as
well, but probably he was not then in Paris.) The reign of
Reason in France was the reign of Terror. The elder Napo-
leon put an end to it, and restored conservative rule just as
Cromwell had done in England. And just as the present Na-
poleon did, when he expelled Lamartine and his crazy social-
istic associates from power, and ver^ properly, wisely, and
vigorously, assumed the reins of Empire himself.
But the snake is scotched, not killed. We live in the days
of reformation run-mad. There is not a country in Europe,
Russia excepted, where a majority of the people, and most of
the men of genius and talent, are not radicals, socialists, and
revolutionists. Immense standing armies are kept up, not for
foreign war, but to keep down domestic insurrection. We
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THE IMPENDING PATE OF THE COUNTRY. 565
need a history of the Reformation in its political phases and
consequences. Certain it is that it has kept Europe most of
the time, since it broke out, involved in civil discord or open
war. And the radical, disorganizing and revolutionary spirit
which it begat, so far from subsiding, is more general and more
intense in our day than at any former period. In America it
has just ended the bloodiest civil war recorded in history. It
fully achieved its professed object. It emancipated all of the
negroes. Yet, so far from being satisfied, it threatens and pre-
pares for war again, iu order to compel the whites North and
South to admit the brutal negro to political and social equal-
ity. When will all this war against human inequality end?
Why, only by the attempt to equalize properties, which beget
the only real inequalities of condition — the men of property
being, in all save the name, the owners and masters of those
without property.^ Agrarianism, openly avowed by some, is
the ultimate aim and object of all honest advocates of human
equality. Conservatives at the North see this, but are afraid
to charge it home upon the Radicals, lest they should precipi-
tate the dreaded event by making the accusation, just as Cicero
hurried Catiline into civil war, by charging him with the in-
tention to make war. •
Despite of all the evils, religious, social, and political, that
the Reformation has visited upon mankind, we still think that,
on the whole, it has, so far, been productive of much more of
good than of evil. 'Tis the future that we dread. Socialism,
the exact counterpart of that which now pervades Christendom,
fastened upon Greece in the days of Socrates and Plato. So-
cialism, that sapped the foundations of every law, custom, and
institution of society, by subjecting them to the crucible of
dialectic and analytical logic. It was the advice of Socrates to
his scholars to test every thing by reason, and reject what was
unreasonable. Thus he made them sceptics or infidels in every
thing; for every thing in the physicc\l and in the moral world
Is incomprehensible to human reason, super-reasonable, and,
therefore, unreasonable. Soon throughout Greece there was
faith and conviction about nothing. Men had no aims in life,
because too inquisitive reason had satisfied them of the vanity
and insanity of all human pursuits and human attainments. In
two generations thereafter Greece fell, to rise no more. The
fall of the Roman Republic was preceded and occasioned by a
like sceptical and infidel philosophy. Now, in our day, this
want of faith and conviction about everything is the great
distinguishing feature of society throughout Chistendom, save
in the Southern States of the Union — and they are under the
ban of public opinion, because they appeal to the usages of the
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666 THE IMPEKPIKG FATE OF THE COUNTRY,
{)ast to jnstifv the ways of the present The state of ** diaso-
ution and thaw," or transition, revolution, and chaotic an-
archy, which afflicts, or threatens, all other Christian society
than ours, is thus well portrayed by a distinguished Northern
socialist and abolitionist: "Hitherto the strug^ between
conservatism and progress has seemed doubtful. >nctory has
kissed the banner alternately of either host. At lencth the
serried ranks of conservatism falters. Reform, so-called, is be-
coming confessedly more potent than its antagonist The ad-
mission is reluctantly forced from pallid lips, that revolutions,
pdUicdl^ social and religious^ constitute the programme of the
coming age. Eeform, so-called, for weal or woe, but yet re-
form, must rule the hour. The older constitutions of society
have outlived their day. No truth conmiends itself more uni-
versally to the minds of men now than that thus set forth by
Mr. Carlyle: 'There must be a new w%rld, if there is to
be any world at all. That human things in our Europe
can ever return to the old sorry routine, and proceed with any
steadiness or continuance there — this small hope is not now a
tenable one. These days of universal death must be days of
universal new birth, if the ruin is not to be total and final I
It is time to make the dulled man consider and ask himself^
Whence he came? Whither he is bound ? A veritable "New
Era" to the foolish as well as to the wise.' ^ Nor is this state
of things confined to Europe. The agitations in America may
be more peaceful, but they are not less profound. The foun-
dations of beliefs and habits of thought are breaking up. Ths
old guarantees of order are foM fiilling axjoay. A veritable
"New Era," with us too, is alike impending and inevitable. A
little further on Mr. Stephen Pearl Andrews asserts (for it is
from him we quote) : " All ffovernment, in the sense of invol-
untary restraint upon the individual, or substantially all, must
finally cease, and along with it, the whole complicated parapher-
nalia and trumpery of Kings, Emperors, Presiaents, legislatures
and Judiciary. I assert that the indicia of this result abound in
existing society." Well, Mr. Stephens is at least somewhat of
a prophet Four millions of negroes have been remitted from
slavery to the largest liberty since he wrote. " All involun-
tary restraint upon the individual " has, so far as the negro is
concerned, been removed, and a Congress, professedly Rad-
ical, is daily violating the constitution, disregarding all old laws,
usages, and practices, usurping all the powers of government,
and threatenmg to impeach and behead the President, unless
the South be restored to the Union, and thus a Conservative
balance be riven to our institutions, by a union of the Conser-
vatives of the North with the entire Conservative South. The
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THE IMPENDING FATE OF THE COUNTRY. 567
fanatical and destructive Badical majority in Congress will,
like their prototypes and predecessors, the Long Parliament in
England, and the National Assembly in France, soon inaugur '
rate anarchy, speedily to be wound up by military despotism.
Looking to the blood, the ancestry, and the anteceaents of
the New England people (who rule the North with a rod of
iron) and to that of the Southern people, and we find the for-
mer fanatics, radicals, and destructives by inheritance, jnst the
same people now as in the days of Cromwell's Independents,
and of the witch-burners and Quaker hangers two centuries
ago ; whilst we find the Southern people by inheritance, and
continuous usage, the most conservative people in the Christian
world — we might say without far departing from truth — the
^nly conservative people in the civilized world. If a conser-
vative reaction can be inaugurated, if that social chaos, reli-
gious scepticism and infidelity, political anarchy, agrarianism,
Free Love, and contemplated destruction of all the old institu-
tions, can be warded off and averted, it can only be effected by
tlie untrammelled aid of the South. Men who have a stake in
Bociety at the North begin to see all this ; but. we fear, they
have discovered it too late. The masses mav have been too
deeply imbued with destructive principles and practices, taught
by their leaders, now to be witneld from their long-expected
prey. Yet the experiment is worth trying. Southern aid
alone can save the North from universal ruin. Will that aid
be called in ?
The people of the entire South are mostly descended from
the early settlers of Virginia and Marylandf. Those settlers
were high-toned Monarchists, Legitimatists, Cavaliers, Tories
of the English stamp and descent, Jacobites, Catholics, Church
of England men, and scions of the English gentry and nobil-
ity.
In England society was divided pretty equally into Liberals
and Conservatives ; but in early Virginia and Maryland all
were Conservatives. Hence their hatred of Cromwell and his
revolutionists, and their attachment to the Stuarts. Originally
conservative, the champion of faith rather than the follower
of reason, attached to the Past, its customs, habits, usages, pre-
scriptions, laws, and institutions, confiding in experience, and
distrusting experiments, opposed to innovation and change,
the South was happy, peaceful, and contented, until assailed
by Northern abolition. That unjust assault intensified her
conservatism ; for to justify the institution of slavery she could
not rely on mere abstract reasoning, but was <5ompelled to cite
as her defence and justification, the almost universal usages of
mankind, and the authority of Holy Writ, When she seceded
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668 THE IMPENDING FATE OF THE COUNTBY.
from the North, and set up an independent government of her
own, in the true spirit of conservatism, she modelled her Con-
stitution after that of the Unidn, because that Constitution,
save on the subject of slavery, had worked well in practice.
Since her councils and influence have been wanting to the
Union, that Constitution, which she respected, has been ne-
glected, oft violated, changed, and almost obliterated by the
Radicals, who pretended to wage war, merely for its preserva-
tion ; yet with all her conservatism, there was not so happy,
moral, religious, and prosperous a people on earth as the
South, when the late war began. Even now we think her sit-
uation preferable to that of any other people, because she is
moral, religious, and conservative ; breeds no isms, supersti-
tions, nor infidelities; is not threatened with social revolution
and anarchy ; and, more than all, has abundance of good land,
and no fears of plethora of population, the most common and
the most appalling of all the evils that now afflict, or impend
over, most other societies.
Such is a faint, hastily-drawn picture of the conservative
South, in the past and in the present. Let us now turn to the
radical North, its history, its antecedents, its settlement, its
present condition and future prospects. Our object being con-
ciliation, peace, and amicable union, we shall bo as little censo-
rious as is consistent with a decent regard to truth. The Pu-
ritan Fathers were sincere, earnest, conscientious men, but big-
oted, fanatical, intolerant, narrow-minded, and cruel in the
extreme. Yet, we believe, their cruelty and intolerance were
inatters of necessity. They had, in Europe, indoctrinated their
flocks in the theories of the Right of Private Judgment, of
Human Equality, and of all kinds of social, political, and reli-
gious levelling and destructiveness. In America, surrounded
by bloodthirsty savages, and in danger of daily attack, it was
imperatively necessary that all should think alike, in order to
preserve harmony and ready concert of action. Yet none but
the most rigid and cruel measures could begei harmony of ac-
tion among colonists accustomed hitherto each to thmk and
act for himself. Like Cromwell and the two Naf>oleons, the
Puritan Priesthood began life as demagogues, agitators and
destructives, and ended it as usurpers and tyrants. Yet they
were tyrants from necessity ; it was but the price of a healthful
and much needed conservatism. But the spasmodic conserva-
tism of usurpers is of short duration. It is sustained by no
prescription, no old faith, no prestige, no venerable institutions,
and ends with the lives or deposition of the strong-armed and
strong-willed usurpers who institute it. We admire New Eng-
land under the early Puritan Fathers. Then she wasiruly
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THE IMPENDING FATE OP THE COUNTKT. 669
" a land of steady habits." But as they passed pflf the stage,
and Church government became relaxed, men with no rever-
ence for authority, no respect for, or faith in, the past, began
each to reason out a religion for himself, and as no two men^s
reasons led to exactly the same conclusions, there are now al-
most as many religions, isms, infidelities, and superstitions in
New England as there are men — we should rather say than
men and women combined, for the women are quite as prolific
of creeds, social, religious, and political, as the men. The
destructive doctrines of New Hftgland have been sown broad-
cast throughout the North ; have everywhere taken deep root
and are bearing bitter fruits. An immense immigration of
German infidelity has but served to give a more loathsome and
disgusting character to Yankee isms. Protestant Germany is
infidel, agrarious, and destructive.
True to her destructive instincts, her early associations, her
blood, and her descent, New England took zealous part with
the fanatical and foolish Independents who murdered that mild
ruler, that Christian gentleman and accomplished scholar,
Charles the First, and admired and approved the brutal Crom-
well, quite as much when he plaved usurper and military des-
Sot as when, in his earlier days, he played canting hypocrite,
emagogue, and destructive.
Then, as now. New England Eadicals were equally ready for
anarchy or military despotism. These Radicals, with their
tools, the German infidels, rule this nation, and if undisturbed
in power, will soon ruin it. We believe that men, at heart
conservative, are in a majority in many parts of the North,
but they are deceived by misrepresentations of the feeling and
intentions of the people of the South, industriously spread by
the more active, cunning, designing, and unprincipled Radi-
cals. We have little hope for the future, yet we will work on
to detect crime and falsehood, although we may be able to do
nothing to re-establish truth and rectitude. The American
Republic is near its end. Affairs will, probably, wind up with
civil war and military despotism at the North, in which the
South will be reluctantly involved ; and then for ages to come,
the nation will be involved in continual civil war, for we are
not prepared for hereditary monarchy, and have no materials
out of which to construct an Established Church and a here-
ditary aristocracy, as props and stays to such a monarchy.
We will conclude by remarking that this balance of power
between Conservatives and Rationalists, which we advocate, has
been practised successfully in England for more than a hun-
dred and seventy years. Since the days of William and Mary,
the Whigs and Tories have kept watch and guard over each
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570 TIMES IN THE OOyFEDERACY.
other, and over the nation, and participated equally in rule.
Tlie Tories are conservative, for the most part, agreeing with
Sir Robert Filmer, that all officers of government hold and
exercise their offices by Diyime right The Whigs are progres-
sive, rationalistic, radical, and agree with Locke in his absurd
doctrines of human equality and the social contract. These
are the antinomes or opposing forces that so admirably sustain
the English Government. Tne North and the South would
pretty well supply the places, or act the part, of these forces in
America. *
ART. II.-TIMES m THE CONFEDERACY.
[The reader may, if he pleases, suppose the pages which foUow to be written
by some yenerable person a g^neratiea keaee. Ihey farm part af a little
work, basad upon that idea, whifh will soon be issued from the press.—
£dito£.]
CQAPTBB xnc — soABorrr — mosNioirs connmvAHCEs, btc., ">
OF TMB FBOFLB. *
It must not be concluded from what has been said that
there was anything like a general distribution throughout the
interior of the country of the articles which were so abun-
dantly run through the blockade, nor that they came into the
general use of the people. Large as were the quantities, they
went but a small way in satisfying the general want, and the
extravagant prices which were asked, and the diflSculties, at
times impossibility, of transportation excluded all but the
wealthier classes, or those who were making money out of
the war, or those who dwelt in the larger towns and cities,
from their consumption. The people of the country generally
were reduced to great extremities, so far as everything but
mere crude provisions was concerned, and of this often there
was a deficiency. The stock of shoes, clothing, household
utensils, blankets, and articles of every sort indispensable to
comfort, and previously introduced from other quarters, ran
very low, and could not be replaced without a resort often to
the most ingenious contrivances. Even calicoes were imprac-
ticable, and home-spuns — sometimes, however, of very beauti-
ful finish and patterns — from native looms, took their place. The
industry of the women knew no limit ; socks and woollens, for
home use and for the soldiers, were fabricated in immense
quantities. Sometimes we contrived to make a sort of blanket
and a substitute for the carpet when these were all gone to the
hospitals. The tin cup and the tin plate took the place of
the glass and china ; even the tin teapot, lamp ana wash-
basin. Old barrels were sawed into tubs, and ordinary dry
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TIMES IN THE CONPEDEBACY. 571
goods boxes, among' the scarcest of articles, answered for very
good trunks. Candles and soap we made well enough from
pine gum- and sometimes myrtle wax, for tallow was a very
{)recious commodity. Thousands contrived to do without other
ights than blazing slips of pine wood. Ladies' bonnets were
turned and twisted in a variety of ways, and every old piece
of ribbon found its use. Rice and wheat, straw and palmetto,
were worked up into pretty hats by the ladies for tneir hus-
bands, sons, sweethearts, and for themselves. "We even made
very eood cloth shoes, and such was the scarcity of leather
and shoemakers, that shoes and boots were an extravagant
luxury. The children went without them, and it was
whispered that even many of the young ladies dispensed with
their service about the house^ A silk dress or a broad cloth
suit were a fortune, and those who chanced to have them in
good condition felt a little ashamed to become conspicuous by
their use. The old articles were burnished up in a sort of way
and held out very well.
We extemporized pots, kettles, ovens, frying pans, water
buckets, brooms, Ac, and every household was in some
respect a curiosity shop. The Yankees themselves were not
more ingenious. We made very good beer from persimmons,
good wine from native grapes, and, in the way of ostentation,
would sometimes make a fruit. cake, in which dried apples
would substitute citron. It was a day of substitutes. The
sorghum supplied the place of molasses and even sugar I Rye,
wheat, potatoes, pea-nuts, Indian meal, according to fancy,
found their place in the drink which we called coflfee. We
ceased to malce odd faces over it at last, even when sweetened
with molasses and taken without milk. The dried leaves of
the raspberry and blackberry answered very well for tea.
Bacon could be cured with ashes without salt. Corn and
wheat could be ground in coffee mills, when Sherman de-
stroyed our steam mills. We split boards from the trees, and
even at last began to make cotton cards. The deficiency of
these was the greatest difficulty we had to contend with in
supplying doth after our manufacturing establishments were
all destroyed by the enemy. These he never spared. Bird
shot was readily made by the boys when powder could be
had. Domestic ink proved to be a good article, and as to
writing paper, the blank leaves of every old ledger were taken
out ; every old memorandum book or merchant's record was
cup up, and envelopes were turned and turned until there was
no place left to write upon. The old goose quill again had
its day, and as for schoolbooks, every repository was ransacked,
and the mutilated remnants of previous generations of boys
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572 TIMES IN THE CONFEDERACY.
and girls carae forth. A friend of mine gave fifty dollars for
a grammar. The negroes made excellent brooms, baskets and
mats, which they peddled around. We used the native roots
and herbs for medicines, and our physicians found substitutes
for quinine, calomel and opium. One of them wrote an ex-
cellent work to teach the use of the fields and forests. Even
ice was artificially produced for the use of the government
money presses and for the hospitals.
The'norses were in the army. So we walked to church, to
which no bells summoned, and in which no cushioned seats or
carpeted aisles awaited us. Ox carts were in fashion, and
sometimes oxen were yoked to carriages. Women ploughed
in the field. The umbrella disappeared, and no one regarded
heat or rain, nor cared where he slept or in what unfavored
climes the chances of the war threw him. Window glass,
locks, nails, were all out of the question, though it must be said
in the scarcity of everything pilfering came to be a very
common vice, and nothing was safe that was not actually
under the eye. No one repaired anything. Houses, gates,
fences, when they grew dilapidated, remained so; and how could
it be otherwise, when the men were all in the army, and the
shops of the artisans were all closed, and in the struggle for ex-
istence who could stop to think of such things? Thread,
needles, pins, buttons, became articles of luxury. There were
no segars, and the pipe was an elegant accomplishment, and
in the absence of brandies and wines, the vilest drinks were
elaborated, under the names of whiskey and rum, from the
sorghum, and even, as it was believed, from pine knpts and
china berries I This was often, sold at from $50 to $76 a
quart, and the wonder was how so many found means to buy
it. Drinking grew to be a common vice, and did great harm
to the cause. Meats were always scarce, and few persons
could enjoy the luxury of their use more than once a day, and
many did without them entirely. The same of butter.
It must be remembered that I am only speaking of the
interior of the country. In the large cities, such as Richmond,
Mobile, and at times Charleston and Wilmington, all the
luxuries of Europe were to be found, and many people lived
as well nearly as in the days of profoundest peace.
With us in the country there were no stores, or if a solitary
shop contrived to keep open, within was a beggarly accountof
ghastly and empty shelves and counters, with a few odds and
ends of utility scattered here and there. Household traded
with household, and what was called barter came to be univer-
sal. We gave our cloth for bacon and chickens, or obtained
them as equivalent for clothing, which we could not use.
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^ TIMES IN THE CONFBDEKACY. 573
Nothing was without a value. Nothing was wasted. Economy
and retrenchment were the order of the day, and everything
was turned to account.
Well do I recollect the day when the armies had been dis-
banded, and the first arrival of merchandise was announced.
A wagon loaded reached our little village, and how people
flocked to the lone shop that opened I What monarch ever
enjoyed banquet more than we did the coarse herring and
mackerel we had once despised, and what a treat did the
cheese, the soda crackers, and the genuine tea and coffee offer,
and with what wondering eyes did everybody look upon the
piles of bleached cloth and calico, and bright shining shoes,
and perfumed soap, and star candles I It was not known that
there was so much left in the world. How the stock dis-
appeared and how new arrival after arrival was so greedily
absorbed, and people marvelled that so much gold and silver
came out of its retreats and went into circulation again I
In all their trials and sufferings — and these which we have
been describing, though very great, were among the least — the
people of the Confederacy kept up a cheerful and hopeful
spirit, and felt the utmost confidence of eventual triumph.
CHAFTEB XVIIL^-CONFEDERATB MONBY — QOLD AITD PRICES,
There were two reasons for the rapid and almost marvellous
rise in the prices of almost every article which was used in
the Confederacy, and these were their scarcity, as previously
explained, and the depreciation in the value of the currency
as compared with gold. In reference to such articles as cotton,
naval stores and tobacco, land, negroes, etc., to which the first
reason was inapplicable, the question of the currency was
alone involved.
And now I will explain a little as to what is meant by this
question of the currency.
At the beginning oi the war gold and silver were every-
where in use among the people, and for the sake of convenience
the notes of local banks, which could always be exchanged for
specie, were preferred to the specie itself. In times of public
trouble, gold, an article of great value in small bulk, generally
disappears from cii'culation, and is hoarded or buried to pro-
vide against possible contingencies. This immediately happened
in the Confederacy, and bank notes came to be the only money.
These the government borrowed or received in collecting its
dues or in exchange for its bonds, (or future promises to pay,)
though the first of its " loans" was a strictly gold loan, and
was granted with hearty good will by the people. After that
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574 TIMES IN THE CONFEDERAOT.
government found it necessary to issue bonds in immense
amounts, to be exchanged for products in the market, or to be
used in the absorption of its own issues, which were in the
nature of bank notes or promises to pay amount represented
at a future date. This time for payment was in general
fixed at " six months after the ratification of a treaty of peace
with the United States" recognizing the Confederacy, and if
there was no such recognition, of course, the notes were only so
much waste paper.
When the issues commenced people were greedy to receive
them, and it was not until some months had passed before a
dollar in gold represented more than its equivalent in Con-
federate money. This state of things, as mignt Aaturally have
been expectea, could not last, when the government was
rapidly expending the most enormous sums and making no
adequate provision in the way of taxes, to meet the expendi-
ture. Politicians proved uneq^ual to the crisis. They seemed
to shrink from the responsibility of increasing the burden of
taxation, and feared to meet the people squarely upon this
issue until it was too late. It was an error, for such was the
popularity of the cause that almost any sacrifices would from
the beginning have been cheerfully encountered.
There were other causes which had much to do with the
regular and rapid decline in the value of Confederate notes,
and these were the facility with which they were counterfeited
by the enemy ; the allied bad faith at times of the author-
ities in practically repudiating, by taxing, the issues, and finally,
and what, no doubt, was of greater consequence than either,
though I admit it sadljr, the general spirit of trading which
came into vogue, requiring feoferal money, or gold, for its pur-
poses« Distrust of the eventual success of the cause operated
upon 'some, and even those who regarded that success inevitable
when the debt assumed colossal proportions, believed that the
resources of the country could never be adequate to meet it.
This was undoubtedly a mistake, as the experience of the
United States afterwards proved ; but the fact was, our people
had no idea of the prodigious energies of taxation, or of how
much the national industry could bear.
It must be observed, however, that the prices of articles of
home make never did rise among us in proportion to the rise
in the value of gold as compared with Confederate money.
Thus, when a dollar of the former was held as an equivalent
for one hundred of the latter, corn and wheat, instead of being
one hundred times higher than before the war, were not more
than five and ten times, and in some parts of the country, as
in portions of Mississippi, Were not more than two or three times.
Blockade goods, on the contrary, kept a close relation with gold.
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TDCES m THE C0KFEDERAC7. 575
It is difficult to estimate the actual amount of bonds and
notes issued b^ the Confederate government, but it could not
have reached, m all, much less than two thousand millions of
dollars, and had the war continued after 1865, it would have
been necessarj to resort to some other expedient to maintain
the finances. Paper issues, upon the old basis, were no longer
practicable, and hence it began to be proposed to issue notes
redeemable in future in cotton, tobacco, wheat, etc., which the
fpvemment wordd collect in the way of tithes from the people,
t is quite certain that every scheme of finance which was
adopted, however plausibly advocated and abljr maintained,
only seemed to maKe matters worse — and in this department
of our administration the historian will find one of the causes
of the eventual downfall of the cause.
The machinery by means of which these immense issues of
money were kept up is worthy of some remark. At first the
plates, the paper, etc., were made at the North ; but afterwards
they were run through the blockade from England, and with
them came the presses and the workmen. After a while we
made very good note paper ourselves. The "bonds and notes
were issued from Richmond and from Columbia, S. C, and
finally an office was established on the trans-Mississippi. The
two former offices were immense establishments, employing
many, hundred women, who clipped the edges or affixed the
signatures. Every day or two an a^ent left the office in Col-
umbia for Richmond, having in chaige huge boxes of this
money. Ladies, who had been among the wealthiest and most
aristocratic in the country, were glad to obtain situations in
these offices. The notes, at first, were very rude, and the
Northern counterfeiters could not make them so badly, and
thus they exposed their hands ; but afterwards our notes and
bonds were nearly as handsome as their own greenbacks.
Referring to the extravagant prices which prevailed, a writ-
er of the day said :
" One of the most difficult things which our children will find to'understand
in reference to the existing war, will be that which puzzled the present gen-
eration not a little, with reference to the times of the old Revolution — viz: the
aimoet fabulous prices which obtained for the Indispensable articles of life, and,
the wonder wiU be how it was that people were ever enabled to pay them.
Let it be put upon record for the benefit of these children that their
fathers and mothers paid nut seldom for a bushel of corn trom $20 to $75;
a barrel of flour $250 to $400; a ham or shoulder of bacon $70 to $100; a
pound of sugar or butter $8 to $16; a pair of ladies' shoes $160; a pair of
§entlemen's boots $260 to $400; a felt hat $125; a yard of calico $15; ofunbleach-
omestics $7 ; a shirt $75 ; a lady's bonnet $250 ; a suit of clothes for a gen-
tleman, or a lady's silk dress, $2,000 ; board at the hotels $20 to $60 per
day ; a sinele meal or bed $10 ; a gallon of whiskey $160 ; a Spanish segar or
drink at a bar-room $8. Tct people drink and smoke and dress, and the ladies
look as neat and as pretty as ever, and nobody seems to apprehend starvation*
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576
TIMEa IN THE OONFEDKRAOT.
The following table will show the fluctuating value of Coa-
federate money, as compared with gold. It brings to mind the
experiences of the old American Ifevolution.
January, 1862, $100 gold equals $120 currency.
March, " " 150 "
August, " " 200 "
Dec^ber, " *' 300 "
March, 1863, " 400 "
July, ** " 700 "
October, '* " 1,000 "
Dec'ber, " " 1,700 "
March, 1864, " 2,000
Sept'ber " ** 3,000 "
Jan'y, 1865, " 8,400 "
March, " " 6,000 "
April, " " Exit.
PRICES OF PROVISIONS.
This Price-Current was copied from a Mobile paper. Proviuonfl rose fally
fifty per cent, from /anaary, 1865, until the cXoie of the war.
Artlolea. Jan'j, 19et. Jaii*j,18<8. Jan*j, tSM. JaayiSttk
Flour, extra, bbl $11.26 |57.00 $100.40 $800.00
" superfine, bbl.. 10.00 53.00 100.30 275.00
" fine, bbl 8.00 50.00 100.10 260.00
Corn meal, bush 1.00 8.00 7.00
Com, sack 88 S.OO 4.50 8.60
Coffee, Rio lb. 60 8.26 11.60 60.00
Sugar, brown, lb 07 85 8.00 12.00
" refined, lb. ... 28 1.00 4.00
Butter, country, lb. . . . 50 1.00 8.60 8.00
Egg8,dos 20 1.00 2.00
Bacon, lb 21 80 8.26 8.76
Lard, lb 19 68 8.00 8.00
Fresh Beef, lb 08 15 66 1.26
Fresh Pork, lb 14 80 1.26 1.60
Coal, Shelby, ton 15.00 160.00 200.00
Candles, Sperm, lb 75 2.00 12.00
Salt^ Liverpool, sack.. 10.00 .... 88.00
Soap, hard, lb 12 50 80 2.50
Tallow, lb 18 80 1.50 6.00 '
Potatoes, sweet, bush.. 1.10 2.60 5.00 12.00
" Irish, bbl 10.00 60.00 80.00
Onions, bbl 8.00 100.25
Chickens, doz 8.60 7.00 26.00 75.00
Turkeys, doz. 10.00 80.00 75.00 100.44
Rice, lb 07 12 22 2.00
Cow peas, bush. 1.00 2.75 6.00 14.00
Molasses, N.O., gal... 60 2.50 14.00 20.00
Apples, dried, lb 07 28 60 2.00
Peaches, dried, lb. . . . 17 88 90 8.00
Beeswax, lb 80 90 1.75 6.00
Wheat, bush 1.50 7.00 28.00
W(ol, Oak, cord 8.50 16.00 80.00 70.00
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SKETCHES OF FOBEIGN TRAVEL. 577
ART. III.-SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL.
LoNDOK, November Sd^ 1866.
Dear Review, — ^In no other country in Europe, perhaps, are
there as many of those vast repositories, so interesting to the
student of science, the antiquarian, and the lover of the curious,
as in England. The hardy and adventurous character of thp
English people, the immense wealth amassed in the hands
of English capitalists, and the generous succor they have ha-
bitually extended to the embelhshment of their country, have
conspired to make England a storehouse, which every other
nation of the world has contributed to endow. Chief among
those great magazines, to which the Englishman appeals with
.reasonable pride, is
The British Museum.— The Museum, like the Crystal
Palace, belongs to that imperial family of the wonderful, which
exact the respectful study of whole days, and which treat with
crushing contempt any effort at a description on the hither side
of an octavo. England has remorselessly ransacked every con-
tinent, and every Known bit of land and water ; and all their
curiosities in botany, geology, anatomy, zoology, sculpture,
carving, architecture, and literature, have been bought, taken,
or stolen, and deposited in the British Museum.
The grand halls on the ground floor are devoted to anti-
quities, and there Greece and Rome respond to the incantation
of art, and live again, in the immortal beauty of their discolor-
ed and broken statues. There, from Julius Ctesar back to
Homer, Greece and Rome are reproduced, in the marble but
speaking faces of their great warriors, poets, and statesmen.
There, Sardanapalus in the hunt, in the battle, in the revel, and
very much in drink, is wrought in everlasting stone. There is
Effypt, in colossal statues of lions, winged and man-headed,
which are covered with inscriptions that address us with in-
scrutable eloquence, in the essentially dei^d language of hiero-
glyphics. There are Nimrod and feabylon, handed down to
us portably, in the gew- gaws and jewels with which their
famous beauties upset the emotional economy of the Babylon-
ish male. A pretty English girl, with carnation cheeks and
an interrogative nose, who happened to be sharing my inspec-
tion of the jewels, wondered, with feminine horror, how
women could have deformed themselves with such ornamental
eye-sores. Keeping her nose steadily in mind, I temperately
suggested that the fiashion of to-day was always the text of to-
morrow's surprise. She left me abruptly, with the evident
conviction that I was endeavoring to pave the way for a conun-
YOL. II.-N0. VI. 87
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drum. Arranged in the same case with the condemned jewels
are a number of copper dishes, off of some of which it is en-
tirely within the sphere of speculation that that Daniel-ridden
person, Belshazzar himself, might have dined.
An entire room in the Museum is consigned to the hospitable
entertainment of mummies. There, in coarse-looking rags and
wooden fibers, are conserved the mouldy bones, which were
swathed in tissue, and tenanted with souls, at a period where-
linto it strains the imagination to reach. Among the human
relics, and also preserved by the mummy process, are cats, and
dogs, and crocodiles, and other animals sacred to the Egyp-
tians. My fingers itched with curiosity to unloose the band-
ages, and see how our ancient friends stood the wear and tear
of a long sedentary existence. But hands off is the despotic
law of the domicil, and this leaves to the spectator, in the
matter pf mummies, but the dry inspection of an oblong and
shapeless mass, with no exterior savor of humanity.
In the room adjoining the mummies, anatomy holds high
carnival. I was shown there, amid an army of other things
too multitudinous to mention, a skeleton of the megatherium,
the mastodon of Buenos Ay res, and one of the great Amer-
ican mastodon. Just in the rear of the American mastodon
is a curiosity which attracted me more than any other object
of interest in the collection. It is the skeleton of a human
being, embedded in rock, and every part is present nece^ary
to establish its identity. It is of South American origin,
having been discovered in a limestone quarry of Guadaloupe.
By the side of this, it may be that even the Egyptian mum-
mies sink into comparative infancy. To attempt to reckon
back to the time at which this skeleton, now immured in rock,
was clothed in flesh, and animated with spirit, puts the mind
in one of those mazes where darkness glowers irom all direc-
tions, unless, indeed, our geologists can throw upon the inquiry
a ray of negative light. What a measureless field for vague
romance is opened by these poor bones, sealed up in their
stony crypt I Mr. Wilkie Collins is amicably invited to con-
sider it. He has evinced such signal capacitv for moral
anatomy, he would probably find it a congenial theme.
In the department of ornithology, I saw a real specimen of
the bird of paradise. The body and wings are of a nut
brown, and the neck and head of a light golden color.
The tail, as with the peacock, is the great feature of ornament.
It spreads out into drooping and gorgeous plumes, of a deep
safiron hue near the body, but passes by imperceptible tran-
sitions to pale golden as it leaves the body, and ends in a
delicate purple. The effect is indescribably filmy, unreal,
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floss-like, and graceful. The bird is brought from New
Guinea, and is about the size of a sparrow-hawk.
In the section devoted to shells, the most interesting speci-
men on deposit to me, was the pearl oyster. It is nearly-
identical with the common oyster as to shape and size, but its
interior surface is much whiter and more glossy. The natural
pearl is found cemented to this inner surface in the form of
globules, of greater or less size. The Chinese use artificial
means to stimulate their pearl muscles to secrete the precious
bauble. They introduce small leaden figures into the shell,
and these, in the course of time, become en^usted with what
is termed pearly macre. The macre is then, by chemical
process, converted into the merchantable pearl.
To not a few, probably, the Library attached to the Museum
would prove its most attractive feature. It contains ninety
thousand volumes, and all of them in splendid binding. It is
full, moreover, of curiosities. It possesses the autographs of
an immense number of famous people ; many specimens on
vellum of the illuminated printing of the middle ages, and
various other literary oddities, of which only the librarian and
his catalogue can provide the explanation.
Hampton Court. — ^I have just returned from a delightful
carriage drive, and a yet more delightful day^s experience at
Hampton Court. It is only a few miles from the city, and the
route to it travels through one of the most charming suburban
dependencies of London. The road is so smooth, the journey
so short, and the town melts by such insensible gradations into
the country, that you do not fairly realize you have left London
until you reach Hampton Court. A carriage drive beyond the
city limits is always gratefully enlivened by troops of juvenile
beggars, who throng your pathway, and turn amazing somer-
saults with great fluency for your-entertainment. They employ
a touchstone of character, which seems to afford them entire
satisfaction. If you reward them with a penny, they herald
you as a gentleman ; if you hold on to the penny, they inform
you with perfect frankness that you are a blackguard. I have
practiced both of the experiments, and had myself duly
classified.
The famous palace of Hampton Court first grew into obser-
vation under the proprietorship of that pious politician, Car-
dinal Wolsey, who purchased, and made it his chief place of
residence. There it was tliat he maintained the immense reti-
nue of dependents, and other appliances of regal state, which
eclipsed the Court of Henry VIIL, and festered in the heart
of that amiable marrying man. In consequence of the jeal-
ousy which its overshadowing splendor aroused in the king,
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the good cardinal made a virtue of necessity, and presented
him with it. From that period it has continued in the posses-
sion of the Crown. An addition was made to it under the
direction of Sir Christopher Wren, which so enlarged its di-
mensions that it now occupies eleven acres of ground. As a
place of residence, it has not been used by the English sove-
reigns since the time of William IV. It, with the immense
park attached to it, now- serves community purposes, being
thrown open every day for the inspection of promiscuous
visitors.
The palace proper is converted into a splendid gallery of art,
infinitely surpassing in the range and rareness of its collections
the "National Gallery" in London. Correggio, Guido, Angelo,
Raphael, Lely, West, Bordoune, and a host of lesser lights,
irradiate its walls, until they glow in their luminous trans-
figuration. Some of the rooms are monopolized by the works
of a single master. Sir Peter Lely, for example, has a
separate room assigned him, in which he has gathered a rich
bouquet of the court beauties who shone contemporaneously
with him. A more gorgeous congress of full-blown loveliness
never solicited the masculine eye. If Sir Peter only painted
what he saw, he must have been admirably qualified on some
points of female anatomy, for no man ever had a less encura-
oered opportunity of inspecting the female figure from the
waist up.
Other rooms in the palace are illustrated by many artists in
common, some of them with their walls broken up into a
hundred gleaming squares, by miniatures and portraits of
small size, while others again are under the solemn dominion
of a few massive specimens, stretching from floor to ceiling.
You gaze there, until the functions of sight are worried out,
and the brain fairly reels before the great mob of impressions
which beset it for record.
A visitor at the gallery is expected, as a matter of course,
to fling himself into a voiceless ecstasy over the celebrated
cartoons of Raphael. ' As a further stimulus towards the con-
ventional ecstasy, the spectator is intrusted with the stunning
item, that five millions of dollars apiece for these cartoons have •
been offered to,' and refused by, the English government. Not-
withstanding the natural instinct in every independent mind
to rebel, at a demand made upon its admiration by a
tyranny so imperious as the reputation of Raphael, and not-
withstanding the suspicion which may arise in such cases, of
admiring what it is fashionable to admire, I concede that I
have never been so utterly engrossed and tmnsported out of
myself by a work of art as by these cartoons. I believe I may
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SKETCHES OF FOREIGN TRAVEL. 581
honestly entertain the innocent vanity, that in my enjoyment
of works coming from the brush and the chisel I am not gov-
erned by conventional estimate, for in the majority of speci-
mens I have yet seen, held as achievements by the many, I
have experienced more or less disappointment In the car-
toons of Eaphael, on the contrary, I surrendered myself at
discretion, to a sense of simple and unquestioning enjoyment.
Everything about them is so obviously true, propriety of
arrangement is so eloquent in all their details, ana they radiate
upon you such a stillmg sense of divine power, that one sits
under them in.a ffreat tranquillity, with a bit of awe stealing
into his heart, and enjoys them as he has enjoyed nothing else,
since the time he looked upon mysterious things with a won-
dering, wide open, child's eye.
The one among them which above all others riveted my
attention, was the picture of the two Apostles at the gates of
the city, healing the cripple. I cannot conceive that it lies
within the possibilities of art to construct a more triumphant
illusion. The agony of supplication which rends the cripple's
fece, the aspect of God-lifee benignity which glorifies the
countenance of the healer, and the massive columns of the
sculptured gates, are wrought with a fidelity to nature, and a
depth of passionate vigor, which subdue the critical beholder
into abject worship. The incarnating genius of the synthetic
towers above the abstract genius of the analytic, and subjects
it to vassalage.
The cartoons are seven in number, and so called from their
being painted upon paper.
The park surroundmg the palace, a very extensive one, is
covered with a smooth, green sward, tastefully disposed into
terraces and flower gardens, animated with fountains and orna-
mental fish ponds, and picturesquely alive with large droves
of deer. Five or six avenues extend from the palace at
regular intervals, and reach to the confines of the park.
These avenues are skirted by the noblest trees I have seen in
England, all handsome representatives of the ancient families
of the lime and the horse-chestnut. They hedge the avenues,
four rows deep on either side. Their limbs shoot out courage-
ously from the trunk, nearly on a level with the ground, and
soar up ambitiously, in a conical shape, to a very considerable
height. They maintain such intimate social relations that their
branches interlace, and, seen from the palace, they produce the
pleasant illusion of steep, solid, and continuous embankments
of emerald.
Just in the rear of the palace, the woods thicken into an
impenetrable forest. There, except that pretty gravel walks
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682 napoleon's life of o.bsar.
serpentine in all directions, every thing is in the unpruned and
tangled luxuriance which betokens nature under primitive
conditions. There the wild birds sing with frantic exuberance
and relish ; there the leaves fall and decay untouched, and
there the ground-moss, which never colonizes where the sun
peeps, monopolizes the surface of the earth.
But for the laughing crowd and fluttering ribbons which
circulated about me, and the vivid absence of mosquitoes, I
could have fancied myself in the bowels of a Louisiana swamp.
What a startling coptrast ! this little patch of wild and un-
licensed nature, dumped irrelevantly in the very penetralia of
artificial civilization. After a visit to Hampton Court one is
prepared to accept the two propositions, that extremes may
meet, and that they cannot meet anywhere else under aus-
pices more seductive to the eye and to the imagination.
Truly youre,
Oabte Blanche.
ART. IV.-NAPOLEON'S LIFE OF CAESAR. VOL. IL
The old adage, that it. takes a thief to catch a thief, contains a
principle of universal application. We may as well say it takes a
hero to enter into the aspirations, to comprehend the designs, to ap-
preciate the trials, and to sympathize with the sufferings of an heroic
spirit
Says Carlyle, " The Poet who could merely sit in a chair, and
write stans^as, would never make a stanza worth much. He could
not sing the heroic warrior unless he were at least an heroic warrior
too." We like our lii?es, and we seeit the companionship of kindred
spirits, not only in the social circle, and in the active oonoerns of
life, hut as well amongst the fictitious characters of romance and the
real characters of history. The commonplace wisdom of another
adage, ^* Birds of a feather flock together," is only a variation of the
same idea, and the magpies of history, as well as those of the farm-
yard, cannot conceal their lineage under the peacock's plumage.
N'apoleon cries out, *' Hail fellow, well met! " to CsBsar, across the
chasm of eighteen centuries, and the hero of the coup tPetat of A.
D. 1852, is at home with him who crossed the Guhicou in 49 B. C.
As little a man as Boswell, it Is true, wrote one of the best bio-
graphies that has ever been written, and of one of. the greatest men
that has ever been written about; but it is a good biography, not
because it gives us hi« idea of Johnson, but because it tells us all
about him, and leaves us to form our own. No more talent was
required to do the work that Boswell did than is required in the ap*
trentice of a photographer, who has had the instrument furnished
im, the chemicals mixed, the appliances placed at his hand, the
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napoleon's life of c^sar. 683
principal living, and in attitnde before him, and must himself mere-
ly go through a few mechanical motions to produce a picture. But
to perform the task undertaken by Napoleon, there was required a
combination of the genius of a Cuvier, as an anatomist, with that of
a Benjamin West as a portrait painter. There were found in the
quarries of Montraartre a few bones of some great animal of a by-
gone ase, and of whose species there was not even an existing skele-
ton. From these " disjecta membra '' Cuvier constructed the en-
tire figure, and assigned it to its appropriate rank in the order of
animal creation. In his Life of Csesar, Napoleon has not only con-
structed a skeleton of his colossal prototype from the dry bones of
history, but he has clothed it with flesh, and breathed into it the
breath of life, and then, like the artist who waits for the happy mo-
ment, he has caught the most favorable expression of countenance,
and transferred it to canvas, with a hue on the cheek, and a flush in
the eye.
The American Republic has not been very long in possession of
the second volume of this work, which the readers of the first will
remember commences with Ceesar's military career. Before enter-
ing upon a discussion of its merits, let us speak a word of the mere
mechanism of the book. The part of the publisher has been well
performed. The binding is neat, durable, and attractive, and looks
quite imperial with the coat of arms of the Napoleon dynasty im-
pressed upon it. The typography is large and distinct, and does not
enter into conspiracy against our eye-sight. The volumes are divid>&d
into books, chapters, and paragraphs, and there are side-notes to each
of these latter divisions, descriptive of their subject matter. This is
well enough, but in addition to these arrangements, there ought to be
figures at the tops of the pages indicating the books and chapters.
This remark may appear hypercritical, but it will be appreciated by
those who use their libraries for practical purposes, and have to make
frequent references. A book is a cabinet of knowledge, and it is
just as necessary to the scholar that there should be sign-posts by
which die Indices can direct him to any particular facts he may seek,
as it is to the druggist to have his vials well labelled and shelved ;
as it is to the surgeon to have his instruments in their appropriate
cases, and the cases in their appropriate places. Book-making is a
science as well as book-writing, although an inferior one, and a well
planned book is as much a labor-saving machine as a patent churn,
or wheat reaper. What is worth doing at all is not only worth
doing well, but in the best possible manner. The Napoleonic eye
that scrutinizes at a glance the organization of an army, that marks
the slightest inaccuracy in the movement of a corps, and the slight-
est defect in the spoke of a cannon wheel, ought not to have per-
mitted even this petty defect in the organization of his favorite vol-
ume.
The first Napoleon used to say that it was by ** the five minutes "
he saved that he won his battles, and it is certain that nobody, in
the short span of human existence, has five minutes that he can af-
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584 napoleon's life of cssar.
ford to throw away. There is one other thing about this book to be
objected to — its high price. A work ©f this character, published for
readers all over the country, and selling readily, ought not to cost
three dollars and a half per volume. But for this we have to thank
the patriots of Congress, who consider that the high tariff charged on
imported literature is only a merited gratuity from the whole Amer-
ican people to the printers of New England. But probably this is
treason. We desist. In a previous paper, while alluding to this
Life of CsBsar as a political work in the guise of history, we ventured
the prediction that the Emperor would soon be assailed by writers
who, adopting his own tactics, would conceal their daggers under the
folds of some classic toga. As is generally the case in prophecies
(but really unawares to us), it had been fulfilled before it was made,
and thereby hangs a tale. It seems that M. Rogeard, an ex-Profes-
sor, who had resigned his office in preference to taking the oath of
allegiance to the Emperor, concluded that he would fight the devil
with fire. So he wrote a- pamphlet called " Propos de Labienus,'^
apparently as innocent a little essay as ever came from a scholar's
closet. The scene is laid in Rome, and in the 31st year of the rdgn
of Augustus. Labienus is a stanch old Republican who hates Roy-
alty. He meets with Julius Gallanus, a Roman youth, in an even-
ing stroll, and they have a talk together, in which he soundly berates
Caesar, and all that is Cflesarean, and sheds tears over old times —
over the good old days of the Republic, " when none were for a
painty, when all were for the State."
'^ Ah ! Gallanus, we are degenerate. We are Romans of Uie de-
cline, fallen from Cassar to Augustus ; thrown from Chary bdis against
Scylla ; from strength to trickery ; from the uncle to the nephew,"
et csBtera, for about twenty pages, very melancholy, very witty, very
caustic, and very interesting withal to those who would like to see
the Emperor's serenity ruffled. Well, the bookseller did not see
the dagger's point, or the cloven foot, protruding from under the
classic garment. The pamphlet was printed. Twelve hundred copies
were carried off in a lew hours. This excited his suspicion.- Five
thousand more were called for. This said plainly, " latet anguis in
herba." He rushed tremblin j: to the Prefecture of the Police to de-
clare his innocence. The police were already looking for him. His
ignorance of the nature of the publication saved him from punish-
ment ; but M. Rogeard, appreciating the fact that '' it is not advis-
able to argue with one who has thirty legions," quickly disguised
himself in the garb of a priest, and while the "gens d'armes" were
striking their bayonets through bis bed at home, he was whirling away
on the express train to Brussels, where, at last accounts, he remains
in exile. The pamphlet was suppressed ; but this was a miserable
" faire pas " of Napoleon — utterly un-Napol conic. His seeking to
punish the author made him a martyr. His warfare against the of-
fending print placed it in the centre table of every parlor in Paris.
Had he noticed neither, no one else would have noticed them, save
while attracted by their novelty. It is lamentable to witness such
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weakness in one who can so well afford to be strong; but let it be
said, in palliation of the act, that M. Rogeard not only attacked
the politics and policy of his administration, but uttered the most in-
decent scandals against his private character, and made imputations
against the honor of the Empress, weli calculated to exasperate the
most forbearing.
It requires no profound investigation to disclose the fact that every
source of information, literary and scientific, was explored in the
collection of material for the production of this volume. It is prob-
able that there has never been published a book for which there was
as full and as elaborate preparation. The most skillful philosophers
made astronomical observations to ascertain and verify dates ; the
most accomplished engineers made surveys and excavations to give
the locations of camps and batUe^elds, and to discover the tracks of
military manoeuvres ; the most learned archceolocists accompanied
them to derive what light they could from the relics found in their
explorations ; the best draftsmen prepared the maps, and we have
no doubt that the best scholars traversed the whole field of letters,
in order that no fact or opinion bearing on the subject might escape
the attention of the Imperial historian. This immense mass has
been fused together, and moulded into shape by a master hand.
From this ^^ rudis indigestaque moles " has come forth a symmetri-
cal and orderly creation.
CeBsar's own memoirs of his campaigns in Gaul, and his «5pe^i-
tions to Britain, form the groundwork of the second volume. These
commentaries were not intended as more than notes by which the
future historian should be guided in writing a more elaborate work.
Napoleon says, ** We have adopted the narrative of Caesar, though
sometimes changing the order of^the matter ; we have abridged pas-
sages where there was a prodigality of details, and developed these
which required elucidation." Of the value of Caesar's memoirs it is
scarcely necessary to speak. From the school-boy seeking to ac-
quire the rudiments of the noble language in which they are embod-
ied, to the historian seeking a model for his most ambitious efforts —
the world acknowledges their pre-eminent merit. The best critics
of all countries, and of all subsequent times, have differed only in
the language of expressing praise — ^never as to awarding the fullest
measure.
"Ceesar," said Cicero, '^has written memoirs worthy of great
praise. Deprived of all oratorical art, his style, like a handsome
body stripped of clothing, presents itself naked, upright, and grace-
ful. In his desire to furnish materials to future historians, he has,
perhaps, done a thing agreeable to little minds, who will be tempted
to load these natural graces with frivolous ornaments ; but he has
forever deprived men of sense of the desire of writing, for nothing
is more agreeable in history than a correct and luminous brevity."
Hirtius says of them, '* These memoirs enjoy an approval so gen-
eral, that Ceesar has much more taken from others, than given to
them, the power of writing the history of the events which they re-
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586 napoleon's life of cesar.
count. We have still more reasons than all others for admiring it,
for others know only how correct and accurate this book is ; we
know the facility and rapidity with which it is comprised."*
We think that Schlegel, in his History of Literature, has given the
most comprehensive summing up of the merits of Caesar as an author
that we have seen, and it is worthy of quotation in an article even as
brief as this. Says he :
" We have the first specimen of a perfect equality of expression in Oesar. ^ In
his writings he displays the same character which distiDgmshed him in action ;
all is directed to one end, and everything is better adapt^ to the attainment of
that end than anything that could have been submitted in its room. He pos-
sesses in perfection two qualities which, next to liveliness, are the most necessary
in historical compositions— clearness and simplicity. And yet how widely dif>
ferent are the distinctness and brevity of Oesar from that open-hearted ^ileless-
ness, and almost Homer-like loquacity and clearness which we admire in Hero-
dotus. As a general arranges his troops where they can act the most efficiently,
and the most securely, and is careful to make use of every advantage against
his enemy, even so does Csesar arrange every word and expression, with a view
to its ultimate effect — and even so steadily does he pursue his object without
being ever tempted to turn to the right hand or to the left. Among these an-
cient generals who, like him, have described their own achievements, Xenophon*
with Si the perfection of his Attic taste, occupies as a commander too insi^^nifi-
cant a place to be for a moment put in comparison with Qoesar. Several of Al-
exander's generals, and Hannibal himself, wrote accounts of the remarkable
campaigns in which they had been engaged, but unfortunately their composi-
tions have entirely perished. The Roman, even as a writer, when we compare
him with those who, in similar situations, have made similar attempts, is atiU
Ciesar — the unrivalled, and the unconquered.^f
The great quality of CsBsar — a quality which is conspicuous in
every act of his life, was that which has been portrayed so graphi-
cally by Schlegel as characteristic of his writings — the concentration
of every energy upon the accomplishment of one fixed object. All
writers on military affairs tell us, and the experience of every intel-
ligent soldier will sustain their teaching, that the gist of the science
of war consists in the rapid concentration of forces upon a single
siven point. The ability to do that is military genius. But let us
bear in mind that this underlying principle of military science is not
peculiar to that science alone. It is simply the essence of universal
wisdom applied to the matter of war. To bring all the energies and
resources that can be summoned up to bear upon a single well con-
ceived object should be the abiding thought of life. Any man who
has the will to force his ideas into one channel will soon find the cur-
rent grown so swift and strong that ho obstacle can resist it ; and
when that volume is guided and propelled by genius, one might as
well build a dam, or hoist an umbrella, to stay the deluge, as to
stand against it. One Poet tells us, ^' Life is war — eternal war with
woe." Another says, *' Man is born on a battlefield." The com-
mon expression for human existence is, '^ The battle of life." These
are not figures of speech. Every object to be attained is a fortress
• These comments are quoted in Vol. II. p. 18.
t Schlegel's History of Lit. p. 88.
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to be approached with gap and mine, or a battery to be stormed at
the bayonet's point, or a line to be broken. Sometimes we need the
calculating genius of a Yauban, sometimes the headlong dash of a
Ney, sometimes the stubborn pluck of a McDonald ; but the same
general principles that our engineers and tacticians lay down for con-
ducting sieges, and manoeuvring battalions, apply as well to the bat-
tles that are to be fought with pen, tongue, spade, scalpel, trowel,
yardstick, paint brush, chisel, or what not, as to those which are to
be fought with bullet and blade. There is an old Latin proverb that
tells us, " Cave ab homine unius libri " (Beware of the man of one
book). Alexander, resting at night with Homer in a golden casket
under his pillow, and enacting in the daytime deeds &t vied with
those of the poet's heroes ; Demosthenes, copying Thucydides eight
times, and then thrilling the Greeks with the majestic melody of
their matchless tongue^— these are familiar illustrations ; but let us
extend the warning. " Beware of the man of one idea." The oracle
says, '^ Enlarge not thy destiny ; endeavor not to do more than is
given thee in charge." Says Emerson, " There are twenty ways of
going to a point, and one is the shortest ; but set out on one at once."
Poets and philosophers have exhausted the powers of essay and verse
in condemning the idlers and drones who lounge through life with
**no whither" to their journey; but these ** do-nothings " are not
half as dangerous as the " do-every things." The former, sluggish
and inactive generally, possess not even enough fascination to give
influence tq bad example, and soon pass away from obscurity to ob-
livion. But the latter, always impatient for " some new thing," in-
dulge in daring and brilliant experiments, and attract thousands to
share with them a splendid ruin. The pathways of fame are filled
with the bones of such men — men who, with the genius to do any
one thing, fritter away existence attempting all things, and accom-
plishing nothing. Alfred Vargrave, described by Owen Meredith in
liucile, is a fair type : —
" Alfred Vargrave was one of these men who achieve
So little, because of the much they conceive,
A redundantly sensuous nature, each pore,
Ever patent to beauty, had yet left huh sore,
With a sense of impossible power.
He knocked at each one
Of the doorways of life and abided in none.
His course by each star that would cross it was set.
And whatever he did he was sure to regret.
That target discussed by the travellers of old,
Which to one appeared argent, to one appeared gold.
To him, ever lingering on Doubt's dizzy margent,
Appeared in one moment both golden and argent.
Tlie man who seeks one thing in life, and bat one.
May hope to achieve it before life is done ;
But he who seeks all things, wherever he goes.
Only reaps from the hopes which around mm he sows,
A harvest of barren regrets."
Napoleons and C»sars are made of no such stuff. They have,inde€d,
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the poet's keen susceptibilities — the fertility of conception that brings
forth a thousand brilliant dreams ; but these various talents are
bound together with the bands of an iron will. They do not *' knock
at each one of the doorways of life,'' but fire their eyes upon the
glittering door of the highest temple, and if it does not open to their
gentle " open sesame," thev batter it down *' vi et armis." Their
course i^ not set '' by each star that would cross it,'' but by one
fixed star, and that is their '^ Star of Destiny,"
Throughout his work we never lose sight of the one purpose that
actuated Napoleon in its composition. No opportunity passes unim-
proved to show a coincidence in the actions of Julius Caesar and Na-
poleon L, or to impress the idea that they were great "people's
men." We remember in the Arabian Nights that whatever else
Aladdin invoked with his wonderful lamp, he was sure to include a
supply of golden and silver treasure. Whatever other lesson Napo-
leon seeks to inculcate, he always includes the doctrine that France
owes the establishment of her glory to his unde, and that he himself
alone can preserve it.
Thus he says in his reflections on the state of parties in Rome,
when the factions of Csesar and Pompey were becoming embittered
towards each other, and their hostility was approaching a crisis :
** The fact is, that in civil commotions each class of society divines, as by in-
stinct, the cause which responds to its aspirations, and feels itself attracted to it
by a secret affinitv. Men Dom in the superior classes, or brought to their level
by honors and riches, are always drawn towards the aristocracy ; whilst men
kept by fortune in the inferior ranks remain the firm supports of the popular
cause. Thus at the return from the isle of Elba, most ot the Generals of the
Emperor Napoleon, loaded with wealth like the Lieutenants of Ctesar, marched
openly against him ; but in the army all up to the rank of Colonel said, after the
example of the Roman centurion, pointing to their weapons, " Thb will place
him on the throne ag^in 1 "
Again he is discussing the question of right between Caesar and
the Senate — Caesar insisting that his command should continue until
the year 706, the Senate declaring that it should cease in 704. After
advocating the justice and legality of Caesar*s claims, he t'lkes occa-
sion, in a note, to vindicate his own. ^' At all times the Assemblies
have been striving to shorten the duration of the powers given by
the people to a man whose sympathies were not with them. Here
is an example : The Constitution of 1848 decided that the President
of the French Republic should be named for four years. The Prince
Louis Napoleon was elected on the 10th of December, 1848, and
proclaimed on the 20th of the same month. His powers ought to
have ended on the 20th of December, 1852. Now the constituent
Assembly, which foresaw the election of Prince Louis Napoleon,
fixed the termination of the Presidency to the second Sunday of the
month of May, 1852, thus robbing him of seven months."
Thus history repeats itself. The Roman Senate, in its passionate
warfare against a great, popular man, endeavored to deprive him of
two years of office. It only resulted in making him an Emperor,
with an indefinite tenure of office. The French Assembly with si-
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milar folly sought to rob the President of seven months, and that
man is now their master, dictating to them from a throne, and him-
self picturing their rashness for their contemplation. Are we ap-
proaching this act in the drama of American politics ? The United
States Congress, clinging to the ideas of the past, and seeking to
perpetuate in peace the institutions and practices which were barely
tolerable in war, has set its hand against the President, who, with
faith in the people, seeks to place again in their hands the liberties
that were wrung from them at the bayonet's point ; and so bitter is
their enmity that several members have gone so far as to propose
the abolition of the office he holds, in order to concentrate power into
their own hands. If they persist what will be the issue? The past
points to the Cssars and the Napoleons, the future points to — who ?
We have no doubt that these frequent allusions of Napoleon to
his own dynasty will be severely animadverted on by many critics ;
but we regard them as manly and liberal arguments in defence of
the family of which he is the reigning representative. He stands
behind the bulwarks of history. His weapons are facts and ideas.
Let those who difier with him answer his arguments if they can, and
not accuse him of egotism in advancing them. An obscure, pen-
niless exile, who has made himself the greatest of living monarchs;^
has a right to a high opinion of himself. If it is undeserved, let
those who think so show why.
He has not been guilty of the poor device of denying or attempt-
ing to conceal the faults or crimes with which Cajsar is charged, but
candidly confesses them, and regrets them as disfiguring a character
otherwise as stainless as it was ^eat. Ceesar was no vulgar tyrant
like Attila, or Alaric. The sight and sound of pain were never to
him otherwise than painful. He well merited the tribute of Napo-
leon I., who said of him at St. Helena, ** He is one of the most
amiable characters in history." But at times he was guilty of acts
which, measured by our views of humanity and interiAtional law,
are inexcusable cruelties ; which, measured by any standard, are dark
blots on his escutcheon. After the battle with the Veneti, in which he
had annihilated their army, he caused their whole Senate to be put
to death, and the rest of the inhabitants to be sold into slavery. It
was true that he was exasperated by the fact that the Veneti had
violated their oaths of allegiance, and had murdered the messengers
sent to negotiate with them ; but their overthrow was of itself suffi-
cient punishment, and the warmest advocate of the '* lex talionis,"
could not justify this excessive retribution. Napoleon very proper-
ly remarks, '* Caesar has been justly reproached for this cruel chas-
tisement; yet this great man gave such frequent proofs of his
clemency towards the vanquished that he must have yielded to very
powerful political motives to order an execution so contrary to his
habits and temper." We find Csesar, too, very disingenuous in
sometimes endeavoring to varnish over his defeats, by calling them
(as has been the fashion in later times) " reconnoissances in force."
Napoleon does not try to hide his lack of candor. He remarks
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about his notes on the siege of Gergovia, " In the foregoing ac-
count Qesar skillfully disguises a defeat It is evident that he hoped
to take Gergovia by a sudden assault, before the Gauls, drawn by a
false attack to the west of the town, had time to come back to its
defence. This could not have been the case, for what use could it
be to him to take camps almost without troops in them, if the con-
sequence was not to be the surrender of the town itself?"
Sudi is the impartial spirit which characterizes this book. The
account of Csssar^s campaigns is so minute^ and every omission in the
text of the Commentaries has been so completely supplied, that as a
military history it is the most consummate that has ever been written.
We find Csesar entering military life as a commander at the age of
forty years, and at once directing the details of marches, and the dis-
positions of lines in the field, with as much ease as if war had been
the daily occupation of his life-time.
He had held at this period various public oOices, but his prepara-
tion for the exalted position of a General consisted in his experience
as a practical public man, often placed in situations that required
self-possession, decision, and address, rather than any special
acquaintance with military affairs. His services as a soldier had
]^een limited to one campaign in the Mithridatic War, in which he
had won a civic crown for saving the life of a fellow-soldier, but had
had no opportunity of displaying, and had given no earnest of, those
rare powers for managing the delicate and complicated machinery of
war, which shine so brilliantly in his subsequent career. But his
varied accomplishments, and the ready tact with which he employed
them under all circumstances, were tremendous agencies in military
as in civil life. He had led a luxurious, and occasionally an indolent
life, but when he studied it was with his whole soul intent on his
subject, and he posaessessed a mind that was not only " marble to
receive," but also " marble to retain." He had studied oratory and
rhetoric under Appolonius^who was also the tutor of Cicero, and
with such success that, as Plutarch says, ** he was the second orator
in Rome, and might have been the l^rst had he not rather chosen
the pre-eminence in arms." Cicero termed him " Splendidus." His
style as a speaker was less ornate than that of Cicero, but equally
fervid and forcible. Terse, nervous, and laconic, his speeches, as
well^s his writings and his battles, wear the lineaments of his mar-
tial character. Besides these natural and acquired advantages, he
was extremely popular with the people and the army, and was sure
that the soldiers would heartily second him in the 6eld, and a strong
party sustain him at Rome. What were his emotions and aspira-
tions as he departed from Rome to commence the perilous and un>
tried life of a military adventurer, are indicated by these incidents
for which we are indebted to our famous old story teller Plutarch.
When he came to a little town in passing the Alps, one of his
retinue remarked, ** Can there be here any disputes for offices, and
contentions for precedency, or such envy and ambition as we see
among the great 1" To which Caesar very gravely answered, " I as-
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sure you I had rather be the first man in this little village than the
second man in Rome." Milton when in his Paradise Lost he makes
Satan say that he had rather rule in hell tnan serve in heaven,
makes him utter a fine speech, in which the irreverence of the
allusion is lost in the grandeur of the sentiment. The character of
the rebel is drowned in that of the hero. Let us give the Devil
and Caesar their due ; they were right, and Milton is at fault in
making Satan a hero. In like manner we are told that Caesar when
spending some leisure hours in Spain, in reading the history of Alex-
ander, was so affected by it that he sat pensive a long time, and at
last burst into tears. To his friends, wondering what might be the
reason, he said, '^ Do you think I have not sufficient cause for concern
when Alexander at my age reigned over so many conquered coun-
tries, and I have not one glorious achievement to boast of?" He
wept for glory, but they were not idle tears.
If we follow Caesar now through his marches and combats, it is
only to take part in daring enterprises followed invariably by
splendid victories, and if we are willing to abide by that inexorable
motto of soldiership, " exitus acta probat," we must rest at our
journey's end with the conclusion that Caesar was the greatest Cap-
tain that the world has ever produced. Unlike Napoleon, he did not
enter upon the profession of arms until well advanced in life, but,
unlike him also, his whole career is a series of successes. Not that
he did not suffer temporary defeats and reverses, but no great de-
sign which he ever set about to accomplish with his legions was ever
abandoned, and his reverses, so far from discouraging or deterring
him, seemed only inspirations to lodier designs, and mightier efforts.
Napoleon I., commenting on the requisites of a great commander,
used this language : *' We rarely," said he, " find combined togeth-
er, all the qualities requisite to constitute a great General. The
object most desirable is that a man's judgment should be in
equilibrium with his physical character, or courage. This is what
we may well call being squared both by base and perpendicular. If
courage be in the ascendancy, a General will rashly undertake that
which he cannot execute ; on the contrary, if his character or courage
be inferior to his judgment, he will not venture to carry any measure
into effect. The sole merit of the Viceroy Eugene consisted in this
equilibrium. This, however, was insufficient to render him a very
distinguished man." Lord Bacon in his essay on Boldncfss savs in
substance the same thing : ^' Boldness is ever blind ; for it seeth not
dangers and inconveniences; therefore it is ill in counsel, good in
execution ; so that the right use of bold persons is that they never
command in chief, but bo seconds, and under the direction of others ;
for in counsel it is good to see dangers, and in execution not to see
them unless they be very creat."
This rare combination of qualities existed in Caesar in the highest
degree. Cool self-possession was never lost in the heat of action,
nor could any exigency produce vacillation in his designs. He was
not more brilliant in imagination, or firmer in resolution, or daring
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in courage, than Napoleon ; but his will and his intellect were better
balanced. Ceesar ha^the advantage of Napoleon in physique. He
possessed that first of requisites to the General, '* sana mens in sano
corpore," and suffered less from the exposure of military life. Less
sensitive, less restive, less delicate than Napoleon, he was not so
much harassed by the slanders of the world, and less worn by
the fatigues of bodily and mental labor.
Like all great men who have been the leaders in building up
monarchical upon the ruins of republican institutions, Caesar is con-
demned by half the world as being the author of the ruin out of
which his own empire was founded. Ceesar, Cromwell, Napoleon
L, and Napoleon HI., are looked upon by those who have no idea
of liberty but that it is a vague something incompatible with the
existence of a king, as heartless conquerors, " guilty of their coun-
try's blood." But the identity of the circumstances which gave rise
to these men in their respective times, ought to convince them that
they were not the mere creatures of their own ambition, but of those
circumstances which made themselves necessities, and their aspira-
tions virtues. The present, and the last several generations of the
American people have resided in a country which, throwing off the
yoke of foreign dominion at an early period of its civilization,
founded a system of republican institutions in which every feature,
every emblem, every name even that called to mind a king or a
kingdom, was rejected. Consequently all our writers and speakers
have waged an industrious warfare against Caesar and his comrades,
using their names and their acts *' to point a moral or adorn a tale,''
without pausing to reflect whether or not they departed from the
justice of history. We should not permit these casual impressions
to harden into convictions, without at least considering the sources
whence they wtro derived, and reflecting what circumstances may
have warped the mind of the writer or speaker in conveying them
to us, " In every human character and transaction," says one of
the finest of the British essayists, '' there is a mixture of good and
evil ; a little exaggeration, a little suppression, a judicious use of
epithets, a watchful, and searching scepticism with respect to the
evidence on one side, a convenient credulity with respect to every
report or tradition on the other, may easily make a saint of Laud,
or a tyrant of Henry IV." The justice of the remark is plain, and
mere convenience is generally the only consideration that moves
these thoughtless triflers with history to take one extreme or the
other. The orator, the poet, and the statesman care very little how
much they may have butchered facts, proyided they succeed in hap-
pily tuniinfT a rhyme, or a period, or m securing the vote of a con-
stituent. We have recently seen a disruption of our republican so-
cial system, and society is rapidly assuming a similar condition to
that which preceded the rise of these dictators, and the eye that
glances through the dust and smoke of the present contest can
already see the fiiint outlines of the coming Caesar ; and Caesar will
surely co.iie if some strong hand does not breast the turbid tide that
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is bringing him on. Julius Caesar will even be a popular and
fashionable character in America. The advocates who have been
prosecuting him since 1770, will become his attorneys. '*Tempora
mutantur," and the men who have been embalmed in history for
thousands of years might say as truthfully as we, " et nos mutamur
in illis." The veering winds have shifted, and the authors will shifl
their sails. As a change in agriculture changes the properties and
color of the soil, so a change in the institutions of a country, and in
the disposition of the public mind, will change its views not only
of local affairs, but of all the affairs that come under its considera-
tion. Speaking of this class of men who have changed republican
into monarchical institutions, and of the splendid place they occupy
iq history, Macaulay says : '' In this class three men stand pre-emi-
nent, Ca^r, Cromwell, and Bonaparte. The highest place in this
triumvirate belongs undoubtedly to Caesar. He united the talents
of Bonaparte to those of Cromwell, and he possessed what neither
Cromwell nor Bonaparte possessed — learning, taste, wit, eloquence,
the sentiments and manners of an accomplished gentleman.'^^ We
are especially partial to Macaulay, but we think this passage has
more of John Bull's dislike to France in it, than it has of
Macaulay's discrimination as a critic. His character as an essayist
is lost in his nationality as an Englishman. The charactei^ of the
revolution which Cromwell headed may entitle him to be mentioned
in connection with Caesar and Napoleon, but his individual qualities
dp not " Old Noll" was a brave, blunt soldier, who knew that
war meant " fight," and who fought well. He was a good debater,
a skillful negotiator, and in whatever he undertook, thoroughly in
earnest; but to place him by the side of these grand men is
destroying, in effect, his superiority over other men, by his evident
inferiority to them. He appears grotesque, awkward, and dwarfish,
and the sooner his admirers get him out of that society the better.
As to Bonaparte possessing " neither learning, wit, taste, eloquence,
nor the sentiments and manners of an accomplished gentleman,'' we
submit that this assertion is scarcely worthy even of one whose
reading about Napoleon I. has been confined to Walter Scott's ro-
mance that bears his name, and who has accepted every word of it
as gospel. How much more just and generous is the criticism of
Sir Archibald Alison, whose clear English intellect has not been be-
fogged by his English prejudice : '* It would require the observation,
of a Thucydides directing the pencil of a Tacitus, to portray by a
few touches such a character; and modern idiom, even in their
hands, would probably have proved inadequate to the task. Equal
to Alexander in military achievement, superior to Justinian in legal
information, sometimes second only to Bacon in political sagacity,
he possessed at the same time the inexhaustible resources of Han-
nibal and the administrative powers of Caesar." Napoleon, it is true,
was not systematically educated. He had not gone regularly over
the classic curriculum. He had become a lieutenant in the regiment
♦ Eseay on Constitutional History, pnge 87.
VOL. II.-N0. VI. 38
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•
La Fere at seventeen, and was occupied in the active camp or field
duties of his profession at too early a period of life to admit of his
laying as broad a foundation of learning as a scholar of his ambition
and genius would otherwise have done. But although not a regular,
he had been an enthusiastic student of natural science, history, and
literature, and books were the companions of his leisure moments,
whether in a brilliant metropolis or amid the rough scenes of the
campaign. Scott, as well as Macaulay, criticises bis taste, and
sneers at what he terms the hyperbolical and bombastic expressions
of his military addresses. But we ought to bear in mind that Na-
poleon was not addressing cold, unimaginative Britishers, but hot-
headed, impulsive Frenchmen and Italians, upon whose ears his
^andiloquence fell like the sound of a trumpet. To say that Napp-
fcon was not as accomplished a scholar as Caesar is quite correct.
It is no disparagement of him when we remember that Uie twenty
vears of early manhood spent by Caesar in acquisition, were spent
Dy Napoleon amidst scenes of strife ; but he was still well versed,
particularly in those branches of knowledge that had special relation
to his profession, and while he may bear comparison with Ccesar,
Cromwell can have no claim to comparison with hiuL But for the
war that threw Cromwell forward, and afforded the most adventi-
tious aids to his success, he would never have been heard of, but the
Buckinghamshire Esquire would have passed through the ^low
sequestered vale of life," and sone to rest in the country church-
yard, where *< the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep," without
more than a line carved on his tomb to tell the world nis history.
But Napoleon and Ceesar woold have made a brilliant and enduring
impression upon any ag ?, or country. There were " all sorts of
men," heroic in whatever situation. Circumstances were their
creatures. Either of them could have been the first philosopher,
historian, or orator of his day, and you could not bury them in any
spot so obscure that some ray of light would not break out from
their minds which were fountains of light, and go forth to illumine
the world. No man could stand in their presence without feeling
the influence of a master spirit, while this consciousness of strength
was softened by that grace and gentleness of manner whidi capd-
vates^ woman, and engages at once the affection of children.
If we contrast Ceesar and Napoleon with some of the other great
•commanders who occupied the first rank as chieftains, we see even
in the smallest affairs the evidences of the superior elevation of all
their thoughts and feelings. Take Frederick the Great, for instance,
under whose hands arose the military power of Prussia, that has
gathered strength from the impulse he gave it. has steadily increased,
and that but yesterday struck like a thunderbolt at Sudowa.
Frederick the Great has been accredited by some writers as intro-
ducing the system of war which, developed by Napoleon, has since
been recognized by all military men as containing the true prin<^-
ples of the art. But Frederick the Great was not the discoverer, or
originator of those principles though it is true that in his time they
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KAPOLEON'S life of CfiSAB. 695
were first generally acknowledged, and in studying the campaigns
of CaBsar made at a time when there were no diagrams by Jomini,
and no West Points, we find them in accord with the principles
which the Great Captains of modern times have adopted. But
Frederick the Great, although he fought great battles, and won
great Tidories, can never excite the enthusiasm beyond the borders
of his own kingdom which Caesar and Napoleon will continue to ex-
cite throughout the civilised world, and throughout time. Mr.
Carlyle has labored through many volumes to make him a hero,
but it is impossible even by the magic of eloquence to put him into
respectable shape. The elements of human nature have seldom, if
evei, been so incongruously mixed as they were in Frederick Wil-
liam. He was a rare compound, in which were found the ridiculous
cruelties of Caligula and Barrere, the ferocious cant of Brownlow,
the cynicism of Diogenes, the ambition of Alexander, the haughty,
intolerant courage of Cato, and something of the powerful action
of Caesar. There was much in him thai the stern, earnest man
must admire, but there was much more that must disgust a gentle*
man, and shock the common instincts of humanity. No man can be
properly held up to the applause of his fellow-beings, who was
so utterly regardless of, indeed so fiercely aggressive upon, the
comfort of those around him.
He had no respect for the convenience of persons, or for the most
sacred feelings. Wherever he went he carried a ratan <in his hand,
and woe to him or her who provoked his Majesty's displeasure. To
use this cane upon the shoulders of all who came in his reach, was
the delight of his well hours, the consolation of his sick ones. His
physician's bulletins sometimes ran, *^ His Majesty is better, and has
thrashed a page to^ay." A most encouraging sign truly. For the
amusement of himself and court, he kept a poor, wise fool called
Gundling, upon whom he played ^' such fantastic tricks before high
heaven as make the angels weep," and t^hieh did make poor Gund-
ling weep most heartily. Poor Grundling had a quarrel one day
with one Fassman, a farcical quarrel which Frederick chose to
punish. He accordingly orders for Gundling, to use Mr. Carlyle's
words, "a wine cask duly figured, painted black, with a white
cross, which was to stand in his room as a memento mori, and be his
cofiin. It stood for ten years, Gundling often silting to write in it,
and the poor monster was actually buried in it^ the orthodox clergy
uttering from a distance a groan.'' And well might they and all
humanity have groaned, but King Frederick William only broke
out into a horse langh. To him the idea of a man living in a wine
cask and then being buried in it was exceedingly funny. In the
presence and vicinity of this specimen of royalty, his attendants were
as obsequious as spaniels, and his children as cowering and timid as
slaves, but behind the scenes his servants called him '^ the fat fel-
low," and the affectionate sobriquet of his children was " stumpy.'*
Frederick was a man of great intellect, and great will, but, unlike
Caesar and Napoleon, he had no soul. He was of the earth — earthy.
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He looked upon, and managed his men, as if they were mere anima-
ted bayonets, and swords with arms and legs to them. Napoleon
and Csesar put souls into theirs. Mark the manner in which these
commanders led their troops into action. Csesar reminds them
of the military prowess of tneir fathers, of the glory of victory, of
the ignominy of defeat, and then he tells them '*if the army will
not go with me, I will take my tenth legion and march -alone !*'
Says Napoleon in the desert as he forms his siquares, "Soldiers!
from the summit of yonder pyramids, forty centuries look down
upon you." The Romans went with Caesar as one man. The
French resisted the Mameluke horsemen as if made of stone. Old
Frederick under like circumstances would have threatened them with
a flogging, and they would have marched sullenly into battle like
slaves scourged to a dungeon. The soldiers of Frederick hated and
feared him. The soldiers of Ceesar and Napoleon adored them.
Frederick degraded his men into brutes. Napoleon and Csesar
exalted them into heroes. After this general dissertation let us re-
turn to our author, and in order that our readers may get an idea of
the minuteness of this history we will give them a "specimen
brick" just here, from which we hope they may form some notion
of the edifice. The students of Caesar's Commentaries have long
differed as to the point of his embarkation in starting upon his ex-
pedition to Britain, and of his debarkation on reaching the shore of
that island. Napoleon favors Boulogne and Deal respectively. As
to Deal he argues at great length, and afler detailing one reason
why he considers it the point of landing, thus proceeds : " Our rea-
soning has another basis. Let us first state that at that time the
science of astronomy permitted people to know certain epochs of
the moon, since more than a hundred years before, during the war
against Perseus, a tribune of the army of Paulus Emilius announced
on the previous day to his soldiers an eclipse of the moon, in order
to counteract their superstitious fears. Let us remark also that
Caesar, who subsequently reformed the calendar, was well informed
in the astronomical knowledge of his time, already carried to a very
high point of advance by Hipparchus, and that he took especial in-
terest in it, since he discovered by means of water-clocks that the
nights were shorter in Britain than in Italy.
" Everything then authorizes us in the belief that Caesar when he
embarked for an unknown country where he might have to make
night marches, must have taken precautions fur knowing the course
of the moon, and furnished himself with calendars. But we have
put the question independently of these considerations, by seeking
among the days which preceded the full moon of the end of August
699, which was the one in which the shifting of the currents of
which Ca?sar speaks could have been produced at the hour indicated
in the Commentaries. Supposing, then, the fleet of Caesar at anchor
at a distance of half a mile opposite Dover ; as it experienced the
effect of the shifting of the currents toward half-past three o'clock
in the afternoon, the question becomes reduced to that of determin-
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napoleon's life op CESAR. 697
ing the day of the end of the month of August when this phenome-
non took place at the above hour. We know that in the Channel the
sea produces, in rising and falling, two alternate currents, — one
directed from the west to the east called flux (flot), or current of
rising tide ; the other directed from the east to the west, called reflux
( jusant), or current of the falling tide. In the sea opposite Dover,
at a distance of half a mile from the coast, the flux begins usually to
be sensible two hours before high tide at Dover, and the reflux four
hours after. So that if we find a day before the full moon of
the 31st August, 699, on which it was high tide at Dover either
at half-past ^yb in the afternoon or at mid-day, that will be the
day of landing ; and further we shall know whether the current
carried Ctesar towards the east or towards the west Now we may
admit, according to astronomical data, that the tides of the days which
preceded the full moon of the 31st of August, 699, were sensibly
the same as those of the days which preceded the full mcK)n of the
4th of September, 1857, and as it was the sixth day before the full
moon of the 4th of September, 1857, that it was high tide at Dover
towards half-past five in the afternoon, we are led to conclude that
the same phenomenon was produced also at Dover on the sixth day
before the 3ist of August, 699 ; and that it was on the 25th day of
August that Caesar arrived in Britain, his fleet being carried forward
by the current of the rising tide.
" This last conclusion, by obliging us to seek the point of landing
to the north of Dover, constitutes the strongest theoretical presump-
tion in favor of Deal. Let us now examine if Deal satisfies the re-
quirements of the Latin text.
*^ The cliflTs which border the coasts of England towards the south-
em part of the county of Kent form, from Folkestone to the Castle of
Walmer, a vast quarter of a circle convex towards the sea, abrupt
on nearly all points; they present several bays, or creeks as at
Folkestone, at Dover, at St. Margaret's, and at Old Stairs, and,
diminishing by degrees in elevation, terminate at the Castle of Wal-
mer. From this point, proceeding toward the north, the coast is flat
and favorable for landing on an extent of several leagues. The
country situated to the west of Walmer and Deal is itself flat, as far
as the view can reach, or presents only gentle undulations of ground.
We may add that it produces in great quantities wheat of excellent
quality, and that the nature of the soil leads us to believe that it was
the same at a remote period. These diflerent conditions rendered
the shore of Walmer and Deal the best place of landing for the
Roman army. Its situation, moreover, agrees fully with the nar-
rative of the Commentaries. In the first expedition the Roman
fleet, starting from the diflfe of Dover, and doubling the point of the
South foreland, may have made the passage of seven miles in an
hour ; it would thus have come to anchor opposite the present vil-
lage of Walmer, The combat which followed was certainly fought
on the part of the shore which extends from Walmer Castle to
Deal* At present the whole extent of this coast is covered with
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buildings, so that it is impossible to say what was its exact form
nineteen centuries ago ; but from a view of the locality we can un-
derstand without difficulty the different circumstances of the combat
described in Book IV. of the Commentaries."
Such have been the pains of Cesar's biographer to ascertain a
single fact, and his researches af\% all, end in speculation — the fact
is still '^ in nubibus." Such refinement as this is so destructive of
the liveliness of the narrative, that it can possess no interest to the
general reader ; but the argument gives such wide scope to sdentifio
investigation, and requires such nicety and precision of examination
and thought, that we are not surprised at the earnestness and care-
fuUiess with which the author sustains his side of it ; but to load
the context with many discussions of this character would be only
to render it heavy, wearisome, and disconnected. Where, indeed,
there are decided differences of opinion, as in this case, and the
various parties are each supported by eminent authorities, it is but
just that in coinciding with either the author should state his rea^
sons for so doing ; but the result of his researches only is essential
to the development of history, and the details would be more ap-
propriately recounted in notes, or in an appendix.
The most interesting portion of the second volume is not the re>
dtal of Gffisar's military campaigns. To a student that portion is
invaluable, but it is necessarily so encumbered with criticisms, and
elucidations of a purely military character, that the attention of any
but a professional soldier must flag in perusing it. Napoleon is
most engaging when, having finished the foundation, he raises upon
it the superstructure of his own ideas. It is then that he sums up
facts, and extracts fVom them their essence, traces the connection of
events, apparently irrelevant, and with a few brilliant strokes gires
us a picture page.
While Cffisar had been absent from Rome carrying her eagles
into remote regions, augmenting her dominions by conquests of ter-
ritory, and her glory by the terror of his arms, intestine struggles
had been raging in the centre of the Republic, and moral force had
been decaying as rapidly as her physical force had been increasing.
Rome had grown in corpulence, but she had lost in muscle. Rome
the city, was then in magnitude the greatest city that ever existed.
Four millions of souls were embraced in her suburbs. Her archi-
tecture was splendid. Her society was brilliant. She was the
metropolis and mistress of the world. But her strength did not lie
in her people, for the corruption of wealth, and the fends of party,
had contaminated and divided public sentiment. Her strong arm
lay in her soldiers, not her citizens. A small number of experienced
and disciplined soldiers, veterans who had been hardened by an ac-
tive life, free from the luxuries and temptations of the capital, and
bound together by that " esprii de corp^^ which is the most power-
ful of human influences, had become substantially the arbiters of her
destinies. They had made the world resound with their exploits
from the Rhine to the ocean ; and even beyond the ocean they
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had left upon the islanders of Great Britain a deep impression
of Eoman power and glory. Although the scenes of Caesar's ac-
tions had been far distant from Rome, and he had appeared to
be wholly engaged with the Belgse; the Suevi, and the Britons,
he was really gaining a stronger hold on the affections of the
people than the generals and statesmen who were advancing their
projects for office and power within the Capital ; for with the
news of his victories came their substantial fruits, and, indeed,
they were generally announced by the arrival of large quantities
of gold and silver, and other rich spoils sent for distribution
amongst the iEdiles, Prastors, Consuls, and other influential men,
a much more popular bulletin than the most eloquent proclama-
tion. It is not surprbing, then, that when he crossed the Alps to
go into winter-quarters at Lucca, a brilliant crowd of Roman
citizens went out from the dty to ofierr their greetings and congratu-
lations. The wealth, the fashion, the glory, and the intellect of
Rome vied in doing him homage. In this crowd there were two
hundred Senators, Fompey and Crassus of the number, and there
were no fewer than a hundred and twenty Proconsuls and Praetors,
whose faces were to be seen at the gates of CsBsar. It was in 1 the
year 698, the third of his military command, that Caesar for the first
time made his winter-quarters in Cisalpine Gaul. He had already
been thought of at Rome by prominent politicians as the proper
man to restore order, but the time was not yet full for any extreme
measures. We will not attempt even a sketch of the next several
years. From 698 to 705 Caesar was occupied in his campaigns. At
Rome society was becoming more and more profligate. The
elections bad become mere personal and partisan struggles for office.
The laws were at once cloaks under which the party in power con-
cealed their base designs, and daggers with which it struck down its
opponents. In 699 we find such -an incident as this occurring.
CJato was a candidate for the Praetorship. On the day of the Corai-
tia, the first Century, to which the epithet of praerogative was given,
voted for him. Pompey fearing, and not doubting, that the other
Centuries would cast a similar vote, declared that he heard a clap of
thunder, and dismissed the Assembly. A few days after, by bribing
voters, the election of another candidate was effected. We are
struck with the fact that those political contentions were almost en-
tirely for mere personal purposes. None of the parties had any
great principles which they wished to advance, but engaged in cabals
and intrigues to perpetuate the power of individuals, or to accom-
plish some petty enterprises that had no higher aims than the
aggrandizemeni of their favorites. As is generally the case, while
virtue and law decayed the people became more and more reckless
and extravagant in their amusements ; and while tumultuous crowds
were fighting at the polls of election, in another part of the city vast
assemblies would be witnessing combats between men and beasts,
and other spectacles equally as brutal, and many more disgusting.
In 701 we find Cicero writing, " The Republic is without force : Pom-
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600 napoleon's life op ojesab.
pey alone is powerful." A Dictator was general! j talked of. It
was in this year that Crassus, who was conducting war against the
Parthians, was defeated and slain, and the disaster only served to in-
crease popular discontent, and to cause crimination and recrimina-
tion between those who had advocated and those who had opposed
the war. We pass on to the question which led to the civil war. It
was simply this. In 699 a law was passed for prolonging Ceesar's
command in Gaul for five years. He had entered upon his Pro-
consular functions at the beginning of the year 696, and as the term
of office was five years, he claimed that his entire occupancy of the
position should extend for ten years, concluding the first of January,
706. The Senate, on the other hand, claimed that his office would be
vacated in 704, five years from the time that the law was passed
continuing his term.
The year 704 came, but Cs&sar did not disarm. He intended to
offer for the consulship, for he was threatened with prosecution if he
laid down his proconsular command, and as long as he was a pro-
consul he could not enter the gates of Rome. The consuls who went
into office that year were Paulus and Marcellus, both enemies of
Csesar ; and Pom pey, though only a proconsul, was the leader of
their faction, and his infiuence was all powerful. Csesar felt that the
crisis was drawing near, and in the beginning of the year 705 he hast-
ened into Italy nominally, and it may be partially to advocate the
claims of his friend Mark Antony for the priesthood, but mainly, no
doubt, to test the public sentiment towards himself. Wherever he
went amongst the municipal towns and colonies he met with the most
enthusiastic receptions. The people adorned their gates and spread
banquet tables in his honor ; women and children crowded the pub-
lic places ; the rich rivalled each other in magnificence ; the poor ri-
valled each other in zeal. C&esar returned to his army with the as-
surance that at least in that part of the republic the popular heart
was with him. He then passed his army in review. It was evident
that the soldiers were ready to share his fortunes. Again he return-
ed to Italy, bringing with him this time the 13th legion, numbering
5,000 infantry and 300 cavalry ; the rest of his army, amounting to
eight legions, he left in Belgium and Burgundy. C»sar now ad-
dressed a letter to the Senate, stating that he was ready to resign his
proconsulship and disband his army if Pompey, also a proconsul,
would disband his ; that it could not be expected of him to deliver
himself unarmed to his enemies, while they remained armed, and
awaiting an opportunity to injure him. The Senate was thrown in
commotion, but listens to a conciliatory proposition. It decrees that
" if Csesar does not disband on the day prescribed, he shall be de-
clared an enemy of the republic." Pompey declares that he is ready
to sustain them with his army ; that '^ he has only to stamp his foot
and armed men would rise up." Italy is divided into military de-
partments, the Republic put in readiness for war, and a levy of
130,000 men decreed. C»sar, hearing the news from Rome, sent
couriers over the Alps for his army, and addressed the I3th legion
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that was with him. He told them that '^ his proposals for concilia-
tion had been rejected ; that what had been refused to him had been
granted to Pompey, who, prompted by envious malignity, had
broken the ties of old friendship. What pretext was there for declar-
ing the country in danger, and calling the Roman people to arms ? Are
they in the presence of a popular tumult, or a violence of the tribunes
as in the time of the Gracchi, or an invasion of the barbarians as in
the time of Marius ? Besides, no law had been promulgated, no
motion had been submitted for the sanction of the people ; all that
has been without the sanction of the people is unlawful. Let the
soldiers, then, defend the general under whom for nine years they
have served the republic with so much success, gained so many
battles, subdued the whole of Gaul, overcome the Germans and the
Britons ; for his enemies are theirs, and his elevation as well as his
glory is their work." The legion answered with acclamations ; they
declared their readiness to follow him. Each centurion offered to
support a horseman at his own expense, and each soldier to serve
gratuitously. But one of his generals, Labienus, deserted him. The
story that follows is dramatic. With this single legion, the 13th, he
resolved to march on Rome. He dispatched at once a small detach-
ment to take possession of Ariminum, an important city of Gaul,
but himself spent the next day at a public show of Gladiators, and
at night entertained company at his headquarters. In the midst of
the festivities he went out unnoticed. A carriage and a few attend-
ants awaited him ; he stepped in, and before daylight he had reached
and taken Ariminum with the handful of soldiers he had sent in
ahead. Plutarch tells us, but some historians reject this account,
that when he reached the Rubicon, a little brook that separated Cis-
alpine Gaul from the rest of Italy, he became. lost in reflection, and
halted on the bank hesitating to cross it.
De Quincey gives some fine touches to this picture, and we will
adopt his version of it, though we must say that we think its best
colors are those of imagination : '' Impressed by the tranquillity and
solemnity of the silent dawn (for it was just before day that he
reached the Rubicon), whilst the exhaustion of his night wanderings
predbposed him to nervous irritation, Ccesar, wo may be sure, was
profoundly agitated. The whole elements of the scene were almost
scenically disposed, the law of antagonism having perhaps never been
employed with so much effect, the little brook presenting a direct
antithesis to its grand political character, and the innocent dawn,
with its pure, untroubled repose, contrasting potently, to a man of
any intellectual sensibility, with the long chaos of bloodshed, dark-
ness, and anarchy, which was to take its rise from the apparently
trifling acts of this one morning. So prepared, we need not much
wonder at what followed. Casar was yet lingering on the hither
bank, when suddenly, at a point not far distant from himself, an ap-
parition was descried in a sitting posture, and holding in its hand
what seemed a flute. This phantom was of unusual size, and of
beauty more than human, so far as its lineaments could be traced in
the early dawn. What is singular, however, in the story on any
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602 napoleon's life of cjbsab,
hjpolihesis which would explain it outof CoBsar's individual conditdon,
ia, that others saw it as well as he, both pastoral laborers (who were
present probably in the character of ^ides) and some of the sen-
tinels stationed at the passage of the river. These men fancied ev^i
that a strain of music issued from the aerial flute ; and some, both
of the shepherds and the Roman soldiers, who were bolder than the
rest, advanced towards the figure. Amongst this partj it happened
that there were a few Roman trumpeters. From one of these the
phantom, rising as they advanced nearer, suddenly cfiught a trumpet,
and blowing through it a blast of superhuman screngtti, plunged into
the Rubicon, passed the other banit, and disappeared in the dusky
twilight of the dawn, upon which Ceesar exclaimed : " It is finished ;
the die is cast — let us follow whither the guiding portents from heaven
and the malice of our enemy alike summon us to ga'^ So saying,
he crossed the river with impetuosity, and in a rapture of passionate
and vindictive ambition placed himself and his retinue upon the
Italian soiL"
A part of this story is, of course, about as true as that of Red
Riding Hood. The whole of it was no doubt concocted by Caesar
himself, or some of his adherents, in order to impress the minds of
his soldiers with the fiivorable omen it contained. None of it is
well substantiated. Old Plutarch, like Herodotus, was inoorrigibij
fond of a good story, and never liked to press into the truth if there*
by he spoiled an anecdote. It is a pleasant episode to read, and
with it closes the second volume of our author. We used De
Quinoey's language rather than his, because we believed the whole to
be fiction, and De Quincey had wrought it up in true romantic style.
It is here that our author becomes eloquent. Hitherto he has
confined himself to recitals of &cts, and deductions of logic Let
him now speak for himself.
" Here the question naturally offers itself: ongfat not Cesar, who had so often
fiiteed death on the battle-field, have gone to Rome to face it under another form,
and to have renounced his command rather than enp^aee in a struggle which
must throw the Republic into aU the horrors of a ciVil war ? Yes, if by his
abnegation he could save Rome from anarchy, corruption, and tyranny. No, if
this abnegation would endanger what he had most at heart, the regeneration of
the Republic. Caesar, like men of his temper, cared little for lifis, and still less
for power, for the sake of power : but as chief of the popular party he felt a
sreat cause rise behind him ; it urged him forward, and obliged nim to conquer
in despite of legality, the imprecations of his adversaries, and the uncratun
judgment of posterity. Roman society in a state of dissolution asked for a mas-
ter ; oppressed Italy for a representative of its rights ; the world bowed under
the yoke for a Saviour. Ought he by desertine his mission disappoint so many
legitimate hopes, bo many noble aspirations ? * * * It would have been mad-
ness. The question had not the mean proportions of a quarrel between two
Generals who contended for power : it was the decisive conflict between two
hostile causes, between the privileged classes and the people. It was the cou-
tinuation of the powerful struggle between Mariusand Sylial
'* There are imperious circumstances which condemn public men either to
abnegation, or to perseverance. To cling to power when one is no longer able
to do good, and when as a representative of the past, one has, as it were, no
partisans but among those who live upon abuses, is a deplorable necessity ; to
abandon it when one is the representative of a new era, and the hope of a bet-
ter future, is a cowardly act, and a crime."
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napoleon's life of o^sar. 603
It is reserved for another volume to recount the subsequent
career of Caesar. We leave him now assuming the leadership of a
great revolution. From whatever standpoint we regard his charac-
ter as so far developed, whatever be the light or shc^e upon its fea-
tureS) his stature appears colossal, and his countenance noble. That
he had committed grave errors in public and in private life, that he
was guilty of excesses that bordered upon crime, that he had lived
a life that was far from that of enlightened morality, none can deny.
We do not claim for him that he had been so unseldsh as to ignore
his own interests — ^that is not to be expected, and is not desirable,
in human nature; but he had identified his interests with those
of his people. When they clashed, he had made his own sabordi-
nate. If he did make himself a monarch, it was not until a mon-
arch alone could save Rome, and when he received the sceptre he
could truly say, ** detur dignissimo.''
His ambition was to win true glory, and the love of true glory
is only the desire to become a great benefactor, and is a ''just
homage to the public opinion of all times." He has been reproached
for going extravagantly in debt when yet young, and it is said that
when he was once about to depart on a foreign mission his creditors
were so clamorous that he would have been overwhelmed but for the
interposition of Crassus, who went his security. We do not agree
with those critics who regard his revolutionary schemes as desperate
expedients to relieve his pecuniary obligations ; but that he borrow-
ed money as a means of advancement. Wealth had become the
high road to power. It was of such a time that the Roman satirist
might well say
" 0 1 Gives I Gives I pecunia primum querenda est ;
Virtus post nammos I"
The way to glory could be paved only with gold, and when Csesar
had passed over the road he easily repaid the means he had borrow-
ed to make it.
It is idle to talk of Caesar deflowering Rome of her liberty, for
liberty was already dead. The very fact that he prevailed so suc-
cessfully against Pompey was proof that the times needed him.
For in the midst of such fierce dissensions the great want of society
was repose, and might had become right, for might alone could give
repose. Had Pompey been the man destined to redeem and re-
generate Rome, he would have done it, for it was while he slumber-
ed and slept that Caesar came upon him like a thief in the night.
There are deformities in Caesar's character as well as in Pompey 's ;
but even the characters of the greatest men are marred by weak-
nesses. Curiously composed, they present incongruities like the
armor of Don Quixote ; they are part iron and part pasteboard.
But in Julius Caesar the iron had the ring of the true metal, and
there was very little of the pasteboard.
He did not enslave Rome, but when she was already a slave to
anarchy he gave her a helping hand.
There are those who deride the political teaching that a people
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604 napoleon's life op ojaSAB.
ought to be educated for freedom till they have the wisdom to use
it well. Macaulay says that the doctrine is worthy of the fool in
the old story, who resolved not to go into the water until he learned
how to swim, and that the only cure for the evil of freedom is more
freedom. The argument is a poor one, and the illustration, if possi-
ble, poorer. Of course we must go into the water to learn how to
swim, but we must go gradually into the depths, and under the
guidance of a strong hand. Rome had plunged in recklessly. She
was beyond her depth, and siniting cried out, " Save, or I perish.''
It was Caesar who said to the waves "Peace, be still.'* It was
Cassar who stretched out his hand, and snatched the drowning Re-
public from the very mouth of death.
To those who cry out, tyrant ! we say with De Quincey, " Peace,
hollow rhetoricians ! the rape (if such it were) of Caesar, her final
Romulus completed for Rome; that which, under Romulus, her ear-
liest Caesar had prosperously begun. Without Caesar, we affirm a
thousand times there would have been no perfect Rome ; and but
for Rome, there could have been no such man as Ceesar."
Let the liberty shriekers be silent. When Napoleon I. entered
Milan during one of his campaigns in Italy, his partisans welcomed
him with an ovation. The dissenters observed that the tree of
liberty they bore, was well represented by a bare pole, that had
neither roots, branches nor fruits. A bare pole at this time was a
fair emblem of Rome and freedom. It had no roots in the hearts of
the people ; it had no branches in good laws ; it bore no fruits of
tranquillity or prosperity. It was reserved for Caesar to prepare the
soil, and to plant and nourish the germ of a tree which, while it was
as fruitful aa the palm, was as stately and sturdy as a cedar of
Lebanon.
When the third volume of Napoleon's Caesar shall have appeared
we may resume this miscellaneous talk about the Roman and the
French heroes. We ought not to stop now without an expression
of gratitude for the invention of the peculiar sort of composition to
which this article belongs. A magazine article is indeed a most
convenient thing. You can write in whatever style you please, say
what you please, commend or condemn any body, or anything, that
YOU please, and not be called to task for breaking the rules : for
happily in a magazine you are in a free country which has no rules
to be broken. And then, too, there are no fixed limits to your com-
position. Like the magic tent in the Arabian tales, it will expand
or diminish to suit occasion. You can shrink it to a page or stretch
it over a volume.
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MODERN LANGUAGES. 606
ART, V.~THE MODERN LANGUAGES IN .OUR COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES.
In consequence of the natural progress of civilization, the arts and
sciences have assumed an importance which has called forth an ad-
vance in the cultivation of the languages of those nations whose
high state of cultivation and rich literature have rendered their
idioms powerful auxiliaries of useful knowledge, the formation of
taste, and the discipline of mental faculties. At first confined to
the privileged few, the knowledge of these languages was looked
upon rather as a fasjiionable accomplishment; but their practical
value becoming more apparent, they began to be studied also for
the sake of utility. Since, the luxury of tne few has become the want
of the many, and their study has become a leading branch of modem
education.
Foreign languages should not be studied merely as a means of
national intercourse, or on account of the information their writers
may afford. Language is not only the organ of thought, the me-
dium of communication between mind and mind, but word is so insep-
arable from thought, so instantaneously does it suggest the other,
that it has been contended that without words, not necessarily writ-
ten, or even spoken, but conceived, thought would be impossible.
Then, useful as a second language may be, it will assume a higher
importance if its study is made more subservient to a profound
knowledge of the native tongue, to the formation of taste and culti-
vation of the intellectual powers, besides extending our circle of
communication, or multiplying our sources of information.
Among foreign languages studied with these views, some are
more appropriate than others, and the results depend on the mode
of their acquisition. The mother tongue cannot, m mental training,
supply the place of a foreign idiom. It is by comparison with
another idiom that the powers of the mind are evolved, and sound
Motions of grammatical science are formed.
Method is to instruction what machinery is to manufacture. We
do not find that human labor is superseded ; it is only better direct-
ed. Why, then, not apply to mind, as we have done to matter, im-
proved powers, improved combinations, and improved processes 1
Let a rational method be adopted, and undoubtedly by keeping in
view the real object of literary studies, and rejecting whatever is
useless, foreign languages may be learned concurrently with, and
subserviently to, scientific and industrial pursuits ; but in such a
manner as to insure both their complete possession, and the inci-
dental benefits arising from their study.
Classification is the fundamental law of a rational method. The
study of languages must, then, be divided into branches which consti-
tute the leading objects proposed by it. That is the art of under-
standing oral expression, of speaking, reading, and writing. A lan-
guage, more than any other branch of instruction, m%y to a certain
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606 HODBBN LANGUAGES.
extent be acquired without the aid of books. As a child acquires of
himself the vernacular tongue, by imitating the living models ; so
does an adolescent learn foreign languages by imitating his teachers.
In either case the frequency of impression tends to secure the pow-
ers of expressioHy without premeditated design on his part to learn,
or on the part of his parents to teach him the language. A young
child unconsciously gains the power of understand'mg it, when
spoken. Once in possession of the idea, he instinctively associates
it with the phraseology ; he repeats the expressions which he has
heard ; he speaks by imitation.
Impression and expression constitute the double object of language.
Correct impressions are received from proper models, and correct
expressions are produced by judicious imitators of them. When ac-
quiring the native tongue the child is under the influence which he
receives from the mother, the nurse, brothers and sisters. In fact^
all those who approach him act as living models. If they speak cor-
rectly, the imitator has the benefit of a good pronunciation and ac-
curate expressions. If incorrectly, he adopts unconsciously a defect-
ive mode of speaking. So with a foreign language, if the teacher is
deBeient in his pronunciation, if his accent is not good, if be is an
uneducated person, his pupils, of course, will not acquire an elegant
pronunciation and a good accent; he will not be endowed with
correct and accurate expressions and a refined language.
In modern languages pronunciation is of the greatest importance.
As correct enunciation renders our ideas more manifest, and causes
us to be listened to with more pleasure, so an incorrect pronuncia-
tion soon fatigues the hearers, and exposes sometimes the speaker to
ridicule. Approximation is not sufficient in pronouncing a language,
for the least deviation from the right sound or articulation, the im-
proper lengthening or shortening of a syllable, tlie omission or mis-
placing of an accent, is enough to change the meaning of a word, the
sense of the sentence, and to diffuse obscurity over the discourse,
when it does not make ludicrous or ridiculous the most serious and
important matter.
jDo we not see sometimes the force of sensible remarks though
understood by an audience, yet to be nullified by the amusement or
impatience which an incorrect pronunciation usually excites? It
has been erroneously supposed impossible to acquire the true pro-
nunciation of a foreign language. Nature opposes no obstacle
to it. Men of all nations have been endowed with the same faculties,
physical and intellectual, (we mean the Caucasian race,) which place
numan attainments within the reach of all. We maintain that even
without going abroad, the correct pronunciation of a foreign lan-
guage is attainable by any person who will follow the process of
nature in learning it. Although at an early age the physical senses
yield more easily to impressions, this advantage is, in adults, coun-
terbalanced by a greater intensity of attention, which renders the
foreign pronunciation equally attainable by them. Educate the
ear, and the pronunciation will be acquired without difficulties.
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MODERN LANGITAGES. 607
The vocal sounds and articulations, which form the essential ele-
ments of pronunciation, and the greater number of which are com-
mon to most languages, are easily distinguished and produced by a
person whose ear has been impressed with them ; but the various in-
tonations of voice, which unier the name of accents constitute its
other elements, pre^nt some difficulty in a foreign language, because
in their infinite variety the peculiar and delicate shades of modula-
tion which characterize them in each nation, easily escape the dis-
criminative powers of the auditory organs. This is certainly the
most difiicult part of a foreign language. This, however, should not
discourage those who may be ambitious of arriving at perfection, for
this fikicent is only a secondary accomplishment, the non-possession
of which does not affect the knowledge of a language. It would be
erroneous to infer from the peculiar accent of a foreigner, that he
does not itnow the language, or that he pronounces incorrectly, for
one may have a good pronunciation and a bad accent, as natives
have sometimes the proper accent but a very bad pronunciation, ac-
cording to the part of his country where he was born, and the
people among whom he has been brought up. Therefore, when a
French teacher, for instance, is selected by parents or schoolmasters,
they should ascertain at first that he is a man of sound judgment,
education, and experience, so that he should be able to cultivate the
understanding of his pupils, as well as their ears ; that he should
assist them in acquiring a dear and correct style, rather than a
genteel accent.
Nothing is so absurd as the attempt of assimilating the sound of
a foreign language to those of the native tongue, as it is done in
many introductory books. Every language has vowels, vowel
sounds, articulations, and an accentuation peculiar to it, and what-
ever their combinations may be, they will never present the idea of
any sounds or articulations but those with which the learner is
already acquainted. The attempt, therefore, to spell words in one
language as they are pronounced in another, must in most cases
prove unsuccessful, for the pen can never represent new sounds to
the eye with a defective spelling of the foreign words. Written
descriptions or representations of new sounds, can but lead astray
those who have net heard them. The ear only can judge of sounds,
as the eye alone judges of colors.
Each organ has its peculiar sensations, inappreciable by the other
organs. Language cannot perform the ofHce of our senses, and it is
inadequate to effect more than a mere reference to our experience.
Who will have a correct idea of the English ih^ the French u or «n,
the German cA, the Italian gli^ and the Spanish a:, if he does not hear
them from the mouth of a native 1 He who never tasted truffles,
smelt a rose, or saw snow, cannot be made to conceive exactly the
sensations they produce, either by the most descriptive language or
the most minute combinations of other sensations. Useful, there-
fore, as are pronouncing dictionaries, to servo as standards whereby
to ascertain the exact pronunciation of certain words, they are so,
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608 MODERN LANGUAGES.
only as far as thej employ the alphabetical combinations which are
current in the language whose pronunciation they are intended to
represent; but the power of using them implies a practical knowl-
edge of the language ; whereas they cannot be of any service to a
foreigner ignorant of it. With him nothing can supply the want of
living models, and he must have heard the vocal elements for some
time, before he can expect to reproduce them with any kind of cor-
rectness. Our conviction of the right pronunciation of native words
does not arise so much from our recollection of having heard them
in any particular way, as from our consciousness of having heard
them pronounced by persons reputed good speakers. It is the same
with the foreign pronunciation. Let the pupils hear the language
oflen enough to have it in their power to recollect the manner in
which it is pronounced by their instructor, their subsequent imita-
tion of it will present no difficulty. It is by frequently hearing the
teacher that learners acquire habits which enable them afterwards
instinctively to pronounce correctly in his absence.
The difficulty of pronunciation once mastered, reading loud keeps
the ear ip tune and the tongue in practice, renders the pronunciation
habitual, and thus preserves it to the latest period of life.
If foreign languages are so important a branch of education ; if
teachers play so important a part in the acquirement of foreign
languages, bow is it that in this country, and especially in the
Southern States, families and schools take indiscriminately as teach-
ers of languages, persons whose qualifications and abilities, as sudi,
have not been previously ascertained 1 Is it possible to admit, for
instance, that English, French, German, and Spanish can be taught
properly by the same person, and through the Ollendorff system,
so generally used on this continent for all languages, and yet so de-
ficient and defective ]
There was, some few years ago, in one of the military academies
of the Southern States, a young Frenchman who was born and had
been brought up in Paris. He had never left his femily, where
French was constantly spoken, up to the day that he was admitted
into said Academy, and naturally he knew more about French than
all the Academy, including officers and cadets. The officer teaching
French was a native of the State, he had never travelled abroad,
could not even keep conversation in French, and his pronunciation
was more than defective — we will not speak of his accent; however,
the young Parisian was constantly reprimanded, punished, and
threatened with dismissal, because he would not consent to alter his
native language, and to pronounce it in his teacher's style, nor adopt
his distorted patois.
Some time ago it was reported by the Columbia papers, that the
Board of Trustees of the South Carolina University had at last
taken the decision to have modern languages taught in their Univer-
sity. If sf>, how will they proceed 1 Will they appoint a special
and competent professor for each language] or will they find a
professor endowed with the extraordinary gift of the universal
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RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS,. 609
knowledge of all modem languages, and with the yet more extraor-
dinary abilities to teach them all efficiently ? As to the College of
the city of Charleston, is it not time that it should be put in the
same standing with all other colleges in this country ? Have not
the students in that College been deprived long enough of the bene-
fits of studying modern languages, especially those destined to
learned professions 1
ART. YL-MILEOAD HISTORY AND RESULTS,
ADDBE8B OF J. D. B. DEBOW, PRESIDENT OF THE TENNESSEE CENTRAL OR PACIFIC RAILROAD.
The faotd and principles wbick are embodied In the annexed series of letters, though intended
for the State of Tennessee, will be fened to be applicable wherever railroads are to be con-
stracted. The letters have been prepared with much care, and It is hoped will prove to have
f eneral interest and valne.
I. To THE People of Tenkesbeb.
Tendered by a complimentary vote the Presidency of tho Great Central Rail-
road of Tennessee, chartered by recent act of the Leffialature, I did not feel at
liberty to decline, notwithstanding the difficnlties of the position, and the cease-
less energies which will be necessary, if this important enterprise is to be
carried through. Having established myself in the State and located my pecu-
niary and other interests here, I have a direct and tangible interest in all that
makes for her prosperity and especially the prosperity of her wealthy and beau-
tiful Capital. A citizen of the South, identified with its fortunes for weal or for
woe ; devoted to its welfare and interest, I have applied myself from early life
to the development of our enterprise and wealth, and have lived lou^ enough to
witness the most ratifying results and the abundant success of hundreds of un-
dertakings, regarded in their incipiency to be impracticable. In the twenty
years which include my connection with these movements, may be condensed
the whole history nearly of our internal improvement system — a system which
cements and binds together our States ; which has built up our cities and devel-
oped our interior; added indefinitely to the value of our lands and to our physical,
moral and other comforts The most of these roads have, in addition, paid
haodsome dividends to their proprietors and stockholders, and all will undoubt-
edly do so when our affairs again become settled.
Notwithstanding what has been effected an inspect-on of the map, and a con-
sideration of the character of the country, demonstrate that we are but in mid-
die, and not at the end of our labors. Vast and important connections are yet
to be made ; great sectioni are to be opened; wealth now inaccessible is to.be
brought forth ; the mountains, the sea-shore and the rivers are to be brought
nearer and nearer to each other. Another twenty years of construction will
not do more than bring us to the stand-point which the Northern States have
reached to-day in their railroad results, and yet these States will press on. Sir
Morton Peto» the eminent English railroad projector, stated In his recent visit to
this country, that " it was impossible to drop a railroad anywhere in America
that would not pay.**
It is gratifying, too, to know that the people of the South are awake npon the
subject of their material interests, and that they are reviving and pressing with
spirit and energy all the great railroad enterprises or conceptions which were
interrupted by the war, and that they have Tia&a fVom the ashes of their mis-
fortunes with renewed spirits and energies, and with the vast improvement which
the conflict engendered.
When our political affairs are settled, and that eannot be long delayed with a
people so eminently practical as the American, and when all interests so loudly
TOL. IL-NO. VI. 89
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610 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
call for it, the South will enter upon a career of prosperity which nothing^ in the
past has equalled. Her vast resources will inTite capital and labor from all the
world hnd will compensate many fold for what has been lost Manufactures
will spring up everywhere, our abundant minerals will be worked, our towns
and villages and cities will exhibit life and activity. We need not apprehend
any pause in the advance of such a people.
In 1846 I visited for the first time the great "West as a delegate to the Con-
vention at Memphis, where nearly all of the Southern and Western States were
represented, and well remember the enthusiasm which was begun to be engen-
dered in behalf of internal improvements, and the plaudits which rang through
the hall when Mr. Calhoun, the President, declared that in regard to all of the
railroad schemes in contemplation, he considered thai which sought to connect
the Southern- Seaboard wUh the Mississippi YaUey a>s the most important. It
threw open markets for Western produce at all times and all seasons. The Mis-
issippi might be blockaded and the produce of the Valley would not be left to
perish. " In less than twenty years," eaid he, " the West will be engaged in de-
liberations to extend its connection with the Pacific as it is now with uie Atlan-
tic, and the connection will be as intimate with the one as the other."
In a series of brief papers of which this is the first, delayed until the disap*
pearance of the ef)idemic from among us, I propose, fellow citizens, to discuss
(and trust that you will give me your careful attention, and that the newspapers
of the State will republish the series) the whole subject of our railroad system ;
what effect the railroads exercise upon town and county, how Nashville stands
in relation to them, and what will be its future ; what w the duty of our pro-
perty holders and capitalists ; what are the proposed advantages of the Central
or Pacific Railroad — the country which it will traverse, the practicability of the
route, its cost and mode of raising it, and will the enterprise prove remunera-
tive?
When the eeries is completed, I shall endeavor to meet the people of the
country to be traversed by the road, but bespeak in advance the co-operation of
its active and leading citizens upon whom the success of the enterprise must in
great part depend.
II. — f>'FLUKXCE OF RaILEOADS IN ButLDIKG UP ToWMS AND CiTnEB.
It can scarcely be necessary to dwell upon a proposition so obvious. The
whole experience of America is a demonstration of it. The marvelloiis growth
of our inland towns, often without natural advantages and in spite of pnysical
difficulties ; the increase in the number of such towns ; the progress in manu-
factures and the arts to which no other period of history affords a counterpart,
are all attributable to the mighty achievements of the railroad. Withooi it
where would have been Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukie, Buffalo, and a host of
similar towns which have reached the altitude of great cities ? And even in cases
where great natural advantages are enjoyed, as at Cincinnati, St. Louis,
Memphift, Boston, New York, how small are the advantages of the rivers and
the steamboats in comparison with those which are derived from the iron horse,
whose swift foot has penetrated the vast interior, and whose strong back has
borne away the colossal burden of its wealth ?
The trade and population of cities must always be determined by the ease or
difficulty of entrance and egress, snd in the competition of cities, those that
present the greatest advantages of this kind, it may be assumed, in the long ran
will win the race. There needs no proof of this, llie farmer whose prodno,
tions, for example, are distant one hundred miles from one city on the railroad,
and ten miles from another on the common road or turnpike, will not hesitate
lonfi^ as to his true market, and where he sells there will he buy, and there will
be his associations and those of his family. The city, therefore, that foregoes
the advantages of the railroad will be as powerless in the race, as would be the
individual who relies upon natural endowments, to the exclusion of edacatioa
and information, and almost in proportion as these advantages are added to and
extended, is her pre-eminence recognized I
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BAILRpAD HISTOBY AND RESULTS. 611
Every dollar that is judlcloasly expended upon railroads terminating at a
city, is 80 much trading capital added to her, and is as much a part of her ac-
tual wealth as if she appeared in brick or mortar or stone edifices. When you
add a mile of road in a new quarter, you are in point of fact building a new
store house or mansion, and sometimes many such, on your streets, and adding a
score or more of residents to your midst. The dollar may be better expended
fifhr or a hundred miles distant than several times that much under your eye.
I may safely challenge the skeptic, if there be such, to a single instance of a
town or city which has declined in population and wealth and become bankrupt
in consequence of expenditures upon railroads.
The yery reverse is the rule everywhere, and the examples are so numerous
that it would be idle to refer to them in detail.
The prodigious growth of St. Louis, and the notable progress of Memphis,
with which we are more familiar, are exponents of the principle that I am argu-
ing. These cities are conversant with the grandest and vastest conceptions, and
leap from one great enterprise to another with an energy and intelligence which
are truly admirable. The result of it is that all of Missouri is flocking to St.
Louis, and all of Tennessee to Memphis.
A few years ago. Mobile, finding her prosperity on the wane, conceived the
stupendous design of penetrating to the valley of the Ohio by railroad, and
although her wealth and population were scarcely more than half that of Nash-
ville to-day, she boldly undertook a work which was to cost eight or ten mil-
lions of dollars, and has actually achieved it, and been long deriving its great
results.
Between 1830 and 1840, the gain in valuation of property at Charleston was
$5,160,829, which Col. Gadsden said was clearly traceable to the Hamburg
Railroad, which had not expended half that sum. The gain was more extraor-
dinary in Boston, which was $74,000,000, in the years 1841-46, upon an expen-
diture of thirty millions in railroads. In the same period New York showea an
actual decline, which roused the energies of her capitalists and enabled them in
the end to turn the scales. In 1840 the district around Boston had a population
of 172,000, and in 1850, 293,000 — ^an increase of 70 per cent, against 45 per cent,
in the previous ten years. In the same period the valuation of property rose
from $120,000,000 to $266,000,000, upon .an expenditure of $52,000,000 for
railroads.
But it is not my intention to multiply such obvious examples or refer to the
experience of Nashville at the present time. The consideration of her case
will come up hereafter. I close now with a remark of Dr. Lardner, which is
very significant, that the saving in passage-money made by those who traveled
over the railroads in Great Britain in the years 1&47 and 1848, alone, over what
they would have had to pay to the stage coaches, was £16,922,076 sterUng, " or
70 per cent, upon the whole cost of those roads."
IIL I.VFLUSNOB OF Raileoads UPON Intebior LA:fi>8 ANT) Pbopsbty.
After the argument that has already been advanced, it wHl scarcely be
necessary to make further reference to general principles. The illustrations
are innumerable.
Between 1853 and 1859 the four counties of Butler, Jackson, Limestone, and
Lowndes, Alabama, increased their land valuation from $9,798,896 to $16,616,-
829, in consequence of the construction of raihroads through them, whilst the
counties which had no roads — Coosa, Barbour, Chambers and Pickens — in-
creased only from |8,561,410 to $9,397,865.
In the years 1856-57, whilst the whole increase of taxables in Tennessee was
about forty million dollars, five of its chief railroad counties gave twenty mil-
lions of that increase. These counties were Davidson, Williamson, Rutherford,
Bedford and Shelby.
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612 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
Speaking to the people of GreenyUle, 8. C, Bereral years since, the Hon. B.
F. P^rry said :
** I can well remember, follow-cttizena, when yoor flonr and yoar com could command no
market Every man had as much as be wanted, and none conid be sent off. Farm<>rs bad no
inducement to work except a small part of their time. Labor was in no demand. Veiy often
bare I seen men wishing to hire tbemselTOs to work at twenty-flre cents per daj. Seldom
any one wished to hire. What was the consequence ? Idleness, and a coarse, uncomfortable
way of living, and dissipation. All this has passed away with the railroad."
The engineer of the Alabama Central Railroad, John T. Milnor, who made,
several years since, one of the ablest reports oyer published in any country,
■Ives the following striking iUustration of the effects of the railroad, upon the
abits, manners, enterprise and wealth of the people of the interior. He says:
fa
"• In 1887 1 was engaged on the Georgia State road, Inst then commenced. I there became
acquainted with the people along that road — their habits and their means. Beyond their ac-
tual wants for food tboy raised nothing at all. The men moped around, and shot at a mark.
'The women seemed to do but little, whilst their children, poorly oared for, sauntered aboot
from place to place, as if their highest thoughts were bent upon catching rabbits, 'possum^
or some such small game. TVbat was the use to work when it would cost them two dollars
per bushel to get their wheat to market, and then onir got one. In 1857 I went back again,
and what a change I The rivers were the same ; the Kennesaw Mountain had not changed—
the " Crooked Spoon " still rolled along— the men and women that once I knew were there—
the boys had crown to be men, and the girls to be women, but their mUn was changed. The
old men stood erect, as with conscious pride they looked upon the waving fields of grain.
The matrons busied themselves about their dairies and looms, whilst the sturdy boys were
grappling with the plough. What has brought this change about? Listen for awhile, aod
you will hear the iron horse come storming along. He stops at a station for fuel and water—
a man gets off the train. He is a Charleston man, or perhaps the agent of the Montgomery
MiUa The cars go on, and he goes to the house. He meets the farmer — they have met be-
fore. His business is to buy his grain. Strange, but true, that the demand for wheat should
be so great as to induce the merchant to buy at the farmer^s door. He offers $1.60 per^bushel
cash fur his crop, and will fUrnish the sacks to put it in. That wonH do. Savannah was hers
yesterday, and Columbus the day before, and they offered more. Here is the key to this
change. This solves the mystery. The great State Boad, the iron horse, tho douor and a
half per bushel, cash, tells the tale. This is literally tho truth, as any one can ascertain by
inquiring of the men that know."
In Georgia, lands which were in the market in 1846 at from ten to fifty
cents per acre, commflnded in 1 849, when the Chattanooga Railroad was in
operation, from ten to twenty dollars. On the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, lands
without a purchaser for thirty years, advanced at once to three dollars, and in
many cases eight dollars per acre. The estimate on the pine lands was an in-
crease of from 500 to 5,000 per cent In Ohio the taxable property was in
amount $186,000,01)0, when there were only eighty-nine miles of railroad, and
$840,000,000 when three thousand miles of railroad had been constmcted. In
Illinois the rise was from $72,000,000 when twenty-two miles existed, to
$402,000,000 with two thousand five hundred aiul ninety-eieht miles. In In-
diana an increa.se of thirty miles to one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two
miles, increased the value of property from $119,000,000 to $817,000,000.
Maryland, by building sixty-five miles, increased the property valuation to
$1 16,000,000; Georgia, six himdred and nine miles railroad, $248,000,000 prop-
erty ; one thousand three hundred and seventy miles, $600,000,000 property.
TENNESSEE.
Year. Miles R. R. Valuation Property.
1848 18 $129,501,074
1852 68 186,621,610
1864 300 219,061,047
1866 500 ; 260,319,611
1858 773 877,208^671
Col Tait, President of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, said at the
banquet of the Nashville and Memphis Chamber of Conmierce :
** Tho minds who conceived, or those who matured, and the hands that executed the designs
and purposes of the Qeueral Internal Improvement laws of Tennessee will live in the hearts
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RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESUI/TS. 613
of Tenneseeans. Was the \xw a wiso one, and has It succeeded ? Will it redonnd to the in-
terest of the State ? I think a glance at the figures will show that the system has been of <he
greatest importance to it In 1886 the taxable wealth of the State was 1117,000,000— the value
of our land $4 per acre. In 1852, sixteen jears thereafter, the taxable wealth of the State was
$1861,000,000, an increase of less than six^ per cent, while oar lands had decreased to $8 84
per acre. In lSfi2 the Internal Improvement law was passed. What was the result ? In the
eight intervening years to 1860 we had built over 1.200 miles of railroad, and lond had in-
creased to $8 8 per acre, and our taxable wealth to $889,000,000 in a period of eight jears, or
110 per cenu"
In 1851, Mr. Hewson, a scientific engineer of Memphis, conceived the idea
that.from actual results and experience, he could discover the precise value im-
parted to lands at different distances from the railroads. He constructed a
curious diagram, which may be found in DeBou/a BemeWf VoL xi., page 590,
and says :
"■ If five dollars an acre be the yalne of land at the disadvantage of haulin?, at a cost of 60
cents per hundred pounds, this value, if we assume the gross haulage at 100 pounds to the
acre, a low estimate, will be raised, in consideration of a transport of 10 cents per 100 pounds,
to $9 per acre.
** The oost of hanlsge by ordinary roads Is seven times the cost by railroads. The result <yf
railroads on agriculture is. therefore, in effect, to draw the plantations along the route within
one-seventh of their actual distance from market
**In the case of a railroad^s running through an inland district, a plantation, or tract of land
situated on the line at a distance of 70 miles fh>m market, receives a benefit equivalent to the
oost of hauling its produce and return supplies over sixty miles of common roads, and this
additional value is imparted to each acre or the land."^
Speaking of the Vickaburg and Brandon Railroad, much of it through a pine
country, Mr. Roach, of Vicksburg, said in 1851 :
** A farmer on the line of the road has a farm of indifferent sort, lying on a bed of rocks. A
building is commenced at Jackson, and the nature of the spot forbids the use of brick for a
foundation. Our farmer's barren rocks, 15 miles A-om the proposed building, are brought into
requisition. They are put into his pocket, in the shape of cash. Without the railroad thev
were only a nuisance. Take any tract of land, however poor, its timber, if along the railroad,
win make it mdre valuable than the best lands which are not accessible, etc'^
But of what avail to multiply illustrations ? The experience of proprietors
along all the great routes of railroad are uniform on the subject. Seldom or
nevej^is the advantage less than that of duplication, and in many cases the
lands at once appreciate to three, five, and ten times their original valuation.
The cause of this is natural enough, and has been fully explained. "Well, there-
fore, may a farmer subscribe — and subscribe liberaUy — to enterprises which,
besides the chances of annual dividends (which we shall see hereafter are al-
ways good), wUl bring such substantial home results. If his estate be worth
$1,000 or $10,000, he may well give half of it to the Company, in fee simple,
and never have cause but to rejoice in the act. The word "gift," however, is a
misnomer. It is the railroad that is the great ffiver, the great benefactor,
which creates for him wealth when he sleeps, which is making him rich, when
often he has thoughtlessly opposed it.
Experience has universally shown that men who swear against railroads, who
absent themselves from the meetings, protest that they will give nothing in their
aid, but would rather give so much not to have them, are the very first, when
the route is located in the vicinity of their lands, to make a parade about the
benefit that the lands have received, and to demand extortionate prices for them,
shonld a purchaser chance to come along.
IV. General Influence of Railroads.
1. Upon Population. — It will not be denied that very much of the settlement
of a country depends upon the facilities afforded for communication and trans-
port. Even inferior lands will be cultivated, if within reach of the market,
whilst the most productive will remain in a state of nature, or with a limited
population. The arguments which apply to conmion roads are strengthened in
the c#se of turnpikes ; still more on plankroads and canals, and in the highest
degree on railroads, which introduce the potent element of steam. It is com-
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614 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
mon experience that settlements and large towns spring up on the route of a
railroad, where hitherto nothing but farm-houses were to be seen, except at its
termini. The traveler at the North is struck with this every hour. The vil-
lages and towns become themselves the centres of back population, and this
population gives rise to the opening of new lands, and thus the area contiQuallj
widens. Tlie history of tlie West is strongly in point When shut oflF fromlhe
Atlantic by a road of sixty days, or a flat boat navis^ation quite as long, the pro-
gress of population and products was slow, revolutions were openly discussed,
and a separate government adequate to her necessities was proposed. The
power of railroads and steam changed the whole aspect of things, and the
West, which had but 300,000 at the close of the last century, contained in 1820,
2,207,463 ; in 1830, 3,672,669 ; in 1840, 6,302,918, and reaches nearly 15,000,000
at the present time. How much larger had been the population, had facilities
like those of New York and Massachusetts been enjoyed, may be readily imag-
ined. It will not do to argue th t population must come before railroads. It
is possible to stimulate and excite it I If the natural facilities of rivers and
navigable streams exercise great influence on the fgrowth of population, as in
the history of settlement, none can deny, will not other facilities of a like or
even different character have the same effect ? Population follows the riven,
and not rivers the population, and so it is of railroads.
2. Upon Industrt. — A people dependent upon mere production, and incapa-
ble of exchanging, can only remain in savage oarbarism. The first step in pro-
gress is barter ; for without it production will be confined to the mere abject
necessities of life. Trade stimulates* new energies and life, and ultimately civ-
ilization. Industry is its handmaiden. Manufactures go hand in hand with it;
for every article of manufacture, except the very rudest, presupposes exchange,
since the skill of the field laborer must be supplied by that of the artisan. Fre-.
quency of exchanfifes, and capacities for them, thus operate upon production
and fabrication. Tlie Indian hunter will transport on his back, or in canoes,
his peltry, hundreds of miles, to the trader. This is exchange under the
greatest conceivable disadvantage. The Mexican trader will supply the in-
terior commerce upon pack-horses over great deserts. This is commerce at one
remove; but still, under such discourai^cments, it cannot thrive, and thus Mex-
ico remains, from age to age, without improvement or progress. The wagoo,
the flat-boat, the ship, the steamer, and the railroad, are successive strips in ad-
vancement.. New wants spring up with the facilities for their enjoyment, and
new energies are diffused. The poorer cla^jses become consumers of what for-
merly was confined to the wealthy. The wealthy look around for new marks
to distinguish them from the commonality; thus industry is everywhere taxed
and encouraged, manufacturing towns spring up, and villages grow into im-
mense cities. The forests give way to the axe, and the highest civilization is
ushered in.
3. Upon Wealth. — I shall confine myself here to a few facts, which go to
show -the immense results which have grown out of the construction of rail-
roads. They are the creators of wealth in more than one way. As a source of
profitable investment, railroads have not been surpassed, all things consid-
ered, by any other. The actual earnings on the roads of England were over
four per cent, on the value of shares, when the interest on money was much
less. If there has been depreciation in the stocks of roads, it is easily accounted
for by the monomania which induced the construction of roads that were un-
necessary, b}' heavy Parliamentary expenses, and by the reckless and extrava-
gant system of construction, incident to the infancy of all novel enterprises.
The same remark applies to the United States, where the dividends of roads
have averaged over five per cent., though in Massachusetts this average reaches
eight per cent, whilst upon many roads in the country, ten, and even a much
greater per cent, has been realized by economical management No other in-
vestments of capital have paid more; and if we take long series of years, no
others have paid so much. Losses, to be sure, have been incurred, but i% what
department of business has experience been otherwise ? Certainly not in oom*
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merce; certainly not in banking ; nor even in agriculture and manufactures.
Visionary and impracticable schemes, and ruinous extravagance, will find their
place in every branch of human affairs. Nor is it in actual dividends alone
that railroad profits are achieved. Far from it. These are among their least
advantages. Proprietors, urban and rural, fed their effects, as we have seen,
primarily, and to the largest extent. Throughout the Union property has re-
ceived an actual tangible benefit to a much greater amount than the cost of all
the roads in it. New York, to which I have referred before, is a strong illus-
tration. In the fifteen years which immediately succeeded the construction of
the Erie Canal, the value of the property in the city advanced 149. per cent,
though in the preceding ten years it had not advanced one dollar; the per
cent, increase of population being not much greater immediately after than oe-
fore the construction of the canal. " Wherever ra^roads have been con-
rtructed,'* saj'S Ool. Gadsden, of South Carolina, "property has risen in value,
and new stimulus been given to trade and intercourse. Theso are not specula-
tave views, but realities.*'
He says again :
*'I shall show that trade has OKpandcd, and the value of real estate Increased, since the
establishment of the railroad. Any one who will make the inquiry, will find the land all
along the road to Hamburg and Columbia, for five miles on each side of it. has appreciated in
value 50, 500. and in some cases 5,000 per cent, and where before its construction there was
not |£0,000 worth of trade, there is now (l«48) upwawls of $550,000. The valuation of prop-
erty on the South Carolina Railroad, compared before and since Its coBStractian, sbows —
1830, $11,887,018; 1866, $19,075,157; gain, $7,688,145."
The next illustration is Yir^ginia; and here I quot« from a message of Gov.
Floyd, in 1850:
" The wisdom of the policy stands fully vindicated by the recent assessment of lands in the
commonwMilth, which sqows an increase of 29^ per cent upon our entire landed property
during the Ia»t twelve years, or an aggregate increase in the value of real estate nione, since
1B3S. of $62,749,718, while the increase between the assessments of 1819 and 183S was only
$5,086,580, or two and a half per cent The total value of Innds in the State, in 1819, was
$206,898,973; in 183S, it was $211,980,508, and in 1850 it was $274,680,226; which shows an
average increase each year, since ISSS, while the system of internal improTeti.ent has been ia
operation, equal to the whole increase during the nineteen years prior to that time. This re-
snlt has been owing diiefly to the impulse imparted to the industry of the State by the facili-
ties which her put>lio works have alTorded to our citizens for tran8p.>rting their produce to
market Portions of our country which, twenty years ago, were scarcely inhabited, are now
thickly settled, well cultivated, and prosperons. A lax-paying fund has been thus provided,
which' will constitute, through all time^ a valuable addition to the permanent caplt:d of the
commonwealth.^*
There can be nothing more striking in the history of railroads, than the
manner in which they have triumphed over the slroncest and most inveterate
opposition, and baffled in their results the wildest calculations of their most
sanguine advocates. The London Quarterly Review made infinite sport of the
propo-^ition that an eventful speed of eighteen or twenty miles an hour might
be attained. "The gross exaggerations of the power of the locomotive engine
may delude for a time, but must end in the mortification of those concerned.
"We should as soon expect the people of Woolwich to suffer themselves to be
fired upon by one of Congreve's ricochet roclcets, as tru^t themselves to the
mercy of such a machine, going at such a rate." A member of Parliament de-
clared, in opposition to the Manchester road, " that a railroad could not enter
into competition with a canal. Even with the best locomotive engine, the
average rate would be three and a half miles per hour, which was slower than
the canal conveyance," and Mr. Wood, in nls History of Rtulroads, says:
** Nothing can do more harm to the adoption of railroads than the promulgation
of such nonsense, as that we shall see locomotive engines traveling at the rate
of twelve, sixteen, eighteen, and twenty miles per hour,"
V. — The State of Tenne33ee— Its CoNDirroy, RESOuncES and Prospects.
There ia no State in the Union which possesses greater natural advantages,
and which opens a theatre of greater future enterprise and wealth than the Stat«
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616 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
of TeDnessee. Possessed of a mild and eauable climate, of a fertile soil capable
of every variety of production, of abundant mineral resources, and having a
capacity for mannfactures which is trul^- without limit — ^nothing seems to be
needed but the industry and enterprise of its people to put them in the foremost
rank of progress. Dependent less upon slavery than any of her sisters, and
with a less percentage of negro population, her losses have been less by eman-
cipation, as they have in general been loss in other respects from the casualties
of the war. Her recovery may be counted upon rapidly and speedily, and
there can be no doubt that the establishment of free labor, from the stimulus
which it will give to immigration, will, in no long period, be a positive and
great advantage to the State. For this immigration she is eminently fitted, and
yt wise measures are inaugurated, it will be very practicable, by means of it, to
double oar present population.
The population of Tennessee in 1860 was 1,109,801, of which 2^6,119 were
slaves — a population within a fraction of being as large as that of any Soathen»
State except Virginia. Her rate of increase in the previous ten years — ten per
cent. — was only half the increase of the former decade, and was less than the
increase of almost every State in the Union — a fact which is indicative that
emigration, instead of immigration, had begun to operate. Her increase in
eeneral wealth, )iowever, was very large, and in consequence the condition of
her people improved. The real and personal estate increased by the census
from |2(a,276,686 in 1850 to $493,903,892 in I860,— a ratio greater than that
of Kentucky, and of more than half the States of the Union. Her mannfactores
increased from $9,725,603 to $17,987,225 in the same time — very nearly a dupli-
cation— which was greater than the increase in Missouri or Kentucky, although
the aggregate manufactures of these States is more thnn double that of ours,
for which there is no good reason. Georgia, Alabama, Lonisiana and Texas,
showed a larger ratio of increase than Tennessee.
Although our coal and iron resources are unlimited, we yet produced in 1860
but 165,000 tons of iron, against twice that quantity produced by Kentucky.
From this report of the American Iron Association in 1858, we learn that "in
the Northern part of East Tennessee and Northwest corner of North Carolina is
seen a knot of forty-one blomeries and nine furnaces, while to the west of these,
at the base of the Cumberland Mountains, are fourteen forges and five furnaces."
" There is but one principal iron region in the Far West — ^that of Western Ten-
nessee and Western Kentucky." « * * " The whole country possesses ao
incalculable, inexhaustible abundance of the richest ores." The aggregate coal
product of the State in IS 60, was valued at half a million dollars, and the iron
product at a million and a third of dollars.
Prof. Wilson, who was sent from England to examine our mineral resources
li) 1855, estimated the coal region of Tennefsee at 4,800 square miles, and that
of Alabama at 3,400, but considered the former to be more prolific in the ratio
of ten to seven. The proportion of Tennessee was one-third as great as Ken-
tucky and half that of Missouri and Indiana. The whole coal formation of the
United States he fixed at 133,132 square miles. The London Geological Society,
speaking of the coal deposits, says :
** The United States coal deposits have been divided hy geologists into foor principal fields
or tracts. The first in importance, by reason of its enormoas extent, is the AlIeghaniui,or
Great Central, reaehlog flrom Tuscaloosa, in Alabama, through Bast Tenne«see and Keataekv,
thence Into West Yir^nia, Maryland and PennsylTaoia, where it apparently teminatea, but
afterwards reapnears in the British Prorinces of New Brunswick and Nova ScoUa. This
basin as far as it has been traced, was known many years ago to embrace an area within the
United States of 90,000 sqaare miles, of which 45,000 square miles, or 8a,800,Q00 acres, was one
unbroken seam.*'
Mark H. Cneper, the Iron King of Georgia, said in 1856, there are 8CM),000
tons of iron made in the United States, which cost the consumers $60,000,000
per annum ; 600,000 tons more are imported at a cost of $8t,600,000. llie
South consumes half of this, and produces little.
With the indispensable condition of coal and iron bo fully met^ what is it to
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RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS/ 617
interfere with the great manufacturing future of Tennessee ? Col. Sam Morgan,
of Nashville, demonstrated to Mr. Lawrence, of Massachusetts, some years since,
that he was manufacturing cotton at a lower price in this State than it was done
at Lowell.
The leading agricultural productions of Tennessee were in 1860:
Wheat ) boshels
Corn . J.n-U.'*i'6 **
Tobacco 4: ,44^.Mi '0 pounds
Cotton 2',h;.4 9« bales
Wool ,, l,tl).>i!;^6 pounds
PotatooB ;i. <i i.o( ti) bnshels
Home Mannfactare ;:;',! 77. mit)
Val uc A nlmals Sianghtered. 1 J. 4 in. G93
Value Live Stock. 60.2 1 ! ,7:^5
Value Farms 27 1, :i'.S,;'s5
Value Farm Implements. , .<.. ^u).\702
Land Improved r»,7',fr'. ■ '7 acres
Land Unimproved, but Inclosed 1 ; ,^7y.bJd acres
This is a large, varied, and splendid exhibition of industry, and contrasts well
with that of any similar community in the world.
The finances of the State are improving, aud her credit is as good ivs that of
any of her sisters, though she has liberally used it in behalf of great public
improvements.
The debt proper of Tennessee, as given by the Governor a short time since,
was in amount, including interest, 14,744,160; besides which she has lent her
credit to the railroads to the extent of |16,213,000, which the roads will even-
tually liquidate. The debt proper includes bonds issued to turnpikes, banks,
railroads, the Hermitage, and the State Capitol ; and the loan of bonds, on
which interest is due to the amount of ^8,769,507, is as follows:*
These roads are in prosperous condition and are worth vastly more than the
amount for which they are pledged. -
East Tennessee and Virginia $1.5r>0,000
East Tennessee and Georgia l.ir.n.i OO
Memphis and Charleston In-u.noi)
Mempbissnd Ohio I,4i;i,0a0
McMinnville and Manchester , JiW.fiOO
Tenncsscoand Alabama 8.VMTO0
Mississippi and Central Tennessee &74,000
Mobllefnnd Ohio l,20ft.(U)0
Edgefield and Kentucky and Louisville and Nashville 211 ,000
Memphis, ClarksvlUo and LonlsTllle 1,402.000
Winchester ond Alabama 4 WmO
Louisville and Nashville 455.<H)0
Edgefield and Kentucky 645,000
Central Southern 6^.000
Rogersvlella nd JefTerson 15»,(>00
Mississippi and Tennessee 95.n00
Noshvllfe and Chattanooga X 54,000
JTashvillc and Northwestern 1,455.(H)0
Cincin nati Cumberland Gap and Charleston 182,000
Knoxville and Kentucky IhO.oOO
Bonds issued to turnpike companies 05,O()O
Bonds issued to Agricultural Bureau S'J.OOO
Total State bonds loaned $1400e,000
The financiering must be very defective, and the management of railroads
very culpable indeed, if the bonds of Tennessee are not shortly at a premium
in the market.
• Recently the Legislature has provided for the payment of this Interest by the issue of new
bonds, and has afforded still further aid to most of the roads to the extent of several millions
of dollars. The total amount of bonds to railroads, old funded and new. is now $24^882.889,
bat It is to be observed that for its security the State holds first mortgages upon all of tho
roads, and mav foreclose whenever a road lails to provide ttom its earoings the interest due
upon the bonds.
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The following is the extent of railroads in Tennessee, as classified by the
United States anlhorities in 1860 :
Miles. Cost
Central Southern 47 68 $1,0T»,672
Clevelandand Chattanooga 80 62 867,SI0
East Tennessee and Georgia. , 110 80 S,6S7^
East Tennessee and Virginia 108 2S 2,66fi,»7
EdgeHeld and Kentucky. 46 70 1,299,771
Memphis and Charleston and branches 290 98 6,744,647
Mcui|ihl8 and Ohio 180 60 2,612,010
Memphwand Louisville 66 80 1,692,618
McMlnnville and Manchester 84 20 690,026
MisAiesippi Central and Tennessee 49 — 1,188,977
Knshvllle and Chattanooga and branches 166 76 8,682,882
Nashville and Northwestern 98 40 2,460,000
Tennessee and Alabama 46 81 1,186,068
Winchester and Alabama 83 12 629,662
1,268 62 80,876,996
Deduct Memphis and Chaileston In Mississippi and Alabama. ... 188 00 4,867,878
1,080 88 26,018,722
Add Mobile and Ohio per AUbama 117 80 8,619,000
* Totalin Tennessee 1,197 92 29,587,729
But I must postpone for another paper a more detailed account of the re-
filOurces of the country embraced in the great route which I am advocating.
VI. — NABHVnXE AND WhAT OF ITS FUTURE.
The store-keepers and other tenantry of Nashville, have recently been in
council to demand a reduction of rent^i. This is an unfavorable omen, and
should attract the attention of its enterprising citizens as evidence of one or
two thins^s — either that the trade of the city is at a stand-still or decl ine. or that
its proprietors are more than usually rapacious, which ought not to be supposed.
In either ca^e the fact affords ground for serious mediation.
Certainly there is no more inviting spot on the continent than the region of
which the Capital of Tennessee is the heart and centre. A writer, several
years ago, but expresses the opinion of every stranger when he said:
" There is not perhaps in the West, a more interesting view than that commanded ftrom the
summit of the Capitol kill, in the city of Nashville. Covering the base of the hill, and crowd-
infr to the extromest margin of the business laden Cumberland, is the city itself, its streets alive
with the bnstle of an active commerce, and its suburbs literally growing under the eye of the
spectator. Surrounding the city with a cluster of beautiful cultivation, lie extensive and
valuable farms intersected bv the numerous turnpikes, which, centering in the city, radiate to
opposite neighborhoods; and girdling in all with a quiet security, rises a range of low and
pleasant hills covered with picturesque woods and graceful dwellings. The traveler knows
that ho stands in the midst of untold abundance; mineral wealth forcing itself through the
soil, and tlutt soil ready to yield any advance they may make upon it."
The centre of a State possessed of such vast and varied resoutces as Ten-
nessee, and with such a region tributary to her, not only in that State, bitt in
Northern Georgia, Alabama, Miseiseippi, a part of Kentucky ; of growing
opulence, and with a capacity to become the distributor of the great producU
of the West to the seaboard at Charleston, Savannah, and even Baltimore and
Richmond, it may well be marvelled at that the traders of Nashville are required
to practice a stricter economy.
No doubt the b^fiutiful, fertile, and healthy country around will continue to
attract population from a distance, and the excellent society and admirable
educational facilities will have their influences; but these, it will be found, alone,
are not sufficient to make a great city. The avenues of commerce, as has been
hinted before, by a liberal enterprise, must be opened, and all appliances of
manufactures must be brought into play.
And what a field for manufactures have we here; yet, where are they? De-
velop your coal,and iron, and erect your cotton and woolen, tobacco, and nail, your
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RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS. 619
boot and shoe factories, wherever you please, and with cheapness of living and
labor which can easily be conlrolled, where will capital pay more handsome re-
Bults than here ? Can the annual revenues of citizens be more productively
employed, and vet who in Nashville seems to be ready for the new era which
the condition of the country has opened ? Eacli thousand dollars invested in a
factory will introduce and perhaps support several families, who will buy your
provisions, and rent your tenements. We have even failed, though an attempt
was made to do it, to provide mechanical power to be leased, to operatives, and
yet capitalists of Nashville express surprise that business rents are at a decline.
Even while I write, the magnificent enterprise of Memphis is striking in
every quarter for new trade, and prosperity, and is contributing with liberal
hand to every feasible scheme ; her grand river front is extending, and swarms
with commerce; whole blocks of streets of imposing warehouses and dwellings
are going up, and population is flocking in from every quarter. Grant that she
has natural advantages; but what have these done for her in comparison with
intelligent, active and ceaseless enterprise ?
Ana shall we in Nashville sit down and weep over our lessees, and see our
population and wealth depart ; or like men resolutely seize upon the means
within our reach, and win supremacy, because we have deserved it ? There is
no royal road to wealth in these iron days ; it comes from hard blows and cease-
less struggle !
With Memphis, St. Louis, and Cincinnati straining every nerve in competition
for the trade which should belong to Nashville, and reducing her to the con-
dition almost of a besieged city, it will be vain to call upon Hercules for help,
whilst our own broad shoulders are in repose.
Trade, as I have said before, seeks points easiest of egress and entrance,
where capital and competition exist, and, I may add, has no partialities of kin-
dred or patriotism. It seeks ever to sell the dearest and buy the cheapest.
There is much to be done by Nashville, as we shall see hereafter, to increase
her population, trade and opulence ; but it might as well be noted here, that
her board of Trade should Degin the work, by publishing an annual statement,
in pamphlet form, as is done in almost every large cit}^ and circulating it
broadcast In this report, not only the actual commerce and manufactures of
the city may be stated, but the capacity of each branch of trade for extension,
the opening? for every kind of enterprise which exist, the manufncturing facili-
ties afforded, the means and cost of living, the wages and demand for labor, and
In fact all such information as would attract population and traffic. These
are the advertisements which other cities send forth and which reap their fruits
in continually increasing prosperity. The creed which they practice should be
ours:
"Let ns then be up and doing
WItli a heart for every fate.
Still resolving, still pnrsaing ;
Learn to labor and to wait.^
The returns of the Assessor and of the Internal Revenue Bureau, show that
there is wealth enough in Nashville and its vicinity, in real and personal estate,
in incomes, etc., to afford an early investment of several million dollars in new
and remunerative branches of industry, including the still further developments
of her connection with the interior, and such investments, by showing the spirit
and faith of tlie people, would invite from abroad several times that amount.
The people of Nashville might better invest a third, or half even, of their capi-
tal in this manner, than weep over the gradual decline of the whole, for after all
that has been said, can there be any reasonable doubt of the policy of such in-
vestments ? Are there any causes except such as we are re^ousible for, why
Nashville cannot fabricate with equal advantage every article that is fabricated,
for example, at St Louis or Louisville ?
The credit of the city has always been good, and although there are tempo-
rary influences affecting it, when the proper enterprise awakens, her bonds will
rise with rapidity in the market, and her credit can again be generously and
liberally extended to lo<»l enterprises. The day need not be distant.
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620 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
The value of real estate in the city, as kindly famished me by Mr. Hale, the
recent Assessor, was in 18C0, $12,429,750, and in 1866, |1 "7,344,750. The cor-
porate debt is in the vicinity of $800,000, of which $500,000 was for the Chat-
tanooga Railroad, of which the city h« received back about one-half. The ag-
gregate taxes are a))OUt two cents on the dollar, (including the railroad tax,)
which is less than those of many other cities.
The amount levied by the Internal Revenue office, including incomes, upon a
loose valuation, was, for 1865, as I am informed by Mr. Norvell, $511,050.
Now, supposing the internal revenue were increased to $600,000, would the
people of the city be greatly damaged by that small advance, which would be
the increase if a million of dollars, in bonds additional , were issued to railroads,
of which the interest must be paid by taxes ? Or supposing that the real estate
of the city were saddled with the encumbrance, would its sufferings be deplorable
under an additional tax of about thirty-three cents in every hundred dollars ?
Perhaps these matters may be worthy of consideration.
The population of Nashville, which was in 1830 but 5,566 (a small town,) was
in 1840, 6,929, in 1850, 10,778, and in 1860, without the suburbs, 16,988. In
the last period of ten years Memphis sprung up from 8,839 to 22,623 and thus
left us behind in the race. These figures, however, g^ve but a part of the truth,
as they leave out the large suburban population. During the war Nashville
must have had a population of 50,000 to 60,000, and her population to-day
cannot be less than 35,000 or 40,000.
The manufacturing product of the city proper is not given in the census, but
fop Davidson county, including Nashville, tlie statistics were for 1860 ;
Establishments 75
Capltallnveeted $1,580,000
Cost of raw material .$934,343
Males employed 1,256
Females employed 02
Annaal cost of labor $454,057
Annaal value of prodaot $2,016^870
The leading products, which have increased very greatly since that time,
were :
Agricultural implements $30,000
BooU and Shoes. 75.000
Carriages 71,000
Ironworks 28,\0(M)
Lumber .", , ..8»l,t»00
Soap and Candles 2-25,<>00
Tobacco 62,000
LordOll 66,000
It is a significant fact that whilst the manufactures of Nashville embraced a
list of 29 articles, those of St Louis embraced 122, of the value of $27,610,000,
and Louisville 81 articles, valued at $14,135,517. Consult the list in the vulume
of manufactured of the United States census, citizens, capitalists and merchants
of Nashville, and you will find that every one of these articles may be manu-
factured as cheaply within our limits 1
YIL — Connection of thb Southern Seaboard and the Valleys op the Ohio
AND THE Mississippi.
Having in the progress of these papers shown the great influence exercised
by railroads in the advancement of cities and the general development of the
Interior, and considered in particular the condition of Tennessee and of Nash-
Tille with reference to such improvements, and the causes which are at work to
influence or retard their prosperity, I have in fact prepared a proper introduc-
tion to the particular topic which forms the caption of the present article and
which constitutes the main purpose of the series.
What is ambitious in the title given to this enterprise by the charter, which
with great liberality was voted by the Legislature of the State at a recent ses-
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RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS. 621
rion, to wit : " Tennessee Pacific," will form the subject of and be fully treated
in my next contribution. The charter pledges State aid to the work and names
a board of cummissioners in the several counties, who constitute some of the
most solid and enterprising men in the State. If there be any justice in the
remark that some of them are new-comers, that not enough of the old and lead-
ing citizens are embraced, and that the charter is loosely framed, these are all
matters easily remedied in the event, and none of them are of any weight to
prevent a fair and full consideration of the merits of the scheme.
The terms of the charter embrace the construction of a railroad from the city
of Enoxville, via Nashville and Jackson, to the Mississippi river at Memphis,
on the shortest and most direct route, thus seeking to connect the extremest
points of the State on the most practicable route through the centre. It will
thus constitute in fact a great central road, by whatever other name it may be
designated.
This is no new projection. It runs back in the history of the State to a
period which antedates any of its railroads, and almost antedates the construc-
tion of railroads anywhere in the country. As early as 1887, Governor Cannon
called the attention of the Legislature to the subject, when the South Carolina
commissioners were here urging us to meet them on the frontier of the State,
and unite in the splendid conception whidi Charleston entertained of a railroad
to the Ohio and the Mississippi.
At a time when railroads were so new to the people that a distinguished
citizen of Charleston, Stephen Elliott, in writing for the So»therfi Jieview, Vol.
III. p. 90, 1831, undertook gravely to tell how the roads were to be built, viz. :
" To drive wooden piles every six feet apart in parallel lines — the heads of the
piles being botmd together by sleepers," the prophetic vision of that great man
indulged a view of the future in which he " entertained trembling hopes," as he
says, ** that we should not choose to expose to the eye of the scomer, when wo
extend our grasp to embrace the Western States by extending the rnilroad to
the Tennessee. The trip may thus be made to the Ohio in ten days. Linked
by such a tie we may see Charleston what she might be, second only to New
York."
An appropriation having been made by our Legislature, a survey of the
entire line of the State, from the eastern to the western limits, was made, but
in rather a cursory manner, for the want of means, by A. M. Lea, State Engi-
neer. This report I have by me, and although it selected Randolph, and not
Memphis, then in its infancy, for a terminus, it will greatly facilitate future
surveys.
Omitting all reference to what it contains in regard to the country to the west
of Nashville, as not coming within our present province, let us look a little into
what is said upon the subject of the mountiuns, the route and the means of con-
struction.
Beginning at the lower base of the Cumberland Mountains, the experienced
and practical engineer tells us that he found a route near Sparta, and ending on
White creek, quite practicable, and with a grade not exceeding sixty feet to
the mile, a much lower grade than is found quite manageable on other roads.
This route was that of the stage from McMinnviUe to Knoxville, and abounded
with timber. It is now known that others and perhaps more feasible routes
exist, which a more detailed survey will develop ; but Mr. Lea is so impressed
with the feasibility of the one indicated, that he estimated when railroad con-
struction was nearly as expensive as now, that the bed of the road might be
laid for $7,500 per mile. The whole distance from the point selected near
Sparta to Knoxville, he gives as one hundred and two miles» which would make
the entire distance from Nashville to Knoxville about one hundred and seventy
miles. The expenses of the mountain division, he considers, would be heaviest
at two points, to wit: one and a lialf miles at the summit at (40,000 per mile,
and eleven miles at the east base at $10,000 per mile. The rest of the route is
stated at an average of $4,000 per mile.
This division, he says, passes through the most valuable part of the State.
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622 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
The immenEe quantity and fine quality of bituminous coal and various kinds of
iron ore placed in juxtaposition give tnat region a degree of mineral wealth not
exceeded by any other in the world.
The important work, therefore, of connecting the two great sections of Ten-
nessee, by the shortest and most direct route, is now plainly before us. We
know the cliaracter of the country at one terminus of the road, to wit: the
great " inland eea" of the West. What it is at the other is well expreased in
the following extract from the Knoxville Register, but will be more fuily seen
as I advance with these papers :
** Wo have not the slightest hesitation in saying that there Is not a portion <^ the continent
of the SAine extent of territory as East Tennessee, that presents snch a harvest of gold to the
enterprising capitalists as may be reaped in this Siritzerland of America, when the great rail-
road connections are made to it When these ffreat chains shall have thns linked together
these immense mineral resonrces will be developed ; then will the iron, coaU copper, zine,
leEid, timber, water-power, soil, marble, lime, etc.. which hitherto have been oonslaered nM
lees, for want of outlets, become soarces of boundless wealth."*
VIIT. — A Southern Roitte to the Pacific.
It is conceived with justice by the authors of this enterprise, that whatever
its other merits, as a great interior trunk of the State of Tennessee, it has the
further and signal merit of supplying an important link to the chain of connec-
tions, by the easiest, most direct and shortest line between the cities of the At-
lantic, by whatever Southern route may be selected, and the Pacific Ocean.
For many years tlie people of the South evinced the liveliest interest on the
subject of a road to the Pacific tlirough its own territory, and it was the fore-
most object of discussion at the first Memphis Convention in 1845, over which
Mr. Calhoun presided, as it has been at almost every convention that has since
been held. Arguments amounting to demonstration were urged, showing thmt
it was by many hundred miles the most feasible route ; but tlie energy, the en-
terprise, the management and combination of the North, in this as in most other
measures, succeeded, and a route through its territories is being actively prose-
cuted, aided by the most munificent offerings of the Federal Government
Truth, however, though " crushed to earth, will rise again," and the scheme
of a Southern connection is attracting the attention of capitalists and men of
enterprise, and is likely soon to be put in a practicable way of nccomplishment.
It will not do to limit the capacities of a country like ours. If there be room
for one road across the continent, there will be room for two. Population and
wealth go hand in hand with ruilroad extension, and Arkansas, Texas, Western
Louisiana, Arizona, and Northern Mexico, under American auspices, will devel-
op themselves in a degree proportionate with the Northwest.
The American Railroad Journal for April *l\h, 1866, remarks:
^ Another route, known as the Southern Paciflc, to pass from the Bay of San Frandaoo to
Ban Dl^o, and thence to the Mississippi river, is being discussed in OallfornUi, with much
seal and with a great show of aiigument and neoeasity. Congress is already appealed to for ita
fostering care."
At the head of this enterprise, it is understood is John Charles Fremont, who
is said to be in connection with wealthy capitalists of the North.
The Journal adds in regard to the new route :
**Bach road will have a terminus of its own, «nd all will command a special trade, while In-
terior connections will develop interior centres of great value."^ ** it is believed we are to aee
as a certain result the growth of a magniflcent empire on the Paciflc, and our country obtain
the control of the oommeroe of Asia." ** More than this— we shall see an entire duuura in the
commercial routes of Europe and the maritime ascendency of the United States.^ **Th«
plains are certainly to be popubted by an industrious raoe, who wfll be as quick to Improve
their advantages a» we have been."^
The same journal of the date of March Slat; 1866, says:
^ A memorial has been prepared asking lands Arom Congress for a route whleh wlU develop
Arizona, New Mexico, West Tozai, Indian Territonr, etc, and be the shortest across American
•oil, being free from snow and of easy nade. The length will not be more than 1,800 or 1,SM
miles from San Diego to ports on the Mexioan Quit'*
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EAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS. 628
Referring to the Texas route to the Pacific, A. M. Lea, the author of the sur-
rey to which I referred to in my last, from Knozville to the Mississippi, said
in a pamphlet published in 1850 ;
^'The distance from New Orleans to Mazatlan Is 1,140 miles. Of this eighty miles to Ber-
wick's Bay are finished, as mach more graded, iron purchased for one hnndred and sixty-threo
miles, and the means secured for still another hundred miles. Onlv eight hundred more re-
main to be provided for, of easy construction and no serious difficulties. The route to the Bio
Grande Is covero^l by the charter of the Aranzas Company, and that to the Pacific by grants
ander decrees of the Supreme Government of Mexico. By steamship the time fh)m Mazatlau
to San Diego would bo four dayb.^
In his report of 1857, Captain M«rcy, of the United States Army, a Northern
roan, red^ to the Southern route to Fort Smith, Arkansas, united with a route
from the Rio Grande to San Diego, which would give a great national highway
in a very direct and practicable line, and easily to be accomp]ishe<>.
Col. Gadsden, a distinguished citizen of South Carolina, in his report of 1846,
may almost be said to have originated the idea of a Southern route, in which he
was ably seconded by Mr. Patterson, of Vidalia, Louisiana.
** A road," said Col. G., ** will in time traverse the newly acquired territory of Texas, and by
the Mexican provinces terminate at Mazatlan in the Bay of California, or, more northerly, by
the Red and Arkansas rivers, by the Southern gorges in the Stony mountains, to find a more
imposing terminus in the Bay of San Frandsoo.'*
Prof. Forshay, of Louisiana, estimated the distance of this route from Natchez
to Mazatlan at 1,491 miles, **in a country so feasible that the cost of construc-
tion would not exceed g2,200 per mile. The route from Memphis to San Biego
would not exceed 1,600 mile?. (The Northern routes range from 2,000 to 2,400
miles.)
In reference to this Southern road, the author of these notes, as Chairman of
the Committee of the Memphis Convention, in 1849, prepared an address, from
which the following is extracted :
"This route intercepts In Its course the regions unon Bed rlfw, the whole of Northern Texas,
Chihuahua, Coahuila, etc, now almost entirely without market. It leaves the Mississippi at
a point always navieablo by large vessels from the ocean, and is very nearly central to the
wnole Union, Memphis beine about that central point It Is south of the Ohio river, and Its
tributaries from Pennsylvania. Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee, and
on that account, within easy control of the Immense datboat commerce of these rrclons. The
great Mobile railroad, the worgia, Carolina and Virginia railroads all strike for the Mississippi
valley near these points. It is In a medium climate throughont, not likely to bo disturbed by
frosts and snows of northern regions. It is several hundred miles shorter than any other
route, and can bo built for greatly less eznense. It has no physical obstructions and, for the
most of the way to £1 Paso, is throogh a level country, supplied with every variety and abun-
dance of timber, fertile in soil, but without access to market; peopled In half Its extent and
askable of dense population for three-foarths of the whole distance. It Is through a healthy
region alter leaving the Red river, and connects Texas with the heart of the Union. Should
the road in any part of its course necessarily cross the Gila river, the ease Is provided for In
our treaty of purchase fTom Mexleo.**
Having thus referred hiBtorically to the subject of a Southern route to the
Pacific, it will only be necessary to ask citizens of Tennessee to refer to the map
to discover that at whatever point the road may strike the Mississippi, from
Memphis down, the vast travel which it will engender, must pass to a great ex-
tent over the Central Road of Tennessee from Knoxville to Memphis. The
States of North Carolina and Virginia by their western connections at or near
Knoxville, and all of the States to the north and east of them, will find the in-
terior diagonal line to the Southwest, on the plainest principles of mathematics,
the shortest and most direct. Charleston, by the Blue Ridge Road, must take
this route, and when Cincinnati constructs her road to Northern Georgia, or we
build a rcNod to Cincinnati, the intersection which must nece&^arily be formed
with this road will t^row upon it the Southwestern travel from that quarter.
Tlie immense passage and freight traffic which our road would enjoy in the
supposed case, and which must be realized in the next ten or fifteen years, can
scarcely be reduced to figures without exciting incredulity, but it is not upon
such hypothesis that the success of the enterprise is by any means predicated,
as subsequent papers will show.
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624 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
IX. — ^The Road feom Nashville to Enoxyille.
It was said in roy last that the merits of the Central road of Tennessee, and
its claims for consideration and favor, are not dependent npon, or ip any degree
related to, the eventualities of a Southern route to the Pacific, probable and im-
portant as these eventualities are; andthu further position is now taken, that
without reference to the Memphis extension, the road to Knoxville alone, as an
independent proposition, is one pre-eminently entitled to the attention of cap-
italii^ts, and to the attention of all who are interested in the progress and pros-
perity of Nashville and the State at large.
A direct road from Nashville to Memphis is, of course, a great desideratum,
and it is in part already accomplished by the intersection of our Northwestern
with the Memphis and LouisviDe road, thus shortening the distance very mate-
rialiy, over the route via Decatur and the Memphis and Charleston road. It is
probable that the shrewd, enterprising and wealthy men of Memphis will soon
see the necessity of striking for a shorter route, which is provided for under
our charter, and it may safely be left to their enterprise, and that of the Western
portion of the State, to move in proper time to secure it if we do justice to our-
selves by effecting the connection with Knoxville. It will be time enough to
appeal to that portion of the State when we have shown our fiiith by our works
in this.
Al au independent proposition, then, a road from Nashville to Knoxville rest^
upon the following among other considerations :
Itrst. It intersects and binds together the great sections of the State, hitherto
to some extent at enmity, and now that the relations of slavery have ceased,
and the main cause of reparation is removed, it guarantees identity of interests,
and will engender a common State pride and affinity between the remotest
points. Without such connection the interests and relations of the mountaineers
are as much, if not more, with other States than their own, and thus the value
of State nationality is lost.
Second, It shortens more than one-third the distance between the two points,
shortening very greatly our connections with Richmond and the North by the
East Tennessee and Virginia improvements, and with Charleston by the Blue
Ridge road, which, we shall see hereafter, is almost certain to be complet<:d.
Third. It will enter into active competition with any road which the enter-
prise of Cincinnati and Louisville may direct upon the eastern portion of the
State, and intersect such roads as strike throufi;h our central division for the
trade of Chattanooga and Northern Georgia and Alabama. This is an evident
proposition, as may be seen by the map. Already Cincinnati is surveying the
route to Chattanooga. Louisville is moving quietly but surely in the direction
of Knoxville, as the recent action of her railroad authorities show, which is in
turn actively impressed with the importance of a Cincinnati connection.
Fourth, Should a direct road be determined upon between Nashville and
Cincinnati, such as was advocated recently by a committee of our citizens who
visited the ffreat emporium of the West, tnat road must inevitably form a junc-
tion with this, somewhere in the vicinity of Lebanon, and give it for an im-
portant part of the route the advantages of a grand trunk road, with termini
in the mountains of Tennessee and upon the central Ohio. Thus, if we did
nothing more than construct the road to Lebanon, it would be an important and
paying enterprise, and even without the Cincinnati connection, a Lebanon and
Nashville road would support itself as well as any of the short roads of the
country, and is as much required.
lyth. The road will develop virgin country of great capabilities, which is
now shut off from market, but which is susceptible of the largest increase in
population and wealth.
Sixth. It will open the country for new settlement and for immigration, where
cheap lands can be had, which are otherwise difficult of attainment in the State,
and upon the only condition on which it can be opened, to wit, by the opening
of new markets.
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KAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
625
Seventh, It will develop the botindless mineral resources of what has been
called the Switzerland of America. These resources have been briefly referred
to in another paper, and will be still further discussed hereafter. They have
been explained and pointed out by Prof. Troost, in a series of able essays ; have
been remarked upon by all Geologists, and shown upon a chart of the State now
before me, prepared several years ago by Prof. Safford, the State Geologist
He locates the coal measures in Fentress, White, Van Buren, Bledsoe, Scott,
etc., and the iron in Claiborne, Campbell, Anderson, Roane, Rhea, etc.
Eighth. It traverses a country which, even in its present condition, presents
no greater physical obstacles than, and is possessed of resources and wealth
quite equal to, those of many of the roads tljat have been constructed in the last
WW years, and which are now successful and prosperous.
The statistics which support the above propositions, when any are needed,
will be presented at another time.
It is sufficient to say here that a surveying party will shortly enter the field,
instructed to make full examination of the route, and that it will then be prac-
ticable to speak more specifically of its manifold merits. The character of the
engineers will insure a faithful report and one in which the public may have
entire confidence.
X — Resources of the Country between Nashville and Knoxville.
It cannot be ascertained precisely in advance of surveys, what will be the
route of the railroad which shall connect the cities of Nashville arid Knoxville
with ench other and with the Atlantic seabords on the shortest and practicable
route, but sufficient is known of the count r\- from curlier surveys and recon-
noiseances to say that the road will interest, develop and bring into play in a
CTcater or less degree the resources of the couniies of Wilson, Smith, DeKalb,
White, Morgan, Bledsoe, Rhea, Roane, and Knox, Putnam, Anderson, Cumber-
land, Cannon, Warren, Overton, Fentress, and Van Buren ; and should it form,
as more probably it would, for a part of the distance, a trunk road to Knoxville
and Cincinnati, the wealthy counties of Sumner and Macon would add greatly
to its local importance.
The counties which are named below, reported iu 186<\ as the product of
their market gardens, less than $30,000, which might readily be swelled to
twenty times that amount, and about 20,000 tons of hay, which with railroad
facilities would reach several hundred thousand tons. 1 he very small growth
of cotton will, no doubt, be immensely added to, in the present period of high
prices. The other statistics of the counties were us follows :
Population.
Val.Farnis
VhI. Live
Stock.
; Wheat,
1 Bushels.
Corn,
Bushela.
Tobacco,
lbs.
Wil5f)n
26,072
16,857
10,57»
9,831
8.858
4;469
^'4,9»1
18,6S3
2-2,813
9,989,447
4,35S,147
1,858,285
1,841,198
501,865
914,643
1,171,640
8,420,610
4,4S0,>70
2,592.500
1,09S,547
606,2^8
459,S89
141,205
250,82.5
253,379
696,065
846,253
1 161,747
' 72.563
j 89,086
80,46»
1 8,862
18,880
8l,S9a
103,784
188,293
1,781.955
972.793
019,730
472,568
109,942
815,400
295,2>,0
751,790
779,rH>4
^■52,8 64
Smith ,
DeKalb
2,581,372
67,212
White
24^504
Morgan
Bledao©
13,320
7,011
Khea
6,661
Roan
80,628
Knox
26,441
Home
MunoTctV.
Animals
SliinghtM.
Capital in
Manufac's.
Product.
Ag. lUiiX A;
Per. Eat.
W ilson
$222,286
4.%710
92,267
18,007
10,31 8
16,063
10,487
156,707
83 587
$414,309
209,766
M,281
88,241
82,OS0
44,as3
67,520
235,847
212,097
$135,055
47.450
47,750
48,400
37,S00
2,0(H)
Not Kiven
387,971
?48,5S0
$517,691
169,780
75,970
66,S15
27,700
7,510
Not given
294,975
586.493
$27,873,692
10,716,862
4,461 536
3,084.080
890.776
2,2(t5,148
2,436,306
7,61 1,M9
12,931,804
Smith
DeKalb..
Whito
Morgan
Bledfloe
Rhea
Roan
Knox!
VOL. II.— NO. VI.
40
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626 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
The connty of Davidson is thrown out of the calculation. Thus it will be
seen that these counties alone hare a population equivalent to one-tenth of the
entire population of the State, and a real and personal estate valuation of about
seventy millions of dollars, or fifteen times the cost of the proposed railroad.
Their farms are worth nearly thirty millions of dollars, their five stock four and
a half, the annual product of their inconeiderahlo and undeveloped manufac-
tures, a million of dollars. They snow half a million of bushels of wheat,
nearly six million bushels corn, and three and a half million pounds of tobacco.
The counties of Cannon, Warren, Overton, Fentress, and Van Burcn, make
the following exhibit (Sumner and Macon have a population of 29,820, an ag-
gregate of real and personal ePtate of $21,940,080 and produce 8,000,000 pounds
of tobacco, and a million and a half bushels of corn), and must be observed in
regard to all the s^tatistics that they report for 1860, and it must be largely in-
creased in the future :
Populntlon 49,524
: TalneofFanns . $7,080,665
Wheat, bushels 167,665
Com.; 1,846,519
Keal and Forsonal Estate $17,720,068
The value of live stock was about two million; tobacco product 100,000
pounds ; product of manufactures one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
The population of some of the counties which follow was actually less in 1860
than in 1860, which is a very significant fact, and should furnish an appeal to
the people of that portion of the State, stronger than any argument I could
use in favor of a vigorous effort in the direction of internal improvements.
The enhancement in the value of land, though large, is not one-third of what
it would have been with such improvements :
/-Popnhitlon-% ->VaL Laiidft-%
I860. 185a 1860. 1860.
Davidson 49,056 86,882 M^MW 18,929,974
Wilson 26,079 27,478 2,881,826 9,989,447
Smith 16,857 18,712 1,980,728 4,858,147
DeKalb 10,578 8,016 608,894 1,858.986
White 9,88111,444 796,079 1,871,198
Morgan 8,858 8,480 888.970 50t805
Roane 18,668 12,185 1,061,986 8,420,610
Knox 22,818 18,807 1,97T,168 4,480,870
It will bo observed that the statistics of only certain of the counties assumed
to be directly or indirectly iiiterested in the road are given, but the result will
not be changed if any other of the counties ni^med are taken, as the reader can
readily ascertain for himself.
The counties upon the route of the railroad between Louisville and Nashville,
showed in 1860 a less valuation of real and personal estate than those on the
proposed route to KnoxviUe, and about the same aggregate population, the same
valuation of farms and a less manufacturing product, and yet this is one of the
most flourishing roads in the country, and its local tariff is enormous.
The New Orleans and Great Northern Railroad, another prosperous enter-
prise, wns carried to Jackson, Mississippi, when the population on the route
was a third less than ours, and the valuation of farms was only one-third the
value of those on the KnoxviUe road.
The Charleston and Hamburg, equally prosperous, accommodated at first less
than 75,000 inhabitants on the route, whose farms were only worth about fif-
teen millions of dollars.
A stronger case than either, is that of the Mobile and Ohio road, which for
the first 150 miles passed through counties having only 17,000 inhabitants,
whose farms were worth less than a million of dollars.
I am prepared to show, and shall do so hereafter, that the through travel
upon the road to Enoxville will be as great as (I believe much greater than)
upon either of these prosperous lines, and it may be assumed without contro-
versy, that the local travel will be as great. Mr. Guthrie in his report of the
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KAILBO AD HISTORY AND RESULTS. 627
opemtions of the Looisville and Nasbyille Railroad for 1865 6, one of the most
admirable documents of the kind ever published, gives the local travel on that
road, exclusively such as belongs to the termini, as follows:
Revenue for local travel, $557,958 40
'* freight, 489,424 34
" Mail and Express, 166,45155
$1^212,834 29
The Superintendent, Mr. Fink, adds, " the fact is establislied that the local
business alone, which is constantly increasing, yields sufficient revenue to pay
a dividend of 8 per cent, per annum, provided the road can be run as hereto-
fore for about 50 per cent/ of the gross earnings." This local business increased
from 303,000 for six months when the road was opened, to $932,000 for a simi-
lar period in 1866.
Mr. John Caldwell, proposed recently to be made State Geologist, says of the
resources of East Tennessee :
*' I have spent more than six weeks in tracing and exploring the veins of calamino and cai^
l-onate of zinc, in the valleys of East Tennessee — or that part lyinff between Enoxville and
Bristol— snd'with J the single purpose of ascertaining certainly whether we have that ore In
snch quantity as will jnstiiy the con»traction of the works necessary for its reduction, to-
geUier with the compounding of zinc and copper, in order to furnish onrselvea, as well as sa»>
rounding States, with the brass of commerce: and I am happy to inform you that the ahnn*
daoc» and character of the ores have exceeded my most sanguine expectations. On the long
section alluded to above, iron, lead, zinc, mercury, gold and silver exist"
This testimony corresponds with that of Pro£ SafTord, recently State Geologist,
w^ho prepared the admirable map already referred to, showing all the locations
of the coal, iron, and other mineral formations of the State with great precision
and detail By reference it will be discovered how abundant are the coal de-
posits, and how accessible to the line of the proposed railroad. Prof. Troost,
who has made a geological survey of the Stat6, furnishes the most abundant
evidence of its great and inexhaustible wealth.
A correspondent of the Mining and Manufacturing Journal of the present
year says :
"The great iron region of Eastern Tennessee lies between the Alleghany and Cumberland
mountdns, in the valleys of KnoxviUe and Chattanooga. The deposits of Middle Tennessee
occupy the Cumberland Valley on the West Those of Western Tennessee embrace that por-
tion of the State lying mostly cast of the Tennessee, and south of Cumberland rivers. The
oresof Eastern Tennessee are mostlv the " brownhematice." They are very valuable. Pig
Iron from the purer varieties obtained by smelting with charcoal is convertible into steel.
**■ The numerous furnaces and forges springing up along the Tennessee, from Knoxville to
Chattanooga testifv to the abundance and value of iron ore in this part of Tennessee. East-
em capitalists, including parties from Pittsburgh, are establishing rolling mills along the cen-
tre of these vast deposits. Rail mills are already projected. Should these deposits hold out
M they now promise we may expect to see this the great iron distributing centre for the South
and Southeast"
But vast as are the coal and iron resources, there is another item of wealth
which has not yet been referred to, and with .which the present letter shall
clo?e. I refer to Pktboleum, an article which has added sncn immense sums to
the national wealth.
The special correspondent of the Pittsburg Oil Journal, who traversed the
State in its service, says of its Petroleum resources in a letter published in July
last:
<* As we follow this grand reservoir of oil through Yirginia, it is found to be more prodn<y
tive and of better quality than in Pennsylvauia: and still further South, through Kentucky,
it becomes yet more productive, and after pcualng into TennesHe the aeivelopmenta are yet
richer : so mitch, indeed^ that it /airly promisee to eclipse PHhole or Oil Oreeh.^
^ Both in Tennessee and Northern Aklmma there is found in abundance, naphtha, petroIou^^
elastic bitumen, mineral caoutchouc, compact bitumen, asphaltum, mineral pitch, bituminous
canelidnm, mineral oil and the Seneca oil of New York. From careful examination It is con-
fidently believed that the unmistakable evidence of the presence of rich deposits of oil has no
equal in the country, outside of these States.
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628 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
XI. — ROXTTB, C0N8TBCCTION AND FINANCIAL RSSOUBOBS OP TOE NaSHTILLE AND
Enoxtille Connection.
In a previons letter a general indication was furnished of the route of the
proposed connection of ^lasbville and Knozville, but this route must be deter-
mined by a variety of considerations to be determined hereafter. Lebanon^
Milledgeville, CrossviUe and Kingston, will probably fall in or near the line, and
there is evidence that the mountain can be crossed with a much less grade than
many which have been adopted by other roads. These grades as given in the
able report of Mr. Millnor, of the Central Alabama road, at the highest eleva-
tions, are :
Baltimore and Ohio. 116 fb. per mile.
New York and Erie 60 " *'
Boston and Albany to Buffalo 80 " "
Chattanooga Road 106 " "
And the points attained above high water, were, on the
Mobile and Ohio Road 603 feet.
Charleston and Nashville 1,156 "
Boston and Albany to Buffalo 1 ,460 "
New York and Erie to Dunkirk 1,750 "
Pennsylvania Central » 2,100 "
Baltimore and Ohio 2,370 "#
The question of such grades is one of locomotive capacity. If the locomotive
will, on a level, transport 1,000 tons, the amount on a grade of fifty feet to the
mile is reduced to two hundred and eighty-one ; of one hundred feet to one
hundred and fifty-five tons, and one hundred and twenty feet to one hundred
and thirty tons.
Taking into consideration all the circumstances of the country to be traversed,
the present enhanced price of iron, thirty-three per cent, on old prices (the
value of labor and the cost of material being very littte greater), it may safely
be calculated that the cost of the road will not exceed |80,000 per mile on the
whole route, which, assuming one hundred and seventy miles as the distance,
would be $6,100,000. "When it is considered, however, that the iron for the
road may be produced and rolled in the country where it is used, a saving may
be counted upon in transportation and handling, which will bring the aggre-
gate expenditure down to about $4,500,000.
1. Private subscriptions $260,000
2. County subscriptions along the route of the road, including David-
son and the city of Nashville > 1,250,000
3. State and Bridge aid under the General KaOroad act 2,000,000
4. ETypothecation and sale of the Bonds of the Company. 1,500,000
$5,000,000
In regard to these items, it is to be observed that the amount is to be rdsed
in a period of from one to five years, and during a time when our industry will
be actively reviving, and when a large increased population will contribute.
Taking the items in their order :
1. This is to suppose that there will be but two hundred and fifty persona in
the State so much interested in its prosperity as to subscribe |5 1,000 each to an
itaportant work, with all the chances, such as they have been exhibited, of
eventual profit.
2. Should the counties on the route, which have been taken as examples, sub-
scribe, in the aggregate, their bonds for $1,000,000, it would bo but five per
cent, upon the givoss value of their lands, while the lands would be at least
doubled in value. The interest on the subscription would be one third of one
per cent, per annum on that value and the tax would be extinguished in a few
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RAILROAP HISTORY AND RESULTS. 629
years. Only part of the bonds would bo drawing interest while the work was
progressing. Davidson county and Nashville will undoubtedly do their part,
since the fraction of additional taxation could not weigh a feather in the scale,
when a great manufacturing and mineral region is to be opened, now inacces-
sible and likely to be irretrievably lost in the competition of Cincinnati and
Louisville.
8. State aid is pledged to a part of the work to the extent of 115,000 pe?
mile, and to the whole at $10,000. As the latter amount has been greatly ex-
ceeded in regard to many existing roads, it is highly probable that it will be
exceeded in regard to this. Considering the political and material importance
of the road, $15,000 per mile will probably be accorded through the entire ex-
tent.
4. It is a pafe assumption that a road such as this, which is to expend
$5,000,000 upon construction and equipment, can find no difficulty iaobtaininff
as it goes along, one-third of that amount upon the security which it will
furnish, from the capitalists of the North and of Europe, in the shape of money,
labor, machinery and iron, and negotiations are about to be opened with that
view.
In the above estimates I have not taken into view the probability that heavy
individual subscriptions in land may be had, which would be a large source of
revenue, and the further probability that by virtue of the general character of
the road, as a link in the great Pacific connection, some aid may be obtained from
Congress in the way of a donation of public land, to be selected beyond out
our limits.* ,
Nor have I considered that as the work advances, and its importance is de-
monstrated, large private subscriptions will be realized, and aid will come if
needed from the roads interested in it as a feeder in the direction of Lynchburg,
Richmond and Baltimore.
Should the connection be completed to Memphis on the shortest line, aid can
eafcly be relied upon from that enterprising emporium.
I close this paper with a few remarks upon the subject of city and county aid
to railroads.
The construction of the Mobile and Ohio road was secured by the passage of
an ordinance by the Council, which ^after stating that tlie matter had been
submitted to vote, and adopted by over two thirds of the yoterd, goes on to
enact:
" That in addition to the present tax, there shall annually be levied and assessed a special
and separate tax of twenty-flvo cents, and at that rate, on every bnndred dollar.^ of valae fta
real estate within the corporate Hinits of said city, to be called a Railroad Tax, until the amoank
of three hundred thousand dollars shall have been assessed and cotlccted.^^
'*8kc. 8. Be it/urfMr ordained^ That it shall be the duty of the city tax collector, and h«.
i£ hereby empowered to collect the said tax in the same manner as other taxes arc assessed
snd collected, under the law now In force. He shall fronn tiaio to time pay the moneys col-
lected under this law and the ordinance above mentioned, to the Mobile and Ohio Railroad
Company, after deducting two per cent, for fees of collection. He shall enter in a well-bound
book the names of all persons who shall pay assessments as herein provided, with the amouni
of their payments, and shall annually return a copy of said book to the said Company ; and
shall furnish to each person or persons a scpamto receipt for said railroad tax.'*
The counties on the route of the New Orleans and Great Northern Road all
cheerfully, and by the largest majorities, voted aid to the road ; and upon the
New Orleans and Opelousas the following were the amounts that the counties
assessed upon themselves ;
Parish of Orleans, Right Bank, $76,000. tax 5 per cent.
St. Mary's Parish 100,000, " 3 "
St. Martin'9 Parish, 103,000," 6 "
Lafayette Parish...., 38,000," 5 "
St. Laudrey Parish, 120,000," 6 "
Natchitoches Parish, 250,000, " 17^ "
* The XTnited States have ffranted lands to all roads on tho other side of the Mississippi
which were links in the route to the Pacific, and donated large amounts also to other roads, as
will appear in the following statement which was made np several years ago, aad Is now com-
pletei
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RAILROAD LAITD ORAMTS.
To Iowa 2,4T6,321 Acres
" Alabama 1,148,500 "
" Florida 1,877,465 "
" I^uisiana 1,047,970 "
" Wisconsin 2,226,000 "
" Michigan 1,910,000 "
** Mississippi 200,000 "
** MinnesoU 1,400,000 *'
It was compnted in Alabama, when foreign iron could be bought at $65 per
ton, it might be made in her iron districts at $50 per ton, a saving of about
twenty -five per cent. At all events the American iron is much better than the
foreigo.
XII. — ^Business or the Central Road.
The cost of the Nashville and Knoxville road having been stated at $5,000,000,
an a liberal estimate, in order that it shall pay a dividend to the stockholders
<lf eight per cent., it will be necessary for its gross anuual earnings from freight,
passengers, and mail service to reach $800,000. Upon a circulation of 50 per
cent, for working expenses, about the average of other roads, the amount will
yield $400,000 net, which la the sum required.
It is susceptible of demonstration that the road will yield more than that, as
the following calculations and statistics will show :
The earnings of the Nashville and Chattanooga Road for the nine and a half
montiis ending June 30, 1866, were $1,423,630, of which $517,131 were for pas-
sengers alone. It-8 gross earnings for the year 1860 was $734,118. For the
last year the local business from which all other business in freights and travel
is excluded, was on the Louisville and Nashville Road $1,212,839, of which
$557,958 was from passengers. Total earnings of the road, including branches,
$3,143,189.
Now, it is impossible for any one to examine the map and consider the advan-
tages of this route, without yielding to the conviction that its business will
equal that of either of the roads referred to, including their main stems only in
the calculation.
The saving in distance by the direct route between Nashville and Knoxville
over the route via Chattanooga will be 98 ^miles, and although the saving be-
tween Knoxville and Memphis by the same route via the existing improvements
to Johnsonville, McKenzie, etc., will be trifling, compared with that over the
Memphis and Charleston road, it will be sufficient at least to attract a part, and
perhaps a considerable part, of the travel Should the line be eventually eon-
dtructed to Memphis, through Jackson, as contemplated in the charter of the
Central Road, the saving in distance would be sufficient to determine the ques-
tion in its favor. The distance would then be about 376 against 421 miles !
The travel for which the Knoxville road is to enter into competition will be
then:
First, All that of the State of Virginia and the States of the Northeast of it
Which is seeking Middle and Western Tennessee, Arkansas via Memphis, etc..
and which demonstrates upon Knoxville by the Virginia and East Tennessee
road, Lynchburg and Abingdon.
Second, A great part of that between the same points and the Southwest,
Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas via Memphis and Hernando or Jackson, Ten-
nessee and Huntingdon, when that short connection has been completed. The
route through Columbia, Tennessee, Mount Pleasant and Canton, or to Corinth,
Mississippi, projected and in the event likely to be accomplished, will greatly
increase the probabilities of Nashville and Knoxville being brought within the
line of Northeastern and Southwestern travel Should the road form a trunk
to Cincinnati its business would be vastly augmented.
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Third, The travel between North and South Carolina and the great "West, via
the Blue Ridge road of the latter, and the internal improvement system of the
former, which demonstrates upon Knoxville. St Louis would be on the most
direct and shortest line by these improvements, and in this respect the road
may properly be called the Nashville and Charleston road.
Can anyone, then, doubt for a moment that the passenger traffic on the Nash-
ville and Knoxville road will equal that of the Louisville trunk, on the Chat-
tanooga road or the Memphis and Charleston, which latter was, in 1869,
$751,923, but assuming a less amount is likely to be the «ase, there can be a
safe figure taken of $400,000. Will the freight earnings reach $400,000 ad-
ditional?*
This amount would not be equal to the earnings of the Memphis and Charles-
ton road in 1861, and is less than half the freight earnings of the Chattanooga
road by the last report.
Considering the abundant resources of the country to be traversed, as ex-
plained in a previous number, the mining and manufacturing establishments
which would start into being, the greatly increased population to be attracted,
ought it to be supposed for a moment that the transportation business of this
road would be less than that of the one to Chattanooga ?
That $800,000 per annum is a very moderate calculation for the business of
such a road will appear also from the following table of Southern roads, some
of which were in their infiancy in 1860.
EARNINGS OF RAILROADS, I860.
Length. Earnings.
Southwestern Georgia 147 $ 547,872
Central Road 191 1,358,782
Western A Atlantic, 138 832,393
Soutli Carolina 242 1,501,008
Virginia Central 175 589,822
Richmond & Danville ...140 461,918
No note is taken in this calculation of the probabilities of the road constituting
a link in the chain of connections between the Atlanlic and Pacific through
Arkansas and Texas. Such an event would cause its earnings to be computed
by millions. It need not be added that if a straight line be drawn between the
mouth of the Chesapeake and Guaymas, on the Bay of California, a proposed
terminus for the Southern road, it would pass sufficiently near to Knoxville,
Nashville, Memphis and Little Rock to secure them as points, on the shortest
possible line, through our own territory, between the two oceans. I say within
our own territory, because there is a probability that negotiations for the
purchase of Southern California and a portion of Sonora have already been
Drought to a favorable termination by the Government.
It is at the same time presumptuous to undertake to say positively what will
be the Hues of travel in a country like the United States, which is undergoing
such rapid changes in population and enterprise, and especially in tiew of the
fact that so many great works are now projected, and will no doubt be carried
through, which must change the whole face of the map. I have, therefore,
sought in the argument only to take the safe ground.
Nor in view of the experience of the past, can it be admitted for a moment
that the road, though it may enter into competition with, will check the pros-
perity of. other existing roads ? On the contrary, the developments of the
future will leave abundant material for all, and they will operate as feeders to
^ It has been stated by those familiar with roads through fororable regions, that the traffle
both WAVS will reach 100 potuids on the arerage for eaeh aere on a belt of thirty miles wide.
This at $5 per ton woald be $750,060 for the KDoxrllle road. Half that number of pounds
would bring the fireight earnings to nearly the $400,000 required. Should the Nashville and
Decatur ruad be extended to Montgomery, which is of yital oonteqaence to Nashville, its con-
nections will add still farther to the interests of the Knoxville road.
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632 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS-
eacir other, mutually enjoying prosperity and wealth. There should be ho
rivalry, but only zealous emulation in such enterprises.
Let it be taken for granted, too, that the direct connection between Knoxville
and Charleston will be secured, for which Cincinnati is alfto actively moving.
It is an old dream of the people of Charleston, likely now to be realized. Mr.
Trenholm said lately in his Report, referring to the Blue Ridge road — ** Thirty-
four miles have been built substantially and completely, and are now in opera-
tion ; one hundred and eixly-four miles remain, of which a large part of the
heaviest and most costly work has been done. Twenty miles of the grading
south of Knoxville an^ the most di'T.cult portion of the work required in
bridging the Holston, have been completed."
I close this letter with the remark that such is known to be the importance of
shortening lines of communication that the Central Pennsylvania Road in-
Bti-ucted its Engineer to expend $52,000 to save one mile, and $4,000,000 to
save seventy-two miles. The Engineer of the Memphis and Charleston Road
reported that in seeking to be nearest to the air line he was but " following the
irrefutable maxim that trade will always seek the shortest line."
XIII. Are the Railroads of the Country, in Themselves, Pbo-
DucTivB Property?
In the pro^fress of the argument I have demonstrated the marvellous
energy of railrofMs in building up cities, and in adding to the material
wealth of a country ; increasing manifold the value of lands, extending popu-
lation and commerce, etc. ; but have not paused to inquire if they are a
tangible benefit to stockholders and shareholders, or if capital invested in
them is in part or wholly lost, or is remunerative in comparison with other
investments.
The object of the present paper is to show that such investments in them-
selves, and as mere money operations, are legitimate, and if properly con-
sidered, quite as productive as those which are made in other branches of
business. Should this be made to appear, I may fearlessly address myself^
I think, to the pockets of those who have annual savings, whether they are
capitalists or not.
There is a very general opinion prevailing that the money to build rail-
roads must be drawn from those who are directly benefited by them, and
when others contribute it is looked upon as a very enlarged liberality and
patriotism. Many, taking advantage of this view of the case, regard a rail-
road commissioner with open books as a person to be avoided by every
avail^le means. This is a grand mistake.
It is true that railroads f^quently do not for a l(ms time pay dividends^
and why? They commence operations with heavy debt, which must be
liquidated from their earnings, and which liquidation is in effect adding to
the eventual value of the stock.
For example, the President of the Memphis and Cliarleston Road, in his
report of 1859, says: "The total net earnings of the road since its opening-
in 1853, is equal to 56} i>er cent on its capital, which amount has gone to-
wards building and equipment, and is, therefore, a moneyed interest to the
stockholders."
The Montgomery and West Point road was mainly built upon its earn-
ings, and was before the war paying ten per cent, upon the capital stock.
The results of the Georgia State road are equally surprising. In 1800 it
had in cash and cash assets nearly double the cost of the road, one-third of
which was from surplus earnings. The whole debt was taken up by these
earnings, which rose from $71,567 net in 1848 to $544,863 in 1858, and
since 1849 the dividends have been upwards of 7 or 8 per cent.
The Charleston and Hamburg road, fk>m Jirne to December 1865, with
incomplete road and inadequate and crippled running stock, earned ex-
penses, paid half year's interest, and had a net income besides of $196,98&.
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RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS. 633
The Mobile and Ohio road, with the same embarrassments, and in about
the same period, earned $1,529,675, and expended $699,898, leaving a net
revenue of $824,779.
A similar most gratifying restdt is shown by the New Orieans, Jackson
and Great Northern road, which has not only, like the roads above men
tioned, repaired its entire route, rebuilt costly bridges, and replaced most of
the valuable running stock, independently of outside aid, but has from Its
earnings since the war a large surplus, and wiU very soon begin to protect
its bondholders.
The Nashville and Chattanooga road, in the nine months ending June
80 last, was enabled, notwithstanding its condition and that of the country,
to earn $1,423,530, which left a net profit of $412,751.
The Memphis and Charleston, by the last report, showed in earnings,
since the surrender of the road, $1,274,807, tvhich, after all -expenses were
paid, ordinary and extraordinary, left on hand 41 surplus of $624,142.
This is but the general experience of nearly all of our leading roads.
They have not been suflSciently long in operation to have grappled with
and disposed of debt, or completed their routes and connections, and have,
besides, been interrupted by war. When all of this shall have ceased to
operate, they indicate clearly by the results how handsomely the original
stockholders will be repaid.
In reference to the Charleston and Hamburg road, it is said, on the high-
G8t authority, that after paying a dividend of S^ per cenl., it appropriated
the balance of earnings, Q^ ^r cent., to the payment of its debt. The re-
sult was as follows : In fifteen years $4,000,000 debt would, but for the war,
have been paid off. Thus the subscribers of $4,000,000 in fifteen years are
the owners of a road worth $8,000,000, besides receiving dividends in the
meanwhile. All extensions made by the road are in reality property, and
'* the best species of real estate."
When a road upon an original subscription, which is^frequently the case,
of $1,000,000 expends from its earnings as much or doubly as much more
in construction, the stockholder, in the great appreciation of value of his
property, may well be content to postjjone the day of annual dividends.
Speaking of the Southwestern road of Georgia, Mr. MUlnor in his report
says:
"Tlie company started from Macon In a southwesterly direction — they knew it seems not
vhere, iinlcfs in search for cotton bags. They fret to a place and stop, and pass resolntions
** ir the citi/ons of such conntles just ahead will sabscribe so mach and pay it, they will ex-
tend their road to such a place. ''^ In a week the stock is taken in the country, and tho<engin-
ccrs start out; and so great is the value of the stock and bonds that old contractors oxien
grade the road for stocks and bonds alone, and thus they have gone along from county to
county, from plantation to plantation, declaring and paying regular semi-annual dividends of
four per cent, in cash, bealdes investing as much more of surplus net earning in extension,
until it hat reached, and soon will cross, the Chattahoochee at Fort Gaines and Eufaula, and
then, after absorbing south-east' Alabama, will only stop because it has no more territory
over which to extend itself. This road, like all the Georgia roads, had a small beginning, and
of itself could not stand alone; but when, by the aid of Savannah, It was once firmly set on
foot with each succeeding year, its power continued to increase, until, like a large descending
ball, that quickens its pace as it continues to roll, it seems of late years that this wonderful
company has only to ** will It,'* and the extension goes on,**
The example of all the Northern roads, with few excepti(ms, is even more
striking than those of the South. Between 1856 and 1865 the Philadelphia
and Pittsburg increased its passengers from 1,198,927 to 4,174,093, and its
earnings from $4,720,124 to $12,459,159. The railroads of New York in-
crease<l between 1855 and 1864, 220 mUes, but the business increased from
10,000,000 to 14,000,000 passengers, and from $8,000,000 to $14,000,000 in
profits. In the same time the roads in Great Britain, on an increase of
4,509 miles, increased their passengers 111,000,000, and their profits about
$20,000,000. The amounts are prodigious. The roads of New York earned
$8,278 per mile, about half from passengers, which netted a dear profit on
each mile of $3,568 — a fair dividend for stockholders.
The increase in the number of passengers on the South Carolina road was
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634 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
from 87,770 in 1848, to 77,579 in 1847, which increase went steadily on.
The business of the Memphis and Charleston rose from $1,880,812 in 1859,
to $1,841,112 in 1861, more than half of which was in passengers.
The Michigan Central road increased its earnings from $2,871,241 in
1862, to $4,446,490 in 1866. The New York and New Haven from $1,049.-
768 in 1860, to $2,141,807 in 1865. The Philadelphia and Reading showed
as follows :
1843. 1864.
Passengers 66,564 1,048,501
Coal transported, tons 1,048,501 3,090,814
The coal transportation was three-fourths of the whole business in
freights. Charge per ton 1859, $1 15 ; cost of transporting, 42 cents per
ton ; 1865, charge $2 79, cost, $1 06. Besides other large investments, the
Company has, in the last three years, expended $5,000,000 upon new works.
The Railroad Jounwl, in one of its latest issues, furnishes a list of some
twenty-five or tliirty roads all over the country, which a few years ago were
regarded as nearly worthless, their stocks having scarcely any value, but
which are now in a prosperous condition, and paying dividends of from
eight to twenty per cent. The fact may be ascertained at any time by a
visit to Wall street, tliat the railroad stocks and bonds in every part of the
Union have been and are stiU rising in value, the result of more experi-
enced administration. Whatever depression existed was caused by extrav-
agant and not unfrequently dishonest administration, an evil which has at
length cured itself.
XIV. Business op Railroads always Exceed the Calculations of
THEiE Projectors.
The proposition is laid down at large, and the individual cases of excep-
tion are unworthy of note.
The principle is found to operate in every period of the history of these
great labor saving and labor creating macMnes, and the reason is obvious
enough. Our calculations have a general reference to the business and
transportation of the country, as it exists, when the road is projected, where-
as the road becomes the creator of that which feeds and sustains it. The
man who travels once is induced to travel ten times, and the goods which
he is enabled to dispose of or consume, instead of being conveyed in trunks
or in a few boxes, require now huge crates, hogsheads, and even cars.
It was once thought that railroads would not carry passengers, and Mr.
Porter, in his Progress of the British Empire, mentions the fact that all the
first rosAs constructed in that coimtry were with the view to freight only.
Half the persons, it was argued, who had taken the old stage road, between
liiverpool and Manchester, would prefer the railroad, but experience showed
that the increase was from 2,259, in 1831, when the work was in its infancy,
to 535,888 passengers in 1845. It was found, he says, in every case that
" the number of passengers quadrupled ,what existed before." Notwithstand-
ing the vaat increase of passenger traffic on the English roads, the freight
traific, which was at first less in value, was, in 1256, three times as valuable.
. The freight traffic on the American roads has exhibited the same marvel-
ous increase, as is shown bv the quantities of merchandise which pass and
repass between the Great West and Northwest and the Atlantic States, in-
cluding coal, iron, salt and rock, the heaviest and least valuable material.
These freights ascend and descend grades that at one time were regarded
impracticable-— arch over wide rivers, and penetrate and traverse huge tun-
nels under the solid earth.
Even cotton can be transported ft^m North Alabama and Georgia through
Nashville, and onward by railroad to the North, as cheap, and cheaper at
times, than by river and ocean.
In referring to the general influences upon the country exerted by rail-
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loads, in a former paper, it is stated that they frequently exceed the most
sanguine expectations. Innumerable examples of it may be furnished. A
patent one is that of the Mobile and Ohio, of which President Milton Brown
said, in 1859, ** the earnings of the Mobile end of the road hare gone beyond
the estimates made before its construction. These estimates were 7| per
cent of profit on the cost, whereas the net profit of this Mrt of the road, after
paying all expenses, was 8f i)ep cent, of the cost." The gross earnings,
when the roaa was 20 miles in length, were $22,459.
That a road running through a country so poor and unpromising as that
which exists upon the first hundred miles of tne one from Mobile slioiild ex-
cseed the calculation made for it, and in point of fact produce handsome rev-
enue, is one of the most conclusive arguments in favor of the productiveness
of railroads. The same experience has been, in fact, realized in the poor
piney wood regions of Louisiana and South Carolina, through which much
of the length of their great railroads extend. The business of the Jackson
poad went up from $277,008 in 1857, to $1,278,620 in 1862, and was in No-
vember, 1865, with all its defects of stock and road, $114,799. When this
road was first talked of. Col. Tarpley made much to do about the chick-
ens and the eggs, and the pine knots, that would employ its active energies.
XV.— The Vast AMouirrs op Capital Invested in Railroads an Evi-
dence OF THEm Phoductiveness.
When a railroad is proposed to be constructed, ninety-nine in the hundred
of the people from whom the means are to be drawn, looking upon the great
array of figures which are piled up,and comprehending the vast amount of mon-
ey which will be needed, are rfcady enough to pronounce it to be impracticable.
It is submitted to every intelligent reader if this is not the common ex-
perience. There never is money enough in the country or within control
to carry through any large enterprise, and yet the money in the end comes ;
oomes from somewhere, it is often difficult to tell how, and the work is ac-
complished. What the multitude prove to be impossible, some two, three,
OP four x)ersons (often a single individual), by their sagacity, their will and
purpose boldly attack and carry through. " It is not an army that I want,"
said the old Napoleon when meditating a great enterprise, " it is a man I"
When it was proposed in New Orleans to build the road to Jackson and
to Tennessee, a large capitalist, who subsequently became a leading pro-
moter of the work, said in conversation, " we cannot furnish the means — the
poad besides is not wanted, the Mississippi is railroad enough for us," and
another citizen, an old merchant and railroad man besides, chided the writer
of these papers for his rhetorical exaggeration in a speech when he said,
" that New Orleans would in less than five years contribute millions for
railroads," which in fact she did.
In the interest of these movements I traveled through the States of Mis-
sissippi and Tennessee in 1851, in company at times with other gentlemen,
and addressed the people at every cross road, town and village. There were
no railroads among us at Uiat time, and the sturdy farmers of the interior,
who clustered together to hear us talk about them, evinced by their looks
the incredulity of the King of Siam, when assured by the missionaries that
in their country water would sometimes become hard enough to walk upon.
They treated us with respect, which is natural at the South, but made merry
enough when they got together, as we often heard, over our " iron horse
which was to go gafioping over their hills and rivers, regarding it safer and
wiser to rely upon the old-fkshioned mule team and ox gear, and yet these
very men, in time, voted their money and gave their lands, and to-day realize
all the great advantages of having done so.
The remarks which were made will I hop6 reassure any nervous person
who has ascertained that it is expected to raise, for the purpose of another
Poad in Tennessee, in the next few years the grand amount of $5,000,000—
an amount, however, which is but a little over 1 per cent, in the dollap of
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636 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
the property of the State, and but one-sixth of what was expended in Ten-
nessee in the eight years which preceded the war.
The same nervous individual will be further assured by the figures which
will now be furnished in illustration of railroad history and in evidence of
the fact that they are sources of growing revenue to the country.
The sums exi)ended in the past upon railroads, though realized in part
from land holders and city property holders, from corporations and from
State subscriptions, have, when the whole country is considered, been mainly
contributed by capital, seeking the best and most profitable investments and
without heart or interest beyond ! If then shrewd, calculating and selfish
men have been willing to put millions of their revenues and earnings into
such adventures, rather than into bank, fjBUitories or other stocks, the demoiw
stration is perfect that they are found to be paying and profitable invest-
ments.
It is scarcely thirty-five years since the first whistle of the locomotive was
heard in America, a period so short as to be within the memory of even
young men, and yet what has been the increase :
Year. Milea.
1885 1,098
1840 2,818
1860 9,021
1856 18,379
1860 30,635
1865 88,909
These roads were divided among the several sections of the country, in
1860, as follows :
Miles of Area of Popula-
Road. State. tion.
New England States 8,669.8 66,038 3,135,283
Middle States 6,354.1 114,624 8,333,330
Western States 18,241.8 679.138 12,163,652
Southern States 7,356.9 613,996 7,159,002
Total including others 30,634.6 1,757,051 31,223,127
A more interesting exhibit will, however, be made when it is shown what
proportion in each section the miles of railroad bear to area, population and
wealth.
One mile of Railroad to
Miles. Pop. Wealth.
N. E. States 17.9 867 $509,276
Middle States 18.0 1,811 069,606
Western States 51.3 919 418,034
Southern States • 83.4 973 683,220
Pacific 12.633.8 19,220 10,624,677
Totel 67,3 1,019 $526,126
Still more interesting will it be to give the figures in detail for the State of
Tennessee.
Area of Tennessee miles 45,000
Population. 1860 1,109,801
Wealth. 1860 $493,903,892
Miles Railroad,.' 1,252.6
Miles Railroad to equare miles 35.9
"Population 886
"Wealth $394,303
In proportion to** territory, Tennessee has a less number of miles than the
Middle and most of the New England States, Ohio,' Indiana, Ulinois, Virginia
and North Carolina, and about the same as Georgia.
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RAILROAD HISTOBfr AND RESULTS. ^
In proportion to poptilaiion, she has, ngain, less tlian most of the N®^ Eng-
land States, less tlian Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin, North Carolina
and Georgia.
In proportion to wealth, less than New Hampshire, Vermont, Delaware. Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Carolina nnd Florida.
With as many roads to the square mile as Massachusetts, Tennessee would
have over six thousand miles ; with as many to population as Horidu, ahout
2,500 miles, with as many to wealth as Vermont, about 2,000 miles.
The actual outlay upon roads up to 1866 was in
Kentucky, $21,062,000
Tennessee, 33,533,000
Missouri, 50,046,000
South Carolina, 22,053,000
Georgia, 29,389,000
The whole railroad investment of the United States rose from
1850 $299,924,000
1860 1,146,079,000
1864 1,264,336,000
Therefore it may be assumed that at the present moment fifteen hundred
millions of dollars have been the investments of the American people in rail-
roads, a sum which is equal to nearly four times the value of the entire proper-
ty of the State of Tennessee — real, personal and mixed. The Southern States
have expended nearly three hundred millions, which is, by the way, only equal
to a single cotton crop.
What the earnings of all these roads in passenger, freight and mail carriage,
may be, we are uninformed ; but the aggregate upon eighteen of the chief roads
at the North was in 1866 about $100,000,000. The New York roads earned
OTOss $8,000 per mile. Upon the average of half of this amount the total earn-
ings of the country would be $136,000,000. It more probably reaches $150,-
000,000. ^
In Great Britain the figures are : ^
Miles. Passengers. Receipts.
1848 5,127 57,965,070 £9,965,070
1855...; 8,280 118,595,155 21,5u7,599
1862 11,551 \180,420,065 29,080,100
I close this letter, the last but one of the series, with the remark that he is
Indeed blind to what is happening all around, and ignorant of the true grit and
manhood and energy of the Anglo-Saxon race of this continent, who conceives
today, any more tban ho would have conceived ten years ago, that we are at
the end, rather than in the meridian of this immense and growing power.
XVI. — Closing Appeal.
And now, citizens, having talked myself as itjwere, out of breath.or rather
out of figures, I reach at length a conclusion. The labor has Ibeen to a great
extent, one of love, and if you have followed out the argument closely, which
tluB vanity of a writer always takes for granted, it will appear that the subject
demanded no less, and that each consecutive, paper of the series bears upon
and supports its main proposition, to wit : That we must build the railroad to
KnoxviUe, which it is altogether in our power to do.
Figures may lie ; they often do ; but in this inventive age what will not ?
From an idiosyncracy of mind, however, I am inclined to place as much de-
pendence upon them as I do upon rhetoric or stump-speaking, which, in gen-
eral, have the great advantage of auditory.
I visited your State for the first time a mere boy, climbing on horseback the
mountains from Carolina. - Reaching Greenville, in East Tennessee, I read
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638 RAILROAD HISTORY AND RESULTS.
upon a sign board, " Andrew Jolinson, Tailor." Presto, change — that man is
President of the United States.
I came again, long after, «ent by the city of New Orleans, to advocate a rail-
road whkh should connect the Crescent City with your capital, the revival of a
echeme wliich was originated in 1887, and had slept for over twenty years —
came by the slow and devious stage route, up hill and down, by Summerville
and Jnckson and Columbia ; what memories linger of whole days of suffocating
dust, of battered head and stiffened joints, of stifling air, and carefully jamm^
proportions — men, women, and children, twelve inches of space apiecf .
Presto, change again — 1 am in Memphis this morning and take my supper at
Nashville and retire quietly to bed, having not evfn b^en soiled by the adven-
ture! Pre=to, finall}', as 1 have lived to see the New Orleans scheme of twenty
years revived and executed, and shall I not live to see (I have the faith to
think it) Tennessee's ancient scheme accomplished of a c^^ntral road, grappling
together with bands of iron her extreme eastern and western frontier?
Let the politicians talk of reconstruction and of how to reconcile the jarring
and hostile elements of the State, the magic power of the locomotive sh^
shame their efforts, and " wailing ifor the wagon ;" the lion and the lamb keep
very good pence between them. "Let me make the songs of a people," said a
philosopher, " and you are welcome to make their laws." Let me lay out their
railroads, would be as wise an aphorism.
Those who are at the head of this movement, as was said before, are in part
well known to the people of the State as men of enterprise and wealth, and
many others will before long enlist in the service. Engineers are to be sent
out, and when their report is published the directors will come before the peo-
ple with something tangible in their hands to demand the necessary aid. A
prompt and generous response may certainly be relied upon.
The Legiskture of the State, the Town Council of Nashville, and its property
holders and merchants, the citizens and residents in all the counties to be trav-
ersed, will not be able, if they would, to evade the urgent and incessant de-
mands which will be brought home to them by the promoters of this enterprise,
who are, I feel very sure, as Carlyle expresses it, most " terribly in earnest."
They are in opposition to no other enterprise of the State, wholly or in part
accomplished. Nowhere are railroads cannibals eating up each other. They
thrive, like States and other communities, with, and not upon, each other. Ab
wise the hand-loom weavers who broke to pieces the steam-frames, or the
scribes who pounded up the printing-press, as the owners of existing railroads
opening war upon new projections.
The appeal is to the country press, the thinking men and the speakers of the
State, that they will examine the merits of this measure, take it up earnestly
and bring it home to the attention of the people.
Citizens of Nashville, here is an enterprit-e opened which will double your
commerce, your population and opulence. Convene in public meeting if neces-
sary and discuss it. listen to the arguments pro and con., and if convinced,
liberally bring forth of your revenue, and instruct your councils to vote aid,
should such be expedient Invite the county to these deliberations and let ns
have, before the spring time opens, tuch a convention at Nashville of the
friends of the jCentral route, as has not been surpassed in number or influence
in the State.
People of Middle and Eastern Tennessee, God has joined your mountains and
your plains. They reciprocally need each other. These mountains groan with
mineral wealth. Like Sterne's starling, this wealth cries to come out. Your
lands are shut off from population and market, and at times have scarcely a
value. Would you duplicate and triplicate their value? Would you promote
settlement and agriculture and manufactures? Build the road and it id done!
No mendicant appeals to your aharity. A king, an emperor, asks but a part of
your revenues, asks but a part of your lands, aeks that he may give, that he
may increase indefinitely the value of your land and your revenues. He b a
benefactor, and not a grinding despot.
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DEPARTMENT OF THE FREEDMEN. 639
Legislators of the State, you have been lavish in your past endowments to
nulroads. There may be need of you as^aln. Though our general laws prove
fuflScient, there will be instances in which the power and encouragement of the
State will avail much. The skillful general defends his capital by strengthening
his outposts. The moneyed interests of other sections will come to your relief
and will swell your own treasures, when you have poured them out. Hercules
will help when the wagoner is at the wheel ! You have still a mission, as
much so as when in 1851 I addressed you. by invitation, as a delegate ffom
New Orleans, and used the language which in closing I quote to-day : —
" Gentlemen, the spirit of improvement and of progress which has descended
upon you, is sweeping down the valley of the Mi^'sippi, and producing its won
derful results in ail of the States to the southward of your limits. It is for you,
legislators, the first to sit during this excitement of the public mind, to lead
the way and direct the spirit of the times to immediate and practical results.
Indicate your oouree of policy, and let it be a broad and liberal one ; some-
thing worthy of a State like Tennessee; and believe me, when I say it, that
Mississippi and Louisiana will unite upon the same platform with you, and that
Alabama and Arkansas and Texas will respond to the extent of their means and
capacities. These States are but in their infancy of progress and improvement,
and are now looking to you to pnve the way for a system which hencefor-
ward shall emphatically be known aa the Southwentem. system. With your
resolutions and acts in their hands, the friends of improvement may walk bold-
ly, and I believe triumphantly forth."
J. D. B. DeBow, President Tennessee and Pacific Railroad.
DEPARTMENT OF THE FREEDMEN.
LAWS OF THE SEVERAL SOUTHERN STATES, REGULATING THE
STATUS, RIGHTS AND CONDITION OF THE FREEDMEN.
No. 2.— MISSISSIPPI
CoNSTTTUTioN, Art. VII., Sec. 1. "The institution of slavery having been
destroyed in the State," " the Legislature shall [trovide by law for the protec-
tion of the freedmen."
Act November 25, 1466.
Sbction \. Beit enaeUd by the LegUlaUire of ths State of Mts*is9lppi : That all freed-
men, free negroes and malattoes mmy sue and be saed, implead and be impleaded, in all tbe
coorta of law and equity of this State, and may acqnire personal property and choses in actios,
by descent or purchase, and may dispose of the same, in the same manner, and to the same
extent that white persons may : Provided that the provisions of this section shall not be so
constmed as to allow any freedman, free negro or mulatto, to rent or lease any lands or tene-
ment^ except in Incorporated towns or eiUesln which places the corporate authorities shall
control the same.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That all fk-eedmen, free negroes and mulattoes may intermarry
with each other, in the same manner and under the same recrulations that are provided by law
for white persons; I^vided, that the clerk of probate shall keep separate records of the
same.
Sso. 8. Be it further enacted, That all Areedmen, fi-ee negroes and mulattoes, who do now
aad have heretofore lived and cohabited toeether as husband and wife, shall be taken and held
in law as legally married, and the issue shall be taken aod held as legitimate for all purposes.
That it shall not be lawful for any freed man, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any
white person ; nor for any white person to intermarry with anv ft^edman, free negro or mu-
latto: and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed rnWty of felonv, and on con-
Tictton thereof shall b« confined in the State penitentiary for lif^ ; and those shall be deemed
freedmen, free negroes and malattoes who are of pure negro blood, and those descended fW>m
a negro to the third generation inclurive, though onu ancestor of each generation may have
been a white person.
Sxa 4. Be it further enacted. That in addition to cases in which freedmen, free negroes and
malattoes are now by law competent witnesses, freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes shall be
competent in civil oases when a fwrty or parties to the suit, either plaintiff or plaintiffs, de-
fendant or defendants, also In cases where freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes is or ore either
plaintiff or plaintiffs, defendant or defendants, and a white person or white persons is or are
the opposing party or parties, plaintiff or plaintiffs, defendant or defendants. They shall also
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540 DEPARTMENT OF THM FREBDMEN.
be competent witnesses In all criminal protecntions where the crime charged Is alleged to have
been committed by a white person apon or against the person or property of a freedm&n, free
negro or mulatto : Provided that in all coses aald witnesses shall be examined In open court on
the stand, except, however, they mav be examined before the grand Jary, and shall In all eases
be subject to the rules and tests of the common law as to competency and cre<1ibllity.
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That every n-eedman, free negro and mulatto, shall, on the
second Monday of January, one thousand eljfht hundred and sixty -six, and annually thereaftei^
have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof, as follows, to
wit : if living in any incorporated city, town or village, a license frona the mayor thereof; and
If living outside of anv Incorporated city, town or village, from the member of the board of
police of his beat, authorizing him or her to do irregular and Job work, or. a written contract,
08 provided in section sixth of this act, which licenses may be revoked for cauce, at any tim«,
by the authority granting the same.
8bc. 6. Be it further enacted. That all contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroos
and mulattoes, for a longer period than one month, shall be In writing and In daplieate, atteaV
la
ed and read to said freeuman, free negro or mulatto, by a beat, city or county ofllcer, or i^^
disinterested white persons of the county In which the labor Is to be performed, of which each
^orty shall have one; and said contracts shall be taken and held as entire contracts, and If the
laborer shall quit ihe service of the employer, before the expiration of his term of servioe,
without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year, up to the tlnae of quitting.
Sec 7. Be It further enacted, That every civil officer shiUl, and every person may arrest and
carry back to his or her legal employer any freedman, free negro or mulatto, who shall hav»
quit the service of his or her employer, beiore the expiration of his or her term of service wltb>
ont good canse, and said officer and person shall be entitled to receive for arresting and carr^
Ing back every deserting employee aforesaid, the sum of Ave dollars, and ten cents per mw
from the place of arrest to the place of delivery, and the same shall be paid by the employe!,
and held as a setoff for so much against the wages of aald deserting employee: Provided
that said arrested party after being so returned may appeal to a Justice of the peace or meo^
ber of the board of police of the countv, who on notice to the alleged employer, shall trr
summarily whether said appellant is legally employed by the alleged employer and has good
cause to quit said employer; either party shall nave the right of appeal to the countv court,
ponding which the alleged deserter shall be remanded to the alleged employer, or otherwise
disposed of as shall be right and Just, and the decision of the county court shall be finaL
Sec. S. Bo It further enacted. That upon affidavit made by the employer of any freednuuu
free negro or mulatto, or other credible person before any Instlce of the peace or member of
the board of police, that any freedman. free negro or mulatto, legally employed bv said em-
ployer, has illegiiUy deserted said employment, such Justice of the peace or memVr of the
t>oard of police, shall isaue his warrant or warrant5. returnable before himself^ or other snch
officer, directed to any sheriff, constable or special aeputy, commanding him to arrest said d<v
sertcr and return him or her to said employer, and the like proceeding shall bo bad as pro-
vided In the preceding section : and It shall be lawful for any officer to whom surh warrant
shall be directed, to execute said warrant In anj county of this State, and that saiil warrant
mav be transmitted without endorsement to any like officer of another county, to be executed
and returned as aforesaid, and the said employer shall pay the cost of said warrants and
arrest and return, which shall be set off for so much against the wages of said deserter.
SKa 9. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall (persuade or attempt to persuade, en-
tice or cause any freedman, free negro or mulatto, to desert from the legal employment of any
person, before the expiration of his or her term of service, or shall knowingly employ any
such deserting freedman, free negro or mulatto,or shall knowingly clve or sell to any such
deserting freedman, free negro or mulatto, an v food, raiment, or other thing, he or she shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than twenty-flvB
dollars and not more than two hundred dollars and the costs, and If said fine and costs shall
not be Immediately paid, the court shall sentence said convict to not exceeding two months^
Imprisonment In the county Jail, and he or she shall moreover be liable to the p»ny injored in
damages: Provided, if any person sliall, or shall attempt to persuade, entice, or cause any
freedman, free negro or mulatto, to desert from any legal employment of any person, withth*
view to employ said freedman, free negro or mulatto, without the limits of this State, such
person, on conviction, shall be lined not less than fifty dollars and not more than five hai^
dred dollars and costs, and if said fine and costs shall not be immediately paid, the court siiall
sentence said convict to not exceeding six months^ Imprisonment in the county Jail.
Sxn. 10. Be It further enacted, That It shall be hiwrul for any freedman, free negro or mu-
latto, to charge any white person, freedman, firee negro or mulatto, by affidavit, with any crin»-
inal offence against his or her person or property, and upon such affidavit the proper process
ehall be issued and executed as if said affidavit was made by a white person ; and it shall be
lawful for any freedman, free negro or muhitto, In any action, suit or controversv pending, or
about to be instituted, in any court of law or equity of this State, to make all needful and
lawful affidavits, as shall bo necessary for the Institution, prosecution, or defence of such suit
or controversy.
Sko. 11. Be it fhrthor enacted. That the penal laws of this State, In all eases not otherwise
specially provided for, shall apply and extend to all freedmen, tree negroes, and mulattoes*
Act Nov. 22, 1865, authorises probate coHvt of each county to bind out orphans
under eighteen, whose parents are unwilling or unable to support them; and
in said apprenticing shall consult the interests of the minor, and prefer the
former owner if practicable. The party shall execute bond to famish said
minor properly with food, clothing, medical attendance, to teach him to read
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MISCELLANY. 641
and write, etc. Term of apprenticeship until eighteen years of age for females,
and twentj-one years for males.
The master or mistress shall have the right to Inflict moderate chastisement
on apprentices, as in ease of a father or guardian and child, etc.
Ihe act makes ample but liberal and lust provision for cases of running away
of apprentices, and their recapture, and imposes penalties for enticing them
away. The court will investigate all cases affecting the interests of apprentices,
will reapprentice them in certain cases, etc.
The father or mother may always apprentice the child.
The Vagrant Act Nov. 29, 1866, includes all classes mider its definition.
Section 2 reads:
Skc. 2. Bd II farther enactod, That all freeimenf free negroes and malottoes In this Btate,
07er the ago of eighteen years, found on the second Monoaf in Janoary, 1866, or thereafter,
with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselyes together
either in the day or night time, and all white persons so assembling with freedmen, firee
negroes or mulattoes, or usuallj^sociating with (rcedmon, free negroes or mulattoes on terms
of equality, or living in adultery or fornication with a f^edwoman, f^-ee negro, or mnlatto,
shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not exceed-
ing, in tho case of a firoedmin, free negro or mulatto, fifty dollars, and a white man two hun-
dred dollars, and Imprisoned at the discretion of the court, the fk-ee negro not exceeding ten
days, and tho white man not exceeding sLx months.
The other sections provide a mode of trying who arc vagrants by the regular
magistrates of the State, etc. The slieriff may hire out freedmen for the short-
est period of service which will pay the vagrancy fine, and if he cannot be
hired out he mny then be dealt with as a paui)er.
Section 6 imposes a tax which shall not exceed one dollar annually on all
freedmen between the ages of eighteen and sixty, as a " Freedman's Pauper
Fund,** to be expended by the commissioners of the poor — said tax to be levied
by the Board of County Police.
Section 8 provides a mode of enforcing tho tax by hiring out the delinquent
freed man.
The Act op Deo. 2, 1865, is in terms as follows ;
Be it enaclsd bv the Legitlatureof the State of MieeUaippi^ That In every 'case where anv
white person has been arrested and brought to trial, bv virtue of tho provisions of the tenth
section of the above recited act, in any court in this State, upon sufficient proof being made
to the court or jury, upon tho trial before said court, that any frcedman, free negro or mulat-
to, has falsely and maliciously caused the arrest and trial of said white person or persons, the
oonrt shall render up a judgment against sold frecdman, fVee negro or mulatto, for all costs of
the case, and impose a flne not to exceed fifty dollars, and imprisonment in the county jail not
to exceed twenty days; and fur a failure of said (Goodman, free negro or mulatto to pay, or
cause to be paid, all costs, fines, and iail fees, the sheriff of the county is herebv author-
ized and required, after giving ten days^ public notice, to proceed to hire out, at public outcry,
at the court-house of the county, said freedoian, free negro or muUtto, for the shortest time
to raise the amount necessary to discharge said f^oedman, f^oe negro or mulatto, from all costs,
fines and Jail fees aforesaid.
MISCELLANY.
1.— THE RICE CROP.
The New Orleans Prices Current give* the quantity of Louisiana-grown rice
shipped from New Orleans as 22,693 sacks in 1865-66 against 80,518 in 1862-63.
The rice crop of the parish of New Orleans was, in 1853, 27,050 barrels, and in
1865 40,000 barrels. The barrels are about one-third to one-half the weight of
those of Carolina. The following will show the advantages of rice and cotton
growing in Georgia :
Cost and profit of cultivating rice and cotton in Georgia. Wages of prime men
valued at $10 per month, and prime women at $7 per month, for one year.
Corn valued at 75 cents per bushel, and bacon 15 cents per lb. . . .
TOL. II.-NO. VI. 4:1
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642 MISCBLLANY.
Rice enltWatioD, 6 men and 5 women for 100 acres of land.
Expense —
200 bushels seed rioe, at $2 per bushel $400
Wages of 6 men at $10 per month 600
'* 6 women, at $7 per month 420
160 bushels of corn, for food, at 75 cents per bushel 112
166 lbs. bacon (3 lbs. each per week), at 15 eta. per lb 234
Hire of mules, $6 per 90
Provender for 5 mules 375
6 plows, etc., $40. 2 carts, etc., $60 100
Hoes, axes, and extra expenses 100 $2,431
Product of 100 acres (60 bushels per acre), 5,000 bushels,
at $2 per bushel 10,000
Ket profits from 100 acres, rice cultivation $7,569
Short staple, or upland cotton cultivation and com.
5 men and 5 women, for 100 acres cotton and 160 acres com.
Expense —
Wages of 6 men and 6 women 1,020
160 bushels of corn, and 1,560 lbs. bacon 846
Hire of 6 mules, $90. Provender, $376 465
5 plows, $40. 2 carts, $60. 1 wagon, $100. Hoes, etc., $100 300 2,181
Product — CJotton, 25,000 lbs. (260 lbs. per acre), at 40 cts.,
$10,000 ; and 3,000 bushels of corn, at 50 cts., $1500. . . 11,600
Net profits from 100 acres cotton and 160 acres com $9,369
Long staple, or Sea Island cotton cultivation and com.
8 men and 8 women for 100 acres cotton and 250 acres corn.
Expenses —
Wages of 8 men and 8 women 1,630
240 bushels com and 2,496 lbs. bacon 555
Hire of 6 mules, $108. Provender, $450 658
6 plows, $48. 2 carU, etc., $60. 1 wagon, $100. Hoes, etc., $100 308 8,051
Product — Cotton, 15,000 lbs. (160 lbs. per acre), at $1,
$15,000 ; 3,750 bnshela of corn, at 50 cts., $1875 16,875
^. ... v» ■
Net profits from 100 acres cotton and 250 acres corn .... $18,824
2.— THE FIELD FOR SOUTHERN MANUFACTURES.
An enterprising citizen of Mississippi contribntes to the Memphis Bulletin
some interesting news npon this sul ject, of which he sends us a copy. He says :
'' The capital which was heretofore used in the purchase of land and ncCToes
for the purpose of raising cheap cotton, will be employed, much of it, at least,
in the manufacture of the raw material.
" Suppose the growing cotton crop should be 1,500,000 bales. This, at thirty
cents a pound, or one hundred and fifty dollars a bale, would brin^ two hundred
and twenty-five millions of dollars. Now, if one-third or one-half of this should
be used in increasing manufacturing establishments in the South, it would not
be many years before we would manufacture all the cotton we could raise, and
thus reap the profits arising from its manufncture, which have enriched New
England and built up the great cities of the North.
" There is no reason why eyery pound of cotton raised in the South may not
be manufactured in the South, and this leads to the next inquiry :
" Can we manufaclHre in the South as clieapJy as it can be dime elsewhere ? — ^We
may have to pay more for labor here than they do in Old or New England, but
we can get the raw material cheaper, we can get cheaper food, fuel and house
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MISCELLANY. 643
rent for our operatives, and this will more than counterbalance the hi^h price of
labor. It is contended by some of our most praciical men tliat taking these
things into consideration we can manufacture here cheaper than in any other
part of the world.
** Our mountuns are full of coal and iron, and our forests abound with the finest
timber, and we hare immense water power that we can use the whole year, and
which is not injured by the freezes so common in high northern latitudes. The
best and surest protections we can have against high tArSSa and high taxes on
our cotton, will be to become the manufacturers of toe cotton which we raise.
" Can toe get the necessary labor ? — The healthfttlnen of the Southern climate
for while laborers. — Can we get the necessary labor, skilled labor, to enable us
to engage very extensively in manufacturing ? I answer unheasitatingly, ye?.
" Capital will bring labor. We can offer the laborers of the Northern Slates, or
of Great Britain, or of the continent, such inducements in the way of wages,
good and comfortable living, as will induce as many of them to come as we will
need.
" Dr. Nott, of Mobile, in an able article, recently written, says that many por-
tions of the South are as favorable to the health of white laborers in the cotton
fields as any country. However it may be as to the health of white laborers
in cotton and sugar fields, exposed to the hot sun and morning dews in the fall
season — and I confess I am inclined to think that the negro, free as he is, is bet-
ter suited as afield laborer in the South than the white man can ever be — ^yet
there can be no doubt that white m«'n, women and children in many portions of
the South can be as healtliy in factories as the operatives in similar establish-
ments in any part of the world. They can have better food, better clothes, bet-
ter homes and cheaper, and in fact everything in more abundance tlian any-
where else.
" 7%c advantage and necessity of diversifying our labor. — ^By inv esting a large
portion of our capital in manufacturing establishments we wiU gain a large
population of industrious workers who will be the consumers of such articles of
food as we can and ought to raise in the South in great abundance. It is proba-
ble that for many years thousands, and millions of acres of rich lands in the
South will not be cultivated for the want of the necessary field labor, such as is
required on cotton and sugar plantations. It requires a different kind of labor
to cultivate cotton and su^ar from that which is required in factories or machine-
shops. I do not believe the white laborer will ever raiee cotton or sugar in great
abundance, and if the negro population continues to decrease as it has done, and
is doing, the amount of knd cultivated in cotton and sugar will decrease every
year.
" What, then, will we do with these lands ? Plant them in com or grain, or
convert them into pastures to raise catt'e ?
" As fine cattle can be raised in Tennessee and Mississippi, to say nothing of
the ma^ificent prairies of Texas, as can be grown anywhere. We cannot only
raise all the cotton we need, but we can raise sheep enough to furnish us wool
for all the factories we can establish. In a word, we have among ourselves, and
at our very doors, all the elements necessary to constitute us a great manufac-
turing and commercial, as well as agricultural people. The people of the
North may yet regret that slavery wa^ ever abolisned, and a constitutional
amendment gauranteeing the payment of the war debt may be more needed in
the North in the future than in the South.
" Years ago, in 1860, 1 expressed the opinion, in an article then published, that
the establishment of factories, the building of railroads, and the development of
our mineral resources, would do more to make us truly independent, and to
secure our rights, than all the Southern Congresses which could ever meet We
need a change in our policy more than we do a change of the Constitution to
afford additional gaurantees to the South.- Subsequent events have confirmed
the opinions then expressed.
" I could give additional &cts and figures to show the gpreat profits arising from
manufacturing, but I do not deem it necessary. I refer any one who has any
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6M MISCELLANY.
doubts on tliis subject to the cooclusive argument of General James, of Rhode,
published in the May number of De Bow'b Review, 1866, and aUo to some very
able and interesting articles now being published in the Southern Sentinel, Col-
umbus, Miss., and written by Murdock, one of the most intelligent, successful
and ener^tic business men of that place, who lias for many years been engaged
in manufacturing. There is great danger that the Southern people will give
way to despondency on account cf the great losses, or that they will do as Uiey
have heretofore done, invest all their means and exert all their energies in cul-
tivating cotton, whilst others reap the fruit of their labor. Let them be wise
in time. I have purposely refrained from using any political arguments in
fayor of the policy which I liave been advocating, because I think we pay too
much attention to politics, and too little to the improvement of our country, and
because I did not wish to revive any political feelings."
3.— EUROPEAN AND NORTHERN EMIGRANTS AT THE .SOUTH.
A friend in Mississippi writes as follows upon the subject of immigration to
the South and expresses, as we believe, the true sentiments of the people : ** Whilst
we thus differ, yet there is entire security for any Northern man who wishes to
settle in the South, whether as a planter, manufacturer, or day laborer. The treat-
ment which any man who comes to the South will receive at the hands of the
people will depend upon his own conduct. If he will be kind to the people they
will reciprocate his kindness, but if he cornea as a spy, as an intermeddler, as a
stirrer-up of strife, he then will command no respect from them. Any Northern
man or European who comes to the South with legitimate purpos s, will find the
Southern people generous, tender-hearted, disposed to encourage, not merely the
introduction of capital, but also the sentiment of capitalists among them. When-
ever any man, no matter where he was born, settles in the South, becomes
identified in interests with her people, and in fact becomes one of them, he will
be kindly received. But we Southern people have very little respect for these
needy adventurers, who come South to swindle the negroes by selling them
pinchbeck jewelry, and depriving them of their hard and honest earnings.
We do not like a system of absenteeism. We want the men who expect and
desire to make profits out of the producers of the Southern soil to come and live
among us, share our burdens as well as enjoy our profits. Those who assert that
NortlSrn men are unsafe in the South, state what is not true, and what every
intelligent Southerner knows, and every intelligent Northern man ought to know,
not to be true. The people of the Northern States have qualities that we
respeet and admire, to wit : their energy, enterprise and perseverance. They are,
in general, public-spirited, and help very much to improve a country. That they
have grown rich off the products of Southern slave labor is not t&eir fault, but
was caused by our failure to appreciate our advantages, and our unwillingness to
improve them. Not only an infusion of Northern capital into the South, but
also an infusion of Northern energy, enterprise and sagacity to understand their
interests, would be beneficial. A few years will show, I think, that it is the
interest of the enterprising capitalists and laborers, not only from the Northern
States, but from Europe, to make the South their home. She possesses all the
elements of wealth, and only needs development to becomeihe richest and most
trosperous country on the globe. The healthfulness of the climate is attested
jy all who have examined the subject dispassionately. The South has undevel-
oped wealth in untold abundance. She needs and desires capital, labor and
enterprise to develop this wealth. She is not so unwise as to reject it, because
it comes from the Northern States, and those who make this assertion show a
great want of knowledge of human nature. Toe sooner the Northern people
nnd out the falsity off the charge tlie better for boh sections.
t
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APARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
645
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
1.— DESTINAITON OF THE COTTON^ AND TOBACX EXPORTS FROM
NEW ORLEANS.
Whither Exported.
1885-06
Liverpool 858878
London
Glnsgow, Oreenock, etc
Cowes, Falmottth. etc
Qaeenstown, Cork, etc
Havre 188744
Bordeaux 796
Maraeillee
Nantes, Cctte, and Bouen..
Amsterdam
Botterdam and Ghent
Bremen 8721
Antwerp, etc
Hamburg
Oottenburg and Stod^holm ....
Spain, Gibraltar, etc 16454
Mexico, etc 688
Genoa, Trieste, etc 286
Bt. Petersburg, etc 1791
Other Foreign Ports
NewYorlc 154697
Boston 81457
Providence, R. L 9088
Philadelphia. 6005
BalUroore 284
Portsmouth
Other Coastwise PorU .... 1879
Western States.
Cotton-
-Bales.
Tobacco— Hhds
18&4-65
1863-61
186S-63
IWl-62
1850-61
I8dV^3
1830-61
21826
1156
2070
1812
1074181
158
82767
10084
42268
1609
1486
8017
soil
5952
4028
1849
472
884988
....
8179
8704
8S8
84ii
1700
65078
'889
i566
883
1037
406
5081
....
128*8
6561
10426
1067
20
167
'l45
872
21571
72471
6268
758
9660
168
84618
81
7583
402
....
83588
"86
i6i6
144190
109149
17S59
4116
29689
2016
1969
15998
12798
1418
109
94307
101
218
2785
....
40
....
4897
....
1855
708
142
98
865
100
8
98
881
2481
18
Total 768548 198851 12S180 88750 27678 1915852
6921 89806
BBCiPITT7LlTI0X.
Great Britain 85S873 21826 1156 2070 1812 1159848
4028 1849 472 888985
122042
872 21671 118858
France 184610
North of Europe 6482
B. Europe, Mexioo, etc 17878
402
167
807
Goostwiisc 252856 164504 122645 19459 4888 188179
Total 768518 192851 18S180 88750 87678 1916658
69^ 89S06
2.— COMMERCE OF MOBILE, 1868-1866.
Articles reoelred. 1865-66. 1860-61. 1869-40. 1868^59.
Bagging, pieces 6367 293.31 17272 32523
Bale Rope, coils. 18634 13284 42950 46781
Bacon, hhd4 8398 16200 20874 20656
Coffee, sacks 16041 26283 3X^167 37295
Corn, sacks 494196 430750 816199 117207
Flour, bbls 160789 109100 140961 85718
Hay, bales 66968 30167 42239 28228
Lard, kegs . . ; 12616 26711 24614' 20136
Lime, bbls 12750 24875 47289 26324
Molasses, bbls 9573 33986 82282 34730
Oats, sacks. 9360 68677 68429 40160
Totatoes, bbls 36483 27977 26649 27464
Pork, bbls. 19689 31352 31092 26251
Kico, tierces 1792 8419 8985 3162
Salt, sacks 204330 161744 206691 150073
Sugar, hhds 6059 6963 10231 10589
Whiskey, bbls 10756 16026 36086 85877
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DEPABTMENT OF COMMERCE.
8.— COTTON TRADE OF GALVESTON.
Tbl» Year.
Bikles.
Stock on hand, Ist of Sept., 1865 18867
Received at this port Ihia week 182
Received at this port previously 152608
Received at other puru 22200
Total 188842
Exported to— Bales.
Great Britain 59435
France 1739
Other Continenlal Ports 8014
Mexico 120
New Orleans 44375
Mobile
Baltimoce 207
Havanna 80
Philadelphia.
New York 68267
Boston 8094
Cond'd by Rope Factory
180881
On hand and on shipboard, not cleared 8611
18«0-6t
Bales.
8168
4
114688
80085
147940
Bales.
47229
8640
12315
1825
81168
113
25167
25991
50
147688
462
4.— RAPID GROWTH OF CINCINNATI.
The Prices Current of that city has just issued its regular annual statement-
Thus it appears, in the grocery trade, which is understood to include sugar and
coffee, our imports for the past year have been greater than those of any other
city in the Union, with the exception of New York, and greater than those of
St. Louis and Chicago combined, or even of Boston, Chicago, and New Orleans,
and which are given as follows: Sugar, 42,400,000 pounds; coffee, 84,080,000
pounds.
Trade in other departments of business, during the past year, has also been
unusually large ; " the imports of general merchandise being 1,099,000 packagea
and 84,553 tons, against 916,100 packages and 40,568 tons the previous year;
88,898 packages of hardware the past, against 22,615 packages the previous
year. Of crockery-ware the imports have been 6,029 packages or crates, against
4,061 the previous year."
The trade of but few commodities has perhaps increased more rapidly in this
city than that of cotton. Ten years ago the imports of this staple did not ex-
ceed 19,000 bales, while the past year they amounted to 154,000. It is claimed
from this report that our ti)bacco market, at the present time, not only surpasses
all others in the West, but is the greatest original tobacco market in the coun-
try. The increase of this trade may be inferred from the fact that the imports
of leaf tobacco vreve, ten years ago, 6,000 hogsheads and 200 bales, and in 1865
over 64,000 hogsheads and 7,000 bales.
'' The increase in the dry goods and general merchandise trade has been quite
remarkable. Ten years ago the imports of merchandise, chiefly dry goods,
were 786,000 packages and 2,400 tons. Last year they were 1,099,000 pack-
ages and 84,500 tons.*'
In manufacturing, Cincinnati ranks the third city in the Union, and in the
furniture department she probably excels any other city iu the world.
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DBPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 647
5,— MEMPHIS AND ITS PROGRESS.
Commerce of Memphis. — Th« receipts of cotton at Memphis, for the year end-
ing Slst of August, 18fi6, were:
By River. 46,827 bales.
Charleston Railroad 48,279 "
Ohio Railroad 10,760 "
Mississippi Railroad 7,050 "
Total 117,903 bales.
In addition, there was a very heavy amount received by wagons. The ag-
gregate number of bales which paid taxes at the Collector's Office was 172,216,
of the weight of 79,723,861 pounds; 11,530 bales of Government cotton were
also shipped from Memphis, paying no tax — making the whole receipts 183,368
bales. Stock, September 1, 10,831 bales. In 1861 the recelpls were:
By Charleston Railroad 164.413 bales.
Ohio Railroad 52,816 "
Mississippi Railroad 68.303 "
Little Rock Railroad 8,784 "
River 67.378 "
Total, with wagon? 869,633 bales.
During the corporate year commencing on the Ist of July, 1869, and ending
on the 30th of June, 1860, the amvals of steamers and mttboats, and the re-
ceipts therefrom, were as follows :
Arrivals. Collections.
SteamboaU 2,388 $84,149 34
FlatboaU 226 6,465 20
r
Total 2,664 $89,614 64
Receipts the previous year. 27,036 70
Increase $12,678 84
The arrivals of steamers and flatboats, and the wharfage collections therefrom
the past year (thirty-ninth corporate), were as follows :
Months. Arrivals. Oolleetlons.
July, 1865 197 $2,612 00
August 186 3,061 66
September 215 3,744 20
October 219 8,893 95
November 831 4.774 65
December ; 266 6,766 75
January,1866 247 4.666 00
February 879 6,198 75
March 421 6,054 30
April .' 267 3.395 26
May 203 8.844 00
June 185 3.807 65
Total 3,105 $51,211 05
Total in 1869-60 2,564 34,149 34
Increase 641 $17,061 71
When a permanent system of labor is established among the planters of the
eotton-growing districts of Arkansas, Mississippi, North Alabama, and West
Tennessee, the tide of traflic flowing into the lap of Memphis will be large and
increasing. From those points the imports or cotton and produce, in 1860,
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DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE.
Amounted to $20,000,000 ; and tlie exports of dry goods, groceries, and hardware
to the same places summed up $10,000,000 — making a yearly commerce of
$80,000,000.
The great quantity of cotton coming into Memphis keeps a number of boats
employed shipping it to New Orleans; and such a supply of produce and man-
ufactured articles as she requires causes several lines of first-class steamers to
arrive at her wharves daily from Cincinnati, St. LouIj*, and Louisville, creating
another tide of commerce of no small value or importance. What these tides
will be when all her contemplated lines of railroads and their connections are
completed — when she puts one foot, as it were, on the Pacific, and the other on
the Atlantic, a living coloj«u8, and stretches her arms northward to Maine, and
southward to Mexico, a commercial giant — must fill every mind on the Bluff
with the prospect of a golden future.
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE.
** Commerce is the Ooldeo Girdle of the Globe.^
Undbr this heading we shall fi*om
time to time make elaborate or brief
mention, as circumstances may war-
rant, of the largest commercial or
manufacturing establishments, institu
tions, etc., in the country North or
South. Those of the North will be
prepared by our New York assistant.
1. Babbitt's Soap akd Saliratcs Fac-
tory.—We had an opportunity lately of
passing through this great establishment,
which IS one of the largest in the coun-
try. The space occupied by it seems in-
credible. Nine buildings of four and five
stories, with a depth of from sixty to one
hundred feet each, and most extensive
machinery and steam-power are em-
braced. Mr. Babbitt laid the ground-
work of this establishment some twenty
years ago, making a very humble start in
a single tenement With untiring effort,
enterprise, and personal supervision, in
twenty-three years he has become one of
the millionaires of New York. He is still
an active and hard-working man. The
manufacture of soap, an article so neces-
sary, is alwpys profitable. Soaps of all
kinds find ready market everywhere, and
though millions of pounds are poured
out of the immense boilers daily, it U
soon consumed. This mummoth house
gives constant employment to over two
hundred persons, and huge engines, and
thousands of pounds of steam, keep its
machinery in motion. Steam is conduct-
ed through the entire buildings by pipes,
some of which cross the street ana sup-
ply power to two opposite buildings. A
boiler which is said to be the largest in
the world, and which rises from the
cronnd floor to the fifth story of one of
the buildings, it is said will make at one
time 2o0 tons of the best soap, which at
the present prices would bring $52,000.
Here is soap for the million in one turn
of this monster pot. The grease, etc., is
melted by the agency of pipes filled with
steam, which run throughout the base
and sides of the boiler. Mr. Babbitt is
also an extensive manufacturer of salera-
tns, of which from fifteen to eighteen
tons is turned out daily. In addition to
this, another article universally used,
** Chemical Yeast," is said to possess sa-
perior qualities, adding 20lbs. and more
to a barrel of flour when made into
bread. It is compounded of flour, water
and common salt, does not foment, and is
very easy of digestion. Mr. B. believes
that bread made with his Yeast Powders
will prevent dyspepsia. We are pleased
to see that his custom is wide-spread iu
the South, and we are informed that be
has upwards of 10,000 regular customers
in the United States and foreign coun-
tries ; which we do not doubt, seeing the
number of wagous and carts, etc., con-
tinually loading and unloading, and the
immense piles of boxes both inside and
outside ot the building, labelled soap,
saleratus, yeast powders, sal soda, soap-
powder, super-carbonate of soda, and
conoentratea potash, all of which articles
are manufactured by him. With a man
of Ilia energy and enterprising spirit,
there is no such word as ** fail.*'
2. Badges. — Our southern friends have
not forgotten the copper badges of old,
used by hired servants. The custom,
dead at the South, is resurrected at the
North. Badges are all the ra^e. Ma-
souic, Odd Fellow, Musical, Soldiers, Ac.,
Ac, for every profession and trade.
B. F. Heyward, 208 Broadway, New
York, an extensive ronnufactnrer, exhib-
ited to us a few days since some thou-
sands or more of these, and a variety of
superfine Jewelry, which is sold at verj
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JOURNAL OP THE WAE.
6^9
low nrices. Any one wanting a Badge
woula do well to see Mr. Hey ward.
8. Spring Beds.— A great luxury. The
Tucker Manufacturing Company, 69 John
Street, New York, sent us one for trial,
and we cheerfully recommend it to our
friends. The most inferior mattress laid
over one of these beds, becomes comfort-
able and luxurious. They arc very cheap,
and can be transported without the least
difficulty.
4. New York, everybody know, is the
sjreat headquarters of humbuffs -— aud
Patent Mtidicines are considered as form-
ing a great part in the category. There
are some which, however, nave merits.
The well known and respectable firms of
Brandreth and Tarrant have preparations
deserving of universal sale. The Al-
cock's Porous Plast/.r of Brandreth. and
the SeltsEer's Aperient and Boyd's Oint-
ment of Tarrant, are invaluable, and
without offence to the regular practice,
we respectfully recommend them.
5. AxoTjBB Nbw P*n. — " Babbito-
nians." — The monufacturer of these pens
understands the wants of the public. We
have tried the pens and pronousce them
excellent. In fact, we have never seen
any that are superior. Babbitt, Crosby
& Potter, 42 John Street, have laid on
our desk a package containing at least
100 copies suitable for the use of schools,
and perfect in their arrangement to in-
struct without a master in the art of pen-
manship. Teachers will find it to their
advantage to patronize these manufactu-
rers both in Copies and Pens.
6. Wildbr's Drug Establisrvbkt, Lou-
isville, Kentucky. Mr. Edward Wilder
did a good deal for the Southern cause,
and suffered a good deal on account of
his advocacy of it in times that tried
men's souls. Ue now conducts one of the
largest Drug Stores in L ouisville, and
advertises in our pages a Southern Bit-
ters, made from purest Bourbon Whiskey
and other ingredients of the Materia Mea-
ica, most salutary in diseases. The Bit-
ters have already acquired a high reputa-
tion, and should be adopted to the exclu-
sion of much that is fabricated at the
North, and which is but vile stuff". Mr.
Wilder is determined to put a pure arti-
cle into the hands of the people.
JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
RbFRBSENTING the views and 0PIKT0X3 WHICH OBTAINED, AND THE CONDmON
of things whica existed at the dats of each dat^s entry, in the confederate
States, or in portions of them; the original entries, with subsequent
NOTES.* BY THE EDITOR, 1862-8.
*»0h,
Th'
who that shared them ever shall forget
emotions of the spirit-rousing time ?
i spirit-rousing t
Scott's Lord of the Isles.
" Now Civil Wounds are stopped— Peace lives again."
Richard III., Act V., Sc. IV.
Selva, Alabama, December 23,
1862. — Reach here at 12 u., having
been detained by fogs on the river.
Near the landing paw three gun-boats
and floating batteries, which are
rapidly progressing, and which are to
be iron clad and heavily mounted, and
will give great assistance in the de-
fences of the river. We have also
lieavy works at Choctaw Bluff and at
other points, and Selma is regarded as
a strong and comparatively secure
point, evt-n should Mobile fall, which
is not regarded very probable. Ex-
tensive government workshops, found-
eries, etc., nic being established here.
and the place is much crowded with
refugees from different quarters. Many
are here from Columbus, Miss.,
Memphis, Tennessee, and parts of
Kentucky.
Nashville is being strengthened in-
stead of evacuated. Federal army bill
has passed Congress, appropriating
$720,000,000. Burnside reported of-
ficially that he was forcea to with-
draw, as our front could not bo at-
tacked without disaster.
Wednesday. — Butler and his brother
at New Orleans are charged with
spoliation, and a quarrel is reported
between him and Commnndor Farragut,
* It l9 conceived best to postpone the publication of our volamfnons notes until the pnbli-
eatlon of the Juiu-nal shall be completed, which will bo during the jcar 1867.
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650
JOURNAL OP THE WAR
vbo denotmces him in umneAsared
terms.
President Davis has at last acted in
the matter of Mumford. " In view of
this and other atrocities he pronounces
Butler a felon, deserving capital pun-
ishment, and orders ihat he be treated,
not as a public enemy, but as an out-
law and an enemy to mankind, and
when captured that he be immediately
executed, by hanging^. No commis-
sioned officers of lie United States
captured eliall be released until Butler
meets the punishment due to his
crimes. All commissioned officers in
Builer's command are to be considered
robbers and criminals, deserving death,
and when captured to be reserved for
execution."
Seward has sent in his resignation
to Lincoln.
Fremont is suggested as commander-
in-chief, but if appointed the Uerald
says the leading States will withdraw
their troops.
General Hampton's brigade captured
immense supplies and many prisoners
near Dumfries, Va.
The New York World concludes that the
most terrible defeat of the Federal army during
the war, resulted in tho battle of Fredericks-
burg. It says the loss will exceed, instead of
come short of, 25,000, as previously sUted.
Mager's brigade suflfered terribly. Out of
twelve handreU that went into the action, but
two hundred and fifty could be found the next
morning. Other brigades, it Is said, suffered as
much.
The World says, editorially: " Heaven help
us! There seems to he no hope In man. The
cause is pressing. Hope after hope has vanish-
ed away. Now the only prospect is the very
blackness of despair. Here we are playing
back ft-om the third campaign upon Ricnmond.
Twenty-flve thousand or the army have been
crushed at one sweep, and the rest liave made
their escape only by a hair's breadth.*"
Burnsido telegraphed from headquarters on
the ITih that the whole army had re-crossed
the river without the loss of men or property,
and that it was found impossible to carry the
crest of hflla, and the re-crossing of the river
was a military necossttj.
The Herald says the army will now go into
winter-quarters because It cannot go anywhere
Thursday, 25Tn. — Christmas! Very
little evidences of it. Santa Claua
makes but sparing visits to the chil-
dren, and is gingerly of his offerings.
Pleasant and joyuus faces are rare, and
the boys must be content with very
sober frolicking. We are not like the
enemy, to fiddle while Rome burns.
Our girls are all at work for the
soldiers, and have forgotten their small
talk about frills, flounces, soirees and
sweethearts! It will come again in
good time, and they are content to
wait.
Leave Selma, on the route to Jack-
son, Miss.
Seward's resignation has not been
accepted. It was demanded by the
Republicans, but the New York capi-
talists threaten to withhold support if
he resigns. Great discord evidently
prevails in the Cabinet, as in the
councils and army of the North. Tliey
will reap the whirlwind soon !
The ffercUd says this is the darkest period
in the historv of the nation.
The World exclaims : *' Alas for our country ;
given over, it would seem, to the most ignoble
fate that ever befell a country wrecked by iia-
bccility. The people have named a man to
hold the helm of State for years whom we
must abide as he is, and find in his droUeiy
what solace we can.^
Feidat, 26th. — ^Having slept at
Uniontown, take the morning tnun for
Jackson. This is a new route just
opened, and will, be of great impor-
tance in transporting troops and
munitions, especially should the route
by Mobile be interrupted by the U\\
of that city. The road is in g^d
condition, and, though built rapidly by
the planters, is substantial enough.
There is small-pox at Uniontown,
and it begins to prevail in the cities
and towns generally, being conveyed
by the soldiers. It is a disease of tlie
camps and of the war, and came to us,
it is said, through the perfidy of the
enemy in exchanging prisoners.
Cross the Tombigbee at Demopolit
in a steamer. The cane-brake r^oa
of Alabama, through which we paw,
is magnificent and fertile beyond
measure. It is the home of refined
and wealthy people, who devote great
labor to their estates, and reside all
the year upon them.
Saturdat, 27th. — Reach Jackson at
4 p. M. in a train so crowded with
soldiers that it is nearly impossible to
obtain a seat. They are partly Kirby
Smith's division, 10,000 strong, who
are ordered from Tennessee to relieve
Mississippi.
Tho rumor that Van Dorn has tAken
Holly^prings Is confirmed — it is said
with 1,500 prisoners, having destroyed
more than a million of dollars* worth of
stores. As a cavalry leader. Van Dorn
has scarcely a superior on the ooo-
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
651
iinent, though in oiher fields he has
signally failed.
Confidentl^r stated that the party of
peace is rapidly gaining strength at
the North ; that tOonfederate bonds are
worth 60 cents on the dollar in New
York ; that Greeley has come out for
the recognition of the South, etc.
TlLLAKDTOnAM^a PIAOB POUOT.
RicnMOKDL December 2(1— The resolntion
Introduced \>y y«llandigbam. In the Yankee
Ck>ngresa, on Monday Inst, declares that the
House does earnestly desire thai most speedy
and effectnal measures be taken for restoring
peace in America, and that no time may be
lost in proposing immediate cessation of hos-
tilities, in order to the speedy and final settle-
ment of the ui^ happy oontroyersy which
brought about this unnecessary and injurious
oiril war, by adequate security against the re-
turn of like calamities in time to come, and
that the House desires to offer the most ear-
nest assurances to the country that they will,
in due time, oheerftally oo-operate with the
ezeoutire of the States for the restoration of
the Union by such explicit and most solemn
amendments and proTisions of the Conititn-
tion as may be found necessary for securing
the rights of the several Statos and sections
within the Union under the Oonstitution.
SuxDAY. — The Yankees have landed
at Louisiana, opposite Yicksburg, and
taken possession of part of the rail-
road.
Telegram received to the effect that
Yan Dom has taken Memphis, but it
is scarcely credible.
MoNDAT. — Memphis is not taken, but
belcBff^uered and in danger. Believed
that Bolivar and Jackson, Tennessee,
have been captured by our forces.
Milroy is advancing upon the Yalley
of Yirs^inia. Morgan has taken Tomp-
kinsviile, Kentucky, with a large num-
ber of prisoners.
Western Virginia has been admitted
as a State of the Federal Union.
General Banks is said to be at Baton
Rouge.
TiNKBB Donros iw Fbbdbkioksbvro.— We
bad a conversation, yesterday, with a person
who remained In Fredericksburg, in charge of
some property, both on the occasion of the oc-
cupation last summer, and on the late occasion.
He savs that the Yankees wore most awfnily
flogged on last Saturday, and that the slaugh-
ter was awful beyond conception. He says
they must hare lost at least twenty thousand
men, and that this is not a mere random guess
of a person unaccustomed to military esti-
mates, is sustained by the opinion of an in-
telligent gentleman who had opportunities of
knowing, and who likewise estimates the loss
at fifteen to twenty thousand. He says that
when he left' the place, after the Yankees had
gone, there were large numbers of dead lying
onbarled in the streets. He says they return-
ed ^m the field In the wildest disorder. It
was found impossible to restrain them, if any
attempt was made. All discipline, all subor-
dination, was gone. They pi llaged every house
in the town, ransaokins the whole from garret
to cellar-^^masblnK the windows, doors, and
ftimiture of every description—and commiting
every possible species (.f outrage. They broke
the chinaware, smashed the pianos, and anni-
hilated the chairs, tables and bedsteads. They
cut open the beds, emptied the contents in
the street, and burned the bedsteads. They
stole all the blankets, sheets, counterpanes,
and everything they could use. They broke
into the cellars and drank all the liquors they
could find, so that the whole army became a
drunken and fkirious mob. He thinks that not
a single house In town escaped. This infernal
carnival was held all throughout the night of
Satncday, all day and all night Sunday, and
until the evening of Monday. At that time,
from some cause which ho could not under-
stand, they seemed to be verv suddenl v taken
with a panic, and continued in a terrible state
of alarm* until the evacuation commenced.
From the account of our informant we should
infer that they were marching down to Port
Boval. Such are the savages sent to teach us
civilization.
TuesD AY.— President Davi.s left last
night on his return to Richmond. His
presence in Mississippi has done much
to inspire and rouse the people. He
addressed the Legislature at great
length, and expressed the most de-
termined purpose.
Had a conversation with the Presi-
dent in front of the State Capitol. He
looks rather care-worn, and wears a
broad-brimmed white hat, and is very
simple and unostentatious in his man-
ners.. The soldiers worship iiim.
Thousands of them are still passing
through Jackson, to reinforce Yicks-
burg. Continued rain for the last 24
hours will alone be equivalent to
10.000 men. ITie Yankee advance will
become almost impracticable, or, if
once in our swamps, there may be
another affair of the Chiokahominy.
The news from Yicksburg is most
gratifying.
CnzcKASAW Bato0, I o'dook, p. m., near
Vioksburg.— We have Just achieved a glorious
victory. After an engagement of an hour and
a half we drove back the enemy with terrible
slaughter, capturing over four hundred prison-
ers, among them several oflQcers and five
stands of colors. The enemy advanced for
the purpose of storming our works, about
8,000 strone, and were mowed down in the
most terrible manner.
They sent a flag of truce that they might
bury their dead, under the cover of which a
number of them, properly our prisoners, es-
caped.
The fight is still going on to the left
Wkdnesdat. — ^The enemy, hoping to
flank us^'at Murfreesboro and cut off
Chattanooga, are demonstrating in
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force, and a battle is imminent at any
moment Our forces await them at
Stewart's Creek, which is 10 miles
from Murfreesboro.
Morgan is again committing havoc.
He entered Glasgow, Kentucky, and
tore up ten or fifteen miles of railroad.
Floyd and MurshuU are penetrating
Kentucky from Pound Gap.
Another demonstration threatened
upon "Weldon.
A valuable cargo of government
•tores has entered one of our port?,
Lincoln wiil not consent to the ad-
mission of Western Vir^niaas a State.
Burnside onfesscs before a Com
mittee of Congress tliat his army would
not allow him to renew the Wattle of
Fredericksburg !
A terrible railroad accident near
Vicksbnrg, and many soldiers killed
and wounded.
Republicans begin to talk about re-
cognizing the Conffderacy, but the
Herald eays another battle for Rich-
mond will be had before going into
winter-quarters.
It is said that Seward will only
remain in the Cabinet if the
Conservative policy be adopted and
the Emancipation proclamation thrown
overboard.
YoimxBX nrncLLiosiiOB— optmoMS or thb
a MSW TOBK UBBALD.
The latest Bisraid reoetved. In an article on the
state of the conntry, says : *• The Qororament
baa expended over one thousand millions of
money, and two hundred thousand loyal sol-
diers have been saeriflced. A bill providing
for another thoasond millions of public debt is
now before Confess, and what are ourprofltsf
The answer is gloomy enough. We have
fought bloodv batUes, but the heart of the re-
bellion remains untouched, and each sacceod-
ing effort to reach it has only resulted in dis-
appointment, disaster and disgrace.^
The Herald admits that the violent and &n-
atical course of the radicals have united all
dasses and parties In the South in resistance
to the lost extremity, and says that unless the
North can inflict crushing blows on the rebel-
lion during the next three months, Lincoln
will have to meet the European allies of the
South, or submit to peace on the basis of on in-
dependent Southern Confederacy.
Tne Herald adds: ** The people are becoming
sick of this desolating, costly and unpromising
war."
The Herald puts forth a feeler as follows :
**Let Qovcrnor Seymour throw out a proposi-
tion for a conventton of the loyal States, and
let the rebellious States be invited to make
an honorable peace upon the platform of the
United States Constitution.''
TIU' BATTLS AT VICKSBUSQ.
The victory aohlaved on Monday by our
heroic troops !s perhaps the most signal of the
whole war. Aooordlng to the moat reliable
accounts, the loss of the enemv was between
four and five hundred in killed and weunded,
with over five hundred prisoners, while
our loss did not exceed fifteen. If this ia a
foretaste, as we believe it is, of what the
Yankees may expect In that locality, we have
no cause for alarm.
Great credit is due the galhtnt Tenneaseeans
who contributed so largely to those glorioos
results. The importance of the victory is hard
to estimate. If our noble troops were deter-
mined to hold the liiasisslppi river before this
battle and before reinforcements had arrived,
what uiay wo expect now? Inspired by a
victory which scarcely has a parallel in the
fruitful annals of the present war, and en-
couraged by heavy reinforoementa, we have
U'ft a doubt but that the efforts of the enemy
to take Vicksbnrg will be as disastrous aa
Bornslde's advance upon RichmontL
It S04>m8 that Oeneral Francis P. Blair com*
manded the Federal expedition, and we con-
Katulate him upon his fkir prospects for— tlie
ock.
Thursd.kt, IsT Jakuart, 18C3.— The
New Yeir brought with it news of a
great victory by Bragg*s army near
Murfreesboro, Tenn. A dispatch says
that we have taken 4,000 prisoners
and thiHy pieces of cannon. The
fight began on the 30th, mostly with
artillery, but on the 81st became gen-
eral. It is* announced by a dispatch to
General Joe Johnson, commanding
this military district
Friday, 2nd January. — Confederates
reported as threatening Columbus,
Kentucky.
Our loss^ at Fredericksburg is esti-
mated to reach 8,000 in killed and
wounded.
Morgan, Forrest, and other cavalry
leaders are stated to be in the rear <xf
Roscncrans, who is retreating from
Bragg at Murfreesboro.
Cavalry raid upon East Tennessee.
Governor Harris, of Tennessee, tele-
graphs :
MoBPBXBSBOBO, Dccembcr 81— We attacked '
the enemy in his position at 6i a. m., and the
battle raged till 5 p. m. Our left wing drove
the enemy^s right back upon Stone river. Our
advance was steady, but the resistance stab-
born. We captunm four batteries and aboat
four thoasand prisoners— among them three
brigadier-generals. The loss Is heavy on both
sides — relative loss not known. Oeneral Bains,
of Nashvill^ was kiUed. L O. HAaau.
sirocBsaruL raid tir vfaaiKiA.
BieuMO!fi>, December 81.— Oeneral Stuait,
who crossed the Rappahannock>nmo days ago,
has been saooessful. Advices from Oordons-
vilio state he destroyed the Yankee camps,
three thoasand strong, at Dumfries, and cap-
tared several wagon trains, with a large qoaa*
tity of armv and satler^s storea, destroying
what he could not bring away, besides oaptor-
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log 160 to £00 prisoners. It Is reported ho
captored two pieces of artillcrj. A portion
of the prisoners baye reached Gbrdonsville,
and will be.bronght down in the morning. Th»
expedition' was, in all respects, enccessfal
Staart has done mneh toward damoging and
demoralizing the enemy.
Saturday. — In the fi^ht near Mur-
freesboro we coptared several hundred
wagons with army supplies, and two
brigadier-generals. tour or five
Federal generals reported killed, and
their loss otherwise was very heavy.
The Abolition Governor of Missouri,
obedient to his master at Washington,
recommends gradual emancipation.
Gold 133 in New York. '
Baton Rouge, La., re-occupied by the
Federals.
Confederate war-steamer Florida has
gone'to sea from Mobile. The Alabama,
Captain Semmes, captured the U. S.
California steamer Ariel.
English papers look to a change of
European policy in regaid to the
American question.
Morgan has taken Elizabethtown,
Kentucky.
A violent storm of rain, which
lasted nearly 24 hours, will render
further operations by the enemy at
Vicksburg impracticable.
YioKSBUBGi December 8.— Skirmishing oon-
tianed all day yesterday, without any impor-
tant result
No seneral engagement Is expected nntll the
arrival of Generals McGlernand and Sherman
with the balance of the Yankee army.
All are confident of our ability to hold Vicks-
burg against any force the Yankees may bring
here.
YicKSBiTRO, December 2.— The enemy have
all left Chickasaw Bayon, and arc reported go-
ing on their transports to Snyder's Blnli; on
the Yazoo river, where it is supposed they will
make an attempt to storm our fortifications.
Oar forces are well advised of their move-
ments.
YiOKSBUBO, December 2. — ^This morning
onr forces advanced against tbo enemy, who
were erecting works on the lake, causing them
to evacuate the place, leaving fifty stands of
urms, nine prisoners, and all the implemohts
they were using to cat the fortifications. Oar
forces now occapy the whole country border-
ing on the lake, the enemy having retreated
to their transports and gone down the Yazoo.
President Davis* proclamation in re-
gard to Butler at New Orleans is pub-
lished. He charges him with the
following high offences in addition to
that of Mumford :
Peacefal and aged citizens, unresisting cap-
tivus and non-oombatants,have been confined
at hard labor with balls and chains attached to
their limbs, and are still so held in dungeons
and fortresses. Others have been subjected to
a like desrading punishment for selling medi-
cines to the sick soldiers of the Confederacy.
The soldiers of the United States have been
invited and encouraged by general orders to
insnlt and outrage the wives, the mothers and
tbe sisters of oar citizens. -vtb.*
Helpless women have been torn fh>m their
homes, and subjected to solitary confinement,
some in fortres80S>nd prisons, and one, es-
pecially, on an island of Darren sand, ander a
tropical sob; have been fed with loathsome
rations, that bad been condemned as unfit for
soldiers, and have been exposed to the vilest
insnlts.
Prisoners of war who surrendered to the
naval forces of the United States on agreement
that they should be released on parole, have
been seized and kept In close confinement.
Repeated pretexts have been sought or in-
vented for plundering the inhabitants of the
captured city by fines levied and exacted un-
der threats of imprisoning recusants at hard
labor with ball and chain.
The entire populatioa of the city of New
Orieaas liave been forced to elect between
starvation, by the conflscation of all their prop-
erty, and taking an oath against conscience to
bear allegiance to tho invaders of their coim-
tryl
Egress from the city has been refused to
those whose fortitude withstood tbe test, even
to lone and aged women, and to helpless chil-
dren ; and after being c^Jected from their homes
and robbed of their property, they have been
left to starve in the streets or subsist on
charity.
The slaves have betfn driven from the plan-
tations in the neighborhood of New Orleans,
till their owners would consent to share the
crops with tho Commanding General, bis
brother, Andrew J. Butler, and other officers ;
and when such consent had been extorted,
tbe slaves have been restored to tbo planta-
tions, and there compelled to work under the
bayonets of guards of United States soldiers.
Where this partnership was reftiscd, armed
expeditions have been Rent to the plantations
to rob them of everything that was susceptible
of removal, and even slaves, too aged or in-
firm for work, have, m spite of their entreat-
ies, been forced from the homes provided by
tbe owners and driven to wander helpless on
the highway.
SuNDAT. — Asserted on the highest
authority that the Yankee fleet and
army in fi-ont and around Vicksburg
have gone up the river and disj-
appeai^.
Another glorious success to our
arms, and confusion worse confounded
to our enemies. What will they do
next?
Monday. — Street rumors, which are
feared to be true, that Bragg is retreating
from Murfreesboro. He telegraphed as
follows to Charleston :
CnABLESTON, January 8.— MuRraKKsaoBO,
January 1. — To General Beauregard: The
enemy has yielded his strong position, and Is
falling back. Wo occupy the whole field, and
shall follow him. General Wheeler, with his
cavalry, made a complete circuit of their army
on the 80th and 81st of December. He cap-
tured and destroyed three hundred wagons
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loaded with baggage and oommisaarj atorea,
and took aeven nondred priaonera. He ia
again behind them, and haa captured an ord-
nance train. He aecoredUMlay eeveralthoa-
Band stand of small arms. The body of Gen-
eral Sill was left on the field, and three other
generals are reported killed.
God haa granted us a happy New Tear.
(Signed) BRAXTON BRAGG.
Enemy proposes to issue letters of
marque asain to our vessels.
Lord John Russell tells the British
merchants to look to Confederate prize
courts for indemoityy which is a Tirtual
" recognition."
Our troops have destroyed nioe Fed-
eral transports, with provisions, at Van
Buren, ArK.
Reported that the gunboat Monitor
foundered off Cape Uatteras, a few days
since, with all on board, and that the Ua-
lena lost her entire armament Report
not credited, as it is only on the authority
of *' a reliable eentleman."
These vessels, with the Passaic and
Mootauk, were reported on their way to
Wilmington. The Monitor was the boast
of the whole North.
Northern dates of the 1st instant have been
received by the iTitgu^rer, atating that James
Brooks made a speech in New York, on Tues-
day, at a meeting at which resolutions were
unanimously adopted requesting New Jersey,
on account of her Revolutionary history and
past associations, to invite all the States to
meet in convention in Loniaville in February.
They also call upon New Jersey to ask per-
mission of the President to allow her to send
delegated to the States in rebellion, and unite
with their repreaentativea in this convention ;
and in the event the Statea in rebellion agree
to be represented, they aak Linooln to pro-
claim an armistice by land and aea for six
months.
Brooks waa enthosiaatically i^>planded.
BiOEUfOHD, Januarys.— Twop. m., a dispatch
to the Secretary of War, dated Vlcksburg, 2d,
says the enemy, finding all his efforts unavail-
ing to make any inroads upon our position,
haa ro-embaiked, leaving a considerable quan-
tity of intrenching tools and other property,
and apparently haa relinquished his designs
npdn Vlcksburg.
(Signed) J. C. PEMBEBTOS,
Lientonant-General Oomd^g.
BiouMOKn, Jan. 8.~General Stuart returned
from his recent raid New Year's eve.
In his rounds he visited Dumfries, then pro-
ceeded up the Potomac towards Alexandria.
At Selectman'a Ford on the Ocoquan, he en-
countered a large force of the enemy''s cavalry,
whom he charged through the stream. Thev
fled in confusion, leaving the road strewn with
overcoata, caps, blankets, arms, eta Ho burnt
the Railroad bridge over Acatink Creek 10
miles from Alexandria, and destroyed the rail-
road at Anandale, 7 milea from Alexandria.
He daahcd into the enemy's camp, destroying
stores and capturingjprisonors. Here he tele-
graphed to Lincoln's Qnartermaster that he had
not ftirnished suflleient tranaportation for aup-
pUcs he had taken. Between Fairfox and
Vienna he encountered a large force of the
enemy, who naed artillery againat him ; he t*-
tired. At Aldle he routed the enemy's cav-
alry, taking a number of priaonera, and pro-
ceeded thence to Warrenton. On hia retnra
he waa accompanied by Gen. Fits Hugh Lea,
commanding the cavalrf brigade.
Gen. Stuart was entirely suooes^l, and c^»-
tured and destroyed numerous stores, wagooa,
camp equipage, etc, bcaldea capuuing abont
800 prisoners. His troops have auppUed ttiem-
selves with clothing, atoraa, arms, etc
TuRSDAT, 7th Jan.—Afler the victory of
the first day, our army has met with a re-
verse and tiad to fall back from Murfreea-
boro. It is said that Breckinridge's divis-
ion met with a terrible repulse.
Yankees have evacuated Island 10, on
the Mississippi, alarmed by the ap-
proaches of Jeff.Thompson and the move-
ments of Forrest near Columbus, Ken-
tucky.
New York I£frM admits that Stuart
made the entire circuit of Bumside's
army, and captured 2,500 prisoners. .
Our forces are again advancing 'into
Kentucky.
Federals represent their loss at near
80.000 at Murfeesboro.
Lincoln has issued, as be promised, his
Emancipation proclamation. It excites
contempt among us.
What we know from Mnrfreeaboro is
embraced in the following dispatches :
"' To General Cooper : We retreated flrom
Mnrfreeaboro in perfect order. All omr stores
are saved. About 4,000 Federal prisoners,
6,000 stand of amall anna and tweaty-foor
cannon, braaa and steel, have lUready been re-
ceived here.
*" (Signed) B. S. Ewsll, A. A. G."*
TuLLAHOVA, January & — Being unable to
disli»dge the enemy fW>m his intrenchraents,
and bearinff of relnforoementa to him, 1 with-
drew fh>m his ft^nt night before laat He has
not followed. My cavalry are atill in hiafhink
(Signed) BaAXTov Bbaoo.
WBDNBSDAT.--Butler has reached Wash-
ington from New Orleans, and was receiv-
ed with complimentary demonstrations.
It is said he will be made Secretary of
War. Comment is unnecessary.
More indications of a movement by
France in our affairs.
Burnside reported te be desirous of
a^ain crossing the Rappahannock, but
Lincoln refuses consent. After all, be has
signed the bill admitting Western Vir-
ginia as a State.
McClellan is again to be put in com-
mand and to ** aovance upon Richmond."
Trursdat.— A gallant exploit reported
for Texas — one of the most brilliant of
the war— and we are, perhaps, again in
possession of Qalveston. It ia thus
announced byOen. Magruder ;
HBAuquAaraaa, I
Galvistoh, Texaa, Jan. 1, 1868. f
& Cooper, Adjutant-General, C. 8. A. :
This morning at three o'clock I attacked the
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enemy's fleet and garrison at this place, and
captured tlie latter, the steamer Harriet Lane
two barges and a schooner of the former.
The rest, some four or five In number,
escaped, IgnomJnloosly, under cover of a flag
of truce.
I have about six hundred prisoners, and a
lar^e quantity of valuable stores, arms, etc.
The Harriet Lane Is verv little Injured. She
was carried by boarding from two high-pres-
sure cotton steamers^ manned by Texas cay-
airy and artillery.
The line of troops were gallantly commanded
by Col. Thomas Green, of Sibley's brigade, and
the ships and artillery by Mi^or Leon Smith,
to whose Indomitable enerey and heroic dar-
ing, the country Is indebted for the successful
execution of a plan which I had conceived for
the de8tructl<m of the enemy's fleet. Ck>].
Bagby. of Sibley's brigade, also commanded
the volunteers from his regiment for the naval
expedition. In which every officer and man
won for himself Imperishable renown.
I am, sir, very respectfully.
Tour obedient servant,
J. BaNKHBAD MAGRimKB,
Mi^or-Qeneral Commanding Dp't of Texas.
Bragg admits a loss of 9,000 at Mar-
freesboro, but states the enemy's loss at
16,000, to 20,000. Oar reverse produces
a verv saddening effect, bat we ought not
to expect an interrupted victory.
Yaiue of gold failing at RicbmoDd, and
rising at New York.
French mediation growing more prob-
able from the tenor of dispatches.
Morgan and Forrest have returned to
Chattanooga, having paroled 8,000 pris-
oners.
The iron-clad monster, the Passaic, has
reached South Clirolina, in a very dis-
abled condition. The enemy claims a
glorious triumph at Murfreesboro, but
admits immense losses.
FROM THB ATLAKTIO 00A8T.
CnARLFSTON, January 9. — A special courier
from Kingston reports the enemy making Im-
mense preparations to advance. Reinforce-
meuts, are daily arriving from Suflblk. ITie
Yankees at Morehead City and Newbem num-
ber fifty thousand, under command of Foster.
Butler is not there. A simultaneous attack will
be made on Charleston, Wilmington, and
Goldsboro. to prevent reinforcements leaving
either. The enemy Is now cooking marchimr
rations. ®
FniDAY AXD Saturdat.— Bragg esti-
mates oiir wounded at Murfreesboro at
9,000, a fearful number in so small an
army.
WiNCHESTRR, January 9.— Morgan's report of
his expedition shows two thousand paroled
prisoners, several hundred of the enemy
killed and wounded, and an immense quantity
of arms and property destroyed.
Forrest's report shows fifteen hundred pris-
oners, one thonsand of the enemy killed and
wounded, an Immense quantity of arm^ am-
munition and stores destroyed, and his whole
command splendidly eqaipped.
Our operations at Murfreesboro, including
the capture of four thousand five hundred
prisoners, besides two thonsand eaptnred at
HarUvllle and around Nashville, sum up ten
thousand In less than a month.
We also captured and sent to the rear thirty
cannon, six thousand small arms, leaving two
thousand In the hands of troops. One thou-
sand wagons were destroyed and the mules
and harness secured.
The enemy's killed and wounded Is esti-
mated at 90,000, Including seven generals.
Sunday.— The telegraph is barren of
news.
TOR PAST TSAR.
[From the Blchmond Examiner.]
At length the latt day of a terrible year has
come. Few persoas now living can point to
another period of their existence in which for-
titude has been more severely tried. He who
casts a retrospective glance upon the dangers
all have risked, the privations and ruin many
have suffered, the dear friends most have lost
by violent death, will have reason to be CTate-
ta\ for the insensibility of his heart, if he is
not oppressed by somber and painful emotions.
While many hundred thousands accustomed to
independence and comfort have been suddenly
reduced to abject poverty and distres^ those
who have escaped must reflect that they have
been nearer to utter destruction than they
were ever before this year began, or are llkelv
to be again when it is ended.
Bat this vear is not without glorious conso-
lations. The unaided strength and nnbacked
courage of the nation redeemed its fortunes
from the dust, plucked up its drowning honor
by the locks, and torA from the "very jaws of
death the right to live forever. History will
hereafter show no page illuminated with more
enduring glory than those which record the
heroic events of the circle of months which
end with this day. In these months of a for-
lorn republic, a people covered with the od-
probrinm and prejudice of the worid, have
secured a place in the Pantheon of remember-
ed nations fiir above the most famous. Neither
the story of Oreecc, or Rome, or France, or
England can bear a fair paraUel with our own
brief but moat eventful narrative. Is not this
triumphant crown of victory worth the awful
price ? The question will be answered accord-
ing to the temperament of the reader. Many
think with Sir John that honor cannot cure a
broken leg, and that all the national glory that
has been won in battle since Greeks iought
Trojans will not compensate the loss of a l»ef
or a dollar. But the young, the brave, the
generous will everywhere judge that the ex-
erelse and exhibition in this year of the noblest
virtues has been more than worth the misfor-
tunes which have marked Its jprogresa.
Sound the clarion, fill the fife ;
To a sensual world proclaim.
One crowded hour of glorious life
Is worth an age without a name t
Monday, 12Tn January. — The Fed-
eral fleet, when last seen, was steaming
up the Mississippi, above White River.
God knows what they are after.
Butler has been thanked by a two-
third vote in the Federal Congress 1 1 1
GOV. SBYMOUa'S MRSSAOI.
RiCHMOxo, January 10.— Gov. Seymour^s
message, published in the New York Htrald
of the 8ih, says the war has taken more than
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two hundred thonfiand men from the work-
shops and fields. Slavenr was not the subject
and cautfe of the war. We must look for the
cause of the war in the prevailing disregard
of the laws and Constitution. Our difflcufties
teach us that we mast reform the people and
the pollcj of the government The rights of the
States must be reepueted. A consolidated
gorernment would destroy the essential rights
and liberties of thfe people. He denounces
arbitrary arrests, the tsuppresslon of journal-
ism, the spy system of the general govern-
ment, and enjoins on sheriffs and civil officers
that no person mnrt be Imprisoned, or carried
from the State by force, without process and
authority of Uw. The President held his
office, not by the will of a ma^rity, but by
the Constitution which placed him In the
office by a vote of one million eight hundred
thousand, antiost two million eight hundred
thousand. If the Constitution cannot keep
the Executive within its restraints, he can-
not retain the States In the Union. Those who
hold that there is no sanctity in the Constitu-
tion must admit their guilt in the rebellion.
ne condemns the Emancipation procUmation
as unjust and unconstitutional, and may be
construed as an nbandunment of the hope of
restoring the Uniun. If the South must be
held under military snbiai^tion, the govern-
ment must be converged Into a military des-
potism. The opinion that the Sonth must bo
subjugated weakened the hopes of the people.
The message urges that the Union is In-
dissoluble, and factions North and South mas^
be put down. So closely are the upper and
lower valleys of the Mississippi bound to-
gether, that when the cotton was burned in
Louisiana corn was used for fuel in lUinoia.
It seema Southern oomuicroe bankrupts
Northern produce. Neither in a Northern dot
Southern Union can the conflicting interests
of agriculture, comAieroe and manufacture be
adjusted.
The body of General Raina, who
fell BO nobly at Murfreesboro, has been
interred at Nashville. His was a noble
spirit, lie was young, handsome, and
eloqnent. His last words were, ** For-
ward, my brave boy?, forward I"
Tuesday. — ^The Manchester, Eng
land, operatives address Lincoln, con-
gratulatory on Ids emancipation
scheme, and yet we have been looking
to England tor aid I The best of us
have been deceived, and must now
admit that Cotton is not " King."
The Yankees admit a great defeat at
Yicksburg, and set down their losses
at 5,000. Rosencranfl has advanced ten
miles beyond Murfreesboro, and has
ordered Confederate officers, prisoners,
to be confined until President Davis*
recent order in regard to Butler is re-
voked.
Gold in New York 138.
Wednesday. — Federals open their
fire upon Fort Caswell, below Wil-
mington, but after fi^ hours efifect
nothing.
General Banks is actively employed
intrenehing at Baton Rouge, having
wholesome recollections of what oc-
curred last summer at that point.
In North Mississippi tlie Federals
hare recrossed the Tallahatchie, having
despoiled the fairest portions of 1a-
fayette county, including Oxford.
SYNOPSIS or PKBSiDKirr davis* hkssaob.
After reviewing the question of privateerlnff,
the President says that the records of our
SUte departmenu contain the evidence of the
repeated and formal remonstrancea made by
this government to the neutral powers of
Europe, aninst the recognition of the block-
ade, which had been shown to hare been
broken hundreds of times, which the enemy
and themeelres had admitted to hare been
ineffectual in the most fsrctble manner, by
repeated complaints of the sale to us of goods
contraband of war, and which they acknow-
ledged their inability to render effecdre.
Still Europe had submitted. In almost un-
broken silence, to all the wrongs the United
States have chosen to inflict on their com-
merce, and the Cabinet of Great Britain ad-
mitted itsetf it had nut conformed to the
principles laid down by the Congress of Paris,
but had made a change too important and
prejudicial to the interests of the Confederacy
to be overlooke<I, and consequently the Presi-
dent had solemnly proteswd, after a rain
attempt to obtain any satisfactory explanation
trom the British government.
The fourth proposition of tho Congr«M of
Paris dedared that the blockade must be
maintained by a force sufficient really to pre-
vent access to the coast of the eneii.y, but the
British Secretary of State had construed the
American blockade to be sufficient, because it
was duly notlfledthat a number of ships wers
stationed at different ports sufficient reallv to
prevent access to it, or to create an erident
danger of entering it, or leaving It ; but the
Preaident had no complaint to nuike on the
ground of a declaration of neutrality. The
complaint was that tho neutrality had been
rather nominal than Ircal, and that rec(^nized
neutral rights had been alternately asserted
and waived in such manner as to bear with
great severity on us, and to confer algnal ad-
vantages on our enomy.
Thubsdat. — McClernand's non-arri-
val is said to have been tho cause of
the Yankees' abrupt departure from
Vicksburg.
Norton, of Missouri, proposes in the
Federal Congress an armistice of six
months and a general convention.
The Governor of Kentucky protests
against Lincoln's Emancipation procla-
mation.
Pridat, January 16. — Snow storm,
and telegraphic communication cut
The Cumoerland and Tennessee are
rising, which secures Nashville to the
enemy, and so strengthens Rosencrans
as to seriously damage our prospects
in that quarter.
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Generfll Price, being on a visit to
Jackson, is serenaded. He is a noble
specimeD of a man in everj respect,
and a popular bero.
LnrC0LN*8 KMAHCIPATION PROCLAMATIOlf.
Wasuinqtok, Janaary 1, 1868.
Now, therefore, I, Abraham Ltocoln, Presi-
dent oi the United States, by virtue of the
power in me invested as commander-in-chief
of the army and navy, In time of actual armed
rebellion against the authorjty of the Govern-
ment of the United States, as a fit and neces-
sarv war measure, for suppressing said re-
bellion, do on this first day of January, in the
year of our Lord 1863, and in accordance with
mv purpose so to do, publicly proclaim for the
full period of one hundred days from the date
of the first above mentioned order, and
designate as the States and parts of States
wherein the people therefore respectively, are
this day in rebellion against the United States,
the following, to wit : Arkansas, Texas, Louis-
iana, except the parishes of St. Bernard, Pla-
Juemine, Jefferson, St Johns, Sakos, SU
antes. Ascension, Aesnmption, Terre Bonne,
la Fourche, St. Mary>, St. Martin and Or-
leans, Including the city of New Orleans,
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South
Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia, except
the forty-eight counties designated as Western
Virginia, and also the six counties of Berkley,
Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth Citv, York,
Princess Anne and Norfolk, including the
cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, which ex-
cepted parts are for the present left precisely
as If this proclamation were not issued ; and
bv virtue of the power and for the purpose
aforesaid, I do order and declare that all per-
sons held as slaves within the designated
States are and henceforward shall be free, and
that the executive by government of the
United States, including the military authori-
ties there, will recognize and maintain the
freedom of said persons ; and I hereby enjoin
upon the people so declared to be tree to ab-
stain from all violence, nnless in necessary
self-defence ; and I recommend to them that
In all cases when alJowed, they labor for
reasonable wages : and I further declare and
make known that such persons of snitable
condition will be received into the armed
service of the United States, to garrison
forts, positions. States and other phices, and
to man vessels of all sorts in said service,
and upon this it is sincerely believed to be
an act of jostlce warranted by the Consti-
tution upon military necessity.
I invoke the considerate Judgment of man-
kind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
Saturday. — The enemy admits tbat
Vicksburg is impregnable, and that
tbey must operate from some other
point.
Gold in New York 142.
Federal forces
movmg in great
Kingston and Wil-
strength upon
mlngton.
Another valuable arrival of arms and
supplies from Nassau at Charleston,
and many other steamers announced as
ready to follow.
VOL. II.-NO. VI. 42
Secretary of Confederate Treasury
reports the expenditures of last year,
ending Januair 1, $443,411,000— debt
at that time, $556,000,000, which in-
cludes 88 millions of [bonds, 56 mil-
lions certificates of depo.-its, and $392-
000,000 currency a'^d interest bearing
notes. Wh«t a luxury is war ! What
shall be done witli tliis enormous and
growing circulation? It is the king
question for Congress. Where is the
Necker who can grapple with these
great financial questions, and bring
harmony out of chaos ? What is to be
tlie end of this colossal accumulation of
debt ? Truly is liberty a pearl of great
price.
Tine PttRSKirr abolition govoress — rrs had-
NKSS AND rOLLY.
The New York Herald thinks that the pre-
sent Abolition Congress is going to perdition.
In reviewing its action since its meeting, the
^Tera^says:
"Since the present Congress assembled,
which Is now over a month. Its time has l>een
occupied in fruitless and frivolous discussions.
We have a Congress in this country which
were its existence not cut short by the limit-
ations of law on the fourth of March next,
would rival in folly, fanaticism and despotic
oppression its prototypes in England and
France. There is one thing In which it ma-
terially differs from the Bump Parliament and
the French Convention. These bodies were
vigorous— the majority in Congress is utterly
ioabeclle. The radicals exhibit the disposition
to perpetrate all the crimes and fuUies of their
predecessors in other countries, but they have
neither the intellect, the genius, nor the
courage to make the ra formidable after all.
All the rascality, the peculation, the fraud
and fanaticism which have ever characterized
former bodies of falsely called representative
men, seem cumulated, piled up and aggravated
in the present Abolition Congress. This Is
exhibited In the devotion of the radicals to
the nigger and their determination to sacrifice
the country and all its Interests to the odorlf-
er9ns wooly head. In political and financial
frenzy tbey emulate the Jacobin Convention,
and seem, likejt, bent upon the ruin of the
country bv creating a quasi system of asslg-
nats and by every other species of wild ex-
travagance and violent aspersions of better
men. They mav be most appropriately called
the rump of n Congress; for their existence
is defined, their acts are repudiated by the
country, and a better let of men have already
been elected in their stead, ready to take their
f>laoe. It is indeed high time that this abo-
Itlon Congress, conoposed of men, many of
whom are fit only for the lunatic asylum,
shonld be dethroned from their false position,
and that their crimes and madness should be
finally rebuked.'*
Monday — Demonstration ^ain upon
the Kippahtnnock, but believed to.
cover designs upon North Carolina.
The enemy have a very heavy force in
that quarter.
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JOURNAL OF THE WAR.
TvLLABOJiA, JanoAry HT. — General S. B
Backnor: — Oeneral Wheeler, with a portion
of his cavalry brigade, after -barning a railroa<1
bridge in tbo enemy > rear, pusbed for the
CainWland riyer, where he intercepted and
captured fbnr large transports. He destroyed
them, with all the suppliea, and bonded one
to carry off tho fonr hundred paroled prison-
ers. Being hotly pressed by a gnnboat, be
attacked, captured and destroyed her, with her
armament Braxton Bbaoo.
GBIfEKAL BRAXTON BRAGG TO HIS AXMT.
HkaDQUABTBRS AkMT of I'XHNXSBBS, )
WiMOHBSTKB, January 8, 18(8. )
Soldiers qf the Army of the Tennessee, —
Your gallant deeds have won the admiration
of your Oeneral, yonr Government and your
country. For myself, I thank you, and am
proud of vou— for. them, I tender you the grat-
■ nude and praise you have so nobly won.
In a campaign of less than one month, in
the face of winier, your achievements have
been unparalleled. You have captured more
than ten thousand prisoners, taken and pre-
served thirty pieces of artillery and seven
thousand siuall arms, In addition to many
thouaand destroyed. Yon have besides cati-
tnred eight hundred wagons, loaded chiefly
with supplies, which have been destroyed or
brought safely to our lines ; and in pitched
battles you have driven the enomy before you,
inflicting a loss at least three to one greater
than you have sustained.
In retiring to a stronger position, without
molestation from a superior force, you have
left him a barren field in which to bury his
hosts of slain, and to rally and recuperate his
shattered ranks. Cut on from his Govern-
ment both by railroad and telegraph, and de-
prived of supplies by t>.o mterruption of his
commnnicailuns, we shall yet tvach him a
severe lesson for the rashness of penetrating
a country so hostile to his cause. While the
infantry and artillery defy him in front, our
invincible cavalry will assuil him in flank and
rear, until we good blm to another advance,
only to met t auuther signal defeat.
Your Qenerul deplores, in cummon with
you, tho loss uf your gallant comrades who
nave fallen in our recent conflicts. Let their
memories be enshrined in your hearts, as they
will ever be tenderly cherished by iheir
countrymen, l^t fl be yours to avenge their
fate and proudly emulate their deeds. Re-
member that yuur face is to the foe, and that
on you rests the delenco of all that is dear to
ft^euien.
Soldiers! tho proudest reflection of yonr
GeneraPs life is to bo known as tbo commander
of an army so bruve and Invincible as you
have proven. He asks no higher boon than
to lead each man to victory. To share their
trials, and to stand or fall with them, will be
the crown of his ambition,
Braxton Bragg, Gen. Com'g.
ADDBB88 TO TUB ARMY.
IIRADQITABTICBS ARMT OP NoRTUSKN Va.. )
.December 81, 1862. f
[General Orders, No. 188]
The Oeneral commanding takes this occ:i-
Bion to express to the oflictrrs and soldiers of
tho army, his high apprcciutlon of the forti-
tude, valor and devotion displayed by them,
which, under tho blessing of Almighty God,
have added the victory of Fredericksburg to
the long list of their triumphs.
An arduous march, performed with celerity
under many dlsadvantaffes, exhibited the dia-
cipline and spirit of the troopa, and their
eaffernesa to confront the foe.
The immense army of the enemy completed
Its preparations for the attack without inter-
ruption, and gave battle in its own time, and
on ffround of its own selection.
It was encountered by less than thirty thou-
sand of this brave army, and Its columns,
crushed and broken, hurled back at every
point with such fearnil slaughter, that escape
trom entire destruction became the boast of
those who had advanced in full confidence of
victory.
That this great reaalt was achieved with a
loss small in point of numbers, only augments
the admiration with which the Ck»mmanding
General regards the prowess of tho troops
and increases his gratitude to Him who hath
given us the victory.
The war la not yet ended. The enemy is
still numerous and strong, and the country
demands of the army a renewal of Its heroic
efforts in her behalt Nobly has it responded
to her call in the past, and she will never ap-
peal in vain to its courage and patriotism.
The signal manifestations of Divine mercy
that have distinguished the eventAil and
glorious campaign of the year just closing,
give assurance of hope that, under the guid-
ance of the same Almighty hand, the comin£
year will be no less fruitful of events that will
insure the safety, peace and happiness of our
beloved country, and add new lustre to the
already imperishable name of the Army of
Northern Virginia. R. £. Lsb, General.
TuESDAT. — EQemy havo evacuated
Holly Springs and leave us in posses-
sion of nearly the whole of North Mis-
sissippi. Our army is advancing. Con-
federate gunboat Alabama, or perhaps
Florida, engages and sinks the U. S.
warsleamer Hatteraa near Galveston.
[Correspondence <^2fdw Oi leans DettaJl
Of the fint Galveston disaster you know
alL The rebels occupy the city with a strong
force of live thousand or seven thousand men.
The city is well fortified with batt«rles all
Tound.
On Sunday evening a strange sail appeared
off the harbor. The gunboat UattcraD went
in chase about 7 o^clock. A heavy fire was
soon after heard, and the sloop*of-war Brook >
lyn and the gunboat ticiota started in pursuit.
The firing ceased befure these vessels reached
the spot — some twenty miles from Galveston.
At daylight next day Captain Lowry, of the
Sciota, picked up a boat containing an olflccr
and five men belonging to the Uatteras. They
reported that, at 7 o'clock on Sunday evening,
the Uatteras ranged up alongside ot a steamer
which looked like the Alabama; she was hail-
ed by Captain Blake, and replied that "* I am
Her Briiannio Majesty's steamer bpllflre.'*
Captain Blake s&id: ''Heave to— I will seed
a boat aboard of you.*' A lh»at was lowered—
the one spoken of as having been picked up.
Just as this boat shoved off, the strange
steamer opened a furious fire on tho Uatteras.
Both vessels then engaged In fierce combat-%
running ahead of the boat; but soon after-
say about twenty minutes — the officer in the
boat Baw the Uatteras stop, evidently crip-
pled; then there was loud cheering on board
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<lh« Mbd steamer. The Brooklyn nod ScloU
cmlsed all night, and next morning found the
"wnck of the Uatteras sunk in nine fkthoms
water. Some of her boata were picked nps
which contained arms and bloody olethea.
But the victor bad disappeared. The Haiteras
was a purchased iron vessel, sister to the
ateamer St. Mary. She was unfit for a man-
of-war— having no powers of endnraaoe. Uer
battery consisted of three small rifled guns
and four short 8S-poundcrs. The rebel had
heavy g«ns — 6B-ponnders, by the sound.
Opinions differ as to who <eb6 was. Some
think she was from Mobile, and not the 290.
The rams and foetlAcattona at Galveston are
formidable.
WsDNESDAY, Jan. 21. — Northern news
is brougljt of a dreadful disaster to our
arms in Arkansa?. Our post there on
the river is reported tohavesuiTender-
ed, unconditionally, to the combined
land and naval forces of the enemy.
The information is feared to be true.
Our force is represented at from 5,000
to 7,000. The enemy admits a severe
loss on the Cumberland river,
Bepobts raoif Middlx Tbmvissrx.— A dis-
patch in the Atnsrican^ from Nashville, dated
<ho 16th, says that Forrest, of the Confederate
Army, with four thousand men and twelve
pieces of artillery, attacked the Federal relief
and storeships coming up the Ooraberland,
and succeeded in capturing five steamboats
Jaden with valuable commissary stores, and
one gunboat. The boats were all burned.
Thubspat. — Forrest's whole loss in
Icilled, wounded and missing, in tlve af-
fair at Parker's Cross Roads, Tena., is
now stated at only 200, despite of the
^ataggerations of the enemy.
Revolutionary movements are threat-
ened in Indiana, and a Northwestern
Confederacy is in agitation. Stite arms
were in danger of being seized by the
conspirators.
Lincoln orders Confederate officers
in his hands to close confinement until
Davis' orders in regard to Butler are
revoked.
Friday. — Federal fleet believed to be
again preparing for the attack on
Vicksburg and are lauding troops.
The Republicans predict an early
peace.
The negroes at Beaufort, 8. C, re-
fuse to take up arms for the Yankees,
and the cotton crop in that quarter is
admitted to be a failure.
Attack still looked for on the Rappa-
hannock.
Morgan's men have made a bold dash
into Murfreesboro, in si^ht of the ene-
mies' camp, and captured 200 prisoners
and 20 wagona.
BBILLUHT SI7CCE8B TITOS TSB OtniBBBLAKD.
TuLLAHOMA, January 21.— To General B.
Cooper :— After the capture of the transports
and ganboat, our cavalry made a dash for a
large fleet of transports Just below Hurpeth
Shoals. They threw overboard their cargo
of snbeistence, ordnance and quartermaster
stores, in immense quantities, and escaped by
a hasty retreat Our troops, in the midst oif
snow and ice, crossed to the north side of the
Cumberland, by swimming their horses
through the aogry torrent, which was modi
swollen by recent rains, and routed the guard,
captured and destroyed an immense oollectloa
of subslstenoe Just loaded for transportatian to
Nashville by wagons. Bbaxtov Bbaco.
President Davis* Admirable message
closes as follows :
^Our amdesare larger, better disciplined
and more thoroughly armed and equipped thau
at any previous period of the war. The ener-
gies of a whole nation, devoted to the object
of success in this war, have accomplished mar-
vels, and many of our trials have, by a bene-
ficent Providence, been converted into bles-
sings. The irsgnitude of the perils which
we encountered have developed the qualities
and Illustrated the heroic eharacter of our
people, thus gaining for the Confederacy from
its birth a Just appreciation (torn the other
nalions of the earth. The iqjuries resulting
fVom the interruption of foreign commerce
have received compenntion by the develc^-
ment of our internal resources. Cannon
crown our fortresses that were cost ftrom the
products of mines opened and farnaces built
during the war. Our mountain caves yield
much of the nitre for the manufacture of
powder, and promise increase of product. From
our own foundries and laboratories, from our
armories and workshops, we derive, in a great
measure, the warlike material, the ordnance
and ordnance stores which are expended so
profusely in the numerous and desperate en-
migements that rapidly succeed each other.
Cotton and woolen fabrics, shoes and harness,
wagons and gun carriages are produced in
dally increasing quantities, by the factories
springing into existence. Our fields, no
longer whitened by cotton that cannot be ex-
ported, are devoted to the production of
cereals and the growth of stock formerlv pur-
chased with the proceeds of cotton. In the
homes of our noole and devoted women,
without whoso sublime sacrifices our success
would have been Impossible, the noise of the
loom and of the spinning-wheel may be heard
throughout the land.^^
Satijrdat, Jax, 24. — ^Troopa still pass-
ing through Jackson to reinforce Vicks-
burg.
The enemy are landing near that
city and tlireaten another effort to
open the cannl around it, and effect a
passage for their tr:iii sports.
The taking of Arkansas post is con-
firmed.
More gallant exploits of Morgan and
Wheeler's cavalry at Murfrees^ro.
Sunday and Monday. — Still more
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frequent reports of disaffection in the
FeOeral army, near Vicksburg, and of
troubles in Ihe Northwest.
Small-pox reported rery preralent
in Washington. It has existed for a
long time in Richmond, and in many of
the yillrtges and towns of the Confed-
eracy. War seems always to engender
this hateful pest. Much alarm is ex-
cited by it and stringent measures are
adopted for its prevention,
Burndde again addresses his htroes
of the Rappahannock, telling them that
the "auspicious hour has come Ibr
striking a great and mortal blow to the
rebellion."
Gold in New York, 141 1-2.
Gentlemen direct from Arkansas confirm
the report of the IntelUgence of the capture of
Arkansas Po9t. The garrisoDf four thousand
in number, was prlnclpially militia, who fought
gallantly for several hours, until they were
completely hemmed in by n jrrcatly superior
force, when they eapitolated. Reinforcements
were on the way, but failed to reach thcno.
Tuesday. — Enemy's fleet of 92 pai,
reported in Beaufort harbor, N. C.
and 50,000 troops encamped at More-
head and Carolina City.
Wednesday. — Vessels with valuable
cargoes again run the blockade and
enter our ports.
Fort McAllister near SuTannah bom-
barded for several hours without effect.
Leave for Selma, Alabama.
TmjRSDAY.^-Blocknders at Charles-
ton capture the British stenmer Prin-
cess Royal, with a most valuable cargo
of arms and ordnance works, mochine-
ry, projectiles, Ac., intende<l for the
Confederacy. It will be a severe loss.
Federal army is stuck in the mud,
and prevented from making its second
grand advance upon the Rappahan-
nock.
A telegraph cable is to connect New
Orleans, Pensacola, Beaufort, etc., with
the Northern ports.
Friday. — Van Dom reported to have
captured for the second time Holly
Springs, Doubtful !
Gunboat carrying eleven guns sur-
renders to our forces on Stono River,
S. C.
Burnside has yielded to Hooker, who
now takes command of the army. In
conseqiience gold advances to 152 in
New York. A good sign! Another
reorganization of the army is to pre-
cede offensive operations.
Reach Selma, Alabama.
Saturday and Sunday. — Other ves-
sels run the blockade with valuable
canoes.
Rumored that we have had a naval
victory off Charleston bar.
Monday. — The news from Charleston
comes in a very reliable way, and pro-
duces great rejoicing. We are fast be-
coming a naval power and shall in the
end beat the enemy with their own
weapons.
Mrridiah, January 81.— Oar fleet attacked
the blockaders off Charie^ton harbor to-day,
sanlc two of them and set fire V> aaoiher, the
Quaker City, which struck tier celors, bat
afterwards escaped. Not one of the enemy*s
fleet are in sii^ht
Genera] Wheeler has destroyed Are steam-
boats on the Comberiand river, and captured
and destroyed a locomotive and five cars a^
Lavergne, capturing the guard.
Tuesday. — One of the Federal rams
f)assed our batteries at Vicksbui^ with
ittle damage. Though a second Gib-
raltar, the capture of this point is but
a question of time in all probability, as
all the means and resources of the
enemy will be brought to bear. The
report is that they are erecting batter-
ies on the railroad just opposite the
city, and are, no doubt, working on
their famous canal at the same time.
Their de«ign would seem to be, there-
fore, to open the eanal sufficiently to
pass down their pontoon boats, and thus
enable them to throw heavy columns
of troops across the river below the
city — to run some of their gunboats
down under cover of darkness — and
then make a simultaneous attack above
and below, while the city is being
shelled from the central batteries.
The vessel captured on Stono River,
S. C, will prove a valuable prize. She
mounts eleven guns and haa a force of
200 men.
The Oveita,or Florida, has destroyed
several Federal vessels.
The French Emperor has declined
any further action in American affiedrs,
and will hold off until invited by the
enemy. How have we been deceived
and baffled in all our foreign oal<mla-
tions ! History may explain the en^-
ma which baffles us now.
The arrest of an editor by lincoln
in Philadelphia ^ves rise to the great-
est excitement, and action is taken in
the Legislature and City Council in
reference to this further effort of the
Washington despotism. The editor had
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lauded tlie message of Jeffereou Davis
in contrast with that of Abraham
Lincoln.
Vullandigham tells the Federal Con-
gress that the conquest of the South is
impossible, afl two years of woeful ex-
perience has proFea, and warns them
that in the end the West will go too.
Gold in New York 1S8, and cotton
90 cts.
The affair at Charleston is reported
as follows : (Subsequent to the report a
part of the fleet has returned, bringing
with it one or two iron-clads, which
keep steam continually on.)
CoABLXSToirf Jaanary 81.
This morning the gunboats Palmetto State,
aooompinfed , Dy tlu'ee small steamers, the
€lineh, Etoah and Chesterfield, all under
command of Oommodore Ingraham, made an
attack on die bloekaders and succeeded in
sinking two aad. crippling a third. The en-
gagement commenced at four o^dock. The
Palmetto State, with Commodore lograham
on board, opened fire n^n the Federal gun-
boat Mereeaita, carrying 11 guns and 158 men,
which was soon snnk in fire Uithoms water.
Her commander and boat's crew came on
board and surrendered. One shot eatered her
boiler, going clear through. Her crew were
paroled by Commodore Ingraham.
Captain Tucker, of the CheeVes. reports
the. sinking of another Federal gnnboat and
the disabling of the steamship Qaaker City.
The latter was set on fire by the Cheeves, and
hauled down her flag to surrender, bat after-
wards nmnaged to escape, using only one
wheel. She was very badlr damaged. The
number of Uockadcrs outside at the time of
the engagement was thirteen, with two first-
class f'ederal frigates. The Federal loss is
very severe. It was a complete surprise on
our part, with not a man hurt. The vessels
were not even struck I
All the bloekaders have disappeared— not
one to be seen within five miles with the
strongest kind of a glass.
Wednesday, 4th Februarit. — The
formidal le fleet and army concentrate
ing at Beaufort, N.C., and Port Eoval,
are evidently in contemplation oi an
early attack upon Charleston. The in-
formation comes to ns directly by the
arrival of a British veesel from Ha-
vanna.
Confederate steamer 0 veita or Florida
is committing great depredations on
Northern commeree.
Thursdat. — Weather for several
days stormy, which will operate
against the enemy on our sea coasts as
well as in the interior.
Three Federal vessels reported to be
captured at Sabine Pass, Texas.
Hopes of early peace grow fainter,
dfispite of the enemy's demoralization.
There will be much more hard fight-
ing and suffering.
Friday Aim Satdbday. — Action near
Alexandria, Tennessee, in which the
enemy loises largely and Morgan's
cavalry very slightly.
Kentucky Legislature provides for
peace commissioners to Washington,
Richmond^ and other State Legis-
latures.
Sunday. — ^No mails and no news.
Witnessed yesterday the launch of
two Confederate iron-clad rams, to be
used in the defence of Mobile and the
Alabama Biver.
They will do good service, and are
creditable to Selraa.
Monday. — Officially stated that our
captures at Sabine Fass, Texas, em-
braced thirteen guns and property
valued at one million dollars.
Northern account that Forrest has
been repulsed with heavy loss at Fort
Donelson.
After all, none of the Idockading
vesseis off Charleston were sunk by
our gunboats. They were only
crippled.
Banks' army at Baton Rouge repre-
sented as greatly demoralized and un-
willing to fight
Rumors from New Orleans that the
U. Su ship-ofwar Brooklyn was sunk
by our steamers Alabama and Harriet
Lane.
The gunboat which passed our bat-
teries the other day at Yicksburg is
said to have captured some of our
steamers on the Red Rirer.
Prospect of an immediate fight at
Yicksburg. The canal is likely to be
a snoeess, and transport vessels will,
soon be enabled to navigate it The
result cannot be foreseen. The au-
gury is unfavorable. Feara for Vicks-
burg are well grounded.
Tuesday-Thursday. — Nothing of in-
terest reported in military movements.
Kentucky Legislature orders out
20,000 troops to resist Lincoln's eman-
cipation proclamation. So the yoke of
bondage at last galls, and there is a
limit to submission.
Gold 162 in New York.
Floods of the Mississippi di-concert
the enemy at Yicksburg, and stop their
operations for the present
General Sibley has gained a victory
in Texas.
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IDITOEU.Ii BOOK NOTICES, ETC.
EDITORIAL BOOK IfOTICES, ETC.
Messrs. G. B. Richardson & Co., of
New York, are the publishers of ** A
ik>uihern JTittory of the War^^hj Edward
A. Pollard, whJah thej have issued in
handsome stj)e in one large volume and
illustrated with about twenty steel en-
graved portraits of Confederate statesmen
and generals. This is the same work
^ which another publisher has issued under
* the title of the "Lost Cause," and to which
we made reference in the last number of
the Rbyibw.
Mr. Richardson ha» also issued a rerj
superb volume fbr the Christmas and
New Year's holidays and for all home li-
braries, entitled War Poetry of the South,
edited by Wm. Gilmore Simros, of South
Carolina. The high reputation of Mr.
Simms will sufficiently recommend the
work, which he dedicates to the women
of the South " who have lost a cause, but
have made a triumph." It is belier-
ed that every poem or song^ of any mer-
it, inspired by the war is included in the
collection, and many of them are of the
highest merit and excellence.
Harper and Brothers furnish Bound to
ihe Wheel, a novel, by John Saunders,
author of "Abel Drake's Wife;"/i?ia; BoU,
the JiacUcal^ a novel by George Elliot, au-
thor of "Adam Bede,** etc.^ limcU, a Chroo-
ide of Secession, by George F. Harring-
ton, with illustrations. Tbe last named
it the production of a Southern Unionist,
and, of consequence, presents that view
of the subject, though the author in his
dedication speaks of the Southern cause
as ** not overcome by man, but by the
sublime will of Heaven^ toa mighty for
the mightiest to resist."
Wm. J. W) Jdleton, of New York, has
published Volume III. of Mr. Gayarr^'s
great work on Louisiana, which brings
down the whole subject to the date of the
secession of the State from the Federal
Union in 1860. The present volume treats
exclusively of tho American as the pre-
vious volumes did of the French and
Spanbh domination in the State. Iti«
a work of the highest literary interest and
full of new material in regard to the pur-
chase of Louisiana and the subsequent
schemes of Burr and others, for the- sep-
aration of the West from the Union. The
work wiH be appropriately referred to
hereafter. We have only time now to
say that it is issued in very neat style.
We are indebted to Rrcbardson & Co.,
for the following from their new South-
ern (Tniver^ity Series of School- Booh^
1. Southern Elementary Spelling-Book.
2. Southern Pictorial Primer.
8. First, Second^ Third and Fourth
Readers.
i. First Lessons in Numbers.
These works are printed and bound iir
a neat and substantial manner, and are
appropriately illustrated, being edited by
George Frederick Holmes and Charles S.
Venable, of the University of Virginia,
gentlemen highly distinguished in the
literary and educational circles of tbe-
South. They are worthy of our patronage.
Messrsw Sargeant, Wilson St Pinkie, of
Cincinnati, whose advertisement appears
in our columns, are also thopublishers of
a series of School Books, welF known and
popular at the South. The following ara
laid upon our table :
1. McGuflfey's New First, Second, Third,.
Fourth,. Fiah aud Sixth Eelcctie
Readers.
9. McGuffey's Revised Eclectie Spelling
Book.
S. McGuffey's New High School Reader.
4. do New Eclectic Speaker.
5. Pinneo's Series of Grammars.
They are printed in a style which com-
bines beauty^ cheapness,, and uniformity^
and immense editions are published and
sold.
Mr. Colton, 172 William Street, Vew
York, the largest publisher of Maps ia
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EDITORIAL BOOK NOTICES, ETC.
663
America, baa been kind enongb to for-
ward us a large mounted map of Tennes-
see, together with pocket maps of Georgia
and Mississippi, all entirely new, and em-
bracing the msot recent information and
with accurate delineation of railroads, etc.
The assortment o{B)chei Mapa issued
bj Oolton, is the finest and most exten-
sive in the world, comprising about 250
varieties, of all styles, including County
and Township Maps of all the States ;
Sectional Maps of all that have been thus
surveyed ; and Railroad Maps of various
sections, as well as of the whole country.
Foreign countries are well shown, both
in detail and by Grand Divisions. A.II the
Maps are engraved in the best style on
copper plates, nicely printed on the best
quality of thin, but very strong, map pa-
per, made expressly for us, beautifully
colored, and put up in neat embossed
cloth covers of convenient size, with side
titles in gold. They can be had at most
first-class book-stores, or can be ordered^
and received by return mail, by remitting
the price as noted in the descriptive cata.
logue, which wil' be sent fr • to all appli-
cants.
The assortment of Wall Mapa for of-
fices, libraries, schools, etc., is more exten-
sive than than that of any other house in
the country. It embraces the only large
maps of the World, and of Foreign Coun-
tries, published in America, and is full
and complete in regard to general and
special maps of the several sections of the
United States.
Hurd k Houghton, of New York—
" Authorship of Shakespeara:' This is a
volume from the pen of Nathaniel Holmes,
which will form the basis of a lengthy
article by us hereafter. The author's
theory is not new, although he pushes it
further than his predecessors have done.
The possibility of Shakespeare being the
sole author of the plays ascribed to him
has been doubted at various times and
disputed by various authors. In 1857,
the theory was started by a previous
sceptic, that Francis Bacon. Baron Veru-
am, the author of the *' Novum Organ-
um," and the ftither of Inductive Philos-
ophy, was the joint author with Shake-
speare of the plays that have had so large
a share in the education of mankind. Mr.
Holmes, a " magni nominis umbra " in
literature until now, endeavors to show
that no other person had a hand in these
works, but that the whole genuine canon
of Shakespeare was written by Francis
Bacon per m.
Julvua Couar, by the Emperor Napo-
leon. New York : Harper k brothers.
Vol. 2 is at hand and is elaborately re-
viewed in one of our leading articles as
the first volume was several months ago.
Surrey of EagUe Neat ; or, Memoirs of
a Staff Officer serving in Virginia Edited
from theMSS. of J. E. Cooke, author of
Virginia Commedians, with illustrations.
New York, F. J. Huntington k Co. A
work full of the liveliest interest, which
is greedily sought after wherever its repu-
tation has extended.
D. Appleton k Co., place upon our
table::—
1. iiocial Sialica, or the CondUiona Eaaen-
iial to Human Happineaa. By Her-
bert Spencer, with notice of author
and steel portrait.
This volume, the first and most popu-
lariy written of the works of the author,
has very great interest in many respects*
It foreshadows the philosophical system
which it became the great business of his
life to unfold, and which has given him
so eminent a place among British phi-
losophers of the Nineteenth Century.
2. Origin of the Stara and the Cajtsea of
their Motion and their Light, By
Jacob Ennis Philad. The work con-
sists of four parts :—
Part I. Cause of the Light and Heat of
the Sun and Fixed Stars.
Part II. Force which Prolongs the
Light and Heat of the Sun and Stars.
Part III. Origin of the Stars.
Part IV. Force which gave M otion to
the Stars.
8, Children of iheFroniitr, The iketcbe
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EDITORIAL BOOK NOTICES, ETC.
and incidents which form the leading
feature of this little volume, are
from the pen of Theodore Lund, a
Danish artist, whose name is familiar
to many lovers of art. A most agree-
able book for joong persons.
We have remarked upon the great pro-
gress which is being made to restore our
cities. CharUstou has come forward
nobly and established a system of loan by
means of which the public credit can be
used in aid of individual enterprise, and
soon we may expect to see that noble old
city resume her former prosperity. From
Richmond we learn that
A little Northern capital came here;
but nine-tenths of the buildings that have
been erected, have been built with the
means of our own people. Eighteen
months have not elapsed, and largely up-
wards of half of the burnt houses on Main
Street *- probably t hree-fourths — have
been replaced, or are being replaced, with
beautiful and substantial buildings. The
skill of the architect has been taxed to
devise handsome designs for the fronts,
and every convenience that experience
has taught to be useful in carrying on
particular branches of business, has beeu
introduced into the interior of the new
buildings. Already, Main Street is one
of the handsomest business streets in the
city, and when existing gaps in it are
filled up and the rubbish is removed,
we will have reason to be proud of the
taste, energy and determination of our
people. But the rebuilding is not con-
fined to Main street Many handsome
and convenient business houses have been
built on Gary street, and many others are
now going up. A handsome building has
been erected on Shockoe Slip as a tobac-
co exchange. The Gallego mills, which
were the largest flour mills in the world,
are being rebuilt with increased capacity
for making flour. Many of the cross streets
between Main and Cfary, have been re-
built almost entirely; and all through the
burnt district from the armory to four-
teenth street, and on Byrd Island, may be
heard the sound of the hammer and
trowel.
And nearlv all of this work has been
done and is being carried on with South-
ern capital. It is not done on credit, for
the mechanics employed get their wages
weekly. The old adage that " it is an ill
wind that blows good to no one, " is ex-
emplified in this instance. Nearlv all of
our ^mechanics, carpenters, bricklayers,
brickmakers, painters, plumbers, and. in
fjswt, nearly every branch of meohanical
art has had constant and lucrative em-
ployment for the past twelve month s.
We referi ed, in another place, to the
pumphlet in regard to Southern lands re-
cently issued by Mr. Withers, of Jackson,
Miss. Now is the time, if ever, for North"
ern and foreign capital to find openings for
the most advantageous investments. In
a year or two from this time, matters will
be very different. There is a popular
idea at the North, that immigrants to the
South are exposed to some sort of moles-
tation. This is entirely unfounded, as
the following certificate, issued from
Madison county. Miss., will show :
We, the undersigned. Northern men
and new settlers, have bought and leased
Elantations in the county of Madison,
[ississippi, since the close of the late
war; employing freedmen and tilling our
lands with tneir work. We have noticed
many letters iu the Northern papers,
which, so far as our locality U concerned,
we consider defamatory, exaggerated and
uncalled for ; and should we remain si-
lent to misre]^resentations of onr locality
and its old citizens, it would be unjust
towards those who have received us hos-
pitably and treated us with civility.
In our neighborhood are many who
have suffered Tosses of mules and horses,
among them, some of the undersigned.
But old residents have suffered from such
losses more severely than new settlers ;
thus proving mule thieves will steal
mules, no matter where found. Witb
our neighbors we have had no difficulties,
and none but satisfactory business rela-
tions.
The freedmen work for whom they
please to contract witb, in the same man-
ner as farm laborers at the North. In
numerous instances they are employed
by Northern men who are their ola mas-
ters' nearest neighbors. We think our
lives and property as safe as those of old
residents; that we can obtain justice in
the courts if obliged to take that coarse,
and that new comers can feel as secure
here as in any sparsely settled agricultu-
ral community of our Western States.
Col. J. A. Bingham, of St. Louis, former-
ly of 1st Penn, Cavalry.
Frederick Billings, formerly of Worces-
ter, Mass.
P. B. Pratt, formerly of Worcester, Mass.
L. B. Smith, formerly of Grafton, Mass.
John Humphreys, formerly of England.
Arthur Mathewson, late Surgeon U.S. N.
George Lyons, formerly of Ireland.
J. B. Richardson, formerly of Boston,
Mass.
R. J. Rose, late Captain U. S. Y., form-
erly of Western Penn.
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EDITORIAL BOOK NOTICES, ETC.
665
0. H. Smith, late of Trumbull City, Ohio.
H. K. Austiu, late of Borden, N. J.
Chauncey Tyler, late of Connecticut.
Mark Prime, late A. Q. M., U. S. V.,
Maine.
J. W. Deering, late of Maine.
The following statement we believe to
be very nearly correct in showing the ex-
penses and profits on a well conducted
Southern cotton estate in ordinary sea-
sous :
Estimate of the expense and profit in
cultivating 650 acres of Mississippi or
Yazoo Valley land— say 500 acres m cot-
ton, and 160 acres in corn.
EXPEKSBS.
To hire 50 of hands, at $160 per
annum $7,500
To 50 bbls. Mess Pork, at $40 per
bbl 2,000
To 12i bbls. Molasses, at $40 per
bbl 500
To Medicines 500
" 80 Mules at $175 each, 6,250
•* 2500 bushels of corn at $1.25
per bushel 8,126
To Fodder and Hay 1,000
" Wagons, Ploughs, Hoes, Gear-
ing, Ac, Ac 2,000
To Wages of Superintendent .... 1,250
** Oxen, Milch Cows, Ac 1,000
" Stock Hogs, to raise bacon,
for next year 600
To Incidental Expenses 1,500
Total Expenses $26,125
By 500 bnles cotton of 4001b8.
each, at 80 cts $60,000
By 6,000 bushels of corn, at $1
per bushel 5,000
Bv Fodder and Hay 1,500
Total Income $66,500
Deduct expenses as above 26,125
Leaving for net profit $40,875
A plantation in the Mississippi Yalley
that would have 650 acres of open land,
would probably contain 1500 acres in the
entire tract; and estimating this at $25
§er acre, would make $87,500, which de-
noted from $^0,375, the net amount of
profit, would leave a surplus of $2,875,
after pa>'ing for 1500 acres of choice val-
ley land, and all the mules, cattle, hogs,
farming implements, Ac.
We bare received a copy of the admi-
rable address delivered before the Fir-
ginia AgricuUvrdl Convention by the
Hon. Willoughby Newton, President,
and shall refer to it more fully hereafter.
We can only now extract the just and
heartfelt tribute which he pays to those
eminent and pure Virgiftia patriots and
farmers, St. George Cocke and Edmund
Ruffin : fij
Philip St. George Cocke was the soul
of chivalry and the type of the true Yir-
§inia gentleman. He entered upon the
ischarge of his duties as President of
this societjr with all the ardor and enthu-
siasm of his nature, and by his princely
munificence and enlightened zeal was
chiefly instrumental in securing the bril-
liant success of our first and most magni-
fient exhibition. His sensitive nature felt
too keenly the troubles of his country, and
be died a martyr in her cause. The pu-
rity of his character and the beneficence
of his actions were such that, if he must
die, he left his friends but one cause of
regret — that he had not fallen on the field
of battle, where he courted death in de-
fence of his native State, which he so
dearly loved.
Of Edmund Ruffin what shall I say?
A character of contrasts. By his stern
integrity, and his kind, genial and affec-
tionate manner to his friends, he secured
their highest admiration and warmest
regard. By his occasional acerbity of
temper, which no one more regretted
than himself, he sometimes incurred the
lasting displeasure of gentlemen who, if
they could have known him better and
had approached him under different aus-
pices, would have learned to love and res-
pect him for the sterling traits of his char-
acter. He was a man to have warm
fViends and bitter enemies. But the
grave covers all animosities. As an
agriculturist he was without a rival,
lie opened a new path to agricultural
improvement, and boldly led the way.
His writings are a monument of the
acutenesa and comprehensiveness of his
intellect, of his great research, and of the
zeal and energy of his efforts to improve
his native State. Posterity will regard
him as a man of mark in the age in
which he lived ; this Society will continue
to venerate his name ; and Virginia will
ever remember him as one of her great-
est benefactors. He felt the keenest in-
terest in the progress and result of the
late disastrous civil war. He lived te
hear of the fall of Richmond and the
surrender of Lee. With the calm sereni-
tjr of Cato, he arjgued his right to take
his life; and, having resolvea not to sur-
vive the liberties of his country, he fol-
lowed the example of the iHustrious
Roman. Let us cover with the veil of
charity ihe infirmity of a great intellect
unbalanced by public and private grief,
and finally overwhelmed by a sense of
the utter ruin of his country.
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EDITORIAL NOTES, ETC,
Thi great AgrievUural and Manu/ae-
iuring Fair at New OrUarUf held during
last month, wa» in many respects a sue
cess, and it is intended to continue them
annually at that point. The happiest re-
sults will follow. We r^oice at such
evidences of awakening Southern enter
prise aud spirit, and will endeavor in the
next number of the Review to give the
full particulars of the Fair.
The article on Missouri in the Novem-
ber number of the Review, was, we
learn, from the pen of S. Waterhouse,
Esq., of St. Louis, and was written at the
instance of Governor Fletcher, in behalf
of the Missouri State Board of Immigra-
tion.
Id^ The Review fob 1867.— With our
next Number will commence the TTUrd
Yolume of the New Series, and the thirty-
fourth volume of the Review.
It it a faDorabld time for new mlscrib-
ert to send in their nanus, for Clube to be
formed at our reduced rates, aiuifor remit-
tances to be made^ of which we are in great
need.
The expenses of the Review are three
times what they were in former days !
Even the most trifling sums are gratefully
received. We know, and make all allow-
ance for, the necessities of the country ;
but there are numbers who, bjr a very
small effort, or sacrifice, might aid us in
this contingency.
REVIEW ADVERTISING INDEX.
Agricaltural Implements — Machinery, etc.— R. H.
Allen & Co. ; Dani«l Pratt ; Pitkin, Wiard h
Co. ; Emery Brothers ; W. O. Clemons, Brown
It Co. ; E. O. Blatherwick.
Books, Bibles, etc —James Potts ; John P. Mor-
ton fc Co. ; Richardson h Co.
Boots aud Shoes.— John Slater.
Bankers and Exchange.— Duncan, Sherman h Co.
C. W. Porcell&Co. ; E. Q. Bell ; Lockwood
Ic Co. ; Connor & Wilson ; Bnice & Co
Brokers.— Gold and Silver, Real Estate, etc ; Mor-
gan McCloud, Murphy 8i Cash.
Charleston, S. C, Directory.
Cincinnatti, Ohio, Directory
Cards.— Cotton and Wool ; Juo. H. Haskell.
Cotton Factors.— Crews, Wilson, Bradford b Co.
Coppersmiths, Engineers, etc.— Thomas Gannon, J.
Wyatt Reid.
Clothing, Shirts, &c.— S. N. Mtjody ; Henry Mwre
& Oenung.
Collection and Commission Merchants.— Taylor,
McEwen and Blew.
Dry Goods.— Butler, Broom %t, Clapp.
Druggist— S. Mansfield It C«. Jas. GonegaL
Emigration Companies.— John Williams.
Engravers, etc— Ferd Meyer & Co ; J. W. Oir.
Eyes.- Dr Foote.
Express Companies.— Southern.
Fertilizers, etc.— John 8. Reese 8l Co. ; Allen K
Needles; Baugfa It Sons; Graham, EnUen
& Passmore ; Tasker and Clark.
Fancy Goods.— J. M. Bowon It Co.
Fire Arms.— B. Kitbridge & Co.
Fire Bricks— Maurer A Weber.
Gardon Seeds, etc— D. LAudreth It Sons.
Grocers.— Baskerville, Sherman It Co.
Hotels —Exchange Hotel, Bamet House
Hardware, etc.— G. Wolfe Bruce ; C. H. Slocoodi ;
Cboate & Co. ; OrgiU, Bxoe. fc Co. ; E. Rob-
bins 8t Bradley.
Insurance Companies.- £toa ; Accidental ; Stat«,
MaKhville.
Iron Railings, etc—Robert Wood fc Co.; W. P.
Hood.
Iron Safes.— Herring It Co.
Jewelry, etc.— Tiffany It Co. ; Ball, BUu^ k. Co.
Lawyers.— Ward & Jones ; H. C- Myeis.
Liquors.- L. L. Burrell k, Co*
Loan Agency.— Department Business, oU.— Na-
tional Bank of Metropolis.
Machinery, Steam. Engines, Saw Mills, Carding,
Spinning and Weaving, etc— Bndesbnrg Maa-
ulacturing Company, Jacob B.Schenck : Puole
& Hum : Smith & Sayre : Jus. A. Robuison ;
Oc'u. Pago & Co. : Edmund M. Ivcns ; Lane k.
Bodley ; Joseph Harrison, Jr. ; J. £. Steven-
son. J. H. Duval ; Wood It Mauu.
Mill Stones.- J, Bradford & Co.
Military Equipment8.—J. M. Migeod k. Son.
Medicines, etc.— Brnndreth's ; Dr. W. E. Mcr-
wm ; Kadway k Co. ; Tarrant It Co.
Musical Instruments.— F. Zogbaum k Fairchild ;
Sonutagg k Bcggs.
Masonic Emblems — B. T. Haywaid
Nurseries.- Ellwaiiger It Barry.
Organs— Parlur, etc— Pcloubet, Pelton It Co.
Paint, etc.— Pecora Lead and Color Company.
Patent Limbs.— W. Selpho It Son.
Pens— R. Estcrbrook & Co. ; Stimpson.
Perfumers.— C. T. Lodge.
Pianos.— W. Kiiabe It Co. ; Stodard.
Photographers.— Brady ; HalL
Rop«.— J. T. Douglas.
Scales — Fairbanks It Co.
Straw Goods.— Bost wick, Sabin k Clark.
Steamships.— James Connoly k Co. ; LivimestoD,
Fox & Co. , »^ »«-,
Statiobers.- Francis k Loutrel ; E. R. Wagener.
Soap, Starch, etc.— B. T. Babbit.
Southtsru Bilturs, etc.-C H. Ebbcrt It Co.
Sewing Machines.— Singer k Co ; Finkle It Lyon.
Steel.— Sanderson Brothers & Co.
Silver and Plated Ware — Windin It Co. ; Wm.
Wilson It Son. W. Gale, Jr.
Tobacco Dealers, etc — Dohan, Carroll & Co.
Tin Ware.— S. J. Hare It Co. ; J. B. Duval It Son.
Tailors.- Derby k Co.; Harlem k Co.
Universities and Law Schools.
Wirn Work Railings, etc — M Walker It Sons.
Washing Machines and Wringers and Mangles — r
R. C. Browning ; Jno. Ward k Co. ; Oakey lb
Keating. Robt Duncan.
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SOCTHERN ESTATES IX THE MARKET.
667
SOUTHERN ESTATES IN THE MARKET.
W. T. Withers, of Jackson, Miss., who is
one of the most reliable gentlemen in the
Soath, and one whose statements it gives us
pleasure to indorse, has issued a pamphlet
containing a list of over 100 ^ne Southern
estates which have been placed in his hands
for tale. We condense from the pamphlet a
few facts in regard to each estate, but tall in-
formation will be fiirnished bjr Mr. Withers
whenever addressed npon the subject. His
references are the best in the country, and
will be forwarded when desired. Ue proposes
to purchase and sell estaU'S, and will guaran-
tee satisfaction. Will examine titles and pre-
paie papers, and aid in obtaining the most
satisfactory superintendents and managers for
estates. Northern capitalist) thny feel bafe in
his hands.— EDrroB.
1. Plantation in Madison parish, Louisiana,
1800 acres, 1100 uf which cleared and ready
for cultivation. Splendid improvemuuts ; ad-
mirable for stock-raising. Price $60,000,
half cash. The owner would prefer a part-
nership with some one haviug money.
2. Plantation in the same parish, 2698
acres, of which 800 well cleared and 200 more
deadened, das produced three bales to acre.
Good improvcmeuts. Frlue $80,UOU; worth
$140,000 before war. Ualf inicresi would be
sold.
8. Plantation, M&dison county. Miss., near
Canton, 2690 acres, of which lloo in cultiva-
tion. Excellent buildings, etc House cost
$22,500 in 1S0O. Laborers nuw on the phice.
Price $10 per acre, cash.
6. Plantation same county, iSve miles from
Canton, 850 acres, 6oO opened; good im-
provemeuls. $7 per acre.
6. Pluniation came county, 1450 acres, 1150
cleared aud in cultivation ; Jine improvements*
hor&eh unit uiher agricultural siook,and laborers
on the place. Price $88,000, of which $20,000
cash.
7. Plantation in Warren county, Miss.,
three miles from Yicksburg, 1500 acres, 700
acres cleared. Magulficent place, secure from
high water. Price $80 per acre, $15,000 cash.
8. Volley Plantation. Tazoo county. Miss.
1700 acres, of which 800 are cleared. Place
now occupied by Northern lessees. Splendid
estate. Price $87 per acre in instalments.
9. Plantation, Benton county. Miss., five
miles from Benton, 1597 acres, 7oO clear«d.
Price $7 per acre, half cash.
10. Plantation on Yazoo River, near Sartatla,
1800 acrets 250 in cultivation ; splendid wood
land; good houses. Price $12.60 per acre,
cash.
11. Plantation, Sunflower county, Miss,
1090 acres, 500 cleared and deadened; good
shipping point and Improvements. Place now
worked; $15peracre, half cash.
12. Valley Plantation, adjoining Greenwood,
on the Yazoo, Miss., 1560 acres, 450 in culti-
vation ; fine improvements. Now rented at
$10 per acre. Price $40 per aero, half cash.
14. Phintation, Sunflower county. Miss., four
miles from Tallahatchie, 2700 acres, 400
cleared. $10 per acre.
15. Same county, 840 acres, half cleared.
Price $40 per acre.
16. Same county, 2160 acres, 1800 cleared or
deadened. Laborers on the place. Excellent
stock and improvements. Price $78,500, half
cash. Magnincent place.
17. Same county, 1200 acres, half cleared, and
above overflow. Price $60,000, half down.
18. Plantation, thirteen miles above Yazoo
City, Miss., 1640 acres. 500 cleared, and above
overflow. Price $40,000, half cash.
19. Splendid estate on Yaxoo, Holmes county,
Miatw, »,500 acres, 1800 opened and now nndcr
cultivation ; free from overflow ; madiinery
run by stoaui. Excellent improvements of all
kinds. PricM) $100,000. Laborers on the
place.
21. Plantation on Tensas River, La., Madi-
son parish, 1000 acres, 800 cleared. Sold lor
$60 gold before the war. Price now $80groen-
badu per acre.
22. Plantation, Carroll parish, La., 2000
acres, half cleared, good house, well drained.
Price $80 per acre.
25. Plantation, Chicot county. Ark., eight
miles from the Missisbippi, 14U0 acres, one-
tntrd cleared and Improved. Price $18 per
acre, cash. Prefers to sell half interest.
26. Pluuuiti on, sixteen miles from Grenada,
Miss., 650 uereb, one-third cleared. Price $12
per acre.
27. PhuiUttion, nine miles from Grenada
570 acres, 400 cleared. Price $8500, half cash.
28. Piuntatlon, Carroll county. Miss., two
miles from railroad, 1179 acreh, half cleared
and in cultivation. Excellent improvements.
Corn and saw-mill, etc Price 1^15 per acre,
half cash.
29. Plantation, Carroll county, two and a
hall miles from Vaiden, lb4o acres, 400 cleared.
Price $14 per acre.
80. Plantation, Carroll county, 800 acres,
800 cleared. IMee $6 per acre.
81. Plantation, Carroll cotmty, 1440 acres,
800 cleared. Price $5.50 per acre gold.
82. Plantation, Carroll county, near Duck
Uiil, 1400 acres, 6oO cleared. iUcellent Im-
provements ; laborers ou place. Price $20 per
acre.
85. Plantation, Madison county, Miss^ 1120
acres, nearly all cleared. Splendid Improve-
ments. House cost $10,000 in gold. Prico for
place $80,000.
86. Plantation, Hinds county, Miss., 1700
acres, 600 cleared. Price $15 per acre.
87. Plantation, Hinds county. Miss., 820
acres, mostly cleared. (Sold cheap.)
40. Phintation in Hinds county, Miss., six
miles west of JadMon, containing 560 acres
850 cleared. Price $10 per acre, all cosh.
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SOUTHERN. ESTATES IN THE MARKET.
42. PlanUtlnn In Holmes county, MlM.,
oontaining 755 acres, 400 acres opoi# Price
$5 per acre, in gold, all down.
48. Nnmber one cotton plantation In TTolmes
coanty. Miss., containing 2800 acres, 600 acres
cleared. Price $25 iwr acre. The owner pro-
fera to sell a capitalist one-half interest
45. Plantation in Tallabusba countr, Miss.,
containing 888 acres, 800 acres clearea. Price
$8.50 per acre.
46. Planlhtion in Warren oonnty, Miss., ten
ml les east of Yleksbnrg, containing 240 acres
of very rich upland, 140 acres cleared. Price
$16 per acre.
47. Plantation In Glalbomo eonnty. Miss.,
contaiBlng 2000 acres of choice land. Price
$25 per acre.
48. Plantation adjoining the above, contain-
ing 660 acres. Price $15 per acre.
49. Plantation in Adams eonnty, Miss.,
twelve miles from Natchez, 1500 acres. 900
acres cleared. Fencing in good repair. Price
$25,000, in payments.
60. Mississippi Yalley plantation, on Tensas
River, In Concordia pariah, La., 2607 acres,
600 of which are clenred. Price $25 per aero.
51. Plantation on Tensas River. In Concor-
dia parish. La., 1688 acres, 1400 acr<^s cleared
and ready for cultivation. This plaoe will be
leased.
52. Plantation in the same vicinity, contain-
ing 810d*cres, 1800 acres ready for cnlllvatlon,
with vetf fine steam gin and mill. This place
will be leased very low to a responsible ten-
ant.
58. Plantation fironting on the Mississippi
River, in Isaquena county. Miss. 796 acres.
This plaoe was not aff«>ctc(l by the high water
of 1865-66. Price $80,000.
54. Plantation on the Yazoo River, four
miles below Yazoo City, containing 1310 acres,
450 cleared, and 250 acres deadened. Price
$85 per acre.
55. A very fine Mississippi Yalley planta-
tion, fifteen miles west of Yazoo City, Miss.,
oontaining 1108 acres, 300 acres In cultivation,
200 acres more deadened. Price $21 per acre,
cash.
56. Yalley plantation In Washington county,
^•l|U|2^ontalnlng 1600 acres, 600 acres opened
ifflHn^or cultivation. Fetec $30 per acre.
5^ Plantation and wood-yard on the Missis-
sippi River, in Washington county, containing
d!0O acres, 400 acres cleared. Price $20 per
acre, cash.
53. Plantation on the bank of Rod River, in
the State of La., containing 2500 acres, 1250
acres in a fine state of cttltlvation. This place
has on it 100 good ha^ds, who are attached to
the plaoe, and most ef them will remain.
Only an InUrest of five-elgUJ^s Is offered for
sale. "^
60. Plantation In Noxubee county. Miss.,
containing 480 acres of very choice cotton
land, 800 acres In cultivation. Price $15 per
acre. /
61. Plantation In Kemper county. Miss.,
containing 1750 acres, 1000 acres cleared and
under good fence. Price $14 per acre in gold
or silver.
62. A strictly first-class cotton plantation
in Mississippi, twenty-one miles west of the
city of Columbus. Miss., containing MlTf
acres, ItOO acres open for cultivation. Price
$84,000, cash.
63. Prairie plantation In Lowndes county »
Miss., containing 872 acres, with 80 acres ad-
dltlooal, detached from the main tract, 800
acres in cultivation. Price $10,0(H).
64. Plantation near Brandon, Mlss^ contain-
ing 560 acres, 200 acres cleared. Price $8 par
acre ca.nh. ^
B&. Small plantation, four miles south of
Brandon, containing 160 acres. Price $10 per
acre.
67. Plantation in Simpson county, 900 acres,
800 cleared, the rest heavily timbered with
pine and other valuable timber. Price $8 per
acre.
68. Fine plantation in Madison countj*
Miss., containing 987 acres, 575 acres cleared
and now in cultivation. Price for the entire
property $17,500 cash. This is a productive
and very desirable cotton plantation, and haa
much over an average crop on It this season.
69. Choice cotton plantation, adjoining the
town of Vernon, In Madison county, Hisa.,
containing 1555 acres, sbont 900 acrea cleared,
and most of it In cultivation this season. Prko
$12 per acre.
70. Plantation In Madison county. Miss.,
throe miles north-west of Canton, the county
seat, containing 1800 acres, about 900 acres
cleared. Price $15 per acre, in p.iymonta.
71. Plantation in Madison county. Miss.,
Immediately on the line of the New Orleans
and Jackson Railroad, two miles south of
Cnnton, containing 1000 acres, 700 cleared-
Price $15 per acre.
72. Plantation In Madison county. Miss.,
three miles from Madison Station, oimtainlng
1466 acres, about 1000 acres cleared, the rest
finely timbered. Price $16 per acre.
78. PlantaUon on Big Black River, in AtUla
county, Miss., one and a half miles fh>m Good-
man Station, on Mississippi Central Railroad.
2000 acres, 800 acres of open land, almost all
bottom land. Price $ 10 per acre, cash.
75. Plantation in Carroll county. Miss., six
miles from Valden Station, on the Mississippi
Central Railroad, 1600 acres of productive
land, 600 acres cleared and in cultivation this
season. Freedmen on the place to work it,
and have remained on It during the war.
Price $10 per acre.
77. Plantation io Holmes ooanty. Miss.
Price $7.50 per acre in gold.
78. Plantation In Yazoo county. Miss., six
miles fh>m Yanghan^s Station, on the Mlsftls*
slppl Central Railroad, 1040 aore^ 650 acres
cleared and under good fences. Price $8 per
acre.
79. Plantation lying on both sldoa of the
Mississippi Central Railroad, at Yaugban's
SUtlon, conUining 2000 acres, 800 acres clear-
ed. Price $12 per acre.
80. PlnnUtion in Yazoo county, Mlsa., twelvo
miles from Yanghan's SUtion, and seventeen
miles from Yazoo City, O40 acres, 400 acres
cleared. Price $20 per acre.
61. Plantation on Big Black River, in Yazoo
county, Miss., containing 2800/<M»e^ 1100
cleared. Price $15 per acre In gold.
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