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HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 

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i,     ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 

VOL  IL^  (REVIVED  SERIES.) 


JUNE    TO    DECEMBER,   1866. 


The  Old  Series  of  the  work  has  its  appropriate  Index  to  each  vol.,  aud  at  the 
end  of  the  tenth  and  twelfth  yolnmes. 


Aiken,  S.  C.  42. 

Abolitionism— Its  Safcidal  Policy,  517. 

Arkannas—Its  Inviting  Fields,  402, 

*•      Its  Climate,  Soil,  Productions,  Lands, 

Indacements  to  Sfttlers,  Ac,  404. 
Alabama  and  her  Resources,  882. 
Arts,  Progress  of,  2. 
Aristocracies  of  America,  461. 
American  Commerce — Progress  and  Develop • 

meet,  181,  226,  419. 
American  Pisherfes  and  tbeir  Statistics,  470. 

Black  and  White  Labor  at  the  South,  94. 
Banking  System — Proposed  for  the  South,  150. 
B/oekade.  230. 
Brazil,  Character  of  the  Country,  81. 

**      Lands  and  Improvements,  82. 

"      A  Refuge  for  Southern  Planters,  80. 
British  Americans  Distinguished  in  History, 

11. 
British  Policy— Its  Triumph  in  Regard  to  Cot- 
ton, 509. 
Bultrer's  Novels,  159. 
Book  NoUces,  106,  219,  881,  446,  557. 

Canada— Early  Inhabitants  of,  12. 

Cotton  Resonrces  of  the  South,  Present  and 

Putnre,  182. 
Cotton  Planters'  Association,  680. 
Cotton— What  are  the  Prospects  of  the  Supply 

In  Future?  494. 
Cotton  Growing- Foreign  Competition  In,  293. 

*'      Crops  of  the  South,  800. 

**      Cost  by  Free  LalK>r,  800. 

**      Supply  for  1866, 802. 

**      Supply— Sources  of  the  British,  81. 

"      Crop  of  18«6,  88. 

"      Consumption  of  Europe,  148. 

•*      Costof(;ultivatlon,  76.  ^ 

"      Impolicy  of  Taxing  it,  76, 

**      Crop  in  Texas,  79. 

**  '^      Mississippi,  210. 

**     Trade  of  the  South   and  the  Excise 
Laws,  527. 

"     Trade  of  New  Orieans,  416. 

*-      and  Emancipation,  609. 

"      Consuming  and  Producing  Countries, 

Currency— Confederate,  SIS. 

Chinese  Arts,  8. 

Clay,  Henry- His  Monnment,  Ac,  107. 

ClTllization,  War  and  Commerce,  256. 

Coal  and  Iron  of  Alabama,  89. 

Coal  Statistic",  865. 

**    Production  and  Consumption  oil  820. 
Cholera,  888. 

Commerce,  American— Its  Progress  and  De- 
velopment, 181,  226,  449. 
Commerce,  War  and  Civilization,  256. 
Census  in  Ancient  Times,  5. 


Census  of  the  United  States,  290. 
Congress  and  the  President,  461. 
Coofled,  a  Substitute  for  Negroes,  215. 
Conservatism  and  Radicalism,  172. 
Charleston— Interna\  Improvements  of,  814. 

**  Commerce  oi;  422. 

Cincinnati— Commercial  Movements  o^  89. 
Cod  Fishery,  471. 
Crusades,  117.  w  . 

Climates  of  the  South,  278. 
Confederacy— Times  in,  570.  ' 
Confederate  Money  and  Prices,  576. 
Ceesar— Napoleon's  Life  of,  682. 
Commerce  of  New  Orleans,  645. 
Cincinnati  Commerce,  646. 

Direct  Foreign  Trade  at  the  South,  285. 
De  Witt,  John— Life  and  Times  of;  236. 
Davis,  Jefferson— His  Prison  Life,  221. 
Discovery — Progress  of,  1. 

European  Finances,  1S8. 
Electricity— History  of  the  Science,  6. 
Education— Colleges  of  the  South,  429. 
Education  at  Home  and  the  Home  Circle,  49. 
Educational  Establishments  at  the  South,  535. 
Editorial  Notices,  106,  219,  881,  446,  557. 
Emancipation  and  Cotton,  500. 
Emancipation— Effects   in  Foreign  Colonies, 

522. 
Editorial— Book  Notices,  Ac,  662. 

Freedmen  at  the  South,  489. 
Freedman's  Bureau — Atrocities  of,  98. 
Freedmen— Education  of,  94-5. 
Freedman's  Bureau — Operations  of,  846. 
Freedmen- Religious  Instruction  of,  96. 
Freedmen— Education  of,  811. 

"       Schools  at  the  South,  812. 
"       Southern  State  Laws  regarding,  809. 
Fisheries  of  the  United  States,  471. 

**       American,  227. 
Fruits  at  the  South,  26S. 
Finances  of  Europe,  188. 
Foreign  Travel— Sketches  oil  408,  504. 
*'  "  251. 

"  "  27. 

Fictions— Inimortal,  455. 
Firearms — Introduction  of,  4. 
Florida— Past,  Present  and  Future,  8S2. 

^       Soil,  Climate  and  Productions,  892. 
Fernandlna,  Florida,  869. 
Fenner,  I>r.  E.  D.,  Obituary,  109. 
Foreign  Travel,  577. 
Freedmen— State  Laws  at  South  regarding, 

689. 

Government — Origin  ot,  896. 

Grain  Crops  of  the  Country,  58L 

Grain  Products  of  the  United  SUtes,  79. 


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IV 


INDEX. 


Galveston  Commerce,  64<S. 

Home  Edocation,  49. 

Home  Msnufactiirei  at  the  South,  84. 

Herring  Fishery,  471. 

Hyde  Park,  England,  418. 

Iron  and  Goal  of  Alabama,  SI 
Iron  StaUstfcs  of  the  United  States,  881. 
Iron  and  Goal  of  Alabama,  84. 
Inyention~>Progre88  oi;  8. 
Immlgranta  to  Soath,  644. 

Journal  of  the  War,  67, 189,  829, 480, 687. 

Kentnokyz-Indncement  to  Settlers,  217. 

Loalsville—Commcroe  of,  202. 
loulsvillo  and  Us  Future  Prospects,  8fl. 
Longworth's  Wine  Cellars,  10«. 
LoQlsiana— Her  Vast  Resources  and  Future 

Wealth,  274. 
Louisiana  Sugar  Interests,  804. 
Lumber  Business  at  the  South,  201. 
Languages— Modern,  605. 

Janufactures  in  Mississippi,  Sia 
anufectures  in  South  Oai-ollnn^  43. 
emphis— lu  Progress,  819. 
*^  Its  Statistics,  680. 

.       *'  Prosperity  o/,  202. 

Mississippi  Blver— Improvement  ot  878. 
Mississippi  Cotton  Crop.  210. 
Missouri— Immigrants,  Mineral  Wealth,  Coal, 
Soil,  Productions,  Public  Lands,  Tobacco, 
Hemp,  Vineyards,  Timber,  Grasses,  &c~ 
491. 

Massachusetts  Slave  Trade,  296. 
Mackerel  Fishery,  478. 
Medicine  in  Ancient  Times,  7. 
Mineral  Kesources  of  Tennesse,  620. 
Manufactures  ot  South,  642. 
MoMlo  Commerce,  015. 
Mem|»hl8  and  its  Progress,  647. 

National  Debt  a  National  Blessing,  899. 

Negro— Justice  to,  91. 

Northern  and^uthern  Political  Systems,  461. 

Jliihvllle  and  Its  Projected  Eailroads,  97. 

Nashville— Its  Condition,  427. 

Norfolk  and  the  Great  West,  682. 

Norfolk.  Va.— Its  Great  Advantages,  64. 

New  Orleans  Commission  Merchants,  629. 
**  Manufactures,  8& 

**  Mechanics'  Fairs.  108. 

**  Commerce  ot^  418. 

Nashville,  Wealth  and  Resources,  6ia 

New  Orleans  Commerce,  646. 

Ocean  Telegraphic  Cable,  881. 
Old  Maids  and  Bachelors,  2$a 

Petroleum— Element  of  National  Wealth,  208. 

Property  Title  in  the  South  as  AlTocted  by  the 
War,  128. 

Prisoners  of  War  in  Confederacy,  219. 

Prices  during  the  Late  War  in  the  Confed- 
eracy, 63. 

Port  Boyal,  S.  C,  819. 

Pointing— History  ot,  10. 

Potomac— Swinton's  Army  ot  892. 

Poetry  of  the  War  at  the  South,  69. 

Piano-forte  Manufactory  of  Knabe  &  Co.,  71. 

Produce  Loan  Office,  Confed.  Sutes,  8^  656. 

Rice  Proepects  of  the  South,  426. 
Bice  Lands  of  the  South,  80. 


Radical  Leaders— Talk  with,  887. 
Radicalism  and  Age  of  Reason,  492. 

**  in  Congress,  461. 

Railroads  of  South  Oarollna,  814. 
Virginia,  682. 

^  Southern  Pacific,  207. 

"  Spirit  of  Memphis,  207. 

*"  of  Memphi^  208. 

**  Mobile  and  Ohio,  209. 

ofS.  Louis,  817. 

**  Southern  Road  of  Mississippi,  817 

**  Tennessee  Pacific,  818. 

**  South  Carolina,  104. 

**  Charleston  and  North-west,  lOOi 

"  ofNew  Orleans,  106. 

Radical  and  Conservative  War,  661. 
Railroad  History  and  Results,  609. 
Rice  Crop  of  1666,  «11. 

Sewing  Machines,  2ia 
Sandwich  Islands,  69. 
Statistics  of  American  Commerce.  460. 
Silk  Culture  in  South  Carolina,  263. 
Stevens,  Thaddeuaand  the  Radicals,  467. 
Salmon  Fishery.  479. 
Steamboat  Accidents  In  tlie  West,  808. 
Stamp  Dutie^  U.  S.,  208. 
Slave  Trade  of  Massachusetts,  996. 
Savannah— Commerce  of,  426. 
South  Carolina— Her  Inviting  Resources,  88. 
**  Lands  and  Improvements,  89. 

"  Inducements  to  Immigrants,  40. 

.    "  Future  of,  262. 

Sugar  Trade  of  New  Orleans,  416. 

"^     Interests  of  Louisiana,  804. 

"     Cultivation  In  Florida,  803. 
St  Louis— Growth  of;  806.  «<« 
Southern  People— Their  History  and  Status, 

Southern  Virtues— Before  and  Since  the  War, 

146. 
Sonth's  Protest  against  the  Radicala,  887. 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  686. 
Soothem  Rice  FieId^  80. 
Southern  Property  TiUee,  123. 
Southern  and  Northern  Political  Systems,  461. 
Southern  Foreign  Trade,  28& 

Tournament— History  of,  114. 

Tower,  Loiidon,  604. 

Tennessee  Laws  in  regard  to  Freedom,  809. 

Tobacco  Trade  of  New  Orieans,  419. 

Tobacco  Growth  and  Prospects,  804. 

Texas — Crops  of,  276. 

Texas  Cotton  Fields,  18S. 

Tennetsee— Character  and  Resources  ot,  616. 


Universities  and  Colleges  of  the  South,  429. 
Univereity  of  Virginia,  685. 
United  sutes  Grain  Production,  79. 
United  States  Census,  I860, 296u 

Virginia— New  Spirit  and  Development  of,  58 

Vii^nia  Gold  Mines,  85. 

Vicksburg,  Miss.,  218. 

Vine  Culture  In  South  Carolina,  44. 

Westminster  Abbey,  178, 251. 

West  India  Emancipation— Its  Results,  628. 

White  Labor  in  Louisiana,  288. 

War,  American,  1860-65— Journal  of,  57. 189, 

822, 480,  587. 
Wine  Producing  Countries,  Europe  and  United 

sutes,  890. 
Wines— Production  of,  in  South  Carolina,  45. 
War— Journal  of  the,  649. 


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after  the  mr  eerie*  T.a.no.l   July  1866 


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DE  BOW'S   REVIEW. 


ESTABLISHED    JANUARY,    184«. 


AUGUST.    1866. 


ART.  I.-THE  TOURNAMENT. 

*'  Where  throng^  of  knights  and  barons  bold, 

In  weeds  of  pence  high  triumphs  hold. 

With  store  of  ladies,  whose  bright  eyes 

Rain  influence,  and  judge  the  prize 

Of  wit  or  arms,  while  both  contend 

To  win  her  grace  whom  all  commend." 

irttt<m'«  VAlUgro. 
"  Le  donne,  i  cavalier,  Tarme,  gli  amori 

Le  cortesie,  Taudaci  imprese  io  canto. 

Arioito, 

It  is  not  known  with  certainty  at  what  time  the  tournament 
came  into  vogue.     Some  historians  think  that  it  was  derived 
from  the  Arabians,  but  the  general  opinion  is  that  it  was  of 
Teutonic  origin.    The  French  word  tournois  (tour,  tourner, 
tournament)  would  seem  to  indicate  that  although  that  mercu- 
rial and  pleasure-loving  jNBople  did  not  invent  this  gay  amuse- 
ment, it  was  very  soon  >t3opted  by  them ;  for  it  was  from  a 
French  nobleman  named  Godfrey  de  Preuilly  that  we  have  re- 
ceived the  earliest  account  of  the  rules  by  which  the  tourna- 
ment was  conducted.     The  custom,  however,  was  soon  intro- 
duced into  all  parts  of  Europe  as  the  herald  of  civilization. 
They^i/^^  differed  from  the  tournament  in  this  particular,  that 
it  was  a  combat  between  two  knights,  while  tournaments  were 
performed   between    two  parties  of  cavaliers.       The  joust  a 
Voutrance  was  a  serious  affair — a  fight  to  the  death — whereas 
the  joust  a  plaisance  was  a  mere  pastime,  which  usually  took 
place  after  the  conclusion  of  the  tournament.     The  passage  of 
arms  was  somewhat  different  from  the  others.     A   party  of 
knights  assembled  at  a  public  place  appointed  for  this  especial 
purpose,  and  hunff  up  th?ir  shields  of  various  colors,  which  was 
touched  by  the  knight  who  wished  to  engage  any  one  with 
VOL.  II. — NO.  II.  8 


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114  THE  TOURNAMENT. 

whom  he  preferred  to  enjoy  the  sport.  But  the  tournament  »wa8 
the  most  popular  of  these  kinds  of  exhibitions. 

From  the  histories  which  we  have  read  (and  their  name  is 
legioti)of  this  amusement,  we  learn  that  it  was  conducted  in  this 
manner.  The  spot  fixed  upon  for  the  lists  was  in  the  immedi- 
ate neighborhood  of  sonne  abbey  or  castle,  where  the  shields  of 
the  various  cavaliers  who  purposed  combating  were  exposed 
to  view  previous  to  the  meeting.  A  herald  was  also  placed  be- 
neath the  cloisters  to  answer  all  questions  concerning  the  cham- 
fions,  and  to  receive  complaints  against  any  individual  knight, 
f  the  king  at  arms  and  the  judges  found  him  guilty  of  dishon- 
orable conduct,  he  was  forcibly  and  conteirptuously  ejected 
from  the  lists. 

Eound  about  the  field  appointed  for  the  spectacle  were  raised 
galleries,  scaffoldings,  tents  and  pavilions,  decorated  with  all 
the  magnificence  of  a  luxurious  age.  Banners  and  escutcheons, 
silks  and  cloth  of  gold  covered  the  galleries  and  floated  around. 
Heralds  and  pursuivants,  youth  and  beauty,  rich  garments  and 

})recious  stones  fluttered  and  flashed  about,  while  bands  of  war- 
ike  music  were  stationed  near  to  animate  the  contest  and  to 
salute  the  victors.  The  knights  as  they  appeared  in  the  lists 
were  greeted  by  the  people  and  the  heralds  according  to  their 
renown  ;  but  the  approbation  of  the  female  part  of  the  specta- 
tors was  the  great  stimulus  to  all  the  chivalry  of  the  field. 
Each  knight,  as  a  part  of  his  duty,  eitlier  felt  or  feigned  himself 
in  love,  and  it  was  upon  these  occasions  that  his  ladye-love 
might  descend  from  the  high  state  to  which  the  mystic  adora- 
tion of  the  day  had  raised  her,  and  bestow  upon  her  favorite 
champion  a  glove,  a  riband,  a  bracelet,  a  jewel,  and  sometimes 
even  a  garter  {honi  soil  qui  mat  y  peme\  which,  borne  on  his 
crest  through  the  hard  contested  field,  was  the  chief  object  of 
his  care  and  the  great  excitement  to  his  valor.  One  of  the 
old  chroniclers  states  that  '*  the  ladies  so  stripped  themselves  of 
their  ornaments  that  they  went  their  way  bareheaded,  with 
their  long  disheveled  locks  floating  down  on  their  shoulders, 
more  glossy  than  fine  gold,  and  with  their  robes  without 
sleeves — hoods,  mantles  and  shiffs  having  been  all  given  to 
their  knights.  "When  they  all  found  themselves  undressed  to 
such  a  pitch  they  were  at  first  quite  ashamed,  but  as3  soon  as 
they  discovered  that  all  were  in  the  same  predicament  they  be- 
gan to  laugh  at  the  whole  adventure." 

The  heralds  animated  the  ardor  -of  the  combatants  by  ex- 
claiming, "  the  love  of  ladies,"  "death  to  the  horses,"  *' honor 
to  the  brave,"  while  as  each  blow  of  the  lance  or  sword  struck 
home,  they  were  greeted  by  the  loud  acclamations  of  the  spec- 
tators.    The  weapons  were  generally  blunted  swords  and  head- 


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THS  TOURNAMENT.  115 

less  spears,  and  sometimes  daggers  and  battle  axes.  After  the 
sport  was  concluded,  the  champion  whose  achievements  were 
most  admired,  had  a  jewel,  a  coronet  of  flowers  or  laurel  be- 
stowed upon  him  by  the  chosen  queen  of  the  field.  The  award 
implied  a  right  to  one  kiss  from  the  lips  of  the  lady  appointed 
to  D^tow  the  prize.  They  then  retired  to  their  castles,  where 
they  were  entertained  by  songs  of  troubadour,  vagrant  min- 
strels, jugglers  and  story-tellers,  "  The  foundation  of  tale  and 
song  was  chivalry,  the  objects  of  all  praise  were  noble  deeds 
and  heroic  actions,  and  the  very  voice  of  love  and  tenderness, 
instead  of  seducing  to  sloth  and  effeminacy,  was  heard  prompt- 
ing to  activity,  to  enterprise  and  to  honor — to  the  defence  of 
virtue  and  the  search  of  glory." 

Although  the  amusement  was  not  always  followed  by  serious 
consequences,  yet  it  sometimes  happened  that  the  combatants 
were  severely  wounded  ;  and  if  the  old  writers  are  to  be  cred- 
ited, many  nobles  and  even  princes  lost  their  lives  in  these  fa- 
tal exercises.*  From  the  comparatively  innocent  pastime  of 
the  tournament  sprang  the  noble  order  of  chi  valric  knighthood. 
The  first  principle  of  chi  valric  honor  was  never  to  violate  an 
engagement.  The  knight  made  a  solemn  vow  to  be  chaste, 
brave,  truthful,  faithful  and  magnanimous.  He  was  a  sworn 
foe  to  vice  and  a  valorous  defender  of  injured  innocence  ;  and 
as  great  power  was  entrusted  to  him,  so  great  shame  and  dis- 
honor would  attend  his  abuse  of  it.  The  enthusiasm  which  was 
excited  in  the  breasts  of  kings  and  priests  to  rescue  the  sepul- 
chre of  the  Saviour  from  the  hands  of  infidels  gave  rise  to  the 
Crusades.  What  to  them  seemed  a  glorious  enterprise  seems 
to  us  now  as  a  kind  of  fanatical  phrensy  ;  but  it  cannot  be  de- 
nied that  it  was  fruitful  of  heroic  deeds.  The  achievements  of 
their  great  leader  of  the  hosts  of  the  cross,  Godfrey  of  Bou- 
logne, have  been  embalmed  in  immortal  verse  by  Tasso,  one 
of  the  greatest  epic  poets  of  modern  times. 

After  capturing  many  cities  in  the  land  of  the  infidels,  and 
suffering  incredible  hardships,  they  at  length  approached  the 
city  of  Jerusalem. 

"  At  Emmaus,"  we  are  informed  by  the  chronicler  of  those  eventfl.f  "  deputies 
arrived  from  the  Christians  in  Bethlehem,  praying  for  immediate  aid  against 
their  iofidel  oppressors.  Tancred  was  in  conseqaence  sent  forward  witli  a  hun- 
dred lancers  ;  but  the  tidings  of  a  deputation  from  Bethlehem  spread  new  and 
strange  sensations  through  the  bosoms  of  the  crusaders.    That  word  Bethlehem , 

*  Heniy  the  Seoond.  of  France,  was  killed  in  a  joost  a  plaisance  with  the  Count  Montgomerl . 
Tbe  drcamatance  la  tniu  related  by  Lord  Bacon  in  his  essay  on  Pbophecixs.  **  When  I  was 
in  France  I  heard  trom  one  Dr.  Pepa  that  the  Qneen  mother,  who  was  given  to  curioas  arts, 
caosed  the  icing's  (her  hnsband^s)  na^vity  to  be  calculated  under  a  fiilse  name :  and  the  astrol- 
oger gave  a  judflrment  that  he  should  be  killed  in  a  duel :  at  which  the  qneen  laughed,  belieT- 
1^  her  hasbana  to  be  above  challenges  and  dnels.  But  ne  tccu  slain  upon  aamrse  at  tiU^  the 
tj^nUn  <^t/u  ttafqf  MorUgameri  going  iH  at  Ais  bM«&r," 
t  Chronloon  Hierosotymatanom 


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116  THE  TOURKAMEJPIT. 

repeated  through  the  camp,  called  up  eo  many  ideas  connected  with  that  sweet 
religion  which,  however  perverted,  was  still  the  thrilling  faith  tif  every  heart 
around.  The  thought  of  their  pi  ozimity  to  the  Saviours  birthplace  banished 
sleep  from  every  eyelid ;  and  before  midni&;ht  was  well  passed  the  whole  host 
was  on  foot  towards  Jerusalem.  It  was  a  lovely  morning,  and  aft«-r  they  had 
wandered  on  for  some  time  in  the  darkness,  the  bun  rushed  into  the  bky  with  the 
glorious  suddenness  of  an  Eastern  dawn,  and  Jerusalem  lay  before  their  eyes. 
The  remembrance  of  all  that  that  mighty  city  had  beheld ;  the  enthu>iasm  of 
faith  ;  the  memorv  of  dangers  and  ills,  and  fafigues  and  privations  endured  and 
conquered  ;  the  fulfillment  of  hope,  the  gratification  of  long  desire,  the  end  of 
fear  and  doubt,  combined  in  every  bosom  to  call  up  the  sublime  of  joy.  The 
name  was  echoed  b  v  a  thousand  tongues — Jeru^aletn  /  Jerusalem  f  Some  shout- 
ed to  the  sky,  some  knelt  and  prayed,  si»me  wept  in  silence,  and  some  cast  them- 
selves down  and  kissed  the  blessed  earth." 

After  the  city  had  been  invested  on  all  sides  the  attack  was 
begun.  The  great  leaders  of  the  expedition,Godfrey,Tancred,the 
Duke  of  Normandy,  and  Kobert  of  Flanders,  by  a  vigorous  effort 
carried  the  barbican  and  reached  the  wall.  After  a  long  and 
desperate  conflict,  in  which  the  Christians  and  the  Saracens 
were  alternately  successful,  night  came  on  and  the  battle  was 
still  undecided.  On  the  next  morning  the  struggle  was  renew- 
ed with  almost  superhuman  valor  on  both  sides.  About  noon 
a  soldier  was  suddenly  seen  on  Mount  Olivet,  waving  on  the 
Crusaders  to  follow.  This  sight  raised  the  fainting  hopes  of 
the  Christians.  They  saw,  or  thought  they  saw,  figures  clothed 
in  whit©  raiment,  and  mounted  on  white  horses,  coming  to  their 
aid  over  the  mountains.  The  tower  of  Godfrey  was  rolled  up 
till  it  touched  the  wall,  the  movable  bridge  was  let  down,  and 
a  knight  sprang  upon  the  parapet^  and  the  banner  of  the  cross 
announced  to  the  anxious  eyes  of  tne  army  that  Christians  stood 
upon  the  battlements  of  Jerusalem. 

Forthwith  from  the  glittering  staff  unfurled 
The  imperial  ensign,  which  &11  hi^h  advanced, 
Sh«me  like  a  meteor  streaming  to  Uie  wind, 
With  gems  and  golden  I^^tre  rich  emblazed 
Seraphic  arms  and  trophies ;  all  the  while 
Sonorous  metal  blowing  martial  sounds ; 
At  which  the  universal  host  up  sent 
A  shout. 

All  in  a  moment  through  the  gloom  were  seen 
Ten  thousand  banners  rise  into  the  air, 
With  orient  colors  waving  :  with  them  rose 
A  forest  huge  of  spears ;  and  thronging  helms 
Appeared,  and  serried  shields  in  thick  array 
Of  depth  immeasurable.'' 

Godfrey  was  soon  after  proclaimed  King  of  Jerusalem,  but 
it  is  said  that  he  declined  to  receive  a  golden  crown,  exclaiming 
as  he  turned  his  eyes  toward  Calvary,  **  It  would  ill  become 
me  to  be  crowned  with  a  diadem  of  cold  in  sight  of  that  spot 
where  my  blessed  Saviour  was  crucified  with  a  crown  of  thorns 
upon  His  head." 


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THB  TOURNAMENT.  117 

The  graphic  pen  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  must  be  called  into  re- 
quisition to  present  a  vivid  picture  of  a  combat  a  Voutrance  in 
the  days  of  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion,  when  chivalry,  brutality 
and  cruelty  seemed  to  have  attained  their  highest  perfection. 
We  allude  to  the  fight  between  the  Templar,  Sir  Brian  de  Bois- 
Gnilbertand  Wilfred  of  Ivanhoe. 

"  *  Rebecca/  snid  the  Templar, '  think  upon  thine  own  fate — to  die  the  dread- 
ful death  of  the  worst  of  criminals — to  be  consumed  upon  a  blazing  pile.' 
*  Bois  Guilbert/  answered  the  Jewess,  *  thou  knowest  not  the  heart  of  woman, 
or  hast  only  conversed  with  those  who  are  lost  to  her  best  feelings.  I  tell  thee, 
proud  Templar,  that  not  in  thy  fiercest  battles  hast  thou  displayed  more  of  thy 
Taunted  courage  than  has  been  shown  by  a  woman  when  called  upon  to  suffer 
by  affectioti  or  duty.  \  am  myself  a  woman,  tenderly  nurtured,  naturally  fear- 
ful of  danger,  and  impatient  of  pain,  yet,  when  we  enter  those  fatal  lists,  I 
to  suffer  and  thou  to  fight,  I  feel  the  strong  assurance  within  me  that  my  courage 
shall  mount  higher  than  thine.  Farewell,  1  waste  no  more  words  on  thee ;  the 
time  that  remains  on  earth  to  the  daughter  of  Jacob  must  be  otherwise  spent; 
she  must  seek  the  Comforter,  who  may  hide  His  face  from  Hi^  people,  but  who 
ever  opens  His  ear  to  the  cry  of  those  who  seek  him  in  sincerity  and  truth.' 
»  »  *  » 

"  The  Judges  had  now  been  two  hours  in  the  lists  awaiting  in  vain  the  appear- 
ance of  a  champion.  *  *  *  It  was,  howerer,  the  genenu  belief  that  no  one 
could  or  would  appear  for  a  Jewess  accused  of  sorcery,  and  the  knights,  instigated 
by  Malvoisin.  whispered  to  each  other  th<it  it  was  time  to  declare  tlie  pledge  of 
Rebecca  forfeited.  At  this  instant  a  knis^ht,  urging  his  horse  to  speed,  appeared 
on  the  plain  advancing  towards  the  lists.  A  hundred  voices  exclaimed.  '  A 
champion !  a  champion  ! '  and,  despite  the  prepossessions  and  prejudices  of  the 
multitude,  they  shouted  unnnimousiy  as  the  knight  rode  into  the  tilt  yard.  The 
second  glance,  however,  served  to  destroy  the  hope  that  liis  timely  arrival  had 
excited.  His  horse,  urged  for  many  miles 'to  its  utmost  speed,  appeared  to  reel 
from  fettigue,  and  the  rider,  however  undauntedly  he  presented  oimself  in  the 
lists,  either  from  weakness,  weariness,  or  both,  seemed  scarce  able  to  support 
himself  in  the  saddle. 

''  To  the  summons  of  the  herald,  who  demanded  bis  rank,  his  name  and  pur- 
pose, the  stranger  knight  answered  readily  and  boldly, '  I  am  a  good  knight  and 
noble,  come  hither  to  sustain,  with  lance  and  sword,  the  just  and  lawful  quarrel 
of  this  damsel  Rebecca,  daughter  of  Isaac  of  York,  to  uphold  the  doom  pro- 
nounced against  her  to  be  false  and  truthless,  and  to  defy  Sir  Brian  de  Bois- 
Gnilbert  as  a  traitor,  murderer  and  liar,  as  I  will  prove  in  this  field  with  my 
body  against  his,  by  the  aid  of  God,  of  our  lady,  and  of  Monseigneur  Saint  ^ 
George  the  good  knight.' 

*'  *  The  stranger  must  first  show,'  said  Malvoisin,  *  that  he  is  a  good  knight  and 
of  honorable  lineage.  The  Temple  sendeth  not  forth  her  championH  against 
nameless  men.' 

*' '  My  name,'  said  the  knight,  raising  his  helmet.  *  is  better  known,  my  lineage 
more  pure,  Malvoisin,  than  thine  own.     I  am  Wilfred  of  Ivanhoe.' 

'* '  I  will  not  fight  with  thee  at  present,'  said  the  Templar,  in  a  changed  and 
hollow  voice.  *  Get  thy  wounds  healed,  purvey  thee  a  better  horse,  and  it  may 
be  worth  my  while  to  scourge  out  of  thee  this  boyish  spirit  of  bravado.' 

"  *  Ha !  proud  Templar,'  said  Ivanhoe,  *  hast  thou  forgotten  that  twice  didst 
ihoa  &11  before  this  lance  ?  Remember  the  lists  at  Acre — remember  the  pas- 
sage of  arms  at  Ashby — remember  thy  proud  vaunt  in  the  halls  of  Rotherwood, 
and  the  gage  of  your  gold  chain  against  my  reliquary,  that  thou  wouldst  do 
battle  with  Wilfred  of  Ivanhoe,  and  recover  the  honor  thou  hadst  lost  1  By 
that  reliquary  and  the  holy  relique  it  contains,  1  will  proclaim  thee.  Templar, 
A  cowarci  in  every  court  in  Europe,  in  ever  I^eceptory  of  thine  Order,  unless 
thoo  do  batUe  without  further  delay.' 


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118  THE  TOURNAMENT. 

**  Bois-Guilbert  tnroed  his  countenance  irresolclely  toward  Rebecca,  and 
then  exclaimed,  looking  fiercely  at  Ivanhoe, '  Dog  of  a  Saxon  I  take  thy  lance 
and  prepare  for  the  death  thou  has  drawn  upon  thee  V 

**  *  Does  the  Grand  Master  allow  me  the  combat  T  said  Jyanhoe. 

"  '  I  may  not  deny  thee  what  thou  hast  challenged/  said  the  Grand  Master, 
'  provided  the  maiden  accepts  thee  as  her  champion.  Yet  I  would  thou  wert  in 
better  plight  to  do  battle.  An  enemy  of  our  order  thou  hast  ever  been,  yet 
would  I  have  thee  honorably  dealt  with.' 

" '  Thus,  thus  I  am,  and  nut  otherwise,'  said  Ivanhoe ;  Mt  is  the  judgment  of 
God — to  his  keeping  I  commend  myself.  Rebecca,'  said  he,  riding  up  to  the 
fatal  chair,  'dost  thou  accept  of  me  for  thy  champion  f 

"  *  I  do,'  she  said,  *  I  do* — fluttered  by  an  emotion  which  the  fear  of  death  had 
been  unable  to  pr<2duce ;  '  I  do  accept  thee  as  the  champion  whom  HeaveD 
hath  sent  me.  Yet,  no,  no,  thy  wounds  are  uncured ;  meet  not  that  proud  man. 
Why  shouldst  thou  perish  also  f 

"  But  Ivanhoe  was  already  at  his  post,  and  bad  closed  his  visor  and  assumed 
his  lance.  Bois  Guilbert  did  the  same,  and  the  Squire  remarked,  as  be  closed 
his  visor,  that  his  face,  which  had,  notwithstanding  the  variety  of  emotions  by 
which  he  had  been  agitated,  continued,  during  the  whole  morning,  of  an  ashy 
paleness,  was  suddenly  now  become  very  much  flushed. 

"  The  herald  then  seeing  each  champion  in  his  place,  up^fled  his  voice,  re- 
peating thrice — *  Faites  vos  devoirn  preux  chevfiliertt  t  After  the  third  cry  he 
withdrew  to  one  side  of  the  lists  and  again  proclaimed,  that  none,  on  peril  of 
instant  death,  should  dare,  by  word,  ciy  or  action,  to  interfere  wirh  or  disturb 
this  fair  field  of  combat  The  Grand  Master,  who  held  in  his  hand  the  gage  of 
battle,  Rebecca's  glove,  now  threw  it  into  the  lists,  and  pronounced  the  fatal 
signal  words, ' Laisuz  alter* 

"The  trumpets  sounded,  and  the  knights  charged  each  other  in  full  career. 
The  wearied  horse  of  Ivanhoe,  and  its  no  less-exhausted  rider,  went  down,  as 
all  had  expected  before  the  well-aimed  lance  and  the  vigorous  steed  of  the 
Templar.  This  issue  of  the  combat  all  had  foreseen,  but  although  the  spear  of 
Ivanhoe  did  but  in  comparison  touch  the  shield  of  BoisGuilbert.  that  champion, 
to  the  astonishment  of  all  who  beheld  it,  reeled  in  his  saddle,  lost  his  stirrups 
and  fell  in  the  lists. 

'*  Ivanhoe,  extricating  himself  from  his  fiillen  horse,  was  soon  on  foot  hasten- 
ing to  mend  his  fortune  with  his  sword,  but  his  antagonist  arose  not  Wilfred, 
placing  his  foot  on  his  breast,  and  the  sword's  point  to  his  throat,  commanded 
nim  to  yield  him  or  die  on  the  spot     Bois-Guilbert  returned  no  answer. 

" '  Slay  him  not.  Sir  Enigbt,'«aid  the  Grand  Master,  '  unshrived  and  unab- 
solved.    Kill  not  body  and  soul ;  we  allow  him  vanquished.' 

**  He  descended  into  the  lists  and  commanded  them  to  unhelm  the  conquered 

champion.     His  eyes  were  closed,  the  dark,  red  flush  was  still  on  his  brow.    As 

«  they  looked  on  him  in  astonishment,  his  eyes  opened,  but  they  were  fixed  and 

§  lazed.    The  flush  passed  from  his  brow  and  gave  way  to  the  pallid  hue  of 
eath.    Unscathed  by  the  lance  of  his  enemy,  he  had  died  a  victim  to  the  vio- 
lence of  his  own  contending  passions. 

**  *  This  is,  indeed,  the  judgment  of  God,'  said  the  Grand  Master,  looking  up- 
wards.    •  /fo/  voluntas  tua/    •  O  Lord,  Thy  will  be  done.'  * 

Chivalry  and  the  Crusades  give  rise  to  a  multitude  of 
fabliaux^  serventes,  iensons^  pastorelles^  nouvdles  (whence 
sprang  the  modern  rwvd  or  romance),  or  conies.  These  tales, 
songs  and  satires  were  composed  by  troubadours  and  trouvereSy 
wandering  minstrels  and  cavaliers,  in  the  most  mellifluous  and 
forcible  of  languages,  the  langue  cCoc  and  langue  cPoiL  These 
led  to  the  estaolishment  of  Courts  of  Love,  where  causes  con- 
cerning that  passion  were  judged  worthy  of  serious  considera- 


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THE  TOURNAMENT.  119 

tion.  The  Romaunt  of  the  Rose  is  the  most  celebrated  poem 
of  this  sort,  which  was  followed  at  a  later  date  by  Gothic  ro- 
mances, snch  as  the  Arcadia  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and  the  alle- 
fforical  Fairy  Queen  of  Spenser.  The  passage  from  this  splen- 
did poem,  describing  what  was  called,  **  amiss,"  \\\q  Bower  of 
BluSy  has  always  been  highly  commended. 

Eftsoones  they  heard  a  most  melodious  sound 

Of  all  that  mote  delight  an  empty  eare. 

Such  as  at  once  might  not  on  living  ground, 

Save  in  this  paradise  be  heard  elsewhere : 

Right  hard  it  was  for  wight  which  did  it  heare 

To  reade  what  manner  musioke  that  mote  bee  ; 

For  all  that  pleasing  is  to  living  eare 

Was  there  consorted  in  one  harmonee : 

Birdes,  voices,  instruments,  windes,  waters,  all  agree. 

The  joyous  birdes,  shrouded  in  cheareful  shade 
Their  notes  unto  the  voice  attempered  sweet ; 
Th'  angelicale  soft  trembling  voyces  made 
To  th'  mstruments  divine  respondence  meet : 
The  silver-sounding  instruments  did  meet 
With  the  base  murmure  of  the  watersfall  1 
The  watersfall  with  difiference  discreet 
Now  soft,  now  loud  unto  the  wind  did  call ; 
The  gentle  warbling  wind  low  answered  to  alL 

The  whiles  some  one  did  chaunt  this  lovely  lay  ; 

Ah !  see,  whose  fayre  thing  doest  faine  to  see 

In  springing  flowre  the  image  of  thy  day. 

Ah  I  see  the  virgin  rose,  how  sweetly  shee 

Doth  first  peepe  foorth  with  bashful!  modestee. 

That,  fairer  seemes  the  lease  ye  see  her  may  ; 

Lo  I  see  soone  after  how  more  bold  and  free 

Her  bared  bosom  she  doth  broad  display ; 

Lo  I  see  soone  after  how  she  fades  and  falls  away  ! 

So  passeth  in  the  passing  of  a  4ay 

Of  mortal  life,  the  leaf,  the  bud,  the  flowre : 

No  more  doth  flourish  after  first  decay 

That  earst  was  sought  ttt  deck  both  bed  and  bonre. 

Gather  therefore  the  rose  whilest  yet  is  prime. 

Gather  the  rose  of  love  while  yet  is  time. 

The  celebrated  tournament  which  took  place  on  the  I^ield  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold  on  an  open  plain  for  the  amusement  of  King 
Henry  and  Francis,  was  remarkable,  says  an  eye-witness,  for 
the  unkingly  tussle  between  the  royal  personages,  who,  after 
deep  potations,  caught  hold  of  each  othei-s  collars  and  tried^ix) 
trip  up  each  others  heels.  Bluff  King  Hal,  it  seems,  came  off 
second  best.  Francis  threw  him  violently  on  the  ground, 
but  both  of  them  were  too  drunk  to  renew  the  contest,  and 
were  separated  by  the  bystanders. 

In  the  year  1840,  the  Earl  of  Eglinton  gave  a  splendid  tour- 
nament to  the  nobility  who  expressed  a  desire  to  see  the  good 
old  times  revived  after  the  manner  described  by  Sir  Walter 


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120  THE  TOURNAMENT. 

Scott.  The  houses  of  Douglas  and  Sutherland  were  repre- 
sented in  the  lists,  and  the  present  Emperor  of  the  French, 
then  plain  Louis  Napoleon,  appeared  as  the  penniless  knight, 
Ivanhoe,  and  bore  on  nis  shield  the  single  word,  "  Desdichado," 
the  disinherited.  It  was  a  brilliant  affair,  and  was  witnessed, 
it  is  said,  by  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  persons  from 
allparts  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

Efforts  have  been  made  at  various  times  to  revive  the  time- 
honored  custom  in  our  own  country.  The  most  memorable  of 
these  was  that  witnessed  by  the  writer  of  this  article  on  the  22d 
of  May,  at  the  race-course,  near  Memphis. 

It  was,  in  every  respect,  truly  a  magnificent  spectacle,  and 
did  honor  to  the  courtly  elegance  of  the  chivalric  knights  who 
took  their  places  in  the  lists.  The  whole  country  was  repre- 
sented. The  white  rose  and  the  red  were  blended  (York  and 
Lancaster  aflBliation,  as  after  the  close  of  the  civil  wars  of  an- 
other age)  I 

The  orator  of  the  day,  Hon.  Landon  C.  Haynes,  one  of  Ten- 
nessee's most  brilliant  and  honored  sons,  pronounced  a  dis- 
course which  was  full  of  the  spirit  of  romance  and  poetry.  In- 
asmuch as  it  defends  and  explains  the  characters  of  the  tourna- 
ment, as  existing  at  the  South,  we  cheerfully  accord  it  a  place 
in  our  pages  at  the  close  of  this  article. 

After  the  address  had  been  concluded,  the  tilting  at  the  ring 
began.  As  the  band,  which  was  stationed  in  the  upper  portion 
of  the  judges'  stand  struck  up  a  quickstep,  the  knights  entered 
the  arena  amid  the  huzzas  of  the  assembled  multitude.  Each 
knight  selected  his  costume  according  to  his  own  taste.  Some 
were  of  the  most  fanciful  description.  All  rode  with  elegance 
and  grace.  After  repeated  tiltings,  it  came  to  a  tie  between 
the  knight  of  the  '*  Night  before  Last"  and  Sir  James  Fitz- 
James,  the  Knight  of  Snowden  ;  but  it  was  finally  decided  by 
the  judges  that  *' Night  before  Last"  was  entitled  to  the  prize. 
This  was  a  splendid  diamond  ring.  The  ring  and  the  crown 
were  bestowed  upon  the  Queen  of  Love  and  Beauty.  The 
crown  was  in  the  form  of  a  coronet,  and  was  admired  for  its 
unique  design.  ''The  circlet  was  of  royal  blue,  trimmed  at 
top  and  bottom  with  a  gold  band,  while  the  upper  portion  of 
the  chaplet  was  most  tastefully  ornamented  with  crystals  and 
Australian  diamonds  set  in  beautiful  wreath*  work,  fit  to  adorn 
the  brow  of  any  lady  in  the  land.  The  wreaths  for  the  maids 
of  honor  were  composed  of  white  roses,  with  jessamines  and 
lilies  of  the  valley,  the  latter  falling  pendant  over  the  right 
ear.  The  pretty  flowers  were  most  tastefully  relieved  with 
green  leaves  and  Australian  diamonds,  producing  an  effect  as 
if  the  wreaths  were  intended  for  the  wedding  head-dress  of 
some  fair  bride. 


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THE  TOURNAMENT.  121 

We  close,  as  promised,  with  the  address  of  the  Hon.  Lan- 
don  Haynes. 

THB  SOUTH — CHTVALRT — THE   CRUSADES — ^THE  ISSUES  OF  THE  DAY. 

Id  its  ancient,  sifirnification,  a  kniarbt  was  a  person  of  Patricinn  birth,  pon^ess- 
ing  the  accompUi^hments,  the  abniti<»8,  the  martial  prowess  and  i^allant  spirit  of 
a  soldier.  The  Kquiiea  of  the  Romans,  or  the  Roman  knights,  w«*re  cnbivated 
youths,  selected  from  the  hei^t  class  of  Patrician  families,  traint-d  in  equet'triaii 
exerci^S  and  taught  to  §erye  on  the  back  of  the  war-horse  in  the  armiei*  of  the 
Roman  State.  None  were  allowed  to  enter  that  noble  order,  and  to  Sfrve  aa 
knights  in  the  Romin  legions,  but  those  of  refined  manners  and  jcrentle  blood, 
whose  characters  and  morals  were  irreproachable,  and  who  ^rved  their  country 
alone  for  the  public  good.  From  this  ancient  order  of  Patrician  knighthood 
sprang  the  institution  of  modern  chivalry. 

According  to  the  historic  writer**,  it  receives  its  greatest  impulse  from  the 
spirit  of  the  Crusaden",  who  marched  in  myriads  to  the  Holy  Lnnd  to  rescue  the 
sepulchre  of  the  Saviour  from  the  empire  of  the  Turk.  And  after  Palestine  had 
been  reduced  by  the  power  of  the  sword  to  the  dominion  of  the  infidel,  and  the 
Crusader  bad  been  expelled  by  the  timitar  of  Saladin  fr«»m  the  pcenes  mHde 
sacred  l>y  the  preeence  of  Chript,  he  returned  once  more  to  his  native  Europe, 
where  he  snd  his  det^cendants  gave  to  chivalry  the  perfection  of  iissplennor 
and  the  inten:»ity  of  its  influence  in  the  reflnement  of  the  manner^  of  European 
nations.  For  in  those  days  of  feudal  viulenee,  when  there  was  "  no  rii^ht  but 
might,  and  no  law  but  power."  but  little  protection  exif»ted  for  the  people  and 
the  helpless  against  int»ult,  robbery  and  rapine,  exeept  from  the  jren«'rosity  and 
valor  of  those  gallant  knights,  who  declared  themselves  throughout  Europe  the 
avenging  defenders  of  injured  innocence.  Religion  and  gallantry  were  the  es- 
sential elements  of  the  institution,  while  ju!»tice,  courtesy,  humanity,  uneorrnpt- 
ed  faith  and  inviolable  truth,  were  the  resplendent  ornaments  which  shone  most 
conspicuously  in  the  crown  of  knightly  honors.  Their  knighthood  was  deemed, 
even  by  the  nobles,  superior  to  royalty  itself,  and  monarchs  were  accustomed 
to  bow  the  princely  hinsr^s  of  the  knee  in  courtly  pomp  to  receive  adniission 
into  the  order,  in  consequence  of  which  the  courts  and  palaces  of  king^  were 
made  brilliant  with  the  charms  of  chivalry  and  softened  into  refinement  by  tht 
elegant  accompli:^hments  and  gentle  manners  of  "  fair  women  and  brave  men. 

And  when  military  violence  and  the  bloody  butcheries  of  the  trade  of  war 
had  in  some  degree  abated,  while  the  spirit  of  chivalry  still  survived,  ever  and 
anon  it  manifested  its  knightly  virtues  in  the  innocent*  but  splendid  pageant  of 
the  tournament,  where  the  thrilKhg  smiles  of  lovely  woman  stimulated  (gallant 
men  to  deeds  of  daring  and  of  honor.  And  we  have  been  taught  by  history 
that  the  generosity  of  valor,  the  magnanimity  of  courage,  the  gentleness  of  reli- 
gion, and  ihe  tenderneps  of  humanity,  which  became  the  distiniruishinsr  o'na- 
ments  of  European  knighthood,  not  only  softened  and  mitigated  the  ferocity, 
but  breathed  into  the  laws  of  nations  and  of  war  that  humane  spirit  of  modem 
civilization  now  practiced  by  the  brave  and  gallant  nations  of  the  earth.  And 
though  some  may  be  inclined  to  misconstrue  the  intentions  of  this  day,  who 
look  upon  the  scene  throut;h  the  prism  of  green-eyed  prejudice,  yet  this  tourna- 
ment is  not  less  btilliant  for  the  beauty  of  the  lailies  who  are  present,  and  the 
chivalry  of  tiie  knights  gathered  within  the  lists,  than  iano<*ent  in  its  motives 
and  beneficent  in  its  objects.  These  exercises  are  peculiarly  appropriate  to 
yon,  the  sons  of  the  South,  and  the  lineal  descendants  of  brave  cavaliers,  in 
whose  bl<»od  still  survives,  we  have  a  right  to  suppose,  by  natural  inheritance, 
the  chivHlrous  virtues  of  your  ancestors.  For,  as  Horace  has  said,  the  brave 
are  descended  from  the  brave  and  good.  ForUa  creantur  foriilnu  et  bonis,  nee 
ferocea  aquUte  progenerant  imbdUm  col'-mbani.  I  know  it  is  a11ecre<1  that  the 
chivalry  of  the  South  are  still  disloyal  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States. 
But  this  is  nothing  more  or  lew  than  a  bold  and  reckless  fiction.  And  you  will 
allow  me  a  moment,  by  an  easy  digression  upon  this  point,  to  make  a  single  ob- 
■ervatioD.    We  have  iaiihfully  acquiesced,  and  intend  to  acquiesce,  in  every 


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122  THB  TOUBNAMENT. 

iasue  legitimatelj  involyed  iu  and  decided  by  the  war.  We  have  repealed  tb« 
ordinance!  and  yielded  up  the  principle  of  seceasion.  We  have  surrendered 
three  thousand  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  property.  We  have  expunged  the 
slave  clauses  from  the  constitutions  of  the  Stntes,  and  closed  up  the  question 
forever  by  an  amendment  of  the  Constitution  of  th^  United  States.  We  have 
sent  Senators  and  Representatives  to  the  Capital,  who  now  stand  waiting  restor- 
ation to  the  couptitutionttl  right  of  representation  in  the  Federal  Congress. 
Evidence  more  sublime  and  demonstrative  was  never  given  by  any  people  in 
all  history,  of  nnoorrupted  faith  and  naked  truth  in  their  sacred  pledges  of 
fidelity  to  their  Constitution  and  Government.  The  magnanimity  and  grace 
with  which  the  pMeople  have  acouiesced  in  the  issues  decided  against  them  by 
the  verdict  of  the  sword,  are  only  equaled  b}*  that  superhuman  high-raindedness 
and  knightly  chivalry,  which,  in  the  hour  of  battle,  not  only  extorted  admira- 
tion from  their  stern  foes,  but  made  them  seem  to  forget  that  they  had  ever 
heard  the  name  of  death.  And  it  can  scarcely  now  be  expected  by  enlightened 
men,  that  the  people  of  the  South  should  suddenly  transfer  their  aflTections  per- 
sonally to  those  whining,  canting,  graceless.  Godless,  Christless  vipers  in  the 
human  form,  who,  cruel  in  the  name  of  humanity,  nefarious  in  the  name  of 
piety,  cowardly  in  the  name  of  courage,  warlike  in  the  name  of  peace,  and  die- 
unionists  in  the  name  of  the  Union,  seek  to  prevent  fraternity  and  concord,  and 
to  reduce  a  vanquished  people  to  servitude,  and  to  hasten  Uiem  down  into  an 
abyss  of  ruin  unequaled  in  this  or  any  other  age  or  country.  While  we  give 
our  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  we  reserve 
our  scorn  for  these  buzzing  insects  of  the  hour,  who,  with  the  venemous  stings 
of  malignant  asps,  would  goad  us  to  degradation  and  to  death. 

But  the  President  of  the  United  States,  however  they  may  have  hitherto  dif- 
fered with  him  on  other  questions,  on  account  of  the  generosity  of  his  behavior 
in  the  performance  of  official  duty,  deserves  and  receives  the  esteem  and  admi- 
ration of  their  hearts,  as  well  as  the  approbation  of  the  civilized  world.  Born 
on  Southern  soil,  without  rank,  fortune  or  opulent  friends,  by  the  masculine 
vigor  of  an  unaided  intellect,  he  has  not  only  conquered  the  adversities  of  life, 
but  from  U^  ranks  of  the  people,  in  despite  of  all  opposition,  has  ascended 
through  all  th^^radations  of  official  responsibility.  State  and  Federal,  to  the 
very  summit  of  the  national  honor.  There  he  now  stands  with  sublime  resolu- 
tion and  knightly  gallantry,  to  rebuke  the  bloody  spirit  of  persecution  ;  to  pro- 
tect and  defend  the  rights  of  the  States,  and  to  guard  the  Constitution  from  fur- 
ther wounds  from  malignant  and  revengeful  daggers.  And  when  he  shall  come 
to  stand  before  the  tribunal  of  history  to  receive  the  judgment  of  posterity  on 
his  conduct,  his  fame,  I  imagine,  will  be  pronounced  immortal.  If  his  policy  of 
restoration  had  been  acquiesced  in,  as  the  Southern  people,  with  dignified 
anxiety  have  desired,  the  States  long  since  would  have  been  restored  to  the  an- 
cient integrity  of  their  Federal  relations,  and  the  people  to  concord  and  har- 
mony. The  South  and  the  North  thus  brought  together  by  a  wise  and  compre- 
hensive policy,  and  the  military  renown  of  their  Lees  and  Grants,  their  ban- 
ners and  soldiers  blended  into  one  like  *'  two  mirrors  that  reflect  each  into  the 
other  its  propagated  light,"  would  have  doubled  by  augmentation  the  national 
glory  in  the  eyes  of  all  Christendom. 

Let  then  the  innocent  exercises  of  this  tournament^roceed  without  miscon- 
ception as  to  its  motives  and  the  beneficent  object  of  erecting  a  monument  to 
the  Confederate  dead.  Let  it  be  a  monument  **  durable  as  brass  "  and  lofty  as 
the  splendid  pyramids,  which  the  ravages  of  wasting  time,  the  raging  tempests 
of  innumerable  years,  and  the  fiight  of  seasons  shall  never  destroy.  Where  is 
the  man  so  far  beyond  the  sense  of  shame  or  pity  who  would  m»lignantly 
grudge  the  marble  column  in  memorial  of  the  loved  ones  gone,  whose  memories 
nature  demands,  like  perennial  flowers,  shall  bloom  forevermore  in  the  summer 
of  the  Southern  heart  ?  The  President  of  the  United  States  has  magnanimous- 
ly extended  amnesty  to  the  living,  and  will  not  heaven  and  earth  conspire  to 
extend  it  to  the  memory  of  the  dead  ?  Where  is  there  a  ruflian  so  horria  in  his 
nature  as  to  deny  to  parental  and  kindred  affection  the  compassionate,  mourn- 
ful and  tender  office  of  guarding  forevermore  with  monumental  preservfttion 


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PBOPERTT  TTTLK  IN  THE  SOUTH.  123 

the  recollection  of  the  fallen,  and  of  ever  recnrring  to  their  solemn  sepulchres, 
there  to  bedew  their  sacred  ashes  with  a  tributary  tear  ?  Yes,  ye  gallant 
knights,  your  friends  are  gone ;  but  you  love  them  still !  They  are  gone  where 
their  do<nns  are  fixed  beyond  the  mutabilities  of  fleeting  years.  They  have 
gone  where  time  plows  no  wrinkles  on  the  cheek  of  beauty,  and  old  age  sets  no 
more  her  hoary  hairs  on  the  blooming  head.  They  have  gone  where  the  cal- 
umnies of  base  minds,  the  wrongs  of  living  cowards,  the  missiles  of  hostile  arms, 
the  tumults  of  stern  battle,  and  the  wounds  of  unconquerable  death,  shall  reach 
them  never  more.  They  have  gone  where  glory  draws,  bound  in  her  shining 
chariot,  not  leas  the  obscure  than  the  nobly  born.  Gloria  trahU  oanxtrictot  /uT. 
ffenU  eurru,  lum  minus  ignotot  generotis.  Their  names  are  enrolled  in  the  peace- 
ful ranks  of  departed  knighthood,  while  on  the  Campus  Martins  of  eternal  fame 
they  have  pitched  their  lucid  tents.  Their  nani(«  will  shine  with  unurnished 
honors,  while  men  shall  admire  that  virtue  which  unbars  heaven  to  the  en- 
ti^ince  of  the  brave,  and  welcomes  to  immortality  the  names  of  those  who  do 
not  deserve  to  die. 

On,  then,  with  the  splendid  feats  of  the  tournament!  Ye  knightly  cham- 
pions marshal  your  fiery  steeds  to  the  concord  of  sounds,  sweet  as  ever  crept 
into  a  •*  bridegroom's  ear  at  the  break  of  day  to  summon  him  to  marriage."  Ye 
gallant  knights  light  the  lists  with  the  equestrian  skill  and  brilliant  chivalry 
of  heroic  times,  and  let  the  victorious  champion,  amid  the  applause  of  ad- 
miring thousands  and  the  smiles  of  beauty,  receive  the  honors  of  his  triumph ; 
and,  in  the  exercise  of  the  franchise  of  knighthood,  elect  the  proud  Sovereign 
of  Beauty  and  of  Love.  Let  him  drop  from  the  point  of  his  triumphant  lance 
the  coronet  of  victory  on  her  spotless  brow,  and  crown  her  Queen  of  the  Tour- 
nament. 

But  how  shall  he  choose  between  these  "roses  of  Sharon,"  and  these  "  lilies 
of  the  valley  ?''  For  here  are  a  thousand  fair  ladies,  in  who^e  persons  stands 
the  perfection  of  the  beauty  of  form.  Beauty  moves  in  all  their  steps,  it  is  elo- 
quent in  all  their  actions,  it  flows  in  their  ringlets,  it  sits  radiant  on  their 
cheeks  in  heavenly  smiles,  it  laughs  in  the  dimples  of  their  chins,  it  beams  in 
the  cloudless  heaven  of  their  eyes,  it  throbs  in  the  emotions  of  their  glowing 
bosoms,  and  mingles  with  the  moral  graces  of  their  stainless  lives. 

I  pause,  gallant  knights,  to  await  that  thrilling  moment  which  shall  test  not 
less  your  taste,  than  the  knightly  conflict  of  your  skill  and  valor.  Or  to  the 
contest,  and  let  the  pageant  proceed. 


ART.  II.-PROPERTY  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH  AS  AFFECTED  BY  THE 

LATE  WAR. 
Before  proceeding  to  speak  of  Property  Title  in  the  South, 
as  aflfected  by  the  late  Var,  it  is  proposed,  as  necessarily  pre- 
liminary thereto,  to  touch  briefly  on  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  oflfence  of  treason  jigainst  the  same. 
By  this  government  it  is  claimed  that  the  government  of  the 
Confederate  States  never  had  any  lawful  existence,  and  that 
the  allegiance  of  every  citizen  of  a  Southern  State  is  now,  and 
hath  ever  been,  due  to  the  United  States,  irrespective  of  any 
acknowledgment  of  the  same  by  such  citizen.  And,  this  being 
taken  to  be  the  case,  it  is  further  held  that,  as  no  ordinance  of 
secession,  or  act  thereunder  done,  could  absolve  such  citizen 
from  this  allegiance,  it  follows,  of  necessity,  that  any  "  levying 


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124  PROPERTY  TITLE   IN  THE  SOUTH. 

war"  by  him  against  the  United  States  would  amount  to  the 
offence  of  treason  as  defined  in  the  Federal  Constitution.* 

Having  thus  gotten  the  Federal  view — a  view  from  which 
the  present  writer  very  thoroughly  dissents — it  is  proposed  to 
consider,  as  above  stated,  the  subject  of  Property  Title  in  the 
South.  By  the  common  law,  he  who  was  adjudged  guilty  of 
treason  became  thereupon  attaint^  that  is  to  say,  was  held  to 
be  so  stained  by  crime  as  to  be  incapable  of  inheriting,  hold- 
ing, or  transmitting  any  property,  and  all  bis  estate  whatsoever 
became  absolutely  forfeit  to  the  crown.  By  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  [Art.  IIL,  Sac  32],  it  is  provided  that 
'*  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason^ 
hut  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  bloody  or 
forfeiture,  except  dm'ing  the  life  of  the  party  attainted^  By 
act,  approved  30th  April,  1790,  Congress  accordingly  declared 
the  punishment  of  treason  to  be  death,  but  expressly  enacted 
in  Sec.  24  of  said  act,  that  no  judgment  thereof  should  work 
"corruption  of  blood,  or  any  tbrfeiture  of  estate.''  So  far, 
then,  in  the  Federal  law,  no  conviction  or  judgment  of  treason 
would  have  operated  to  prevent  any  pei-son,  so  convicted  or 
adjudged,  from  inheriting  property  of  any  sort,  holding  or 
disposing  of  it  during  his  natural  life,  or  transmitting  it  to  his 
heirs.  By  another  act  of  Congress,  eo  nomiiie^  however,  ap- 
proved 17th  July,  1862,  and  commonly  known  as  the  Confisca- 
tion Act,  the  law  was  again  so  altered  as  to  restore  the  common 
law  doctrine  to  the  extent  permitted  by  the  Constitution,  and 
a  forfeiture  of  ^^all  the  estate  and^roperty^  moneys,  stocks^  and 
credits  ^^  follows  upon  conviction  of  treason  in  a  Federal  court. 
This  forfeiture,  however,  it  should  be  observed,  is  only  for  the 
life  of  the  party  so  adjudged,  and  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, or  the  grantee  or  vendee  of  said  government,  thereby 
takes  in  the  property  of  said  person,  but  an  estate  for  the  term 
of  his  natural  life,  with  remainder  over  to  his  heirs. 

Beyond  this  Confiscation  Act,  which,  as  being  the  most  im- 
portant, is  mentioned  first,  there  are  four  other  acts  passed  by 
Congress,  since  the  middle  of  the  year  1861,  and  up  to  the 
time  of  the  assembling  of  that  body  now  in  session  in  Wash- 
ington, which  bear  upon  the  subject  of  Property  Title  in  the 
South,  and,  in  connection  with  the  Confiscation  Act  itself,  will 
be  taken  up  in  regular  succession, 

JFi7*sty  is  "  An  act  to  confiscate  property  used  for  insurrec- 
tionary purposeSj^^  approved  August  6,  1861,  and  to  be  found 
in  the  United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  1861,  Chap.  LX.,  p. 
819.  This  act,  which  consists  of  four  sections,  is  now  by  its 
terms  inoperative,  and  of  value  only  in  view  of  any  past 

•Art.  IIL,  Sea  8. 


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PROPERTY  TITLE   IN  THE  SOUTH.  125 

seizures  of  property  made  by  virtue  of  its  'provisions  during 
the  pendency  of  actual  hostilities.  Sections  two  and  three 
being  merely  ministerial,  and  section  four  having  reference 
alone  to  slave  property,  will  not  be  considered,  but  section  one 
is  here  given  verhatiin: 

"  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representative*  of  tJie  United  Slates 
of  America,  in  Congrens  axueinbled,  Ihat  if  during  the  present,  or  any  future  in- 
snrrection  against  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  after  the  President  of 
the  United  States  shall  have  declared,  by  proclamation,  that  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  are  opposed,  and  the  execution  thereof  obstructed,  by  combina- 
tions too  powerful  to  be  suppressed  by  the  ordinary  course  of  judicial  proceed- 
ings, or  by  the  power  vested  in  the  marshals  by  law,  any  person  or  persons, 
his,  her,  or  their  Hgent,  attorney,  or  employee,  shall  purchase  or  acquire,  sell  or 
give,  any  property  of  whatsoever  kind  or  description,  with  intent  to  use  or 
employ  the  same,  or  snffer  the  same  to  be  used  or  employed,  in  aiding,  abetting 
or  promoting  pueh  insurrection  or  resi>tance  to  tlie  laws,  or  any  person  or  per- 
sons engaged  therein  ;  or  if  any  per^on  or  persons,  being  the  owner  or  owners 
of  any  such  property,  shall  knowingly  use  or  employ,  or  consent  to  the  use  or 
employment  of  the  same  as  aforesaid,  all  such  property  U  hereby  declared  to  be 
lawful  subject  of  priie  and  capture  wherever  found  ]  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  President  of  the  United  states  to  cause  the  same  to  be  seized,  confiscated 
and  condemned." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  terms  of  this  act — for  succeeding 
sections  do  not  enlarge  the  scope  of  the  one  just  given — are 
such  as  confer  a  certain  power  of  confiscation  of  property 
"rfwnw^"the  existence  of  insurrection  against  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States.  This  confiscation  is,  moreover, 
defined  as  resulting  from  ^^ prize  and  capture^'*  a  phrase  of 
definite  meaning  in  the  law  of  war,  and  from  the  use  of  this 
phraseology  and  the  express  limitation  as  to  time  conveyed  by 
the  word  '*  during ^"^  it  is  conceived  that,  under  this  act, 
^^ property  "^^ — to  use  the  words  of  a  very  eminent  lawyer  in 
case  of  an  essentially  similar  law — "  not  actually  seized  for  the 
offense  during  the  continuance  of  hostilities^  cannot  be  subse- 
quenily  taken,  captured^  seized^  or "^ forfeited^  for  or  by  any 
reason  of  any  violation  of  that  actJ'^ 

So  far  then  as  regards  any  case  arising  since  the  cessation  of 
hostilities,  it  is  held  that  this  act  cannot  in  any  manner  right- 
fully affect  property  title  in  the  South.  And  wherever  there 
has  been  dispossession,  by  virtue  of  its  provisions,  during  the 
late  war,  it  is  necessary  that  the  property  whereof  any  one 
has  been  so  dispossessed,  should  have  been  "  condemned  in  the 
District  or  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States,  having  Jurisdic- 
tion of  the  amount,  or  in  admiralty  in  any  district  m  which 
the  same  may  be  seized,  or  into  which  they  (it)  may  he  taken,  and 
proceedings  first  institiUed.^^  In  case  this  procedure  should  not 
nave  preceded  confiscation,  or  in  case  of  informality  therein — 
for  the  law  being  a  penal  law,  is  to  be  construed  strictly — such 
confiscation  is  invalid,  and  the  party  dispossessed  of  property 


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126  PROPERTY  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

thereby  has  a  right  to  enter  the  Federal  courts  with  demand 
for  rendition  of  that  whereof  he  was  unlawfully  deprived. 

The  second  act  bearing  upon  the  subject  of  property  title,  as 
here  considered,  is  the  famous  Confiscation  Act;  or,  as  it 
stands  on  the  statute  book :  **  An  act  to  suppress  insurrec- 
tion^ to  punish  treason  and  rehdlioUy  to  seize  and  coniiscate  the 
property  of  rebels^  and  for  other  jpurposes^^  approved  July  17, 
1862,  and  to  be  found  in  the  Statutes  at  Large,  U.  S.,  1861-'62, 
Chap.  CXCV.,  pp  589-592.  This  act,  being  both  interesting 
and  important,  is  here  given  in  full,  with  the  exception  of 
sections  nine,  ten,  eleven  and  twelve,  which  are  taken  up  with 
certain  provisions  in  regard  to  slaves. 

"  Bt  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  Home  of  Jlepresetitatives  0/  the  United  States 
of  America,  in  Congref*  assembled:  That  every  person  who  shall  hereafter 
commit  the"  crime  of  treason  against  the  United  States,  and  shall  be  adjudged 
guilty  thereof,  shall  suffer  death,  and  all  his  slaves,  if  any,  shall  be  declared 
and  made  free ;  or,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  he  shall  be  imprisoned  for 
not  less  than  five  years  and  fined  not  less  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  all  his 
slaves,  if  any,  shall  be  declared  and  made  free ;  said  fine  shnll  be  levied  and 
collected  on  any  or  all  of  the  property,  real  and  personal,  excluding  slaves,  of 
which  the  said  person  so  convicted  was  the  owner  at  the  time  of  committing 
the  said  crime,  any  sale  or  conyeyance  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

Sec.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted:  That  if  any  person  shall  hereafter  incite, 
set  on  foot,  assist,  or  engage  in  any  rebellion  or  insurrection  against  the  au- 
thority of  the  United  States,  or  the  laws  thereof,  or  shaU  give  aid  or  comfort 
thereto,  or  shall  engage  in  or  give  aid  and  comfort  to  any  such  existing 
rebellion  or  insurrection,  and  be  conyicted  thereof,  such  person  shall  be 
punished  by  imprisonment  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  years,  or  by  a  fine 
not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  by  the  liberation  of  all  his  slayes, 
if  any  he  have :  or  by  both  of  said  punishments,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court. 

Sec,  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted:  That  every  person  guilty  of  either  of  the 
offenses  described  in  this  act  shall  be  forever  incapable  and  disqualified  to  hold 
any  office  under  the  United  states. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  furtJier  enacted :  That  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  in 
any  way  to  affect  or  alter  the  pro:«ecution,  conviction,  or  punishment  of  any 
person  or  persons  guihy  of  treason  against  the  United  States  before  the  pass- 
age of  this  act,  unless  eucb  person  is  convicted  under  this  act 

Sec.  5.  And  be  it  further  enactedz  '  That,  to  insure  the  speedy  termination  0/ 
the  present  rebellion,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 
to  cause  the  seizure  of  all  the  estate  and  property,  money,  stocks,  credits,  and 
effects  of  the  persons  hereinafter  named  in  this  section,  and  to  apply  and  use 
the  same  and  the  proceeds  thereof  for  the  support  of  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  that  is  to  say : 

First  Of  any  person  hereafter  acting  as  an  officer  of  the  army  or  navy  of 
the  rebels  in  arms  against  the  government  of  the  United  States. 

Secondly.  Of  any  person  hereafter  acting  as  President,  Vice-President,  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  judge  of  any  court,  cabinet  officer,  foreign  minister,  commis- 
sioner or  consul  of  the  so-called  Confederate  States  of  America. 

Thirdly.  Of  any  person  acting  as  governor  of  a  state,  member  of  a  conven- 
tion or  legislature,  or  judge  of  any  court  of  any  of  the  so-called  Confederate 
States  of  America. 

Fourthly.  Of  any  person  who,  having  held  an  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit 
in  the  United  States,  shall  hereafter  hold  an  office  in  the  so-called  Confederate 
States  of  America. 

Fifthly.  Of  any  person  hereafter  holding  any  office  or  agency  under  the 


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PROPERTY  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH.  127 

goyerament  of  the  ro  .called  Confederate  States  of  America,  or  under  any  of  the 
seTeral  states  of  the  said  confederacy,  or  the  laws  thereof,  whether  such  agency 
be  national,  state  or  municipal  in  its  name  or  character :  Provided,  That  the 
persons,,  thirdly,  fourthly,  and  fifthly,  aboye  described,  shall  haye  accepted  their 
appointment  or  election  since  the  date  of  the  pretended  ordinance  of  sec^^ssion 
of  the  state,  or  shall  haye  talcen  an  oath  of  allegiance  to,  or  to  support  the 
Constitution  of  the  fo-called  Confederate  States. 

Sixthly.  Of  any  person  who,  owning  property  in  any  loyal  state  or  territory 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  shall  hereafter  assist 
and  giye  aid  and  comfort  to  such  rebellion ;  and  all  sales,  transfers,  or  conyey- 
ances  of  any  such  property  shall  be  null  and  yoid ;  and  it  shall  be  a  sufficient 
bar  to  any  suit  brought  by  such  person  for  the  possession  or  the  use  of  such 
property,  or  any  of  it,  to  allege  and  proye  that  he  is  one  of  the  persons 
described  in  this  section. 

Sec.  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted :  That  if  any  person  within  any  state  or 
territory  of  the  United  States,  other  than  those  named  as  aforesaid,  after  the 
passage  of  this  act,  being  engaged  in  armed  rebellion  agninst  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  or  aiding  or  abetting  such  rebellion,  shall  not,  within  sixty 
days  after  public  warning  and  proclamation,  duly  giyen  and  made  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  cease  to  aid,  countenance,  and  abet  such  rebel- 
lion, and  return  to  his  allegiance  to  the  United  Stages,  all  the  estate  and  property, 
moneys,  stocks,  and  credits  of  such  person  shall  be  liable  to  seizure  as  afore- 
said, and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  to  seize  and  use  them  as  afore- 
said, or  the  proceeds  thereof.  And  all  sales,  transfers,  or  conyeyances,  of  any 
such  property  after  the  expiration  of  the  said  sixty  days  from  the  date  of  such 
warning  and  proclamation,  shall  be  null  and  yoid;  and  it  shall  be  a  sufficient 
bar  to  any  suit  brought  by  such  person  for  the  possession  or  the  use  of  such 
property,  or  any  of  it,  to  allege  and  prove  that  he  is  one  of  the  persona 
described  in  this  section. 

Seo.  7.  And  be  ti  further  enacted:  That  to  secure  the  condemnation  and  sale 
of  such  property,  after  the  same  shall  haye  been  seized,  so  that  it  may  be 
made  ayailable  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  proceedings  in  rem.  shall  be  instituted 
in  the  name  of  the  United  States  in  any  District  Court  thereof,  or  in  any  terri- 
torial court,  or  in  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Columbia, 
within  which  the  property  aboye  described,  or  any  part  thereof,  may  be  found, 
or  into  which  the  same,  if  movable,  may  first  be  brought,  which  proceeding^ 
shall  conform  as  nearly  as  may  be  to  proceedings  in  admiralty  or  reyenue  cases, 
and  if  said  property,  whether  real  or  personal,  shall  be  found  to  haye  l^elonged 
to  a  person  engaged  in  rebellion,  or  who  has  given  aid  or  comfort  thereto,  the 
same  shall  be  condemned  as  enemies'  property  and  become  the  property  of  the 
United  State^  and  may  be  disposed  of  as  the  court  shall  decree,  and  the  pro- 
ceeds thereof  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  for  the  purposes 
aforesaid. 

Seo.  8.  And  be  it  further  etiacted :  That  the  several  courts  aforesaid  shall 
haye  power  to  make  such  orders,  establish  such  forms  of  decree  and  sale,  and 
direct  such  deeds  and  conyeyances  to  be  executed  and  delivered  by  the  marshals 
thereof  where  real  estate  shall  be  the  subject  of  sale,  as  shall  fitly  and  efficiently 
effect  the  purposes  of  this  act,  and  yest  in  the  purchasers  of  such  property  good 
and  yalid  titles  thereto.  And  the  said  courts  shall  have  power  to  allow  such 
fees  and  charges  of  their  officers  as  shall  be  reasonable  and  proper  in  the 
premises. 

Sec.  9.  [Declares  free  the  captured  or  escaped  slaves  of  those  who  give  aid 
or  comfort  to  **  the  rebellion.**] 

Sec.  10.  [Provides  that  escaped  slayes  shall  not  be  surrendered  unless  the 
clainumt  make  oath  of  uniform  loyalty.] 

Sec.  II.  [Authorizes  the  employment  of  "persons  of  African  descent"  for 
the  8uppres^ion  of  "  the  rebellion."] 

Sec.  12.  [Authorizes  the  President  to  colonize  emancipated  slayes  "in  some 
tropical  country  beyond  the  limits  of  the  United  States."] 

Sec.  18.  Andbett  further  enacted :    That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized. 


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128  PROPERTY  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

at  any  time  hereafter,  by  proclamation,  to  extend  to  persons  who  may  have  par- 
ticipated in  the  existing  rebellion  in  any  state  or  part  tliereof,  pardon  and 
amnesty,  with  such  exceptions  and  at  such  times  and  on  such  conditions  as  he 
may  deem  expedient  for  the  public  wt^lfare. 

Seo.  14.  A  fid  be  ii  further  enacted :  That  the  courts  of  the  United  States 
shall  have  full  power  to  institute  proceedings,  make  orders  and  di  crees,  issue 
process,  and  do  all  other  things  necessary  to  carry  this  act  into  effect. 

-Approved,  July  17,  1862. 

On  the  passage  of  this  act  by  both  Houses,  and  its  presenta- 
tion to  Mr.  Lincoln  for  his  signature,  that  officer  refused  at 
first  to  affix  his  name  tliereto,  and  had,  in  fact,  prepared  a  veto 
message,  whereupon  a  joint  resolution  was  passed,  which  had 
the  effect  of  removing  the  executive  objections  and  the  act 
was  then  approved.  This  resolution  is  to  be  found  in  the 
United  States  Statutes  at  large,  1861-62,  p.  627,  as  follows : 

[No.  6tJ.]  Joint  ReBoluiion  explanatory  of  **  An  act  to  supprew  iunurrection, 
topmmh  UeuHon  and  rebellion,  to  seize  and  conjiscate  t/te  property  of  rebels,  and 
for  other  ptirpoues,* 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  provisions  of  the  third  clause  of  the 
fifih  section  of  "  An  act  to  suppress  iusurrrction,  to  punish  treason  and  rebel- 
lion, to  seize  and  confiscate  the  property  of  rebels,  and  for  other  purposes,''  shaU 
be  so  construed  as  not  to  apply  to  any  act  or  acts  done  prior  to  the  {inssage 
thereof;  nor  inc  ude  any  member  of  a  State  Legislature,  or  judge  of  any  Slate 
Court,  who  has  not  in  accepting  or  entering  upon  his  office,  taken  an  oath  to 
support  the  Constitution  of  the  so-called  **  Confederate  States  of  America ;" 
nor  shall  any  punishment  or  proceedings  under  said  act  be  so  construed  as  to 
work  a  forfeiture  of  the  real  estate  of  the  offender  beyond  his  natural  life. 

Approved,  July  17,  1862. 

By  the  last  provision  of  this  joint  resolution  the  force  of  the 
Conliscatioh  Act  is  made  to  appear,  though  even  had  there 
been  no  such  resolution  passed,  the  constitutional  provision 
would  have  forbidden  absolute  forfeiture. 

The  tJiird  of  the  acts  bearing  on  Property  Title  is,  to  continue 
that  approved  on  the  20th  of  February,  1863,  and  to  be  found 
in  the  U.  S.  Statutes  at  large,  1862-63,  chap.  XLYL,  pp.  656, 
657,  under  the  title  of  "  An  Act  concerning  Pardons  and  the 
Meinission  of  Penalties  and  Forfeitures  in  Criminxil  Gases^ 
This  act  is  in  two  sections ;  the  first  whereof,  gives  the  Presi- 
dent full  discretionary  power,  whenever  any  person,  on  crim- 
inal proceeding,  shall  have  been,  or  be,  sentenced  to  two  kinds 
of  punishment,  the  one  corporeal  and  the  other  pecuniary,  to 
remit  the  whole  or  a  part  of  either  kind,  and  the  second  pro- 
vides for  the  collection  of  fines  imposed  in  criminal  cases.  The 
effect  of  this  first  section  is  to  empower  the  President  to  remit 
any  forfeiture  of  property  consequent  on  conviction  and  judg-  . 
ment  of  treason  against  the  United  States. 

Tl\\q  fourth  of  the  acts  bearing  on  Property  Title  is  that  passed 
on  the  third,  and  claimed  to  have  been  approved  on 
the  twelfth,  of  March,  1868.  It  is  the  opinion  of  very 
eminent  counsel ;  among  them,  James  T.  Brady,  Esq.,  that  this 


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PBOPERTT  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH.  129 

statute  is  wholly  without  the  force  of  law,  not  having  received 
the  signature  or  approval  of  the  President  until  after  the  ad- 
journ men  t  of  the  Congress,  by  which  it  was  passed.  It  is 
borne  upon  the  statute  book,  however,  and  is  to  be  found  in 
the  volume  just  above  quoted,  chap.  CXX,  pp.  820-821,  un- 
der the  title  of  '*  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Collection  of 
abandoned  property  and  for  the  Prevention  of  Frauds  in  insur- 
rectionary Districts  within  the  United  SlatesJ^  As  imported  by 
its  title,  it  is  taken  up  mainlv  with  regulations  for  the  collection 
of  the  property  named,  and  is  now  for  the  most  part  inopera- 
tive, there  being  no  such  property  as  it  describes.  On  this 
act,  it  may  be  mentioned,  that  what  is  known  as  the  Trea- 
sury Agent  system — monstrum  horrendum^  ingenSy  informe — 
is  based. 

T\iefifthy  and  last,  of  the  acts  named  is  that  approved  on  the 
2d  of  July,  1864,  which  is  to  be  found  in  the  united  States 
Statutes  at  Large  1868-64,  chap.  CCXXV.,  pp.  375-378.  It 
consists  of  eleven  sections  and  is  chiefly  valuable,  in  the  gen- 
eral point  of  view  here  presented,  as  containing  in  its  .second 
section,  ad  fin.^  an  authoritative  definition  of  abandoned  pro- 
perty as  follows :  "  Property,  real  or  personal^  shall  be  regarded 
as  abandoned  when  the  lawful  owner  thereof  shall  be  voluntarily 
absent  therefrom^  and  engaged  either  in  arms  or  otherwise^  i?» 
aiding  or  encouraging  the  rdbellion,^^ 

With  this  insight  into  some  late  legislation,  it  is  proposed  to 
consider  the  effect  thereof  on  Southern  property  title,  and,  in 
order  to  do  so  at  once,  more  clearly  and  succinctly,  such  effect 
will  be  looked  at;  first,  during,  and  secondly,  since  the  war. 

These  various  acts  named,  having  been  passed  during  a 
period  of  hostilities  and  avowedly  for  the  main  purpose  of  sub- 
serving certain,  military  ends,  must  be  looked  at  almost  entirely 
from  that  standpoint.  As  will  be  shown,  their  present  effect 
is  exceedingly  limited,  and  even  during  the  pendency  of  the 
late  struggle,  their  operation  was  restricted  by  certain  impera- 
tive rules,  that  must  have  been  observed  to  legally  divest  any 
southern  man  of  hisproperty  title.  Chief  among  these  is  the 
fundamental  maxim :  that  guilt  must  be  shown  ere  punish- 
ment can  rightfully  follow.  Thus,  if,  by  the  action  of  any  per- 
son or  persons,  or,  under  color  of  any  authority,  any  southern 
man  was,  during  the  late  war,  dispossessed  of  his  property, 
otherwise  than  on  due  conviction  of  treason,  or  of  engaging  in, 
assisting,  abetting,  or  giving  aid  and  comfort  to  **  rebellion 
against  the  United  States  Government,"  such  dispossession  was, 
and  is,  illegal,  and  such  person  so  dispossessed,  nas  his  remedy 
by  action  in  a  Federal  court  against  any  person  or  persons  now 
VOL.  II.-N0.  II.  9 


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130  PBOPEBTY  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

claiming  to  hold  his  property  of  right.  As,  so  far  as  is  known 
to  the  writer,  there  never  was  during  the  war  any  conviction 
of  treason  or  of  aiding  or  abetting,  as  aforesaid,  it  follows  that 
no  title  has  been  rightfully  divested  out  of  the  southern  owner 
under  these  acts.  And,  furthermore,  it  should  be  known  that, 
until  the  allegation  was  only  made  and  proven  that  any  given 
lawful  owner  of  property,  was,  at  the  time  of  seizure  of  said 
property,  ^^  voluntarily  absent  therefrom^  and  engaged  either  in 
arms  or  othervnse^  m  aiding  or  encouraging  the  rebellion,^ snch. 
property  was  not,  in  the  eye  of  Federal  law,  ^^  abandoned  pro- 
petiy^^'  and  title  thereto  could  not  legally  have  been  divested 
out  of  such  owner.  Every  man,  therefore,  who  now  has  his 
property  detained  from  him  on  pretence  that,  during  the  war 
It  was  condemned  as  '*  abandoned,^^  has  the  clear  right  to  de- 
mand, through  the  Federal  courts;  possession  of  the  same  in 
absence  of  evidence  to  the  eflFect  : 
Firstj  that,  prior  to  such  condemnation,  he  was  duly  proven 

1.  To  have  been  absent  therefrom, 

2.  Voluntarilv  absent, 

3.  Engaged  in  aiding  or  encouraging  the  "rebellion," 
while  so  absent  : 

And,  secondly,  that  thereupon,  proper  condemnatory  process 
was  issued  and  executed. 

The  burden  of  this  proof  lies  on  those  who  would  profit  by 
the  establishment  of  those  facts  going  to  make  it  up,  it  not  be- 
ing the  case  that  the  party  claiming  can  be  fqrced,  under  a 
highly  penal  statute,  to  prove  his  innocence. 

Besides  these  acts  above  cited,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
there  were,  during  the  war,  certain  tax  and  revenue  laws  pro- 
viding, in  divers  cases,  for  confiscation,  but  inasmuch  as  any 
discussion  thereof  would  give  this  article  too  technical  a  c^st, 
and,  inasmuch  further,  as  but  little  property,  comparatively 
speaking,  changed  hands  by  their  operation,  they  will  not  be 
further  alluded  to  in  this  connection. 

Such,  then,  as  above  given,  being  the  effect  of  the  statutes 
named  on  Property  Title  in  the  &)Uth  during  the  war,  their 
operation  in  this  regard,  since  the  termination  of  that  struggle, 
will  be  taken  up. 

The  act  of  August  6th,  1861,  heretofore  referred  to,  is  of  course 
now  wholly  inoperative  anjd  has  been  since  the  cessation  of  the 
"insurrection,"  being  limited  by  its  terms  to  the  duration  of 
such  a  state  and  authorizing  that  species  of  confiscation  known 
as  ^^ prize  and  capture^^^  only  permissible  in  a  time  of  war.  Th^ 
act  of  July  17,  1862,  is  also  impliedly  limited,  so  far  as  its  con- 
fiscatory powers  go,  to  the  existence  of  a  like  state  of  insurrec- 
tion, the  fifth  section  opening  with  a  declaration  that  it  is  "  to  ' 


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PROPERTY  TITLE  IN  THE  SOUTH.  131 

insure  the  speedy  termination  of  the  present  rebeUion^^  that  cer- 
tain seizures,  condemnations,  and  applications  of  property  are 
authorized.  Cessans  ratio^  cessai  fee,  of  course,  and  such  seiz- 
ures are  now  clearly  illegal  and  have  been  since  the  "  terraina* 
tion  of  the  rebellion."  By  referring  to  sections  fifth,  sixth  and 
seventh  of  this  act,  the  necessary  preliminaries  to  any  legal  con- 
fiscation, even  during  the  war,  will  be  found  set  forth ;  and 
wherever  these  conditions  were  not  complied  with  precedent  to 
condemnation,  such  condemnation  is  void  and  the  title  still  re- 
mains with  the  original  owner. 

The  act  of  February  20, 1863,  gives,  as  said,  the  President  full 
discretionary  power  to  remit  all  forfeitures  or  confiscation  of 
property,  imposed  prior  or  subsequent  to  its  adoption. 

The  act  of  March  12,  1863,  is  of  denied  validity,  but  in  its 
third  section  provides  that  within  two  years  after  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  "rebellion,"  persons  whose  property  may,  during 
such  "  rebellion,^'  have  been  seized  as  "  abandoned,"  may  sue 
therefor  in  the  Court  of  Claims  and  obtain  such  proceeds  as  may 
be  left  from  its  sale,  on  proof  of  "  loyalty."  it  is  thought  hj 
very  eminent  council  that  this  law  is  absolutely  void,  and  it 
certainly  violates  all  sound  jurisprudence  by  seizing  and  selling 
a  man's  property  on  mere  suspicion,  and  then  forcing  him  to 
prove  his  innocence  of  a  capital  crime  before  receiving  such 
feeble  remnants  of  the  proceeds  of  sale  as  a  hungry  swarm  of 
judges,  attorneys,  ipformers,  and  judicial  hangers  on  generally 
may  have  spared. 

The  act  of  July  2, 186i,  is  also  so  purely  a  law  calculated  for 
the  meridian  of  war  that  it  is  wholly  inoperative  now,  and  has 
been  since  the  war  ceased.  And  with  this  the  legislation  of  the 
Federal  Confess,  eo  nomine,  during  the  war,  so  far  as  it  affects 
Property  Title  in  the  South,  comes  to  a  close.  From  what  has 
been  said,  it  will  be  said  that,  with  the  exception  of  a  portion 
or  two  of  the  acts,  its  entire  operative  force  is  confined  to  the 
period  of  the  war,  and  then  only  applicable  on  compliance  with 
certain  perequisites.  But,  not  to  go  over  this  ground  again  in 
extenso,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  recapitulate  by  three  propositions 
which  will  be  found,  outside  of  impost  and  revenue  acts,  to  em- 
body the  Status  of  Property  Title  in  the  South  as  affected-  by 
the  late  civil  war.     And 

jFirsty  during  the  war  there  could  have  been  no  legal  forfeit- 
ure or  confiscation  of  property,  save  on  due  conviction  of  trea- 
son, or  on  proof  that  the  lawful  owner  of  said  property  was,  at 
the  time  of  the  seizure  thereof,  voluntarily  absent  therefrom  and 
engaged  in  aiding  or  encouraging  '*  the  rebellion." 
S^andly,  Since  the  close  of   the  "  insurrection  "  there  can 


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182  THE  COTTON  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

have  been  no  lawful  forfeiture  or  confiscation  of  property,  save 
on  due  conviction  for  treason  of  the  owner  thereof,  and 

Thirdly^  in  either  case,  during  or  since  the  war,  no  forfeiture 
of  real  estate — all  laws  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding — could 
possibly  be  for  a  longer  period  than  the  natural  life  of  the  per- 
son adjudged  guilty  of  treason,  or  proven  to  have  been  volun- 
tarily absent,  &c.,  as  above  stated. 

From  this  resume^  which  it  is  thought  will  stand  the  test  of 
legal  examination,  the  Southern  property  holder  may  rest  as- 
sured that  his  title,  if  not,  as  above  given,  divested  out  of  him, 
still  remains  in  him,  no  matter  by  what  bureau,  commandant, 
commission,  commissioner,  or  other  oflScial  agent  or  agency,  or 
by  whatsoever  general  order,  circular,  decree,  or  procedure  any 
thing  to  the  contrary  may  be  made  to  appear.  Trial  and  con- 
viction thereon  must  in  all  cases  precede  forfeiture,  and  forfeit- 
ure in  all  cases,  without  any,  the  least,  exception,  is  only  of 
real  estate  for  life.  And  titles  being  thus  good,  and  doubtless 
to  be  soon  so  judicially  declared,  on  the  re-opening  of  the  Fed- 
eral courts,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  deprecate  any  relinquish- 
ment of  the  same  by  quit  claim  deeds  for  trifling  consideration, 
to  those  sharks  who  seek  to  prey  on  the  general  ignorance  of 
our  people  as  to  their  rights. 


ART.    III.-THE  COnON  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH,  PRESENT  AND 

FUTURE. 

HOW  THE  SOUTH  CAN  DEFT  THE  COMPETITION  OP  THE  WORLD,  AND 
WITH  FREE  LABOR  MAINTAIN  THE  ASCENDANCY  WHICH  AMERI- 
CAN COTTON  ENJOYS — THE  COTTON-FIELDS  OF  AMERICA,  ETC. 

We  are  indebted  for  the  foUowing  paper  to  Edward  Atkinson,  a  cotton  roanu- 
facturer  of  Massachusetts,  who  prepared  it  at  the  instance  of  the  "  American 
Geographical  and  Statistical  Society  of  New  York." 

In  modern  times,  commerce  has  taken  the  place  of  military  power, 
as  the  measure  of  the  strength  of  nations. 

A  nation  may  be  powerful  within  its  own  limits,  maj  be  the 
abode  of  a  happy  and  contented  people,  without  foreign  c<»mmerce, 
and  it  may  be  as  prosperous  as  one  possessing  a  large  foreign  com- 
merce until  its  population  becomes  too  dense  for  its  area ;  but  that 
nation  only  is  strong  among  other  nations,  which  has  the  ability  to 
produce  some  one  or  many  articles  which  other  nations  must  have, 
and  which  it  may  exchange  for  articles  which  it  needs ;  or  if  it  con- 
tain within  itself  almost  all  the  commodities  needful  for  comfort, 
then,  as  in  our  case,  its  surplus  will  be  exchanged  for  luxuries. 

It  is  one  of  the  signs  of  the  internal  resources  and  consequent 
strength  of  our  own  country,  and  not  of  its  weakness,  that  we  ex- 
change so  large  a  proportion  of  our  surplus  gold  and  cotton  and  oil 


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THE  OOTTOir  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH.  183 

for  luxuries  with  which  we  can  dispense,  as  we  did  during  a  portion 
of  the  war,  and  not  for  commodities  absolutely  necessary  to  the  ex- 
istence or  comfort  of  our  people. 

The  power  to  establish  foreign  commerce  is,  therefore,  inherent  in 
the  soil,  or  in  the  mines  underlying  the  soil.  It  may  arise  from  the 
possession  of  a  soil  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  production  of  raw  mate- 
rials necessary  to  other  nations,  or  from  the  possession  of  mines  of 
coal  and  iron  from  which  machinery  and,  in  these  later  days,  steam- 
ships may  be  built  cheaper  than  other  nations  can  build. 

In  such  mines  of  coal  and  iron  is  the  source  of  the  greatest  power, 
and  thus  far  England  has  maintained  her  supremacy  by  means  of 
them,  but  as  her  coal  mines  become  deeper,  and  as  it  becomes 
evident  that  our  iron  is  better  and  can  soon  be  more  cheaply  work- 
ed, we  may  rest  assured  that  her  power  will  become  less  than  ours. 

By  one  of  the  accidents  which  usually  give  direction  to  the 
pursuits  of  young  men  in  this  country,  it  has  been  my  lotto  be 
somewhat  intimately  connected  with  the  cotton  manufacturing  in- 
dustry of  New  England  during  the  past  Bfleen  years. 

I  have  been  led 'to  examine  into  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  this 
country,  both  by  the  curiosity  which  one  naturally  feels  in  regard  to 
the  raw  material  which  he  manufactures,  and  by  my  conviction  that 
it  was  being  cultivated  under  a  false  and  wasteful  system  of  labor, 
and  one  opposed  to  all  sound  principles  of  political  economy.  My 
conviction,  a  priori,  was  that  the  superiority  which  had  been  attained 
in  this  country  in  the  supply  of  a  material  so  necessary  to  human 
comfort  would  be  found  in  the  fkct  that  we  possessed  a  climate  and 
soil  so  perfectly  adapted  to  produce  this  result,  as  to  enable  us  to 
compete  with  all  other  nations,  in  despite  of  our  vicious  and  wasteful 
system  of  labor,  and  not,  as  claimed  by  the  advocates  of  slavery,  be- 
cause that  system  was  the  one  best  adapted  to  give  the  result. 

The  peculiar  climate  of  the  cotton  States,  I  understand  to  be 
caused  by  the  chain  of  mountains  which  intersects  our  country, 
catching  and  condensing  the  moisture  brought  inland  by  the 
sea-breezes  from  the  Gulf  stream,  causing  it  to  fall  in  frequent 
showers,  without  many  devastating  storms,  these  showers  coming 
more  in  the  winter  and  spring,  and  most  frequently  followed 
by  the  dry  summers  and  autumns  in  which  cotton  and  maize  rejoice, 
the  cotton  plant  drawing  the  small  modicum  of  moisture  necessary 
to  it  after  it  has  attained  a  vigorous  growth,  by  means  of  its  long  tap 
root,  from  a  soil  wonderfully  retentive  of  the  moisture  absorbed 
during  the  winter  and  spring  rains. 

Another  characteristic  of  the  climate  is  in  its  inequality,  the  sum- 
mers giving  the  heat  necessary  to  bring  the  cotton  to  its  full  maturity, 
while  the  winter  gives  a  certainty  of  frosts  sufficient  to  kill  the  plant, 
rendering  the  cleiiring  of  the  ground  easy,  and  also  destroying  the 
grubs  and  eggs  of  many  of  the  insects  which  infest  the  cotton  plant. 

It  is  a  common  claim  for  many  of  the  new  countries  in  which  cot- 
ton is  being  cultivated,  that  the  plant  is  perennial ;  this  is  no  advan- 


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134  THE  COTTON  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

tage ;  the  quality  of  the  fibre  on  the  perennial  plant  deteriorates 
year  by  year. 

In  Texas,  which  by  itself  could  produce  ten  million  bales  of  cotton, 
or  twice  the  amount  of  our  largest  crop,  we  have  another  singular 
provision  of  nature,  by  which  the  coast  and  a  large  portion  of  the 
interior  are  protected  and  made  habitable.  As  you  cast  your  eye 
upon  the  map  along  the  coast  of  Texas,  you  come  to  Padre  Island, 
a  long,  narrow  island,  a  little  north  of  the  Kio  Grande.  On  the 
beach  of  the  southern  part  of  this  island,  you  find  the  drift-wood  of 
the  tropics,  brought  by  the  Gulf  stream  from  the  Amazon;  but  on 
the  northern  end  you  find  the  drifb-wood  of  the  Mississippi,  whose 
current,  making  slowly  down  the  coast,  forces  the  Gulf  stream  away 
from  the  land.  Across  this  counter-current  the  tornado  of  the  Gulf 
never  passes.  Were  it  not  for  this,  the  co^t  of  Texas  would  be  a 
most  dangerous  one,  as  there  are  no  harbors,  except  at  Galveston, 
and  even  there,  only  vessels  of  light  draft  can  enter,  all  large  vessels 
anchoring  in  the  open  roadstead,  where  the  only  stormy  wind  to 
which  they  are  exposed  is  the  norther,  which  blows  offshore. 

I  may  here  notice  another  peculiarity  of  Texas,  which  may  fit  a 
large  part  of  it  for  cotton,  in  a  wonderful  manner.  South-west  of 
the  great  staked  plain  or  desert,  is  a  vast  extent  of  country,  now 
only  used  for  grazing,  but  which  may  yet  become  a  great  cotton 
country.  Under  the  staked  plain,  flow  the  waters  from  the  melting 
snows  of  the  mountains  of  the  interior,  cominsr  nearer  and  nearer 
the  surface,  until,  at  last,  in  a  line  of  many  miles  in  extent,  they 
break  out  in  great  springs — in  one  or  two  cases,  in  such  volume  as 
to  make  great  rivers  at  their  very  point  of  out-burst.  Now,  where 
these  waters  underlie,  but  are  near  the  soil,  are  immense  plains 
covered  with  grasses  which  dry  in  summer  into  nutritious  hay,  with- 
out being  cut.  The  climate  is  so  dry,  that  a  slaughtered  animal  will 
dry  up,  but  will  not  decay.  It  would  seem  that  here  we  had  the 
best  of  all  conditions  for  cotton,  a  dry  climate  and  a  moist  soil. 
And  here  we  may  hope  to  see  a  great  German  colony,  quickly  ral- 
lying around  the  nucleus  of  loyal  Germans  now  to  be  found  at 
New  Braunfels,  of  whom  2,200  being  conscripted  into  the  rebel 
armies,  1,700  deserted,  joined  our  army  and  fought  to  the  end ;  and 
the  survivors  returning  were  the  first  to  hoist  again  the  Stars  and 
Stripes,  before  a  Union  force  had  landed  within  the  State.  Around 
such  a  nucleus  as  this,  we  may  hope  that  a  host  of  emigrants  may 
gather  soon. 

In  the  north  of  Texas  we  find  the  cotton  and  wheat  lands,  on  which 
the  winter  wheat  has  to  be  cropped  by  cattle  to  keep  it  below  the 
first  joint  until  after-frosts  have  ceased,  keeping  the  cattle  in  full 
condition. 

I  have  read  that  on  the  deserted  corn  and  cotton  fields  of  the 
Waohita  Indians,  on  the  Red  River,  Capt.  Marcy  found  the  herba- 
ceous weeds  twelve  feet  high,  and  so  dense  that  men  on  horse-back 
could  scarce  break  through  them. 

And  in  this  great  State  an  average  population  of  three-fourths  of 


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THE  COTTON  RESOURCES  OP  THE  SOUTH.  185 

a  negro  to  the  sqaare  mile,  putting  under  cultivation  in  cotton  less 
than  one-quarter  of  one  per  cent,  of  her  area,  produced,  in  1860,  one- 
half  of  all  the  cotton  required  by  the  United  States  north  of  the  Po- 
tomac, in  all  405,000  bales,  including  the  crop  of  the  Red  River, 
usually  counted  in  New  Orleans. 

But  returning  from  Texas  to  the  oldest  cotton  country  we  find  the 
line  of  mean  summer  temperature  starting  from  near  the  centre  of 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  thence  through  the  centre  of  South 
Carolina,  through  central  Georgia,  northern  Alabama,  and  then 
almost  due  north  across  Tennessee  to  southern  Illinois,  thence  bear- 
ing again  to  the  south-west  through  southern  Missouri  and  northern 
Arkansas. 

My  attention  has  been  especially  turned  to  these  facts,  for,  I  think, 
none  will  deny  that  the  climate  of  Georgia  is  more  suitable  to  the 
labor  of  the  white  man  than  the  climate  of  southern  Illinois.  We 
have  never  heard  that  white  men  could  not  live  and  labor  in  St 
Louis;  yet  it  has  the  mean  summer  temperature  of  central  Georgia, 
and  the  extremes  of  heat  are  greater  in  St.  Louis  than  in  New  Or- 
leans. I  do  not  expect  to  see  cotton  made  a  permanent  crop  north 
of  Tennessee ;  the  summer  is  hot  enough,  but  frosts  come  too  soon, 
and  the  picking  season  is  too  short,  unless  (and  while  it  sounds  ab- 
surd it  is  not  improbable)  a  month  shall  be  added  t<:>  the  picking 
season,  at  the  beginning,  by  starting  the  plants  in  a  hot-bed  as  we  do 
cabbages  in  the  North. 

It  may  be  that  some  time  will  elapse  before  the  cultivation  of  cot- 
ton will  be  fully  re-established  in  the  more  southern  portion  of  the 
cotton  country,  except  in  Texas.  The  first  idea  of  freedom  with  the 
negro  is  to  leave  the  hated  cotton-field,  and  much  suffering  must  of 
necessity  ensue,  and  much  time  must  elapse  before  he  will  labor 
cheerfully  again  upon  the^  river  bottoms  and  in  the  southern  region 
where  white  labor  will  not  at  once  attempt  the  cultivation  of  the 
land.  It  is  perhaps  needful  that  we  should  induce  emigration  from 
southern  Europe  before  the  question  of  the  cultivation  of  large  crops 
in  southern  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Louisiana  will  be  fully  settled. 
But  there  is  a  broad  tract  of  cotton  country  lying  in  Georgia,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  northern  Mississippi,  Alabama  and  Arkansas, 
the  land  of  farms,  not  of  plantations,  on  which  a  million  and  a  half 
bales  of  cotton  have  been  produced  in  a  given  year,  of  which  a  very 
large  portion  was  produced  by  white  labor,  even  in  the  days  of 
slavery.  On  this  section  we  shall  soon  see  an  enterprizing  commun- 
ity of  small  farmers,  not  raising  cotton  by  the  plantation  system,  but 
on  small  allotments,  under  the  personal  supervision  of  the  owner, 
himself  working  in  the  field.  Here  we  shall  soon  see  northern 
economy — the  seed  no  longer  wasted,  but  the  rich  oil  which  com- 
j>08e8  twelve  and  a  half  per  cent,  of  its  weight  expressed  and  turned 
to  a  useful  purpose ;  the  cake,  the  richest  food  for  cattle  known,  fed 
out  to  stock  ;  the  land  no  longer  exhausted  by  the  waste  of  seed,  but 
the  manure  returned,  and  the  cQtton-farm  growing  richer  instead  of 
poorer  year  by  year.     And  as  the  population  becomes  more  dense, 


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136  THE  COTTON  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

the  towns  and  villages  will  increase,  and  manufactories  will  become 
established  ;  and,  before  many  years,  we  may  confidently  expect  to 
see  the  manufacture  of  the  coarser  cotton  cloth  transferred  to  the 
South  and  West,  nearer  to  the  place  of  growth  of  the  cotton, 
while  the  North,  with  its  greater  skill  and  more  abundant  labor,  will 
undertake  the  finer  work  which  we  have  not  yet  drawn  away  from 
England. 

It  is  curious  and  interesting  to  consider  the  effect  of  the  late  war 
upon  the  labor  of  the  world.  The  war  was  a  war  for  the  establish- 
ment of  free  labor,  call  it  by  whatever  other  name  you  will.*  Its 
one  great  result  has  been  to  redeem  labor  in  this  country  from  the 
indignity  of  slavery,  and  the  result  ends  not  here  ;  the  slow  moving 
and  stolid  English  operative  or  artizan  has  had  ideas  beaten  into  his 
head  by  the  arguments  of  the  partizans  of  one  or  the  other  side  of 
our  struggle,  one  side  endeavoring  to  arouse  in  him  a  spirit  of  dis- 
content with  the  action  of  his  Government,  the  other  to  keep  the 
peace ;  and  these  men,  who  hive  moved  and  would  have  continued 
to  move  only  from  their  poor  dwellings  to  their  mills,  have  been 
driven  into  new  paths,  into  new  ideas ;  they  have  been  awakened  to 
the  advantages  of  diversity  of  employment;  and,  having  once  left 
Lancashire,  they  cannot  be  induced  to  return  ;  and  throughout  Eng- 
land you  will  find  vastly  more  knowledge  of  this  country  among  the 
people  than  ever  before,  and  an  ardent  desire  to  come  here  among 
the  best  workmen.  A  friend  of  mine  lately  went  to  Nottingham  to 
procure  knitting  machinery ;  and  having  procured  his  machines,  he 
then  told  the  employers  that  he  must  have  a  few  of  their  best  opera- 
tors, and  advised  them  to  make  a  selection  for  him,  to  prevent  the 
excitement  which  would  ensue  if  he  went  himself  among  the  work- 
people ;  they  selected  the  men  and  got  rid  of  him  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble. This  is  the  true  warfare  against  England.  Let  us  draw  to  our 
shores  her  best  operators  and  mechanics.  By  this  peaceful  warfare, 
we  will  soon  destroy  her  supremacy  in  almost  all  branches  of  manu- 
facture, and  do  it  by  raising  the  wages  of  our  true  friends,  the  work- 
ing men  of  England,  by  not  lowering  wages  here. 

From  Germany,  too,  we  hear  that  emigration  will  only  be  limit- 
ed by  the  amount  of  transportation  possible,  and  when  the  Germans 
of  Texas  shall  send  word  home,  that  in  1866  they  have  made  one 
hundred  thousand  bales  of  cotton  at  8  to  10  cents  per  pound, 
and  sold  it  at  30  to  50  cents  (and  nothing  is  more  probable  than  that 
they  may  do  this),  what,  think  you,  will  be  the  effect  on  the  cheap 
labor  of  Germany,  against  which  we  have  to  compete  only  by  means 
of  protection  on  many  classes  of  woolen  goods?  Does  it  not  seem 
probable,  that  by  elevating  the  laborer  upon  the  cotton-field,  we  shall 
elevate  the  laborer  throughout  civilized  Europe,  and  ultimately 
establish  our  own  ability  to  compete  in  all  branches  of  manufacture 
without  the  need  of  a  protective  tariff,  and  to  compete,  not  by  de- 
pressing our  own  rates  of  wages,  but  by  raising  those  of  Europe  1 

*  This  is  candid.  It  was  once  said  the  war  was  to  re-establish  the  Union. — 
Editor. 


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THE  COTTON  KESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH.  137 

And  look,  again,  at  the  vast  benefits  which  will  accrue  to  Turkey, 
Egypt  and  India.  Millions  upon  millions  have  been  poured  into 
these  countries,  and  although  all  but  Egypt  must  cease  to  hold  an 
important  position  in  supplying  the  world  with  cotton,  yet  vast  per- 
manent improvements  will  have  been  established,  works  of  irrigation, 
railroads  and  canals,  and  better  systems  of  agriculture,  new  and  bet- 
ter tools  introduced,  the  effect  of  all  of  which  will  be  to  permanently 
improve  the  condition  of  the  laborer  in  those  distant  regions. 

it  is  thus  that  the  brotherhood  of  UHtions  asserts  itself.  We  may 
not,  here,  trace  out  the  degrading  influence  upon  labor  which  the  exist- 
ence of  slavery  has  exerted  in  the  past  upon  all  nations,  but  we  may 
trace  out  the  manner  in  which  the  efforts  for  its  overthrow  have  re- 
sulted in  elevating  labor  throughout  the  world. 

To  return  to  the  actual  cotton  question,  you  will  have  seen  from 
what  I  have  stated,  that  the  true  climate  for  cotton  is  not  a  tropical 
one,  but  one  of  considerable  extremes  of  heat  and  frost — of  moderate 
rain  at  the  proper  season,  followed  by  dry  summers;  and  to  these 
qualities  must  be  added  clear  sunshine,  fl)r  cotton  is  essentially  a 
sun  plant.  And  you  will  see  l^ow  wonderfully  all  these  conditions 
are  met  by  the  condensation  of  the  vapor  raised  from  the  warm 
waters  of  the  gulf  stream,  brought  inland  and  condensed  upon  the 
Alleghanies  and  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  also  by  the  equally  wonderful 
provision  by  which  Texas  is  made  a  great  cotton  Suite,  although  one 
of  less  certain  crops,  owing  to  severe  droughts  which  occasionally 
destroy  them. 

But  a  word  about  soils.  I  dare  not  treat  of  soils,  as  I  am  neither 
chemist  nor  geologist,  but  one  may  find  a  most  interesting  and  valu- 
able analysis  of  the  soils  of  the  cotton  States  in  a  little  book  upon 
the  culture  of  cotton,  by  Dr.  Mallet,  Professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Alabama,  and  published  in  London  by  Chapman  and 
Hall,  in  1862. 

The  soil  of  the  Sea  Islands,  on  which  the  Sea  Island  cotton  is  pro- 
duced, is  very  light  and  sandy,  one  on  which  very  wretched  crops  of 
corn  can  be  made.  The  Sea  Island  cotton  is  a  different  variety  from 
the  common  cotton ;  it  is  a  black  seed  cotton,  requires  special  culti- 
vation ;  and  a  crop  Cixn  only  be  made  by  heavily  manuring  the  land 
with  a  compost  of  marsh  mud,  salt,  grass  and  reeds.  On  these 
islands,  a  wretched  and  isolated  population  of  negroes,  ill  fed  and 
badly  clothed,  has  furnished  wealth  to  a  few  planters. 

The  islands  are  unhealthy,  but  perhaps  ths  causes  of  ill-health 
may  be  removed  by  drainage.  The  amount  of  the  cotton  has  been 
less  than  the  one  one  hundred  and  fiftieth  part  of  the  entire  crop,  and 
if  entirely  given  up,  would  have  but  little  adverse  effect  on  our  manu- 
factures. Ttie  manufacture  of  some  of  the  very  finest  laces  and  or- 
gandies would  cease  ii^  England  and  France,  but  only  articles  of . 
luxury  would  thus  be  lost. 

The  soils  on  which  the  green  seed,  or  great  useful  crop  of  cotton 
is  raised,  are  divided  as  folhiws.  The  bottom  lands  of  the  rivers,  on 
whicbf  in  ^vorable  years,  the  great  crops,  per  head  and  per  acre,  are 


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138  THE  COTTON  RESOUBCES  OP  THE  SOUTH. 

made — on  these  lands  the  alluvial  soil  is  from  thirty  to  sixty  feet 
deep,  of  inexhaustible  fertility,  on  which  the  wasteful  systems  of 
slave  cultivation  could  make  no  impression  in  centuries  of  abuse ; 
but  these  lands  are  not  yet  proved  to  be  healthy ;  they  were  the 
abode  of  terrible  fevers,  until  by  the  use  of  rain-water,  stored  in  cis- 
terns  in  winter,  the  malignant  types  of  fever  were  banished,  but  the 
intermittent  fever  still  prevails. 

Next  we  have  the  <5ane-brake  soil  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
mostly  lying  over  be^s  of  rotten  limestone,  a  deep,  finely  commi- 
nuted soil,  requiring,  like  the  bottom  lands,  much  expense  in  clearing, 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  depth,  full  of  decayed  vegetable  matter, 
wonderfully  retentive  of  moisture,  and  yielding  great  crops. 

Lastly,  we  come  to  the  prairie  lands  and  the  hill  lands,  hereaf\;er 
to  be  the  region  of  cotton  farms  and  a  dense  population,  and  no 
longer  the  region  of  the  exhaustive  and  wretched  system  of  planta- 
tions under  slave  cultivation.  The  soil  of  the  prairies  and  hills  is 
rich  and  good,  but  not  inexhaustible,  like  that  of  the  bottoms ;  but 
80  immense  in  extent  is  the  land,  that  although  slavery  has  blasted 
a  portion  of  it,  it  has  not  nearly  exhausted  the  whole  area,  and  that 
over  which  it  has  passed  in  may  cases  needs  only  good  cultiva- 
tion to  bring  it  up. 

I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  there  have  not  been  men  of  great  intel- 
ligence among  the  planters,  who  have  made  the  best  possible  use  of 
their  tools  and  chattels  ;  but  in  the  nature  of  the  case  they  could  not 
make  the  best  use  of  the  land. 

They  have  maintained  the  supremacy  of  America,  not  by  means 
of  a  good  system,  but  because  America  possessed  such  superiority, 
in  point  of  climate,  over  other  cotton  regions,  and  such  a  vast  area 
of  soil,  either  inexhaustible  in  quality  or  inexhaustible  in  quantity, 
that  even  the  worst  system  of  labor  could  not  deprive  them  of  a  vir- 
tual monopoly. 

They  wasted  a  large  portion  of  the  seed,  which  takes  from  an 
average  acre  of  land  fifty  pounds  of  mineral  element  where  the  fibre 
takes  five — a  seed  so  valuable  that,  could  the  plant  be  cultivated  in 
the  north,  we  should  raise  it  for  seed  alone ;  they  yet  persisted  in 
their  course,  despite  the  warnings  of  many  of  their  own  number. 

Governor  Wise  condensed  the  whole  system  into  an  epigram : 
"  The  negroes  skin  the  land  and  the  white  men  skin  the  negroes.*' 

I  have  spoken  of  the  great  range  of  upland  prairie  and  hill  country, 
than  which  there  is  no  more  healthy  region  in  the  U^nited  States.  On 
this  soil  corn  and  grain  thrive  as  well  as  cotton,  fruit  is  in  abundance, 
nutritious  grasses  are  very  numerous  (but  Northern  men  must  here 
lose  our  green  turfs) — stock  can  be  raised  in  vast  numbers — sheep 
cropping  turnips  from  the  soil,  as  in  England,  can  be  carried  through 
the  winter  without  shelter,  and  a  thousand  industries  can  be  combin- 
ed with  cotton  cultivation. 

And  if  the  crop  of  this  range  of  country  be  not  as  great,  per  acre, 
as  upon  the  bottoms,  yet  the  crop,  per  hand,  will  soon  be  equal,  for 
a  man  can  cultivate  vastly  more  cotton  than  he  and  his  family  can 
pick. 


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THE  COTTON  BESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH.  139 

Eight  to  ten  acres  to  the  full  hand  is  the  limit  beyond  which 
the  picking  force  of  the  plantation  cannot  be  carried,  but  upon  the 
prairies  and  hills  a  dense  population  will,  in  a  few  years,  be  gather- 
ed ;  then  we  shall  find  the  cotton  farmer  cultivating  twenty,  thirty 
— aye,  even  fifty  acres  to  the  hand,  with  the  certainty  that  he  can 
call  to  his  aid  in  the  picking  season  the  entire  force  required,  who 
will  be  employed  during  the  rest  of  the  year  in  all  the  various  indus- 
tries of  civilized  life,  but  which  dense  population  the  barbarism  of 
slavery  has  not  even  permitted  to  have  an  existence  upon  the  terri- 
tory which  it  cursed. 

On  these  lands  we  shall  soon  see  the  principle  established  of  mak- 
ing great  crops  from  a  small  number  of  acres,  new  varieties  of  the 
cotton  plant  introduced,  like  the  Tipporah  cotton,  grown  from  a  black 
seed  variety,  imported  from  Mexico  just  before  the  war,  and  which 
yields  a  staple  much  like  that  of  Egypt  and  Brazil,  intermediate 
between  the  Sea  Island  and  our  common  cotton. 

There  are  many  impediments  to  be  overcome,  chief  among  them 
the  enmity  of  the  mass  of  mean  whites,  who  dread  the  elevation  of 
the  negro. 

The  moj)t  reasonable  men  among  the  Southerners  are  the  ex-Con- 
federate officers — the  men  most  interested  in  peace  and  good  order 
are  the  land-holders,  whose  only  resource  is  in  the  cultivation  or 
sale  of  their  lands ;  and  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  these  two  classes 
combined  will,  before  another  year,  compel  the  more  ignorant 
citizens  to  abate  their  prejudices,  and  if  they  do  not  cease  to  hate, 
at  least  cease  to  molest*  ^fo^thern  settlers. 

I  hope  soon  to  see  the  scarcity  of  labor  tending  to  proper  treat- 
ment of  the  freedmen  and  to  competition  for  their  labor. 

We  are  accustomed  to  regard  the  negroes  in  mass  as  an  aggregate 
of  four  millions,  but  let  us  cease  so  to  regard  them,  and  consider 
them  in  relation  to  the  area  of  territory  on  which  they  are  placed, 
and  we  find  only  one  family  to  the  square  mile. 

The  most  dense  negro  population  in  any  State  is  in  Maryland,  not 
in  South  Carolina.  And  now  that  slavery  has  ceased  to  repel  a  free 
white  population,  it  will,  by  emigration,  increase  much  more  rapidly 
than  the  black,  and  presently  the  negro  will  cease  to  be  a  disturbing 
element,  by  being   swamped  in  a  dense  population  of  whites. 

We  may  gain  some  idea  of  the  profitable  nature  of  Southern  agri- 
culture from  the  fact  that,  in  1859  and  1860,  the  current  prices  at 
which  slaves  were  hired  out  by  their  masters,  the  lessees  assuming 
the  cost  of  feeding  and  clothing  and  the  risks  of  sickness,  were  from 
$250  to  $350  per  annum. 

I  have  thus  given  a  very  superficial  statement  of  the  natural  adap- 
tation of  our  Southern  lands  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  by  which 
the  Southern  planter  has  maintained  his  monopoly. 

Russia  yields,  as  her  surplus  for  export,  wool,  hemp,  tallow  and 
naval  stores. 

♦  Thero  are  no  such  cases,  unless  on  provocation,  which  result  every- 
where.— Editor. 


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140  THE  COTTON  KESOURCES  OP  THE  SOUTH. 

Germany,  producing  a  surplus  of  cheap  wool,  and  having  a  popula- 
tion too  dense  for  its  soil,  is  enabled,  at  low  and  insufficient  wages  to 
the  working^  population,  to  furnish  for  export  its  manufactures  of 
wool  and  worsted. 

The  South  of  Europe  its  wine,  its  oil  and  its  silks.  But  England 
is  chief  in  power  among  all  nations,  because,  by  means  of  her  coal 
and  iron,  she  can  build  cheap  machinery.  In  no  other  country  can 
a  manufacturer  establish  his  business  on  so  small  an  outlay.  It  is 
the  capital  wrung  by  hard  manual  labor  from  the  soil,  which  comes 
slowly  to  a  nation  as  to  an  individual,  and  that  nation  which,  like 
England,  could  first  supplement  its  manual  labor  by  the  addition  of 
machinery,  at  one-half  or  two-thirds  its  cost  elsewhere,  gained  a 
power  as  ten  to  one,  and  secured  an  advanced  position,  which  cen- 
turies may  not  wre^t  from  her. 

Bad  laws  and  oppressive  legislation,  prohibitory  export  and  im- 
port duties,  may  deprive  a  nation  of  its  inherent -power,  as  in  Hun- 
gary, whose  lands  are  so  rich  and  productive  that  it  has  become  a 
proverb,  that  Austria  tries  to  "smother  Hungary  in  her  own  grease." 

But  although  the  chief  power  lies  in  the  ability  to  import  raw 
materials,  and  by  cheap  machinery  to  export  finished  products,  yet 
power  almost  equal  may  accrue  to  a  nation  which,  like  the  United 
States,  can,  upon  a  little  patch  of  its  soil,  less  than  the  hundredth 
part  of  its  area,  produce  a  material  which  the  whole  world  absolutely 
needs  for  its  health  and  comfort.  And  such  a  commodity  is  the  cot- 
ton of  the  United  States. 

By  this  product  we  can,  at  all  times,  in  spite  of  constant  and  in- 
jurious changes  in  our  tariff  system,  maintain  our  foreign  commerce; 
true,  we  have  other  surplus  for  export,  but  none  which  this  world 
cannot  spare. 

Now  that  the  false  and  iniquitous  system  of  labor  by  which  our 
cotton  has  been  raised  is  overthrown,  it  behoves  us  to  see  to  it  that 
a  new  system  shall  take  its  place,  which  shall  be  a  blessing  to  all — 
a  curse  to  none.  Then  may  we  rejoice  in  the  virtual  monopoly 
which  we  possess.  It  shall  no  longer  be  a  temptation  to  the  South- 
erner to  break  the  bonds  of  the  Union,  and  it  shall  surely  give  secu- 
rity for  peace  with  those  nations  who  need  it  from  us,  and  to  whom 
by  means  of  it  we  may  again  become  the  best  customers  they  have 
for  their  surplus  manufactures  or  products  of  their  soil.  The  power, 
which  we  possess,  and  on  which  the  Southern  rebels  relied,  can  be 
easily  demonstrated.  In  1860  we  made  a  crop  of  5,000,000  bales 
of  cotton — enough  to  supply  all  the  mills  in  Europe  and  America. 
Other  countries  furnished  in  that  year  about  750,000  bales,  all  of 
which  could  have  been  spared.  Our  crop  was  sufficient  to  supply 
33,000,000  spindles  in  Great  Britain,  12,000,000  upon  the  Continent, 
and  6,000,000  in  the  United  States— 50,000,000  in  all. 

These  spindles,  at  only  $10  each,  represent  with  their  looms, 
bleacheries  and  print  works,  a  fixed  investment  of  $500,000,000.  In 
their  operation,  about  1,000,000  operators  raised  the  five  million  bales 
of  cotton  from  a  value  of  $200,000,000  to,  at  least,  $500,000,000, 
and  thus  furnished  cheap  clothing  to  the  world. 


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THE  COTTON  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH.  141 

The  crop  of  5,000,000  bales  of  cotton  was  made,  estimating  six 
bales  to  the  hand,  by  a  force  of  about  800,000  human  chattels ;  and  at 
$1,250  each — ^a  low  price  in  1860 — these  chattels  represented  a  value 
of  one  thousand  million  dollars,  or  double  the  investment  in  machin- 
ery on  which  the  cotton  was  worked. 

And  now,  as  we  have  defined  the  secret  of  power  to  be  inherent  in 
the  soil,  let  us  see  on  whnt  this  immense  fabric  of  labor,  machinery 
and  capital  rested.  A  few  great  planters,  monopolizincr  the  land,  re- 
pelling free  laborers,  cultivated  in  cottgn,  to  produce  this  result,  only 
one  and  two-thirds  per  cent,  of  the  area  of  the  cotton  States.  Sup- 
pose the  cotton  country  to  be  that  portion  of  the  United  States  south 
of  the  northern  boundary  of  Tennessee,  and  to  be  represented  by  a 
common  chequer-board,  and  if  you  wish  to  realize  the  exact  quantity 
which  was  under  cultivation  in  cotton  in  1860,  you  must  take  exactly 
one  square — no  more,  no  less — one  square  of  the  sixty-four  represents 
the  entire  cotUm-fitid  for  5,000,000  bales  of  cotton. 

This  is  the  power  which  the  war  has  transferred  from  slavery  to 
freedom. 

•  ••••.*• 

And  here  you  shall  find  the  secret  of  the  power  of  King  Cotton. 
The  foundation  of  all  this  immense  structure  of  labor,  capital  and 
machinery,  was  only  a  little  patch  of  Southern  land,  equal  in  size  to 
old  Massachusetts  and  little  Rhode  Island  combined. 

Can  we  wonder  at  the  confidence  of  the  Southern  leaders  1  None 
knew  better  than  they  the  power  which  they  wielded  by  the  posses- 
sion of  this  land  ;  none  know  it  better  now.  Our  wheat,  our  corn, 
our  coal  and  iron,  even  our  gold  and  silver,  the  world  can  spare,  but 
our  cotton  the  world  cannot  spare ;  this  it  must  have  if  it  would 
clothe  itself  cheaply  and  with  comfort. 

We  may  now  pass  to  some  of  the  other  cotton  countries.  In  Mex- 
ico, although  further  south  than  our  cotton  States,  there  are  upon 
the  higher  plains  large  tracts  of  land  well  adapted  to  cotton,  and 
from  which  some  of  tne  best  varieties  of  the  green  seed  cotton  have 
come  (for  there  seem  to  be  as  many  varieties  of  the  cotton  plant  as 
there  are  among  strawberries  with  as).  But  from  Mexico  little 
aid  can  be  expected  in  the  supply  of  this  staple  for  many  years. 

Brazil  will  probably  yield  this  year  a  quantity  equal  to  130,000 
bales  of  our  weight  of  black  seed  cottonr,  most  excellent  in  quality, 
better  than  any  of  our  cotton,  except  the  Sea  Island  (for  which  it 
serves  as  an  acceptable  substitute  in  many  branches  of  manufacture). 
But  in  Brazil  cotton  increases  slowly  in  competition  with  cofiee  and 
sugar,  which  in  this,  as  in  all  the  tropical  climes,  will  pay  much  bet- 
ter at  ordinary  prices. 

Upon  the  Paraguay  and  Parana  rivers  there  is  probably  a  cotton 
zone  fiilly  equal  to  our  own,  of  immense  extent,  having  a  dry  and 
healthy  climate,  a  rich,  moist  soil,  covered  with  nutritious  grasses,  in 
&ct  a  country  fit  to  produce  the  most  useful  cotton,  and  perhaps  even 


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142  THE  COTTON  BESOURCES  OP  THE  SOUTH. 

better  adapted  to  the  labor  of  the  white  roan  than  the  southern  por- 
tion of  our  cotton  States,  but  it  is  cursed  by  a  government  which  has 
cramped  all  useful  industry,  and,  for  half  a  century,  at  least,  the 
world  can  hope  for  little  aid  from  this  section. 

Upon  the  West  India  Islands  a  little  cotton  is  mode  upon  the  per- 
ennial plant ;  it  is  long  and  fine,  but  weak  in  staple  and  will  almost 
cease  to  be  cultivated  when  cotton  falls  to  twenty -five  cents  in  gold 
here. 

In  Italy  much  progress  has. been  made,  and  Italy  may  continue  to 
roake  a  part  of  the  cotton  for  the  use  of  her  own  mills. 

In  Turkey  and  in  Asia  Minor  there  are  doubtless  large  tracts  of 
land  suitable  for  cotton,  and  a  climate  which  gives  tolerable  assur- 
ance of  a  crop,  but  subject  to  devastating  storms  and  rains  during 
the  picking  season.  Their  cotton  is  a  coarse,  but  strong  and  useful 
variety,  and  probably  much  improvement  might  be  made  by  the  in- 
troduction of  exotic  seed,  but  the  curse  of  a  bad  government  and  of 
a  senii-barbarous  people  is  upon  the  land,  and  this  crop  will  disap- 
pear almost  entirely  when  we  again  put  our  crop  in  market. 

Egypt  has  made  great  strides,  her  Pacha  is  the  largest  and  most 
successful  cotton  planter  in  the  world,  he  employs  the  best  engineers 
and  the  best  implements,  steam-ploughs,  &c.,  but.  among  his  people 
the  same  plough  in  use  among  the  Pharaohs  is  in  use  now.  The 
crcp  of  Egypt  has  increased  from  90,000  to  440,000  bales  ;  the  cot- 
ton is  long,  strong  and  fine,  better  than  our  best,  except  the  Sea 
Island. 

At  one  time  I  thought  the  crop  of  Egypt  might  be  increased  to  a 
very  large  extent.  Very  simple  and  inexpensive  works  would  restore 
old  methods  of  irrigation  by  which  2,000,000  acres  superb  cotton 
land  could  be  put  under  cultivation,  but  already  the  limit  has  been 
reached,  so  much  labor  has  been  bestowed  upon  cotton  (which  takes 
twice  the  time  to  make  a  crop  that  grain  takes  in  Egypt),  as  to  cause 
a  Bcaroily  of  food,  and  Egypt,  which  used  to  export  grain  largely, 
has  this  year  been  an  importer,  and  the  Pasha  has  issued  an  edict 
limiting  the  area  of  cotton.  In  consequence  of  this  edict  and  of  a 
bad  season  it  is  now  estimated  that  the  crop  of  this  year  will  be  less 
than  300,000  bales. 

China  and  Japan  furnished  England  a  large  supply  of  beautifully 
white  and  clean  cotton,  but  so  short  in  staple  as  to  be  almost  useless. 
It  is  already  disappearing  from  market  and  will  not  be  seen  again  ex- 
cept in  the  time  of  a  famine.  I  am  told  that  the  only  use  made  of 
this  staple  in  China  and  Japan  is  to  wad  the  silk  or  cotton  jackets 
which  form  the  common  wear.  China  and  Japan  produce  no  supply 
of  cotton  useful  for  spinning  purposes,  which  they  can  afford  to 
export. 

We  come  now  to  India,  the  land  of  great  promise  but  of  little  per- 
formance. She  has  given  England  during  the  war  a  little  over  a 
million  bales  per  annum,  of  short,  rough  and  dirty  fibre,  and  seems 
to  have  reached  her  limit. 

In  consequence  of  the  decline  of  American  cotton  to  thirteen  pence, 


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THE  COTTON  RESOUKCES  OP  THE  SOUTH.  143 

last  spring,  the  crop  of  India  cotton  is  already  diminished.  The 
theoretic  crops  of  five  and  six  million  bales  prove  to  have  no  exist- 
ence in  fact. 

The  truth  is,  India  is  not  a  true  cotton  country,  her  crop  is  only 
thirty  to  100  pounds  per  acre.  Exotic  seed  does  not  produce  thrifty 
plants  for  more  than  one  year,  and  in  the  face  of  our  competition  In- 
dia must  go  back  to  its  former  insignificance. 

India  cotton  can  be  used  for  coarse  yarns,  and  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion has  always  been  spun  in  Germany,  where  labor  is  abundant 
and  cheap ;  but  with  the  scarcity  of  labor  now  prevailing  in  Lanca- 
shire, spinners  will  be  forced  to  use  oar  cotton  or  lose  their  operat- 
ives. 

The  Manchester  Cotton  Supply  Association  wrangles  over  the 
misgovernment  of  India,  and  in  truth  one  can  hardly  realize  in  this 
country  the  obstinacy  with  which  her  land  tenure  is  kept  unaltered ; 
but  a  change  of  government  cannot  change  climate  and  soil,  nor  can 
it,  under  a  century 'or  two,  change  the  character  of  the  Hindoo  people. 

In  1857  Great  Britain  consumed  of  American 
Cotton ; 627,198.0^0  lbs. 

In  1860 956,894,000    " 

Increase 329,796,000  lbs. 

In  1860  Great  Britain  consumed  of  other  sorts 

th^n  American '. 126,706,000  lbs. 

Ja  1864  only 491,147,470  lbs 

Increase 364,441,470  lbs. 

So  it  appears  that  under  the  stimulus  of  four  prices  the  increase 
of  supply  was  but  little  more  than  the  increased  want,  even  had 
America  maintained  an  average  crop  of  4,000,000  bales. 

In  I860  the  totjil  supply  of  all  Europe  was  1,797,400,000  lbs.,  of 
which  wo  furnished  eighty -seven  and  a  half  per  cent.,  at  an  average 
cost  of  eleven  and  a  half  cents  per  pound,  equal  to  u  little  over 
200,000,000. 

In  1864  the  total  supply  of  Europe  was  928,896,810  lbs.,  of 
which  we  furnished  only  8  per  cent.  The  cost  was  44  cents  per  lb., 
equal  to  400,000,000. 

In  1850  the  weekly  consumption  of  cotton  in  England  was  29,125 
bales,  of  which  20,7J>7  were  American,  3,310  Brazilian,  1,542 
Egyptian,  3,385  East  Indian  and  121  various. 

In  1860  this  weekly  consumption  was  48,523,  of  which  41,094 
was  American,  2,164  Brazilian,  1,804  Egyptian,  3,340  East  Indian 
and  121  various. 

Thus,  it  appears,  that  the  immense  increase  in  English  manufac- 
ture depended  on  America. 

And  let  me  say  one  word  here  upon  the  mutual  dependence  of 
England  and  the  United  States.     We  are  justly  incensed  against 


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144  THE  COTTON  RESOURCES  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

England,  but  our  anger  should  not  be  against  the  English.  The 
people  of  England,  the  great  masses  are  our  friends. 

They  need  our  cotton  and  our  grain  ;  we  need  many  of  their 
manufactures.  With  peace  between  us  the  wages  of  the  two  coun- 
tries will  become  equal  by  the  rise  in  England. 

If  we  war  with  them,  we  aid  the  class  who  are  our  enemies,  and 
give  them  a  new  lease  of  power,  and  we  injure  our  friends. 

Instead  of  cherishing  our  anger,  would  it  not  be  far  more  magna- 
nimous to  take  England  at  her  word,  revise  the  laws  of  neutrals, 
the  maritime  law,  and  let  it  now  be  declared  that  private  property 
is  exempt  from  seizure  upon  the  seal  Would  not  this  be  a  vast 
step  in  the  path  of  civilization  ;  a  real  progress  of  ideas  ?  To  return 
from  this  digression. 

Thus,  although  it  may  be  asserted  that  cotton  may  be  raised  all 
over  the  world,  yet  with  the  exception  of  the  region  on  the  Para- 
guay and  Parana  rivers,  we  possess  the  only  region  in  which  there 
is  the  exact  combination  of  suil  and  climate  with  a  sufficient  popu- 
lation necessary  to  mature  a  crop  sufficient  to  meet  the  need  of  the 
world. 

I  am  rejoiced  that  the  large  estimates  of  old  cotton  remaining  at 
the  end  of  the  rebellion  were  erroneous,  and  that,  with  the  small 
crop  of  this  year,  there  many  not  be  enough  to  cause  any  great 
reduction  in  price.  The  reorganization  of  industry  and  the  protec- 
tion of  the  colored  laborers  is  a  herculean  task The 

planters  and  the  land-holders  are  eager  to  invite  Northern  settlers ; 
as  yet  such  settlers  are  unsafe,  and  must  continue  so  until  the  men 
of  property  and  influence,  and  the  ex-confederate  officers,  who  are 
the  most  reasonable  of  all,  shall  combine  for  the  protection  and 
advancement  of  the  negro.  This  their  interest  must  lead  them  to ; 
for  until  peace  and  good  order  and  habits  of  industry  shall  be  re- 
newed, their  lands  must  be  without  permanent  value,  and  they  have 
nought  beside. 

But  while  I  have  proved  that  we  have  the  control  of  the  best 
cotton  land  in  the  world,  I  regret  to  see  a  proposition  from  the 
comptroller  of  the  currency  to  tax  cotton  ten  cents  per  pound.  I 
do  not  regard  the  natural  price  of  cotton  to  be  over  eight  cents.  1  feel 
confident  that  when  labor  shall  be  completely  reorganized  its  actual 
cost  on  good  land  will  not  exceed  five  cents,  and  that  eight  cents  at  the 
ports  will  pay  a  fair  profit.  A  tax  of  200  per  cent,  on  the  natural 
cost  would  be  inexpedient,  and  would  seriously  check  the  renewal  of 
cultivation.  I  think  the  country  will  get  more  revenue  in  the  long 
run  from  a  tax  not  exceeding  three  cents  per  pound  ;  but  in  this  I 
am,  probably,  a  little  below  the  average  opinion  of  spinners. 


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SPARTAN  VIRTOKS  OF  THE  SOUTH.  145 


ART.  IV.-SHALL  TBE  SPARTAN  VIRTUES  OF  THE  SOUTH  SURVIVE 

THE  WAR? 

Wb  agree  with  Mr.  Fitzhagh  in  his  protest  against  a  return  to  the  regime 
of  fashion  and  loxnry  at  the  South,  already  hut  too  plainly  indicated  in  e7ery 
quarter.  In  regions  scourged  but  twelve  months  ago  by  the  demon  of  war,  it 
is  not  difflicult  to-day  to  find  all  the  fashions  of  Paris  flaunted,  and  balls,  dan- 
cing and  dissipation  in  constant  vogue.  Let  ua  hold  on  a  little  longer  to  the 
hardier  virtues  of  the  war  and  indulge  occasionally  atjeast  in  its  black  broth. 

What  Mr.  Fitzhugh  says  in  a  yeia  of  irony  of  the  nobler  and  happier  life  of 
the  savage  and  the  negro,  must  be  taken  cum  ffrano^  as  w6  have  seen  that  phi- 
losopher disport  himself  in  the  courtly  saloons  of  the  Capital  in  other  days,  im- 
bibe the  wines  of  France  and  puff  the  regalias  of  Habana  and  occasionally 
indulj^e  himself  in  a  broad  cloth  suit,  which  however  never  retained  very  long 
its  finish.    He  has  taken  to  the  pipe  now,  and  naturally  enough 

"  Compounds  for  tins  he  is  fnolinedto, 
By  dsmnlng  those  he  has  do  miud  to." 

Editor. 

CiTiLizsD  mankind  might  learn  some  useful  lessons  from  savages 
and  semi-savages,  that  would  enable  them  to  live  more  happily  and 
contentedly  with  less  of  labor.  The  all-absorbing  pursuit  of  wealth 
that  occupies  and  harasses  the  minds  of  most  of  the  civilized  by  day 
and  by  night,  and  leaves  them  no  time  for  observation  and  reflection, 
no  time  for  the  cultivation  of  intellect,  and  little  for  social  or 
family  intercourse,  is  unfelt  and  unknown  by  the  savage.  He  practi- 
cally adopts  the  maxim,  "  sufficient  for  the  day  is  the  evil  thereof," 
does  no  attempt  to  accumulate  aiid  hoard  up  for  the  future,  which 
he  may  never  Jive  to  see,  nor  to  provide  against  inevitable  misfor- 
tunes nor  evils  that  may  never  arise.  lie  trusts  that  by  confining 
his  wants  to  the  actual  necessaries  of  life,  he  may  at  all  times,  by 
a  fow  hours  daily  light  labor,  be  able  to  supply  those  wants,  or  if  he 
should  live  to  extreme  old  age  and  become  weak  and  decrepid,  that 
his  children  and  his  grand-children  will  take  care  of  him  and  provide 
fur  him  as  he  earned  and  provided  for  them  in  their  infancy.  He  is 
never  harassed  or  rendered  miserable  by  the  cares  of  the  rich  nor 
the  hard  and  excessive  labor  of  the  poor,  as  civilized  people  are. 

Being  too  wise  and  sagacious  to  attempt,  like  the  white  man,  to 
take  a  bond  of  indemnity  from  fate,  or  to  insure  himself  against  the 
future ;  when  misfortune  or  death  befal  him,  he  meets  them  with  dig- 
nified fortitude  and  impassive  serenity.  Living  on  plain  and  simple 
food,  indulging  in  no  luxuries,  laboring  little  and  taking  a  plenty  of 
wholesome  exercise,  his  diseases  are  few,  rare  and  simple,  and  he  is 
neither  troubled  with  the  many  pains  aid  aches  which  oflen  torture 
the  life  of  the  rich,  nor  exhausted  and  prematurely  worn  out  by  the 
labors  which  shorten  the  lives  of  the  working  poor.  He  is  too 
sensible  to  become  the  fool  and  the  slave  of  fashion,  to  acquire  arti- 
ficial wants,  and  to  work  twelve  hours  a  day,  not  to  sustain  life  and 
health,  but  to  jeopard  life  and  to  destroy  health  in  the  vain  pursuit 
and  rivalry  of  fashion.  What  matters  it  to  him  what •  the  fit,,  the 
VOL.  II.-NO.  IL  10 


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146  SPARTAN  VIRTUES  OF  THE  SOUTH, 

cut,  the  color  or  the  material  of  his  clothing,  provided  it  does  not 
encumber  him,  and  keeps  him  comfortable.  When  he  in  summer 
sleeps  in  the  open  air,  do  not  the  fields  and  forests  around  him, 
and  the  gorgeous  Heavens  above  him,  afford  him  a  dwelling  and  a 
resting-place,  more  quiet,  more  beautiful  and  sublime,  and  more 
healthful  and  mvigorating  too,  than  the  palaces  of  kings  ?  And  in 
winter  how  much  better  to  breathe  the  open  air  clad  in  a  warm 
blanket  or  a  simple  garment  of  furs  by  day,  and  to  sleep  in  a  cabin 
or  a  cave  at  night,  with  plenty  of  pure  air  and  before  a  roaring  fire, 
than  to  dwell  in  close  and  confined  rooms,  in  the  midst  of  an  at- 
mosphere poisoned  alike  by  slow  heat  and  frequent  inhalations  ;  and 
added  to  this  to  be  "  cabined,  cribbed,  confined,"  bandaged  up  and 
tortured  by  a  tight  coat,  a  tight  waistcoat,  horrible  suspenders, 
tight  pantaloons  and  tight  boots,  to  be  choked  by  a  neckerchief  and 
have  one's  ears  half  sawed  oflT  by  a  stiffly  starched  collar.  Well 
dressed  white  men  are  slaves  to  their  toilet,  slaves  whilst  putting 
on  and  adjusting  their  multifarious  and  perplexing  dress,  and  peni- 
tential martyrs  to  it  after  it  is  put  on.  But  fashion,  fickle  as  her 
chiefest  votary,  woman,  and  changeable  as  the  morn,  prescribes  and 
demands  it,  and  white  men  must  obey  her  behests,  for  nature  has 
made  them  the  slaves  of  fashion,  and  doubled  their  cares  and  their 
labors  by  so  constituting  them.  The  savage  leaves  his  children  to 
run  abroad  unrestrained,  "  in  puris  naturalibus  "  as  innocent  in  ap- 
pearance and  in  feeling  as  marble  statuary,  and  more  beautiful  than 
it,  or  any  other  production  of  art  or  of  nature.  Naked  little  chil- 
dren  are  the  lovliest,  the  purest,  the  most  innocent  and  graceful 
things  in  the  world.  Young  children  require  almost  constant  motion 
and  exercise,  are  injured  by  confinement,  and  learn  more  by  out- 
door observation  and  experience  In  a  week,  than  they  would  learn 
in  a  school-room  in  a  year.  How  natural,  how  human  and  how 
beautiful  the  custom  of  all  savages  to  permit  them  to  spend  their 
early  years  at  play,  all  the  while  acquiring  useful  knowledge  and  in- 
sensible educations.  How  diflferently,  how  cruelly,  how  unnaturally 
and  how  unwisely  do  the  civilized  whites  treat  their  children.  Fash- 
ion requires  that  the  little  things  should  be  bound  and  bandaged  up 
in  tight  clothing  that  pains  them,  conceals  their  beauty,  destroys 
their  gracefulness,  and  renders  them  stiff,  awkward  and  artificial 
in  their  movements  and  their  manners.  Cruel  fashion  does  not 
cease  its  persecution  of  the  little  innocents  even  here.  So  soon 
as  they  can  fairly  toddle  along,  they  must  be  sent  to  infant  schools, 
where  nasal-twanged  school  marms  confine  them  in  close  rooms  for 
six  hours,  getting  lessons  in  uneasy  postures,  and  then  give  them  tasks 
to  be  learned  at  home.  What  an  effectual  and  ingenious  way  this 
of  retarding  the  growth  and  development  of  both  miuvi  and  body  ! 
Lord  Brougham  says  that  a  child  up  to  five  years  of  age  learns  more 
from  observation  and  experience  than  it  will  ever  learn  from  every 
source  in  afler  life.  But  how  can  a  child  learn  anything  shut  up  in  a 
\8chool  room  and  excluded  from  every  avenue  to  knowledge  1  The 
cs^rice  of  fashion  costs  the  parents  the  salary  and  board  of  a  school 


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SPA^RTAN  VIBTUBS  OF  THB  SOUTH.  147 

marm,  and  the  school  marm,  herself  the  slave  of  fashion,  must 
have  a  new  set  of  school  books  every  six  months,  for  books  go  out 
of  fashion  now  as  fast  as  bonnets.  The  tyranny  of  fashion,  self-i  im- 
posed as  it  is,  costs  civilized  •people  more  than  the  amount  that 
^y  pay  in  taxes  to  government,  without  adding  at  all  to  conven- 
ience or  comfort,  but  on  the  contrary  increasing  thereby  our  cares 
and  troubles,  for  we  are  continually  expending  money  in  things  whol- 
ly useless  or  entirely  superfluous,  merely  because  it  is  fashionable 
so  to  do,  and  casting  off  things  that  are  useful  and  convenient,  and 
that  were  costly  very  oflen,  to  procure  very  inferior  articles  in  their 
place,  merely  because  the  latter  are  in  vogue  and  the  former  have  gone 
out  of  fashion.  How  can  there  be  real  progress  or  improvement  in 
a  world  where  what  is  good  and  excellent  is  thrown  aside  every  day 
to  give  place  to  what  is  new  and  fashionable,  however  indifferent  or 
vile.  In  literature  especially  is  this  capricious,  unjust  and  evil 
influence  of  fashion  felt ;  books  become  the  rage  and  are  bought  and 
read  by  everybody  in  one  generation,  which  are  thrown  aside  with 
disgust  and  contempt  in  the  next,  to  give  place  probably  to  a  new 
•ort  of  literature,  more  worthless  than  that  rejected  and  cast  aside. 
Fashion  is  silly,  as  it  is  unjust  and  capricious,  and  never  applauds  or 
patronizes  what  is  really  worthy  and  meritorious.  A  good  book 
never  was  fashionable,  never  was  all  the  rage,  neither  in  the  age  in 
which  it  was  written  nor  in  afler  ages.  It  is  true,  whatever  is  ex- 
cellent and  truly  meritorious,  is  apt  in  the  long  run  to  be  justly  appre- 
ciated, but  only  by  the  few  wise  and  select.  The  votaries  of  fashion 
are  universally  weak  people,  utterly  incapable  of  understanding,  ap- 
preciating or  realizing  what  is  good  in  art  or  literature,  or  in  any 
other  way.  Gaudy  caricature  alone  suits  their  tastes.  They  read 
novels,  and  all  flnsh  sensational  periodicals,  but  they  never  read  (ex- 
cept when  compelled  at  school)  the  Bible,  nor  the  Greek  and  Roman 
classics,  nor  the  English  classics,  nor  translations  of  standard  works 
from  any  language.  Fashion  is  a  low,  vulgar  thing,  and  its  follow- 
ers are  low-minded,  silly,  vulgar  people,  yet  these  trifling  people 
drag  the  reluctant  world  of  sensible  people  along  after  them.  None 
can  long  resist  the  behests  of  fashion — that  is,  none  of  the  civilized 
races.  Negroes,  Indians  and  all  savages  are  too  sensible  and  philo- 
sophic to  labor  twelve  hours  a  day  in  the  vain  and  delusive  pursuit 
of  fickle,  ever-changing  fashion.  They  have  the  good  taste  and  good 
sense  to  prefer  what  is  prescriptive,  what  has  been  tested  and  found 
well  adapted,  useful  and  convenient,  and  what  requires  little  labor  to 
obtain  or  manufacture,  to  what  is  new,  fashionable,  inconvenient  and 
costly.  Does  not  this  show  good  sense  and  sound  practical  philoso- 
phy ?  Savages  are  the  most  thorough  conservatives,  and  we  like 
them  all  the  better  for  it. 

But  we  must  return  to  our  little  infant  savages,  whom  we  left 
wandering  about  at  large,  in  paradisaical  nudity,  learning  self  reli- 
ance, and  acquiring  all  sorts  of  useful  knowledge  and  practical 
wisdom,  from  the  seductive  and  delightful  study  of  the  great  book  of 
nature.     How  easily  and  rapidly  does  their  education  proceed.     In 


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148  SPARTAN  VIRTUES   OF  THE  SOUTH. 

this  great  book,  man  and  his  nature  is  their  first  study,  and  he,  in 
the  savage  stat^,  is  so  simple,  guileless  and  unsophisticated,  that 
it  is  easy  to  comprehend  him.  Then  he  observes,  studies,  and  makes 
useful  deductions  from  viewing  the  trees  in  the  forests,  the  grasses, 
vegetables  and  fruits  in  the  fields,  the  birds  in  the  air,  the  beasts  in 
the  woods,  the  fishes  and  the  fowls  in  the  bays  and  the  rivers ;  in 
fact,  all  of  animate  and  inanimate  nature.  He  beoomes  versed  in 
the  knowledge  of  human  nature,  of  botany,  of  natural  history,  of 
astronomy,  meteorology,  mineralogy,  geography  and  geology  in  their 
practical  and  useful  applications,  in  all  save  their  scientific  nomencla- 
ture and  lumbering  vocabulary.  He  knows  them  in  the  concrete, 
just  as  they  have  come,  in  all  their  beauty  and  perfection,  from  the 
hand  of  God  and  nature.  He  is  too  wise  and  too  religious  to  inquire 
how  they  came  here,  to  dissect,  anatomize  and  analyze  them,  in  the 
sceptical  and  profane  attempt  to  learn  how  they  exist,  who  made 
them,  how  long  they  have  existed,  how  they  germinate,  and  blossom, 
and  grow  and  bear  fruit  and  perish.  The  secrets  of  life  he  does  not 
attempt  to  fathom.  He  thanks  God  for  all  his  gifb9 ;  will  not  look  a 
gift  horse  in  the  mouth,  nor  examine,  like  a  scientific  geologist,  the 
teeth  of  *'  terra  mater"  to  find  out  how  old  she  is,  satisfied  that,  how- 
ever old,  she  will  last  as  long  as  he  will  have  use  for  her.  He  learns 
the  uses  of  the  gifls  of  nature,  as  medicines,  food,  clothing,  dec,  and, 
true  philosopher  as  he  is,  troubles  himself  with  no  further  inquiries. 
Whilst  he  is  thus  unconsciously  studying  the  book  of  nature,  he  be- 
gins, also,  to  learn  to  make  a  living,  not  by  what  we  whites  consider 
labor,  but  by  pursuing  the  most  delightful  amusements.  He  makes 
traps,  and  dead-falls,  and  snares,  and  pits,  and  spears,  and  fishing 
tackle,  and  nets,  and  bows  and  arrows,  and  with  them  entraps,  catches 
or  kills  quadrupeds,  and  birds,  and  oysters,  and  fish,  and  all  kinds 
of  game.  His  life  is  a  holiday,  a  life  of  high,  exciting  and  varied 
enjoyment,  or  of  careless  ease.  In  Europe,  kings  and  noblemen 
are  almost  the  only  men  who  are  permitted  to  hunt  or  shoot  game ; 
'tis  royal  sport,  but  sport  which  the  cares  of  state  seldom  leave 
royalty  time  to  enjoy.  The  savage  pursues  game  almost  every  day 
of  his  life,  and  enjoys  the  pursuit  with  more  zest  than  kings^  or 
noblemen,  or  American  shopkeepers,  farmers,  or  mechanics  do,  be- 
cause the  game,  the  oysters  and  the  fish  which  he  catches  afford  him 
delightful  and  luxurious  subsistence.  He  does  not  eat  stale  meat 
and  fish,  and  vegetables  and  oysters  in  close  rooms,  filled  with  un- 
wholesome scents  and  a  noxious  atmosphere,  but  whilst  they  are 
fresh  and  pure  he  cooks  and  eats  them  in  the  open  air,  under  the 
glorious  canopy  of  hesven.  This  done,  he  drives  away  dull  care  with 
his  fragrant  pipe,  then  takes  a  nap,  awakes,  and  is  ready  for  a  long 
and  pleasant  talk.  Is  not  this  the  true  philosophy  of  life  ?  How 
very  preferable  to  the  life  of  the  millions  of  white  laborers  in  Europe 
and  America,  who  toil  from  ten  to  twelve  hours  a  day  in  fields,  or 
shops,  or  mines,  or  factories,  or  on  board  ships,  and  who  have  scarce 
time  for  necessary  rest,  none  for  amusement ;  who  live  in  small, 
dose,  and  uncomfortable  houses,  breathe  a  fetid  atmosphere,  and 


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SPARTAN  VIRTUES  OP  THE  SOUTH.  149 

eat  a  scant  allowance  of  indifferent  and  stale  food.  The  Roman  peo- 
ple, when  treated  by  the  nobility  as  our  vulgar  bosses  treat  modem 
white  laborers,  used  to  run  away  to  Mount  Sacre,  or  Mount  Aven- 
tine,  to  strike  for  higher  wages,  but  the  nobility  always  got  the  better 
of  them  as  they  do  of  our  trades'  union  folks  when  they  strike  for 
better  wages.  There  is  but  one  means  of  escape  from  slavery  to 
skill  and  capital,  and  that  is  to  run  clean  off  into  the  wilderness, 
where  there  is  no  skill  or  capital,  and  become  wise,  indolent,  free, 
and  philosophic  savages.  You  have  tried  trades'  unions,  tried  the 
ballot,  tried  strikes,  tried  the  ten-hours  rule,  but  all  in  vain.  We 
advise  you,  our  friends,  to  pack  up  some  duds  in  carpet  bags  and 
flee  to  the  far-off  forests  and  prairies,  or  join  the  negroes  in  Africa,  if 
you  would  be  free,  and  wise,  and  philosophic,  and  live  by  light  labor, 
or  by  delightful  amusement.  If  we  were  younger  we  should  cer- 
tainly join  you ;  at  all  events,  you  shall  have  pur  very  best  wishes. 
Now,  we  have  a  moral  in  this  matter.  We  write  for  the  people  of 
the  South.  We  strenuously  advise  them  to  cut  loose  from  the 
tyranny  of  fashion,  and  lessen  thereby,  fully  by  one-half,  the  expenses 
of  reasonable  and  comfortable  living.  Never  did  people  fight  more 
bravely,  or  evince  more  patience  and  fortitude  in  bearing  up  against 
want  and  privation  than  did  wo  in  our  late  war.  We  cared  nothing 
for  fashion  then.  Shall  we,  in  our  present  poor  and  destitute  condi- 
tion, become  again  the  slaves  of  fashion,  and  quadruple  our  labors 
thereby  ?  Shall  the  Empress  Eugenie  dictate  to  us  what  we  shall  wear, 
and  how  we  shall  live  ?  for  at  present  she  sets  the  fashions  fbr  Paris, 
and  Paris  for  the  world.  Together,  they  exercise  a  power  over  civi- 
lized Christendom  greater  than  that  of  the  Pope,  far  greater,  for 
weal  or  for  woe,  than  was  ever  wielded  by  any  imperial  potentate. 
We  of  the  South  have  abundance,  superabundance  of  fertile  lands, 
aod  may  live  by  very  light  labor  if  we  will  but  reject  the  superflu- 
ities that  fashion  dictates.  Why  not  have  fashions  of  our  own  ?  Why 
not  imitate  the  fashions  of  old  Rome,  in  her  early,  palmy  and  glo- 
rious days  1  Why  not  win  distinction  by  the  simplicity  of  our  lives, 
and  the  economy  and  frugality  of  our  living?  Do  we  not  all  admire 
far  more  a  Socrates  in  his  little  house,  with  his  bare  head  and  shoe- 
less feet,  or  Diogenes  in  his  shirt  and  tub,  or  Fabricius,  or  Cincin- 
natus,  or  the  Catos,  in  all  their  simplicity  and  poverty,  to  Croesus 
or  LucuUus?  Do  not  simplicity  of  living  and  frugality  always  com- 
mand a  respect  and  admiration  that  wealth,  extravagance  and  luxury 
never  can !  The  world  intuitively  and  unconsciously  knows  that 
the  man  who  labors  not,  and  produces  not,  yet  extravagantly  wastes, 
is  stealing.  Disguise  it  as  you  may,  luxury  and  extravagance  are 
dishonesty,  and  in  time  mankind  find  it  out,  and  hate  and  despise  the 
luxurious  and  dishonest  We  of  the  South  may  borrow  useful  hints 
from  the  n^ro— from  savage  life — for  the  negro  in  America  is  still, 
and  ever  will  be,  a  savage,  but  in  some  respects  a  practical  philoso- 
pher. Or,  if  we  scorn  to  take  lessons  from  the  savage  negro,  let  us 
adopt  the  manners  and  mode  of  living  of  the  Spartans,  of  the  Greek 
philosophers,  and  of  the  early  Romans.     Let  us  sedulously  attend  to 


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150  BANKING  SYSTEM  FOB  HIS  SOUTHv 

our  religious,  moral  and  intellectual  improvement,  and  freely  spend 
money  for  such  purposes,  not  under  the  dictates  of  fashion,  but  when 
and  where  experience  shows  it  may  be  spent  with  profitable  results. 
It  will  require  ten  times  as  much  of  moral  courage  to  cut  loose 
from  the  dominion  of  fashion  as  it  did  to  secede  from  and  fight  the 
iftultitudinous  North.  In  that  contest  the  women  were  by  far  our 
best  and  most  devoted  soldiers.  They  were  ready  to  give  up  to  their 
country  their   husbands,  children,  frieads  and   relatives,  and   their 

properties,  but  we  fear  they  will   not   be   willing  to  give  up  the 

fashions. 


! 


ART.  V.-PROPOSED  BANKING  SYSTEM  FOR  THE  SOUTH. 

UNCONSTITUTIONALITY    AND    VICBS  OF  THE  PRESBNT    NATIONAL  BANKING 

SYSTEM. 

The  author  of  the  following  article,  \rhich  he  sends  os  in  manuscript  and  ad- 
dresses to  the  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  sends  also  an  able  pamphlet,  in 
which  he  very  fully  presents  and  expounds  a  JNew  Banking  System,  proposed  for 
'the  adoption  of  the  country,  and  more  especially  for  the  South.  He  wUl  be  happy 
to  furnish  the  pamphlet  to  all  who  may  de4re  to  study  the  system.* 

Though  the  experience  of  some  of  our  States  has  been  unfavorable  to  the  pr<>- 
petty  instead  of  ispecie  basis  (for  example  Louisiana),  which  is  advocated,  we 
have  neyer  been  very  dear  that  the  measure  has  had  a  fiur  test»  but  ra^er  in- 

•  The  principle  of  the  system  is,  that  the  currency  shall  represent  an  invested 
dollar,  instead  of  a  specie  aoUar. 

The  currency  will,  therefore,  be  redeemable  by  an  invested  dollar,  unless  thd 
bankers  choose  to  redeem  it  with  specie. 

Theoretically  the  capital  may  be  made  up  of  any  property  whatever.  But,  in 
'  practice,  it  will  doubtless  be  necessary,  in  order  to  secure  public  confidence  in 
the  currency,  that  the  capital  shall  be  property  of  a  fixed  and  permanent  nature, 
liable  to  few  casualties  and  hazards,  and  yielding  a  constant,  regular,  and  cer- 
tain income,  sufficient  to  make  the  Pboduchvx  Stock,  hereafter  mentioned,  worth 
ordinarily  par  of  specie  in  the  market 

The  best  capital  of  all  will  probably  be  mortgages ;  and  they  may  perhaps 
be  the  only  capital,  which  it  will  ever  be  expedient  to  use. 

This  capital  is  to  be  put  into  joint  stock,  held  by  Trustees,  and  divided  into 
■hares,  of  one  hundred  dollars  each,  or  any  other  sum  that  may  be  thought 
best 

This  Stock  may  be  called  the  Pboduotivx  Stock,  and  will  be  entitled  to  tha 
dividends. 

The  dividends  will  consist  of  the  interest  on  the  mortgages,  and  the  profits  of 
the  banking. 

Another  kind  of  Stock,  which  maybe  called  Cireulatinff  Stock,  will  be  created, 
predselu  equal  in  amount  to  the  Pboductivb  Stock,  and  divided  into  shares  of 
one  doUar  each. 

This  Cimdating  Slock  will  be  represented  by  certificates,  scrip,  or  bills,  of 
various  denominations,  like  our  present  bank  bills — that  is  to  say,  representing 
one,  tvfo,  three, Jive,  ten,  or  more  shares,  of  one  dollar  each. 

These  certificates,  scrip,  or  bills  of  the  Circulating  Stock  will  be  issued  for 
oirculation  as  a  currency,  by  discounting  notes,  dc,  as  our  hank  bills  are  now. 

This  Circulating  Stock  wiU  be  entitled  to  no  dividends ;  and  its  value  will  con- 
sbt  wholly  in  its  title  to  be  received,  at  its  nominal  value,  in  payment  of  debts 
due  to  the  bank,  and  to  be  redeemed  by  the  Pboductivk  Stock  unless  the  bank- 
are  chose  to  redeem  it  with  specie,  and  the  Circulating  Stock  will  be  in  the 
nature  of  a  lien  upon  the  Productive  Stock. 


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BANKIKG  SYSTIM  FOR  THE  SOUTH.  151 

ellne  to  think  that,  with  proper  iniards  and  restrictions  there  is  merit  in  it  This 
is  a  favorable  opportunity  to  examine  the  whole  subject,  for  in  a  little  while  the 
question  of  the  currency  will  be  the  most  absorbing  and  exciting  one  which  ever 
Addressed  itself  to  the  attention  of  any  people. — EnrroB. 

I  take  the  liberty  of  sending  you  two  pamphlets  relative  to  "  A 
New  System  of  Paper  Currency,''^  and  of  enquiring  whether  you  see 
any  good  reason  why  the  Government  should  be  in  any  way  un- 
friendly to  the  establishment  of  banks  on  this  plan  in  the  South.  I 
think  that  such  banks,  in  great  numbers,  would  speedily  be  established, 
and  be  of  the  greatest  utility  in  reviving  the  industry  and  promoting 
the  prosperity  of  the  South,  if  it  could  but  be  understood  that  the 
United  States  Gruvernment  would  be  in  no  way  unfriendly  to  them. 

Under  this  system,  land — that  is,  mortgages  upon  land — is  the 
best  of  all  possible  capital.  Mortgaged  at  only  half  its  ordinary 
value,  the  real  estate  of  the  country  (according  to  its  last  valuation 
in  i860),  would  furnish  five  thousand  millions  of  loanable  capital ; 
five  thousand  millions  of  capital,  which,  as  loanable  capital,  is  now 
lying  idle.  AU  this  could  be  loaned  in  the  form  of  currency,  the 
best  possible  form  in  which  credit  can  be  given.  And  this  currency 
would  all  be  perfectly  solvent — ^specie  in,  or  specie  out  of,  the 
country ;  would  all  be  substantially  equal  in  value,  dollar  for  dollar, 
with  gold  ;  and  could  all  be  redeemed  on  demand,  according  to  its 
terms — that  is,  in  the  capital  itself,  if  not  redeemed  with  specie. 

Such  an  amount  of  credit,  furnished  in  the  form  of  currency,  would 
supercede  the  necessity  for  all  other  forms  of  credit ;  would  intro- 
duce cash  payments  in  all  transactions  between  man  and  man  ;  would 
give  such  an  impulse,  as  has  never  been  given,  to  manufacturing  in- 
dustry ;  would  induce  manufacturing  laborers  to  migrate  to  this 
country  in  immense  numbers;  would  speedily  double,  triple,  or 
quadruple  our  machinery,  and  introduce  it  into  the*  South  and  West ; 
and  would  be,  in  short,  all  that  is  needed,  in  addition  to  our  present 
facilities,  for  making  our  country  the  greatest  manufacturing  country 
in  the  world. 

I  think,  for  the  reasons  given  in  some  of  the  chapters,  that,  as  a 
matter  of  constitutional  law,  the  system  stands  on  the  same  footing 
with  patents  ;  and  that  (if  the  opinions  of  the  courts  on  such  subjects 
are  sound)  the  faith  of  the  United  States  is  therefore  pledged  to  pro- 
tect the  system,  and  the  full  and  free  enjoyment  of  it,  not  only 
against  all  taxation  and  interference  by  the  State  Government,  but 
also  against  all  taxation  and  interference  by  the  General  Govern- 
ment. If  this  legal  position  be  sound,  all  questions  are  settled,  and 
the  faith  of  the  United  States  is  pledged,  not  only  that  the  Govern- 
ment will  not  obstruct,  nor  in  any  way  oppose,  the  adoption  of  the 
system  by  the  people,  but  that  it  will,  in  all  legal  ways,  protect  them 
in  the  full  and  free  enjoyment  of  it.  And  the  people  have  no  occa- 
sion to  consult  either  Congress  or. the  State  Legislatures  as  to  whether 
it  shall  be  adopted ;  but  may  at  once  establish  as  many  banks  as 
th^  please. 

But,  independently  of  that  consideration,  .why  should  the  United 


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152  BANKING  SYSTEM  FOR  THE  SOUTH. 

States  Government  be  unfriendly  to  the  system  t     I  will  attempt  to 
anticipate  your  reasons,  and  answer  them. 

1.  Perhaps  you  will  say  that  the  system  would  make  too  much 
currency.  I  answer  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  having  too  much 
paper  currency,  provided  every  separate  piece  of  paper  represents  a 
separate  piece  of  property,  which  can  be  delivered  on  demand  in  re- 
demption of  the  paper.  All  the  trouble  that  has  ever  heretofore 
arisen  from  a  paper  currency,  has  resulted  solely  from  the  fact  that 
the  paper  was  either  irredeemable  on  demand,  or  not  redeemable  in 
full,  or  not  redeemable  at  all. 

The  commercial  value  of  paper  currency  does  not  depend,  as  so 
many  suppose,  upon  the  nominal  amount  there  is  in  the  market,  but 
upon  the  simple  fact  of  its  redeemability — that  is,  upon  the  certainty 
of  its  being  redeemed,  upon  the  time  when  it  will  be  redeemed,  and 
upon  the  commercial  value  of  the  property  with  which  it  will  be  re- 
deemed. Paper  that  will  certainly  be  redeemed  on  demand,  with 
gold,  has  the  same  commercial  value  with  the  gold.  Paper  that  will 
certainly  be  redeemed  on  demand  with  wheat,  has  the  same  com- 
mercial value  with  the  wheat.  Paper  that  will  certainly  be  redeem- 
ed, on  demand,  with  any  other  property,  whose  market  value  is 
known,  has  the  same  commercial  value  with  such  other  property. 
And  if  the  commercial  value  of  such  other  property  be  as  fixed  as 
that  of  gold,  and  as  well  known  as  that  of  gold,  the  paper  represent- 
ing it  has  as  much  commercial  value,  and  makes  as  good  a  currency, 
as  paper  that  should  represent  gold.  And  the  amount  of  such  paper 
in  the  market  has  nothing  to  do  with  its  value.  A  large  amount  has 
the  same  value,  dollar  ^r  dollar,  as  a  smaller  amount;  for  each 
separate  piece  of  paper  represents  a  separate  piece  of  property,  one 
of  which  is  as  valuable  as  another.  If  it  were  possible  that  all  the 
property  in  the  world  could  be  thus  accurately  represented,  at  its 
true  and  known  market  value,  by  paper  that  would  certainly  be  re- 
deemed, on  demand,  by  a  delivery  of  the  property  it  represented,  no 
harm  could  come  of  the  amount  of  currency  thus  furnished ;  for  no 
more  of  it  could  be  kept  in  circulation  than  was  wanted  for  legitimate 
purposes ;  and  every  species  of  property  would  stand  in,  and  only 
in,  its  just  and  true  relations  to  every  other  species  of  property. 
All  property  cannot  be  thus  represented ;  but  there  is  no  harm  in 
being  as  much  of  it  thus  represented  as  possibly  can  be,  or  as  may 
be  found  convenient  by  those  who  choose  to  buy  and  sell,  borrow 
and  lend,  property  in  that  manner.  No  contracts  ever  made  be- 
tween man  and  man,  are  intrinsically  more  just  and  legitimate  than 
those  by  which  such  paper  is  bought  and  sold,  lent  and  borrowed  ; 
and  Government  has  as  much  right  to  prohibit  all  contracts  whatso- 
ever between  man  and  man,  as  it  has  to  prohibit  contracts  in  such 
paper. 

Under  my  system,  there  is  always  a  dollar  in  bank  for  every  dol- 
lar in  circulation  ;  and  the  entire  currency  of  the  country  can  all  be 
redeemed  at  once,  if  not  in  specie,  then  in  the  capital  which  the  cur- 
rency represents,  which  is  of  substantially  the  same  market  value 


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BANKING  SYSTEM  FOE  THE  SOUTH.  158 

wiih  specie,  which  will  generally  be  preferred  to  specie,  and  which  is 
promised  in  default  of  specie.  So  that  the  bankers'  contracts  can 
always  be  fulfilled  to  the  letter. 

When  ^as  under  my  system,  by  means  of  mortgages,  it  may  be) 
one  half  tne  real  estate  of  the  country  can  be  cut  up  into  parcels, 
and  represented  by  a  paper  currency,  and  the  commercial  Talue  of 
these  parcels  will  be  as  fixed,  and  as  well  known,  as  the  commercial 
Talue  of  gold,  is  it  not  stark  folly  and  suicide  for  a  nation  to  deny 
themselves  the  use  of  all  this  currency  and  credit,  and  rely  instead 
upon  a  contemptible  quantity  of  gold  and  silver,  which  is  here  to-day 
and  gone  to-morrow  1 

2.  But  perhaps  you  will  say  that  so  much  paper  currency  would 
inflate  prices.  1  answer  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  an  inflation  of 
prices  above  their  true  standard^  by  a  paper  currency  that  is  certainly 
solvent,  and  will  certainly  be  redeemed  on  demand,  according  to  its 
terms — whatever  those  terms  may  be.  The  paper  then  necessarily 
passes  only  at  its  true  value — that  is,  at  the  value  of  the  property 
that  can  be  delivered  in  redemption  of  the  paper. 

All  currency,  whether  coin  or  paper,  is  mere  merchandise,  like 
any  other  property.  It  is  simply  exchanged  for  other  property,  just 
as  other  property  is  exchanged  for  it. .  And  the  Government  has  no 
more  right  to  prohibit  such  an  exchange,  or  to  interfere  with  the 
prices  at  which  currency  is  bought  and  sold,  than  it  has  to  prohibit 
the  sale  of  any  other  property,  or  to  interfere  with  the  prices  at 
"which  such  other  property  is  bought  and  sold.  The  prices  which 
currency  of  all  kinds  will  maintain  in  free  and  open  market,  are  the 
true  measures  of  its  value  relative  to  other  commodities  ;  and,  what 
is  the  same  thing,  are  the  true  measures  of  the  value  of  all  other 
commodities  relative  to  the  currency.  Consequently  there  can  never 
be  such  a  thing  as  an  inflation  of  prices,  unless  where  there  is  some 
deception  or  ignorance  as  to  the  true  character  of  the  currency. 

3.  Perhaps  you  may  say  that  the  introduction  of  this  system  would 
tend  to  postpone  specie  payments.  I  answer,  that  the  system,  if 
established  both  North  and  South,  instead  of  postponing  specie  pay- 
m^its  would  substantially  restore  them  at  once.  This  it  would  do 
for  these  reasons  : — First,  it  would  supersede,  in  a  great  measure,  all 
demand  for  specie,  by  furnishing  a  currency  that  the  people  would 
generally  prefer  to  specie.  Secondly,  it  would  always  be  redeema- 
ble on  demand,  according  to  its  terms — that  is,  the  bankers  could  aU 
ways  fulfill  their  promises  to  the  Utter,  And  when  bankers  fulfill 
their  contracts  to  the  letter — whatever  that  may  be — specie  pay- 
ments are,  to  all  practical  purposes,  restored.  If,  for  example,  all 
currency  promised  wheat  on  demand,  and  wheat  could  always  be 
delivered  on  demand  in  redemption  of  the  currency,  specie  pay- 
ments would  be,  to  all  practical  purposes,  restored.  A  suspension 
of  specie  payments,  by  the  banks,  means  simply  a  refusal  to  fulfill 
their  contracts,  whatever  they  may  be.  Under  my  system,  a  bank 
would  never  have  any  motive  or  occasion  to  refuse  to  fulfill  its  con- 
tracts. It  always  has  the  means  to  fulfill  them.  And  it  could  gain 
nothing,  and  save  nothing,  by  refusing  to  fulfill  them. 


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164  BANKING  SYSTEM  FOR  THE  SOUTH. 

Under  my  system,  therefore,  specie  payments,  instead  of  being 
postponed,  would  be,  to  all  practical  purposes,  restored  at  once ;  and 
not  only  without  any  disturbance  to  credit,  or  depression  of  industry, 
but  while  furnishing  the  greatest  amount  of  credit  .and  currency,  and 
stimulating  industry  to  the  highest  degred. 

4.  Perhaps  you  will  say  that,  under  my  system,  specie  would 
leave  the  country.  I  answer,  first,  that  no  harm  would  be  done  if 
it  should ;  and,  secondly,  that  no  system  would  tend  so  much  to 
bring  specie  into  the  country.  It  would  bring  specie  into  the 
country,  because  it  would  tend  to  develope,  to  the  highest  degree,  the 
industry  of  the  country ;  and  the  greater  the  industry  of  the  country, 
the  more  we  have  to  sell,  and  the  less  we  have  to  buy ;  and  conse- 
quently the  greater  the  balances  of  specie  brought  into  the  country. 
The  specie  thus  brought  in,  however,  would  neither  go  into  circula- 
tion nor  be  held  by  the  banks,  except  in  very  small  amounts ;  inas- 
much as  the  paper  currency  would  generally  be  preferred  for  circu- 
lation, and  the  banks  would  have  very  little  use  for  specie.  The 
specie,  therefore,  would,  for  the  most  part,  be  held  in  the  seaports 
as  merchandise,  or  be  consumed  in  the  arts. 

6.  Perhaps  you  will  say  that  the  establishment  of  this  system 
would  supersede  the  necessity  for  banks  under  the  national  system. 
Admitted.  But  what  of  that  ?  Even  if  it  be  conceded — contrary 
to  all  judicial  opinion  on  this  subject — that  Congress  have  power  to 
incorporate  the  national  banks,  still  they  have  no  constitutional 
power  to  force  that  system  upon  the  country  by  prohibiting,  or 
making  war  upon,  all  other  systems  which  the  people  may  prefer. 

Another  reason,  and  a  practical  instead  of  a  legal  one  against 
any  such  attempt  on  the  part  of  Congress,  is,  that  the  South  it 
wholly  unable  to  adopt  the  United  States  system,  because. she  is 
too  poor  to  purchase  United  States  stocks  for  that  purpose.  This  is 
a  patent  and  notorious  fact,  and  presents  an  insuperable  obstacle  to 
any  general  adoption  of  the  system  at  the  South.  And  the  ques- 
tion, as  a  practical  one,  therefore,  arises,  whether  you  are  going  to 
forbid  their  having  any  banks  at  all,  until,  without  the  aid  of  banks, 
they  shall  become  able  to  purchase  United  States  stocks  to  be  used 
as  capital? 

Under  my  system,  land  is  the  best  of  all  possible  capital ;  and 
the  South  has  that  in  abundance  ;  and  it  is  the  only  suitable  capital 
she  has.  if  permitted  to  use  that  capital,  without  molestation  from 
the  United  States,  she  can  at  once  place  herself  on  the  high  road  to 
prosperity.  If  deprived  of  the  use  of  this  capital,  her  industry  can 
be  revived  but  slowly,  very  slowly  compared  with  what  it  other- 
wise might  be.  Will  the  United  States  attempt  to  deny  her  rights 
to  the  enjoyment  of  this  her  legitimate  and  indispensable  resource 
for  promoting  her  prosperity?  What  motive  have  the  United 
States  to  adopt  such  a  course  ?  Will  the  South  be  better  enabled 
to  pay  taxes  by  having  her  industry  crippled  by  the  United  States  1 
Will  the  South  love  the  Union  any  better  for  having  her  prosperity 
arbitrarily  obstructed  by  the  United  States]      Will  peace    and 


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BAKKIKG  SYSTEM  FOR  THE  SOUTH.  155 

quiet  and  friendship  between  the  whites  and  the  blacks  at  the  South 
be  promoted  by  depriving  the  whites  of  all  means  of  reviving  their 
industry,  and,  consequently,  of  employing  the  blacks  and  paying 
them  wages  1  What  the  whites  of  the  South  want,  at  this  time, 
above  all  other  things,  is  the  means  of  developing  their  industry, 
by  employing  their  own  labor,  and  the  labor  of  the  blacks,  to  the 
best  advantage ;  and  what  the  blacks  want,  at  this  time,  above  all 
other  thingSi — ^at  least,  above  all  other  things  that  they  are  at  all  likely 
to  get — is  labor  and  wages,  abundant  labor,  and  the  highest  possible 
wages.  To  both  of  these  classes,  then,  currency,  and  a  great 
amount  of  it,  are  indispensable.  The  price  of  cotton  is  ifow  so 
high,  and  will  be  for  years,  that,  if  the  whites  can  but  get  capital  to 
carry  on  their  industry,  the  competition  among  them  for  the  labor 
of  the  black  man  will  insure  him  protection,  good  treatment  and 
high  wages ;  and  the  whites  and  blacks  will  thus  be  brought  to- 
gether by  a  union  of  interest  and  mutual  dependence  and  benefits ; 
a  union  that  will  secure  the  permanent  security  of  both;  and  the 
only  union  that  will  secure  permanent  peace  and  friendship  between 
them.  But  let  the  United  States  make  war  upon  this  system  at  the 
South,  and  it,  so  far,  virtually  enforces  and  perpetuates  the  stagna- 
tion of  industry,  the  consequent  poverty  of  the  whites,  their  inability 
to  employ  the  labor  of  the  blacks,  and  the  consequent  idleness,  vice, 
crime  and  wretchedness  of  the  blacks,  and  perpetual  and  violent 
hatred  and  conflict  between  the  two  races. 

The  carrying  of  capital  from  the  North  to  revive  the  industry  of 
the  South,  is  like  carrying  water  in  pint  cups  to  irrigate  an  immense 
territory  parched  with  drought  My  banking  system,  based  upon 
their  own  lands,  would  give  an  ample  and  perpetual  supply.  The 
general  adoption,  of  this  system  by  the  South  would,  almost  in- 
stantly, double  the  value  of  all  her  real  property,  and  also  speedily 
double  her  productive  industry.  It  would  at  once  establish  her 
credit  in  the  North  and  in  England,  and  enable  her  to  supply  her- 
self with  everything  she  needs.  And  the  benefits  of  this  increased 
wealth,  industry  and  credit  would  not  be  monopolized  by  the  whites, 
but  would  be  liberally  shared  in  by  the  blacks  as  a  necessary  result 
from  the  increased  demand  for  their  labor. 

Will  the  Government  be,  in  any  manner,  justified  in  suppressing — 
to  such  a  degree  as,  by  the  prohibition  of  this  system,  it  would  sup- 
press— the  industry  of  ten  millions  of  people,  whose  industrial 
rights  it  is,  at  this  time,  as  much  constitutionally  bound  to  protect, 
and  whose  industrial  interests  it  is,  at  this  time,  as  much  constitu- 
tionally  bound  to  promote,  as  it  is  to  protect  the  industrial  rights, 
and  promote  the  industrial  interests,  of  any  other  ten  millions  of 
the  people  of  the  United  States.  •  Will  it  be,  in  any  manner,  justi- 
fied in  suppressing  all  this  industry  for  the  contemptible,  tyrannical, 
and  senseless  purpose  of  compelling  them  to  use  a  currency  which  they 
are  incapable  of  supplying  themselves  with  ?  or  to  adopt  a  bank- 
ing systt^m  which  they  are  utterly  unable  to  put  in  operation? 

But,  sir,  suppose  that,  from  any  motive,  Uie  Government  should 


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156  BANKING  SYSTEM  FOR  THB  SOUTH. 

attempt  to  suppress  all  this  industry  in  order  to  force  the  national 
banking  system  upon  the  South,  the  important  question  arises,  Is 
the  attempt  likely  to  succeed  ? 

You  have  yourself  already  (in  your  last  annual  report)  declared 
the  legal  tender  acts  unconstitutional ;  and  I  can  hardly  conceive 
that  you  can  any  longer  claim  that  the  bank  act,  of  which  the  legal 
-tender  acts  are  so  vital  a  part,  is  constitutional. 

But,  independently  of  this  particular  feature,  all  the  judicial 
opinion  extant  is  against  the  constitutionality  of  the  bank  act.  In 
the  case  of  '*  McCulloch  vs,  Maryland,"  the  Supreme  Court  declared 
that  the  charter  of  the  old  United  States  bank  was  constitutional 
distinctly  and  solely  upon  the  ground  that  the  bank  was  a  needful 
and  proper  agent  for  keeping  and  disbursing  the  public  moneys ; 
which  duties  the  bank,  by  its  charter,  agrees,  and  was  required  to 
perform,  free  of  all  charge  to  the  Government.  The  opinion  of  the 
Court  was  simply  this,  that,  if  the  Government  needed  such  an 
agent  for  fulfilling  any  of  its  constitutional  duties,  it  had  the  power 
to  create  one  for  that  purpose.  But  this  opinion,  which  went  to 
justify  the  creation  of  a  single  bank,  with  a  few  branches,  needful 
and  convenient  for  the  performance  of  specific  duties  on  behalf  of 
the  Government,  has  no  tendency  whatever  to  justify  the  creation  of 
fifteen  hundred  banks,  for  which  the  Government  has  no  use,  and 
that  are  required  to  perform  no  duties  at  all  for  the  Government. 

The  real  object  of  Congress  in  establishing  these  banks,  and  sup- 
pressing, so  far  as  they  can,  all  others,  is  to  limit  and  control  the 
currency  of  the  country ;  and  that  is  equivalent  to  limiting  and 
controlling  the  credit,  industry,  commerce  and  wealth  of  the  coun- 
try, and  bestowing  them,  as  privileges,  upon  their  favorites,  which 
favorites,  in  this  case,  are  the  bankers  and  their  .customers.  No 
possible  attempt,  on  the  part  of  Congress,  could  be  more  flagrantly 
unconstitutional,  tyrannical  or  unjust  than  this.  It  is  equivalent  to 
a  declaration  that  the  rights  of  credit,  commerce,  industry  and 
wealth  are  no  longer  to  be  regarded  as  the  natural  or  constitutional 
rights  of  the  people  at  large,  to  be  enjoyed  justly  and  impartially 
by  all ;  but  that  they  are  henceforth  to  be  considered  as  mere  privi- 
leges, to  be  dispensed  at  will  by  Congress  to  their  favorites. 

If  Congress  have  any  power  to  say  who  may,  and  who  may  not, 
issue  bank  notes,  they  have  the  same  power  to  say  who  may,  and 
who  may  not,  issue  promissory  notes ;  for  bank  notes  are  nothing 
but  promissory  notes,  differing,  in  no  legal  quality,  from  any  other 
promissory  notes  ;  and  Congress  have  as  much  constitutional  autho- 
rity to  suppress  one  of  these  kinds  of  notes  as  the  other.  They 
have  as  much  constitutional  power  to  confer  upon  their  favorites 
the  exclvsive  privilege  of  issuing  common  promissory  notes  as  they 
have  to  confer  upon  their  favorites  the  exclusive  privilege  of  issu- 
ing bank  notes ;  and  one  of  these  acts  would  be  a  no  more  direct 
or  flagrant  attack  upon  all  freedom  and  equality  in  regard  to  credit, 
industry,  commerce  and  wealth  than  is  the  other. 

Under  what  color  of  authority  is  this  astounding  usurpation  at- 


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BANKING  SYSTEM  FOR  THE  SOUTH.  157 

tempted  ?      Solely  this :    It  is  said  that  Congress  may  have  occa- 
fflon   to  deposit  money  with  more  or  less  banks ;    and,  therefore, 
they  have  power  to  assume  absolute  control  of  all  the  banking 
business  of  the  country,  and  confer  it  as  a  privilege  upon  their 
favorites.     As  well  might  it  be  said  that,  Ik  cause  Congress  have 
occasion  sometimes  to  advertise,  in  public  newspapers,  proposals  for 
furnishing  certain  supplies  to  the  Government,  therefore  they  have 
power  to  assume  absolute  control  of  all  newspaper  printing  in  the 
country  ;  to  incorporate  all  newspaper  printers ;  to  say  who  may, 
and  who  may  not,  publish  newspapers  ;  to  say  who  may,  and  who 
may  not,  advertise  in  them ;  to  prescribe  the  conditions  on  which 
alone  newspapers  may  be  published  and  advertisements  inserted  in 
them  ;    and  thus  to   confer  these   privileges  upon  their   favorites. 
Or,  as  well  might  it  be  said  that,  because  Congress  have  occasion 
to  procure  more  or  less  other  printing  to  be  done  for  the  Govern- 
ment, and  may  have  power  to  incorporate  one  or  more  companies 
so  do  the  Governmeut  printing,  therefore  they  have  power  to  as- 
tume  absolute  control  of  all  the  printing  in  the  country  ;  to  incor- 
porate such  companies  as  they  please,  and  to  suppress  all  others ; 
and,  in  short,  to  say  who  may,  and  who  may  not,  practice  the  art 
of  printing,  and  to  prescribe  all  the  conditions  upon  which  printers 
shall  be  allowed  to  print  books  or  anything  else  for  the  people  at 
large.     Or,  as  well  might  it  be  said  that,  because  Congress  have 
occasion,  at  times,  to  contract  with  shipowners  to  transport  men  and 
supplies  for  the  Government,  and  may  have  power  to  incorporate 
those  with  whom  they  thus  contract,  therefore  they  have  p9wer  to 
assume  absolute  control  of  all  shipping  and  shipping  business ;  to 
incorporate  so  many  companies  of  shipbuilders  and  shipowners  as 
they  see  fit ;  to  prescribe  the  kind  of  ships  to  be  built,  and  the 
terms  on  which  alone  they  shall  be  owned  and  employed ;   and 
to  suppress  all  other  shipbuilding  and  navigation  in  the  country. 
Equally  well,  also,  might  it  be  said  that,  because  Congress  may 
have  occasion  to  make  contracts  for  the  supply  of  horses,  beef,  pork, 
grain,  carrriages,  clothing,  etc.,  etc.,  for  the  army,  and  may  have 
power  to  incorporate  those  with  whom  these  contracts  are  made, 
therefore  they  have  power  to  assume  entire  control  of  the  whole 
business  of  raising  horses  and  cattle  and  grain,  and  the  making  of 
carriages  and  clothing  of  the  people  at  large ;  to  prescribe  who  may, 
and  who  may  not,  engage  in  these  several  occupations,  and  all  the 
conditions  on  which  they  may  be  carried  on ;  and  to  limit  the  sup- 
ply of  all  these  commodities  at  their  discretion. 

All  these  usurpations  would  be  no  more  flagrantly  unconstitutional 
and  tyrannical  than  is  that  of  Congress  in  attempting  to  control  the 
paper  currency  of  the  country — the  great  instrunientality  by  which 
nearly  all  the  industry  and  commerce  of  the  country  are  carried 
on — and  giving  the  privilege  of  supplying  it  to  corporations  of  their 
own  creation. 

Whether  the  Courts  will  sustain  these  usurpations  remains  to  be 
seen.  If  they  should,  it  will  be  equivalent  to  a  declaration  that,  so 
&r  as  they  are  concerned,  the  Constitution  is  at  an  end. 


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158  BAKEIKa  SYSTEM  FQB  T9E  SOUTH. 

It  is  worthy  of  notice,  that,  of  the  nine  justices  now^  on  the  b^Boh 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  at  least  six  of  them,  viz,  Wayne,  Nelson, 
Grier,  Clifford,  Swayne  and  Field  were  members  of  the  party  that 
put  down  the  old  United  States  bank  on  the  ground  of  its  being 
unconstitutional. 

Chase  also  stands  committed  against  the  unconstitutionality  of 
that  bank.  When  seeking  the  senatorship  from  Ohio  in  1849,  in  a 
letjber  to  J.  6.  Breslin,  urging  "  a  cordial  union  between  the  old 
line  Democracy  and  the  free  Democracy,"  he  said : 

"The  free  Democracy » hold ingf  in  common  with  the  old  line  Democracy, 
the  cardinal  and  essentinl  doctrines  of  the  Democratic  faith,  believe  that  the 
time  has  come  for  the  application  of  those  doctrines  to  the  subject  of  slavery, 

iu  well  a8  to  the  tubjecU  of  currency  and  trade I  am  a  Democrat,  unre- 

servf  dly,  and  I  feel  earnestly  solicitous  for  the  success  of  the  Democratic  organi- 
zation and  ihe  triumph  of  its  principles.  The  doctrines  of  the  Democracy,  on 
the  subjects  of  trade,  currency  and  special  privileges,  command  the  entire 
assent  of  my  judgment.* 

Of  "  the  doctrines  of  the  Democracy  on  the  subject  of 

currency^''  none  were  so  conspicuous  as  that  of  their  opposition  to  a 
United  States  bank. 

I  do  not  know  the  former  opinions  of  the  other  two  justices, 
Miller  and  Davis,  but  it  is  highly  probable  that  they  were  the  same 
with  those  of  their  associates. 

It  is  also  worthy  of  notice  that,  with  a  single  exception  (Curtis), 
all  the  other  justices  of  that  Court  who  received  their  appointments 
within  the  last  thirty -five  years,  viz :  Taney,  McKinley,  Catron, 
Barbour,  Daniel),  Woodbury  and  Campbell,  held  the  same  opini(Jn 
as  to  the  constitutionality  of  the  old  United  States  bank. 

If,  after  so  uniform  a  course  of  judicial  opinion,  for  so  long  a 
period  of  years,  as  to  the  unconstitutionality  of  the  former  bank 
(which,  to  say  the  least,  had  some  color  of  argument  in  its  favor), 
the  present  bench  shall  sanction  such  an  utter  monstrosity  as  the 
present  national  banking  system,  they  will  thereby  virtually  pro- 
claim to  the  world,  that,  with  them,  the  Constitution  is  a  dead  let- 
ter, and  that  usurpation  never  found,  or  could  desire,  more  supple 
and  corrupt  instruments  than  themselves.  And  yet  the  prospect, 
or  the  supposed  prospect,  of  such  corruption  on  their  part,  is  the 
only  ground  on  which  the  present  banking  system  rests  for  its 
chance  of  being  sustained. 

It  is  further  worthy  of  notice  that  the  present  President  of  the 
United  States  originally  held  the  opinion  that  the  old  United  States 
bank  was  unconstitutional.  If  his  opinion  on  that  point  remains 
unchanged,  he  is  bound  not  only  to  veto  every  modifi^Ation  of  the 
present  system,  but  to  use  his  whole  influence  for  the  destruction  of 
the  system  itself. 

Moreover,  there  cau  be  no  doubt  that  a  great  majority  of  the 
people  at  large  held  the  old  bank  unconstitutional ;  and  such  is  very 
likely  the  opinion  of  a  majority  of  the  people  at  this  time  in  regard 

*  This  letter  was  afterwards  brought  up  in  the  Senate,  and  is  glTon  in  the  Cong.  Globt  for 
184»-6a,  p.  185.  ^       r 


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NOVELS  OF  SIB  B.  BULWER  LYTTON.  169 

to  the  present  system.  At  any  rate,  none  oan  reasonably  doubt 
that  open  and  vehement  war  will  be  made  upon  the  present  system, 
so  soon  as  more  urgent  matters  are  disposed  of. 

The  prospects  of  sustaining  the  present  system,  therefore,  are  evi- 
dently not  such  as  to  justify  the  Government  in  resisting  the  intro- 
duction of  any  other  system  whatever,  that  stands  on  legitimate 
principles,  and  which  the  people  may  desire. 

I  should  like  to  say  much  more,  but  trust  I  have  already  said 
enough  to  secure  your  careful  consideration  of  this  matter. 
Your  obedient  servant, 

Boston,  Mass.  Lysamdbr  Spoonbb. 


ART.  VI.-]fOVELS  OF  SIR  E.  BULWER  LTTTOS. 

The  mischievous  spirit  of  wanton  boyhood,  which  takes  delight  in 
throwing  stones  through  the  neighbor's  window,  and  then,  from  some 
secure  retreat,  watching  the  disgusted  landlord  as  he  fumes  and  frets 
over  his  broken  panes — that  spirit  does  not  pass  away  with  the 
frolicsome  hours  of  youth,  but  only  finds  a  more  sedate  and  dignified 
form  of  expression. 

Behold  yon  critic  in  his  lonely  closet,  and  by  his  well-trimmed 
lamp,  and  you  will  see  that  the  love  of  mischief  is  there,  only  that 
instead  of  the  shining  face  of  the  light-hearted  boy,  it  wears  a  coun- 
tenance bearded,  and  wrinkled,  and  severe. 

In  that  well-used  book  before  him  are  gathered  the  set  phrases 
and  smooth  sentences  that  he  has  as  carefully  selected  as  the  bare- 
footed stripling  selects  his  pebbles  from  the  brook,  and  which  here 
lie  in  keeping  for  future  sport  and  fun.  At  last  his  opportunity 
comes.  An  aspiring  author  transforms  his  castles  in  the  air  into 
solid  structures  of  paper  and  ink,  and  he  listens  anxiously  for  the 
world's  praise  of  this'well-built  edifice  of  his  brain.  But  the  critic 
sees  only  its  glass  windows,  its  weak  places  ;  out  comes  his  sling,  and 
away  go  the  chosen  stones  whizzing  through  the  air ;  then  there  is 
heard  a  shivering  of  glass ;  the  poor  author  tears  his  hair,  stamps 
his  foot,  and  rails  out  wild  maledictions  upon  this  evil  world  ;  and 
the  critic  laughs  in  his  sleeve.  And  we  see  full  well  that  the  child 
has  been  father  to  the  man. 

Many,  indeed,  have  been  the  sportful  critics  who  have  let  fly  their 
missiles  at  the  polished  panes  of  Bulwer,  and  if  they  have  not  been 
smashed  to  pieces,  it  has  been  because  such  tiny  pebbles,  from  such 
feeble  arms,  make  no  impression  upon  their  strong  surface,  but  only 
tapped  it  lightly,  and  fell  down  as  harmlessly  as  gentle  drops  of 
rain. 

We  do  not  mean  to  intimate  that  Bulwer  is  impervious  to  criti- 
cism, but  we  do  mean  to  censure  these  ready-made  critics,  who,  hav- 
ing read  superficially  and  studied  not  at  all,  have  set  to  work  to  de- 
molish his  fair  name  by  applying  to  his  character  such  epithets  as 
"  Sugared  Monsters, '  "  Painted  Devils,"  and  "  Devils  in  Disguise.'' 
Petty  mischief  in  the  merry-making  boy  may  be  looked  over,  but 


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160  NOVELS  ON  SIB  E.  BULWER  LYTTON. 

in  the  grown-up  man  it  is  execrable,  even  though  he  call  himself  a 
critic,  and  wear  spectacles  on  his  nose,  and  a  quill  behind  his  ear. 
Some  of  these  professional  flEUiltfinders  go  off  into  dissertation  on 
the  pernicious  effects  of  novels  generally,  using  Bulwer  as  their  text ; 
but  It  is  too  late  in  the  day  of  civilization  for  such  condemnation  to 
fall  otherwise  than  flatly  on  enlightened  years.  The  narrow  preju- 
dices against  novels  passed  away  with  these  old  Quaker  notions, 
which  were  scarcely  better  than  superstition,  or  linger  only  in  these 
relics  of  antique  stupidity,  who,  wrapt  up  in  their  own  self  impor- 
tance, are  as  impotent  to  do  harm  as  the  toad  encased  in  the  stone 
formation  of  a  by-gone  century.  Music  is  no  longer  reprehensible 
because  some  wild  spirits  indulge  in  bacchanalian  songs.  Dancing 
in  healthful  moderation  is  no  longer  a  sin  because  some  make  it  the 
accompaniment  of  idle  dissipation.  For  the  sunny  gladness  of  child- 
hood to  burst  out  into  joyous  laughter  is  no  Ioniser  prohibited,  be- 
cause some  children  are  boisterous  and  bad.  For  a  man  to  kiss  a 
wife  on  Sunday  is  no  longer  culpable  provided  she  is  his  own,  and  a 
romance  is  not  regarded  as  "  ipso  facto"  a  tract  of  the  devil,  because 
some  romances  have  been  distributed  by  missionaries  of  his  infernal 
majesty.  A  novel  even  is  acknowledged  to  be  a  good  thing,  provided 
it  is  a  good  novel,  written  in  a  clever  style,  treating  a  proper  subject, 
and  inculcating  a  sound  morality. 

The  critic's  duty  is  a  high  one,  and  should  not  be  used  for  personal 
gratification.  When  a  work  is  published  we  do  not  want  every 
point  it  makes,  or  doesn't  make,  turned  into  a  peg  by  the  critic  upon 
which  to  hang  his  own  notions  of  propriety.  We  wish  to  know  what 
the  views  of  the  author  are,  how  he  has  maintained  them,  and  whe- 
ther or  not  the  book  is  worthy  of  an  introduction  into  the  boudoir 
and  the  parlor ;  and  that  the  opinion  of  the  critic  be  not  merely  his 
own  ^'  ipse  dixit,"  but  illustrated  and  explained  by  extracts  from  the 
book  in  question.  Otherwise  we  may  smile *at  the  critic's  wit,  and 
cry  "bravo"  when  he  has  sent  a  round  stone  plum  through  the 
author's  window.  But  we  are  none  the  wiser  or  better  for  these 
graceful  exploits ;  we  have  been  simply  amused — that's  all. 

The  aim  of  this  article  is  to  expose  the  unfairness  or  dullwittedness 
of  some  of  Bulwer's  maligners — to  let  fall  back  upon  their  own 
heads  some  of  the  projectiles  which  they  have  so  idly  thrown  upward 
at  him. 

Early  in  the  present  century,  while  yet  the  world  was  filled  with 
sickly  and  diluted  imitations  of  the  Gonrads  and  Laras  of  Byron, 
around  whose  vices  that  gifled  misanthrope  had  thrown  a  glittering 
garb,  Bulwer,  a  youth  unknown  to  fame,  was  putting  forth  his  first 
steps  upon  the  uncertain  path  of  letters.  His  mind  was  too  strong 
to  give  way  to  the  common  weaknesses  of  cotemporary  youths,  and 
to  his  clear  vision  it  was  plain  that  there  was  something  else  for  him 
to  do  in  this  world  besides  looking  fiarce  and  broken  hearted,  wear- 
ing unhappy  looks,  broad  collars  and  flowing  neckties,  and  spending 
his  time  half  in  vicious  dissipation,  and  the  other  half  in  reviling 
those  who  did  do,  or  did  not  do  the  same.     He  had  no  liking  for  the 


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NOVELS  OF  SIR  B.   BULWER  LYTTON.  161 

arrogant,  dictatorial  selfiabness  of  Byron's  characters.  He  saw  the 
follies  of  fashionable  society  as  clearly  as  that  ascetic  bard,  but  with 
more  kindness ;  and  to  him,  possessing  so  keen  a  discernment,  so 
•fluent  a  pen,  and  so  ready  a  wit,  to  see  was  to  be  irresistibly 
tempted. 

He  wrote,  and  the  result  was  a  satire,  under  the  name  of  Pelham. 
It  was  a  great  improvement  upon  Byron's  mawkish  sentimentality 
and  fierce  intolerance.  Life  in  Pelham  appears  as  a  good  humored 
joke ;  it  had  been  represented  by  the  crippled  lord  as  an  outrageous 
imposition. 

As  soon  as  Pelham  appeared  there  was  a  real  literary  melee,  the 
critics  stoning  him,  and  his  friends  stoning  the  critics.  The  world 
treated  it  very  much  as  the  mother  does  a  naughty  babe,  first  scolding 
it  sharply  and  then  pressing  it  to  her  bosom.  Pelham  lived  through 
it  all.  Ho  had  as  many  lives  as  a  cat,  and  if  killed  to-day  was  sure 
to  turn  up  to-morrow,  and  require  to  be  killed  again.  Whipple,  an 
American  writer,  is  quite  severe  on  Pelham,  and  is  a  fair  specimen 
of  his  decryers.  Says  he,  "it  is  the  greatest  satire  ever  written  by 
any  man  upon  his  own  lack  of  mental  elevation.  Bulwer  attempted 
to  realize,  in  a  fictitious  character,  his  notions  of  what  a  man  should 
be,  and  accordingly  produced  an  agglomeration  of  qualities,  called 
Pelham,  in  which  the  dandy,  the  scholar,  the  sentimentalist,  the 
statesman,  the  roue  and  the  blackguard,  were  all  to  be  included  in 
one  many-sided  man, -whose  merits  would  win  equal  applause  from 
the  hearty  and  the  heartless,  the  lover  and  the  libertine."  Not  at 
all,  Mr.  Whipple.  Bulwer  never  thought  of  Pelham  as  the  ideal  of 
what  a  man  ought  to  be,  but  only*  the  reality  that  a  man  probably 
would  be  if  reared  up  as  he  was  in  the  midist  of  levity,  and  gaiety, 
and  fashion.  Nor  is  Pelham  anything  like  what  you  have  described 
him  to  be.  These  contrary  qualities  do  not  actually  exist.  There 
are  strong  antitheses,  but  no  contradictions.  His  apparent  virtues 
are  real  ones,  but  his  vices  and  frivolities  mere  affectations.'  There 
is  no  more  inconsistency  in  Pelham  than  there  is  in  the  actor  who 
does  many  parts  in  the  same  play,  appearing  as  a  king  and  as  a  cob- 
bler, as  a  bootblack  and  as  a  soldier,  and  then  as  a  mere  shifter  of 
the  scenes.  Society  was  the  stage  upon  which  Pelham  acted,  and  he 
played  the  role  of  the  fop,  the  sentimentalist  and  the  voluptuary, 
while  he  was  really  a  wit,  a  scholar  and  a  philosopher.     . 

Pelham  had  been  reared  by  his  mother,  a  London  lady,  addicted 
to  all  the  gay  excesses  of  high  life,  to  think  that  the  whole  aim  of 
existence  should  be  to  be  "  the  glass  of  fashion,  and  the  mould  of 
form,"  and  to  be  hail  fellow  well  met  with  the  lords  and  fine  ladies 
who  figure  in  ball  rooms,  and  saloons,  and  opera  houses.  A  hand- 
some figure,  a  light  heart,  a  heavy  pocket,  a  quick  t^mjrue,  and  an 
invincible  impudence,  and  letters  of  introduction  from  those  who  re- 
joiced in  the  "  shadow  of  a  great  name,"  are  no  mean  distinctions. 
With  these  Pelham  launched  out  into  Parisian  life  determined  to 
make  the  most  of  them,  and,  at  least,  to  make  a  sensation.  To  his 
quick  sense,  the  formalities  of  etiquette  formed  no  screen  to  the  hol- 
VOL.  II. -NO.  II.  1 1 


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162  NOVELS  OF  SIB  B.  BULWEB  LTTTON. 

lowness  and  folly  of  its  votaries ;  and  while  he  at  once  detected  de- 
ceit and  frivolity,  he  enjoyed  the  splendor  and  excitement  of  fashion- 
able life  with  all  the  discretion  of  a  veteran,  and  all  the  gusto  of  a 
novice.  He  dressed  his  ringlets,  perfumed  his  handkerchief,  aiifl 
chose  his  garments  with  refined  fastidiousness,  and  affecting  a  languid 
air  and  a  drawlihg  voice,  whirled  along  in  the  giddy  throng,  surpas- 
sing  the  most  accomplished  in  their  arts,  and  a  living  extravaganza 
of  their  frivolities.  But  under  this  glossy  effeminacy  was  hidden  a 
strong  intellect,  a  sharp  wit,  a  high  ambition,  and  a  dauntless  resolu- 
tion. He  had  inverted  the  fable  of  Esop,  and  under  the  ass's  skin 
was  the  form  of  a  lion. 

He  appeared  in  the  saloons  as  a  brainless  coxcomb,  who  had  no 
use  for  his  head  but  to  show  off  his  hair.  If  a  spider  appears  he 
shrieks ;  if  the  room  be  too  crowded  he  faints,  and  all  the  time  he 
is  laughing  inwardly  at  the  effect  of  his  dainty  dandyism  and  con- 
summate acting.  Out  in  the  open  air  he  is  the  real  Pelham  ;  he  fights 
a  duel  in  the  "  bois  de  Boulogne"  with  the  utmost  sangfroid,  disarms 
his  adversary,  returns  his  weapon,  and  Pelham  goes  off  to  lounge  in 
a  brilliant  parlor,  and  flirt  with  some  bejeweled  belle  with  the  air  of 
one  who  had  no  ambition  beyond  the  nicety  of  a  ruffle,  or  the  stiffness 
of  a  collar.  We  shall  catch  a  glimpse  of  this  many-sided  fellow  in 
a  chat  with  his  tailor.  That  dignitary  enters  his  apartments,  and  the 
ceremony  of  measurement  commences. 

"  We  are  a  very  good  figure,  Mr.  Pelham  ;  very  good  figure,''  said 
the  Schneider,  surveying  me  from  head  to  foot  while  he  was  prepar- 
ing his  measure ;  '^  we  want  a  little  assistance  here,  though ;  we  musst 
be  padded  well  here;  we  must  have  our  chest  well  thrown  out,  and 
have  an  additional  inch  just  across  the  shoulders ;  we  must  live  for 
effect  in  this  world,  Mr,  f  elham  ;  a  little  tighter  around  the  waist. 
Eh!" 

"Mr.  N.,"  said  I,  "you  will  take  first  my  exact  measure,  and 
secondly  my  exact  instructions.     Have  you  done  the  first  ?" 

"  We  are  done  now,  Mr.  Pelham,"  replied  the  man  in  a  slow, 
solemn  tone. 

"  You  will  have  the  goodness,  then,  to  put  no  stuffing  in  my  coat ; 
you  will  pinch  me  an  iota  tighter  around  my  waist  than  is  natural 
to  that  portion  of  my  body,  and  you  will  please  leave  me,  in  your 
infinite  mercy,  as  much  afler  the  fashion  in  which  God  made  me  as 
you  possibly  can." 

"But,  sir,  we  must  be  padded,  we  are  much  too  thin  ;  all  the  gen- 
tlemen in  the  Life  Guards  are  padded,  sir." 

"Mr.  N.,  you  will  please  to  speak  of  us  with  a  separate,  and  not 
a  collective  pronoun ;  and  you  will  let  me  for  once  have  my  clothes 
such  as  a  gentleman,  who,  I  beg  you  to  remember,  is  not  a  Life 
Guardsman,  can  wear  without  being  mistaken  for  a  Guy  Fawkes  on 
a  fiflh  of  November." 

Exit  Schneider  out-schneidered.  Thus,  Pelham,  in  the  most  trivial 
transactions,  discovers  a  contempt  for  silly  conventionalities.  Ho 
mingles  in  gay  company  for  the  mere  "  fun  of  the  thing,"  not  because 


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NOVELS  OF  SIR  E.  BULWER  LYTTON.  163 

he  attaches  tibe  slightest  importance  to  etiquette,  or  fashion.     He 
always  points  out  the  right,  though 

"  He  still  the  wrong  pursaes."  * 

"  He  is  a  trifler  in  appearance,  but  rather  one  to  whom  trifles  are 
instructive  than  one  to  whom  they  are  natural."  The  difference  be- 
tween him  and  Diogenes  is,  that  the  cynic  philosophized  in  a  tab, 
while  he  found  it  more  comfortable  to  do  so  in  broadcloth  and  patent 
leather,  and  of  the  two  we  must  say  Pelham  was  certainly  the  most 
sensible. 

Mais  qui  en  est  le  lut  ?  To  unbare  to  the  world  the  frivolities  of 
high  life ;  and  it  has  done  so  cleverly  and  well.  The  fault  is  that  we 
are  made  familiar  with  them  rather  than  di^usted.  Its  morality  is 
not  irreproachable.  It  does  not,  as  some  critics  have  urged,  preach 
bad  morals,  but  it  does  not  impress  good  ones.  The  tendency  is  not 
to  elevate  the  moral  feelings,  because  good  philosophy,  associated 
with  Pelham's  sprightly  flashing  levity,  no  more  affects  us  than  do 
those  excellent  lessons  which  we  buy  by  the  pound  with  kisses  of 
candy.  Very  good  verses  they  may  be,  advising  constancy,  fidelity, 
fortitude  and  all  that,  but  we  generally  suck  the  sweet  indigestion 
complacently  while  the  counsels  of  wisdom  go  into  the  fire-place,  or 
out  of  the  window. 

There  is,  too,  that  *'  do  as  I  say,  not  as  I  do,"  kind  of  advice  from 
Pelham,  which,  of  course,  goes  no  farther  than  the  tympanum. 

Your  friend,  anxious  for  your  welfare,  coolly  puffs  his  cigar  in 
your  face,  and,  at  the  same  time,  dilates  on  the  poisonous  essences  of 
tobacco,  warning  you  solemnly  against  it  This  odoriferous  wisdom, 
arising  out  of  wreaths  of  smoke,  its  redolence  delighting  your  olfac- 
tories as  its  sound  reaches  the  ear,  of  course  dies  away  at  the  doors 
of  the  heart  without  ever  penetrating  its  recesses. 

What  Pelham  says  you  must  do  is  excellent.  What  Pelham 
does  is  indifferent.  But  with  all  these  faults,  it  is  far  better  than 
morbid  sentiment,  or  misanthropy.  It  sparkles  with  wit,  is  replete 
with  interest,  akin  with  satire,  but  good  natured  and  genial  withal. 
And  this  much,  at  least,  may  be  said  in  its  defence,  that  the  errors 
for  which  it  apologizes  are  those  of  a  generous  and  magnanimous 
nature,  and  even  they  "  lean  to  virtue's  side."  The  real  virtues  that 
touch  a  man's  honor — Courage,  Truth,  Liberality  and  Fidelity,  are 
never  held  in  light  esteem.  Meanness  always  appears  despicable. 
Pelham  was  unflinching  in  principle,  and  would  have  died  rather  than 
desert  a  friend,  or  betray  a  fo3.  Danger  could  never  drive  the  color 
from  his  cheeks,  nor  distress  fail  to  bring  tears  to  his  eyes.  If  such 
characters  as  these  are  ^^  painted  devils,"  as  two  critics  at  least, 
Messrs.  Whipple  and  Hudson,  are  pleased  to  call  them,  we  can  only 
say  that  these  gentlemen  have  a  better  prospect  for  happiness  in  the 
next  world  than  we  would  otherwise  have  imagined.  For  their  sakes, 
as  well  as  our  own,  we  hope  they  are.  The  dullness  of  Mr.  Whip- 
ple in  supposing  that  all  the  affectations  of  Pelham  were  real  quali- 
ties is  astonishing.     Whatever  else  may  be  said  of  Bulwer,  stupidity 


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1«4  NOVELS  OP  SIR  E.  BULWER  LYTTON. 

certainly  cannot  be  set  down  against  him ;  and  whatever  may  be 
urged  as  excuse  for  Mr.  Whipple,  it  certainly  cannot  be  said  that  he 
was  not  stupid.  Dean  Swift  once  wrote  an  ironical  pamphlet,  in 
whichrhe  proposed  that  the  over-numerous  children  of  Ireland  should 
be  put  to  use  by  eating  them.  A  dull-witted  Frenchman,  taking  the 
thing  in  dead  earnest,  brought  it  forward  as  an  evidence  of  barbarism 
in  England.  Whipple's  misinterpretation  of  Pelham  is  almost  as 
bad,  and  against  such  stupidity  it  has  been  well  said,  the  gods  them- 
selves are  powerless. 

Another  critic  finds  fault  with  Pelham  because  it  has  no  plot ;  it 
has  none,  for  the  very  good  reason  that  it  was  intended  to  have  none. 
It  is  an  Epic  novel,  narrating  the  adventures  of  a  gentleman,  and 
there  is  no  more  reason  that  it  should  have  a  plot  than  that  Gordon 
Cumming  should  have  one  in  his  book  of  adventures  with  lions  in 
Africa.  The  objection  might  be  urged  with  equal  propriety  against 
Fielding,  Fenelon  and  Le  Sage ;  but  this  is  not  the  fault  of  their 
novels,  but  only  the  quality  of  their  class.  If  the  critic  could  apply 
such  arbitrary  rules  as  this,  that  commonwealth  called  the  ^'Repub- 
lic of  Letters "  would  at  once  degenerate  into  the  most  desperate 
despotism — an  unlimited  monarchy,  with  a  miserable  monarch  on 
the  throne. 

We  can  best  sum  up  our  opinion  of  Pelham  by  comparison.  Of 
Byron's  characters,  we  should  say  they  are  absolute  poison,  never  to 
be  taken  unless  followed  immediately  by  an  antidote  in  the  shape  of 
two  or  three  days'  fasting  and  prayer.  Unless  the  reader  has  made 
up  his  mind  to  this  penance  he  had  better  not  touch  at  all.  In  the 
Caxtons  we  have  good,  wholesome  died,  the  very  milk,  and  bread, 
and  meat  of  good  morality,  upon  which  it  will  fatten  and  grow 
strong.  In  Rienzi,  the  master-piece  of  Bulwer,  we  have  a  tonic,  a 
stimulant  that  diffuses  a  glow  throughout  the  system.  Like  a  good 
dose  of  French  brandy,  it  invigorates  all  the  organs,  and,  if  the  pa- 
tient be  weak,  is  the  very  thing  to  give  him  new  life  and  courage. 
Of  Pelham  we  would  say,  that  it  is  neither  poison,  nor  meat,  nor 
tonic,  but  a  literary  confection,  a  *'  bon  bon"  that  would  do  no  harm 
to  strong  digestions,  but  had  better  be  let  alone  by  weak  ones.  The 
best  novels  are  just  as  much  superior  to  Pelham  as  the  farmer  and 
thephysician  are  to  the  confectioner.  , 

We  have  tarried  with  Pelham  from  an  impulse,  in  which  the 
generous  reader  must  agree,  to  defend  one  who  has  been  most  un- 
justly injured.  Bulwer,  when  he  wrote  it,  was  young  and  inex- 
perienced, and  deserved  encouraging  smiles  rather  than  rebuking 
frowns  ;  and  although  we  cannot  be  blind  to  its  defects,  we  can  but 
feel  kindly  for  the  author  who  so  fully  redeemed  the  "  atrocious 
cri*Tie,"  of  being  once  a  young  man  by  the  graceful  excellenca  with 
which  he  grew  to  be  an  old  one.    Assez  de  Pelham. 

Paul  CliflTord  and  Ernest  Maltravers  have  been  duly  cut  up  into 
rags,  and  made  into  a  patchwork  of  villainy  by  rigid  moralists  (so 
called),  and  if  there  is  any  phase  of  vituperation  that  has  not  been 
Applied  to  them,  it  is  not  in  the  common  vocabularies.     The  con 


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NOVELS  OF  SIR  E.  BULWER  LYTTON.  165 

siderations  of  justice  that  require  that  the  accused  should  be  triced  bjr 
his  peers,  should  admonish  the  world  to  be  charj  in  receiving  the 
judgments  of  common  critics :  who  fret  at  their  superiors,  only  be- 
cause they  do  not  understand  them.  These  books  have  been  de- 
nounced mainly  by  those  who  never  once  apprehended  their  meaning. 
And,  the  character  of  a  novel  is  as  delicate  as  the  honor  of  a  soldier ; 
a  whisper  of  suspicion  is  sufficient  to  stain  its  reputation ;  to  breathe 
distrust  is  to  affix  infamy.  A  very  sorrow  fellow  may,  by  his 
clamor,  do  irreparable  injury  to  a  most  worthy  one.  Such  has  been 
the  fate  of  Maltravers  and  Clifibrd :  they  were  called  bad,  and  so 
they  stand  before  the  world.     Let  us  see  if  they  deserved  it. 

Paul  Cliflford's  early  years  were  spent  in  dens  of  vice.  His  fhst 
visions  were  the  mean  faces  of  pickpockets  and  beer  drinkers ;  the 
first  words  he.  learned  were  those  of  brutal  oaths  and  obscene  jests ; 
and  the  only  lessons  he  received  are  embraced  in  the  doctrine — 

**  Let  him  keep  who  has  the  power, 
And  let  him  take  who  oan.^ 

Nothing  was  more  natural  than  that  young  Paul,  who  had  nothing 
should  fall  to  taking ;  so  he  did,  and  while  yet  a  youth  his  genius 
had  flowered  out  into  a  full  blown  knight  of  the  road.  After  a 
career  of  many  vicissitudes  he  was  shot,  captured,  tried,  and  con- 
demned to  death ;  and  in  his  speech  to  the  jury  at  trial  is  contained 
the  pith  of  the  work.  The  design  of  Bulwer  was  to  present,  in  strong 
diaracters,  the  unjust  severity  of  the  English  capital  punishments,  and 
to  expose  the  abuses  by  petty  officials  of  their  important  trusts. 
That  is  done  by  showing  Paul,  who  is  by  nature  a  high  toned  gentle- 
man perverted  by  neglect  and  oppression  into  a  robber.  The  golden 
threads  of  a  live  tale  are  interwoven  with  the  dark  skein  of  crime, 
and  it  is  at  the  happy  termination  of  Paul's  affection  that  the  critic's 
sensibilities  are  so  dreadfully  shocked.  A  lady,  Lucy  Brandon, 
young  and  beautiful,  loved  Paul,  and  clove  to  him  in  misfortune. 
Happily  he  escaped,  and  the  pair  took  wings  to  some  foreign  land, 
and  there  are  lefb  as  contented  as  a  pair  of  doves  who  have  found 
refuge  from  northern  winds,  in  the  shady  groves  of  the  south.  At 
th'is  the  moralist  cries  *'  shame."  Draco  might  have  been  delighted 
at  the  spectacle  of  Paul  with  a  noose  around  his  neck,  and  Mr. 
Whipple,  who  was  reared  in  that  region  which  still  has  some  of  the 
atmosphere  of  witch  burning,  and  of  punishing  the  thefl  of  a  yard  of 
calico  with  the  same  penalty  as  murder,  would  no  doubt  have  shared 
in  the  grim  pleasure.  But  we  were  glad  that  Paul  got  off,  and  bid 
him  God  speed  to  a  better  life,  and  a  happier  condition. 

We  might  as  well  snarl  at  nature  for  allowing  the  tree  to  grow 
crooked,  when  we  ourselves  have  tread  upon  aqd  twisted  the  twig, 
as  to  grx)w  indignant  at  Paul's  thieving,  when  he  had  been  born,  and 
reared,  and  lived,  and  moved,  and  had  his  being  amongst  rogues  of 
every  die. 

His  story  teaches  no  immorality.  There  are  thousands  of  boys 
to-day  in  the  cellars  and  attics  of  London  and  other  large  cities  who 


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166  NOVELS  OF  SIR  E.   BULWER  LYTTON. 

have  never  seen  the  sunlight  of  good  precepts,  or  eaten  the  bread  of 
honesty ;  and  no  kindly  heart  can  read  understandingly  Paul  Clifford 
without  being  touched,  to  dollars,  if  not  to  tears,  in  behalf  of  these 
poor,  abandoned  wretches  whoso  only  heritage  is  sin  and  sorrow.  If 
there  be  any  mind  so  shallow  as  to  be  muddied  by  this  novel,  its 
sources  of  good  sense,  and  good  morals  must  be  already  hopelessly 
dried  up.  There  is  no  danger  of  any  youth  becoming  a  highwayman 
because  he  likes  Paul  Clifford.  Nobody  but  a  critic  would  think  so, 
and  it  is  as  useless  to  argue  with  them  as  it  was  for  Desdemona  to 
argue  with  Othello. 

**  Jealoas  souls  will  not  be  answered  so. 
They  are  not,  ever,  jealous  for  the  cause, 
But  jealous,  for  they  are  jealous:  Its  a  monster 
Begot  upon  Itself,  born  of  itself." 

Ernest  Maltravers  stands  at  the  culprit's  bar  with  Pelham  and 
Clifford  :  now,  what  of  him. 

The  lessons  of  this  man's  life,  so  far  from  being  reprehensible,  as 
they  have  been  called,  approach  nearer  to  the  sublime.  We  can  only 
say  of  them  as  of  all  good  things  :  "  Qui  uti  icit^  ei  bona  ;  illi  qui 
non  uittur  recte^  mala,^'*  He  was  not  guiltless,  but  his  early  sun 
tinged  his  mind  with  a  life-long  sadness,  and  aroused  his  noble  nature 
to  the  grandest  efforts  of  self-control,  and  high  ambition.  What  is 
more  admirable  than  the  sense  of  honor  that  guides  his  conduct  with 
the  fair  countess  in  Italy,  that  sinks  the  passion  of  the  lover  in  the 
firm  affection  of  a  friend?  What  more  replete  with  lofty  sentiment 
than  the  story  of  the  beautiful,  and  ill-fated  Frances  Lascelles? 
What  more  inspirirg  than  the  faithful  love  of  Alice,  and  her  final  re- 
union with  Maltravers?  Some  detached  pages  or  sentences  may 
seem  to  be  exceptionable,  but  when  we  have  read  them  altogether, 
the  integral  impression  is  soothing  to  the  passions,  but  like  the  sound 
of  a  trumpet  to  struggling  virtue — clear,  musical,  inspiring.  The 
taking  to  pieces  "system  which  would  destroy  Maltravers,  would 
also  turn  the  snowy  plumage  of  the  sweet  swan  of  Avon  into  the 
blackness  of  the  raven." 

It  is  not  by  printing  a  piece  of  perfection,  and  telling  us  coolly  to 
be  also  likewise  perfect,  that  high  and  holy  precepts  are  to  be  in- 
stilled. 

Sinless,  and  immaculate  heroes,  individual  Utopias,  without  pas- 
sions or  short  comings,  are  of  no  use  to  us  who  are  but  a  bundle  of 
appetites  and  prejudices,  with  not  enough  of  leaven  to  permeate  the 
whole.  Our  sympathies  are  never  kindled  up  by  such,  ordeals,  but 
chilled  and  discouraged  when  we  behold  how  wide  a  gulf  there  is  be- 
tween us  and  them.  Man,  that  strange  compound  of  *^  dust  and 
deity,"  is  in  no  way  bettered  by  those  angelic  creations  of  authors, 
who  merely  wear  disguises  of  human  flesh.  The  characters  that 
really  arouse  our  better  natures  are  those  who  perpetually  struggle 
with  their  imperfections,  not  those  who  have  no  imperfections  to 
struggle  with.  Virtue  struggling  with  vice,  now  tripped  up,  but 
again  arising  and  returning  to  the  contest,  is  a  picture  upon  which 


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NOVELS  OF  SIR  E.   BULWEB  LYTTON.  167 

the  gods  look  with  delight,  and  men  ean  only  view  with  enthusiasm. 
Such  is  Maltravers,  erring  to-day  and  slipping  backward,  but  to-mor- 
row moving  again  "  onward  and  upward."  Any  author  might  pro- 
duce a  better  hero,  but  we  would  be  all  the  worse  for  his  goodness ; 
and  he  would  be  only  an  artificial  man  turned  out  from  the  workshop 
of  imagination,  not  man  the  dust  with  ^'  breath  in  his  nostrils,"  stich 
as  he  was  made  in  the  studio  of  the  skies. 

A  book,  too,  may  conclude  with  an  excellent  moral,  and  yet  have 
no  high  moral  tendency.  The  scene  may  close  upon  a  dozen  villains 
with  their  throats  cut,  and  the  Virtuosos  flourishing  trumpets,  and 
proclaiming  **  virtue  has  her  reward."  But  what  of  it?  If  the  re- 
ward is  what  she  was  after,  she  is  no  better  than  vice,  and  honesty 
is  only  policy,  called  by  another  name.  Virtue  then  is  only  so  mucn 
marketable  produce,  taken  to  barter  for  such  gewgaws  as  its  owner 
fancies.  This  is  not  the  teaching  of  that  volume  which  tells  us  of  the 
wicked  "  spreading  himself  like  a  green  bay  tree,"  and  of  the  sun 
shining  "  on  the  just  and  the  unjust ;"  and  it  is  not  the  teaching  of 
Bulwer ;  it  is  the  teaching  of  his  critics. 

Virtue  in  nature,  and  in  nature's  true  imitations,  is  in  herself  beauti- 
ful, and  needs  not  the  foreign  aid  of  ornament ;  but  is  when  una- 
dorned adorned  the  most ;  and  vice  is  hideous,  because  it  Is  vice. 
The  highest  art  of  the  writer  is  so  to  present  them.  Shakespeare 
succeeded  admirably  in  Othello.  All  the  riches  and  glory  of  the 
world  could  not  make  lago  tolerable,  and  no  weight  of  mbfortune 
could  crush  out  the  liveliness  of  Desdemona. 

Maltravers'  is  no  animated  abstracting  of  virtues ;  but  when  he 
errs  we  are  sorrowful,  and  when  he  struggles  upward  we  are  glad, 
and  we  feel  the  inward  emotion  to  go  upward  with  him.  If  we  dis- 
card him  from  the  company  of  proper  books,  we  must  first  forget 
the  Story  of  David^rmurdering  Uriah  for  the  sake  of  his  wife ;  we 
must  forget  that  gentle  speech  to  the  erring  woman,  "  go,  and  sin  no 
more  ;"  we  must  blot  out  from  our  bibles  the  double  guilt  of  Peter 
— cowardice  at  his  heart  and  falsehood  on  his  lips  at  the  same  time ; 
and  we  must  never  more  look  to  Calvary  for  that  sweet  assurance 
to  the  dying  sinner :  '*  This  day  shalt  thou  meet  Me  in  Paradise !" 
And  yet  Maltravers,  for  a  sin,  which  is  as  snow  "  compared  to  the 
black  deed  of  David,  nor  half  so  mean  as  Peter's,  is  condemned  and 
unforgiven,  though  well  redeemed  by  a  long  life  of  integrity,  gener- 
osity, and  fidelity.  We  pity  the  narrow  soul  that  can  find  no  in- 
struction in  Maltravers ;  it  is  as  the  spider  which  turns  into  poison 
the  very  juice  out  of  which  the  bee  makes  honey. 

Ah  !  little  minded  critic,  thou  art  fit  company  for  Mom  us,  son  of 
night.  Go,  and  rail  with  him,  till  thy  throat  split,  at  Vulcan,  be- 
cause, in  making  man  of  clay  he  put  no  window  in  his  bosom  ;  and 
be  not  content  with  the  matchless  form  of  Venus,  because  her  foot- 
steps are  not  softened  with  down.  Above  thee,  oh  !  critic,  hang  the 
heavens  in  all  their  glory,  and  thou  seest  only  the  spot  upon  the 
sun. 

One  thing  in  Maltravers  must  not  be  omitted — its  villain.     There 


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168  NOVELS  OF  SIR  E.  BULWEB  LYTTON. 

is  a  magnificent,  royal  scoundrelism  about  the  fellow  that  is  wonder- 
ful to  behold.  He  is  an  lago,  turned  statesman,  and  perfect  in  his 
crafl.  His  career  ends  in  a  manner,  too,  that  must  satisfy  a  connois- 
seur ;  his  throat  is  cut  in  his  bed.  Lumley  Ferrars  is  the  prince  of 
all  villains,  and  his  name  leads  on  *'  the  honored  line." 

Eugene  Aram  is  a  thrilling  romance,  though  the  central  figure 
around  whom  the  others  move  is  an  unnatural  character.  The  Aram 
of  History,  well  known  to  the  readers  of  Smollett's  Gibbon,  was 
reallv  a  black  hearted  criminal.  Bulwer  brings  him  forward  in  this 
novel,  and  endeavors  to  present  his  crime  as  the  result  of  an  en- 
thusiasm to  get  money,  to  be  devoted  to  high  purposes.  But  it  is  a 
poor  subterfuge,  and  it  is  not  possible  that  such  a  creature  as  Bui- 
wer's  Aram  can  exist.  Qualities  by  nature  at  war  are  found  in  him, 
dwelling  as  sociably  together  as  the  rats  and  cats,  dogs  and  hares, 
birds,  snakes,  and  monkeys,  in  Bamum's  happy  family — cruelty  and 
compassion,  falsehood  and  truth,  honesty  and  treachery,  meet  in  him, 
and  on  the  best  of  terms.  Water  we  know,  by  intense  heat,  can 
be  turned  into  vapor,  and  so  the  best  disposed  man  may,  in  the  flush 
of  passion,  fly  off  into  crime ;  water,  by  intense  cold,  may  be  frozen 
into  ice,  so  the  "  genial  currents  of  the  soul"  may  be  frozen  up  by 
hunger,  or  distress,  and  one  good  by  nature  be  tempted  into  sin. 
But  water  never  of  its  own  accord  turns  into  vinegar,  and  back  into 
water  again  ;  nor  is  it  possible  that  Eugene  Aram,  the  cold,  calcula- 
ting, malignant  murderer,  could  have  been  the  tender  affectionate 
lover,  the  enthused  student  adoring  science,  the  gentle  recluse  turn- 
ing aside  for  fear  of  treading  on  the  beetle  in  his  path — susceptible 
to  day  of  all  that  is  beautiful,  and  true,  and  good  ;  and  to-morrow 
despising  them,  and  bringing  on  his  head  the  curse  of  Cain. 

One  cannot  be  a  Caliban  and  an  Ariel  at  tb^  same  time.  Tis 
true  a  man  "  may  smile  and  smile,  and  be  a  vil^in,"  but  the  smile 
would  be  the  smooth  coat  of  hypocrisy,  not  that  of  a  lofly  sentiment, 
a  qulat  conscience,  or  a  genuine  amiability. 

Not  even  a  Madden  could  account  for  Aram's  crime  as  an  in- 
firmity of  genius,  and  if  we  accept  the  possibility  of  such  a  man  we 
may  as  well  at  once  adopt  "  the  excellent  frippery  of  the  world,'' 
that  '*  we  are  villains  by  necessity,  fools  by  heavenly  compulsion, 
knaves,  thieves,  and  treachers  by  spherical  predominance ;  drunkards, 
liars,  and  adulterers  by  an  enforced  obedience  of  planetary  influence; 
and  all  that  we  are  evil  in  by  divine  thrusting  on." 

The  four  novels  we  have  discussed  are  those  most  found  fault  with. 
We  have  tried  to  "  nothing  extenuate,  or  set  down  aught  in  malice;  " 
we  may  now  give  rein  to  our  feelings,  and  perform  the  more  grate- 
ful duty  of  expressing  well  deserved  praise. 

The  Caxtons  is  one  of  the  most  genial  of  English  novels.  There 
hangs  around  it  the  atmosphere  of  the  pure  affections,  which  are 
warmed  into  life  around  the  fireside  of  home.  It  is  a  delightful  pic 
turc  of  domestic  life  and  trials  in  England,  and  has  but  one  shadow — 
the  character  of  Vivian — which  only  aids  the  effect  of  the -sunny 
light  of  the  rest.      We  rise  from  its  perusal  with  a  glow  of  good 


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NOVELS  OF  SIR  B.   BULWER  LTTTON.  169 

feeling,  asperities  soflened,  hopes  brightened,  and  the  heart  warmed 
up,  as  it  is  by  cordial  intercourse  with  a  trusted  A*iend. 

It  is  difficult  to  realize  that  this  book,  with  its  mellowness  of 
humor  and  affection,  is  of  the  same  parentage  as  Pelham — that 
sparkling  witticism.  In  style  and  tone  they  are  utterly  different, 
and  they  are  as  unlike  each  other  as  both  are  unlike  the  Pilgrims  of 
the  Rhine,  or  the  Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  The  variety  of  Bulwer's 
works  is  only  equalled  by  their  individual  merit.  His  versatility  is 
wonderful,  and  he  is  always  in  sympathy  with  the  scenes  and  people 
around  him.  Bulwer,  the  young  gentleman  in  society,  appears  in 
Pelham  ;  Bulwer,  the  student  in  the  midst  of  his  books,  and  sobered 
down  by  maturer  years,  appears  in  the  Caxtons  ;  but  however  his 
costume  varies,  he  is  always  Bulwer,  keenly  appreciating  and  graphi- 
cally describing  the  things  around  him. 

It  was  remarked  by  Pope  on  the  characters  of  Shakespeare  that, 
"  had  all  the  speeches  been  printed  without  the  names  of  the  speiak- 
ers,  he  believed  thiCt  one  would  have  applied  them  with  certainty  to 
every  speaker.**  And  Addison  says  of  Homer  :  "There  is  scarce  a 
speech  or  act  in  the  Iliad  which  the  reader  may  not  ascribe  to  the 
person  who  sees,  or  acts,  without  seeing  his  name  at  the  head  of  it." 
We  should  have  to  qualify  these  comments  to  apply  thom  to  Bul- 
wer. Some  of  his  characters  are  as  distinct,  separate  existences  as 
those  of  real  life,  but  many  are  so  near  alike  that  we  are  as  liable  to 
attribute  an  act,  or  word,  to  one  as  to  another. 

Maltravers  and  Guy  Darrell  might  be  taken  for  twins,  diflferent 
only  in  outward  surroundings ;  and  Pelham  is  enough  like  each  to 
be  a  cousin  ;  and  in  the  many  minor^characters  there  is  sufficient  re- 
semblance to  discover  the  family  of  which  they  are  members.  This 
is  easily  accounted  for.  It  is  dot  because  Bulwer  has  not  the  genius 
to  discriminate  character,  but  in  portraying  Englishmen  he  could 
not  resist  the  temptation  to  throw  in  some  touches  of  himself — to 
paint  his  ideal  of  what  an  English  gentleman  of  bis  day  ought  to  be. 

When  he  passes  beyond  the  confines  of  Briton — ^when  he  is  de- 
lineating men  as  they  are  in  Pompeii,  or  Naples,  or  Rome,  each  per- 
son stands  oat  in  as  bold  relief  as  the  outlines  of  a  marble  statue. 
In  Rienzi  there  is  not  an  individual  that  reminds  us  of  any  we  have 
seen  before,  and  it  is  because  Bulwer  was  no  longer  Bulwer  the 
Englishman ;  but,  standing  amidst  the  ruins  and  relics  of  the  great 
people  that  had  passed  away,  he  was  only  a  great  heart  filled  with 
emotions  at  the  silent  eloquence  that  was  scattered-  around  him,  and 
a  calm  intelligence  calling  up  the  scenes  and  faces  that  bad  made  that 
place  memorable  forever. 

There  is  one  quality  in  which  Bulwer  excels  that  we  have  never 
seen  mentioned  by  his  reviewers ;  it  is  the  peculiar  gifl  in  tracing  the 
efiects  of  circumstances,  and  of  presenting  striking  and  suggestive 
contrasts.  He  delights  to  show  us  what  man  the  clay  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  potter,  chance ;  and  ho  delights  to  give  us  sunny  pic- 
tures on  dark  backgrounds,  or  to  draw  with  paint  black  as  pitch  upon 
a  surface  white  as  snow.     The  heart,  with  its  intricate  springs  of  ac- 


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170  NOVELS  OP  SIR  E.  BULWEB  LYTTON. 

tion  he  explores,  and  traces  the  mixed  influence  of  good  and  evil. 
In  Pelham  he  shows  us  a  nature  kind,  gallant,  and  thoughtful, 
twisted  by  manners  into  foppishness  and  levity.  In  Clifford  we  have 
a  youth,  by  birth  a  gentleman,  bred  to  be  a  robber.  In  Maltravors 
we  have  a  thoughtless  pleasure  changed  into  a  serious  man,  and  a 
cool,  dignified  statesman.  In  Aram  we  have  an  amiable,  gifted 
scholar  contrasted  with  the  malignant  murderer.  In  Morton  Devereux 
we  soon  discover  a  deep  plot  of  live  lurking  under  the  calm,  sedate 
mien  of  the  schoolboy ;  and  in  Vivian  we  have  a  haughty,  self-suf- 
ficient misanthropy,  transformed  by  filial  affection,  and  wiping  out 
past  sins  by  a  devoted  career  on  the  field  and  a  glorious  death  in 
battle.  Having  carried  contrasts  to  their  utmost  extremes  in  their 
characters,  he  finally  bursts  the  bonds  of  nature  and  gives  us  an  ideal 
contrast  in  Margrave  in  the  Strange  Story,  a  man  at  whose  perfect 
physical  development  we  are  charmed,  and  at  whose  utter  heartless- 
ness  we  shudder. 

This  fondness  for  bringing  extremes  together  is  everywhere 
evinced.  In  Night  and  Morning  we  see  it  in  that  scene  of  Philip 
Beaufort's  death.  He  portrays  first  the  ruddy-faced,  light-hearted 
Philip,  prancing  along  on  his  high  mettled  horse — a  picture  full  of 
delight  and  animation ;  and  then  Philip  Beaufort,  thrown,  and  bleed- 
ing, and  in  an  instant  dead.  How  solemn  and  beautiful  are  these  re- 
flections afber  that  vivid  scene  of  life. 

"  What  a  strange  thing  it  does  seem  that  that  very  form  which  we 
prized  so  charily,  for  which  we  prayed  the  winds  to  be  gentle,  which 
ve  lapped  from  the  cold  in  our  arms,  should  be  suddenly  thrust  from 
our  sight,  an  abomination  that  the  world  must  not  look  upon — a 
despicable  loathsomeness,  to  be  concealed  and  to  be  forgotten.  And 
this  same  composition  of  bone  and  muscle  that  was  yesterday  so 
strong — which  men  respected,  and  women  loved,  and  children  clung 
to — to-day  so  lamentably  powerless,  unable  to  defend  or  protect 
those  who  lay  nciirest  to  his  heart ;  its  riches  wrested  from  it,  its 
wishes  spat  upon,  its  influence  expiring  with  its  last  sigh!  A  breath 
from  its  lips  making  all  that  immense  difference  between  what  it  was, 
and  what  it  is." 

But  there  are  many  contrasts  more  strikins;  than  these.  The 
reader  of  the  Strange  Story  will  never  forget  the  horror  that  crept 
over  him  when  Margrave,  while  sporting  with  the  squirrel  suddenly 
grows  angry,  and  dashes  the  little  animal  from  him. 

Rienzl  is  the  ^*'  chef  d'auvre^^  of  Bulwer,  and  is  as  fine  a  specimen 
of  the  historical  novel  as  the  English  language  produces.  The  events 
of  that  Revolution,  which  for  a  moment  delighted  Petrarch  and  Italy, 
and  seemed  destined  to  restore  to  its  pristine  glory  the  '^  eternal 
city,"  are  clustered  around  Rienzi,  who  was  its  master  spirit.  In 
this  work  there  shines  the  highest  genius.  The  picturesqueness  of 
the  descriptions  brings  the  scenes  before  us  with  wonderful  vivid- 
ness, and  remind  us  of  those  charming  pictures  in  the  tales  of  the 
Crusaders.  The  pen  of  a  Scott  has  never  surpassed  the  graphic 
sketches  of  Italian  scenery,  of  the  coUbions  of  the  feudal  lords,  or  of 


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NOVELS  OF  SIB  E.  BULWER  LYTTON.  171 

the  desolation  that  blighted  the  land  when  the  plague  settled  down 
upon  Naples.  But  beyond  this,  there  is  displayed  a  higher  power — 
an  eloquence  which  flies  through  the  veins  like  liquid  fire,  and  infuses 
itself  into  the  fountains  of  the  heart.  Like  the  skilled  harper,  Bul- 
wer  sweeps  his  fingers  over  our  heart  strings,  and  brings  out  music 
from  each  and  all. 

While  perusing  this  splendid  production  we  never  once  think  of 
the  author,  or  ourself ;  we  only  feel  an  intense  interest  in  the  for- 
tunes of  the  great  tribune.  The  characters  that  move  around  him 
are  all  Italians — in  their  lives  and  hates,  in  their  acts  and.  utterances, 
we  see  the  fiery  southern  nature — ^but  who  it  is  that  pictures  them, 
whether  he  be  Greek,  or  Turk,  Jew,  Gentile,  op  what  not,  we  never 
see,  OT  think.  Nina  di  Raselli,  Walter  de  Montreal,  the  young  Page, 
and  Ceooo  del  Vecchio,  seem  to  have  been  the  work  of  Nature  her- 
selfl  Narrowness  of  space  forbids  to  do  justice  to  this  matchless 
book  ;  but  it  is  a  novel  that  infuses  the  most  exalted  sentiments,  that 
invests  with  fascination  a  most  interesting  epoch  of  history ;  in  a 
word,  that  aims  at  all  the  noble  ends  of  romance,  and  attains  them 
with  a  splendour  of  execution,  equalled  only  by  the  conception.  Ri- 
enzi  is  in  itself  enough  to  have  embalmed  the  fame  of  the  author  for- 
ever. Kienzi  and  Bulwer  are  names  which  are  joint  heirs  of  glory ; 
for  it  is  impossible  that  the  writer  could  have  so  sympathized  with 
that  daring  hero  without  having  in  his  own  bosom  something  akin 
to  his  spirit. 

Take  Bulwer  all  in  all,  he  is  head  and  shoulders  above  every  English- 
man of  his  times.  His  genius,  rare  in  any  single  respect,  is  still  more 
rare  wh^  we  think  of  it  as  excelling  in  so  many.  There  is  a  genial 
humor,  worthy  of  Charles  lAmb,  in  some  of  his  books,  in  others  there 
is  satire  as  sharp  as  Swift's,  and  there  is  more  wit  in  one  of  his  witty 
pages  than  is  generally  met  with  in  a  volume.  As  a  photographer 
of  English  life  he  has  no  superior.  Thackeray  has  portrayed  middle 
life,  Dickens  low  life ;  but  Bulwer  has  ranged  throughout  the  society 
of  England,  and  given  us  all  its  varieties,  from  the  lord  to  the  tinker. 
To'  have  read  Bulwer  is  to  have  seen  the  English  people  as  well  as 
it  is  possible  to  see  them  through  the  spectacles  of  books. 

No  English  novelist  has  united  in  one  pers6n  such  exquisite  fancy, 
such  pleasantry,  such  wit,  such  pictorial  power,  such  burning  elo- 
quence, such  imagination.  He  is,  indeed,  "a  prince  amongst  his 
equals,  the  first  of  his  crafl."  We  can  only  contemplate  the  collec- 
tion of  rare  productions  which  have  sprung  up  in  the  fertile  soil  of 
his  mind,  as  we  would  some  favored  land  wherein  were  gathered  to- 
gether the  sturdy  evergreens  of  the  north  and  the  luxuriant,  brilliant 
plants  of  the  tropics ;  where  the  dark  green  of  the  spruce  and  fur 
stood  in  happy  contrast  with  the  delicate  magnolia  and  the  golden 
orange ;  a  paradise  of  the  intellect,  as  it  were,  where  every  taste 
might  find  its  gratification. 

NoTS. — We  regret  that  the  author  has  not  included  within  the 
range  of  his  criticism  the  later  works  of  the  great  English  novelist, 


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172  TERRIBLY  IN  EARNEST. 

for  it  is  impossible  almost  to  conceive  that  the  human  intellect  can 
advance  beyond  those  magnificei\t  creations  of  "Zanoni,"  "What 
will  He  Do  with  It,"  "The  Strange  Story,"  etc.,  which  crown  the 
column  of  his  colossal  literary  genius. — ^Editor. 


ART.  YII.-TERRIBLY  IN  EARNEST. 

This  is  a  pet  phrase  of  Mr.  Carlyle's,  and  one  which  he  has 
brought  into  vogue  and  made  <^uite  popular.  To  be  in  earnest,  to 
apply  ourselves  seriously  and  industriously  to  whatever  we  under- 
take, is  a  moral  duty,  and  the  dictate  of  common-sense.  Lord 
Chesterfield  well  remarks,  "  that  whatever  is  worth  doing,  is  worth 
doing  well."  Earnestness,  carried  further  than  this,  ceases  to  be  a 
virtue  and  becomes  a  vice.  Indeed,  all  moral  qualities  pushed  to 
excess  become  criminal. 

In  the  physical  as  in  the  moral  world,  excess  is  evil,  nay  poisonous, 
and  destructive  of  life.  Feed  man  or  any  other  animal  on  one  kind 
of  food  for  a  length  of  time,  and  it  will  kill  him.  Not  because  it  is 
given  in  large  quantities,  but  because  it  is  given  without  its  anti- 
nomes,  that  is,  food  possessing  opposite  qualities.  Everything  in 
the  moral  and  in  the  physical  world  is  evil  in  itself,  evil  in  the 
abstract,  for  then  it  exists  in  the  greatest  possible  excess.  Every- 
thing is  good  in  the  concrete,  when  properly  compounded  or  balanced 
by  its  appropriate  antinomes.  It  certainly  takes  two  or  more,  nay 
very  many,  wrongs  to  make  a  right.  The  homely  phrase,  "  overly 
good,"  is  an  admirable  one,  and  should  be  adopted  into  polite 
language,  for  it  is  needed,  and  we  know  none  other  that  will  supply 
its  place.  Men  are  eternally  riding  moral  hobbies,  practising  to 
excess,  and  pushing  to  extremes,  some  one  virtue  to  the  neglect  of 
all  others.  Such  men  become  conscientious  villains,  the  worst,  most 
dangerous  and  most  mischievous  of  all  villains.  Such  was  the 
Jesuit  Ravaellar  who  assassinated  Henry  IV  of  France,  and  the 
Puritan  Fenton  who  murdered  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  Such 
Guy  Fawkes  and  his  coadjutors,  the  actors  in  the  vespers  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  the  judicial  murderers  of  Charles  I  and  Louis  XVI, 
and  the  Puritan  Fathers  who  hung  Quakers  and  witches.  Such 
were  Brutus  and  Cassias  and  Cato  and  old  John  Brown,  and  Booth, 
who,  but  the  other  day,  murdered  Mr.  Lincoln.  Such  were  the 
Greeks  who  gave  the  hemlock  to  Socrates  and  the  Jews  who  cruci- 
fied Christ.  Such  also  were  the  Crusaders,  who  disturbed  and  up- 
heaved Europe  and  Western  Asia  for  two  centuries.  Jn  fine,  all  of 
the  greatest  and  darkest  crimes  recorded  in  history  have  been  per- 
petrated by  men  "  terribly  in  earnest"  blindly  attempting  to  fulfill, 
what  they  considered,  some  moral,  political  or  religious  duty. 

Were  we  nsked  to  define  "  The  Right,"  we  should  say  it  consisted 
in  "  moderation."  All  excesses  are  criminal,  and  none  so  criminal 
as  those  committed  conscientiously  in  the  too  eager  pursuit  of  some 


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TBRRIBLY  IN  BARNEST.  173 

laudable  end.  Earnestoess  oflen  begets  blind  fanatic  zeal,  that  over- 
looks the  incidental  consequences  of  its  conduct,  and  inflicts  a  thou- 
sand direful  evils  in  the  hasty  and  inconsiderate  pursuit  of  some 
problematical  good.  Such,  when  men  cool  down  and  contrast  the 
cost,  will  the  late  abolition  war  upon  the  South  be  found  to  have 
been.  Fanatic  zeal,  most  *'  terribly  in  earnest,"  careless  and  reck- 
less of  the  millions  of  lives,  not  only  of  the  whites  but  of  the  poor 
n^oes  whom  it  proposed  to  benefit,  that  were  sacrificed  in  that 
war,  and  never  stopping  to  inquire  whether  the  national  debt  they 
wer6  accumulating  might  not  virtually  enslivve  both  the  laboring 
whites  and'the  manumitted  blacks,  harked  on  the  dofis  of  war  with 
demoniac  fury,  resolved  to  burst  asunder  the  ties  that  bound  the 
slaves  to  their  masters  at  all  and  at  every  cost. 

So  much  of  bloodshed,  of  starvation  and  of  crime  were  scarce 
ever  before  crowded  into  the  history  of  a  four  years'  war.  The 
fanatics  who  brought  it  about,  conducted  it  and  urged  it  on,  see  all 
this  as  plainly  as  we  do.  Such  are  the  latest  evil  results  of  terrible 
earnestness.  Not  one  good  result  has,  as  yet,  been  attained,  for 
the  liberated  blacks  continue  to  perish  by  thousands  from  hunger  or 
from  crime,  whilst  the  whites  vainly  attempt  to  govern  and  sustain 
them. 

We  mention  these  things  more  in  sorrow  than  in  anger  ;  for  we, 
too,  for  the  last  six  years,  have  been  "  terribly  in  earnest,"  and 
rendered  miserable  by  the  bad  passions  that  such  earnestness  begets 
and  fosters.  Anger,  jealousy,  malice,  hatred  and  thirst  of  revenge 
when  much  indulged  in,  disturb  and  destroy  all  human  happiness  ; 
yet  these  consuming  passions  are  the  legitimate  fruits  of  such  a  war 
as  we  have  been  engaged  in,  and  of  such  a  violent  and  heated  poli- 
tical controversy  as  we  are  still  engaged  in.  Both  North  and 
South  are  all  too  "  terribly  in  earnest"  to  distinguish  clearly  right 
from  wrong,  or  to  pursue  a  course  calculated  to  promote  our  own 
or  our  country's  good.  We  have  had  more  than  a  year  since  the 
war  ended,  wherein  to  cool  down,  and  to  begin,  at  least,  to  restore 
amicable  and  friendly  relations;  yet  we  fear  that  the  hatred  be- 
tween the  sections  is  far  greater  now  than  whilst  the  war  was 
raging.  This  intense  mutual  hatred  begets  and  encourages  many 
other  evil  passions,  disturbs  our  happiness,  clouds  our  judgments, 
and  makes  us  much  worse  men  than  we  should  bd  in  the  absence  of 
such  passions.  Love,  friendship  and  benevolence,  in  their  exercise 
on  proper  objects,  purify  men's  morals,  elevate  their  sentiments, 
and  promote  and  enhance  their  happiness.  Not  only  at  home  may 
we  find  abundant  opportunities  for  the  exorcise  of  these  virtues, 
but,  at  the  North,  also,  much  is  to  be  found  to  excite  admiration, 
and  to  inspire  love  and  friendship.  If  we  were  only  half  as  busy 
in  looking  out  for  good  men  and  ti'iends  in  that  section  as  we  aro 
in  hunting  up  enemies  and  bad  men,  we  might  profit  greatly  by  the 
change  of  tactics.  The  Conservatives  of  the  North,  no  matter 
what  their  political  denomination,  might  all  be  conciliated  into 
friendship  and  good- will  towards  the  South  did  we  indulge  in  less 


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174  TEKRIBLY  IN  EARNEST. 

indiscriminate  abuse  of  that  whole  section.  Even  such  distinguished 
Radicals  as  Gerret  Smith,  Horace  Greeley  and  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  evince  much  magnanimity  of  feeling  towards  us,  and 
obviously  now  entertain  no  malicious  hatred  and  no  spirit  of  cruelty 
or  revenge  for  our  oppressed  and  down-trodden  people.  They  de- 
serve the  more  credit,  that,  retaining  their  political  opinions,  they 
have  moderated  and  mollified  their  feelings. 

We  should  imitate  the  example  of  such  men  as  these ;  and  whilst 
maintaining  our  rights  and  defending  our  opinions  in  a  fearless  and 
manly  way,  we  should  be  equally  solicitous  to  applaud  those  who 
^re  disposed  to  render  us  justice,  as  to  censure  and  expose  those 
who  wrong  and  oppress  us.  Even  in  censuring  and  exposing  the 
wicked  and  the  corrupt,  we  should  preserve  our  tempers  and  in- 
dulge in  no  abusive  epithets.  Ridicule  is  the  most  effective  weapon 
with  which  to  assail  fanatics,  and  to  employ  ridicule  successfully, 
one  must  keep  in  a  high  good  humor. 

*  It  is  not  at  all  improbable  that,  even  now,  the  Conservatives  out- 
number the  R;idicals  at  the  North,'  and  may  oust  them  from  office 
at  the  next  Congressional  ^election.  Sure  we  are  that  the  Radicals 
cannot  much  longer  stand  up  under  the  weight  of  an  enormous  and 
increasing  national  debt,  heavy  and  oppressive  taxation,  a  large 
standing  army  in  time  of  peace,  negro  suffrage  and  negro  equality, 
a  dissevered  Union,  and  a  Constitution  broken,  disregarded  and 
thrown  aside.  Worse  than  all,  four  millions  of  strong  and  able 
negroes,  paying  little  or  no  tax  to  a  Government  that  has  incurred 
a  debt  of  three  thousand  millions  to  liberate  them;  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, costing  the  whites,  directly  and  indirectly,  not  less  than  fifty 
millions  a  year,  under  Radical  rule,  in  petting,  spoiling  and  corrupt- 
ing them.  The  present  party  in  power  cannot  much  longer  stand  up 
under  such  weights  as  they  have  volunteered  to  carry.  In  the 
meantime,  it  will  be  most  dignified  and  most  politic  for  the  South 
to  bear  with  quiet  composure  all  the  injustice,  wrong  and  oppres- 
sion which  their  terrible  earnestness  and  malignant  passions  may 
hurry  them  on  to  inflict.  Give  them  rope  enough  and  they  wiU 
surely  hang  themselves. 

Our  institutions  are  of  English  origin,  and  our  people  of  English 
descent.  Unconquerable,  uneradicable  elasticity  and  vitality  have 
ever  distinguished  English  institutions  and  love  of  liberty.  Magna 
Charta  and  her  various  statutes,  intended  as  assertions  and  recogni- 
tions of  the  immemorial  prescriptive  rights  and  liberties  of  English- 
men, though  frequently  disregarded  and  violated  by  usurping  and 
tyrannical  monarchs,  gained  renewed  strength  and  vigor  from  each 
violation  ;  were  time  and  again  reasserted,  recognized  and  acknowl- 
edged by  succeeding  monarchs,  until  to-day  Magna  Charta,  the 
"W^it  of  Habeas  Corpus,  the  Bill  of  Rights,  and  all  the  other  muni- 
ments of  English  liberty  are  more  firmly  fixed  in  the  affections  of 
the  people,  and  more  distinctly  recognized  and  observed  by  Govern- 
ment, than  at  any  former  period.  Our  Constitution  is  little  more 
than  the  unwritten  Constitution  of  England  reduced  to  writing.     It 


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TEBBIBLT  IK  EARNEST.  175 

is  adapted  to  our  wants,  our  feelings,  our  Anglo-Saxon  love  of 
liberty,  and  will  be  restored  in  all  its  pristine  purity  and  integrity 
so  soon  as  the  Radicals  are  expelled  from  power.  It  worked  admir- 
ably, save  for  the  slavery  question,  for  nearly  a  century,  and  that 
cause  of  dissension  being  removed,  it  may  continue  to  work  well 
for  many  centuries  to  come. 

Institutions,  not  constitutions,  are  the  real  efficient  safeguards, 
muniments  and  defences  of  liberty.  The  institutions  of  England, 
especially  her  King,  her  Houses  of  Lords  and  of  Commons,  her 
Established  Church,  her  Judiciary,  her  landed  entails  and  her  limited 
suffrage,  are  older,  more  venerated  and  possessed  of  more  strength 
and  vitality  than  >any  similar  institutions  of  ours.  We  change,  or 
greatly  modify,  most  of  our  institutions  so  often,  that  wc  do  not 
give  them  time  to  harden  into  strength  and  consistency,  nor  to  win 
and  secure  the  respect,  attachment  and  veneration  of  the  people. 
To  this  general  rule  there  is,  however,  one  signal  and  distinguished 
exception.  Our  States  are  at  once  institutions  and  sovereign  na- 
tions. The  Government  of  England  is  also  an  institution,  although 
the  aggregate  of  many  lesser  institutions.  Our  State  Governments 
are  also,  like  the  institutions  of  England,  prescriptive.  No  one 
can  trace  back  to  their  beginning,  nor  detect  and  expose  their  gradual 
accretions,  growth  and  development.  The  founders  of  the  Old 
Thirteen  States  brought  over  with  them  An^lo-Saxon  laws,  custonis, 
habits,  liberties  and  other  institutions.'  The  birthplace  of  these 
institutions  was  the  forests  of  Germany ;  but  when  or  how  born, 
formed  or  created,  no  one  can  tell.  It  is  only  natural-born  pre- 
scriptive institutions  that  possess  strength,  vitality  and  stability. 
These  States  are  far  older  than  the  Federal  Government,  which, 
however,  was  not  made  by  the  United  States  Constitution,  not  man- 
made,  but  grew  up  gradually,  insensibly  and  naturally  out  of  the 
wants  and  circumstances  of  the  times.  There  was,  for  many  pur- 
poses, a  union  of  the  States  or  Colonies,  for  half  a  century  before 
the  Revolution  of  1T76,  and  Congresses  and  Conventions  of  the 
States  long  preceded  even  the  confederation.  Our  unwritten  Federal 
Constitution,  our  prescriptive  Constitution,  forms  the  larger  and 
better  part  of  our  written  Federal  Constitution.  That  written  Con- 
stitution would  not  have  lasted  a  year  had  not  its  framers  wisely 
adopted  what  was  already  in  existence,  what  was  natural,  of  English 
and  German  descent,  prescriptive  and  immemorial.  In  saying  this 
of*  the  Federal  Government,  w^/tre  but  "  rendering  unto  Ceesar  the 
things  that  are  Ceesar's.'^  It  has  rights  and  powers  which  are 
sovereign  within  a  limited  sphere.  But  the  States  have  also  rights 
and  powers  which,  in  a  far  wider  sphere,  are  sovereign,  and  they, 
too,  within  their  appropriate  sphere,  should  be  respected  and  obeyed. 
They,  and  the  Federal  Government,  are  co-ordinate  sovereignties, 
opposing,  antagonising,  antinomic  forces,  that,  by  their  antagonism 
and  opposition,  co  operate  to  sustain  and  keep  in  life  and  action  the 
great  framework  of  society,  and  of  Government,  State  and  Federal. 
It  is  an    unphilosophical,  a  senseless,  an  absurd  objection  to  our 


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176  TERRIBLY  IN   EARNEST. 

Republican  form  of  government,  that  the  limits  of  the  respective 
powers  of  the  State  and  Federal  Government  are  not  exactly  de- 
fined, nor  capable  of  exact  definition.  They  would  not  live  a  year 
if  they  were  capable  of  such  exact  definition.  Who  can  define  the 
exact  limits  of  the  powers  of  Executive  and  Legislature,  of  Legis- 
lature and  Judiciary,  of  the  civil  and  the  military  power,  of  repre- 
sentative and  constituency,  of  Church  and  Statel  Why,  no  one !  Each 
is  continually  warring  with  the  other  in  the  attempt  to  increase  its 
sphere  of  action  ;  and  it  is  by  such  war  that  the  fabric  of  govern- 
ment and  of  society  is  sustained.  Whenever  any  institution  ceases 
to  be  jealous  and  aggressive,  loses  its  esprit  de  corpsy  its  selfishness, 
and  becomes  apathetic  and  quiescent,  that  institution  is  about  to 
perish.  , 

Opposing  forces,  forces  whose  respective,  appropriate  limits  are 
wholly  undiscoverable  and  undefinable,  keep  in  action,  and,  by  their 
antagonism,  sustain  the  universe  from  the  solar  system,  with  its 
centripital  and  centrifugal  forces,  down  to  the  minutest  plant,  with 
its  light  and  darkness,  its  moisture  and  dryness,  its  heat  and  cold, 
its  earth,  its  lime,  its  ammonia,  and  a  thousand  other  minute  and 
recondite  forces,  which,  by  their  opposition,  keep  the  plant  growing, 
yet  any  one  of  which  alone,  or  in  excess,  would  be  poison  and  death 
•to  the  plant.  Away,  then,  with  the  notion  that  the  Federal  Gov- 
vernment  and  the  State  Government  cannot  get  along  successfully 
together  because  they  will  often  antagonize.  They  should  anta- 
gonize, be  jealous  of  each  others  authority,  keep  up,  at  least,  con- 
tinual disputes  and  wars  of  words,  keep  watch  and  guard  over  each 
other,  cherish  esprit  de  corps  and  selfishness  to  a  moderate  degree, 
and  become  the  "  antinomes"  or  opposing,  yet  co-operative,  forces 
essential  to  the  preservation  of  individual  liberty  and  the  mainte- 
nance and  stability  of  society  and  of  government. 

Now  you,  Mr.  Editor,  and  our  intelligent,  appreciative  readers, 
will  at  once  perceive  that  we  have  indulged  in  this  digression  for 
the  double  purpose  of  explaining  the  subject  on  hand,  and  of 
illustrating  and  explaining,  in  piecemeal,  and  by  an  example,  our 
system  of  Antinomic  Pathology.  Nobody  would  read  a  system,  a 
moral  and  physical  kosmos,  with  such  a  forbidding  title,  at  once,  if 
presented  in  its  entirety  ;  but  if  we  can,  by  occasional  familiar 
examples,  show  what  an  important,  what  a  supreme  and  controlling 
part  "antinomes"  play  in  the  economy  of  the  universe,  as  well  moral 
as  physical,  we  may  succeed  in  esfllting  the  curiosity  of  our  readers 
to  the  perusiU  and  study  of  our  "Antinomic  Pathology"  when  we 
present  it  in  its  entirety,  which  we  mean  to  do  ere  long. 

Returning  from  this  digression,  we  assure  our  readers  that  we 
foresee  "  a  good  time  coming,"  and  that  not  very  far  distant. 

State  sovereignty,  though  suspended,  remains  intact;  for  the 
Southern  States  are  still,  originally  and  anatomically,  sovereign. 
They  hive  each  a  soil  and  a  people,  a  militia,  an  executive,  a  legis- 
lature, a  judiciary,  and  separate  and  distinct  laws,  customs,  habits 
and  institutions.     They  are  each  sovereign,  complete  States  or  na- 


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SKETCHES  OF  FOUEIGN  TRAVEL.  177 

tions,  because  thej  have  all  the  offices,  institutions  and  functions  that 
pertain  to  constitute  a  sovereignty.  Their  sovereignty  is  more  than 
a  metaphysical  deduction — it  is  a  physical  fact.  So  soon  as  the 
Federal  troops  are  removed  and  the  Southern  States  fully  restored 
to  the  Union,  they  will  become  again  watchful  and  efficient  guar- 
dians and  defenders  of  the  liberty  of  the  South.  In  the  mean  time, 
we 'must  keep  cool,  evince  the  same  fortitude  under  a  temporary 
oppression  that  we  exhibited  throughout  the  war.  Never  become 
"  terribly  in  earnest,"  like  the  Radicals,  and,  by  losing  our  tempers, 
cloud  and  upset  our  judgments. 

We  have  often  had  occasion  to  remark  that  the  maxims  in  all 
languages  are  the  same;  that  they  are  systems  of  philosophy, 
tersely  expressed,  and  like  all  systems  of  philosophy,  but  half 
truths,  any  one  of  which,  if  made  the  sole  guidance  of  conduct,  be- 
comes a  whole  falsehood;  Hence,  we  think,  in  all  languages  where 
you  find  one  maxiip  you  may  find  another  having  an  opposite  mean- 
ing. Truth,  or  the  line  of  rectitude,  lies  somewhere  between  those 
opposing  maxims;  yet  no  one  will  ever  discover  exact  truth  or  the 
line  of  rectitude,  though  we  all  know  when  we  have  departed  or 
aberred  far  from  them.  Stoicism  and  epicurism  were,  in  like  man- 
ner, half  truths,  and  the  line  of  rectitude,  or  positive  truth^  lay 
somewhat  between  them.  Yet  it  is  vain  to  attempt  to  define  that 
line. 

The  Yankee  maxim,  "  Be  sure  you  are  right,  then  go  ahead,*'  is 
but  another  version  of  Mr.  Carlyle's  "  terribly  in  earnest" — a  very 
good  maxim  when  we  are  about  to  storm  an  intrenchment,  and  when 
the  action  will  be'over  in  a  few  moments;  but  a  very  unwise  and 
unsafe  one  for  the  conduct  of  life,  for  change  of  circumstances  is 
continually  making  what  was  right  to-day  wrong  to-morrow. 

We  recommend,  under  our  present  circumstances,  the  opposite 
maxims  to  them,  their  "  antinomes,"  for  the  adoption  and  practice 
of  the  South,  to  wit :  "  Much  haste,  little  speed  ;"  ^^Featina  lenUy^ 
that  is,  "  Hasten  slowly  ;"  "  SuavUer  in  modo,  fortiter  in  re,"  that 
is,  "  Gentle  in  manner,  firm  of  purpose ;"  "JVi/  admirari^^  that  is, 
"  Be  never  startled  or  thrown  off  your  guard,"  or,  "  Be  surprised  at 
nothing." 

ART.  VIII.-SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGS  TRAVEL; 
Na  2. 

Brunswick  House  Hotsl,  London,  May  20^,  1866. 

ToB  Brunswick  House  Hotel  is  a  handsome  structure,  four  stories 
high,  overlooking  Hanover  Square,  a  few  rods  from  Regent  Street, 
and  kept  by  a  plump  landlady,  who  knows  her  business.  I  am  com- 
fortably lodged,  capitally  served,  well  fed,  and  laboriously  fleeced. 
There  is  a  detailed  thoroughness  in  the  system  of  hotel  charges, 
much  to  be  admired  when  viewed  abstractly  as  a  system,  seriously 
to  be  reprobated  when  subjected  to  its  practical  application.  Every 
item  is  implacably  registered.    The  sleeping-room,  the  use  of  a  din- 

VOL.  II. — ^NO.  IL  12 


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178  SKETCHES  OF  FOBBIGK  TRAVEL. 

ing  room,  every  bit  of  candle,  every  single  fire,  and  all  the  meala, 
figure  under  separate  heads,  and  the  end  of  every  week  brings  up  a 
bill  as  long  and  as  painful  as  the  moral  law.  Long  as  it  is,  it  has 
yet  an  incisive  appendix.  The  chambermaid  has  to  be  defrayed,  a 
douceur  goes  to  the  waiter,  the  cook  confidently  expects  a  bonus,  and 
Boots  affectionately  desires  to  be  "  remembered." 

My  first  aim,  of  course,  is  the  epidemic  one  of  all  travelers — ^*'  to 
do"  London.  Afler  that,  I  propose,  if  possible,  to  get  beneath  the 
surface  of  things,  and  see  something  of  the  social,  and  other  less 
obvious,  features  of  this  great  country. 

In  assuming  to  delineate  London,  even  superficially,  one  is  met  on 
the  very  threshold  by  two  difficulties,  which  are  almost  incurable. 
One  is  to  elect  where  to  begin  ;  the  other  is  to  give  anything  like  a 
tolerable  picture  of  what  challenges  the  eye.  In  writing,  then,  I  can 
only  promise  to  accord  you  the  most  salient  points  in  whatever 
occurs  to  me  as  most  likely  to  enlist  the  curiosity  of  your  readers. 

Westminster  Abbey. — ^The  spot  in  London  which,  far  above  all 
others,  attracted  my  attention,  was  Westminster  Abbey,  for  it  is 
the  repository  of  things  in  which  Americans  hold,  witTi  the  English, 
a  wide  community  of  interest.  This  immense  Gothic  pile  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  a  Saxon  king,  named  Seberty  in  the  seventh 
century,  but  being  destroyed  by  the  Danes,  was  rebuilt  by  Edgar, 
in  758,  and  greatly  enlarged  by  Edward  the  Confessor  in  1245.  The 
nave  and  eastern  part  were  erected  by  Edward  the  First,  and  the 
western  towers  were  completed  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The 
most  important  addition  made  to  it  was  the  chapel  of  Henry  the 
Seventh.  It  is  out  of  strict  keeping  with  the  general  design  of  the 
building,  but  is  certainly  an  exquisite  piece  of  architecture.  We 
enter  the  church  through  a  small  doorway,  scarce  six  feet  high,  and 
are  ushered  at  once,  without  any  preliminary,  into  the 

Poets*  Corner, — I  remained  there  for  several  hours,  deciphering 
inscriptions,  inspecting  monuments,  and  endeavoring  to  obtain  a  full 
and  realizing  sense  of  the  great  presences  i^  which  I  stood.  In  a 
place  like  that. one  may  surely  be  permitted  to  feel  within  himself 
some  faint  stirring  of  the  Heroic  and  the  Reverential,  and  even 
avow  as  much,  without  exposing  himself  to  a  suspicion  of  affectation. 
There,  in  common  dust  and  silence,  sleeps  the  greater  part  of  Eng- 
land's learned,  and  wise,  and  heroic,  and  eloquent  dead,  crowned  with 
speaking  statues  and  monuments,  and  all  the  tender  memorials  of  a 
nation's  love  and  gratitude. 

There  is  "rare  Ben  Jonson,"  looking  down  on  us,  shaggy  and 
grim,  in  his  marble  effigy ;  there  Samuel  Butler,  the  author  of  Hu- 
dibras,  with  his  handsome  upper  lip  curling  with  sarcastic  humor ; 
there  Edmund  Spenser,  of  the  Fairie  Queen;  there  John  Milton, 
with  his  white  brow  and  his  sightless  orbs,  and  his  long  hair  drift- 
ing ambro>ially  over  his  shoulders ;  there  Thomas  Gray,  immortal 
in  his  Elegy ;  there  John  Dry  den,  handsome,  grave,  and  self-poised  ; 
there  Thomas  Campbell,  smiling  pleasantly  at  us  over  his  Byronic 
collar ;  there  Johnston^  the  greatest  moralist,  Sheridan,  the  greatest 


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SKETCHES  OP  FOREIGN  TRAVEL.  1Y9 

orator,  and  Oarriek^  the  greatest  actor  of  England,  sleeping  side  by 
side;  there  Oliver  Goldsmith,  ugly,  amiable,  and  full  of  genius; 
there  Joseph  Addison,  with  his  clean-cut  and  fastidious  face^  and 
there  glorious  old  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  who,  with  eyes  of  flame  and 
tongue  of  fire,  sang  the  morning  song  of  English  poesy.  Fancy 
all  of  these  congregated  in  speaking  images  around  you,  the  voices 
of  pilgrims  like  myself  bated  to  inarticulate  whispers,  and  the  outer 
light  of  heaven  filtered  through  stained  glass,  and  coming  down  over 
you,  and  glorifying  you  in  a  dim,  religious  radiance. 

While  in  the  midst  of  my  devotional  inquest,  with  one  foot  on 
the  grave  of  Jonson  and  the  other  pressing  the  grave  of  Sheridan, 
the  daily  service  which  is  held  in  the  church  suddenly  commenced. 

The  responses  there  are  curiously  arranged*  While  allowing  the 
congregation  to  participate  freely,  there  is  a  body  of  professional 
responders,  organized  on  a  strictly  artistic  plan.  A  dbmplete  choir 
of  voices,  including  the  treble  pipes  of  about  twenty  boys,  and  em- 
bracing all  the  distinctive  registers,  down  to  the  possession  of  a 
dozen  fine  bassos,  swell  in  upon  the  responses,  and  impart  to  their 
measured  cadences  the  entrancing  effect  of  music.  But  it  was  only 
when  the  white-haired  organist  got  upon  his  velvet  stool,  and  laid 
his  thin  fingers  upon  the  speaking  ivory  before  him,  and  the  splendid 
choir  broke,  with  one  impulse,  into  the  broad  melody  of  a  triumphal 
hymn,  that  the  old  place  took  on  its  sublimest  aspect. 

Think  of  standing  there,  with  closed  eyes  and  rapt  soul,  above  the 
gathered  ashes  of  most  of  the  deathless  singers  of  our  tongue,  and 
feeling  the  echoes  of  the  solemn  music  overflowing  you  from  a  hun- 
dred arcades  of  that  vast  cathedral,  which  has  stood  up  against  the 
sun  and  the  clouds,  and  kept  grim  ward  over  the  concentrated  and 
awful  memories  of  a  thousand  years. 

If  De  Bow's  Review  has  a  nervous  organism,  it  can  realize  the 
exaltation  of  the  scene.  Let  me  return,  however,  somewhat  more 
in  detail  to  the  '*  Poets'  Corner^  and  its  sacred  population.  I  make 
a  short  note  of  the  principal  inhabitants,  in  the  order  in  which  they 
are  arranged. 

Ben  Jofiifon,  — There  is  erected  to  him  a  tablet  and  medallion. 
Beneath  them  are  masks,  representing  Tragedy  and  Comedy.  The 
face  here  delineated  as  Jonson's  exhibits  a  coarse-featured  and 
rather  vulgar-looking  man,  with  a  stubby  mustache  and  a  ragged 
patch  of  hair  bristling  on  his  chin.  Assuming  the  likeness  to  be  a 
faithful  one,  he  certainty  could  have  been  no  beauty. 

Samuel  Builery  the  author  of  Hudibras,  is  honored  with  a  bust 
garnished  with  masks.  This  bust  was  erected  to  him  by  John  Bar- 
ber, of  London,  with  an  inscription  to  the  effect,  that  as  he  (Butler) 
had  lived  all  his  life  in  want,  he  should  not,  in  death,  want  a  monu- 
ment. Butler,  perhaps,  would  not  have  considered  that  a  life  of 
penury  was  adequately  compensated  by  a  monument  in  death,  how- 
ever ingeniously  illustrated  by  a  pun.  The  face  of  the  bust  is  round 
and  jolly,  with  a  decided  disposition  towards  sarcasm  in  the  mouth. 
There  is  really  a  striking  resemblance  in  it  to  Qen,  Humphrey!  Mar- 
ihall,  of  Ky. 


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180  8KBTCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

Edmund  Spenser^  the  author  of  the  Fairie  Queen,  is  onlj  repre- 
sented by  a  plain  tablet,  with  a  base  and  pediment,  bearing  an  in- 
scription commemoratiye  of  his  genius. 

John  Millon. — A  bust  and  tablet.  Beneath  these  is  a  lyre,  en- 
circled by  a  serpent,  holding  an  apple,  having  obvious  allusion  to  his 
Paradise  achievements.  The  face  of  the  bust  is  remarkably  hand- 
some. The  forehead  is  very  high,  and  the  hair,  parted  in  the  mid- 
dle, rolls  in  rich  masses  on  either  shoulder.  The  mouth  is  rather 
set  and  determined,  but  the  general  effect  of  the  countenance  is 
mild  and  seductive.  Milton's  remains  are  not  in  the  Abbey,  but 
buried  in  Cripplegate  Church. 

Thomas  Gray. — "  The  elegy  in  a  country  church-yard  "  is  repre- 
sented in  a  medallion  profile,  held  in  the  hand  of  the  lyric  muse. 
According  to  the  medallion,  Mr.  Gray  had  a  fine  brow,  a  projecting 
under  lip,  and  a  face,  on  the  whole,  which  was  namby-pamby.  He 
is  interred  at  Stoke  Pogts, 

Geoffrey  Chaucer^  the  father  of  English  poetry,  has  no  effigy.  To 
his  memory  is  erected  a  fine  ancient  altar-tomb,  surmounted  by  a 
Grothic  canopy.  It  contains  a  Latin  inscription,  dated  October,  1400, 
and  now  almost  obliterated,  telling  of  his  rank  in  literature,  and  that 
his  bones  were  underneath. 

Abraham  Cowley, — No  efligy.  A  large  urn,  with  a  wreath  en-, 
twined,  and  on  the  top  of  a  high  pedestal,  is  the  only  symbol  which 
speaks  of  Mr.  Cowley. 

John  Dryden, — A  monument  crowned  by  an  excellent  bust.  The 
face  is  certainly  very  fine.  It  is  as  cleanly  chiseled  and  regular  as  a 
Greek's,  and,  considering  its  regularity,  wonderfully  expressive  of 
power. 

Thomas  Campbell, — A  pedestal,  on  which  stands  a  fulMenc^h 
statue.  The  face  here  pictured  is  singularly  pleasant,  it  is  of  a 
florid  type,  jovially  outlined,  and  alive  with  amiability.  Great  youth- 
fulness  is  imparted  to  its  expression  by  the  By ronic  style  of  the  shirt- 
collar. 

Robert  Southey, — A  tablet  and  bust.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  face  of  this  bust  does  not  fairly  reproduce  what  Mr.  Southey 
really  was.  It  is  mean  and  Charles  Sumnerishj  perking  with  in- 
finite conceit  and  Puritanism.  Allowing  the  likeness  to  be  good,  we 
cease  to  wonder  that  Byron  despised  him  with  such  cordiality. 

William  Shakespeare, — A  monument,  with  a  full-length  statue, 
leaning  on  a  pillar.  His  finger  rests  upon  a  scroll,  which  depends  from 
this  pillar,  and  on  which  is  inscribed  those  splendid  lines  from  the 
Tempest,  ending  with  the  words,  *^  this  great  globe  itself  shall  melt, 
and  leave  not  a  wreck  behind."  The  countenance  in  the  statue  is  very 
handsome,  much  resembling  the  engravings  we  have  of  him,  except 
that  there  is  more  rigidness  in  the  chiseling  of  the  lips. 

The  remains  of  Jonson,  Sheridan  and  Garrick  lie  just  in  front  of 
the  statue  of  Shakespeare,  and  the  latter's  pointed  finger  seems  in- 
voking attention  to  the  final  end  of  their,  as  well  as  all  other  terres- 
trial greatness. 


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AMERICAN  GOMMEjRCB.  IS*! 

John  Gay,  the  author  of  the  "  Beggars'  Opera,"  is  represented 
by  a  medallion,  held  by  Cupid.  This  commemorative  symbol  was 
erected  to  him  by  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Queensbnry. 

Oliver  GolcUtnith. — ^A  tablet,  with  a  medallion  profile.  The  pro- 
file gives  us  a  low  and  retreating  brow,  thin  hair,  a  mouth  much 
pursed  up,  and  a  face  generally  disposed  to  be  positively  ugly. 

Joseph  Addison, — A  monument,  crowned  by  a  full-length  statue, 
in  the  hand  of  which  a  scroll  is  held.  Around  the  pedestal  the  nine 
Muses  are  grouped  in  graceful  postures.  The  face  of  the  statue 
corresponds,  in  some  respects,  with  what  certain  histories  of  lys 
character  would  lead  us  to  expect  It  is  prim,  and  rather  cfTeminatb, 
wearing  a  look  which  causes  us  to  conclude  that  something  pained  or 
disgusted  him.  It  is  an  even  question,  whether  he  has  had  an  over- 
dose of  green  apples,  or  smells  bad  fish. 

David  Oarrick. — ^The  statue  of  Garrick  'is,  on  the  whole,  the 
most  imposing  representation  in  the  Poets'  Comer.  A  full-length 
figure,  crowned  by  a  most  animated  and  expressive  face,  leans  for- 
ward and  gently  divides  a  curtain,  which  falls  gracefully  on  either 
side.  Beneath  the  statue  are  seated  life-sized  figures  of  Tragedy 
and  Comedy. 

There  are  many  other  objects  of  interest  in  the  Abbey  which  the 
great  length  of  this  letter  admonishes  me  to  reserve  for  a  subse- 
quent communication.  Cartb  Blanchb. 


ART.  IX -AMERICAN  COMMERCE-ITS  PROGRESS  AND  BEYELOP- 

MENT. 

paet  iil— oue  commerce  under  the  articles  of  confeder. 

i  *  ATIO^f* 

During  the  Revolution  all  foreign  enterprise  was  of  necessity  sus- 
pended, and  in  struggling  for  liberty,  men  tausht  themselves  to  for- 
get and  despise  every  mere  physical  want.  Leagued  tc^ether  for 
common  defence,  the  States  were  enabled  to  resist  every  device  of 
power,  and  to  sustain  a  long  and  bloody  contest.  But  when  that 
contest  was  ended  and  liberty  was  won,  the  Confederation  exhibited 
at  once  its  nervelessness  for  peace,  and  for  the  arts  and  policy  and 
duties  of  peace.  The  fabric  which  could  resist  the  storm  crumbled 
away  when  the  sunshine  succeeded.  So  true  is  it  that  the  necessities 
of  men  are  the  only  durable  bond  of  their  union,  and  that  without 
this  union  there  is  no  strength. 

From  the  close  of  the  war  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution, 
there  may  be  considered  to  have  been  no  great  regulating  head  in 
America.  No  uniformity  or  system  prevailed  among  the  States, 
and  their  commerce  was  consequently  exposed  to  the  utmost  uncer- 
tainty, fluctuation,  and  loss.  Tonnage  duties  were  levied  in  different 
ports  as  it  suited  the  caprices  of  the  •  several  governments,  and  as 
they  were  more  or  less  desirous  of  encouraging  particular  branches 

*  See  Rbtibw  for  February  tnd  April,  1806. 


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183  AMEBICAK  CX)MMEBCE. 

of  navigation  and  trade  at  the  expense  of  others.  By  a  policy  more 
astute  than  that  of  her  neighbors,  New  York  managed  in  this  way 
soo'h^to  increase  largely  her  forei^  trade,  and  laid  the  foandation  of 
the  empire  she  now  maintains.  From  1784  to  1790  our  commerce 
exhibited  the  most  remarkable  results.  For  seven  years  consecu- 
tively the  imports  into  American  cities  from  Britain  were  never 
otherwise  than  twice  the  amount  of  the  exports  to  her,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  were  three  and  even  five  times  their  value.  A  drain  of 
specie  is  said  to  have  been  the  consequence ;  a  very  natural  though 
not  necessary  one,  and  great  commercial  embarrassment  and  dis- 
tress. 

The  following  table,  made  up  from  records  of  the  English  Cus- 
tom-House,  will  be  found  of  interest ; 

Exports  America  Imports  Amerios 

,,^  to  Britain.  from  Britsin. 

1784 £749.845 £3,679,467 

1785 893,594 2,808,023 

1786 443,119 1,603,465 

1787... 898,687 2.009,111 

1788 .1.028,784 1,886,142 

1789 1,050,198 2,525,298 

1790 1,191,071 8,481,778 

We  have  here  a  commerce  for  the  whole  of  America  which  did 
not  average  in  exports  and  imports  more  than  fifteen  millions  of  dol- 
lars, since  there  was  little  other  trade  except  that  to  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies.  This  amount  is  scarcely  more  at  present  than  the 
commerce  of  the  smallest  of  our  States,  for  it  must  be  noted  that 
from  the  difficulties  of  communication  there  was  then  little  or  no 
domestic  commerce. 

In  looking  back  upon  this  period  of  our  history,  one  cannot  but 
marvel  at  the  contrast  which  the  present  furnishes,  nor  do  else  than 
smile  at  the  verification  of  the  prediction  made  by  Mr.  Jefferson  in 
regard  to  the  respective  advantages  of  our  American  ports.  We 
quote  from  Melish's  Travels  in  the  United  States,  vol.  2,  p.  201  : 

"  And  how  do  you  like  New  York  f  asked  Mr.  Jefferson.  *'  He 
formed  the  idea  generally  entertained  by  strangers,  that  New  York 
would-  always  continue  to  be  a  great  commercial  city,  but  it  ap- 
peared to  hini  that  Norfolk*  would  in  course  of  time  be  the  greatest 
seaport  in  the  United  States,  New  Orleans  perhaps  excepted." 

Adam  Seybert,  in  his  Statistical  Annals  of  the  United  States, 
says,  p.  57 : 

"  After  the  peace  of  1783  our  trade  coDtioued  to  languiah.  Foreign  Datlona 
entertained  jealousy ;  home  rivalry  existed,  etc.  Each  of  the  States  contem- 
plated its  own  interests :  some  of  the  States  declared  the  commercial  inter- 
eourse  with  them  to  be  eqoally  free  to  all  nations.  When  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania laid  a  dutv,  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  eqaally  washed  by  the  waters 
of  the  Delaware,  admitted  the  same  articles  free  of  duty.  They  could  easily 
be  smuggled  into  one  State  from  the  other.  *  *  There  were  no  general 
commercial  regulations  among  the  States,  nor  could  Congress  enforce  any — the 
oppo^tion  of  any  one  of  the  States  could  prevent  the  passage  of  any  act  upon 
the  subject.     Ottier  nations  were  disposed  to  take  advantage  of  our  commer- 


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FIKANOES  OF  EUBOPE.     .  l83 

cjal  embarrassment?.  France  and  Spain  withdrew  the  privilegeii  they  had 
granted  Qur  commerce  during  the  war,  and  our  proposals  to  enter  into  treaties 
of  commerce  with  the  great  Power*  were  on  every  side  rejected.'* 

Thus  everything  persuaded  to  the  adoption  of  a  new  CoDstitutioa 
and  form  of  government. 

Referring  to  this  period  of  American  commerce,  Mr.  Pitkin  says, 
p.  31,  (Statistical  View  of  the  Commerce  of  the  United  States) : 

"  During  the  five  years  after  the  war,  goods  imported  from  England  amounted 
to  nearly  six  millions  sterling.  A#  the  valne  here  stated  is  the  official  value, 
(conaiderably  les3  than  the  real,)  the  amount  of  imports  from  England  into  the 
lynit-d  Sutes  in  1788  must  have  been  about  IIS^OOO^OOO,  and  in  the  following 
year  about  $12,000,000,  whilst  the  exports  to  England  did  not,  in  the  two 
years^  exceed  eight  or  nine  millions  of  dollars.  This  vast  influx  of  goods  soon 
drained  the  United  States  of  a  great  part  of  the  specie  remaining  at  the  close 
of  the  war.  *  *  *  Ihe  interest  of  the  debt  was  therefore  unpaid,  publio 
credit  gone,  Ac.  The  importing  States  took  advantage  of  their  situation,  and 
levied  duties  on  imports  for  their  own  benefit  at  the  expense  of  the  other  States. 
*  *  *  In  this  siiuadon,  all  became  sensible  of  the  inefficiency  of  the  Gen- 
eral Government,  and  of  the  necMsity  of  vesting  Congress  with  tne  power  of 
regnlating  ^commerce/'  Ac,  Ac* 


AiT.  L-THE  PURSE  AND  THE  SWORD-FINAIfCES  OF  EUROPE. 

Aftbb  the  experience  of  the  United  States,  one  should  be  cautious 
in  predicting  war  or  peace  for  the  condition  of  the  financial  budget 
of  a  nation.  What  man  is  there  living  who  would  have  imagined 
that  the  United  States  could  encounter  an  expenditure  of  three  thou- 
sand miUions  of  dollars,  to  say  nothing  of  the  vast  sums  expended  inr 
the  South,  and  yet  escape  from  it  all  with  unimpaired  credit  and  with 
evidences  of  prosperity  1  Who  could  have  foreseen  the  inexhausti- 
ble resources  of  taxation  1 

In  Europe,  however,  things  are  somewhat  different.  There  popu- 
lation is  crowded,  wealth  not  diffused,  and  the  melons  of  support,  at 
best,  heavily  drawn  upon.  The  purse  may  have  greater  influence 
over  the  sword. 

It  will  be  instructive,  therefore,  to  consider  how  the  European 
powers  stand  financially  at  the  latest  dates. 

1.— GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  following  return,  published  in  pursuance  to  an  oxder  of  the 
House  of  C!ommon8,  of  June  30,  1863,  shows  the  population,  the 
gross  receipts  of  the  revenue,  after  deducting  repayments,  allowan- 
ces, discounts,  drawbacks,  and  bounties  of  the  nature  of  drawbacks, 
and  excluding  therefrom  miscellaneous  receipts,  and  the  rate  per 
head  of  the  population  of  such  revenue;  also  the  amount  of  property 
and  profits  assessed  for  the  income  tax,  the  amount  of  income  per 

*  In  the  "  Annals  of  America,"  by  Holmes,  vol.  ii.,  p.  870,  be  mentions  that  in 
1788  Richard  Leake  experimented  in  Georgia  upon  the  calture  of  cotton,  and  sent 
samples  to  Philadelphia  to  be  tested.  That  gentleman  wrote  of  the  date  11th  De- 
cember, 1788,  **  I  shall  raise  about  5,000  pounds  in  the  seed  from  about  eight  acres 
of  land,  Jte,  Several  planters  in  Sootn  Carolina  and  Oeorgia  followed  his  ex- 
ample.*' 


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184  FINANCES  OF  EUROPE. 

head  of  the  population,  and  the  poundage  of  said  taxation  on  such  in 
oome,  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  in  the  year  ending  the  31st  day 
of  March,  1862: 

Great  Britain.  Ireland. 

Population 23,128,518. . . .         6.798,907 

Gross  revenue £61,360,000 ....      £6,792,000 

Amount  of  gross  revenue  per 

head  of  population ^£2  13*....        £1  Zs.  5d. 

Amount  ^f property  and  proBts 

assessed  to  Income  Tax. . . .  £301,380,000 £21,639,000 

Amount  of  income  per  head  of 

population £13  0«.  7J(/. £3  14*.  7J<f. 

Amount  of  revenue  for  each  £ 

of  revenue 4*.  Ofrf. ...  6«.  S^d, 


SZP0BT8  AND  IMPOBTS. 

1861 £877.111622 

1862 891.886.110 

1868 444.955,715 

The  receipts  in  the  Treasury  were,  in  1863,  1864,  and  1865,  an 
average  of  £70,000,000  sterling,  and  the  expenditures  an  average  of 
ahout  67  millions.  The  custom  revenues  were,  in  1863,  £33,588,- 
953,  and  in  1864  £22,498,210. 

Descripium  of  Debt. 
lliMuielal  jeftra 

ended.  Funded.  Unftinded.  Total 

April  5.  I860....  £778.168.816....  £17,768,700....  £790.927.016 

March  81,  1865 762.064,11 1| .. .           23,161.400 776.2f6,519 

♦*  "  I860....     785,962.000....     W.228.80O 802.190.800 

"  "  1861 786.119.609 16,689.000....  801.808,609 

"  "  1862....  784.262,838....  16.617.900....  800,770,288 

"  "  1863 •788.306.739 16,496,400 799.802.189 

•*  "  1864....             £777.429,224 £18.186.000 £790,665.224 

"  "  1865....             775,768,296....  10,742,600....  786,610,796 

The  following  is  an  abstract  of  the  gross  produce  of  the  Revenue 
of  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  calendar  years  1800,  1861,  1863, 
1864,  1865 : 

I860.  1861.  1868.  1864.  1866. 

Cufitoma      £24.460,902  £28.806.777  £28.421,000  £22.486,000  £21.707.000 

Ezeipe            20.861.000  19.485.000  17,745,000  19,848,000  19,649.000 

Stamps            8,048.698  8,848.412  9.262,000  9.468.000  9.686.000 

Taxes               8,282,000  8,127,000  3,208,(}00  8,261.()ilO  8.864.000 

PropertvTax  9,696,106  10,828,816  9,806,000  7,999,0u0  7.603,000 

Post  Office       8,810,000  8,400,000  8,800,000  4*060.000  4,260,000 

CrowD  Lands     284,479  290,668  802.600  807,600  814.000 

Misoellaneoas  1,801,684  1,468,101  2,899,120  8.161,874  2.678,478 


Totals      £71,089,669    £70,288,674      £70,488,620  £70,126,874  £69,196,478 
2.  Fbancb. — The  following  is  the  exhibit  of  the  last  few  years: 


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FINANCES  OF  EUROPE.  186 


Tern 

Reyenne. 

Expendftnro. 
Fraaes. 

Tctn. 

Beyenac. 
Francs. 

Expenditure. 
Francs. 

1866 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1859 

2,793.273,965 
1,913,943.149 
1.799.226,838 
1,871.381,904 
2,178,789,135 

2,399.217,840 
2.195,781, 78f 
1,892.526,217 
1.858.493.891 
2,207,660,403 

1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1865 

2,497.952.012 
2.453.198,761 
2,561,893,726 
2,583,927.861 
2,138,044,000 

2,539.812,616 
2,649,511,899 
2,621,016,977 
2.629,610,989 
2,135,408,826 

The  wars  and  warlike  movements  of  Napoleon  have  cost  since  his 
accession  the  following  (exclusively  of  Mexico,  which  cost  £10,000, 
000  sterling  more): 

Crimean  war    -        -       .-        -  FraDCS  1,348,000,000  -        -        -  £58.920,000 

Italian. 345.000,000  -        -          13,800,000 

Chinese              .....          166,000.000  -        -        -       6,640,000 

Occupation  of  Rome      -        .        -        -      60,000.000  -        -           2,000,000 

"Syria-        -        -        -           28,000,000  -        -        -       1.120,000 

Snpplementary  expenses       -        -.       .      89,000,000  -        -        •  8.660,000 


Total        -        -        .        -  2,026,000,000  £81,040,000 
The  debt  of  France  is  as  follows : 

Funded •        .  £388,760,000 

Floating          .        .        .        .         .        .        .  50,000,000 

Other  debt 87,320,000 


£476,080,000 
By  popular  loans  France  has  raised,  since  1854,  very  vast  soms  at 

low  rates  of  interest,  and  her  debt  has  increased  from  £213,000,000 

in  1851,  to  £483,000,000  in  1863. 

3.  Austria. — ^The  debt  of  Austria  has  continually  been  increasing, 

and  in  1860  it  amounted  to : 

DeieripHan  of  Debt.  Amowito/DebL  Coruolidated  Debt 

Austrian 
Old  debt— Lottery  loans.  Florins. 

Bearing  interest 86,365,810 

Not  bearing  interest 163,995 

Other  debt,  bearing  interest 934,271 

Obligations  (to  be  repaid)  not  bearing  interest 863,292 

Total  old  debt Florins  87,317,368 

New  debt — ^Terminable  (date  of  repayment  not  determined). 

Bearing  interest 1,621,602,726 

Not  bearing  interest 35,769 

Terminable  (date  of  repayment  fixed). 

Bearing  interest 194,066,162 

Not  b^uring  interest 24,166,461 

Totol  new  debt 1,839,767,107 


Floatingdebt 862,286,896 

Lombardo- Venetian  debt 70,866486 


Total  debt Florins  2.360,236,866 

Or  about £224,000,000 


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186 


FIKANCES  OF  EUROPE. 


The  nationalities  of  the  Austrian  people  are  as  follows : 
The  population  of  Austria  is  divided,  with  respect  to  race  and 
language,  into  the  following  nationalities,  according  to  an  official  es- 
timate : 


Germans 8,200,000 

BobemiaDS,    Morayiaos,    and    . 

Slovacks .8,600,000 

Pole* 2,20(»,000 

Russians 2,800,000 

Slavonians 1 ,210,000 

Croats 1,860,000 


Servians 1,470,000 

Bulgarians 25,000 

Magyars 6,060,000 

Itauans  (indasiye  of  Latins  and 

Friaols) 8,060000 

Eastern  Roumans 2.'700,OOa 

Members  of  other  races 1,480,000 


According  to  the  last  census,  the  number  of  noblemen  in  the  Aus- 
trian States  amounts  to  250,000.  Hungary  possesses  the  greatest 
number,  having  163,000,  among  whom  are  mentioned  4  princelj 
families,  84  with  the  title  of  Count,  76  of  Baron,  and  300  simple  no- 
bles. Galicia  has  24,900  noblemen ;  Bohemia,  only  5,260,  which 
are  divided  into  14  princely  families,  1V2  Counts,  and  80  Barons. 

Trade  and  Commkrcb  of  Austria. — ^The  total,  value  of  the  im- 
ports and  exports*  of  Austria  was  as  follows,  during  the  twelve  years 
from  1851  to  1862 : 


Year. 

1861.. 
1862.. 
1868.. 
1864.. 
1866.. 


Imports. 
Florins. 


Exports. 
Florins. 


..168.074,668 186,624,444 

.  ..209,829,840.'. . . .  196,804,828 

.  ..207,262,290 228^24,871 

.  ..219.166,017 228,440,298 

..248,288,157 244,134,142 


Year. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 


Imports. 
Florins. 


292,996.261.. 

,308,286,929.. 

.268,227.788.. 

1860 231,226,702.. 

1861 235,847,067.. 

1862 214,918,496 833,863,018 


Exports. 

FloriDS. 
...242,863,721 
.  ..276,699,871 
...292,363,721 
. .  .306.197,498 
...307,680.166 


1866 301,144,329 263,928,641 

The  chief  commodities  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  from 
Austria  are  corn  and  flour,  hemp,  tallow,  glass-beads,  oUve  oil,  quick- 
silver, currants,  cream  of  tartar,  lard,  seed,  sumach,  sponge,  wood, 
and  wool.  In  1862,  the  total  value  of  the  imports  amounted  to 
£1,179,802;  in  1861,  to  £1,246,046;  and  in  1860,  to  £986,364. 

Denmark.— Income  1863,  £1,841,499;  expenditure,  £1,814,864. 
The  income  has  subsequently  been  reduced  and  the  debt  of  the  king- 
dom has  increased  until  it  reaches  about  £12)000,000  sterling. 

4.  Bbloium.— Revenue  1863,  £6,125,380;  expenditure,  £1,805,- 
279;  debt,  £26/219,442  in  1861,  which  had  been  reduced  to  about 
25  millions  in.  1865.  Population .  in  1830,  4,064,235;  in  1863, 
4,894,071. 

5.  Gbrmany. — Trade  and  Commerce. — ^The  Zollverein  includes  at 
present  the  whole  of  the  States  of  the  Conifederation  except  Austria, 
the  two  duchies  of  Mecklenberg,  Holstein,  Lichtenatein,  and  the  free 
cities  of  Hambarg,  Lubeck,  and  Bremen.  The  whole  of  Prussia 
forms  part  of  the  Zollverein,  including  that  portion  not  belonging  to 
the  Confederation. 

According  to  the  census  of  1858,. the  cotton  manufactures  in  the 
Zollverein  employed,  at  that  time,  300,000  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren.    In  that  number  Bavaria  stands  for  30,656,  of  whom  7,194 


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FINANOES  OP  EUBOPB. 


187 


were  emplojred  in  33  spinning-mills,  and  4,01  <$  in  weaving;  10,688 
masters  worked,  on  their  own  account,  19,141  looms,  with  the  aid  of 
8,768  workmen.  Saxonj  had  11,500  woi*kmen  engaged  in  the  oot^ 
ton  trade.  The  cotton  manufacture  in  Prussia,  exclusive  of  the 
printing,  dyeing,  and  dressing  of  wove  goods,  occupied,  in  1858,  11,- 
263  persons--4),933  emplojred  in  127  spinning-mills ;  28,220  in  715 
roanufaotories,  containing  4,747  steam  or  18,644  hand  looms ;  38,- 
078  masters  working,  for  their  own  account,  76,269  looms,  with  the 
aid  of  38,032  journeymen,     v 

The  following  are  the  ofBoial  returns  of  the  customs  revenue  of 
the  Zollverein  during  the  years  1847-60.  The  division  of  this  rev- 
enue is  given  under  Prussia.  The  very  limited  amount  Of  imports 
and  exports,  considering  the  population,  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  high 
duties  imposed  by  the  German  Customs  League  being,  in  some  in- 
stances, almost  prohibitory.  In  1859,  Prussia  laid  befbre  the  Con- 
gress of  the  Zollvcreift  a  programme  for  the  modification  of  the 
tariff,  |>roposing  to  exempt  totally  all  raw  materials  and  provisions 
from  import  duty,  and  to  reduce  considerably  the  duties  on  foreign 
manufactures ;  but,  as  the  decision  of  the  Zollverein  is  based  on  the 
libemm  veto,  like  that  of  an  English  jury,  the  conference  was  pro- 
tracted for  upwards  of  fifteen  months,  without  having  arrived  at  any 
definite  result. 


Tears. 

1847... 

1848... 

1849... 

1860... 

1851... 

1862... 

1853... 

1854... 


Import 

Thaleri. 

.26.924,004 

.22,774,232 

.22,698,645 

.23,022,786 

.23.216,951 

.24,827,930 

.22,060.044 

.23,024,728 


Mport 


Tbalers. 
...812,452 
...867.897 
. .  .868,349 
. .  .297,162 
. .  .264.989 
. .  .329,920 
. .  .295.281 
. .  .245,431 


Years. 
1855.. 
1856.. 
1857 . . 
1858.. 
1859.. 
I860.. 
18.J1.. 
1862.. 


Impori 
revenue, 
Tbalers. 

...26,048,782.. 

...26,358,054.. 

...26,433,226.. 

...26,302.889. 


Tbalers. 

214,068 

227,085 

198,618 

...243,348 


.23,475,011 251,001 

.24,102,244 272,469 

.24.745,995 181.654 

.25,703,236 143,386 

6.  Portugal. — ^Debt  in  1862,  £33,717,000  sterling.  Her  bonds 
stand  at  a  low  figure  in  the  markets,  though  the  revenue  of  the 
kingdom  exceeds  the  expenditure  revenue  £3,000,000  sterling ;  ex- 
penditure, £2,500,000. 

7.  Prussia.— Debt  in  1865,  £43,214,795.  The  national  debt  of 
Prussia  dates  from  the  reign  of  Frederick  William  II.  King  Fred- 
erick II.,  called  the  "  Great,"  lefl  at  his  ^death  a  treasure  of  seventy- 
two  millions  thalers,  which  not  only  was  spent  during  the  eleven 
years'  reien  of  his  successor,  but  a  debt  incurred  of  fifly  millions. 
King  Frederick  William  III.  at  first  succeeded  in  reducing  this  debt 
to  less  than  thirty  mUiions;  but  the  subsequent  wars  with  Napoleon 
I.  again  increased  the  national  liabilities.  The  debt  amounted  to 
53,495,000  thalers,  or  £7,642,000,  in  the  year  1805,  and  had  risen 
to  217,975,000  thalers,  or  £31,139,300,  in  1813.  The  French  Gov- 
ernment had  to  pay  one  hundred  and  forty -five  millions  of  francs  to 
Prussia  for  war  expenses,  according  to  the  stipulations  of  the  Treaty 
of  Paris,  and  by  these  means,  and  subsequent  large  reductions  in  the 


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188  FINANCES  OF  EUROPE. 

expenditure,  the  national  liabilities  were  reduced  to  82,722,200  tha- 
lers,  or  £11,817,457,  which  sum  was  formed  into  a  consolidated 
debt  by  the  law  of  May  2,  1842. 

Russia  maintains  an  army  of  812,000  on  a  peace  footing,  and 
1,135,975  men  on  a  war  footing.  Austria  usually  maintains  a  peace 
establishment  of  288,061  men,  which  of  late  has  been  increased  to 
476,299,  and  in  war-time  generally  exceeds  800,000  men.  The 
Prussian  army  generally  comprises  208,576  men,  but  in  war-time 
this  is  raised  to  a  mobilized  army  of  609,669,  and  a  reserve  (drawn 
from  the  Landsturm)  of  104,414  men.  The  other  parties  to  the 
probable  stni^le  (the  powers  which  must  assist  in  deciding  whether 
the  Danish  duchies  shall  be  Prussian,  German  or  Danish),  the  Ger- 
man Confederation,  comprises  the  kingdoms  of  Saxony,  Bavaria, 
Wurtemberg  and  Hanover,  and  the  electorates  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
Baden,  Hesse,. Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  with 
a  host  of  other  minor  duchies  and  principalities.  Their  armies  may 
amount  on  the  whole  to  about  250,000  men,  each  contingent  of  which 
is  under  different  commanders,  and  moved  by  different  interests. 

The  Reich  usually  appoints  a  conHnander-in-chief  when  the  States 
in  the  Confederation  decide  for  war ;  but  the  feelings  of  the  political 
principles  of  the  combined  armies  clash  so  frequently,  that  it  is  al- 
most impossible  to  utilize  their  otherwise  great  strength.  Italy, 
another  pn)bable  party  to  the  anticipated  contest,  has  a  standing 
army  of  400,000,  and  could  easily  raise  200,000  more  and  keep  them 
in  the  field.  Excluding  Russia,  France,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Swe- 
den and  Norway,  and  the  armies  of  several  other  countries  which 
will  likely  take  the  field  if  war  breaks  out,  it  would  therefore,  from 
this  statement,  be  participated  in  at  its  outset  by  no  less  than 
2)363,000  men ! 

8.  Russia.— Revenue  1864  (gross),  £60,164,219.  The  credit  of 
Russia  is  not  known  in  Europe.  Her  expenditures  are  kept  down  to 
the  revenue  standard,  and  her  debt  is  only  about  £60,000,000  ster- 
ling. 

9.  Spain.— Debt  in  1864,  £146,541,000. 

The  revenue  of  Spaia  has  increased  darinff  the  last  few  years/ and  continues 
to  progress.  In  1822  (when  the  large  English  loans  were  made  to  Spain  upon 
which  the  payment  of  interest  which  accrued  from  1841  to  1861  is  still  in  dis- 
pute as  the  "  Spanish  certificate  question")  the  total  revenue  of  the  country  was 
only  about  £6,000,000  sterling. 

In  1860,  the  revenue  actually  received  wasw £12,722,200 

Inl865,  "  "  **  14,914,979 

In  1860,  "  "  "  18,928,440 

To  which  sum  should  bo  added  "  extraordinary  "  revenue, 

derived  from  sale  of  national  property 8,089,247 

In  1864-n5,  the  estimated  revenue  was. 26,275,982 

Which  sum  included  £4,733,786,  derived  from  recent  sales  of  national  prop- 
er^, as  **  extraordinary"  rcTenue. 

The  total  amount  of  deficits  durins  the  last  twenty  years  in  Spain  have  accu- 
mulated, and  form  now  a  floating  debt  of  about  £10,600,000  sterling,  as  follows : 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR;  189 

Total  of  aocumuUted  deficits  previous  to  1849 £1,082,007 

"  "      from  1860  to  1859 8,613.745 

•*     1859  to  June  80, 1864...  6.900,000 

# 

Total £10,496,842 

Daring  the  whole  of  this  period  only  one  fureign  loan  for  £8.000,000  in  ster- 
ling  hue  been  negotiated,  the  rest  of  the  deficits  being  covered  by  internal  loans 
and  the  sale  of  Church  and  State  property. 

10.  TuRKHY.— Debt  1864,  £31,070,000. 

Revenue.  Expenditure. 

1862 £11,164,662 £12,789,088 

1868 16,100,191 18,651,766 

1864 18.684,271 18.495,477 

1865 14,787,281. 14,571288 

Our  authorities  for  the  statements  and  figures  of  this  article  are 
Martin's  Statesman's  Maaual,  Bankers'  Magazine,  by  S.  Smith  Ro- 
mans, etc. 


ART.  II -JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR-ENTERED  UP  DAILY  IN  THE 
CONFEDERACr: 

aEPBXSBNTINa  THK  TUW8  AND  OPINIONS  WHIOH  OBTAINED  AND  TUB  CONDITION  OF 
THINGS  WfilOH  SXISYKD  AT  THE  DATE  OF  BAOU  DAY's  ENTRY,  IN  THK  CONFEDKr 
BATE  STATES,   OB   IN  F0BTI0N8  OF  THEM,   WITH  SUBSEQUENT    NOTES,    ETC. 

No.  III. — Bt  thb  Editor. 

WiNNSBOBo,  S.  C,  JuLT  10,  1862. — ^Federal  accounts  of  the  battle  near  Rich- 
mond reiH'eeent  their  loss  at  20.000,  but  estimate  oars  at  80,000^  and  our  forces 
engaged  at  200,000  !  I  Four  or  fiye  of  their  generals  were  wounded,  and  their 
army  is  reported  safely  encamped  on  the  James  River,  and  McClellan  "  confi- 
dent of  ability  to  repel  all  attacks.*^ 

Chandler,  in  the  Federal  Senate,  declared  that  no  pnnishmcnt  was  too  great 
for  the  man  who  put  the  army  in  the  marshes  of  the  Chickahominy,  and  con- 
sideres  that  McClellan  or  Lincoln  is  the  culprit 

Butler,  at  New  Orleans,  is  visiting  his  penalties  upon  men  and  women  charged 
with  indeeorum  towards  Yankee  troops.  Mrs.  P.  Phillips  is  sent  to  Ship  Isl- 
and.     She  had  been  formerly  imprisoned  at  Washington  City. 

Seyeral  vessels  have  run  the  blockade  and  brought  in  invaluable  and  large 
cargoes  of  powder,  saltpetre,  sulphur,  Enfield  rifles  and  field  pieces — among  them 
some  that  were  vSed  by  the  Austrians  at  Solferino. 

Van  Dom  speaks  as  follows  from  Yicksburg : 

Hbadqdabtbbs,  Vicksbdro,  Jane  28,  1862. 

DBrsKDEBS  OF  YiCKSBURO :— -The  enemy  are  attempting  to  destroy  this  beautiful 
city,  and  a  heroic  peopla  have  determined  to  sacrifice  it  rather  than  gire  it  up  to  the 
invaders  of  their  homes. 

It  may  be  conridered,  therefore,  in  ruins,  for  it  may  be  battered  down  and  burnt 
up,  but  the  earth  it  stands  upon  Is  ours,  and  will  never  be  given  up.  The  shot  and 
shell  now  plaviog  through  these  streets,  through  lovely  villii8,*and  sacred  churches, 
and  deserted  homes,  are  but  **  sound  and  fury,  signifying  notbing." 

The  contest  will  commence  when  the  enemy  attempts  to  puihis  foot  upon  our 
sotL  Stand  coolly  by  your  guns,  and  deliver  your  fire  only  when  be  cmnes  too  near. 

Eabl  Yan  Dorn,  Major-General  Commanding. 

The  latest  news  ttom  the  Army  of  Virginia  is  thus  C3ndcnsed  by  the  Whig : 
'*  Advices  fron  General  Lee*s  lines,  to  noon  yesterday,  enable  us  to  state  that  ooth- 
ing  of  moment  had  occurred  to  that  time  since  our' last  report.    Our  army  occu- 
pies a  line  about  eight  miles  this  side  of  Charles  City  Court-House,  and  extending 
nearly  from  the  James  to  the  Chickahominy.    The  euemy  lies  a  short  distance 


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190  JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAB. 

below,  meamirabl J  proteoied  by  gtinboats,  and  busily  eofcaged  fortifyiaff.  He  threw 
a  few  ihelU  Fciday,  and  bad  up  bis  balloon,  both  for  the  purpose  of  asoertaiuiog 
our  whereabouts.  Yesterday  morning  and  the  dar  before  there  was  some  picket 
firing,  but  nothing  more.  Tne  country  is  flat  and  wooded,  rendering  it  Terjr  diffi- 
cult to  watch  the  enemy.  McOlellan  lis  using  everv  exertion  to  reinspirit  his  dis- 
mayed and  demoralized  troops,  keeps  his  bands  playing,  dress  parades  going  oo, 
<$tc.  There  was  no  reason  to  belieye  that  he  was  makins  any  enort  to  embark  his 
force ;  nor  could  it  be  told  whether  he  was  reoeiviog  reinforoemeots." 

Fbii>at,  11. — Reach  Graniteville  and  Augusta  early  in  the  morning,  having 
left  Winnsboro  two  p.  m.  yesterday,  en  route  for  Mississippi. 

Curtis's  army  again  reported  captured  in  Arkanses.  Enemy  digging  canal 
around  Vicksburg.  Baton  RougQ  uot  taken.  Texas  gaernllas  wiuiin  eight 
miles  of  New  Orleans. 

Saturday,  12. — Reach  Atlanta  two  p.m.  and  Montgomery  at  three  p.m. 
Leave  at  four  by  railroad,  for  Mobile.  Fields  of  com  and  but  few  of  cotton 
comparatively  cover  the  whole  country. 

Four  thousand  slaves  impressed  by  the  Yankees  to  work  on  the  Vicksburg 
canal     Doubtful  if,  in  the  present  stiq^e  of  water,  they  can  succeed. 

Sunday,  13. — Reach  Mobile  eight  a.  m.  and  leave  u>r  Mississippi  at  five  p.m. 
Defences  of  Mobile  are  being  actively  pressed,  and  will  be  very  form'tdabld. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  McClellan  is  being  heavily  reinforced  on  the  James 
River,  and  that  operationd  will  be  suspended  for  a  time. 

Butler's  extraordinary   order  in  regard  to  Mrs.  PhiUipfl  is  published 

Special  Ordtr,  Ko.  150.— Mrs.  Phillips,  wife  of  PhilipPhillips,  havine  been  once 
imprisoned  for  her  traitorous  proclivities  and  acts  at  Washington,  andreleased  by 
the  clemency  of  the  Government,  and  having  been  found  training  her  children  to 
spit  upon  officers  of  the  United  States,  for  which  act  of  one  of  those  children  both 
her  husband  and  herself  apologized  and  were  forgiven,  is  now  found  on  the  balcony 
of  her  house  during  the  procession  of  Lieut.  De  Kay,  laughing  and  mocking  at  his 
remains,  and  uponl>eing  inquired  of  by  the  Commanding  General  if  this  fact  were 
so,  contemptuously  replies—**  I  was  in  g^od  spirits  that  day." 

It  is  therefore  onlered  that  she  be  not  **  regarded  and  treated  as  a  common  wo- 
man," of  whom  no  officer  or  soldier  is  bound  to  take  notice,  but  as  an  uncommon, 
bad  and  dangerous  woman,  stirring  up  strife  and  indtinj;  to  riot. 

And  that  therefore  she  be  conbned  at  Ship  Island,  in  the  State  of  Mississippi, 
within  proper  limits  there,  till  further  orders,  and  that  she  be  allowed  one  female 
servant  and  no  more,  if  she  so  choose.  That  one  of  the  houses  for  hospital  purposes 
be  assigned  her  as  quarters,  and  a  soldier's  ration  each  day  be  served  out  to  her 
with  the  means  of  cooking  the  same,  and  that  no  verbal  or  written  commnnication 
be  allowed  with  her,  except  through  this  office,  and  that  she  be  kept  in  close  con- 
finement until  removed  to  Ship  Island.  By  order  of  Major-General  Botlbb* 

R.  S.  Davis,  Captain  and  A.  A.  A  G. 

Monday,  14. — Reach  Jackson,  Miss.,  at  one  p.  m.  Weather  hot  and  dry,  and 
grain  crops  suflfering  •  very  much.  Numbers  of*the  wounded  from  Virginia 
crowd  the  cars  on  most  of  our  route,  and  are  badly  provided  for. 

Divisions  of  the  great  army  of  Corinth  are  at  Tupilo^  near  Vicksburg,  near 
Holly  Springs,  or  at  Chattanooga.    Beauregard  is  sick  at  Bladon  Springs. 

General  Lee  has  issued  a  congratulatory  order  to  the  army,  dated : 

Hbadquabtbbs  in  tbb  Field,  July  7, 1868. 
The  General  commanding,  profoundly  grateful  to  the  only  Giver  of  all  victories 
for  the  signal  success  with  which  He  has  hiessed  our  arms,  tenders  his  warmest 
thanks  and  congratulations  to  the  army  by  whose  valor  such  spUndid  results  have 
been  achieved.  On  Thursday,  the  26tb  inst.,  the  powerful  and  tnoronghly  equipped 
arniy  of  the  enemy  was  intrenched  in  works  vast  in  extent  and  most  formidable  in 
character  within  sight  of  your  capital.  To-day  the  remains  of  that  confident  and 
tbfeatentng  host  aie  upon  the  banks  of  James  River,  thirty  miles  from  Richmond, 
seeking  to  recover,  under  the  protectioa  of  bis  boats,  from  the  efiects  of  a  series  of 
disastrous  defeats. 

After  referring  to  the  defeat  and  pursuit  of  the  enemy.  General  Lee  says : 

*''  The  immediate  fruits  of  our  success  are  the  relief  of  Richmond  from  a  state  of. 
siege ;  the  rout  of  the  grand  army  that  so  long  menaced  its  safety ;  many  thousand 


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JOUKNAL  OF  THE  WAR.  191 

priBooers,  incladiog  oflSeera  of  high  rank ;  the  capture  or  deBtruction  of  storeii  to 
the  ?alue  of  millions  of  dollars ;  of  the  ac<)uisition  of  thousands  of  arms  and  lifty- 
one  pieces  of  superior  artillery.  The  service  rendered  to  the  country  in  this  short 
but  eventful  period  can  scarcely  be  estimated,  and  the  Gkneral  commanding  cannot 
adequately  express  his  admiration  of  the  couraee,  endurance  aud  soldierly  conduct 
of  the  officers  and  men  engaged  therfe.  These  brilliant  results  have  cost  us  many 
brave  men  ;  but  while  we  mourn  the  loss  of  our  gallant  dead,  let  us  not  forget  that 
they  died  nobly  in  defence  of  their  country's  fre^om,  and  have  linked  their  mem- 
ory with  an  event  that  will  live  forever  in  the  hearts  of  a  grateful  people." 

TuBSDAT,  16. — Jackson  has  become  an^important  point  since  the  fall  of  New 
Orleans,  and  nearly  all  its  public  offices  have  been  remoyed  here. 

It  will  be  in  direct  communication  with  Montgomery  by  railroad  in  October, 
as  the  road  is  being  pressed  to  completion  under  orders  of  General  Bragg,  and 
at  Confederate  expense.  This  is  important,  in  yiew  of  any  misfortune  at  Mo- 
bile, and,  in  any  event,  shortens  the  distance  to  Richmond  nearly  a  day.  Care 
run  daily  from  here  to  Vicksburg,  to  the  Tallahatchie  on  the  north,  and  to 
Pontohatoula  on  the  south,  and  westward  towards  the  Alabama  line. 

Communication  across  the  Missisdppi  is  difficult  and  uncertain,  but  is  acoora- 
pliflhed  at  seyeral  points. 

Parties,  almost  daily,  go  into  and  come  out  of  Kew  Orleans,  and  some  trade 
is  suffered.  A  quantiiry  of  salt,  sulphur  and  coffee  recently  was  brought  here. 
Many  New  Orleans  refugees  are  heie,  or  are  scattered  abcui  the  country. 

Wbdkbsdat,  16. — Good  news  from  Vicksburg.  Our  steam  ram  the  "Ar- 
kansae,"  emerging  from  the  Yazoo  River,  passed  the  enemy *s  upper  fleet,  inflict- 
ing much  dama^re,  and  reached  Vicksburg  with  slight  injury.  This  occurred 
yesterday,  and  until  nine  o^doek  last  night  the  guns  and  mortars  could  be  dis- 
tinctly heard  here,  and  we  are  yery  anxious  for  intelligence. 

Tbursdat.  17. — Curtis's  army  has  not  been  cut  off  by  Hindman,  but  has 
reached  the  Mississipm  in  safety.  A  general  exchange  of  prisoners  has  been 
agreed  upon  by  the  Yankee  Goyemment  Gold  in  New  York  quoted  at  116, 
and  stocks  falling.  In  regard  to  the  ram  ''Arkansas,*'  an  official  dispatch  to 
Secretary  Mallory,  from  lieutenant  Brown,  says: 

"  The  enemy's  fleet  above  Vicksburg  consisted  of  four  iron-clad  vessels,  two  heavy 
sloops-of-war,  four  gunboats,  and  seven  oi^  eight  rams.  We  drove  an  iron-clad 
ashore,  with  colors  down  and  disabled,  blew  up  a  ram,  burned  one  vessel  and 
damaged  several  others.  Our  smOke-stack  was  so  shot  to  pieces  that  we  lost  steam, 
and  could  not  use  the  vessel  as  a  ram.    We  lost  ten  killed  and  fifteen  wounded." 

Frboay,  18. — ^Telegraphed  from  Knoxville  that  Colonel  Forrest  had  taken 
Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  and  that  Morgan  has  made  a  brilliant  dash  in  Eentuc^. 
General  Crittenden  reported  a  prisoner  in  our  hands. 

Lincoln  has  certainly  called  for  800,000  additdonal  troops,  and  it  is  thought  a 
draft  must  be  resortea  to. 

Saturdat,  19. — Make  a  trip  to  Osyka,  on  the  New  Orleans  road,  and  which 
is  in  the  yiclnity  of  Camp  Moore,  where  General  Ruggles  is  in  command. 

We  took  two  regiments  prisoners  at  Murfreesboro  and  large  quantities  of 
stores.  Morgan  is  adyancing  upon  Frankfort,  Ky.  Great  aUrm  among  the 
Federals. 

Sunday,  20. — Great  consternation  in  Nashville.  Federals  threaten  to  shell 
if  they  must  evacuate  the  city.    Gold  in  New  York  116|  premium. 

Great  hopes  that  Kentucky  is  about  to  riee  from  her  sleep. 

Van  Dorn  issues  an  address  to  the  defenders  of  Vicksburg. 

BCROIO  VICKSBUBO — AnORBSS  09  GBNBRAL  VAN   DORN. 

Hbadqcartbus,  Dist.  of  TiiB  Mississippi,  Vicksboro,  July  18, 1662, 
To  THB  Troops  dbpbndinoVicksbobq;— Your  conduct,  thus  far,  under  ihe  circum- 
stances which  surround  you,  has  won  the  admiratioa  of  your  countrymen.  Cool 
and  self-possessed  under  the  coucentrated  tire  of  more  than  forty  vessefd  of  war' and 
mortar-boats,  you  have  given  assurances  that  the  city  intrusted  to  your  keeping 
will  not  be  given  up  to  the  blustering  demands  of  caunon  nor  the  noisy  threaten- 
ings  of  bomb-shells.  Such  exhibitions  of  fury  serve  but  to  amuse  you  and  to  ani- 
mate the  tedium  of  camp  life— you  await  a  more  formidable  demonstration.    Impo- 


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192  JOUBNAL  OF  THE   WAR. 

tent  in  his  rage,  the  enemy  it  striTins  to  turn  the  oarrent  of  the  Missisnippi  from 
jour  batteri^.  He  will  fail.  When  he  is  master  of  the  fi^reat  river  that  Hows  at 
jour  feet,  and  vrhich  has  become  the  eternal  custodian  of  your  names  and  glorj. 
every  wave  that  ripples  br  its  shores  will  crimson  with  your  bbod,  and  every  hill 
that  looks  down  upon  it  will  be  the  sepulchre  of  a  thousand  freemen. 

Soldiers !  to  have  been  one  among  the  '*  Defenders  of  Yicksburg"  will  be  the 
boast  hereafter  of  those  who  shall  bear  your  names,  and  a  living  joy  by  your  hearth- 
stones forever.  Continue,  I  beseech  you,  to  be  worthy  of  your  country's  praise 
and  the  reputation  you  have  achieved. 

The  Commanding  General  will  take  pleasure,  as  it  is  his  duty,  in  forwarding  the 
names  of  the  diHin^uithed  among  you  to  the  Gleueral  Commanding  the  Department 
for  honorable  mention  in  General  Orders,    It  is  his  pride  to  be  your  commander. 

The  steamer  ''Arkansas"  is  immortal,  and  above  his  praise— she  commands  the 
admiration  of  the  world.  By  order  of  Major-Gen eral  Eael  Van  Dorn. 

Monday,  21. — Meet  persons  from  New  Orleans  who  left  there  as  late  as  the 
18th.  The  lyinff  bulletins  still  publish  that  the  Federals  hare  taken  Rich- 
mond. Mrs.  Phillips  liberated  through  the  instrumentality  of  Reverdy  Johnson. 
City  healthy,  and  provisions  growing  more  plentiful.  Intercourse  not  difficult 
witSi  the  city,  and  bribery  will  effect  much.  City  could  easily  be  retaken  if  it 
could  be  fed.  Ko  persons  of  consequence  hare  taken  the  oath,  with  trifling 
exceptions,  in  New  Orleana. 

^TusapAT,  22. — Lincoln  has  requested  the  Congressmen  of  the  Border  States 
to  return  home  and  prepare  their  constituents  for  the  empancipation  of  slaves 
withia  their  districts.  A  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune  says  that 
Winchester  is  again  dangerously  threatened  by  the  advance  of  the  Confederates 
up  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  It  is  reported  that  Stonewall  Jackson  is  moving 
towards  Fredericksburg.  A  LouUyille  dispatch  of  the  15th  Kays  that  the  city 
is  all  excitement,  in  consequence  of  the  movements  of  Morgan,  who  was 
threatening  Lexington,  Frankfort  and  Shelbyville,  simultaneously  dividing  his 
forces  into  three  divisions  for  this  purpose.  Troops  are  being  rapidly  thrown 
into  Louisville  from  Ohio  and  Inaiana,  and  Home  Guards  are  organized  for 
defence. 

Wkonbsdat,  28. — Some  more  unsuccessful  efforts  to  take  our  ram  "Arkansas'* 
at  Yicksburg.    Federals  admit  the  impracticability  of  opening  the  navigation 
' "  d  Yicksburg  a  failure. 


of  the  Mississippi.     Their  canal  aroum 
The  New  York  Post  gives  us  some  encouragement 

"  EuROPKAN  Iktbrvbntion.— All  the  signs  show  that  we  stand  at  the  grave  and 
serious  crisis  of  our  history.  The  recent  intimations  from  Europe  look  to  speedy 
intervention  in  our  affairs,  and  if  the  foreign  powers  hesitate,  it  is  not  improbable 
that  the  news  which  the  next  steamer  will  take  to  England  will  help  them  to  a  con- 
clusion. The  long  delay  and  extraordinary  care  in  the  operations  of  General 
McClellan  were  justified 'to  the  world  only  by  the  assertion  that  he  meant  to  make 
sure  of  victory  ;  and  now  it  has  slipped  from  him.  Manassas  and  Yorktown  lose 
the  poor  excune  they  had  in  the  light  of  the  results  of  last  week  ;  and  that  which 
was  before  laid  to  the  account  of  wholesome  prudence  will  now  be  charged,  and  we 
believe  with  justice,  to  blundering  and  obstinate  incompetency.  It  is  a  signifi- 
cant sign  of  Khat  is  going  on  abroad,  that  the  French  Priuceff,  who  have  for  many 
mouths  been  attached  to  Geueral  McClellan's  staff,  hare  left  the  armv,  and  return  to 
Europe  by  the  next  steamer.  Thejr  would  fight  for  us,  but,  if  we  should  have  war 
with  France,  they  cannot  fight  against  French  soldiers.  They  see  the  full  signifi- 
cance of  the  results  before  Richmond  and  the  effect  the  news  will  have  in  Europe, 
and  they  retire  in  time.*' 

Thursday,  24.-— Federal  accounts  represent  Nashville  in  a  great  state  of 
excitement,  and  troops  pouring  into  the  city.  The  rebel  forces  under  Forrest 
or  Kirby  Smith  were  hourly  expected.  The  city  is  being  prepared  for  defence, 
and  will  be  shelled,  it  is  said,  if  not  surrendered.  Recruits  are  offered  heavy 
bounties  in  all  the  Northern  cities. 

Morgan  appeals  to  the  Keotuckians : 

Kentuckians,  I  am  once  more  among  you.  Confiding  in  your  patriotism  and 
strong  attachment  to  our  Southern  cause,  I  have,  at  tile  head  of  my  ffHllant  band, 
raised  once  more  our  Confederate  flag,  so  long  trampled  upon  by  the  Northern 
tyrants,,  but  never  yet  disgraced.    Let  every  (rue  patriot  respond  to  my  appeal. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR.  103 

Rise  and  arm  yonrselyes  I  Fifi^ht  tjicaiosi  the  despoilers !  Fight  for  yoor  familtes  ! 
jonrhomeflj  for  tbote  jou  love  best!  for  voar  conscience !  and  for  the  free  exercise 
of  Toar  political  rij^bts,  never  again  to  be  placed  in  ieopardv  by  the  Hessian  in- 
vader, j^t  the  stirrinir  scenes  of  the  late  Richmond  fight  be  constantly  before 
roQ.  Our  brave  army  there  and  everywhere  is  victorious.  McClellan  and  his 
'oreign  hordes  are  groveling  in  the  dust.  Our  independence  is  an  achieved  fact. 
We  have  bought  it  with  privation  and  suffering,  and  sealed  the  contract  with  the 
seal  of  blood.  Be  not  timorous,  but  rise,  one  and  all,  for  the  good  cause,  to  clear 
onr  dear  Kentucky's  soil  of  the  detested  invaders. 
Kentuckians!  fellow  countrymen  !  you  know  you  can  rely  upon  me. 

John  Morgan. 

•FwDAT,  25. — We  have  captured  a  transport  steamer  near  Vicksburg,  and  the 
lower  fleet  baa  disappeared.  Bragg's  army  is  en  route  for  Chattanooga,  and  we 
shall  soon  have  an  advance  upon  Tennessee.  Forrest  has  taken  Lebanon, 
within  twenty  five  miles  of  Nasnville  and  Kentucky.  Confederates  have  ear 
prised  Newberry,  Ind.  This  is  the  first  invasion  of  the  free  States,  and  i^  a 
gfood  beginning. 

The  Petersburg  Erpress  has  a  special  dispatch  from  Knoxville  announcing  the 
arrival  of  a  special  courier  at  headquarters  in  Tennessee,  from  Morgan,  dated  George- 
town, July  19.  Morgan  says  we  have  captured  eleven  cities  and  towns,  with  a 
heavy  amount  of  army  stores,  and  have  force  sufficient  to  hold  all  the  country  out- 
side of  Lexington  and  Frankfort,  which  places  are  chivfly  garrisoned  by  home 
guards.    The  bridges  between  Lexington  and  Cincinnati  have  all  been  destroyed. 

Satvbdat,  26. — Upper  and  Ibwer  fleet  reported  as  having  left  Vicksburg. 
Federal  Congress  adjourned,  after  appropriating  $600,000,000  for  the  war.  Her- 
culean efforts  at  the  North  to  i*aise  800,000  fresh  troops,  and  the  heaviest  boun- 
ties offered. 

Sunday,  27. — Spend  the  day  at  Vicksburg.  Lower  fleet  has  diaippeared  en- 
tirely ;  upper  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo ;  city  deserted  and  desolate ;  only 
sentinels  and  darkies  to  be  seen,  and  very  attenuated  cats  and  dogs.  Houses 
all  closed,  and  though  a  large  number  were  struck  by  the  shells  or  fragments 
no  dwellings  seem  to  be  much  injured.  A  few  stores,  an  enginehouee,  and  the 
Methodist  Church,  are  the  only  severe  sufferers,  and  these  may  be  readily  re- 
paired. The  result  is  surprislne  in  a  city  which  has  withstood  the  assaults  of 
the  enemy  for  nearly  two  months ;  only  two  or  three  lives  lost. 

Heavy  artillery  on  the  bluffs  command  the  river. 

Visit  the  ram  Arkansas,  and  examine  her,  through  the  courtesy  of  Captain 
Brown.  She  receiyed  but  trifling  damage  in  her  glorious  encounter  with  the 
fleets,  and  is  now  nearly  ready  again  for  action.  She  will  be  strengthened  and 
improved.  Her  loss  in  all  the  fifi^hts  was  about  40  killed  and  wounded.  She  is 
defective  in  structure,  but  icpn-cTad  and  of  medium  size/ 

General  Breckcnridge's  division,  now  at  Vicksburg,  will  soon  find  active  and 
exciting  service. 

MovoAT,  28. — General  Forrest  has  burned  the  bridges  at  Mill  Creek,  and  is 
reported  within  5  miles  of  Nashville.     His  progress  a  continued  ovation. 

Morgan  is  being  largely  reinforced  in  Kentucky.  Governor  Magoffin  is  said 
to  be  with  him. 

Tuesday,  29. — Yankees  take  possession  of  Madison  and  Covington,  Louisiana. 
We  shall  soon  hear  that  they  are  driven  out  of  Baton  Rouge.  Ualleck  pro 
moted  to  the  chief  command  of  the  army.  Foreign  news  leaves  intervention 
still  doubtM.  Lincoln  and  the  Border  States  Congressmen  correspond  on  the 
emancipation  of  slavery  in  their  States,  which  they  agiee  to  propose  to  their 
constituents.    Federal  Confiscation  Act  passes. 

Wediubsday,  30. — The  Yankees  stirred  up,  apprehending  invasions  of  Ken- 
tucky, Indiana,  and  Ohio,  and  the  navigation  of  the  Ohio  Kiver  is  regarded  un- 
safe. 

Thursday,  81. — Mor^n  has  returned  safely  to  Knoxville  with  1,000  prisoners, 
and  Humphrey  Marshall  is  marching  on  Northeastern  Kentucky,  rive  Con- 
federates took  a  Yankee  transport  on  the  James  River.  McGlellan  is  believed 
to  bo  evacuating  the  James  River.      Lincoln  authorizes  rebel  property  to  be 

VOL.  H.-NO.  n.  13 


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194  JOURNAL  or  THE  WAB. 

seised,  neoeesary  for  bis  army,  and  the  negroes  to  be  employed  in  military  and 
naval  service.  Gunboats  repelled  in  Georgia  gallantly  by  onr  troojps.  **  Tubal 
Cain"  lost  in  running  Charlest«>n  blockade,  and  valualile  cargo.  Johnson's  re- 
port of  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines  censures  Huger  for  delay,  fixed  our  loss  at 
4,282  and  that  of  the  enemy  at  10,000,  and  says  we  took  6,000  stand  of  arms 
and  a  large  quantity  of  camp  equipage. 
Fbidat,  August  1. — The  New  York  Herald  speaks  lugubriously  of  the  war  : 

The  Herald  says  the  civil  war  has  cost  the  United  States  $600,000,000,  and  the 
*'  boo«8  of  its  dead  soldiers  would  make  a  Golgotha  monument  higher  than  that  of 
Bunker  Hill." 

In  return  for  this  immense  oatlay  of  blood  and  treasure,  what  have  we  gained? 
Are  the  rebels  subdued  ?  On  the  contrary,  they  seem  stronger  than  ever.  Is  the 
rebellion  at  its  last  ^asp  ?  It  has  to-da^  more  soldiers  in  the  field  than  the  Union. 
Have  we  succeeded  i^  reviving  the  Union  feeling  at  the  South  ?  "Why,  every  day 
the  two  sections  drift  farther  and  farther  apart  -,  every  day  we  become  more  and 
more  ignorant  of  the  sentiments  of  the  Southern  people ;  every  day  that  this  accursed 
rebellion  is  permitted  to  continue  the  number  of  Southern  Union  men  becomes  less, 
as  the  old  Union  seems  more  powerless  and  remote,  and  the  new  Confederasv  more 
powerful  and  successful.  What,  then,  have  we  gained?  In  spite  of  our  brilliaat 
victories,  our  naval  superiorities,  our  numerous  but  isolated  triumphs,  we  have  practi- 
cally and  in  results  gumed  very  little  and  lost  very  much. 

What,  then,  shall  we  c^  next?  Shall  we  give  up  the  war,  disband  our  army  and 
navy,  and  let  the  rebels  ffo  io  peace  ?  Never !  It  is  too  late  to  think  of  such  a  coarse. 
The  recognition  of  the  bouthem  Confederacy  bv  our  own  government  is  no  longer 
among  the  contingencies  of  this  war.  The  rebels  may  defeat  our  armies  and  capture 
our  capital— these  are  possibilities -but  the  rebels  can  never  conquer  their  mde- 
pendence.  The  conflict  has  assumed  a  new  and  a  sublimer  aspect.  We  have  to  de- 
cide now  not  whether  the  rebels  cau  be  subdued,  bult  whether  the  country  is  to  be 
saved.  The  question  is  no  longer  the  putting  down  of  the  rebellion,  but  the  salva- 
tion of  the  nation.  We  are  in  cul-de-sac,  from  which  our  only  escape  is  the  suppres- 
<«0D  of  the  rebellion  by  force. 

General  Armstrong  has  taken  Courtland,  Ala.,  and  159  Federal  prisoners,  and 
a  large  amount  of  wagons  and  army  stores  and  sm'iil-arms. 

Tuscumbia  and  Decatur,  Ala.,  also  taken  by  our  forces,  and  immense  amount 
of  enemy's  property  destroyed. 

Satvedat,  2.— Without  doubl  Breckenridge  is  advancing  in  force  upon  Baton 
Rouge,  and  we  shall  have  some  exciting  uews  in  a  day  or  two. 

The  people  of  Vicksburg  are  returning  home,  and  it  is  said  there  are  several 
hundred  Federal  graves  in  the  neighborhood. 

THANKS  TO  THl  UBPlNnBRS  OF   VICKSBUHG. 

War  Dbpartmbnt,  Aojutant  ano  Inspbctob-Gbnebal's  OrriCB, ) 
KiCBMOKD,  June  22,  1862.  f 

Oetieral  Order $^  No.  51.— The  succe!«sful  defence  of  Vicksburg  against  the  mortar 
fleet  of  the  enemy,  by  Major  General  Van  Dorn  and  the  officers  and  men  under  his 
command,  entitles  them  to  the  gratitude  of  the  country,  the  thanks  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  the  admiration  of  the  army.  Bv  their  galluniry  and  good  conduct,  they 
hMve  not  only  saved  the  city  intrustea  to  inem,  but  they  have  shown  that  k>ombara- 
ments  of  cities,  if  bravely  resisted,  achieve  nothing  for  the  enemy,  and  only  serve  to 
unveil  his  malice,  and  the  hypocrisy  of  his  pretended  wish  to  regtore  the  Union.  The 
world  now  sees  that  his  mission  is  one  of  destruction,  not  restoration. 

Lieutenant  Brown,  and  the  oflicers  and  crew  of  the  Confederate  steamer  Arkansas, 
by  their  heroic  attack  upon  the  Federal  fleet  before  Vicksburg,  equaled  the  highest 
recorded  examples  of  courage  and  skill.  They  prove  that  the  navy,  when  it  regains 
its  proper  element,  will  be  one  of  the  chief  bulwarks  of  national  defence,  and  that  it 
in  entitled  to  a  high  place  in  the  confldence  and  affection  of  the  country. 
By  command  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

S.  Cooper,  Adjutant  and  Inspectoi -General. 

SvMDAT,  3. — An  extra  says  that  Foirest  has  returned  to  Knoxville,  and  that  un- 
less Butler  is  given  up  for  the  murder  of  Mumford  at  New  Orleans,  Major- 
General  McCall,  prisoner  at  Kichmond,  will  be  fxecutnl 

MoNPAT,  4. — ^Morgan's  official  report  of  his  raid  into  Kentucky  states  that  he 
took  twenty  towns,  captured  1,200  prisoners,  and  destroyed  property  valued  at 


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JOUBNAL  OF  THE  WAR.  195 

$8,000,000.  Among  the  spoils  taken  were  20,000  stand  of  arms,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  mules  and  horifes. 

Jnckson  and  Ewe  11  are  again  threatening  Washington  City. 

Gut-ri  ilia  bands  «»rganiring  all  over  Kentucky. 

Confederate  buiteries  on  the  James  River  uuen  upon  McCIellan'a  camp  and 
transpo  ts,  and  it  is  thought  occasioned  great  aamage  to  both. 

CommHudiiig  General  of  the  Confederitte  army  issues  an  important  General 
Order  in  regard  to  Federal  Commander  Pope'o  order^^  to  seize  and  apf)ropriate 
without  recompense  Southern  property,  and  lo  hold  uno6fending  civilians  taken 
at  their  residences  to  answer  with  their  lives  for  the  acts  of  guerrilla  parties. 
General  Lee  says: 

"  Therefore,  it  is  ordered  that  Major-Oeneral  Pope,  Brigadier-General  Steinwehr, 
and  ftli  commissioned  officers  serving  under  their  re^pective  commands,  be,  and  thev 
are  hereby  expressly  and  specially  declared  not  entitled  to  be  cunstdered  as  sol- 
diers, and  therefore  not  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  the  cartel  for  parole  uf  future 
fri^oDers  of  war.  Ordered  further,  in  the  event  of  the  capture  of  MajorGeoeral 
'ope  or  Brigadier-General  Steinwehr,  or  any  commissioneo  officers  serving  under 
them,  resp^'ctively,  they  shall  be  held  in  close  coutinement  so  long  as  the  orders 
afo^e^aid  shall  continue  in  force  and  unrepealed  by  the  competent  military  authori- 
ties of  the  United  States,  and  that  in  the  event  of  the  murder  of  any  unarmed  citi- 
sens  or  inhabitants  of  this  Confederacy  by  virtue  or  under  pretext  of  any  of  the 
orders  hereinbefore  recited,  whether  with  or  without  tnal— whether  under  pretence 
of  such  atizens  being  spies  or  hostages,  or  under  any  other  pretence,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  Commanding  GenenU  ot  the  forces  of  this  Confederacy  to  cause  im- 
mediniely  to  be  hung  out  of  the  commissioned  officers,  such  prisoners  as  aforesaid,  a 
number  eouul  to  the  number  of  our  oitiEeos  that  have  been  murdered  by  the  enemy. 
By  order." 

Tuesday,  5. — ^The  Missiiistppian  of  to  day  says ; 

**  If  one  would  make  up  a  table  of  the  ruling  prices  of  every  staple  article  in  that 
Ifce—as  they  are  at  present  obtained  in  the  city  of  Jackson  and  frame  it,  or  preserve 
it  for  future  reference— it  would  be  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  of  the  limes. 
Think  of  common  calico,  which  was  held  at  a  dime  or  a  bit  a  yard,  now  held  at  one 
dollar  and  a  quarter:  giiiKbams  at  one  dollar  and  seventy-five  cents;  pins  at  from 
seventy  five  cents  to  one  dollar  per  paper ;  spool  thread  at  from  nine  to  twelve  dol- 
lars a  dozen  ;  cotton  cards  from  forty  to  foriy-five  dollars  a  pair;  shoes  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  five  dollars  a  pair,  and  every  other  ai  tide  mdispensable  in  a  family  at  like 
exorbitant  rates." 

We  may  add  to  this  list  board  $^  to  $4  per  day  ;  washing  |1  60  per  dozen ; 
towels,  yard  wide,  75  Cents;  letter  paper  $26  per  r«>am ;  envelopes  $26  per  M. ; 
watermelons  $1  to  $2;  peaches  6  cents  esuh.  The  spirit  of  extortion  reaches  to 
everything.  The  darkey  who  holds  your  horse  or  blacks  your  boots  would  hardly 
think  himself  overpaid  with  a  dollar. 

And  tlius  the  cause  goes  on,  though  tlie  people  bear  their  suffeiiogs  wlthoot 
agroun. 

The  conscript  law  and  the  militia  law  of  the  several  States  will  bring  760,000 
Confederates  into  the  field.  This  the  Yankees  will  not  much 'exceed,  even  with 
their  800,00()  raw  recruits.  They  have  no  tnmps  in  camps  of  instruction,  and 
it  would  be  »  large  estimate  to  give  their  existing  forces  as : 


At  Charleston, 

.     16(»,000 

Valley  of  Va., 

.     60,000 

Savannah,     . 

16,000 

Baltimore, 

10.000 

New  Oi  leans,    . 

.        10,000 

Washington,     . 

•.     26,000 

Southern  Coast,     . 

10.000 

Memphis, 

.      *  10,000 

Hal  leek's  late  army, 

.     100.000 

Curtis, 

.     10,000 

VcClel.an, 

160.000 

Mi«souri,    . 

10.«»00 

Burnside, 

16.000 

Other  places. 

.     26,000 

Total,     .     .    456,000 
Magofllin  is  not  a  prisoner  of  Morgan's,  but  calls  the  Kentucky  Legislature  to- 
gether to  consider  the  lute  ac  ion  of  Congress  and  the  President  touching  the 
question  of  slavery,  nnd  to  provide  for- the  safety  of  our  institutions  and  the 
peace  and  tranquillity  of  the  commonwealth.   (As  usual,  rather  wishy-washy.) 


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196  JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 

Lincoln's  proclamation  is  at  last  out,  which,  as  far  as  it  can  be  executed,  dooms 
eyery  Southern  man  to  pauperism.     It  helps  our  cause. 

THE  CONFISCATION  ACT— LINCOLN'S   PBOCLAMATION. 

In  porsnance  of  the  sixth  section  of  the  act  of  Congress,  entitled  *'  An  Act  to  sup- 
press insurrection,  to  punish  treason  and  rebellion,  to  seize  and  confiscate  the  prop- 
erty of  rebels,  and  for  other  purposes,"  approved  July  17,  1862,  and  which  act,  and 
the  joint  resolution  explanatory  thereof,  are  herewith  published,  I,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
President  of  the  United  States,  do  hereby  proclaim  to  and  warn  all  persons  within 
the  contemplation  of  said  sixth  section  to  cease  participating  in  aiding,  countenanc- 
ing, or  abetting  the  existing  rebellion,  or  any  rebellion,  against  the  Government  of 
the  United  States,  and  to  return  to  their  proper  allegiance  to  the  United  States,  on 
pain  of  the  forfeitures  and  seizuers  as  within  and  bv  said  sixth  section  provided. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the 
United  States  to  be  affixed. 

Done  at  the  City  of  Washington,  this  twenty-fifth  day  of  Julv,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-two,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the 
United  States  the  eighty  seventh. 

By  the  President:  AaaAHAM  Lincoln. 

William  U.  Sbwaud,  Secretary  of  State. 


THB  SIXTH  SBCTION. 

Annexed  is  the  sixth  section  of  the  Confiscation  Act  referred  to  by  the  President  in 
the  above  proclamation : 

Sac.  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  if  any  person  within  any  State  or  Terri- 
tory of  the  United  States,  other  than  those  named  aforesaid,  after  the  passage  of  this 
act,  being  engaged  in  armed  rebellion  against  the  Government  of  the  Uoited  States, 
or  aiding  or  abetting  such  rebellion,  shall  not,  within  sixty  days  after  public  warn- 
ing and  proclamation  duly  given  and  made  by  the  President  of  the  United  Slates, 
cease  to  aid,  countenance  and  abet  such  rebellion,  and  return  to  his  allegiancq  to  the 
United  States,  all  the  estate  and  property,  moneys,  stocks,  and  credits  of  such  per- 
son shttll  be  liable  to  seizure  as  aforesaid  ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President 
to  seize  and  use  them  as  aforesaid,  or  the  proceeds  thereof.  And  all  sales,  transfers, 
or  conveyances  of  any  such  property  after  the  expiration  of  the  said  sixty  days  from 
the  date  of  such  warning  and  proclamation,  shall  be  null  and  void ;  and  it  tihall  be 
a  sufficient  bar  to  any  suit  brought  by  said  person  for  the  possession  or  the  use  of 
such  property,  or  any  of  it,  to  allege  and  prove  that  he  is  one  of  the  persons  described 
in  this  section. 

Wednesday,  6. — Breckenridge,  with  8,000  men,  attacked  Baton  Rouge  yester- 
day,  and  drove  the  enemy  through  the  town  to  the  gunboats  and  into  the  arse- 
nal. Enemy  5,000  strong.  Loss  heavy  on  both  sides.  Final  results  uncertain. 
General  Clark  thought  to  be  mortally  wounded. 

Accounts  from  the  North  conflicting :  some  represent  great  disorganlEation 
and  evident  breaking  down,  and  others  a  resolute  and  determined  war  policy. 

President  Davis  asks  to  know  if  Butler's  acts  at  New  Orleans  are  endorsed, 
and  will  take  silence  as  an  admission  that  they  are. 

Lindsay's  motion  in  the  British  Parliament  to  recognize  the  Confederacy  is 
withdrawn ;  Palmerston  asking  that  the  matter  be  left  with  the  Goyernment. 

The  Yankees  will  proceed  to  a  draft. 

Thursday,  7. — It  seems  that  the  non-arrival  of  the  ram  Arkansas  prevented 
the  success  of  our  movement  against  Baton  Rouge. 

Southern  prisoners  at  the  North,  includins^  privateers,  are  reaching  Richmond 
after  exchange.    We  have  at  least  12,000  there. 

Friday,  8. — The  ram  Arkansas  is  destroyed  by  her  crew,  her  machinery  be- 
coming hopelessly  disabled. 

Brfckenridge  has  withdrawn  ten  miles  from  Baton  Rouge  to  obtain  water, 
and  is  being  reinforced.  He  destroyed  much  Federal  property.  Federal  Gen- 
eral Williams  reported  killed. 

Enemy  advanced  10  miles  up  the  James.  Heavy  skirmishing  in  East  Ten- 
nessee, and  General  Stevenson,  having  flanked  Bo  wen's  command,  has  captured 
iheentire  army  of  East  Tennessee.  If-^rue,  the  road  to  Nashville  and  Louisville 
is  open  to  us.    (News  not  confirmed.) 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR.  197 

Evidences  of  breaking  down  reported  everywhere  at  the  North. 

Saturday,  9. — Skirmishing  on  ihe  Potomac  and  near  Gordonsville.  Drafting 
will  shortly  begin  at  the  North. 

The  misfortune  which  happened  to  the  machinery  of  the  Arkansas,  causing 
her  to  be  blown  up,  lost  to  us,  it  seems,  the  repossession  of  Baton  Rouge  and 
the  open  way  to  New  Orleans. 

The  Sea  God  and  the  River  God  have  never  been  our  ally  in  this  fight  The 
Yankee  General  Steinwehr's  infamous  order  is  published : 

Hbadquartbrs,  2d  Division,  Orickr*s  Fai(m.  July  13,  1862. 

SoMtal  Order^  No.  6  —Major  William  IStedman,  commanding  (itti  Regiment  Ohio 
Vomnteer  Cavalry,  will  cause  the  arrest  of  five  (5)  uf  the  most  prominent  citizens  of 
Luraj,  Page  Countr,  Virginia,  and  send  them  to  these  bead<|uarter8  with  an  escort 
as  hostages.  They  will  be  held  as  long  as  we  remain  in  this  vicinity.  Thev  will 
share  my  table  and  be  treated  as  friends ;  but,  for  every  one  of  our  soldiers  who  may 
be  shot  by  "bushwhackers,"  one  of  these  hostages  will  suffer  death,  unless  the  per- 
petrators of  the  deed  are  delivered  to  me.  It  is  well  known  that  these  so-called 
**  bushwhackers"  are  inhabitants  of  the  district,  and  encouraged  in  their  cowardly 
acts  by  the  prominent  citizens  here. 

You  will  leave  a  copy  of  this  order  with  the  family  of  each  man  arrested  by  you. 
A.  Stkikwbhr,  Brig.-Gen.  Commanding  2d  Dirisioo. 

Sunday,  10. — Guerrillas  rising  up  everywhere  in  Arkansas,  and  the  report  from 
Missouri  is  that  they  are  in  such  numbers  as  to  be  in  complete  control  of  the 
State.  From  this  branch  of  the  service  nearly  everything  may  be  expected  in 
the  Border  States,  or  wherever  the  enemy  shall  profane  wiw  his  presence.  Such 
bands  are  being  organized  throughout  MissUaippi  and  Louisiana,  and  will  do 
daring  and  efficient  service. 

NOTES  ON  THE  JOURNAL. 

1. — ^MoClkllan's  Army.— On  the  8th  July  the  Confederate  forces  gave  up  tht 

gursuit  of  MoClellan's  array,  and  returned  to  the  vicinity  of  Richmond.  In  hia 
report,  March  6,  1863,  published  in  two  volumes  by  the  Confederate  Congress, 
Gen.  Lee  saya  of  this  victory :  "The  siege  of  Richmond  was  raised,  and  the  ob- 
ject of  a  campaign  which  had  been  prosecuted  after  months  of  preparation,  at 
an  enormous  expenditure  of  men  and  money,  completely  frustrated.  More  than 
10,000  prisoners,  including  officers  of  rank,  fifty-two  pieces  of  artillery,  and 
upwards  of  35,000  stand  of  small-arm»,  were  captured.  The  stores  and  sup- 
plies of  every  description  which  fell  into  our  hands  were  great  in  amount  and 
value,  but  small  in  comparison  with  those  destroyed  by  the  enemy  himself. 
.  .  .  Under  ordinary  circumstances,  the  Federal  army  should  have  been 
destroyed." 
Henry  Ward  Beeeher,  at  this  epoch,  thus  gives  vent  to  his  pent-up  feelings : 

**  At  lenetb,  this  past  Sprlaff,  began  the  caropaien  In  Virginia.  The  people  gloried  In  the  be- 
lief that  the  majcanr  of  the  Government  would  be  asserted.  After  fonr  mon  ths*  campaign, 
the  armies  of  the  United  States  are  on  the  dsjensivs  I  Not  less  than  a  hundred  thousand  men 
have  been  lost  by  death,  wonnds,  sickness  and  captivity ;  MoClellan  is  cooped  up  on  James 
River;  Pope  Is  collecting  an  army:  and  the  country  is  to-day  actually  debating  whether  the 
enerov  cannot  strike  a  blow  at  Washington !  Is  this  such  a  management  as  will  confirm  the 
oonfidenee  of  the  country  In  Mr.  LincoIn*s  conduct  of  the  wart  Do  wo  need  to  ask  why  men 
are  slow  to  volunteer?  Does  any  man  need  to  bo  told  what  the  end  of  such  things  mast  bet 
This  is  not  punishing  rebellion.    It  is  helping  it 

**  In  the  second  year  of  the  war  I  And  bow  lone  will  it  be  hefore  every  nation  in  Europe 
will  have  a  right  to  say,  the  South  has  shown  itself  able  to  nuitntain  its  independence  T* 

Remarking  upon  the  effects  of  these  disasters  at  Richmond  upon  the  energies 
of  the  North,  Mr.  Pollard,  in  Ids  History  of  the  War,  vol.  2,  p.  84,  saye :  *'  There 
is  no  doubt  that  the  North  was  seriously  discouraged  by  the  events  that  had 
taken  place  before  Richmond.  But  it  was  a  remarkable  circumsiance,  uniformly 
illustrated  in  the  war,  that  the  North,  though  easily  intoxicated  by  triumph,  was 
not- in  the  same  proportion  depressed  by  defeat.  As  long  as  the  North  waa 
conducting  the  war  upon  the  soil  of  the  South,  a  defeat  there  involved  more 
money  expenditure  and  more  calls  for  troops — it  had  no  other  horrors.  It  did 
not  impeiil  their  homes.  It  might  easily  be  repaired.  ...  In  many  re- 
spects the  war  was  an  immense  money-job." 


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198  .  JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 

In  f.ho  Army  Rejspster,  published  «t  Washin^n,  Mr.  Pollard  givw  the 
•tren^th  of  the  Northern  army  at  this  date :  Commissioned  officers,  39,922 ; 
rank  hd'I  file,  1.052.480. 

The  array  correi^pondent  of  the  New  York  T^mea  shows  in  what  condition 
the  ^ruitt  army  of  the  Cliickahominy  reached  the  waters  of  the  James: 

**Tb»  Approach  to  Jambs  Riter,— When  nn  aid  of  Oeneral  MoClellftn  rode  bock  and  re- 
ported that  the  way  was  all  open  to  James  River,  a  thrill  of  relief  ran  thnmirh  the  wliolr  line, 
and  the  siirht  of  the  ^reen  fiiMs  skirtintr  its  banks  wna.  indeed,  an  oasis  in  the  terrible  desert 
ot  suHDonso  and  api»rehension  throu:;h  which  thoy  had  passed.  The  tf^ms  woiv  now  put  upon 
a  lively  trot  in  order  t<>  relieve  the  |>ro94ure  upon  that  portion  still  In  the  n^r.  General  >lo- 
Glellah  an<l  staff  role  ahead,  and  to«>k  possession  of  the  old  estate  known  as  Mnlvi-rn  Hills, 
owneil  by  H.  F.  Dew,  one  mllo  back  from  Turkey  Island  B**nd.  It  Is  a  larire,  old-fai^ioned 
estate,  orUrinnlly  built  by  the  Fivnch,  and  has  near  it,  in  front,  an  old  furth-work,  constructed 
by  General  Washington  during  the  Bcvulntlonary  War.  It  has  a  i^pacious  yard,  shawled  by  ven- 
erable elms  ai}d  ntuer  trees.  A  fine  view  of  the  river  can  be  had  from  tiiis  elevnt'd  po:»ltion. 
General  MeClellan  expressed  the  opinion  that  with  a  brief  time  to  prepare,  the  po»itiuu  could 
be  held  nKaiiist  any  force  the  enemy  can  bring  againat  ns. 

'*  Exhausted  by  long  watchinj?  and  fiitlgtie,  and  covered  thickly  with  the  dnst  of  the  road 
over  wlileh  we  had  passetl,  many  «if  the  officers  thn^w  themselves  apon  the  shady  and  grassy 
lawn  to  rest  The  boldiers  alets  attracted  by  the  shady  trees,  aurrouadod  the  bouse,  or  btvod- 
acked  in  the  fields  near  by.^ 

In  his  official  report  of  Jane  22,  Gen.  Joseph  Johnston  reported  that  he  took 
ten  pieces  of  artillery,  ^ve  standards.  6,000  mnskets,  etc.  His  loss,  8,283,  and 
that  of  the  enemy,  by  his  own  report*,  over  10,000. 

2. — Patriotism. — Public  spirit  bad  not  begun  to  wane  at  thia  time.  P«ople 
were  h<»peful  and  patriotic,  and  were  willing  to  giye  everything  and  suffer 
everythirii^  for  the  cause.  The  spirit  of  speculation,  and  the  vice  of  blockade 
sales,  which  did  much  to  bring  about  our  eventual  ruin,  were  only  l>eginuinff 
to  manire:;t  them:>e1ves.  Extoriiou  had  not  reared  its  Gordon  head.  A  lilieral 
and  generous  impuUe  existed  everywhere,  and  the  necessities  of  all  were  readily 
and  cheerfully  supplied.  It  was  the  golden  or  classic  epoch  of  the  war.  Night 
and  day  the  needles  of  the  women  were  plie<1  in  making  soldien>'  clothing,  and 
night  aud  day  they  watched  by  the  side  of  the  sick  and  dying.  They  never, 
however,  failed  in  tlii^n  duty  at  any  period  of  the  war. 

3. — Nfiw  OaLKAN^ — We  remarked  tli;it  New  Orleans  might  several  times 
have  been  captured  by  the  Confederates.  There  can  be  no  di>ubt  of  tlii<*,  and 
tlie  matter  was  frequently  discussed  in  military  circles — but  cui  botioF  Whilst 
the  Federals  occupltfd  the  mouth  of  the  river  and  controlled  iis  navigation  above, 
the  city  could  never  have  been  provisioned  by  us.  There  would  be  great  suf- 
fering to  the  inhabitants  without  advantage  to  the  Confederacy. 

4. — Xasiiville. — Though  Nashville  was  several  times  thrcatt-neil,  the  immense 
fortlficiitions  around  it  made  its  capture  nt  any  time  almast  impossible.  It  was 
a  remtrbible  fact  in  the  war,  that  the  Confederacy  was  never  «nabltfd  to  repos- 
sess herself  of  any  town  i»r  city  t-uken  by  the  enemy.  Thus  New  Orleans, 
Nashville,  Memphis,  Vicksburg,  etc.,  etc.  This  exerted  a  very  depressing  in- 
fluence. 

6. — CoNsoBTPT  AoT. — Wc  never  donbted  of  the  eminent  wisdom  and  poliey  of 
the  Ctinscnpt  Act.  In  the  condition  in  which  we  were  placed,  no  other  meaj»ure 
could  have  kept  up  the  army  in  the  trials  through  which  we  were  de-^tined  to 
pass.  The  be.^t  and  the  true  men  would  have  remained  without  it,  but  in  no 
part  of  the  world  can  armies  be  kept  up  by  moral  suasion  and  the  justice  of  a 
cause !  Thia  the  enemy  too  proved  !  Doubtless  there  were  evils  of  great  mag- 
nitude indi<«pensnble  from  t  le  system — much  misery,  etc.,  but  war  involves 
pain  and  sutfering.  The  administration  of  the  law  was,  however,  always  de- 
fective, and  although  it  was  e:i'»y  to  show  that  frotn  half  to  three-quarters  of  a 
million  of  men  mij^ht  be  kept  in  the  fieM,  the  armies  were  allowed  to  fritter 
awav,  anil  at  the  time  of  the  surrender  there  were  scarcely  one  hundred  thou- 
sancf  men  under  arms  on  b  »th  sides  of  the  Mississippi !  Inadequate  provisions 
and  clothing,  destitute  ani  suffering  families  at  home,  ceaseles-i  marching  and 
fighting,  the  ificreasing  hots  of  the  enemy,  the  hopeles-^ness  of  the  cause,  and 
its  interminable  pro«pect,  did  the  work.  Under  a  President  and  Congre-*  suc- 
cess became  now  impossible.  A  Diciaior,  wifh  absolute  power ,  and  great  civil 
and  mUilary  gemuSf  cuuld  only  have  saved  the  day  I 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR,  199 

.6. — ^GirsaRiLLAS. — At  thenpeninflf  of  the  war,  privAteering  and  guerrillas  were 
r^rded  the  great  hnpes  of  the  Confedtraey.  Both  were  signal  failures,  not- 
withstanding the  dashing  exploits  of  the  Alabama,  Florida  and  Shenandoah. 
The  enemy  affeeted  to  consider  gnerrilla  service  a  great  crime  against  the  laws 
of  war  and  the  humanities  of  the  age.  Yet  is  it  ever,  in  all  countries,  the  re- 
sort of  a  brave  people,  when  overcome  by  inva-iion.  Our  revolutionary  fathers 
understood  thi-*.  The  p.irti^n  warfare  in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  was  of 
this  character.  The  whole  country  su-tiined  the  military  est'ibli^hmeut.  Never 
was  there  a  More  inviting  field  for  this  service  than  the  Confederacy  during 
the  war,  yet  the  invader  was  allowed  to  march  great  armies  with  at  times  no 
^molestation  at  all.  It  was  evident  that  such  warfare  was  not. germane  to  the 
spirit  of  our  people. 

7. — Cotton  Plaxtino. — As  the  war  advanced,  cotton  planting  was  very  gen- 
erally abandoned  in  the  C«»nfederacy,  and  those  who  raised  more  than  very 
trrfling  <|uantities  were  held  by  their  neighbors  in  some  odium.  Many  of  the 
States  restricted  the  cultivation  by  law,  and  the  policy  pursued  by  Congress  of 
burning  in  the  face  of  the  enemy  operated  also  as  a  (iiscouragement.  Though 
eventual  pay  was  promised,  no  one  rt'giirded  it  possible  to  obtain  it,  so  many 
provisions  being  first  nec<'S'»ary.  From  first  to  last  perhaps  one  million  of  bales 
were  destroyed  by  the  torch.  Corn,  wheat,  and  sorghum  were  the  great  and 
growing  crops  of  the  Confederacy,  with  which,  had  transportation  been  kept 
up,  the  armi«>8  could  have  been  fed  forever. 

8. — Mrs.  Phillips. — ^Thc  "  war  upon  women  and  children  "  is  richly  illustrated 
in  this  case.  Of  what  consequence  was  it  to  a  great  nation  whether  a  lady  was 
in  "good  humor"  or  "bad  humor/'  "  laughed  "  or  "  cried,**  on  the  passage  of 
a  funeral  by  her  door?  Among  gentlemen,  it  is  invariably  understood  that 
the  sex  protects  and  gives  immunity.  We  knew  this  lady  intimately.  A  gen- 
tler and  kinder  natuve  could  be  found  nowhere.  Her  ffelings  were  ever  buoyant 
and  hopeful ;  her  vivacity  and  spirit  quick;  her  wit  and  intellect  of  high  order. 
Her  heart  and  soul  were  with  the  South  and  its  cause,  and  for  this  she  would 
have  raffered  a  thousand  martyrdoms.  The  world  8t.ood  aghast'  at  the  enormi- 
ties practiced  upon  such  a  Indy  on  such  a  pretext.  Next  to  the  crime  of  Mum- 
ford,  which  caused  a  tlirill  of  horror  to  run  throu<rh  the  land,  this  was  among 
the  blackest  deeds  of  the  regime  at  New  Orleans.  Mumford  rose  to  the  rank  of 
a  hero  and  a  noartyr.  His  patent  of  nobility — his  canonization — dated  from 
that  day. 

9. — Railroads  in  toe  Confederacy. — ^They  were  still  good  at  tliis  time, 
though  requiring  constant  attention.  Accidents  were  not  yet  frequent.  Run- 
ning stock  and  locomotives  remained  in  nearly  sufficient  quantities.  All  of  this 
changed  afterwards,  as  we  shall  see.  Still  railroad  traveling  was  attended  with 
much  privation  and  suffering.  The  cars  were  always  crowded  to  suffocation. 
Everybody  seemed  afloat.  The  wonder  was  where  the  crowds  of  women  and 
children  came  from.  Add  to  these,  wounded,  discharged  or  furloughed  sol- 
diers, sharpers  and  speculators,  et  omne  genii*  :  a  seat  was  not  to  be  thought  of. 
Being  compelled  to  travel  almo!»t  constantly  in  the  service  of  the  Treasury  De- 

Eartmejit  and  the  *'  Produce  Loan  Office,"  of  which  we  shall  have  much  tor  say 
ereafter,  we  can  speak  feelingly  upon  this  subject. 

10. — ^The  Southern  Cojtfi*eaiion  Act  was  adopted  on  account  of  a  previous  act 
of  the  Federal  Confess.  The  policy  in  both  cases  was  bad,  and  without  doubt 
all  property  would  nave  been  restored  after  peace.  This  course  was  pursued 
by  the  Continental  Colonies  after  winning  their  independence,  and  to  this  course 
the  United  States  Goyernment  has  a:^in  come  in  18Hd. 

11. — SccESSioNyiLLR. — The  New  York  Tribute  correspondent  thus  spoke  of  the 
disaster  at  Secessionyille,  S.  C  ,  which  occurred  in  June: 

**Tfae  Advanced  refrinients  were  the  8lb  Michigan,  the  T9th  New  York,  and  the  7th  Oonneo- 
tieot.  There  Is  AOine  confusion  aa  tii  the  order  in  which  these  reji^iinents  camo  up  to  the  fort ; 
It  seems,  however,  from  the  liest  Infonnntlon  within  reach,  that  the  glurious  but  nnfortunato 
6th  Micbl^ran  was  the  flr&t  at  the  fort,  led  by  Its  xallunt  C  ilunel  Fonton.  The  immediate  assault 
upon  the  fort  was  not  snccessfnl,  and  the  euuse  of  failun*,  an  is  nsual  in  such  ca.<(e8.  is  difficult 
to  detcriiilne.  That  the  fort  should  have  been  taken  there  can  be  but  liitle  dwubt,  and  that  too 
with  DO  more  loss  of  life  than  actually  oecarred.     It  appears  from  the  statements  of  some  of 


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200  JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 

tbe  officers  sad  men  tn  these  regiments,  that  aboat  one-lialf  mile  from  the  fort  there  was  a  nar^ 
row  pass  throush  a  hedge,  and  the  men  were  compelled  to  pass  through  verv  few  abreast,  thus 
delaying  the  adVanoe  of  ibe  men.  The  8th  Michigan  got  through  and  pushed  on  with  great 
▼Igor  up  to  the  fort,  which  they  assaulted  with  a  shoot  Tber  woro  met  with  a  mnrderoos  fire 
from  the  fort  in  fh>nt,  and  from  flanking  batteries.  A  few  of  these  brare  boys  OTercaroe  all 
dangers  and  diffioultie.*.  and  rashlng  over  the  dead  bodies  of  their  slaughtered  comrades,  actually 
climbed  Into  the  fort;  but  it  was  impossible  for  them  to  maintain  their  ground  there  a^inst 
the  fearfnl  odds  which  opposed  them,  the  men  who  should  have  supported  them  being  delayed 
in  passing  through  the  hedge.  The  8th  was  obliged  to  fell  back  as  tbe  79th  New  York  came 
np,  led  by  the  brave  Colonel  Morrison,  who  mounted  the  walls  of  tbe  fort  and  disebarged  all 
tbe  barrels  of  bis  revolver  In  the  very  faces  of  the  enemy.  Wounded  in  the  bead  and  unsujp- 
Dorted,  he  was  obliged  to  retreat  Ab'mt  as  fiir  behind  the  79ih  as  the  79th  was  behind  toe 
9ih,came  the  7th  Connccticnt  which  also  made  a  spaimodio  and  almost  independent  effort 
Against  the  fort ;  but  was  obliged  to  fell  back.  Tbos  these  brave  regiments,  which  were  in- 
tended to  net  in  concert  as  the  advance,  went  Into  the  flghjt  one  at  a  time,  one  repulsed  and 
felling  back  as  the  other  came  up,  thus  creating  confusion  and  rendering  abortive  the  charge 
on  the  fort  at  this  tlmo.*^ 

12. — Retaliation  for  Fsdebal  ExoKSSea.— General  Lee  to  General  Halleck: 

A  general  order,  signed  by  Mi\}or-General  Pope  on  the  23d  of  July  last,  tbe  day  after  the  date 
of  the  cartel,  directs  the  murder  of  our  peaoeful  citizens  as  spies,  if  found  quietly  tilling  their 
farms,  in  his  rear,  even  ontside  of  his  lines. 

And  one  of  his  brigadier-generals  (Steinwehr)  bos  seized  innocent  and  peacefol  inhabitants^ 
to  be  held  as  hostages,  to  the  end  that  they  may  bo  murdered  in  cold  blood  if  any  one  of  his 
soldiers  are  killed  by  some  unknown  persons  whom  he  designates  as  **  bushwhaokers.*'  Some 
of  tbe  military  authorities  seem  to  suppose  that  their  end  will  be  better  attained  by  a  savage 
war,  in  which  no  quarter  Is  to  be  given  and  no  age  or  sex  Is  to  be  spared,  than  by  such  hos- 
tilities as  are  alone  recognized  to  be  lawful  in  modem  times.  We  find  ourselves  driven  by  onr 
enemies  by  steady  progress  towards  a  practice  which  we  abhor,  and  which  we  are  vainly  strug- 
gling to  avoid. 

Under  these  oircnmstaneos  this  government  has  Issned  the  accompanying  order,  which  I  am 
directed  by  tbe  President  to  transmit  to  you,  reoognizing  Major-Qeneral  Pope  and  his  com- 
missioned ofiloers  to  be  in  the  position  which  they  have  chosen  for  themselves,  that  of  rob- 
bers and  mnrderers,  and  not  that  of  public  enemies,  entitled,  if  captured,  to  be  treated  a» 
prisoners  of  war. 

13^  Another  Horbibls. — We  find  in  a  letter  from  Texas,  published  in  tbe 
Cincinnati  Commercial,  the  following  paragraph,  which  shows  by  what  fanati- 
cism, ignorance,  and  lies  the  fires  were  kept  up.  "  Negroes  burnt  alive  I T 
Shades  of  Clarkson  and  Wilberforce,  and  hereafter  of  Charles  Sumner  : 

Ah,  my  dear  S ,  with  what  satisfectlon  have  I  escaped  ttom  that  region  of  tyranny  and 

oppression  I  The  history  of  this  impious  war,  for  ^'  the  extension  and  perpetuity  of  slavery,^* 
will  never  be  fully  written.  No  one  oan  tell  it  all  What  blind  rage  and  hate  I  New  Orleans 
Is  taken.  Well,  yon  who  live  far  away  cannot  comprehend  the  deliriam  this  has  raised.  Be- 
fore snrrend(^rlng  It,  the  planters  bnrued  their  cotton,  their  sugar,  their  steam  cotton-preseea^ 
and  their  roflnerie&  Thev  preferred  this  to  confiscation  and  the  thought  that  their  goods 
wonld  enrich  their  enemies.  Bnt— shame  and  crime  nni)eralleled->^ey  also  bnmed  their 
slaves.  Think  of  the  degree  of  insane  fury  to  which  they  were  carried.  They  preferred  to 
barn  their  slaves  rather  than  see  them  emancipated.  Those  who  commit  this  atrocity — un- 
paralleled in  history,  particularly  because  it  did  not  hurt  their  enemies— those  who  did  this 
deed,  called  their  inoffensive  blacks  to<fether,  and  sent  them  into  the  workshops,  and  locked 
the  doors ;  tbe  fire  was  lighted  and  quickly  did  Its  work,  while  the  roasters  waited  outside  to 
sho<it  with  their  rifles  the  child,  the  old  man,  the  wonuuo,  or  any  who  might  leap  from  the 
windows  or  roof  to  escape  the  dreadful  flames. 

14. — ^Thb  Ram  Arkansas. — ^For  the  moYement  aeainst  Baton  Rouge  thisyessel 
was  entirely  at  the  time  unfitted.  Her  noble  and  gallant  Commander  Brown 
protested  against  the  attempt  in  her  then  condition,  but  it  wa?  of  no  avail.  Her 
machiner}'  was  incapable  of  the  service  demanded,  and  many  wild  hopes  were 
oheri^ied  tliat  she  would  sweep  the  Mississippi  to  the  nooutb,  destroy  the  Federal 
fleet  at  New  Orleans  and  open  the  blockade,  which  were  all  very  soon  dashed 
to  the  ground.  Her  exploit  above  Yicksburg  la  thus  celebrated  in  a  letter  pub- 
lished at  the  North,  and  dated  from  on  board  the  United  States  steamer  Rich- 
mond.   The  writer  says : 

**  Aronnd  us  lay  the  combined  power  of  flag-ofQcer  Farragut*s  and  I>avls*s  fleets.  Frigates, 
gunboat^  iron-plated  boats,  wooden  rams  and  iron-cased  rams,  were  anchored  along  the  bank 
ri*r  a  mile  and  a  bait  And  blowly  steaming  along  the  hollow  of  a  bend  in  the  river  just  above 
us  was  a  long,  low,  dull,  red,  floating  object.     She  showed  neither  flag  nor  sign  of  life. 

A  conple  of  gunboats  were  anchored  anead  of  us,  but  being  the  first  of  the  mrge  ships,  we  all 
supposeo  we  wonld  be  tbe  first  object  of  attack. 

ller  conrse  also  seemed  to  indicate  it.  Two  of  our  gnnboats  now  fired.  The  Arkansas 
answered,  taking  off  one  man's  head  and  wounding  three  others.  I  saw  her  pass  the  gnnboats. 
I  looked  for  some  vessel  moving  to  attack  her.  Not  one  stirred ;  only  one  man  had  steam  up 
on  his  vessel.    We  believe  he  could  .have  sank  her,  yet  be  did  not  move  a  finger  t>eeaQse  he 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  201 

*dld  not  reeelTe  orders.*  He  shonld  be  conrt-mftrtlaled  and  dismlraed  In  disgrace.  He  was 
orged  to  Attack  her,  bat  he  wasnot<'qiinl  to  his  dnty.  and  he  sboald  not  be  trusted  with  a  ship 
any  longer.  Eren  the  charges  had  been  withdrawn  from  oar  guns  in  oarfkncied  secnrlty,  and 
there  was  not  sofflcient  time  to  load  them  all. 

Slowlj,  steadily,  gallantly,  the  rebel  ram  kept  on  her  way.  as  thongh  she  belooi^ed  to  ns^  and 
was  quietly  ehoo«Ing  an  anchorage.  She  was  now  approaching  u^  and  as  all  the  best  of  the 
crew  had  been  at  their  quarters  some  time  I  was  obliited  to  sro  to  mine. 

I  sat  down  and  *  coolly*  awaited  the  blow  I  know  must  sink  us.  In  a  few  minutes  oar  guns 
were  flred  In  qni(^  succession.    I  waited,  but  no  crash  followed. 

I  went  on  deck  and  saw  the  ram  slowly  floating  below  uninjured.  Out  solid,  wroaght-lron 
w^und  shot  bad  been  shattered  to  pieces  against  her  iron-clad  sides,  less  than  a  hundred  yards 
distrnt  The  Benton,  Hartford,  and  gunboats  below  us,  ponred  a  perfect  shower  of  balls  upon 
her.  But  she  was  like  adamant.  It  did  not  even  hasten  her  speed,  and  prondly  she  turned  a 
point,  disappeared  from  sight,  and  anchored  under  the  batteries  and  Vicksbui^.  I  doubt 
whether  such  a  feat  has  eyer  before  been  accomplished,  and  whoever  commanded  her  should 
be  known  and  honorod.  And  whr  was  she  successful  ?  By  reason  of  the  stupidity  of  our 
leaders,  and  because  we  were  caught  napping,  lliere  is  a  rather  vulgar  expression  which  ex- 
1  our  plight  exactly,  but  I  shall  not  allude  to  it  further." 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

1.— THE  LUMBER  BUSINESS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

This  vast  and  growing  interest  is  deserving  of  the  gravest  consideration  by 
capitalists  who  desire  to  invest  in  Southern  lands.  Our  wliole  Southern  coun- 
try is  one  vast  field  for  enterpHse  in  this  department.  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
Florida,  Alabama,  and  the  Carolinas,  offer  millicns  of  acr*^  of  the  nnest  timber  in 
the  world.     So  of  Arkansas  and  Texas.     Upon  this  subject  a  contemporary  says : 

"  The  lumber  business  in  the  South,  especially  in  Southwest  Georgia  and 
Florida,  is  assuming  proportions  almost  incredible. 

'*  Sinee  the  surrender,  no  other  employment  of  labor  and  capital  has  proven 
so  certainly  and  largely  remunerative.  Indeed,  there  is  no  other  business  at- 
tended with  so  little  risk  and  so  certain  a  remuneration.  The  capital  employed 
is  inyested  chiefly  in  mules,  wagons,  mills,  and  their  appurtenAnces,  which  con- 
stantly appreciate,  rather  than  depreciate,  in  value ;  and  they  can  be  reconverted 
into  money  at  any  hour.  The  investment  pays  a  certain  cash  return  from  the 
hour  it  is  made.  .It  requires  but  a  few  days  to  transfer  the  pine-tree  in  the  for- 
e«t  to  lumber  on  shipboard,  worth  from  twenty-five  to  forty-five  doUas  per 
ihouMnd. 

"  Almost  the  whole  world  is  dependent  upon  the  section  above  named  for  its 
supply  of  yellow  pine.  This, fact  was  abundantly  evidenced  in  the  immense 
orders  that  were  crowding  upon  the  Southern  ports  before  tlie  late  war.  Five 
years  of  embargo  upon  the  trade  have  now  increased  the  demand  beyond  any 
possibility  of  supply,  even  with  the  immense  preparations  that  are  being  made 
to  meet  it.  So  that  those  who  have  already  embarked,  or  who  are  preparing 
to  embark  in  the  business,  need  entertain  no  fear,  for  twenty  years,  of  surfeit- 
ing the  market.  Nor  need  any  apprehension  be  entertained  tliat  the  supply  of 
pine  will  be  exhausted  for  double  that  length  of  time. 

"  Such  timber  grows  not  in  the  world  as  is  found  in  Southwest  Georgia  and  all 
over  the  State  of  Florida.  Indeed,  the  fine  yellow  pine  which  is  found  here  is 
found  only  in  a  few  other  localities,  and  sparsely  there. 

"During  a  recent  visit  to  that  Georgia  metropolis  in  embryo — Brunswick — 
we  were  amazed  at  the  magnitude  of  operations  in  progress  to  meet  the  over- 
whelming demand  for  lumber  at  that  point.  It  is  said  that  the  order*  already 
in  hand  cannot  be  filled  for  two  years.  Several  splendid  mills  are  already  in 
operation,  some  twelve  are  being  built,  and  perhaps  double  that  number  are 
*  prospected.'  General  J.  B.  Gordon,  whose  energy  and  courage  told  with 
such  stunning  effect  during  the  war,  was  the  pioneer,  and  is  the  ruling  spirit 
in  this  gigantic  enterprise  at  Brunswick. 

"Fully  twenty  millions  of  feet  of  lumber  will  be  shipped  from  that  port  alone 
this  season,  and  when  the  mills  are  all  completed  this  amount  will  be  so  immeas- 
urably increased  as  to  make  Savannah  and  other  Georgia  seaport  cities  tremble 
at  sight  of  the  shipping  that  will  crowd  the  unsurpassed  port  of  Brunswick, 


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202 


DEPARTMENT  OP  COMMERCE. 


"  We  have  not  yet  In  our  possession  the  exact  stalidtical  infonDAtion  which  we 
have  been  M^ekins^  with  reffrence  to  the  lumber  prospects  of  Feriiandiiia,  Jack- 
Bonvill**,  Ce«)iir  Kfya.  Ac. ;  hut  from  personal  observation  we  make  up  the  fol- 
lowing jiiiiiimrtrv.  invitini^  our  readers  at  those  points  to  con'tct  any  errora  that 
may  appt-ar,  Hud  to  furnish  us  farther  infonnntion  : 

"  At  Fernandin'i.  we  should  suppose  there  were  as  many  as  ten  milts,  either 
built  or  in  course  of  erection  ;  at  Jackson vil it*,  not  le»«  tlian  twenty-five,  (In 
this  estimate  fire  included  ail  mills  adjact^nt  and  those  tributary,  on  the  rail- 
road and  on  the  St.  Johns,  whose  shipments  pass  through  Jackson vi)l<*.) 

"  At  Cedar  Keys  (and  tributary  to  it)  we  should   put  the  number  at  twelve. 

"Then,  be^idfS  these  pnunin<>!it  points,  there  are  steam  saw-mills  without 
'number  scHtternl  about  over  the  country — the  most  of  them  sending  their  lum- 
ber abroad— such  as  the  many  around  Lake  City,  Live  Oak,  St.  Marks,  James* 
Island,  on  the  Chtittahoochee,*Chipoln,  and  other  streams. 

"The  innumerable  streams  which  make  abnost  a  network  of  the  map  of 
Florida  are  accessible  avenues  to  forests  interminable.^ 

2.— THE  PROSPERITY  OF  MEMPHIS. 

No  city  in  the  "West  is  increasing  with  more  rapid  strides  than  Mempdis.  Her 
enterprise  and  spirit  are  admirable.  She  is  projectin!;  railroads  into  every 
quarter.     Hfr  march  is  steady  and  onward.     It  is  stated  ou  hi^h  authority  : 

"There  are  probably  more  houses  in  the  cour:»e  of  construction  in  Memphis 
at  the  prei«ent  time  than- at  any  previous  period  in  the  hist«»ry  of  the  city.  A 
person  may  go  in  every  direction,  and  new  houses  and  buildings  of  every  de- 
scription ^pri^^il)g  up  will  meet  his  eye.  We  notice,  however,  that  but  few 
bouses  are  b>'iiig  constructed  that  would  be  most  useful  to  the  mechanic  as  a 
residence.  Mempiiis  is  really  m<ire  in  need  of  small  cottages  thftt  will  rent  at 
a  reasonable  price  than  probably  any  city  in  America.  This  has  a  bad  ten- 
dency t(»wapd8  bringing  the  workin<;man  to  our  city,  as  they  cannot  afford  to 
pay  the  eiiurmous  rents  which  are  being  asked.  Houses  far  from  the  centre  of 
the  city,  only  of  decent  siste — say  four  or  five  rooms — are  comnianding  fifty 
dollars  per  month,  and  more.  Memphis  is  very  pro:*perou3  in  her  growth  at 
present,  but  if  our  capitalists  desire  to  have  this  prosperity  continued,  they  will 
nave  to  look  to  this  matter  and  act  on  it^ 

8.— COMMERCE  OF  LOUISVILLE— 1866-6. 

Articles.  Qaantttf.  YAlne. 

AleokAl,  l>bls. 985  $187JfO 

ikpplea.  frreen,  bbis ....  84  649  »6  482 

Do.  dried,  pkg- 2.423  4,8.'J6 

Ale  and  Bt-er,  bbis  ....  82,dU8  29.\98i 

Bagf^ng  pieei'S 14,586  489,488 

Bariey,  bushels 178,670  228.843 

Bran,         do 12,083  24,010 

Butter,  pks. 10,005  400,2(M) 

Bale  ropo,  oils.    18,698  206.257 

Coal,  bushels 15,946.250  8816,462 

Cauie.hcad 7T,169  6,118620 

Cement,  bbis 8,142  10.824 

Cheese,  pksrs 87,096  409,2ii0 

Older,  bbis 2,161  21,210 

GolTee,  cacks. 48,5i4  2,10;.0<i0 

C?oopcnurc,  pkgs 2^,055  M,1 84 

Corn,  bash G5s,5l0  44s,l67 

Oorn  meal,  ]>kgs. 8  4SS  a8»5 

Cotton,  I iaIos 66.S28  18,9«6,750 

Cotton  yarntspkgs...  .  12,8^7  495.640 

Crockery  ware,  crates . .  8,888  288,575 

Ctod}o^  boxes K984  162.140 

Drugs,  pkirs..     ..' 419S5  9,22'\0»0 

Egjpspkgs 4,886  1«6,0«K) 

Flax-seed,  sacks 1 1,700  88,500 

Feathers,  Mioks 8.64)8  l!-4,)60 

Fish,  pkgs 16,n9  199.621 

Fish,  kill*,  &a 16,861  48,539 

Floor,  bbis 109.690  1,001,200 

Froitapkgs. 68,722  687,720 


Articles. 

QoAntUr. 

Valne. 

Olass^pkgs.      

Hay,bnlo8.  

50568 

8428.800 

105,6H) 

816,800 

Hiirdware,  pkgs 

249,b84 

8,49S,840 

Hi'inn,  l>al«-s 

11,(M6 

675,200 

Hides,  bdl8,&o 

61,825 

248,706 

Hoifs,  head 

148,842 

8,774,066 

Horst'S  nnd  mules,  No.. 

10,095 

1,049,586 

H«ipa,pkg» 

695 

21,168 

Iron,  pes.  bdls.  4be 

209,706 

1.048,680 

In»n.  uiir.  tons 

15,000 

750,000 

i!l,d.*i>kVs .::.:::.:: 

11,9^8 

181,090 

Lftither,  rolls 

5912 
«.>7« 
8,617 

151,584 

Lard,  tcs 

290.000 

LkhI,  kegs 

68,166 

LuniNr,  M 

Lime,  bl.lH 

8,9«i,45T 

1,50««,000 

8,V85 

12.84T 

l^tJbnSieuV.'.*.*.'*!'.*; 
Merchandise,  pks 

4R,<57 

2,600,000 

67,8^8 

107,818 

689,619 

68,9.11.900 

Mtdasses  and  8yrDp,bbls 

89508 

J. 866  976 

Nolls,  kegs  

44.824 

281,681 

oil,  l.l.ls 

l&.l'i5 

1,412,680 

Otits,  but>helB 

282,264 

141,246 

OHkum,  ^«les 

1.089 
144,487 

84,965 

PotatiK'S,  buhhels 

148,580 

Pork  imd  baotn,  casks 

and  tcs. 

6.816 
7.68t 

661,600 

Pork  and  bacon,  bbis. . . 

887,154 

pork  and  bacon,  pkgs. . 

86i00 

116,888 

Bye,  bushels 

tjm 

6,740 

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DEPASTMENT  OF  COMMBBCB. 


203 


ArtldMb  QnantltT. 

Botio,  bb»« ft60 

Sope and  twine,  pkgs..  S,I18 

Rlce,pkff8 1,«61 

8pl<«^pk?8w 1&27 

8andrif  is  pkgs 1^>,707 


Sagtr,  hhd0. 
Sugar,  bbl8.,&c. 
8hf^p,  ht^.  .. 
Balubbis  ..     .. 

Seed,  i.k|f8 

Potp.  bX8. 

Starch,  bxs 

Shinglt^  M.... 
Tobacoo,  hhda.. 


^419 

U,\9S 

161.298 
1«,U12 
1(i.6lH 
12,086 
14.<)^5 
48,677 


Valn€. 

$20,110 

8^2,086 

89,240 

74.075 

81,643,420 

1,04:2,400 

2,678  860 

806,oei2 

61.\178 

8M,800 

91,018 

U,260 

a^,624 

6,519,899 


Articles. 
Tobaco,  bvxus,  Ae..,, 

Tea,  pkK8 

Tallow,  bbla. 

Tar,  pkga 

Turpentine  and  vartiiBh, 

Plig» 

Wbtskev,  bMs 

Wbent,  onBbela 

1V<H»1,  sacks. 

Wine,  barrels  and  pkga. 
White  load,  kegs. 


Qoantltv. 

10,860 

8,8S8 

2,a25 

^0a9 

1,172 
21  (►U 
87.986 
2894 
6  744 
15,719 


YaloA. 
16^2,860 

880,140 
98,802 

104,516 

104940 
1,HS8,860 
757,882 
188,.' 28 
670.880 
155,960 


ToUl  receipts. $212,076,254 


4.— PETROLEUM  A3  AN  ELEMENT  OF  NATIONAL  WEALTH. 

What  troapiires  aHiipted  fiir  human  me  still  lie  pecreted  in  tht*  bosom  of  the 
eirth  undi^overed,  is  a  matfer  about  which  wc  are  prof*Mindly  ignorant.  The 
recent  dincovery  of  petntleum,  and  its  adaptation  to  the  vnrious  purposes  of 
life,  is  one  of  the  moAt  extraurdinary  events  in  history.  It  is  not  probable  that 
the  fi«^d  of  difcovery  is  now  exhan^ted,  and  that  in  petroleum  Njiture  has  yield- 
ed up  the  iHst  of  her  hidden  secrets,  held  in  reserve  for  the  future  use  of  roan, 
but  that  other  objects  of  utility  equally  wondnrful  remain  yet  undeveloped. 

The  progress  of  petroleum,  as  an  article  of  trade,  has  no  parallel,  and  its 
present  im j>ortance  a&  an  elemeut  of  wealth  to  our  own  country  cannot  Jiie  over- 
mtfd,  and  will  favorably  compare  with  any  other  branch  of  industry.  A  few 
year*  ago  it  could  hardly  be  said  to  be  an  article  of  demand,  much  less  of  ex- 
port; now  two  millions  (»f  barrets  per  year  are  an  insufficl'Ut  pupp'j*.  The 
following  8t:iteinent  gives  the  production,  export  and  price  of  this  ariicle  for  the 
last  five  years: 

Average  price  In  N.  Y. 


Ift61 . . . . 

. .      600.t»00  bbls. 

1862.... 

..  1,00(M»00    •* 

18fi8 

..   ?,00«».000    " 

1864.... 

..  2,180.04K)    " 

1865 

..   2,800,000    " 

Export 

Orml«. 

Reflnnd. 

80,(100  bbla 

— 

61* 

272.192    " 

2.^ 

86| 

V06.268    " 

28 

44i 

7«68i4    " 

411 

64t 

746,138    " 

88|. 

69 

6._XJ.  S.  STAMP  DUTIES. 


[Oin.  Commercial. 


It  will  be  a  matter  of  constant  convenience  to  our  readers  to  have  before 
them  in  compact  form  the  provisions  of  the  National  Stamp  Act,  which  so  inti- 
mately amnects  itself  with  the  events  of  our  every  day-life.  It  will  be  valua- 
ble always  for  reference. 

Stamp  DaHe*  Jmpotsd by  Ado/ Ooh^/'ess,  March  Bd,  1865,  which  took  effect  April  1, 
1865. 

lostmments  are  not  to  ho  recorded  unless  properly  stamped. 
V No  Instrument  is  Invalid  for  the  vmnt  of  tbe  pNirtioiilar  kind  of  stamp  designated,  provided 
alrcal  stamp  «>f  cqiul  amoant  (except  Proprietary  ^i'amps)  is  dniy  afBxml. 

All  oOiclai  Insirutnents.  ducumeiita  ancl  pnpers  issued  or  nsvd  by  olScers  of  tbe  United 
States  Oitveriiiiu'nt,  are  exempt  fn>m  dnty. 

In  all  CAM'S  wbere  an  adhesive  stamp  sball  be  used  for  denotinir  any  dnty  Imposed  by  this 
let,  tbe  penxm  nsing  or  affixing  the  same  shall  write  therenp«>n  tbe  Initials  of  his  name,  and 
tbedattf  n(M>n  which  the  snme  sball  be  attached  or  used, so  that  the  sauie  may  not  be  used 
again,  under  penulty  of  $50. 

IiMtrament<«  her.t<ifore  issued  without  stamps  n^t  to  bo  void  where  stamp  is  snbseqaently 
affixed.    Pu5tafre  stamps  cannot  be  nsed  as  Ke venue  stamps 

Any  person  may  present  to  the  Commissioner  of  Iniemal  Revenue  any  instrument,  and  re- 
quire his  opinion  whether  the  s:ime  is  cb.trgeabio  with  any  dnty ;  and  if  the  said  Commis- 
sioner fhall  be  ff  opinion  that  it  Is  not  chanieabie  with  any  stamp  duly,  he  is  required  to  im- 
press on  ft  A  particubir  stamp,  with  wnrdn  to  si^miry  that  It  is  not  obarffeable  with  stamp  duty ; 
and  every  iii«tniinent  on  which  Kai«l  stamp  is  iii»pre»<ed  shall  be  reo«'lvod  In  evidence  in  all 
eonrts,  notwithstanding  objections  on  the  ground  of  such  Instrument  being  without  tbe  proper 
stamp. 

Tbe  party  to  whom  a  document  Is  tssned  from  a  foreisfn  country,  or  bv  whom  It  Is  to  be 
ued,  shall,*  before  oaliig  tbe  same,  at&z  tbereoa  the  stamp  or  stamps  indloatiug  the  duty  re* 
qvirtd. 


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201:  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMEBCE. 

Proprietors  of  Cosmetio^  Medldaea,  or  Proprietary  Articles,  nifty  famish  private  dies,  to  be 
approv«d  by  the  Cooimisdoner,  and  are  allowed  5  per  cent,  on  all  porobases  of  $500;  oyer 
•OUO,  10  per  coot 

AgretmefU, 
Other  than  those  mentioned  In  this  schedule  (or  any  appraisement)  for  every  sheet  or  $  cts. 

piece  of  paper  on  which  It  is  written 05 

Appraisement  of  valae  or  dauiago,  or  contract * .  • .  •        05 

Bill  of  Exchan^ty  fortign. 

Drawn  In  but  payable  out  of  the  United  States,  if  drawn  singly  or  otherwise  than  in  a 
set  of  three  or  more — same  as  loUind  bills  of  exchange. 

Drawn  in  seU  of  three  or  more,  for  every  bill  of  each  set,  where  the  sum  made  payable 
shall  not  exceed  $100,  or  equivalent  thereof,  In  any  foreign  currency  in  which  such 
bills  may  be  express^ 08 

For  every  additional  |lu0,  or  fiactlonal  part  thereof  in  excess  of  $100 02 

BUI  of  Exchange^  inland. 

Draft  or  order  for  the  payment  of  any  sum  of  money,  not  exceeding  $100,  otherwise  than 
at  sight  or  on  demand,  or  Promissory  Notes,  except  Bank  Notes  and  Checks;  or  any 
memorandnm,  check,  receipt  or  other  written  or  piinted  evidence  of  an  amount  of 
money  to  be  paid  on  demand  or  at  a  time  designated,  for  a  snm  not  exceeding  $100. .        06 

For  every  addidonal  $100,  or  fhM^onal  part  In  excess  of  $100 *  05 

BiUofSaU, 
Bills  of  sale,  by  which  any  ship  or  ressel,  or  any  part  thereof,  shall  be  conveyed  to  or 
vested  in  other  person  or  persons,  when  the  consideration  shall  not  exceed  $wO  stamp 

duty 50 

Do,  when  the  conslderatl  m  exceeds  $500  and  does  not  exceed  $1,000 1  00 

Exceeding  $1,000  for  everv  additional  amount  of  $500  or  firactionai  part  thereof. 60 

Personal  property  othtr  than  ships  or  vessels 50 

Bill  of  Lading. 
For  goods  and  merohandise  exported  to  foreign  port,  other  than  charter  party,  each.. .       10 

Bonds 

Of  indemnity— where  the  penalty  is  $1,000  or  less 60 

Where  the  penalty  exceeds  $1,000,  for  every  additional  $1,000  or  fractional  part  in  exoosa 

of  $1,000.V..... :...... 60 

For  the  due  execution  of  the  dntles  of  any  office 100 

Of  any  description  other  than  such  as  may  be  required  in  legal  proceedings,  or  used  in 

connection  with  mortgage  deeds,  and  not  otherwise  charged  in  this  schedule 85 

Certificate, 

Other  than  those  mentioned 06 

Pawners*  Checks 05 

Certificate  for  Damage. 

Fora  sum  not  exceeding  $100 09 

Exceeding  $100 05 

Certificate  of  Profits. 

In  any  Incorporated  Company,  for  an  amount  not  less  than  $10,  nor  e  ceedlng  $50 15 

From$60to>I,0;H) .V/.. «5 

Exceeding  $1,0U0,  for  every  additional  $1,000,  or  fractional  {lort  thereof 95 

Certificate  of  Stock. 
In  Incorporated  Company 25 


CharUr  Party, 

Or  any  letter  or  memorandum  reUting  to  the  charter  of  any  vessel    If  the  registered 

tonnage  does  not  exceed  160  tons 1  00 

Prom  160  to  800  tons 8  00 

From  800  to  600  tons 5  00 

Over  600  tons 10  00 

Checks,  Drafts  or  Orders. 

For  any  amount  on  an v  Bank.  Broker  or  Trust  Companv,  at  siffht  or  on  demand 02 

For  an  amount  exceeding  $lO  on  any  other  than  a  Bank,  Banker  or  Trust  Company,  at 
sight  or  deman d 02 

Contracts. 
Contracts,  Broker's  Note,  of  memorandum  of  sale  of  any  goods  or  merchandise,  stocks, 
bonds,  exchange,  notes  of  hand,  real  estate  or  property  ot  any  kind  or  description  issued 
by  Brokers,  or  persons  acting  as  such 10 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  205 

Conveyance  or  Deed  of  Grant, 

Where  the  consldentlon  or  valne  does  not  exceed  $500 60 

From  $000  to  $1,000 1  00 

And  for  every  additional  $500,  or  fractional  part  thereof;  in  excess  of  $1,000 50 

Entry  of  Ooode. 

At  Cnatom-Hoose,  not  exceeding  in  Talne  $100 25 

Trom$1UOto$500 5U 

Exceeding  $500 1  00 

For  the  withdrawal  of  goods  from  bonded  warehonae 50 

Oaoger's  retnms,  if  for  a  qnantltj  not  exceeding  500  gallons  gross  10 

Exceeding  600  gallons  gross 26 

Lease. 

Where  the  rent  is  $800  or  less 50 

Where  the  rent  exceeds  $800,  for  each  additional  $800  or  firaotlon  ^f  $800 60 

Assignment  of  a  lease,  same  stamp  as  original,  and  additional  stamp  apon  the  value  or 
consideration  of  transfer,  aocordinpto  the  rates  of  stamps  on  Deeds.  (See  Conveyance.) 

Manifest  for  Entry ,  Clearance. 

Ofcargoof  vessel  for  foreign  port,  if  tonnage  does  not  exceed  800  tons 100 

From  800  to  600 8  00 

Exceeding  600 5  00 

Measurer*  s  Returns. 

If  for  a  qnantltv  not  exceeding  1,000  bushels 10 

Exeeoding  1,000  bashels 25 

Mortgage  or  Personal  Bonds. 

Given  as  seenrity  for  the  payment  of  any  definite  sum  from  $100  to  $500 50 

Exceeding  $500  and  not  excoeding  $1,000 1  00 

For  every  additional  $600  or  fractional  port  thereof,  in  excess  of  $100 60 

ProvidedU  That  npon  each  and  every  assignment  or  transfer  of  a  mortgage,  lease,  or 
policy  of  insurance,  or  the  renewal  or  continuance  of  any  agreement,  contract  or  charter 
by  letter  or  otherwise,  a  stamp  duty  shall  be  required  and  paid,  equal  to  that  imposed 
on  the  original  instrument. 

Protest  of  Note^  Drafts  dc. 

On  Marine  Protest,  Ac 25 

Piissage  Ticket. 

To  a  foreign  port,  if  of  less  price  than  $85 60 

From  $85  to  $50 1  00 

And  for  every  additional  $50,  or  fractional  part  thereof  in  excess  of  $50 1  00 

Playing  Cards, 

For,  and  apon  every  pack  of  whatever  number  when  the  retail  price  does  not  exceed  18 

cents. 02 

Over  18  and  not  exceeding  25  cents 04 

Over  25  and  not  exceeding  60  cents 10 

Over  60  Cents  and  not  exceeding  $1 16 

Exceeding  $1,  each  additional  M  cents  in  excess  of  $1 05 

,     Policy  of  Insurance. 

On  any  llfSe  or  lives,  where  the  amount  insured  does  not  exceed  $1,000 26 

From  $1,000  to  $5,000 60 

Exceeding  $5,000 1  00 

firaand  Marino  Risks,  Premiums  not  exceeding  $10 10 

Premiums  not  exceeding  $50 S5 

Exceeding  $50 50 

Potoer  of  Attorney. 

To  transfer  stock,  bonds  or  scrip— to  collect  dividends,  interest  or  rent 25 

To  vote  by  proxy,  except  In  charitable,  religions,  literary  and  cemetery  societies 25 

Tosellor  lease  real  estate,  and  perform  all  other  acts  not  specified 1  00 

For  any  other  purpose • 50 

Pi-obate  of  Willf  or  Letter  of  Administration. 

Where  the  estate  does  not  exceed  the  value  of  $2,000 1  00 

For  exerj  additional  $1,000,  or  firactional  part  In  excess  of  $2,000 50 

Proprietary  Medicines^  Cosmetics^  t&c. 

Notover25  cento 01 

Not  over  50  cents 02 

Kotov6r75  cents  03 

Not  over  $1 M 

For  every  additional  50  cents,  or  fraction  thereof 02 


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206  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

Friction  Matches,  or  anj  articles  made  In  part  of  wood,  io  packagos  containing  100 

matclies.  ^r  less (tt 

When  In^rcfls  or  piicliages,  containing  more  than  100,  and  not  more  than  200,  for  each 

parcel  or  pneicaflre 01 

And  for  every  ailditiunal  lliO  matches  and  (htctiooal  part  thereof 01 

For  all  cigar  lights  and  wax  tapers,  double  the  rates  herein  imposed  opon  friction  or  la- 

cifer  matches. 
Photoirrai'lis.  Ambrotypes,  Dagnerreotjpes,  &c,  on  each  pletnre  when  the  retail  price 

shall  net  exceed  25  cents OS 

From  29  to  50  cents 08 

From  60  c»  ntb  to  $1 06 

Photographs  exceeding  $1,  for  each  additional  $1  or  fraction 05 

Beceipt. 

Beceipts  for  the  payment  of  any  snm  of  monay,  or  for  the  payment  of  any  debt  doe,  ex- 
ceeding |20.  not  beinp  for  satisfiiction  of  any  mortgage  or  Judgment,  or  decree  of  a 
Court  and  a  receipt  the  delivery  of  any  property 08 

Warehouse  Receipt, 

Warehoose  receipt  for  property,  froods.  wares  or  merchandise,  not  otherwise  prorided 
for.  in  any  public  or  private  warehoose,  when  the  property  or  goods  so  deiioailed  ur 

stored  shall  n«>t  exceed  in  vaine  $500 ; 10 

Kxceedinsin  value  fftcOand  not  exceeding  $1,000 SO 

Exceeding  in  value  $1,000,  for  every  additttinai  $1,000 10 

Warehouse  receijit  for  any  goods,  merchandise,  or  property  if  any  kind  not  otherwise 
provided  for,  held  on  storage  In  any  public  or  private  warehouse  oryard 86 

Weigheri^  Return. 

Weighers^  retnrns,  weight  not  exceeding  6,000  ponnds 10 

Exceeding  5,000  pounds SO 

WrU. 

Writ 80 

Where  the  amount  clnimed  in  a  writ,  issued  by  a  court  not  of  record.  Is  $10n,  or  over.. .        60 
Upon  every  confession  of  Judgment,  or  Cftgnovit  for  $100  or  over,  (except  in  tlM»ee  cases 

where  the  lax  for  the  writ  of  a  commend^ment  of  suit  has  l^een  paid) 00 

Writs  or  other  process  on  Hfifieald  from  Justices*  courts  or  other  ouurts  of  Inferior  J orls- 

diciion  to  a  court  of  recora 60 

Warrant  of  distress,  when  the  amount  of  rent  oUdmed  does  not  exceed  $100 00 

Exemptions, 

No  stomp  dnty  shall  be  required  on  powers  of  attorney,  or  any  other  paper  relatinir  to  a- 
plication  for  Iwiuntles,  arrearages  of  pay,  or  pensions,  or  to  the  receipt  thereof  from  Ume  to 
time;  or  upon  ticliets  or  contracts  <»f  InKumnce  when  limited  to  injury  to  perstms  while  trsT* 
eling:  nor  on  certificates  of  the  measurement  or  weight  of  animMla.  winnI,  coal,  or  otbirar* 
ticles,  nor  on  «lepoAite  notes  to  mutual  insurance  companies  for  the  insnninoe  u(Min  whkdi 
policies  snl  Ject  to  slanip  duties  have  been  or  are  to  be  issued;  nor  on  any  warrant  of  attor- 
ney accompanylnff  a  bonti  or  note,  when  such  bond  or  note  shall  have  annexetl  thereto  the 
stamp  or  stam|Hi  denoting  the  duty  required ;  and  whenever  any  bond  or  note  shall  be 
secured  by  a  nH»rtgaffe,  but  one  stamp  duiy  tha!l  be  required  to  be  placed  on  siich  paiiera;  nor 
on  any  certificate  of  the  rectmi  of  n  deed  or  other  instrument  in  writing,  <*r  of  the  acknowl- 
edgment or  proof  thereof  by  attending  witnesses;  nor  to  any  endorsement  of  a  negotiable  in- 
strument. 

Pr<ftidtd,T\\aX  the  slnrop  dnty  placed  thereon  shall  be  the  highest  rato  required  tw  said  la- 
stmments,  or  either  of  them. 

The  stamp  duties  <»n  Passage  Tickets.  Bills  of  Lading,  and  Manifests,  do  nut  extend  to  vet- 
sels  pljing  Ww^en  ports  or  places  in  the  United  Status, and  ports  or  places  in  Eiiiish  North 
America. 

Beceipts  by  expn'U  companies  for  the  delivery  of  any  property  for  transportation  are  ex- 
Mnpt  fhim  stump  duty. 

Binaliiea.     • 

Penalty  for  making,  signing,  or  issnintrany  instmraent,  docnment  or  paper  of  any  kind  what- 
ever, without  the  saute  beinit  liuly  stiuiipeii,  for  denoting  the  duty  hereby  Imitused  ihercon<— 
$60;  and  the  instrument  hbati  be  deemed  invalid  and  of  no  effect;  or  t««r  ot»unlerreit!og stamps 
or  dle9 — $1,000;  and  iinpns<»nuieiit  to  hard  labor  not  exceeding  Ave  years.  For  iimking,  algn- 
ing.  issuinjr,  acceptiiif.  or  paying  any  Bill  of  Kxciiaiige,  Draft.  Order  or  Note,  wkhvut  btamp 
—$900.  For  selling  Piupi  ieuiry  Coetmetics.  Matches,  Photographs,  Ac,  wiihout  proper  atamps 
— $10.    Fur  removing  stamps  on  these  articles— $50. 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS.     207 

DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERITAL  IMPROYEMESTS. 

1.— SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD. 

At  the  meeting  In  Loaisville,  on  23d  ult.«  of  the  stockholdero  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad,  tlie  following  reeolutions  were  adopted: 

Jtesoivedf  That  tlie  resulutions  passed  at  the  general  meeting  of  the  stockhold- 
ers of  the  Southern  Pacific  Uaitroad,  at  Louisville,  March  16.  1861,  adopted 
since  the  war  by  the  Board  of  Directors  of  said  road  as  the  basis  of  the  reor- 
|;aoization  of  the  Company,  and  reaffirmed  by  a  meeting  of  stockholders  held  at 
Sfew  Orleans,  La.,  on  the  22d  of  February,  ult.,  are  now  also  accepted  by  this 
present  meeting  as  offering  the  only  practicable  ground  of  reunion  of  all  sound 
interests  in  said  road,  and  giving  assurance  of  its  restoration  to  its  former  high 
rank  as  one  of  the  most  promising  railroad  enterprises  of  ihe  nation. 

i£^No/«;^,Tbat  the  action  of  the  Southern  stockholders  who  purchased  the  road 
in  September,  1864,  in  now  proposing  to  restore  to  their  former  rights  all  bona 
Jide  stockholders  who  shall  comply  with  the  Louisville  resolutioits  of  March, 
1861,  manifests  the  most  just  and  liberal  spirit,  and  is  the  surest  guarantee  of 
tiie  good -will  and  good  fiith  that  should  always  characterize  the  administration 
of  such  a  trulr  national  enterprise. 

Jietolvedf  That  the  validity  of  the  sale  made  in  1861  is  hereby  fully  admitted 
and  maintained,  and  that  the  stockholders  now  present,  who  have  put  their 
montf^  in  the  road,  regard  said  sale  as  a  fortunate  event,  which  furnishes  the 
Board  of  Directors  with  ample  protection  of  the  Company  against  fundamental 
daims,  if  wny  such  ever  be  preferred  against  it. 

Betolved,  That  inasmuch  as  only  elevem  miles  of  rai's  require  to  bo  laid,  on  a 
track  already  graded,  to  fix  forever  the  great  value  of  the  property  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  this  meeting  of  stockholders  do  adopt  the 
language  of  the  resolution  of  the  recent  stockliolJers'  meeting  in  New  Orleans, 
that  the  '*  end  to  be  attained  will  justify  unusual  efforts,  and,  if  need  be,  sacri* 
fices  10  accomplish  it." 

JUnolved,  That  in  the  opinion  of  the  stockholders  here  as^^mbled,  the  President 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  should  take  immediate  steps  to  have  the  claim 
of  said  road  upon  the  National  Government^  for  recognition  and  substantial  aid, 
pressed  upon  the  attention  of  Congress — that  we  believe  the  merits  of  our  line 
of  road  to  be  so  manifest  and  signal,  for  a  short  and  ever  available  highway  to 
the  Pacific,  that  the  application  will  not  fail  of  success ;  and  that  each  individual 
stockholder,  wherever  he  may  be  residing,  is  urged  to  address  hi^  immediate 
representative  and  friends  in^Congress,  asking  their  support  of  the  application 
of  this  Company. 

^  Resolved,  That  the  Uianks  of  the  stockholders  are  eminently  due  to  Mr.  A.  S. 
Mitchell,  agent)  for  the  faithlul  manner  in  which  he  has  fulh.led  the  trust  im- 
posed upon  him,  and  that  we  accept  \\U  report. 

Retolved,  That  our  thanks  are  aiso  due  to  Mr.  J.  M.  Waskom,  President, 
for  his  very  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  operations  of  the  Company  for  the 
last  five  years,  and  also  the  Board  of  Directors  for  the  faithful  management  of 
the  Company  as  our  trustees  since  its  new  organization. 

2.— RAILROAD  SPIRIT  OF  MEMPHIS. 

At  a  recent  meeting  in  Memphis,  Major  Sykes,  of  Mississippi,  argned  at 
length  in  favor  of  a  railroad  from  Memphis  to  Columbus  in  that  State.  He 
said  : 

The  cost  of  the  road  would  be  about  five  million  dollars  to  build  it  to  Colum- 
bus, MisBiBtfippi.  It  would  be  extended  through  Alabama  by  ISelma  or  Tusca- 
loosa to  Montgomery,  Ala.,  ihud  forming  the  most  direct  route  tu  the  Atlantic 
from  Menipliii»,  and  |>a(>Hing  through  ihe  most  productive  Ci»untiy  in  the  South, 
so  far  88  Muntgomt-ry,  Ala.  Memphis,  he  eaid,  mut»t  be  the  great  eiiy  of  the 
West*  Memphis  wa^  in  the  centre  of  the  finest  country  on  the  continent^  and 
most  be  the  starting-point  of  the  Pacific  Railroad.      No  one  could  now  form  an 


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2C8     DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

idea  scarcely  as  to  the  future  growth  of  Memphis,  when  she  embraced  in  her 
iron  arms  the  whole  country  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred  miles  in 
every  direction. 

This  road  would  give  Memphis  the  trade  of  all  the  country  between  this  and 
Columbus,  Mississippi,  because  Memphis  would  be  the  nearest  city  of  any  im- 
portance where  the  supplies  for  the  country  on  the  road  could  be  obtained.  He 
then  stated  that  it  was  probable  that  in  the  counties  through  which  this  road 
would  run,  four  million  of  dollars  worth  of  cotton  would  be  made  this  year, 
and  in  a  few  years  the  cotton  would  amount  to  twenty  million  of  dollars  for 
the  same  period  ;  one  tenth  of  this  would  grade  the  road.  In  addition,  large 
portions  of  land  near  the  road  might  be  subscribed  as  stock  and  made  the  basis 
of  credit,  and  thus  the  road  could  be  built.  Memphis  was  the  natural  depot  of 
supplies  for  that  whole  country.  He  remarked  that  trade  would  increase  greatly 
throughout  the  whole  country.  Instead  of  the  capital  beine  used  to  buy  land 
and  negroes,  much  of  the  products  of  the  plantations  would  now  go  to  the 
laborers,  who  would  spend  it,  or  much  of  it,  in  purchasing  dry  goods  and  other 
supplies.  The  other  two-thirds,  going  to  the  landholders  and  capitalists,  must 
sooner  or  later  seek  an  investment,  and  the  best  investment  that  could  be  made 
would  be  in  building  railroads  and  m  establishing  manufactories.  He  gave 
some  statistics  on  this  8ui>ject  from  practical  men  engaged  in  the  business. 

8.— MEMPHIS  AND  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD. 

1  he  City  Council  of  Memphis  use  the  following  language  in  regard  to  the 
value  of  the  road.  (The  Avalanche  says  that  the  assessment  of  property  in 
Memphis  has  risen  from  $18,000,000  in  1865  to  $40,000,000  in  1866): 

*'  The  importance  of  thi^  road,  and  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  its  comple- 
tion, have  Deen  already  freely  considered  by  this  community,  and  are  so  ap- 
parent as  to  require  now  no  arguments  at  length  to  convince  the  business  men 
of  this  city  that  every  facility  should  be  furnished  the  Company  to  build  the 
road  in  the  shortest  possible  time.  There  is  no  enterprise  more  important  to 
the  interests  of  Memphis,  and,  we  may  add,  of  St.  Louis,  than  this  road ;  it 
being  part  of  the  great  thoroughfare  that  will  immediately  connect  the  latter 
city  with  this  and  New  Orleans,  6^  rail,  directly,  and  by  the  shortest  route 
possible,  and  with  Mobile,  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  which  would  produce 
a  dividend  equal  or  superior  to  that  of  any  other  road,  upon  the  capital  invested. 
And  by  it,  only,  can  St.  Louis  ever  acquire  or  retain  any  advantage  in  her  com- 
petition with  the  Ohio  Valley  for  th«  trade  South.  By  no  other  connection 
with  the  Mississippi  River  can  she  have  any  advantage,  in  distance,  by  rail, 
over  Louisville." 

4.— MEMPHIS  AND  LITTLE  ROCK  RAILROAD. 

General  J.  J.Trezevant  has  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
Memphis,  in  reference  to  the  importance  of  this  road,  and  the  active  energ:ies  ef 
the  people  of  that  most  enterprising  city  are  now  directed  to  its  construotioo. 

We  extract  as  follows : 

Congress  has  just  given  large  grants  of  land  for  the  construction  of  the  Iron 
Mountain  road  from  Pilot  Knob  to  Helena,  and  a  similar  grant  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  road,  from  Cairo  to  Little  Rock,  and  on  south-west- 
ward. This  last-named  road  will  soon  be  put  under  contract  from  Buffington 
to  Little  Rock,  ina  Jacksonport,  and  its  completion  will  damage  Memphis,  in 
her  Western  trade,  more  than  any  other  rival  line  on  either  side  of  the  river. 
You  may  rely  upon  its  being  soon  under  way.  I  do  not  speak  at  random. 
Even  if  these  facts  were  not  so  now,  the  interests  of  Chicaeo,  Cincinnati  and  Si 
Louis,  to  say  nothing  of  the  North  Atlantic  cities,  would  demand  it.  A  gUnoe 
at  the  map  will  convmce  all  of  this. 

The  question  now  arises,  what  should  Memphis  do  to  protect  her  interests  in 
that  rapidly  growing  Western  trade.  She  should  rely  upon  herself,  as  she  has 
always  done,    She  should  lay  aside  for  the  present  aU  other  railroad  schemes. 


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and  give  to  the  Memphis  and  LitUe  Rock  Railroad  a  city  suhscription  ample 
enough  to  complete  it  from  Memphis  to  Duvall's  Bluff. 

If  a  million  of  dollars  be  required  for  that  end,  it  will  be  economy  for  her  to 
give  it.  Ten  times  that  amount  depends  upon  her  timely  action.  She  has 
given  millions  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  railroads ;  but  these  millions  have 
always  come  hack  to' her,  multiplied  again  and  again.  She  has  never  yet  lost  a 
dollar  by  any  such  subscription.  On  the  contrary,  the  completion  of  one  rail- 
road has  always  given  her  more  ability  to  build  another. 

5.— MOBILE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

Milton  Brown,  President  of  the  road,  says  in  his  last  report  to  the  stockhold- 
ers, giving  many  interesting  particulars  in  regard  to  the  losses  and  working  oper- 
ations of  the  Company : 

As  Boon  as  the  road  was  returned  to  us  by  the  military  authorities,  the  great 
and  important  work  of  repairing  and  restorin;^  it  to  running  order  was  com- 
menced. The  large  amount  of  work  to  be  done,  the  small  amount  of  means 
then  at  command,  and  the  demoralized  condition  of  the  country,  seemed  to  ren- 
der an  early  restoration  of  the  road  a  work  of  ^eat  difficulty.  But  then  im- 
portant results,  we  believed,  would  be  accompiished  by  it.  There  was  discon- 
tent in  Tennessee,  and  a  violent  effort  was  being  made  to  prevent  the  Govern- 
or and  Legislature  of  the  State  from  giving  us  time  on  our  accrued  interest, 
and  the  enemies  of  the  road  were  trying  to  persuade  the  people  that  they  would 
be  neglected  and  perhaps  abandoned.  The  best  relief  for  this  trouble  was  an 
enereetic  movement  towards  the  restoration  of  the  road.  Such  a  movement  was 
alio  miportant  for  its  effect  abroad ;  it  would  bring  to  us  the  sympathy  and  aid 
firom  the  great  Northwest,  with  whom  we  desired  to  resume  commercial  inter- 
course ;  and  our  friends  in  the  North  and  in  Europe  would  be  assured  of  our  de- 
termination and  ability  to  restore  the  whole  road  at  an  early  day.  With  these 
important  considerations  in  view,  we  put  the  entire  track  under  repair,  with  the 
order  that  the  work  should  be  completed  at  the  earliett  possible  time.  With 
what  energy  and  success'  this  order  was  obeyed  will  be  seen  uy  the  report  of  the 
Chief  Engineer  and  G^eneral  Superintendent  Too  much  credit  cannot  be  award- 
ed to  those  having  the  work  in  charge. 

The  influence  of  this  movement  turned  out  as  was  expected.  It  inspired  con- 
fidence among  the  people  of  Tennessee,  and  enabled  us  to  triumph  over  the  op- 
position to  the  road.  It  brought  to  us  the  sympathy  and  aid  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral and  other  roads  running  in  connection  with  it,  and  furnished  an  element  of 
credit  and  confidence  abroad.  This  was  not  all ;  it  enabled  us  to  complete  the 
piling  and  bridging  over  the  Obion  rivers  and  bottoms  before  the  rising  of  the 
waters,  and  thereby  gained  at  least  six  months'  time  in  opening  the  road  to  Co- 
lumbus. Ky. 

Between  May,  1865,  and  January,  1866,  there  have  been  purchased  21  loco- 
motives, 263  freight  cars,  10  new  passenger  cars,  6  second  hand  cars,  4  sleeping 
care,  and  supplies,  stores,  provisions,  <&c.,  amounting  to  $679,931  02. 

To  supply  the  place  of  injured  and  defective  rails  in  the  track,  600  tons  of 
light  raUs  have  been  purchased  for  immediate  use,  which  have  been  received ; 
•nd  8,500  tons  heavy  rails,  standard  pattern,  with  the  necessary  fastenings, 
have  also  been  purchased,  which  are  coming  forward  from  Walej,  and  will  soun 
be  here.  This  will,  as  we  are  advised  by  the  Chief  Engineer,  be  sufficient  to 
supply  the  defective  portions  of  the  entire  track.  The  cost  of  these  rails  and 
fastenings,  including  freight,  will  be,  in  our  present  currency,  $402,189. 

Our  earnings  for  1864,  including  expresses  and  mails,  wore  $3,674,489  99, 
Our  expenses,  $2,281,596  38 ;  leaving  a  net  revenue  of  $1,392,903  11. 

Our  earnings  from  1st  January,  1866,  to  Ist  May,  1865,  when  Confederate 
money  ceased  to  be  current,  were  $1,183,220  42.   Our  expenses  were  $906,663* 
84 ;  leaving  a  net  revenue  of  $276,636  68. 
The  expenses  during  the  periods  referred  to  were  greatly  increased  by  the 

VOL.  U.— NO.  II.  14 


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ilO  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

extraordinary  repairs  made  necessary  from  injuries  inflicted  by  the  contending 
armies. 

These  statements  do  not  include  unadjusted  claims  on  the  Confederate  Govern- 
ment 

Our  earnings  from  1st  May,  1866  (time  of  change  of  currency),  were 
$1,624,675  81. 

Our  expenses  during  the  same  time  were  $699,898  14  ;  leaving  a  net  revenue, 
for  the  time  referred  t<>,  of  $824,779  67. 

This  last  statement  is  not  a  foir  specimen  of  the  earning  power  of  the  road  in 
times  of  peace,  as  we  did  not  have  tlie  rolling  stock  necessary  to  meet  the  wants 
of  the  country. 

The  debt  to  the  State  of  Alabama  for  $800,000,  and  the  debt  to  the  State 
of  Mississippi  for  f  220,949,  referred  to  in  former  reports,  have  been  paid; 
$319,000  of  our  Income  Bonds,  falling  due  in  1862,  and  $168,000  of  our  Income 
Bonds  of  1865,  and  $103,000  of  our  Second  Mortgage  Bonds  iiave  been  redeemed 
and  canceled. 

Soon  after  the  conomencement  of  the  war,  we  purchased  in  the  name  of  Geo. 
Peabody  A  Co.,  of  London,  2,894  bales  of  cotton  to  be  shipped  to  Liverpool,  to 
pay  the  coupons  on  our  Sterling  Bonds,  payable  in  London  intending,  if  success- 
ml  in  getting  the  cotton  out,  t^  continue  such  purchases  and  shipments,  to  meet 
all  our  obligations  in  London  and  elsewhere  punctually.  Messrs.  Peabody  & 
Co.  were  advised  of  the  purchase,  and  that  the  British  Consul  in  this  city  had 
been  requested  to  apply  to  the  United  States  Government  for  permission  to  ship 
the  cotton,  and  the  hope  and  belief  expressed  that,  if  this  consent  was  obtained, 
the  Confederate  States  Government  would  allow  the  cotton  to  go  out.  Messra 
Peabody  A  Co.  wrote  us  in  reply,  that  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  permission 
from  the  United  States,  and,  therefore,  they  declined  taking  the  responsibility  of 
the  agency  or  control  of  the  cotton,  and  advised  and  direct^  ub  to  appropriate  it 
as  the  best  interest  of  the  C<>mpany  might  require — expressing  their  high  appre- 
ciation of  our  efforts  to  meet  our  engagements  and  sustain  our  credit,  and  assur- 
ing us  that  the  Bondholders  would  be  satisfied  with  whatever  we  deemed  it  best 
to  do  under  the  adverse  circumstances  that  surrounded  us. 

Subsequently  we  purchased  799  more  bales  of  cotton,  making  in  all  3,693 
bales.  Of  this  we  lost  870  bales  by  fire  and  theft  during  the  war.  The  balance 
we  have  appropriated  in  the  purchase  of  rails  and  fastenings  and  rolling  stock  to 
aid  in  putting  our  road  in  running  order. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

1.— THE  SOUTHERN  COTTON  CROPa— MISSISSIPPI. 

Hernando,  Mtss.,  July  Ul,  1866. 

To  Db  Bow*s  Review  : — Responding  to  the  wish  you  have  expressed,  to  collect 
any  facts  which  might  contribute  towards  a  correct  estimate  of  the  growing  crop 
of  cotton,  I  give  you  the  result  of  a  month's  observation  in  Panola.  I  have  can- 
vassed that  county  pretty  thoroughly,  and  was  at  some  pains  to  gather  whatever 
might  shed  light  upon  its  agricultural  prospects.  The  condition  of  PanoU  was 
a  matter  of  more  than  ordinary  interest.  The  general  opinion  was  fixed,-  that  it 
was  more  cheerfully  circumstanced  at  the  termination  of  hostilities  than  any  of 
its  sister  counties.  Its  population  had  contributed  fewer  refugees,  and  its  labor 
economy  was  less  disturbed  during  the  war,  than  that  of  almost  any  other 
wealthy  section  of  the  State.  Its  present  condition,  therefore,  would  furnish  a 
sort  of  negative  criterion  by  which  to  estimate  the  balance  of  Mississippi,  for  it 
might  be  argued,  with  a  good  show  of  reason,  that  the  general  yield  would  not 
rise  above  the  average  of  i'anola.  This  consideration  imparts  more  than  a  par- 
tial importance  to  the  situation  of  that  county. 

Amount  of  Land  in  Cultivation. — In  calculating  the  probable  amount  of  cot- 


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DEPARTMENT  OP  AGRICULTURE.  211 

toD  which  vnW  be  grown,  the  most  important  fact  to  be  elicited  is  the  quantity 
of  hmd  devoted  to  its  cultivation,  and  to  that  fiact  I  directed  a  rigorous  inquiry. 
In  prosecuting  this  inquiry,  I  found  that  the  condition  of  no  one  neighborhood 
interpreted  that  of  any  other.  They  differed  as  widely  as  the  political  condi- 
tions of  the  country.  In  one  neighborhood  not  more  than  a  tenth  of  the  open 
land  was  cultivated;  in  others,  one-fifth  ;  in  some,  a  third;  in  some,  a  half;  Ik 
some,  as  much,  and,  in  one  or  two,  even  more  than  before  the  war.  Upon 
making  a  careful  average  of  these  various  proportions,  I  found  there  was  In 
Panola  County  about  xmt-hdif  of  the  land  in  cotton,  which  was  planted  in  cotton 
previous  to  the  revolution. 

CoMp.vRATivB  NuMBBR  OF  Hands  EMPLOYED. — ^Thc  uumbcr  of  laborers  engaged, 
compared  with  former  times,  is  perhaps  greater  than  one  half.  A  considerable 
proportion  of  the  old  negro  population  is  still  in  the  county,  and  to  them  some 
accessions  have  been  made  from  Georgia  and  other  eastern  States.  Added  to 
these  is  a  respectable  element  of  white  labor.  Many  of  our  young  men,  whom 
the  fortunes  of  war  have  reduced  from  wealth  to  poverty,  have  doffed  their  gray 
jackets,  and  are  wielding  the  plow-handle  with  an  energy  which  does  not  solace 
Thad.  StfVens's  philosophy  of  our  incHpacity  for  work.  The  average  number  of 
acres  to  the  hand,  however,  is  not  as  large  a9  formerly,  and  thus  not  more  than 
one  half  the  land  is  tilled,  though  more  than  half  the  number  of  laborers  are 
employed. 

CoxDCCT  OF  Freedmen. — Emancipation,  as  a  practical  proposition,  has,  I  think, 
up  to  this  time,  equally  disappointed  the  former  master  and  the  slave.  The 
bubble  of  a  golden  age,  which  floated  upon  the  negro's  preconception  of  free- 
dom, has  been  remor-^elessly  punctured  by  a  year's  experience.  The  dazzling 
theory  of  all  play  and  no  work  on  which  his  native  ima;!;ination  feasted,  and 
the  agrarian  dreams  with  which  a  vicious  philanthropy  fed  him,  have  measurably 
disappeared,  and  he  is  conforming  to  the  necessities  of  his  new  position  with 
hopeful  alacrity.  The  master,  on  the  other  hand,  aware  of  the  negro's  halluci- 
nations, nnd  knowing  his  natural  tendency  to  vagabonJ.i^e,  took  counsel  of  fear, 
and  despaired  of  him  as  a  laborer.  Scarce  a  planter  in  the  country  who  did  not 
pitch  his  crop  amid  dire  misgivings.  I  take  pleasure,  therefore,  in  recording 
the  flattering  testimony  to  the  negro's  good  behavior,  which  has  nearly  every* 
where  erceted  me.  Hardly  a  single  report  was  made  to  me  which  did  not  ex- 
press pleasurable  surprise  at  the  manner  in  which  the  freedmen  were  fulfilling 
their  contracts.  The  diappoiiitment  of  the  planter,  therefore,  has  been  agree- 
able, and  that  of  the  negro  disagreeable,  and  the  general  result  obviously  for 
the  common  good. 

Systems  op  Hire. — There  are  three  plans  of  hiring  prevalent  in  the  county. 
One  is  to  pay  wages  in  money.  Another  is  to  give  the  employees  a  stipulated 
interest  in  the  crop,  reserving  the  exclusive  management  of  affairs  in  the  hands 
of  the  planter.  The  third  is  what  is  familiarly  called  the  *' crop-«' "  system, 
which  consists  in  dividing  the  land  among  the  laborers  in  certain  proportions, 

fiving  the  latter  control  of  themselves,  and  only  requiring  them  to  account  for 
xed  portions  of  the  crop.  Each  of  these  systems  has  its  advocates,  but  the 
weight  of  opinion  is  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  second  plan,  which  claims  superior- 
ity over  the  first  in  the  greater  stability  it  gives  to  contracts,  and  over  the  last 
in  its  unity  of  administration. 

Condition  of  Crops. — The  reluctant  Spring,  and  the  long-continued  rains, 
have  served  Panola  as  they  have  other  portions  of  the  State,  and  culminated  in 
results  which  must  seriously  affect  the  crop.  'Ihe  8:and  of  cotton,  which  was 
generally  imperfect  to  commence  with,  has  been  much  impaired  by  the  rains. 
On  the  rolling,  sandy  lands,  which  comprise  the  greater  portion  of  the  coun- 
try, the  cotton  has  been  so  washed  up  as  to  cruelly  injure  the  stand  in  many  in- 
stances, and  in  others  absolutely  dostr -y  it.  Another  consequence  of  rain  and 
cdld  are  stunted  growth  and  cub-woi-ms.  Still  another,  an«l  a  most  serious 
consequence,  is  (/ra-wc.  This  wolf  of  the  planters  is  now  upon  them  in  its  most 
formidable  proportions,  and  they  no  louger  possess  their  former  pow.r  to  com- 
bat it.     Save  in  a  few  exceptional  case3,  the  planters  have  not  as  many  mules 


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212  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

as  are  necessary  for  carrent  and  ordinary  requirements,  and  those  they  have  are 
generally  second-rate  in  quality,  and  low  in  condition.  It  is  clear,  then,  that 
they  are  not  prepared  for  extraordinary  requirements,  and  with  such  an  emer- 
gency as  is  upon  them  at  present,  tlie  only  probable  issue  is  a  further  curtail- 
ment of  the  cotton  crop. 

What  will  be  the  Amount  of  Cotton  pRODrcED  ? — In  view  of  what  has  just 
been  said,  the  prospect  of  an  ordinary  yield  is  extremely  cheerless.  In  addi- 
tion to  that  already  stated,  severe  hail-storms  have  lately  prevailed,  and  thus 
added  another  chapter  to  the  history  of  disaster.  Nature  up  to  this  time  has 
exhibited  herself  in  her  most  inimical  aspects,  and  the  weight  of  her  displeas- 
ure, unfortunately,  has  fallen  upon  the  stavd  of  cotton.  Now  the  stand  of  cotton 
is  the  mudsill  oi  the  crop.  Without  it,  a  good  crop  ceases  to  be  a  debatable 
propoi-ilion ;  it  is  foregone,  adjudicated,  hopeless.  It  seems  clear  to  me  that  the 
present  prospect  for  cotton  dues  not  repose  upon  this  mudsill,  and  there  does 
not  seem,  therefore,  any  ground  to  hope  that  the  crop  can  be  more  than  small. 
All  the  reports  which  have  reached  me  from  other  sections  of  the  State  concur 
with  the  facts  aspribed  to  Panola,  and  warrant  the  opinion  that  the  general 
production  of  Misbissippi  most  be  commensurately  small* 

Very  truly  yours,  Ac, 

PsROr    UoBEBTSw 
STATISTICS  BY  THE  OOTTON-GROWISO  ASSOCIATION  JN  MISSISSIPPI. 

*  Since  the  nbove  was  written,  we  have  received  the  following,  which  sustains  the 
tonclusions  of  our  letter : 

Hinds  CourUf/.— On  R7  plantations,  embracing  6,193  *cre«  in  cotton,  there  are  641 
hands  employed.  Of  these,  23  planted  old  seed,  14  mixed,  and  20  new  seed;  12  re- 
port good  stands— the  remainder  bad.  All  report  their  crops  very  grassy,  and  in- 
jured by  too  much  rain. 

On  the  same  plantations  in  1S60,  embracing  .17,146  acres  in  cotton,  there  were 
1,858  hands  employed,  producing  9,458  bales. 

ChicJco'aiv.—AZ  plantations  have  0,402  acres  planted  in  cotton.  employin|^  608 
bands.  In  I860,  said  plantations  bad  17,508  acres  in  cotton  cultivation,  with  a 
working  force  of  1,539  hands,  and  produced  10,580  bales.  The  condition  of  the  crop 
is  not  reported,  but  more  than  one- naif  answered  that  the  laborers  perform  onlv  half 
labor  as  compared  with  1860,  and  the  others  estimate  theirs  at  an  average  of  two- 
thirds. 

Carroll  County.— On  21  plantations,  embracing  1,600  acres  in  cotton,  there  are  222 
hands  employed — the  percentage  of  work,  as  compared  with  1860,  being  65.  Of 
these,  4  planted  old  seed,  11  new,  and  6  mixed.  Planting  not  finished  before  Isi 
inst.  In  1860,  on  the  same  plantations,  there  were  4,100  acres  in  cotton  and  487 
bands  employed,  producing  2,874  bales. 

Madison  County. — On  41  plantations,  embracing  4,150  acres  in  cotton,  and  em- 
ploying 570  hands,  the  percentage  of  work,  as  compared  with  1860,  is  62.  Of  the 
number  reported.  21  planted  old  seed,  8  uew,  and  12  mixed  ;  15  reported  good  stands, 
the  balance  indifferent,  and  all  in  bad  condition.  On  the  same  plantations  in  1860, 
there  were  13,180  acres  in  cotton,  employing  1,155  hands,  and  producing  5,232  bales 
of  cotton. 

Copiih  County.-  -On  89  plantations,  embracing  3,501  acres  in  cotton,  there  are  215 
hanas  employed— the  percentage  of  work,  as  compared  with  1860,  being  72.  Of 
the  number  reported,  17  planted  new  seed—the  balance  old  and  mixed:  9  report 
good  itands-lbe  balance  bad  stands.  In  1860,  on  the  same  plantations,  there  were 
489  bands  employed,  8,831  acres  cultivated,  and  5,608  bales  or  cotton  produced. 

A*€capUulafion,  1866.— Number  of  plantations,  144;  bands  employed,  1,714;  acres 
in  cotton  cultivation,  17,663. 

i?«capt^v^ion,  I860.— Number  of  plantations,  144;  hands  employed,  5,495;  acres 
in  cultivation,  51,675— producing  27,886  bales  of  cotton. 


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DEPABTMENT  OF  IKDU3TRT  AND  BNTERPBISE, 


213 


DEPARTMENT  OF  INDUSTRY  AND  ENTERPRISE. 


i  iLlJiui.A...Ms^ 


^'i^:^''0}^^. 


-^'^^CW.;^:J^ 


f:^^.^m^m 


We  continue   tbis  Depart- 
ment with  some  facts  in  re- 

gard     to     Setoivg     Machines, 

Ig^^^  which,  we  are  ture,  will  be 
-=_^^^  hoih  interesting  and  valuable. 
-— -  j^  The  first  attempts  to  pew 
by  macliiner}*  date  as  far  back 
as  the  year  1775:  but  the 
nracticabiliry  of  the  Sewing 
Machine  as  a  subintitute  for 
hand  labor,  in  uniting  fabrics 
by  means  of  seams  of  con- 
tinuous stitches,  was  not  fully 
established  until  nearly  a  cen- 
tury later.  The  inventive 
mind^of  Europe  failed  in  their 
efforts  to  reduce  to  practice 
the  idea  of  machine  sewing, 
and  it  was  left  for  the  genius 
of  America  to  produce  and 
give  to  the  world  the  first 
practical  Sewing  Machine.  Of 
the  usefulness  of  this  invention 
it  is  unnecessary  to  speak  at 
this  late  day.  The  prejudices 
that  impeded  its  early  intro- 
duction have  long  since  been 
swept  away  by  the  stern  facts 
which  its  every-day  successes 
practically  demonstrate,  and 
fojLthe  last  ten  years  the  Sew- 
in^Machinc  has  been  univer- 
sally recognized  as  a  necessity 
in  the  manufacture  or  putting 
together  of  every  known  de- 
sciption  of  textile  fabric,  and 
an  important  addition  to  the 
household  economy. 

As  manufacturers  and  in- 
Tfntors,  webflieveGaoVERife  Baker  are  the  most  prominent  names  identified  with 
the  Sewing  Machine.  Eiias  Howe  invented  the  Shuttle  Stitch  Mochinc,  but  did 
not  manufacture  more  than  were  necessary  to  u^e  as  models  in  his  lawsuit?,  un- 
til after  the  Sewing  Machine  was  made  practical  and  useful  by  subsequent  in- 
ventor:?. A.  B.  WiUon  improve  1  on  the  feeding  mechanism  of  Howe's  mi^chine, 
and  invented  a  substitute  for  the  Howe  shuttle  in  the  rotary  hook  of  the 
Wheeler  A  Wilson  Machine,  which  makes  the  shuttle  stitch  by  a  different 
mechanism.  Grover  A  Baker  invented  the  machine  making  the  Grover  <fe 
Biker  Elastic  Siitch,  and  have  been  manufacturing  their  machines  ever  since 
the  taking  out  ctf  their  patent.  There  are  over  150,000  of  the  Grover  <Sc  Baker 
Elastic  Stitch  Machines  now  in  use,  which  is  abundant  evidence  that  the  excel- 
lencies of  this  stitch  are  appreciated  by  the  public. 

Soon  after  How*i*s  invention  became  known  a  number  of  manufacturers  of 
Sewing  Machines  appeared  in  the  field,  each  with  some  little  attachment  or 
improvement,  on  the  strength  of  which  thev  sought  to  identify  themselves  with 
the  Sewing  Machine,  in  the  public  mind.  Nearly  all  these  made  Shuttle  Stitch 
Machines,  and  it  was  their  interest  in  common  to  cry  down  and  damage,  to  the 
extent  of  their  ability,  their  formidable  rival,  the  Grover  A  Baker  Elastic  Stitch 


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214:    DEPARTMENT  OF  INDUSTRY  AND  ENTERPRISE. 

Macliine;  and  no  means,  honorable  or  otherwise,  were  spared  by  them  to  pre- 
judice the  public  trgainst  it.  Despite  all  this  opposition,  the  Grover  A  Baker 
Machines  gradually  but  surely  worked  their  way  into  the  foremost  ])lace  in 
public  favor,  relying  solely  on  their  intrinsic  and  manifest  merit  over  other  ma- 
chines. 

As  further  evidence  of  their  great  popularity,  we  may  state  that  they  have 
been  awarded  the  highest  premiums  at  all  the  State  Fairs  at  which  tliey  were 
entered  in  competition  the  past  three  years,  and  at  hundred*  of  Institutes  and 
County  Fair?.  They  liave  also  been  awarded  gold  nn^dala  and  difdomas  at 
various  exhihitions  of  England,  France,  Spain,  and  Austria,  and  have  been  fur- 
nished by  command  to  the  Empress  of  France,  Empress  of  Russia,  Empress  of 
Brazil,  Queen  of  S|>ain,  and  Queen  of  Bavaria. 

Keeping  pace  with  the  growing  demand  for  their  Machines,  Grover  A  Baker 
increased  their  facilities  for  manufacturing,  and  invented  and  built  new  ma- 
chinery, of  the  most  perfect  kind,  adapted  to  all  the  parts  of  the  Sewing  Ma- 
chine. The  Company's  manufactory  is  at  Boston,  and  they  have  wholesale 
depots  in  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union  ;  in  London  and  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land ;  and  Melbourne,  Australia.  Agencies  are  also  established  in  all  the  other 
leading  cities  of  the  Old  World,  and  in  almost  every  village  of  the  New.  We 
learn  the  Company  conduct  twenty-four  establishments  in  their  own  name,  and 
employ  in  connection  with  them  over  300  clerks,  salesmen,  mechanics,  and 
operators.  At  the  Factory,  in  the  manufacture  of  Machines,  Stands,  Cabinets, 
etc.,  between  four  and  five  hundred  hands  are  employed,  capable  of  turning 
out  complete,  from  thirty  to  forty  thousand  machines  per  annum.  The  princi- 
pal depot  for  foreign  export  is  at  495  Broadway,  New  York,  at  which  place  a 
large  retail  trade-  is  also  done.  This  establishment  is  three  stories  in  front,  and 
extends  through  to  Mercer  Street,  200  feet.  Unique  in  dei>ign  and  magnifi- 
eently  fitted  up,  it  ranks  among  the  first  of  the  commercial  places  of  Broadway, 
and  is  wholly  occupied  by  tlieir  business. 

The  Grover  A  Baker  Sewing  Machine  makes  a  doable-thread  Elastic  Stitch, 
and  forms  a  seam  of  great  strength  and  beauty,  peculiarly  adapted  for  family 
sewing  and  the  manufacture  of  goods  where  firmness  and  elasticity  of  seam  are 
required.  The  mechanism  of  the  machine  is  simple,  the  parts  few,  its  move- 
ments quiet,  and  the  meth^  of  operating  it  easily  acquired.  It  uses  the  thread 
directly  from  the  spool  as  purchased.  One  side  of  the  seam  can  be  made  highly 
ornamentel  for  embroidering,  by  usitg  colored  silk  or  worsted. 

Mes'r*.  G  <&  B.  have  shown  us  the  following  extracts  from  testiniony  taken 
on  oath,  in  a  recent  case  before  the  Hon.  Commissioner  of  Patents,  which  we  con- 
sider conclusive  proof  of  the  superiority  of  the  Grover  A  Buker  Elastic  Stitch 
Machine  for  nearly  all  the  uses  to  which  machine  sewing  can  be  ajiplied. 

Edward  S.  Rknwick,  of  New  York  City,  a  professional  engineer,  says: 

**The  seam  prodaced,  while  secure,  is  extremely  clastic,  and  can  be  strained  to  as  great  an 
extent  as  the  cloth  In  which  It  Is  sewed,  without  the  fhicturo  of  the  threads,  while  the  two- 
third  scams,  sewed  by  machines  not  embodyinsrtbe  saldOrover  Sl  Baker^s  Invention,  are  easily 
ft*actared  by  straining  the  cloth,  particularly  when  bias  seams  are  sewed.  The  Grover  A  Baker 
Machines  are  therefore  adapted  to  sewing  a  great  variety  of  articles,  which  cannot  be  sewed 
adrantageonsly  by  other  sewing  machines.'* 

Me«.  Belina  Froehlioh,  of  123  East  Seventeenth  Street,  New  York,  says : 

"I  have  had  personal  experience  of  four  years  and  a  hall^  during  which  lime  I  have  nsed  It 
for  all  the  various  wants  of  a  large  family,  on  all  materials;  have  made  oniamental  work  with 
It,  quilling,  tucking;  and  for  dressipaking  purponcii  I  have  found  it  to  answer  my  ends  per- 
fectly. The  machine  I  used  was  the  Grovir  &  Baker  Family  Scwiog  MAchino.  l  have  had 
work  performed  for  me  on  other  family  fewing  machines— the  Wheeler  A  Wilson,  and  Singer; 
am  rather  fiimlliar  with  their  mode  of  operation.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  elasticity  of  the 
Beams  made  on  the  Orover  Sc  Baker  Family  dewing  Machines  is  of  great  value  for  all  garments 
•f  family  wear,  particularly  those  subjected  to  washing  and  ironing.  It  is  not  very  liable  to 
get  out  of  order;  easy  to  operate  on,  and  easy  to  Karn  to  operate  on  ;  not  complicated,  easily 
managed,  easy  to  adjust  Its  parts,  and  the  spools  are  easily  attached,  wlthont  the  necessity  of 
winding  both  above  and  below,  as  the  machine  sews  directly  from  the  8p<»ois  as  purchased ; 
the  tension  is  eustly  regulated  and  does  not  vanr,  and  does  not  require  readjustment  in  passing 
from  light  to  heavy  work.  As  to  strength  and  aurabillty  of  seam  I  can  testify,  having  garments 
in  use  during  four  and  a  half  years,  which  have  been  constantly  subjected  t«>  washing,  wring- 
ing, and  Ironing,  and  which  have  given  out  in  the  fabric  before  the  seam  has  shown  any  sign 
of  weakness.  In  my  Judgment  it  is,  beyond  all  question,  the  best  Family  Sewing  Muchino  In  use." 


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MISCBLLANy.  215 

MISCELLANT. 

I.— COOLIES  AS  A  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  NEGROES. 

In  many  parts  of  the  South  the  question  of  importing  coolies  for  the  parposes 
of  field  labor  is  being  discussed  with  much  interest,  and  we  are  glad  to  be  able 
to  famish  the  following  facts  contributed  by  a  citizen  of  New  York,  who 
promises  other  material  of  the  kind  for  our  pages  : 

PROGRESS  OF  COOLIE  SMIOBATtON. 

When,  in  1844,  the  importation  of  coolies  was  undertaken  in  earnest  by  Guiana 
and  Trinidad,  it  was  organized  and  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  goyern- 
ments  of  these  colonies,  who  annually  ordered  through  the  home  government  to 
be  sent  from  India  a  certain  number  of  laborers,  according  to  the  demand  made 
"by  the  planters.  The  expenses  of  the  passage  were  defrayed  by  the  colony, 
about  one  half  of  it  being  charged  upon  the  planters  en^ging  the  coolies,  and 
the  other  half  proyided  by  colonial  loRns  and  taxation.  Ihe  numbers  in  the  first 
four  years  ordered  by  Guiana,  were  in  1844, 6,000 ;  in  1845,  5,000 ;  in  1846,  6,000 ; 
and  in  1847, 10,000 ;  but  only  5,000  were  grantecl  for  that  year  by  the  Brtish  Goy- 
emment.  In  Trinidad  the  numbers  ordered  were,  in  1844, 2,500 ;  in  1845,  2,500 ; 
in  1846,  4,000 ;  and  in  1847,  1,000.  These  colonies  stationed  agents  at  Calcutta 
and  Madras,  and  in  later  years,  also  at  Bombay,  to  collect  and  select  the  coolies, 
charter  yessels  and  dispatch  them  to  their  destination.  It  was  found  impossible 
to  obtain  all  the  laborers  desired  for  the  years  named,  as  the  greater  popularity 
of  the  emigration  to  the  Mauritius,  and  the  indisposition  of  the  people  to  a  long 
eea  yoyage,  militated  against  emigration  to  the  West  Indies. 

About  22,000  coolies  were  introduced  into  the  West  Indies  from  1846  to  1848, 
of  whom  about  5,000  returned  up  to  1856,  whiUt  a  yery  large  number  postponed 
their  return  passage  in  consideration  of  bounties,  amounting  generally  (where 
the  postponement  was  for  fiye  years)  to  fifty  dollars  per  adult.  The  original 
contract,  in  eyery  case,  was  for  a  free  passage  home  at  the  expense  of  the  colony, 
at  the  close  of  fiye  years'  industrial  residence. 

The  second  emigration  commenced  in  1851,  and  is  still  in  progress.  Those 
coolies  who  left  India  subsequently  to  1853  were  not  entitled  to  free  return  pas- 
sages from  the  West  Indies  till  after  ten  years  of  residence,  which,  being  double 
the  period  of  residence  required  in  the  Mauritius,  continued  to  render  the  latter 
colony  the  most  fayorite  place  of  resort. 

In  1861,  as  we  haye  stated  aboye,  there  were  about  35,000  coolies  resident  in 
GuianB,  and  13.488  in  Trinidad.  In  the  season  1861-62,  10,880  trere  landed  in 
the  West  Indies,  and,  in  1862-63,  4,901  were  dispatched  from  India  to  the  same 
locality,  the  numbers  ordered  in  the  latter  season  being  5,720. 

In  December,  1862,  a  new  ordinance  was  promulgated  in  Guiana,  which  regu- 
lated that  the  coolies  should  be  indentured  for  five  years,  during  wliich  time  no 
change  of  employer  or  commutation  of  service  should  be  allowed.  Previous  to 
that  date  the  first  engagement  in  the  colony  was  for  three  years,  after  which  the 
emigrant  could  choose  a  fresh  employer,  but  could  not  obtain  a  free  back  pas- 
sage until  he  had  served  his  contract  time  in  the  colony.  By  an  ordinance 
passed  at  the  same  time  in  Trinidad,  the  coolie  was  allowed  to  redeem  the  re- 
maining portion  of  his  service  at  the  end  of  three  years. 

RETURN   HOMB  OF  OOOLIES. 

Prom  1850  to  1862  four  thousand  five  hundred  and  thirty-seven  coolies  re- 
turned home  from  Guiana,  and  two  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty  from  Trini- 
dad, taking  home  with  them  a  large  amount  of  sayings.  As  an  instance,  we 
may  mention  that,  in  \he  twelve  months  ending  October,  1857,  855  returning  In- 
dians took  with  them  $15,246,  being  an  average  of  nearly  $90  each.  During 
the  disturbances  which  were  then  taking  place  in  India  many  were  found  to  be 
reluctant  to  return  home. 


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216  MISCELLANY. 

COST  or  IMPOBTATION,  ETC. 

The  contract  prii»8  for  the  passage  of  6,201  coolies  landed  in  Gaiana  in  the 
season  1861-62  ranged  from  $47.50  to  |68,  and  the  duration  of  voyage  was  from 
SO  to  106  days.  In  that  of  1862-63,  2,490  were  transported  to  the  same  colony 
at  a  cost  per  head  of  from  $59.25  to  #72.50,  the  lengtn  of  voyage  being  from  74 
to  117  days. 

There  were  transported  to  Trinidad  in  the  season  1 861-62, 1 ,967  coolies,  at  a  coe^ 
per  head  of  from  $58.25  to  $72.50,  the  dm*ation  of  Yoyage  being  from  71  to  100  daya 
In  the  next  season  1,075  men,  conveyed  at  a  cost  of  from  $59.25  to  $72.50,  the 
voyages  being  from  81  to  92  days. 

In  all  these  cases  about  one  fourth  of  tlie  emigrants  were  females. 

WAQB3. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  the  mountains  the  laborers  receive  monthly 
wages,  with  rations,  clothing,  houses,  medicines  and  medical  attendance.  In 
Guiaoa  and  Trinidad  they  are  paid  the  current  wages  of  other  laborers  perform* 
ing  the  same  class  of  worV  and  find  their  own  rations ;  but  house,  garden,  cloth- 
ing, medical  attendance  and  medicines  are  provided  for  them  by  the  planters. 

in  '^  * 


in  Guiana  they  are  paid,  according  to  work,  from  thirty-two  to  forty  _^_. 
cents  per  task,  which  can  be  performcid  in  from  five  to  seven  and  a  half  hours, 
according  to  the  strength  of  the  laborer.  The  Colonial  Blue-Book  gives  the 
average  rates  of  wages  in  the  colony  in  1859-61,  as  under : 

1959.  1860.  18«1. 

Domestics,  per  month,    .    .    .$10.50  $10.50  a  $14.58        $16.60 

Predial,  per  day, 50c.  a  $1.25         82  a  67c.  40  a  50c. 

Trades,  per  day, 75c.  a  $1.50        75c.  a  $1.25  63c.  a  $1.50 

In  Trinidad  the  rate  of  wages  is,  by  common  consent,  dependent  on  the  time 
required  for  the  execution  of  any  specified  work.  The  ordinary  field  task,  or 
daily  piece-work,  is  finished,  out  of  crop,  in  four  hours  of  an  average  laborer, 
and  this  without  distinction  as  to  the  nature.  If  the  laborer  finds  that  it  occu- 
pies him  more  than  the  time  mentioned,  he  leaves  the  field  at  the  usual  hour, 
and  the  employer  is  obliged  to  graduate  the  work  afresh.  When  emigrants 
arrive  they  are  allowed  to  rest  for  a  fortnight,  or  to  work  at  once  at  the  usual 
-  rates  current  in  the  districts  where  they  happen  to  be  located ;  in  the  latter  case 
they  are  paid  during  the  first  month  partly  in  rations  at  cost  price  and  partly 
in  money. 

The  task  for  the  lowest  description  of  field  labor  is  twenty  cente,  and  when 
six  of  these  tasks  are  finished  in  one  week,  the  remuneration  is  raised  to  twenty- 
five  cents ;  this  increase  is  g^ven  with  a  view  of  securing  continuous  labor.  Many 
of  the  laborers  perform  two  tasks  daily,  and  instances  are  not  wanting  where 
the  same  person  does  three  tasks  regularlv.  It  not  onfrequently  happens  that 
a  coolie  finishes  his  own  work  and  his  wife's,  and  is  home  by  four  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon.  The  above  is  the  lowest  rate  of  wages  for  healthy  adults  at  field 
work ;  but  there  are  several  districts  in  which,  from  local  causes^  the  task  is  paid 
higher. 

The  average  rates  of  wages  in  Trinidad  in  1859-61  were: 

1859-ifX  1861. 

Domestics  per  month f  12.60  $8.33 

Predial,  per  day '      40  80 

Trades,  per  day 1.04       68c.  to  $1.25 

BISULTSw 

The  reader  will  readily  asoertAin  the  results  of  coolie  labor  in  the  two  colonies 
in  auestlon  if  he  compares  the  following  tables  of  their  exports  in  1859-60-61 
with  those  for  the  years  immediately  anterior  and  posterior  to  emancipation : 

■XPORTS   OF  BRlTISn  GUIANA,    1859-61. 

Tear.  Suffor^  hhd*.  Rum,  ffaU.  MjIossm,  ecuk, 

1859 55,830  2,069,760  1,656 

1860 61,198  2,293,116  2.814 

1861 72,847  2.570,400  3,600 


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MISCELLANY.  217 

It  will  here  be  obserred  that  in  1861  there  was  exported  considerablj  over 
doable  the  amount  of  sugar  exported  in  1889,  and  also  much  more  than  in  the 
years  of  slavery  and  apprenticeship.  Nearly  the  whole  of  this  sugar  was  the 
produce  of  cooue  labor : 

XXPOBTS   OF  TRINIDAD   IN    1869-61. 

1S59.  1860.  '     1861. 

Sugar,  hhda. 88.366  82,837  80,307 

Sugar,  Uerces 6,079  6,178  6,669 

Sucar,  barrels 8,466  8,062    '  2,684 

Mdasses,  puncheons , 6,968 

Molasses,  tierces. 12,871  8,038  226 

Molasses,  barrels 188  225 

Rum,  gallons 412,261 

Rum,  puncheons 2,238  1,416                 

Cocoa,  lbs 4,768,650  4,782,030  6,630,906 

The  amount  of  sugara  exported  in  1859  amounted  to  about  71.000,000  pounds, 
whilst  in  1840  it  was  but  28,000,000,  and  in  1835.  44,000,000.  The  larger 
amount  is  nearly  wholly  the  produce  of  coolie  labor,  the  negroes  that  are  willing 
to  work  having  m  a  great  measure  taken  to  the  cocoa  plantations.  The  reason  of 
the  falling  off  in  the  produce  of  sugar  in  1860  and  in  1861  was  owing  to  severe 
rains,  which  destroyed  a  large  amount  of  the  sugar  crop. 

We  have  here  merely  given  the  leading  exports  of  the  two  colonies ;  they  are, 
however,  sufficient  for  the  present  purpose,  viz. :  to  illustrate  the  advantages  of 
the  cooUe  system — a  system  which  these  once  impoverished  countries  have  adopt- 
ed— a  system  that  has  raised  them  from  almost  entirely  ruined  to  highly  flour- 
ishing dependencies. 

2— KENTUCKY.—INDUCEMENTS  10  SETTLE  IN  THAT  STATE. 

Adam  C.  Johnson  notes  the  following  inducements  to  settle  in  Kentucky : 

1.  Land  is  cheap.  I  bought  a  farm  six  miles  from  the  Cumberland  River, 
fifteen  miles  from  the  Ohio,  twenty-two  from  Padueah,  six  hours  by  boat  from 
Cairo :  there  are  800  acres  in  the  tract,  400  in  cultivation,  400  of  magnificent 
timber  *  soil,  limestone ;  residence,  a  brick  house  of  six  rooms,  hall,  etc. ;  two 
orchards,  containing  about  160  trees;  a  vineyard  of  near  160  vines,  Dela  wares; 
two  capacious  cisterns  and  a  well;  seven  springs  of  unfailing  water;  creek' 
boundary  of  one  and  a  half  miles ;  three  houses  for  renters,  and  all  usual  out- 
buildings ;  State  road  front  of  more  than  a  mile,  etc.,  besides  being  but  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  from  an  established  high  school — and  what,  think  you,  was 
the  price?  It  was  $8  12^  cents  per  acre,  in  five  annual  installments  I  And 
there  are  at  least  three  farms  in  this  vicinity  that  can  be  had  for  $10  per  acre — 
one  of  500,  one  of  600,  and  one  of  700  acres ;  and  the  buildings,  etc.,  are  ex- 
cellent The  soil  is  worn,  but  only  wants  a  few  years  of  rational  cultivation  to 
bring  it  up. 

2.  Labor  is  cheap.  We  get  white  hands  for  f  12  to  $18  per  month,  and  blacks 
for  $6  to  $12;  and  I  must  say  for  the  latter,  that,  considering  all  circumstances, 
ihey  do  better  than  the  former,  being  very  generally  good  and  reliable  hands. 
And  we  have  no  eight  an4  ten  hour  system  ;  but  all  hands  expect  to  work — 
and  do  willingly— throughout  the  entire  peiiod  of  daylight. 

8.  The  soil  is  good.  Limestone  land  is  best  adapted  for  green  manuring — 
and  such  is  ours.  Clover,  blue  grass  and  other  grasses  flourish  on  this  soil. 
Not  an  acre  is  too  poor  to  bring  clover,  and  after  two  years  in  clover  any  crops 
grow  exceedingly  fine.  Of  corn  eighty  bushels  and  of  wheat  forty  have  been 
prouduced ;  but  rarely,  because  our  farmers  are  negligent  and  unskilled  in 
modem  farming.  Nothing  is  reauired  to  prove  the  strength  of  our  soil  but  the 
fact  that  tobacco  and  corn  have  been  raised  here  in  endless  succession,  and  the 
soil  still  produces  them. 

4.  There  is  no  better  f^uit-  growing  country  than  this.    Broad  valleys  suited 


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for  etook  furms  are  separated  by  elevated  ridges  adapted  for  fruit     We  have 
peach  orchards  on  these  ridges  which  never  fail. 

5.  It  is  healthy.  Some  valleys,  where  no  attention  is  paid  to  drainage,  are 
sickly  :  but  generally,  health  is  excellent^  peonle  live  long,  and,  but  for  an  in- 
sane rage  for  emigration,  our  population  woula  increase  rapidly. 

8.— VICKSBURG  MISS. 

A  recent  letter  writer  thus  refers  to  this  classic  city,  whose  renown  will 
form  a  gilded  page  in  American  history  : —  "JThe  yicw  of  Vicksburg  which 
breaks  upon  the  traveler  as  he  looks  out  from  the  upper  deck  of  a  steamer  which 
is  rounding  the  point  of  Milliken's  Bend,  is  picturesque  and  attractive  beyond 
description.  It  reclines  upon  the  hill-sides  or  looks  proudly  out  upon  the  ex- 
pansive panorama  of  suburbs,  river  and  forest  from  the  brow  of  abrupt  declivi- 
ties with  the  rustic  irregularity  of  some  mountain  town  in  far  more  northern 
climes.  The  old  court-house,  perched  upon  the  tallest  peak,  with  its  well-de- 
fined cupola  and  long  columns  of  white,  but  decaying  pillars,  presents  a  feature 
that  no  one  can  fail  to  mark  ;  on  a  neio^hboring  eminence  to  the  right  rises 
with  awe-inspiring  solemnity  the  Catholic  Church,  built  in  chaste  Gothic  style, 
surmounted  by  numerous  sky-piercing  spires,  and  above  which,  standing  out 
agHinst  the  blue  ether  of  space,  is  that  emblem  of  suffering  and  mercy,  the 
<>os6.  Above  and  below  the  city,  which  comes  down  to  the  water's  edge,  can 
be  seen,  in  full  view,  long,  heavy  lines  of  crumbling  fortifications  and  well- 
built  forts,  constructed  in  the  days  of  Gen.  Pemberton's  rule,  and  improved 
afterwards  by  the  Federal  forces;  One  of  the  forts,  the  lower  one,  is  partially 
manned  by  a  small  force  who  guard  a  few  guns,  but  the  others  are  only  kept 
from  washing  to  pieces  by  the  green  grass  which  is  growing  rapidly  over  them. 

The  city  numbers  about  6,000  white  inhabitants,  and  more  than  twice  as 
many  negroes,  including  those  in  the  suburbs." 

4.— MANUFACTURING  IN  MISSISSIPPI 

We  learn  from  the  Mississippi  papers  that  there  is  a  large  cotton-mill  build' 
ing  at  Bahala  in  that  State,  and  that  parties  have  purchased  a  lai^  tract  of 
land  in  tlie  valley  of  the  Tang^pahoe  River  for  a  similar  purpose.  The  water 
power  there  is  said  to  be  very  extensive. 

The  Meridian  Messenger  thus  alludes  to  the  facilities  of  Mississippi  for  manu- 
iactui  ing  purposes  :  "  There  are  water  powers  in  Eastern  Mississippi,  the 
ChickAha<«y  and  its  tributaries,  which  could  carry  millions  of  spindles.  All 
about  Meridian  are  its  tributaries.  The  Sowashee,  which  flows  near  by,  was 
spinning  a  little  in  the  war-time,  when  Sherman  came  and  put  a  stop  to 
its  work.  Octibbeha,  two  miles  westward,  is  a  larger  and  bolder  stream. 
There  is  the  Chunkey,  still  fartherwest,  fresh,  bold  and  free,  with  an  immensity 
of  power.  On  this  la«t,  five  miles  above  Enterprise,  is  Dunn's  mill  site.  He 
has  turned  a  bold  little  stream  over  the.  precipitous  bank  of  the  Chunke^',  with  a 
fall  of  80  feet.  It  is  believed  to  be  a  gr-ind  power,  with  Ao  cost  at  all,  compared 
with  its  value,  for  handling  it  and  making  it  subservient  It  is  only  running  a 
wool,  carding  and  some  other  little  machinery,  for  the  want  of  capital.  In 
Clarke  County  is  the,  Archusa,  which,  in  defiance  of  dry  seasons,  always  runs  a 
bold  stream,  with  a  rock  foundation,  devoid  of  swamps — the  pine  growth  ap- 
proaching the  very  banks.  Colonel  Melancthon  Sihith's  mill  on  this,  within  a 
mile  and  a  half  of  the  railroad  depot  at  Quitmin,  is  a  site  where,  it  is  believed, 
many  thousands  could  be  profitably  invested.  Farther  south,  in  Wayne  County, 
is  Yellow  Creek,  a  splendid  stream,  cutting  its  way  through  the  limestone  for- 
mation, running  forever  bold  and  free,  a  superb  water  power.  When  capital  goes 
in  search  of  water  power  in  Mississippi,  it  cannot  overlook  these.  Let  us  try 
to  bring  capital  td  see  it  here.** 


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219 


EDITORIAL  NOTES,  FfC. 


WnsK  the  people  of  the  South  were 
brought,  during  the  trial  of  Wirtz,  before 
the  tribunal  of  the  world,  upon  the  di- 
rect charge  of  crueUp  and  inhumanity  to 
prUoners,  we  maintained  that  it  was  their 
dutj  to  make  a  full  inrestigation  of  all  the 
facts,  and  it  was  upon  our  suggestion  that 
his  counsel  summoned  many  of  the 
ablest  men  among  us,  whose  testimony 
was,  for  some  reason,  not  taken,  notwith- 
standing their  presence  in  Washington. 
Neither  the  time  nor  tbe  tribunal  was  fa- 
vorable, and  the  opportuoitj  was  allowed 
to  pass. 

It  is  our  purpose  that  this  whole  mat- 
ter shall  be  fully  probed  as  we  progress 
with  the  conduct  of  the  Rbyikw,  and  we 
have  uo  doubt  of  the  triumphant  vindica- 
tioD  of  the  South. 

lu  the  mean  while, we  extract  from  the 
forthcoming  work  of  Mr.  Pollard  the  fol- 
lowing most  remarkable  passages : 

**  Bat  the  history  of  the  extraordinary  effort! 
of  the  CoafederAte  aothorlties  to  relieve  the 
snfferingB  at  Andersonvllle,  through  some  re- 
■amp'lon  of  exchanses,  does  not  end  with  tbe 
proposition  referred  to  as  made  by  Commis- 
sioner Oukl,  to  exchange  man  for  man.  and 
leave  the  surplus  at  the  disposition  of  the 
enemy.  It  was  followed  by  another  more 
liberal  and  extraordinary  proposition.  Act- 
ing under  the  direct  Instructions  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  and  seeing  plainly  (hat  there  was 
no  hope  of  anv  fteneral  or  extended  partial 
system  of  exchsnire,  Commissioner  Quid,  la 
AagQst,  1864,  offered  to  the  Federal  Agent  of 
Exchange,  Gen.  Molford,  to  deliver  to  him  all 
the  sick  and  wounded  Federal  prisoners  we 
had,  without  Insisting  npon  the  delivery  of 
any  equivalent  number  of  our  prisoners  in  re- 
tarn.  Ue  also  informed  Oen.  Mulfordfof  tbe 
terrible  mortality  among  tbe  Federal  prison- 
era,  nirlng  him  to  be  swift  in  sending  trans- 
portation to  the  month  of  tbe  Savannah  River 
for  the  purpose  of  takins;  tbora  away.  The 
offer  uf  Commissioner  Onid  included  all  the 
sick  and  wounded  at  Andersonvllle  and  other 
Confederate  prisons.  U«  further  informed 
Qeneral  &Ialford,in  order  to  make  his  Govern- 
ment snfc  in  sending  transportation,  that  if 
the  sick  and  wounded  did  not  amount  to  ten 
or  fifteen  thousand  men  the  Confederate  au- 
thorities would  make  up  that  number  In  well 
men.  This  offer,  it  will  be  recollected,  was 
made  early  In  August,  1864.  Gen.  Mulford  in- 
formed CommlMloner  Ould  that  it  was  dlrect- 
Iv  communicated  t^i  his  Government,  yet  no 
timely  advantage  was  ever  taken  of  It^ 

Associations  are  being  formed  all  over 
tbe  South  for  the  purpose  of  honoring  th$ 


(Uadof  our  lost  cause,  by  suitable  memo- 
rials, tombs,  cemeteries,  etc.  This  is  a 
noble  and  Christian  work,  and  commends 
itself  to  the  hearts  of  all  good  men. 
What  privations,  what  sorrows  and  suf? 
ferings  were  encountered,  what  miracles 
of  endurance  and  valor  were  exhibited  by 
these  mighty  hosts  of  the  dead  ! 

As  an  example  of  the  spirit  displayed, 
we  give  the  *'  Preamble  and  Resolutions" 
of  the  Atlanta,  Qeo.,  Association. 

Whbrkas,  By  reason  of  the  san^lnary  bat- 
tles fought  around  and  near  Atlanta,  and  by 
reason  of  the  numerous  hospitals  here  loca- 
ted during  the  war.  there  Is  in,  around  and 
near  this  city,  a  greater  number  of  Confeder- 
ate dead  than  In  all  other  sections  of  the  State 
beside ;  and  whereas,  by  reason  of  their  great 
Impoverishment,  the  people  of  Atlanta  are 
unable,  without  aid,  to  accomplish  thorough- 
ly the  work  they  have  undertaken,  on  account 
of  its  msgnltude,  and  are  furthermore  unwill- 
ing to  deprive  others  of  their  Just  claims  to  a 
participation  in  the  discharge  of  the  great 
duty  of  doing  Justice  to  the  memory  of  their 
dead:  therefore,  be  it 

JiMohed,  That  we  earnestly  invoke  the 
formation  of  Auxiliary  Associations  In  every 
city,  town  and  village  throughout  the  State 
for  general  co-operation  with  this,  as  tbe  Cen- 
tral Society,  ond  for  supplying  It  from  time  to 
time  with  such  funds  as  they  may  be  able  to 
do,  after  providlnif  for  the  Confederate  dead  in 
their  Immediate  vicinity. 

BMolved,  That  we  confidently  hope  to  re- 
ceive, through  our  Treasurer,  generous  con- 
tributions fi-om  all  sectiens  of  the  South. 

BMolved^  That  in  order  to  lay  before  the 
people  our  purposes  and  hopes,  and  the  oAar- 
ader  of  our  or^nnizatton,  a  list  of  the  officers, 
together  with  the  Constitution  of  the  Associa- 
tion, with  these  resolutions,  be  inserted  one 
time  in  the  advertlsinur  columns  of  our  city 
papers,  and  with  the  request  that  the  press  of 
the  State  will  either  copy  or  give  the  matter 
such  notice  as  they  may  see  proper. 

In  accordance  with  this  action,  the  Constitu- 
tion and  a  list  of  tbe  otfloers  are  published,  and 
will  be  found  below. 

J.  P.  LOGAN,  President  A.  M.  A. 
.  R  T.  Clabkb,  Secretary  pro  tern. 


Tbb  following  noble  address  emanates 
from  the  National  Union  Club  of  Wathlng- 
ton  City^  and  will,  we  trust,  awaken  a  re- 
sponse in  every  part  of  the  land.  The 
vindication  of  constitutional  freedom  and 
the  rights  of  the  States  is  one  of  the  no- 
blest services  which  can  be  rendered  to 
our  country.  The  heart  of  the  patriot  will 
be  stirred  bv  the  call  which  is  here  made 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


for  a  CoDrention  of  all  sound  conserva- 
tive men,  without  distinction  of  party. 
The  proposal  is  a  great  advance  from  the 
gloom  and  darkness  of  the  last  few 
months.  Our  people  look  to  the  Conven- 
tion as  a  port  in  the  storm : 

A  National  Union  Gonrention,  of  at  least 
two  delegates  from  each  CongreBsional  District 
from  all  ihe  States,  two  from  each  Territory, 
two  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  four 
delegates  at  large  from  each,  will  be  held  at 
Philadelphia  un  the  14tb  of  Aosast  next 
Buch  delegates  will  be  chosen  by  the  electors 
of  the  several  States  who  sustala  the  Admin- 
istration in  maintaining  unbroVen  the  union  of 
the  States  under  the  Constitution  which  our 
fathers  established,  and  who  agree  to  the  fol- 
lowing propositions,  viz : 

The  un^on  of  the  States  is,  in  every  case,  in- 
dissolnblu  and  perpetual;  and  the  Ounstito- 
tion  of  the  United  States,  and  the  laws  passed 
by  Congress  in  purduatfoe  thereof,  are  supreme, 
constant  and  universal  in  their  obligation. 

The  rights,  the  dignity,  and  the  equality  of 
the  States  in  the  Union,  including  the  right  of 
representation  in  Congress,  are  mutually  guar- 
anteed by  that  Constitution,  to  save  which 
from  overthrow  so  much  blood  and  treasure 
were  expended  in  the  late  civil  war. 

There  is  no  right  anywhere  to  dissolve  the 
Union,  or  to  separate  States  from  the  Union, 
either  by  voluntary  withdrawal,  by  force  of 
arms,  or  by  congressional  action ;  neither  by 
secession  of  Stat«  s,  nor  by  the  exclusion  of 
their  loyal  and  qualified  representatives^  nor 
by  the  National  Oovemment  in  any  other 
form. 

Slavery  is  abandoned,  and  neither  can  nor 
ought  to  be  re-established  in  any  State  or  Ter- 
ritory within  our  Jurisdiction. 

Eaph  State  has  tbe  undoubted  right  to  pre- 
scribe the  qualifications  of  its  own  electors; 
and  no  external  power  rightfully  can  or  ought 
to  dictate,  control  or  influence  the  tree  and 
voluntary  action  of  the  States  in  the  exercise 
of  that  right 

The  maintenance  inviolate  of  the  rights  of 
the  States,  and  especially  the  right  of  each 
State  to  order  and  control  its  own  domestic 
concerns  according  to  its  own  Judgment  ex- 
olUsiveljT,  subject  only  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  is  essential  to  that  balance 
of  power  on  which  the  perfection  and  endur- 
ance of  our  political  fabric  depends,  and  the 
overthrow  of  that  system  by  usurpation  and 
centralization  of  power  in  Congress,  would  be 
a  revolution,  dangerous  to  a  republican  eov- 
•mment  and  destructive  of  lloerty.  £ach 
House  of  Congress  is  made  by  the  OonAtitn- 
tion  the  sole  Judge  of  its  election  returns  and 
qualifications  of  its  members;  but  the  exclu- 
sion of  loyal  Senators  and  Representatives, 
properly  chosen  and  qualified  under  the  Con- 
stitution and  laws,  is  unjust  and  revolu- 
tionary. 

Bvery  patriot  should  frown  upon  all  these 
acts  and  proceedings  everywhere,  which  can 
serve  no  other  purpose  than  to  rekindle  the 
animosities  of  war,  and  the  effect  of  which, 
upon  our  moral,  social  and  material  interests 
at  home,  and  upon  our  standing  abroad,  differ* 
ins  only  in  a  degree,  is  injurious  like  war  it- 
selt  The  purpose  of  the  war  having  been  to 
preserve  the  Union  and  the  Constitution  by 
putting  down  the  rebellion,  and  the  rebeliion 


having  been  suppressed,  all  resistance  to  the 
authority  of  the  General  Government  being  at 
an  end,  and  the  war  having  ceased,  war  meas- 
ures should  also  cease,  and  should  be  followed 
by  measures  of  peaceful  administration,  so 
that  union,  harmony  and  concord  may  be  en- 
couraged, and  industry,  commerce  and  the  arts 
of  peace  revived  and  promoted,  and  the  early 
restoration  of  all  the  States  to  the  exercise  of 
their  constitutional  powers  in  the  National 
Government  is  indispensably  necessary  to  the 
strength  and  defence  of  the  Bepublic,  and  to 
the  maintenance  of  the  public  credit. 

AH  such  electors  in  the  thirty-six  States  and 
nine  Territories  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  who,  iu  a  spirit  of 
patriotism  and  love  for  the  Union,  can  rise 
above  personal  and  sectional  considerations, 
and  who  desire  to  see  a  truly  national  Union 
Convention,  which  shall  represent  all  the 
States  and  Territories  of  the  Union,  assemble 
as  frienis  and  brothers  under  the  national  flag, 
to  hold  counsel  together  upon  the  state  of  the 
Union,  and  to  take  measures  to  avert  possible 
dangers  from  the  same,  are  specially  requested 
to  take  part  in  the  choice  of  such  delegates. 
But  no  delegate  will  take  a  seat  in  such  con- 
vention who  does  not  loyally  accept  the  na- 
tional situation,  and  cordially  endorse  the 
principles  above  set  forth,  and  who  is  not  at- 
tached in  true  allegiance  to  the  Constitution, 
the  Union,  and  the  Government  of  the  United 
Stotes. 

Waahingion,  June  25, 1666. 


Thb  following  passage,  taken  from  the 
recently  published  work  of  Dr.  Craven 
upon  the  Pnton  Life  of  Jeffereon  Dam, 
though  very  generally  circulated,  will 
ever  be  read  with  mournful  interest,  and 
on  that  account  we  determine  to  preserve 
it  in  the  pages  of  the  Rkview.  All  com- 
ment would  be  out  of  place.  Tbe  actors 
in  this  sad  drama  will  have  enough  to  do 
to  take  care  of  their  own  reputation  in 
tbe  future.  There  is  one  man,  at  least, 
whose  skirts  we  are  convinced  are  clear, 
and  that  man  is  the  President.  ,  Others, 
before  long,  will  find  abundant  occasion 
to  speak  for  themselves : 

XU  IS  PLAOBO  IH  laoNa 

On  the  morning  of  the  28d  of  May,  Jeiferson 
Davis  was  shacked. 

Captain  Jerome  E.  Titlow.  of  the  8d  Penn- 
sylvania Artillery,  entered  the  pri»onor*s  cell, 
followed  by  the  blacksmith  of  the  fort  and  his 
assistant  the  latter  carrying  in  his  hand  some, 
heavy  and  harshly-rattling  shaclcles.  As  they 
entered,  Mr.  Davis  was  reclining  on  his  bed, 
feverish  and  weary,  after  a  sleepless  ni«rht,  the 
food  placed  near  him  the  preceding  day  still 
lying  untouched  on  Its  tin  plate  near  his  bed- 
side. 

"  Well,"  said  Mr.  Davis  as  they  entered, 
slightly  raising  his  head. 

''I  have  an  unpleasant  duty  to  perform, 
Sir,*"  said  Captain  Titlow;  and  as  he  spoke  the 
senior  blacksmith  took  the  shackles  firom  his 
assistant 

Davis  leaped  from  his  recumbent  attitude,  a 


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flush  passing  over  his  f&oe  for  a  moment,  and 
then  his  coantenance  growing  llrid  and  ririd 
as  death.  He  gasped  Tor  breath,  olntching  hit 
throat  with  the  thin  fingers  of  his  right  hand, 
and  then  reoovering  himself  slowly,  while  bis 
wasted  figure  towered  np  to  its  full  heights- 
now  appearing  to  swell  with  indignation  and 
then  to  shrink  with  terror,  as  he  glanced  fh>m 
the  captain's  face  to  the  shackles— he  said 
slowly  and  with  a  Uboring  chest: 

**lly  Ood!  Tou  cannot  have  been  sent  to 
iron  mer* 

**8ach  are  my  orders,  8ir,^  replied  the  offi- 
oer,  beckoninff  the  blacksmith  to  approach, 
who  stepped  forward,  unlocking  the  j^lock 
and  preparing  the  fetters  to  do  their  office. 
These  fetters  were  of  heavr  iron,  probably 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  In  thickness,  and  con- 
nected together  by  ^  chain  of  like  weight.  I 
believe  they  are  now  in  the  possession  of  Ma- 
Jor-Oeneral  Miles,  and  will  form  an  interesting 
relic 

**  This  is  too  monstrous,^  groaned  the  pris- 
oner, glaring  hurriedly  round  the  room,  as  if 
for  some  weapon,  or  means  of  self-destruction. 
^I  demand,  Captain,  that  yon  let  me  see  the 
commanding  officer.  Can  he  pretend  that 
snch  shackles  are  required  to  secure  the  safe 
eostody  of  a  weak  old  man,  so  guarded,  and  in 
such  a  fort  as  this  V^ 

^  It  could  serve  no  pnrpos^^*  replied  Cap- 
tain Tltlow;  "his  orders  are  from  Washing- 
ton, as  mine  are  from  him.^ 

**  But  he  can  telegraph,**  interposed  Mr.  Da- 
vis, eagerly;  ^ there  must  be  some  mistake. 
No  ^oh  ontrace  as  you  threaten  me  with  is 
on  record  in  the  history  of  nations.  Beg  him 
to  telegraph,  and  delay  until  he  answers." 

•*Mv  orders  are  peremptory,**  said  the  offi- 
cer, ^and  admit  of  no  delay.  For  your  own 
sake,  let  me  advise  you  to  submit  with  pa- 
tience. As  a  soldier,  Mr.  Davis,  you  know  I 
must  execute  orders.** 

**  These  are  not  orders  ft)r  a  soldier,**  shout- 
ed the  prisoner,  losing  all  control  of  himself, 
**  They  are  orders  for  a  Jailer— for  a  hangman, 
which  no  soldier  wearing  a  sword  should  ac- 
cept I  I  tell  you,  the  world  will  ring  with  this 
disgrace.  The  war  is  over;  the  South  is  con- 
quered ;  I  have  no  longer  any  country  but 
America,  and  It  is  for  the  honor  of  America. 
as  for  my  own  honor  and  life,  that  I  pleaa 
against  this  degradation.  Kill  me  I  kill  me  T* 
he  cried,  passionately,  throwing  his  arms  widtf 
open  and  exposing  his  breast.  **  rather  than 
inflict  on  me,  and  on  my  people  through  me, 
this  insult  worse  than  deatn.** 

**Do  your  duty,  blacksmith,**  said  the  officer, 
walking  towards  the  embrasure,  as  if  not  caring 
to  witness  the  performance.  **  It  only  gives 
increased  pain  on  all  sides  to  protract  this  in- 
terview.** 

At  these  words  the  blacksmith  advanced 
with  the  shackles,  and  seeing  that  the  pris- 
oner had  one  foot  upon  the  chair  near  his  bed- 
side, his  right  hand  resting  on  the  back  of  it, 
the  brawn V  mechanic  made  an  attempt  to 
slip  one  of  the  shackles  over  the  ankle  so 
raised;  but.  as  with  the  vehemence  and 
strength  which  Arenzy  can  impart,  even  to  the 
weakest  invalid,  Mr.  Davis  suddenly  seized 
his  assailant  and  hurled  him  half  way  across 
the  room. 

On  this  CaptainTlUow  turned,  and  seeing 
that  Davis  had  backed  against  the  wall  for 
farther  resistance,  began  to .  remonstrate, 
pointing  out  in  brief,  clear  language,  that  this 
opurse  was  madness,  and  tha*  orders  must  be 


enforced  at  any  cost  "  Whr  compel  me  ?**  ha 
said,  **  to  add  the  ftirther  indignity  of  personal 
violence  to  the  necessity  of  your  being 
ironed  ?** 

"I  am  a  prisoner  of  war,**  fiercely  retorted 
Davis ;  **  I  have  been  a  soldier  in  the  armies  of 
America,  and  know  Aow  to  die.  Only  kill  me, 
and  my  last  breath  shall  be  a  blessing  on  your 
head.  But  while  I  have  life  and  strength  to 
resist,  for  myself  and  for  my  people,  this 
thing  shall  not  be  done.** 

Hereupon  Captain  Tltlow  called  In  a  ser- 
geant and  file  of  soldiers  from' the  next  room, 
and  the  sergeant  advanced  to  seize  the  pris- 
soner.  Immediately  Mr.  Davis  fiew  on  him, 
seized  his  musket,  and  attempted  to  wrench  it 
flrom  his  grasp. 

Of  course  such  a  scene  could  have  but  one 
issue.  There  was  a  short,  passionate  scuffle. 
In  a  moment  Mr.  Davis  was  flung  upon  his 
bed,  and  before  his  four  powerfhi  assailants 
removed  their  hands  from  him,  the  bUck- 
smitb  and  his  assistant  had  done  their  work- 
one  securing  the  rivet  on  the  right  ankle, 
while  the  other  turned  the  key  in  the  padlock 
on  the  left 

Thi«  done,  Mr.  Davis  lay  for  a  moment  as  If 
in  a  stupor.  Then  slowly  raising  himself  and 
turning  round^e  dropped  bis  shackled  feet 
to  the  noor.  The  harsh  clank  of  the  striking 
chain  seemed  first  to  have  recalled  him  to  his 
situation,  and  dropping  his  face  into  his 
hands,  he  burst  into  a  passionate  flood  of  sob- 
bing, rocking  to  and  fh>,  and  muttering  at 
brief  intervals :  **  Oh,  the  shame,  the  shame  P* 

We  are  indebted  to  the  publishers, 
Harper  &  Brothers,  New  York,  for  a  copy 
of  a  most  able  and  interesting  work  by 
Ck)IoDel  R.  B.  Marcy,  U.  S.  A.,  entitled 
"  Thirty  Years  of  Army  Life  on  the 
Border."  Like  bis  preTious  work,  *♦  The 
Prairie  Traveler,"  it  is  full  of  the  most 
valuable  information  in  regard  to  our 
great  Western  country,  and  is  illustrated 
with  a  great  many  handsome  engravings. 
One  of  the  most  thrilling  chapters  is  that 
which  describes  a  trip  across  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  the  depth  of  winter.  The 
work  is  full  of  incidents  in  the  lives  of 
frontiersmen,  descriptions  of  Indian  na* 
tions,  wild  animals  and  the  modes  of 
hunting  them,  explorations  of  new  terri- 
tory, etc. 

To  the  same  publishers  we  are  inbebt- 
ed  for  "  Lectures  on  the  Study  of  History ." 
These  were  delivered  at  Oxford  College, 
England,  in  1859-61,  by  Godwin  Smith, 
Professor  of  Modern  History,  but  an  ad- 
ditional address  has  been  added,  which 
gives  a  most  graphic  and  instructive  ac- 
count of  the  origin  acd  history  of  the 
University  of  Oxford.  The  Lectures  are 
marked  by  signal  ability,  and  students 


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EDITORIAL   NOTES,  ETC. 


everywhere  could  not  do  better  than  to 
make  tbemselres  familiar  with  their 
philosophical  teaching. 

These  publishers  send  also  Hand  and 
Glom,  a  novel,  bj  Amelia  B.  Edwards ; 
San$  Merely  bj  the  author  of  Ouy  Living- 
stone; Armadale,  with  illustrations,  bj 
Wilkie  Collins. 

The  first  of  the  two  works  forms  a  part 
of  the  series  of  select  novels  which  has 
reached  270  volumes,  and  which  embrace 
the  most  approved  works  of  fiction  in  the 
English  language. 

From  Hurd  A  Houghton  we  receive — 

1.  Skak8peare*i  Delineations;  or,  In- 
sanity, Imbecility  and  Suicide,  by  A.  0. 
Kellogg,  M.  D.  These  essays  were  pub^ 
lished  originally  in  the  American  Jo\^rnal 
of  Insanity ;  and  time,  the  author  says, 
continues  to  establish  the  fidelity  of  the 
great  dramatist's  delineations. 

2.  Br Uf  Biographical  DUtio nary. 
This  is  a  neat   and  convenient  little 

volume,  and  is  altogether  taken  up  with 
deceased  characters  in  all  periods  of  His- 
tory. A  second  volume  will  embrace 
living  characters.  The  name,  country, 
occupation,  date  of  birth  and  death,  are 
all  that  is  given.  Thus  the  whole  work 
is  but  a  duodecimo.  The  author  is  the 
Rev.  Charles  Hole,  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  England,  and  the  American 
editor  who  has  made  additions  is  W.  A. 
Wheeler,  M.  A.,  editor  of  Webster's  Dic- 
tionaries, etc. 

3.  Tioo  Lecturei  delioered  in  the  Law 
School  of  Harvard  ColUge  in  1865-6  by 
Joel  Parker,  Royall  Professor.  This  is  a 
pamphlet  of  89  pages.  The  work  is  full 
of  sound  constitutional  doctrine,  and  is 
remarkable  as  coming  from  such  near 
proximity  to  BOSTON.  What  will  Mr. 
Sumner  say  ?  For  example,  page  70, 
*'  we  mourn  our  honored  dead,  but  shall 
not  call  them  to  life  again  by  taking  ven- 
geance on  those  through  whose  agency 
they  hare  been  slain."  .  .  .  ^^  But  it  is 
said  that  we  must  have  a  guarantee  that 
no  similar  rebellion  shall  ever  occur, 
Ac"— "The  folly  of  such  a  position  needs 
*uo  exponent.  No  such  guarantee  can  pos 
sibly  be  given,"  page  70,  Speaking  of 
Emancipation,  he  says,  page  78,  "  I  could 


have  been  better  satisfied  if  the  boon 
could  have  been  bestowed  in  a  mode 
somewhat  less  deadly."  Page  73,  again  : 
"  There  is  do  constitutional  power  in 
Congress  to  admit  or  deny  admission  to 
these  disorganized  States."  P,  83,  etc.,  etc. 

WiLLiAH  B.  Grrbnb,  Esq.,  of  Jamaica 
Plains,  Mass.,  forwards  us  a  tluodecimo 
volume,  in  which  he  discusses  the  ques- 
tion of  currency,  maintaining  the  radical 
deficiency  of  the  existing  circulating 
medium,  and  of  the  advantages  of  a 
mutual  currency.  We  have  not  bad  time 
to  examine  the  work.  What  is  meant  by 
the  Mutual  System  of  Banking  is,  that 
members  of  a  community  or  corporation 
shall  mutually  guarantee  or  insure  their 
business  paper,  thus  providing,  as  Mr. 
Greene  says,  a  currency  for  the  people 
at  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  present  cost. 

**  Plain  Counsels  for  Freednien'*  is  the 
title  of  a  little  volume  issued  by  the 
American  Tract  Society,  and  laid  upon  our 
table,  with  the  compliments  of  the  author. 
Gen.  C.  B.  Fisk,  head  of  the  Freediheo's 
B  u  reau  of  Te  u  n  essee. 

Gen.  Fisk  has  given  good  counsel,  and 
the  circulation  of  the  work  among  Freed- 
men  would  efiect  good,  supposing  that  it 
were  read  and  acted  upon.  There  is,  to 
be  sure,  something  of  clap-trap  in  what 
he  says  of  the  **  Red  Sea  of  strife,"  the 
"  pillar  of  cloud  by  day  and  night, " 
and  the  **  Promised  Land"  of  African 
liberties ;  but  we  will  not  complain  of  this 
as  the  General  is  addressing  a  people  of 
eminently  religious  instincts.  -He  tells 
his  hearers  that  they  must  be  kind  to 
their  old  masters,  but  adds,  that  *'  it  is 
natural  they  should  feel  severe  towards 
you."  Now,  General,  we  take  issue  on 
that  point.  It  is  very  unnatural ,  and  the 
fact  is  not  as  you  state  it.  The  old  mas- 
ters do  not  feel  "  unkindness."  We  are 
one  of  them.  Dinah  and  Cudgo  begin  to 
understand  this  very  well,  too.  PUy  is 
the  sentiment  evoked,  and  this  leads  to  a 
thousand  acts  of  good-will,  now  as  when 
slavery  existed.  Doubtless  the  negroea 
expected  to  find  enemies  in  their  eld 
masters.     They  were  so  instructed  by 


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223 


deaigning  persons.  It  was  not  thesa 
masters  that  redoced  them  to  bondage— 
noreren,  in  thousands  of  cases,  their  an- 
cestors. The  slaTe-ships  and  the  slave- 
traders. who  fastened  the  system  upon 
America,  as  erery  historian  knows,  were 
aU/rom  ihs  land  of  New  £nglandy  and 
only  ceased  the  traffic  when  the  traffic 
ceased  to  be  profitable.  Had  Geo.  Fisk 
mentioned  the  fact,  it  would  have  caused 
upon  the  part  of  the  Freed  men  even 
greater  respect  towards  their  old  mas- 
ters !  Howerer,  the  little  Tolume  is  pre- 
pared in  good  spirit,  and  criticism  of  this 
.   kind  is  hardly  fair. 

FsoM  McCarrell  k  Meininger,  of  Louis- 
Tille,  Kentucky,  we  hare  received  fire 
pieces  of  new  music,  which  must  become 
rery  popular  at  the  South. 

1.  *'Th€  Vtto  OaUopr 

2.  "  Stonewall  Jaeisan^t  Lad  Words.** 
Z,  "JieguUm  in  Memory  o/th^  Confeder- 

aU  Dead," 
4.*'ILotfe  TheeSHUr 
5.  **Lonng  Eyee  are  on  Me  Beaming" 

W«  are  in  receipt  of  a  pamphlet  writ- 
ten with  some  ability  by  David  Quinn,  of 
Chicago,  Illinois,  constituting  a  petition 
and  memorial  asking  for  the  '*  re-e$tab- 
Uehmetit  of  negro  davery  in  the  United 
Statet"  It  is  handed  to  us  by  a  yerj 
prominent  gentleman  of  Nashville,  who 
says  he  is  very  profoundly  impressed  with 
the  sound  and  correct  positions  which  are 
taken ;  astonished  that  any  in  that  lati- 
tude should,  so  soon  after  the  terrible 
storm  that  has  swept  over  our  country, 
destroying  and  deranging  not  only  our 
material  resources,  but  also  the  minds 
and  capacities  of  our  rulers,  have  arrived 
at  so  sensible  and  practicable  conclu- 
sions—amaxed  at  the  boldness,  direct- 
ness, and  force  with  which  they  are  pre- 
sented at  this  early  period."  As  the 
pamphlet  emanates  from  the  Norih^  there 
can  be  no  harm,  we  suppose,  in  reading  it, 
and  we  shall  therefore  do  so, 

Ih  our  notice  of  a  visit  to  Louisville  in 
the  July  number  of  the  Rbvibw,  by  some 
unaccountable  misprint  the  name  of  J.  P. 
MosTOK  A  Co.,  at  the  head  of  the  largest 


publication  house  at  the  South,  is  printed 
"Johns,  Martin  k  Co."  Our  hieroglyph- 
ics must  indeed  have  been  exquisite. 

Dr.  C.  D.  Elliott,  known  a  third  of  a 
century  as  one  of  the  most  successful 
teachers  in  the  department  of  female  edu- 
cation at  the  South,  has  now  temporarily, 
we  are  sure,  suspended  his  Academy  at 
Nashville.  His  daughters;  M.  M.  and  S. 
R.  Elliott,  issue  their  prospectus  for  a 
school  shortly  to  be  opened  at  the  same 
place.    We  extract  as  follows  ; 

We  propose  to  open  a  school  for  the  instrnc- 
tioD  or  the  day  pupils  only  of  the  Sophomore 
Glass,  and  all  classes  l>elow  that,  IncludiDg  the 
Infant  or  Preparatory. 

We  will  be  assisted  bv  Mrs.  M.  Davidson 
and  other  teachers,  in  toe  ornamental  and 
substantial  branches,  giving  our  pupito  in 
the  al>ove-named  classes  all  the  advautages  of 
the  perfect  clasdfloatlon  and  regular  course  of 
study  of  the  old  Academy  in  Its  best  days. 

OuB  old  subscribers  will  do  well  to  re- 
member the  claims  of  the  Rbvibw.  They 
have  stood  by  us  in  the  long  years  of  the 
past.  We  send  the  work  to  hundreds  of 
them  now  who  are  in  arrears,  and  from 
whom  we  are  anxiously  expecting  re- 
sponses. They  will  please  add  to  their 
remittances  whatever  can  be  induced 
from  friends.    Many  are  now  doing  this. 

A    WORD    about   ADVBRTISBMBXTS.       We 

are  soliciting  these,  and  desire  in  a  most 
especial  manner  to  receive  them  from  all 
the  Southern  cities.  They  are  the  only 
source  of  profit.  Experience  shows  that 
no  magazine  or  newspaper,  whatever  its 
circulation,  can  sustain  itself  without  ad- 
vertisements. All  the  first-class  Britbh 
periodicals,  even,  insert  them  without 
stint  Our  readers  need  no  assurance 
that  whatever  quantity  of  advertisements 
the  Rbvibw  contains,  they  will  draw 
nothing  upon  its  reading  matter.  That 
will  increase  in  quantity,  and  we  trust  in 
quality.  We  shall  soon  add  15  to  20 
pages  to  the  reading  department.  The 
additional  postage  caused  by  the  adver- 
tisement will  not  be  one-half  cent  per 
month.  After  all,  are  not  advertisements- 
very  interesting  and  readable,  whether  we 
buy  the  articles  or  not  ?  They  indicate 
progress,    activity,     enterprise,     life. — 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


Therefore  send  them  on.  No  ioTestment 
pajB  better.  Those  who  adrertise  find 
it  so. 

Wb  continue  to  publish  our  Journal 
OF  THB  War,  and  shall,  as  we  ad  ranee, 
consult  all  sources  of  information  for 
notes  and  illustrations  to  the  text  Two 
or  three  years  maj  be  required  to  com- 
plete the  publication.  80  much  the  bet- 
ter. It  will  never  be  an  old  storj.  We 
shall  always  be  getting  new  light,  and 
shall  be  enabled  to  speak,  with  fewer 
trammels,  of  men  and  things.  We  intend 
to  introduce  plans  and  charts  of  leading 
battles,  some  engravings,  etc.,  and  shall 
be  happy  to. receive  any  such,  or  notes, 
suggestions,  information,  records  from 
friends  and  correspondents  throughout 
the  South.  The  service  will  be  acknowl- 
edged. 

Thb  following  new  works  have  been  re* 
ceived,  and  will  be  noticed  in  our  next : 

Ptuon  Life  of  Jefferton  i>a»w— Cra- 
yen,  Carlton  k  Co.,  Publishers. 

StonewaU  JacJkton — Jno.  Estus  Cooke. 

Origin  of  tfu  Late  H^ar— Geo.  Lunt. 

L^e  of  Andrew  c/bAn^OA  —  Appleton 
&  Co.,  Publishers. 

REVIEW  ADVERTISING  INDEX. 

All  advertisements  in  the  Rbtibw  will 
be  regularly  noted  in  this  Index.  Our 
terms  are  the  same  as  before  the  war, 
and  considering  the  large  circulation  of 
the  Rbvibw  in  every  part  of  the  Union, 
and  especially  in  the  Southern  States, 
its  limits  should  be  occupied.  Merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  the  SoUtb,  and 
those  having  lands  for  sale,  would  do 
well  to  imitate  in  advertising  the  enter- 
prise of  Northern  cities.  Our  pages  are 
open  to  all,  and  it  is  from  this  source 
only  that  the  Rbvibw  can  be  made  re- 
munerative. 

Advertising  Agency— O  P.  Rowoll  &  Co. 
Agricaltarel  Imploments— Machineiy,  etc.— R.  H. 

Allen  ft  Co. ;  Daui«l  Pratt ;  Pitkin,  Wiard  & 

Co. 

Books,  Bibles,  etc  —Junes  Potts  ;  John  P.  Mor- 
ton &  Co. ;  M.Dooluly. 
Boots  and  Shoes.— John  Slater. 


Bankers  and  Exchange — ^Duncan,  Sherman  U  Co.; 

C.  W.  PnroeUfcCo. ;  E.  Q.^U:  Lockwuod 

fc  Co. ;  Connor  ft  Wilson 
Brokers.— Gold  and  Silver,  Real  instate,  etc ;  Mor- 
gan McClood,  Murphy  &  Cash. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Directory. 
Cards.— Cotton  and  Wotl ;  Juo.  H.  Haskell. 
Coppersmiths,  Engineen,  etc.— Tliomas  Gannon,  J. 

Wyatt  Held. 
Clothing,  Shirts,  be.— S.  N.  Moody ;  Henry  Mooira 

fc  Qeuung. 
OoUoctioo  and  Commission  Merchants.— Taylor, 

McEwen  and  Blew. 
Dry  Goods,— Batler,  Broom  U  Clapp. 
Druggist— 8.  Mansfield  It  Co. 
Emigration  Companies.— John  Williams. 
Engravers,  etc.— Fenl  Meyer  U  Co;  J.  W.  Orr. 
Eyes.— Dr  Foote. 
Express  Companies.— Southern. 
Fertilizers,  etc.— John  S.  Reese  ft,  Co. ;  Allen  It 

Needles;    Baogh   ft    Sons:   Graham,  Emlen 

ft  Pdssmore ;  Tasker  and  Clark. 
Fancy  Goods.- J.  M.  Bowen  ft  Co. 
Garden  Seeds,  etc — D.  Landreth  ft  Sons. 
Grocers.- Baskerville,  Sherman  ft  Co. 
Hotels.— Exchange  HoU*1,  Buniet  House 

Hardware,  etc.— <3.  Wolfe  Umoe*;  C.  H.  Slocomb ; 
Cboate  ft  Co. ;  Orgill,  Bros,  ft  Co. ;  E.  Bob- 
bins ft  Bradley. 

Insurance  Companies.— iBtnaj  Accidental. 

Iron  Railings,  etc— Robert  Wood  ft  Co.:  W.  P, 
Hood. 

Iron  Safes.— Herring  ft  Co. 

Jewelry,  etc.— TiiEsny  ft  Co. ;  Ball,  Black  ft  Co. 

Lawyers.— Ward  ft  Jones. 

Loan  Agency.— Department  Business,  etc.- Na- 
tional Bank  of  Metropolis. 


Machinery,  Steam  Engines,  Saw  Mills,  Carding, 
Spmmng  and  Weaving,  etc — Bridesburg  Man- 
ufacturing Coropanjr,  Jacob  B.Schenck:  Poole 


uACWt'frut  Ass^  v^vau|»«auj|  «ffKi.rw  %9»%3n^kM.wwM\»Mk.  %  a  m#iv 

ft  Hunt :  Smith  ft  Sayre :  Jas.  A.  Robinson; 
Geo.  Page  ft  Co. :  Eklmund  M.  Ivens ;  Lane  ft 
Bod  ley  ;  Joseph  Harrison,  Jr. ;  J.  E.  Steven- 
son. 

Military  Equipments.— J.  M.  Migeod  ft  Son. 

Medicines,  etc.-  -Brandreth's ;  Dr.  W.  R.  Mer- 
win :  Radway  ft  Co. ;  Tarrant  ft  Co. 

Musicsl  Instruments.— F.  Zogbaum  ft  Fairchlld  ; 
Sonntagg  ft  B^gs. 

Masonic  Emblems — B.  T.  Hayward 

Nurseries.— EUwauger  ft  Barry. 

Organs— Parlor,  etc.— Peloubet,  Pelton  ft  Co. 

Paint,  etc.— Pecora  Lead  and  Color  Company. 

Patent  Limbs.— W.  Selpho  ft  Son. 

Pens— R.  Esterbrook  ft  Co. 

Pianos.— W.  Knabe  ft  Co. 

Scales — ^PairtMmks  ft  Co. 

Straw  Goods.— Bost wick,  Sabin  ft  Clark. 

Steamships.— James  Connoly  ft  Co. ;  Livingston, 
Fox  ft  Co. 

Stationers.— Francis  ft  Loutrel ;  E.  R.  Wagencr. 

Soap,  Starch,  etc.— B.  T.  Babbit. 

Southern  Bitters,  etc.— C.  H.  Ebbcrt  ft  Co. 

Sewing  Mschines.— Singer  ft  Co ;  Finkle  ft  Lyon. 

Steel.— Sanderson  Brothers  &  Co. 

Silver  and  Plated  Ware.— Windle  ft  Co. ;  Wm. 
Wilson  ft  Son. 

Tobacco  Dealers,  etc — Dohan,  Carroll  ft  Co. 

Tin  Ware.-S-  J.  Hare  ft  Co. ;  J.  B-  Duval  ft  Son. 

Tailors — Derby  ft  Co.  ;    Harlem  ft  Co. 

Wire  Work  Railings,  etc — M  Walker  ft  Sons. 

Washing  Machines  and  Wringers — R.  C.  Brown- 
ing ;  Jno.  Ward  ft  Co. ;  Oaker  ft  KeaUng. 

Wines— American,  etc— I.  Code. 


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DE  BOW'S   REVIEW. 


ESTABLISHED    JANUARY,     184«. 


8EPTBKBEK,    1866. 


AET,  I.-PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE. 

PART    IV. OUR    COMMERCE    FROM    THE    ADOPTION    OF   THE    FEDERAL 

CONSTITUTION    UNTIL    THE    WAR    OF    18  i2. 

The  article  which  we  have  undertaken  under  this  caption 
is  likely  to  run  through  many  numbers  of  the  Review,  and 
will  increase  in  interest  and  in  value  as  we  advance.  The 
subject  is  almost  without  limit,  and  the  means  of  illustration 
are  as  ample.  Our  previous  labors  in  the  same  field  will  aid 
us  greatly,  and  we  have,  in  addition,  provided  ourselves  with  a 
complete  set  of  public  documents  from  the  earliest  times,  in 
addition  to  the  valuable  publications  of  Mr.  Seybert,  Mr.  Pit- 
kins  and  others.  Comparative  notes  and  tables  will  be  added, 
showing-  the  commerce  of  foreign  countries  in  their  relations 
to  our  own,  for  which  our  material  is  equally  ample. 

We  have  spoken  of  the  great  prostration  of  trade  under 
the  Articles  of  Confederation,  the  first  form  of  government 
adopted  after  the  Revolution — of  the  rivalry  between  the  States, 
and  the  absence  of  any  controlling  power ;  of  the  jealousies 
and  restrictions  interp©sed  by  foreign  powers,  and  of  the  almost 
desperate  condition  of  the  national  finances.  In  such  a  Crisis, 
the  attention  of  thinking  men  and  patriots  in  all  parts  of  the 
country  was  aroused,  and  there  was -perhaps  nothing  which 
contributed  so  much  in  ur^ng  the  States  into  a  general  con- 
vention, and  into  the  adoption  of  a  constitutional  government 
and  Union,  calculated  to  preserve  their  liberties,  their  fortunes, 
and  their  fame  in  all  the  future.  One  of  the  first  grants  of 
power  conceded  to  Congress  under  this  Constitution  was  that 
of  "  regulating  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  among  the  sev- 
eral States^  and  with  the  Indians.^^* 

*  BefpniDg  to  the  sUie  of  tbiDgs  which  existed  under  the  Articles  of  Federstion,  an  able 
writer  ot>serves :  **  Interfering  r^ulations  of  trade  and  interfering  claims  of  territory  were 
dissolving  the  attachments  and  the  sense  of  the  common  interest  which  had  oemented  and 
sustained  the  Union  during  the  arduous  struggles  of  the  BeToluUon.    Symptoms  of  distress 

VOL.  IL-NO.  III.  15 


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PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE. 

"  No  more,"  said  a  memorial  from  Charleston,  on  the  adop- 
tion of  this  Constitution,  "  no  more  shall  we  lament  our  trade, 
almost  wholly  in  the  possession  of  foreigners,  our  vessels 
excluded  from  the  ports  of  some  nations  iind  fettered  with 
restrictions  in  others;  our  materials,  the  produce  of  our 
country,  which  should  be  retained  for  our  own  use,  exported 
and  increasing  the  maritime  consequence  of  other  powers."* 
With  this  memorial  before  them,  and  others  of  a  similar  char- 
acter, Congress,  at  its  first  session,  appointed  a  committee  to 
report  upon  *'  the  expediency  of  increasing  the  duty  upon 
foreign  tonnage,  carrying  American  produce  to  places  in 
America  not  aamitting  American  vessels;  and  to  fmme  a  bill 
placing  the  same  restraints  upon  the  commerce  of  foreign 
American  States  that  they  place  upon  us." 

By  the  report  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  in  1790,  it  appears 
that  the  total  tonnage  of  the  United  States,  at  that  time,  was 
as  follows : 

American  yesfiels  in  foreign  trad«    .    .     S68,093  tons. 
Coasters  above  twenty  tons  .    .    .        118,181    *' 

In  the  fisheries 26,262    '*    —502,626  tons. 

Total  foreign  tonnage    .     • 262,918    " 

United  States  and  British 812    •* 

United  States  and  other  foreign 838    " 

Totol 766,089    " 

The  earliest  tariff,  which  was  adopted  under  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  Committee,  was  specific  and  ad  valorem^  and 
discriminated  ten  per  cent,  in  favor  of  trade  conducted  by  our 
own  shipping.  In  this  measure,  we  but  imitated  the  naviga- 
tion acts  of  European  States,  by  means  of  which  it  has  been 
supposed  the  enormous  maritime  consequence  of  some  of 
them  was  principally  secured.  As  to  the  policy  of  such  re- 
strictive measures,  we  shall  not  pause  to  argue  a  point  in  political 
economy  so  long  mooted  airong  writers  of  the  greatest  ability. 
The  jealousies  of  nations  have  gone  and  still  go  very  far. 
Even  the  philosophical  Voltaire  thought  that  nations  could 
not  advance  in  prosperity,  otherwise  than  to  the  detriment  of 
other  nations.  England  long  imposed  the  most  onerous  re- 
strictions upon  the  commerce  of  other  powers,  and  her  ad- 
vances in  consequence,  or  notwithstanding,  have  been  un- 
precedented. Her  tonnage,  when  she  commenced  this  system, 
was  less  than  that  of  the  Uhited  States  at  the  time  of  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

and  mftrks  of  humiliation  vero  rapidlj  •ocamalatlng.  The  flnane«i  of  the  natton  irere 
annihilated.  In  short,  to  ate  the  language  of  the  authors  of  the  Fsderalist^  each  State,  yield- 
Ing  to  the  Toloeof  immediate  interest  or  oonvenience,  suocessively  withdreir  its  support  from 
the  Confederation,  till  the  fhiU  and  tottering  edifice  was  readj  to  fall  upon  our  beads,  and  to 
crash  ns  beneath  Its  ruins.  Most  of  the  federal  constitutions  of  the  world  hare  degenerated 
or  perished  in  the  same  way.  and  bj  the  same  means.** — Ksnt,  Vol.  1,  p.  91 T. 
*  American  State  Papers,  1789. 


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PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  OOKHERCB.  227 

There  was  one  department  of  our  maritime  industry  which 
demanded  the  earliest  attention  of  government,  and  we  think 
its  general  interest  will  be  a  snflScient  apology  for  such  space 
as  we  may  allot  to  its  consideration — ^the  fisheries. 

Mr.  Jefferson,  in  1791,  then  Secretary  of  State,  furnished 
an  admirable  report  npon  the  subject,  which  we  proceed  to 
analyze. 

As  early  as  1520  there  were  fifty  ships  upon  the  Newfound- 
land coasts  at  one  time,  prosecuting  the  cod  fisheries.  In  1577 
the  French  had  150  vessels  there,  the  Spaniards  100,  the 
Portuguese  50,  and  the  English  15.  The  French  fisheries 
began  early  to  decline.  In  1768  the  Americans  took  but  little 
less  than  the  English,  and  the  French  took  the  least  of  all. 
In  1789  England  obtained  double  the  quantity  of  both 
America  and  France  combined.  During  the  Revolution  the 
American  fisheries  were  almost  entirely  abandoned,  and  Mr. 
Jefferson  left  it  to  the  wisdom  of  Congress  to  decide  whether 
they  should  not  be  restored,  by  opposing  prohibitions  to  pro- 
hibitions, and  high  duties  to  high  duties,  on  the  fish  of  other 
nations. 

The  whale  fishery  was  prosecuted  by  the  Biscayans  as  early 
as  the  fifteenth  century.  The  British  began  its  encouragement 
in  1672  by  bounties.  The  Americans  opened  their  enterprises 
in  1715.  They  succeeded  early  in  the  discovery,  in  the  South- 
em  Seas,  of  the  spermaceti  whale,  which  they  attacked  instead 
of  the  Qreenlana,  hitherto  known  to  navigators.  In  1771  we 
had  204  whalers.  During  the  war,  England  held  out  the 
largest  bounties  to  the  trade,  and  so  irresistible  were  these  in 
the  depressed  condition  of  our  fishermen,  that  it  is  said  many 
of  them  were  on  the  eve  of  removing  to  Halifax,  to  prosecute 
the  business  there,  and  were  only  aeterred  by  a  letter  from 
Lafayette,  declaring  that  France  would  abate  her  duties  upon 
oil.  The  little  island  of  Nantucket  is  the  great  heart  of  these 
fisheries.  **  A  sand-bar,"  said  Mr.  Jefferson,  **  fifteen  miles  • 
long  and  three  broad,  capable  by  its  agriculture  of  maintain- 
ing twenty  families,  employed  in  these  fisheries,  before  the 
Revolution,  between  5  and  6,000-  men  and  boys,  and  contained 
in  its  only  harbor  140  vessels.  In  agriculture,  then,  they 
have  no  resource,  and  if  their  fisheries  cannot  be  pursued 
from  their  own  habitations,  it  is  natural  they  should  seek 
others  from  which  it  can  be  followed,  and  principally  those 
where  thev  will  find  a  sameness  of  language,  religion,  laws, 
habits,  and  kindred." 

In  1803  Mr.  Huger  stated  to  Congress,  in  his  report,  that  it 
would  seem  the  cod  fisheries  had  gained  grouncl  since  the 
Revolution,  but  that  the  whale  fisheries,  on  the  contrary,  have 


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228  PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAIT  COMHSRCB. 

been,  for  some  time  past,  on  the  decline.  The  war  of  1812 
was  most  disastrous  to  the  fishermen,  but  they  soon  after  re- 
covered their  prosperity,  and  on  the  first  of  January,  1844, 
we  had  644  vessels  engaged  at  sea,  of  the  value,  including 
catchings,  of  $27,784,000.  On  the  first  of  January,  1846, 
there  were  680  ships,  34  brigs,  21  schooners,  and  1  sloop; 
tonnage,  233,149;  manned  by  about  20,000  seamen  and 
oflScers,  consuming  over  three  million  dollars  annually  of 
American  produce.  The  proceeds  of  whale  fisheries  were 
$9,000,000  per  annum,  of  which  only  $2,000,000  were  re- 
exported. 
In  1844  Mr.  Grinnell  stated  in  Congress : 

Thifi  fleet  of  whaling  ships  is  larger  than  ever  pursued  the  basine?s  before. 
Commercial  history  furnishes  no  account  of  any  parallel.  The  voyages  of  thote 
engaged  in  the  Fperm  fishery  average  three  and  a  half  years;  they  search  every 
sea,  and  often  cruise  three  or  four  months  with  a  man  at  each  ma«t-head  on  the 
lookout,  without  the  cfaoeering  sight  of  a  whale.  They  are  hardy,  honest  and 
patriotic,  and  will,  as  they  did  in  the  last  war,  stand  by  their  country  when  in 
danger ;  ihey  will  man  oar  ships,  and  fight  our  battles  on  the  ocean. 

Mr.  Clayton  remarked  in  1846: 

We  have  at  this  time  a  commerce  of  2.417,000  tons  of  shipping;  England  has 
2,420,000  tons ;  so  that  we  are  nearly,  nay,  it  is  my  opinion,  we  are  completely 
on  a  par  with  her.  I  doubt,  sir,  whether  England  has  a  greater  commercial 
marine,  or  greater  interests  to  protect.  We  have  more  than  700  whale  ships  in 
the  Pacific,  an  extensive  Indian  commerce,  and  a  great  and  daily  growing 
commerce  with  China.* 

But  we  have  been  anticipating  other  divisions  of  the  sub- 
ject, led  on  by  the  interest  which  is  so  readily  excited  here. 
At  the  close  of  the  last  century  there  were  many  ca'uses  which 
tended  to  add  a  vast  importance  to  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States.  For  several  years  this  commerce  enjoyed  un- 
paralleled, and  almost  unmeasured  prosperity.  Scarcely  ad- 
mitted into  the  family  of  nations,  we  found  the  whole  civilized 
world  engaged  in  the  fiercest  and  most  sanguinary  conflict. 
A  wise  and  indeed  **  masterly"  neutrality  was  of  course  the 
true  policy  of  the  country.  The  carrying  trade  of  th^  world 
fell  At  once  into  our  hands.  We  supplied  the  mother  coun- 
tries with  the  products  of  their  own  colonies.  The  East  and 
West  Indies  alike  were  opened  to  our  shipping.  Their  rich 
products  filled  our  warehouses,  supplying. consumption  and  re- 
export. Prosperity  such  as  this,  however,  was  fated  to  be 
brief.  The  conflicting  powers  sacrificed  everything  to  their 
mutual  hatred,  and  minded  little  the  rights  of  a  nation  they 
had  not  even  learned  to  respect.  Protestation  ended  in  war, 
.and  the  rights  of  our  hardy  sailors  were  established  forever 

*  Brown's  Whaling  Crulie  and  Hist.  Whale  Fishery,  1846,  p.  689. 


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FBOGRBSS  OF  AMERICAN  COIfKERCE.  229 

on  every  sea.  With  the  return  of  peace  in  Europe,  the  carry- 
iuft  trade  departed  rapidly  from  us. 

In  1791  the  king  and  conncil  of  England  admitted  American 
unmanufactured  goods,  except  fish,  oil,  blubber,  whale  fins, 
certain  naval  stores,  etc.,  into  Britain,  at  the  same  duties  with 
British  American  produce.  The  treaty  of  commerce  of  1794 
between  the  two  governments  was  a  reciprocity  one,  both 
parties  binding  themselves  to  impose  no  greater  restrictions 
upon  each  other  than  they  imposed  upon  others.  This  treaty 
regulated  our  East  India*  commerce,  then  newly  opened,  and 
promising  great  extension. 

From  1790  until  1797  Pennsylvania  continued  largely  the 
greatest  exporter  in  the  Union.  In  1791  South  Carolina 
occupied  the  third  rank.  In  1791  New  York,  for  ^he  first 
time,  took  a  leading  position,  which  she  ever  after  maintained. 
The  first  exports  &f  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  date  from  1801, 
those  of  Kentucky  and  Indiana  from  1802,  of  Michigan  1803, 
Orleans  Territory  1804,  and  Ohio  1806.  This  we  shall  see 
more  particularly  hereafter.  It  is  sufficient  now  to  indulge 
the  reflections  which  the  facts  before  us  so  naturally  awaken. 
Mysterious  have  been  the  changes.  Old  age  and  premature 
-  decay  have  fallen  upon  cities  once  famous  for  their  trade ;  and 
quays,  where  the  flags  of  all  nations  floated,  have  come  at  last 
to  be  comparatively  deserted.  We  look  around,  and  there 
have  started  up  others  like  mature  creations,  full  of  vigor  and 
stalwart  even  in  their  infancy.  How  hardly  can  reason  realize 
that  these  wondrous  changes  are  not  all  the  pictures  of  a  fertile 
imagination!  Where  is  placed  Virginia  now,  that  mother  of 
States,  who  in  1769  exported  to  foreign  lands  four  times  as 
much  as  New  York;  and  where' is  Carolina,  the  land  of  the 
'*Rutledges,  the  Pinckneys,  and  the  Sumters,"  whose  ex- 
ports at  the  same  time  doubled  those  of  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania together,  and  were  equal  to  five  times  those  of  all 
New  England  I*  If  trade  grow  to  colossal  stature,  its  proud 
empire,  the  poet  truly  admonishes  us,  hastens  also  to  swift 
decay. 

The  difficulties  which  beset  our  commerce,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  present  century,  when  the  rival  hostile  powers  of 
Europe,  jealous  of  our  prosperous  neutrality,  strained  every 
nerve  to  involve  us  in  their  disputes,  will  be  called  to  mind 
by  every  one  familiar  with  history.  We  were  made  the 
victims  of  the  policy  and  arts  of  these  nations,  and  even  as 
early  as  1793,  their  depredations  upon  our  commerce  were 
considerable.     In  five  months  alone  of  that  year,  it  was  stated 

*  S«o  Report  of  the  BonUiern  Commercial  Gonvcntlon,  1689. 


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280  PROGRESS  OF  AMERfCAN  COMMERCE. 

in  the  House  of  Peers,  that  six  hwidred  American  vesiels  were 
seized  or  detained  in  British  ports  for  alleged  violations  of 
orders,  and  decrees  claimed  as  rights  under  the  law  of  nations. 
These  aggressions  were  long  and  extensively  practiced,  as  the 
following  table  will  exhibit. 

BEIZUBES  OP  AMBBIOAN  VESSELS  FBOM   1808  TO   1812. 

By  the  British        . .  »1Y 

By  the  Frenoh 668 

By  the  Neapolitans 47 

By  the  Danish  Tribunal .  TO 

Total  yeisels 1,692 

And  this,  too,  at  a  time  when  we  were  at  peace  with  all  the 
nations  on  earth.*  Indemnity  for  such  spoliations  was  the 
subject  of  numerous  treaties ;  among  others,  that  of  England 
in  1794,  France  1808,  and  Spain  in  the  Florida  treaty  of  1819. 
But  the.  whole  period,  so  interesting  in  our  annals,  aeserves  a 
minute  survey. 

On  the  conquest  of  Pnissia  in  1806,  Bonaparte  conceived 
the  idea  of  crushing  the  maritime  power  of  Britain,  by  pro- 
hibiting all  the  world,  in  his  famous  Berlin  Decree.^  from  con- 
ducting any  trade  with  her  or  her  numerous  dependencies. 
The  retaliatory  British  Orders  in  Council  followed  at  once,  and 
all  countries  in  the  world,  connected  in  any  way  with  France, 
or  opposed  to  England,  were  declared  to  be  under  precisely 
the  same  restraints,  as  if  actually  invested  in  strict  olockade 
by  British  forces.  Incensed  by  so  unexpected  and  ruinous  a 
measure,  Napoleon  issued  the  memorable  Mtlcm  Decree^  making 
lawful  prize  of  all  vessels  submitting  at  any  time  or  in  any 
way  to  British  search  or  taxation .f  It  was  natural  that  these 
illegal  and  unauthorized  proceedings  should  excite  the  utmost 

•  Seybert 

t  The  question  of  blockade  btB  been  mooh  discossed  by  modern  pabllelsts,  and  between 
onraelyet  and  Europe  with  no  little  acrimony.  The  policy  of  the  United  Slates  being  that  of 
peace  and  neutrality,  we  are  Induced  so  Insist  most  strongly  upon  the  rights  and  pnTfleges 
of  neutral  nations.  The  ordinance  of  Congress,  1781,  required  that  there  should  be  actually 
a  number  of  vessels  stationed  near  enough  to  make  the  entrance  of  a  port  apparently  danffer- 
OUB  to  eonstltnte  a  blockade,  and  we  have  ever  protested  a^nst  confiscation  for  Ineffectual  or 
fictitious  blockades.  In  our  convention  with  Russia  of  1801,  a  blockaded  port  was  defined 
^that  where  there  t\by  the  disposition  of  the  power  which  attacks  It,  with  ships  sUtionary 
or  sofllciently  near,  an  evident  danger  In  enterlnK."^  The  same  Is  defined  In  some  of  our 
South  American  treaties,  **  a  place  actually  attacked  by  a  belligerent  force,  capable  of  prevent- 
ing the  entry  of  the  neutral.**  Kent  1, 146  n.  But  see  this  whole  subject  discussed,  Ot>m- 
mercial  Berietc,  vol.  1. 184d,  art  Blockade^  by  J.  P.  Benjamin,  Esq.,  p.  498:  InUtnational 
BighU  of  Peaes  and  Wary  p.  192,  same  volume,  by  the  editor.  More  lately.  In  the  questions 
which  arose  during  the  war  of  1860-65,  the  United  States  must  be  understood  to  have  greatly 
enlarged  her  Ideas  of  effiecttve  blocksde.and  to  have  given  the  weight  of  her  Influence  in  favor 
of  vital  modifications.  The  acquiescence  of  foreign  powers  having  been  secured,  the  law  Itself 
receives  new  Interpretation.  Thus  It  has  not  happened  for  the  first  time  that  Uie  poliey  and 
canemt&ne^  of  i^*  hour  establish  the  permanent  law.  The  time  will  perhaps  come,  and 
that  before  lonf,  when  the  United  States  will  be  found  conlendinff  vigorously  asalnst  the  very 
principle  which  did  so  much  to  secure  her  recent  triumphs,  but  tJUr^  can  now  oe  no  qusstiok 
of  her  power  to  ineorpcraU  what  thepUuHe  among  th4  law% qf  naHons, 


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PROGRESS  OP  AMERICAN  COMMERCE.  231 

interest  Yind  ooncern  in  the  United  States,  so  materially  and 
even  vitally  aflfected  by  them.  We  ^otested  in  vain.  The 
administration  recommended,  as  the  sole  remaining  alternative 
6f  peace,  an  embargo^  which  Congress  adopted  in  1807.  This 
measure  the  commercial  interests  warmly  opposed  as  ruinous 
to  them,  and  memorials  were  forwarded  from  many  quarters 
praying  for  its  repeal.  To  these  it  was  replied  by  gov- 
ernment, "The  embargo,  by  teaching  foreign  nations  the 
value  of  American  commerce  and  productions,  will  inspire 
them  with  a  disposition  to  practice  justice.  They  depend 
upon  this  country  for  articles  of  first  necessity,  and  for  raw 
materials  to  supply  their  manufactures."  Such  a  view  of 
the  matter,  however,  did  not  occur  to  the  mind  of  Napoleon, 
who  regarded  the  embargo  as  greatly  favorable  to  France,  and 
aiding  him  in  his  warfare  against  English  commerce.  "To 
submit,"  said  he  to  Mr.  Livingston,  "  to  pay  England  the 
tribute  she  demands,  would  be  for  America  to  aid  her  against 
him,  and  be  a  just  ground  of  war." 

In  1809,  a  non-intercourse  with  Britain  and  Prance  was  sub- 
stituted for  the  embargo,  which  the  latter  power  regarded  as 
such  an  evidence  of  hostility  as  to  justify  her  in  proceeding  at 
once  to  condemn  millions  of  American  property  as  lawful 
prize. 

The  Congress  of  1810  determined  to  admit  the  commercial 
vessels  of  the  powers  of  France  and  England,  if  the  act  were 
preceded  by  a  revocation  of  their  hostile  and  arrogant  decrees. 
The  French  Government  pretended  to  close  in  at  once  with  the 
proposal,  but  it  was  nearly  a  year  before  her  repealing  ordi- 
nance was  oflScially  promulgated,  evidencing  a  disposition  on 
the  part  of  Napoleon  to  act  in  bad  faith,  and  to  turn  the  game 
at  any  time  to  his  advantage.  Humiliating  to  our  pride  are 
the  events  of  this  entire  era.  With  England,  it  was  long 
doubtful  what  relationship  we  might  expect  to  sustain.  Hostile 
and  peaceable  alternately,  according  to  her  caprices  or  her 
interests,  she  had  pmvoked  in  American  minds  a  resentment 
too  deep  to  be  subdued,  and  forbearance  longer  was  regarded 
to  be  a  crime.  The  orders  of  Council  remaining  in  force,  and 
the  aggressions  increasing  daily,  a  non-intercourse  act  of  sixcty 
days  was  resorted  to,  the  prelude  only  to  a  solemn  declaiation 
of  war.*  Then  was  the  hour  of  severe  retribution,  and  then 
was  the  national  honor  atid  dignity  of  America  vindicated ! 

♦  The  ordert  were  revoked  five  days  before  the  declaration  of  war.  Query, 
however,  whether  the  iatelligence  would  have  prevented  the  declaration  ? 


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282 


FROGKEdS  OF  A|I£B1CAN  COHHEBCB. 


FOKEION  nCFORTB  AND  KXPOKTO  UNITED  STATES  FSOM  1790  TO  1812. 


JmporU, 


ExporU, 


TuUlTaloeof      B«talned  for 
Importt.  GoDMunptloiL 

.$23,000,000.  .$22.460,844. . 
.  29,200,000..  28,687,959.. 
.  31,600.000..  29.746,902.. 
.  «t,100,000..  28,990,418.. 
.  84.600,000..  28,078,767.. 
.   69,756,268..  61.266,796.. 


.  81,436,164. 

75,879,406. 
,  68,551,700. 
,  79.069.148. 

91,252.768. 
111.868.611. 

76.388.888. 

64.666,666. 

85.000,000. 
120.600,000. 
129,410,000. 


65,136,164. 

48,H7  9,406.. 

86.5«1.700. . 

83,546,148.. 

52,121,891.. 

64,720.790.. 

40,558.862.. 

61.072,594.. 

48,768.403.. 

67.420,981.. 

69,126.764.. 


188,500,000..  78,866,442. 
66.990,000..  48,992,686.. 
59.400,000..  88,602.469.. 
85,400,000..  61,008,706.. 
68.400,000..  87.877,210.. 
77.030.000..  68.534,873.. 


I>ome«ti&  Foroiga.             ToCaL 

.$19,666.000. .  $689,166.  .$20,206,166 

.  18.600,000..  612,041..   19,012,041 

.  19,000.000..  1,763,098..  20,763.098 

.  24,000,000..  2,109,572..  26,109,672 

.  26.600,000..  6,62M88..  88,026,288 

.  39,600,000..  8.489,472..  47.989,472 

.  40,764,097..  26,300,000..  67,064,097 

.  29.860,026..  27,000.000..   66  860.206 

.  28,627.097..  88.000,000..  «1.627,097 

.  33,142,522.  46,623,000..  78,666.622 

.  81,840.903..  39.130,877..   70.971,780 

.  47.478.204..  46.642,721..   94,116.926 

.  86.708,189..  85.774,971..   72,488,160 

.  42.205,961..  13,694,072.     66,800,088 

.  41.467.477..  36,231,697..  77,699,074 

.  42,887,002..  63,179,019..   96.56lB.021 

.  41,268.727..  60.288.286.  .101,686,968 

.  48,699.692..  69,648.668.  .108,843,150 

.  9,433.546..  12,997.414..   22,430,960 

.  81,406.700..  20,797,631..   62,203,231 

.  42.366.679..  24.891,295..   66.767,974 

.  46,294.041..  16.022,790..   61.316,881 

.  30,032,109..  8,495,127..   38,627,286 


Yean. 

1790.. 
1791... 
1792... 
1798.. 
1794.., 
1795... 
1796.. 
1797... 
1798.. 
1799.. 
1800... 
1801... 
1802. . , 
1803.. 
1804... 
1806... 
1806... 
1807.. 
1808... 
1809.  , 
1810.. 
1811... 
1812... 

The  exports  of  the  several  States  having  seaports,  in  the 
same  period,  are  given  in  the  annexed  table,  but  the  imports 
cannot  be  furnished,  as  the  records  are  not  satisfactory  prtor  to 
1820. 

■ZP0RT8   or  THE   PBINCIPAL  STATES- 

T«n.       Maants.      N««r  York.    FnntyltMiU.      MuylMd.       Viq^la. 

1791. . $2.519,6.51. .|8,d06.465..$8w436.098..$2.2}t9.G01.. $8,180.665.. 18.698,268.. $481,250..$- 


1TO9...  2,S8ai04..  2,585,790..  8,8iO,6«a. 

1798...  8,755,847..  8,982.870..  6.95S.686. 

1794 . . .  6,292,441 . .  5,442,188 . .  6,648.092. 

1795. . .  7.1 17,907.  10.804,581 .  .1  i.5ia260. 

1796..    9,949.846. .12.20a027. .17,518886. 

1797...  7,502,047. .I8J08,064.. 11,446 291. 

1793...  8.6:^,252..  14.800.602..  &9I^46:). 

1799 .. .11421,591 ..  1 8.719,527.  .12,481.967. .  .16,299  609 

1800. .  .11.826,876.  .14,04.%079.. 11.949.679..  .12,264,881. 

1801      -^" 


2.628,808 . .  8.559.895. . .  «;4«s;260. .  459;i06. 

8.665,066..  2,9S7.098...  8,191.867..  580,955..   

5,686.191..  8,821.686...  8.B67,908..  268,882..  

5.8114»0..  &4»0,a4l...  5.998.498..  695.9S6..  

9,201,815..  6,268,665...  7.620,049..  960,158..  

9,811,799..  4,908.718...  «,«»5,il8..  644,807..  

.12.746,190..  6.11S,451...  6994,179..  961.846..  

6.292,986...  8,T2f,OI5..14»a759..  

4,48a689...  10,662.51 0..2.1 74.868..  


14,870,556..  19 85U86..17.48'<.198...  12,767.530..  6 665.574... 14,804.«'46..1,7.Sfit989..  

1808...  18.492.682..  1^798,276..  12,67T.47&..  7,914,225..  8.978,868... 10.689,865..1,854,95l..  

1808...  8,768.566..  10.8ia887..  7,526,710...  5.07^062..  6,H>O,70S...  7,811.108..«.87».875..  

1804...  16,894,878  16.08 1.881.. II, 080,1 57...  9,151.989..  &79a00l... 17,451616. .8.0n.578. 1.600,868 
1805...  19,48.%657.. 28.482.948..  18,762,262...  10,850.480..  5.606,620...  9.066,625..8,894,846.8.871,d46 
1806. . . 21,1U9.248 . . 21,762,346. .  1 7.5747«J2. . .  14.580.906. .  5  OW  896. ..  9.748.782 . .     82.764.8.887.888 

1807..  2ai  12125.. 86,857.968. .16,864,744.. .14,298,984..      — -■     -    

18«ia..  5128,822..  5,606,053..  4.018,880...  2,721,106., 
1809...  12,148.298..  12,581,569  .  9,049,241...  6.687.826., 
181«)...  13,018.048..  17,842,880..  10.998.89a.  6.489.018  . 
1811..  11,286.465.. 12.266,215..  9.560,1  IT...  6,888,987.. 
1812...  6,588,888..  8,961,982..  5,978,750...  5,835,979.. 


4,761234.  ..104»I8,564..8,741845.4J80.568 
526,478...  1664,445..  84.686.1,261,101 
8,894.1251..  8247,842.  1.088,108.  541,984 
4  822.611..  5,890,614.. 2.288,686.189a692 
4.822,807. . .  4,861279.  .2,56S.866 .2,650,050 
8,011112...  8,086,195^.1,066,708.1,060,471 


The  fisheries  to  which  we  have  referred  have  continued  to 
grow  in  importance,  until,  under  the  influence  of  bounties  and 


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PBOaBSSS  OF  j&JCICRICAN  COMMSBCB. 

other  protection,  they  have  become  an  important  branch  of 
American  commerce.     Our  exports  of  these  were  as  follows : 

Dried  Fiah.  PicWed  Fish. 

Quintals.  Barrels. 

1791 888.287 67.726 

1795 400.818 66,999 

1800 892,726 60,888 

1806 614.649 66,670 

1810 280,864 84,674 

The  exports  of  spermaceti  oil,  bone,  and  candles  reached,  as 
early  as  1807,  nearly  six  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
llie  exports  of  the  products  of  our  forests  were  in 

1808 14.860,000 

1807 6,476,000 

1811 6,286,000 

The  export  of  American  wheat  began  at  a  very  early  period, 
and  in  1790  reached  the  aggregate  of  1,018,339  bushels,  in  ad- 
dition to  619,681  barrels  ot  flour.  The  export  declined  greatly 
in  the  last  years  of  the  century,  and  fluctuated  afterwards. 
In  1808  these  exports  were  valued  at  less  than  $2,000,000,  but 
in  1812  they  exceeded  $13,000,000.  The  West  Indies,  Spain, 
and  Portugal  were  the  chief  markets. 

In  1791  the  export  of  rice  was  96,980  tierces,  which  was 
about  the  average  export  for  that  timq  till  the  opening  of  the 
war.  The  exj/ort  of  corn  and  meal  was  in  1790  $2,026,000, 
and  in  1812  $1,939,000,  chiefly  to  the  West  Indies  and  Portu- 
gal. The  total  export  of  the  produce  of  our  agriculture  was 
in 

1802 |12.790,0A0 

1807 14.080,000 

1808 2,660,000 

1811 20,891,000 

In  regard  to  the  products  of  animals,  to  wit,  beef,  pork,  etc., 
etc.,  we  insert  the  following  statistics : 

Beef,  Tillow,  Butter  and  Pork.  Bacon, 

Hides  4b  Cattle.  Cheese.  Lard  A  Hugs. 

1808 $1,145,000 $686,000 $1,890.000. . . 

1807 1,108,000 490.000 1,157,000... 

1810 747,000 318,000 907,000... 

1812 624,000 829,000 604,000. . . 

The  tobacco  trade,  which  showed  an  export  of  101,272  hhds. 
in  1791,  reached  only  78,680  in  1800,  and  26,094  in  1812,  the 
aggregate  value  being  in  1802  $6,220,000,  and  in  1812 
$1,114,000. 

Until  the  invention  of  the  cotton-gin  by  Mr.  Whitney,  in 
1793,  the  cotton  trade  of  the  United  States  had  scarcely  any 
existence,  but  the  export  ^t  once  rose  from  189,316  pounds  at 


Horses  and 
Males. 

Sheep. 

.460.000. . . 
.817.000... 
.186,000... 
.191.000... 

...65,000 
...14,000 
...12,000 
...   9,000 

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234  PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE. 

that  period  to  17,789,803  pounds  at  the  end  of  the  century. 
The  exports  were  for 

Sea  IfilAnd,  Upland, 

Poands.  Pounds.  Valne. 

1805 8,789,669. . .  .29,608.428 $9,445,000 

1808 946,061,...  9,681394 2,221,000 

1810 8,604,078, . .  .84,659,884 15,108.000 

1811 ;4,867,a0^ 24,519,671. . .  .  3.080,000 

Our  exports  of  manufactured  goods  were  necessarily  very 
small  prior  to  1800.  Three  years  later  they  exceeded  one 
million  of  dollars,  but  fell  in  1808  to  less  than  one-third  of  that 
amount,  and  in  1812  had  scarcely  more  than  recovered. 

TOTAL  KXP0RT8  OF  AtL  CLA?S1B. 

or  tho  BetL.  ForeBts.  Igiicnlhire.  Mannfactores. 

1803,^. ..  .12,686.000. ..  .$4,850.000 $32.995,000. . .  .$1,855,000 

1808 882.000,...   1,399,000 6,746,000 344,000 

1810 1,481,000,...  4,978.000 38,502,000 1,907.000 

1812 935,000 2,701,000 24,555,000 1,855,000 

We  exported,  in  1791,  74:5500  i>ounds  of  sugar  of  foreign 
and  domestic  origin ;  from  1805  to  1807,  an  average  of 
140,000,000  pounds,  but  the  trade  declined  to  one-tenth  of  that 
quantity  in  1812.  The  coffee  export,  which  reached  50,000,000 
pounds  in  these  years,  declined  to  about  10,000,000.  We  im- 
ported in  1806-7  about  200,000,000  of  sugar  annually,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  which-came  from  the  East  Indies  and  Africa. 

The  average  exports  of  liquors,  etc.,  was  from  1805  to 
1807 : 

"Wines 3,423,485  gallons. 

Spirits 1,600,301 

Teas 2,151,000  pounds. 

Cocoa 5,987.654 

Pepper 5,292,791 

Having  thus  discussed  the  Export  commerce  of  the  country 
in  detail,  for  the  period  embraced  in  the  present  division  of  our 
subject,  we  shall  introduce  a  few  figures  relating  to  that  of  Im- 
ports. 

It  was  not  until  1820  that  Congress  made  adequate  pro- 
visions for  the  collection  and  publication  of  the  returns  of  our 
foreign  commerce.  It  was  then  provided  that  the  exports  were 
to  be  valued  at  their  cost  or  real  value  at  the  place  of  exporta- 
tion, and  the  imports  at  their  cost  or  worth  at  the  foreign  ports 
from  whence  they  were  exported.  This  mode  of  valuation  is 
defective. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  stated,  in  1793,  that  our  im- 
ports were  from 

Spain  and  Dominions $385,110 

Portugal  "       f 595,763 


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PBO0RE8S  07  AKSRICAN  COMMERCE. 


235 


France  and  Dominions 2,068,848 

Great  Britain       "       15.286.428 

Netherlands  "       1,172,692 

Denmark  "       851,864 

Sweden  "       ,  14,825 

$19,828,080 

In  the  years  1802-3-4  the  imports  consisted  of  raerchandise 
paying  12^  per  cent,  $30,732,069 ;  15  per  cent.,  $8,303,770 ; 
20  per  cent.,  $453,751.  We  imported  in  dollars — nails, 
479,000;  cheese,  77,000 ;  rum,  3,881,000  ;  brandy,  2,077,000 ; 
wines,  2,962,000 ;  teas,  2,360,000 ;  coffee,  8,372,000 ;  sugar, 
7,794,000 ;  cotton,  804,000 ;  hemp,  919,000,  etc.,  etc. 

We  shall  hereafter,  as  a  part  of  this  series  of  papers,  furnish 
the  history  and  statistics  of  our  commerce  with  each  of  the 
other  nations,  and  can  only  in  this  place  make  a  few  memo- 
randa. 

Our  commerce  with  Great  Britain  in  exports  and  imports 
reached  70,000,000  dollars  in  1801.  With  the  British  East 
Indies  we  had  at  the  same  time  a  trade  of  over  five  millions  dol- 
lars, chiefly  in  low-priced  cotton  goods.  With  the  British  West 
Indies  the  trade  grew  from  about  nine  millions  in  1795  to  near 
seventeen  millions  in  1801.  With  France  we  traded  to  the 
extent  of  ten  millions  in  1795,  but  only  five  millions  in  1801, 
but  with  her  possessions  in  the  West  Indies  at  this  period 
we  had  a  commerce  of  twenty  millions  of  dollars.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  century  we  received  from  and  sent  to  Spain  five 
millions  in  value,  but  to  her  colonies  over  twenty  millions. 

The  following  table  of  imports  will  be  interesting : 

IMPOBTB   njTO    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


1796. 

1797. 

1799. 

1801. 

.    Ruasia 

.$1,168,715. 

...$1,418/418. 

...$2,274,918... 

.$1,672,059 

Prusflia 

, 

8,782. 

89,013.. 

57,225 

...      680.878. 

...      562,499... 

.      535,085 

Ketherlands 

8,699,615. 

...   6,618,249. 

...  6,038,026... 

.   8,949,473 

BriUin 

80,972,215. 

.   82,620,648. 

...87,211,919... 

.52,213,522 

Germany 

.   1,584,527. 

..  2,755,677. 

..  6,919,425... 

.  4,685,250 

France  and  PoMcsaions 

.20,228.017. 

...18,072,927. 

...   3,186,168.. 

.14,606,945 

Spain 

8,942.445. 

...  6,062,011. 

...14,476,929... 

.18,240,814 

Portugal 

2,223.777. 

...  2,188,805. 

...   1,814.984.. 

.    1,418,434 

Italy 

.      819,658. 

...      852.408. 

...      753,484... 

.      902,406 

China  and  East  Indies. 

.   1,144,108. 

..   2,319,694. 

...  3,219,262.. 

.  4.558,856 

We  close  with  the  following  account  of  the  exports  of  cot- 
ton, and  the  countries  to  which  it  was  sent,  in  the  period  em- 
braced, which  will  furnish  an  interesting  contrast  with  the 
statistics  of  the  present  day  : 


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236  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OT  JOHN  DE  WITT. 

EXPORTS   or  COTTON  PRIOR  TO    1812  (POUNDS).* 

1800.            180ft           1804.       1806.         180&            1810.  1811 

BnBsb 8,7I».187  797.748 

Prnsda i08,866        »JMu57»  .... 

Sweden ...            07,066        6^,898  808,088 

Swedish  West  Indies ....           16S.M)0  .... 

Pen  mark  and  Norway ....          288.540        14,4S4928  .... 

Holland 79,6iM      8n.491    1.476.979    8199,146     401,814       100.8rt9  11S,714 

Gt«at  Britain 16,t79.«>18  23,478.926  25,770,748  18,258,840  7,061,592  81,418,182  22,248,789 

Hambnrg,  Bremen,  etc     997,581      488.621       814,186      965.400      14,860      976,762 

France 1,907.869    6,946,843    7,006,667  2,037,450        ....  658,160 

Spain 498,280        97^72      250,486        4,292.055 

Spanish  West  Indies ....        L^,100        .^ f^V^O  79,117 

Poriugal 2,876,142 

Madeira 2.9«6783  6,158 

Florldas 1D.8J».019 

Europe,  (generally) 104,087        1,922,2*2  99^72 

Jayal  and  other  Azores.     ....             ....            ....            4,294.091  .... 

AVerageprlce ....           i2ota.       90otB.       15cts.  .... 


ART.  IL-LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT.t 

DISPLAYED  IN  MATTERS  OF  SCIENCE  AS  WELL  AS 
IK  AFFAIRS  OF  STATE.  THE  GREAT  DE  RUTTER  :  MARTYRDOM  OF 
DE   WITT, 

It  is  an  old  Siiying  that  '*  straws  tell  which  way  the  wind 
blows,"  and  history  shows  that  most  of  the  wars  which  have 
desolated  the  world  have  arisen  from  petty  provocations. 
Newton's  great  discovery  of  the  attraction  of  gravitation  was 
made  by  the  accidental  falling  of  an  apple,  and  Pope  felicitously 
sings:  . 

"  That  beaaty  draws  us  with  a  single  hair." 

About  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century^  there  appeared 
in  the  scientific  world  mathematical  geniuses  of  the  fii'st  order, 
who,  more  for  the  purpose  of  amusing  their  leisure  hours,  than 
for  any  serious  or  practical  object,  indulged  themselves  in  in- 
genious speculations.  A  certain  Chevalier  de  Mere,  who  was 
addicted  to  gambling,  and  making  curious  speculations  on 
games  of  chance,  proposed  to  the  illustrious  Pascal  two  prob- 
lems, which  excited  his  curiosity,  and  which  he  was  unable  to 
solve.  The  object  of  the  first  was  to  know  how  one  could  bet 
with  advantage  in  throwing  two  dice,  with  a  view  to  get  double 
sixes.  The  second  was  to  find  a  rule  to  make  a  just  distribu- 
tion of  funds  between  two  players,  unequally  divided  in  the 
points  of  the  game,  whenever  either  party  might  be  pleased  to 
cease  playing ;  and  to  calculate  from  any  state  of  the  game 
what  would  be  the  reasonable  hope  of  any  party  to  win,  in 

*  Th«r«  was  no  distinction  made  between  the  Sea-Island  and  other  cotton  antil  the  jear 
1805— both  are  included  in  the  abore  statement,  from  ISOO  to  1804  inclusive ;  after  that  the 
Sea  I»Unds  are  excluded. 

t  Concluded  from  Maj  No. 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT.  287 

continuing  the  play.  The  gist  of  the  problem  was  to  measure 
the  mathematical  degree  of  belief  of  which  simple  conjectures 
were  worthy.  No  one  had  ever  attempted  the  investigation 
before,  and  no  precedent  would  lead  one  to  conclude  that 
analysis  could  be  employed  successfully  in  solving  such  a 
question.  There  were  but  a  few  difficulties  with  which  the 
powerful  intellect  of  Pascal  could  not  gnxpple.  By  a  new  and 
original  mode  of  analysis  he  demonstrated  that  the  exact  degree 
of  probability  of  future  events  was  in  certain  cases  capable  of  a 
rigorous  appreciation ;  and  that  the  most  fugitive  conjectures 
were  as  worthy  of  a  certain  amount  of  credit  as  the  natural 
quantities  upon  which  analysis  was  usually  employed. 

The  first  question  was  solved  with  entire  exactness,  but  in 
the  second,  although  he  displayed  great  ingenuity,  the  solution 
was  not  perfect.  A  certain  magistrate  of  Thoulouse,  named 
Fermat,  to  whom  Pascal  submitted  the  question,  was  more  for- 
tunate in  his  attempt  He  found  a  rule  for  dividing  the  unde- 
cided property  of  a  stake  in  a  game,  not  only  in  the  particular 
hypotnesis  of  the  question  proposed,  but  in  all  imaginable  hy- 
potheses between  an  indefinite  number  of  players,  and  to  count 
from  all  possible  moments  which  it  might  suit  one  of  the  parties 
to  interrupt  the  game.    Tiie  correspondence  of  Pascal  was  not 

Sublished  during  his  life,  but  for  the  remainder  of  his  days  he 
evoted  himself  chiefly  to  religious  meditation,  and  to  the 
composiiion  of  his  celebrated  Thoughts  and  the  Provincial 
LeUsrs,  in  which  he  blasted  the  Jesuitical  theory  of  the  doctrine 
of  intentions ;  but  soon  after,  as  his  biographer  states,  '*  he 
entered  into  a  long  and  eloquent  delirium,  when,  dead  to  science 
as  to  the  world,  he  conceived  a  great  disgust  and  contempt  for 
mathematics  as  for  all  other  worldly  affairs." 

These  discoveries  attracted  no  great  attention  at  the  time, 
but  not  many  years  after,  Christian  Huygens,  who  was  already 
celebrated  as  a  geometrician,  published  a  little  treatise,  entitled 
De  ratiociniis  in  ludo  alcee^  in  which  the  elements  of  the  new 
theory  were  expressed  with  a  remarkable  originality,  and  with 
great  sagacity  and  precision.  The  fundamental  proposition 
deduced  from  these  labors  was,  that  the  probability  of  any 
event  happening  or  not  happening,  might  be  expressed  by  the 
ratio  of  the  number  of  chances  for  its  happening,  (or  not  hap- 
pening as  the  case  might  be,)  to  the  total  number  of  chances  for 
Its  happening  anrf for  its  not  happening. 

In  1671  the  Grand  Pensionary  found,  or  rather  made  suffi- 
cient leisure  to  enter  into  a  calculation,  to  determine  the 
probability  of  a  man,  in  each  year  of  his  life,  dying  within  a 
prescribed  time.  With  this  view,  he  consulted  the  registers  of 
the  deaths  and  births  of  the  different  towns  in  Holland,  from 


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238  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT. 

which  he  drew  the  necessary  elements  for  the  formation  of  an 
extraordinary  table  of  a  nature  until  then  unknown,  where  the 
probability  of  the  life  of  a  man  of  his  country  and  of  his  time 
was  at  each  a^  mathematically  estimated,  and  on  the  basis  of 
this  comparative  state  of  their  number  of  years  of  life,  which 
still  remained  to  the  different  members  of  the  society,  whoso 
probable  partiality  he  had  calculated,  he  deduced  therefrom  the 
actual  value  of  life  annuities,  constituted  upon  different  ages  in 
such  society.  He  prepared  a  Report  upon  the  subject,  which 
was  submitted  to  the  States-General,  and  ordered  to  be  printed 
in  the  *'  Resolutions  of  the  States  of  Holland  and  West  Fries- 
land."  The  novelty  of  the  treatise  attracted  some  notice,  but 
the  famous  Liebnitz  complained  that  he  could  never  have  an 
inspection  of  the  original,  although  he  made  every  effort  to  do 
so.  It  was  he  who  first  drew  the  public  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject It  is  entitled  to  be  considered  as  the  first  known  produc- 
tion of  any  a§e,  treating  in  a  formal  manner  on  tlie  valuation 
o/  life  annuities.  The  careful  process  by  which  he  arrived  at 
his  conclusions  is  worthy  of  notice,  aside  from  the  practical 
importance  and  peculiar  history  of  the  treatise,  and  the  interest 
attaching  to  it,  from  the  honored  memory  of  its  author.  It  has 
been  conjectured  that  the  reason  why  no  publicity  was  given 
to  De  Witt's  researches  at  the  time,  was  owing  to  the  increased 
rates  leading  to  unpleasant  remarks,  from  financial  economists 
of  the  day.  The  capitalists,  moreover,  were  not  disposed  to 
enlighten  the  government  upon  the  subject,  as  it  was  not  their 
interest  to  do  so.  It  remained  for  a  future  age  to  make  the 
whole  theory  of  life  annuities  a  subject  of  minute  investigation, 
and  to  reduce  it  to  practical  purposes.  It  must  be  admitted, 
however,  that  De  Witt  was  justly  entitled  to  the  credit  of 
having  been  the  author  of  the  sjrstem.  The  science  which  ap- 
pearea  with  so  little  outward  eclat,  was  destined  for  a  time  to 
be  eclipsed  by  the  dazzling  glories  of  other  inventions.  The 
discoveries  of  Newton  and  Halley  in  the  science  of  astronomy 
threw  all  other  kinds  of  scientific  knowledge  into  a  temporary 
shade. 

There  was  another  distinguished  mathematician  by  the  name 
of  Bernouilli,  who  wrote  a  treatise,  entitled  Ars  conjeciandi, 
which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to  finish.  If  we  consider  the 
time  at  which  it  was  composed,  the  originality,  the  extent  and 
depth  of  thought  which  are  displayed  in  the  composition  of  this 
treatise,  it  will  hold  the  first  rank  among  the  extraordinary 
mathematical  productions  of  the  a^e  in  which  he  lived.  It  was 
his  aim  to  expose  the  whole  philosophy  of  the  calculation  of 
probabilities,  to  deduce  the  reasons  for  which,  according  to  bis 
idea,  probability  could  be  expressly  considered  as  a  number, 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT,  289 

which  doctrine  he  said  could  be  employed  in  civil  and  moral, 
as  well  as  in  political  aflFairs.  He  considered  knowledge  as  a 
quantity,  certainly  as  an  entire  quantity,  and  probability  as 
one  of  its  fractions.  This  fraction  is -susceptible,  like  ordinary 
numerical  fractions,  of  becoming  infinitely  great  or  infinitely 
small.  Infinitely  great,  it  is  cqnfounded  with  entire  quantity 
or  certainty ;  infinitely  small,  it  varlishes  into  nothing,  and  is 
no  more  than  the  mathematical  expression  of  impossibility.  Its 
different  values  between  this  double  infinite  expresses  all  the 
imaginable  states  of  knowledge,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest 
degree  of  probability.  They  are  all  relative  to  entire  quantity 
or  certainty,  which  is  considered  as  a  unit.  This  idea  of  desig- 
nating quantity  as  a  unit,  and  the  different  degrees  of  proba- 
bility as  fractional  parts,  was  esteemed  at  the  time  as  sound 
\(mOy  if  not,  indeed,  a  mathematical  necessity. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  Malebranche  and 
De  Montmort  undertook  to  compose  a  general  analysis  of  games 
of  chance,  which  obtained  some  applause,  but  were  destined 
to  be  obscured  by  the  extraordinary  geniuses  who  foreshadowed 
the  dawn  of  the  French  Revolution.* 

•  The  great  discoveries  which -were  made  by  Euler,  Liplace,  D'Alembert, 
and  Coodorcet,  engag^cd  the  minds  of  all  the  scientific  men  in  Europe.  Honor- 
able mention  ehoulq  nUo  be  made  of  BufTon,  who  wrote  a  treatise  of  moral 
arithmetic,  in  which  he  demonstrated  with  great  eloquence,  that  in  all  games  of 
chance,  in  which  money  was  the  object,  the  chance  of  winning  was  infinitely 
smaU  in  proportion  to  the  chance  of  losing.  That  the  contract  was  vicious  in 
its  essence,  alike  ininrions  to  the  player  and  to  the  good  of  society.  He  was  the 
first  who  attempted  to  show  that  in  all  lotteries  the  banker  was  a  cheat,  and 
the  speculator  must  necessarily  become  a  victim.  Condorcet,  who  was  the 
boldest  and  most  adventurous  of  all  these  theorists,  smitten  with  the  prevailing 
idea  that  the  human  species  were  capable  of  indefinite  pei*fectibility,  undertook 
to  apply  the  rules  of  algebra  to  demonstrate  the  time  in  which  it  was  probable 
he  would  arrive  at  a  state  of  perfection ;  but  his  melancholy  suicide,  not  long 
after,  put  an  end  to  his  ingenious  speculations. 

He  left  among  his  papers  a  scheme  in  wliich  He  represented  human  societies 
as  great  geometrical  constructions,  where  all  operated,  as  in  nature,  in  eon- 
fonoity  with  certain  and  fixed  laws,  to  which  the  free-will  of  each  individual, 
after  more  or  less  variations,  always  ended  by  obeying.  In  following  this  idea, 
he  imagined  that  it  was  no  more  impossible  to  determine  the  probability  of 
future  events  by  the  observation  of  past  events  in  the  world  of  liberty,  than 
in  that  of  destiny.  He  projected  a  new  science,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Social  Mathematics,  where  the  geometrician  proposed  to  calculate  the  future 
revelations  of  human  society  as  lie  calculated  the  periodical  returns  of  eclipses 
and  comets.  But  hU  ardent  and  philanthropic  genius  did  not  permit  him  to 
rest  in  mere  general  abstractions.  His  great  object  was  to  develop  the  re- 
sources of  human  improvement.  For  if  he  did  not  believe  in  the  absolute  per- 
fectibility of  man,  he  indulged  an  enthusiastic  hope  that  a  vast  field  might  be 
opened  for  the  amelioration  of  his  social  condition.  With  this  view,  he  com- 
posed a  treatise  on  the  application  of  analyMS  to  the  probability  of  decisions 
rendered  by  a  majority  of  votes.  He  divided  all  the  decisions  made  by  human 
assemblies  into  two  great  classes.  In  the  first  class  he  places  those  decisions 
which  be  regarded  as  valid.  In  the  second  class  he  places  those  decisions 
yrhich  are  considered  just  in  the  opinion  of  the  minority,  only  when  it  made  in 


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240  LIFE  AND  TIMSS  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT. 

To  those  who  may  be  carious  to  know  what  were  De  Witt's 
sentiments  with  regard  to  that  relation  upon  which  the  hap- 

Einess  of  society  so  much  depends,  an  extract  from  a  letter  to 
is  brother  on  the  subject  of  the  marriage  of  his  daughter  will 
be  highly  approved  by  patsr  familiwi  who  appreciate  merit 
more  than  money:  But,  alas  I  for  the  degenerate  days  in  which 
we  live — ''^  virtus  post  nummos^^  seems  lo  be  the  golden  rule, 
and  matrimony  is,  after  all,  but  a  miiter  of  money.  The  letter 
runs  thus:  '^In  the  first  place,  this  person  has  no  occupation, 
80  that  I  must  consider  him  a  good-for-nothing  fellow.  I  have 
always  had  a  great  aversion  for  this  sort  of  people,  having 
known  many  instances  where,  as  soon  as  they  were  married, 
they  did  not  know  how  to  employ  their  leisure  hours,  and 
consequently  became  addicted  to  bad  company. 

"  In  the  second  place,  although  this  young  man  may  be  of 
good  habits  and  pleasing  address,  and  may  desire  to  better  his 
condition  by  da'^iring  to  form  an  alliance  with  my  family,  I 
do  not  think  that  he  can  aspire  to  any  honorable  employment 

their  faror^  He  considers  foar  points  essential  in  relation  to  the  probability  of 
all  kinds  of  decisions:  the  probability  that  an  assembly  will  not  make  a  false 
decision,  that  it  will  make  a  true  decision,  that  it  will  make  a  decision  either 
true  or  false,  and  finally,  the  probability  that  the  decisions  made  by  the  ma- 
jority will  remain  certain  and  bxed.  He  undertakes  to  show  tliat,  according  to 
these  principles,  a  geometrician  can  with  g^eat  exactness  determine  the  proba- 
bility of  the  iuHtness  of  decisions  either  in  civil  or  criminal  matters,  the  com- 
parative excellence  of  the  different  forms  of  election,  as  well  as  the  Tarions 
modes  by  which  balloting  should  be  conducted.  He  prophesied  that  the  day 
was  not  far  distant  when  statistics  would  exhibit  a  collection  of  facts  to  render 
legislation,  juri:>prudence  and  commerce  a  proper  subject  of  this  method  of 
analysis.  The  ardent  fire  of  enthusiasm  which  glowed  beneath  these  endless 
series  of  equations  and  formulas  induced  his  friend,  B'Alembert^  to  compare 
him  to  a  '*  volcano  covered  with  snow."  Condorcet  eays,  that  he  considered 
De  Witt  to  be  the  first  mHtliematician  who  thought  of  applying  calculation  to 
political  equations,  and  that  he  had  very  superior  ideas  to  those  of  his  age  upon 
the  true  interests  of  nations,  and  upon  the  treedom  of  trade.* 

*  Whether  the  lllastrloas  South  Carolina  statesman  can  be  compared  to  **ca8t  Iron^  or  a 
**voloano,^  we  will  not  oadertake  to  determine,  bat  he  seems  to  hav«  eutlrely  oolnoided  with 
CoDdoroet: 

**  If  by  metapbysios  Is  meant  that  scholastic  reflnement  which  makes  distinctions  without 
difference,  no  une  c:in  hold  it  in  more  utter  contempt  than  I  do;  but  if,  on  ttie  contrary,  Is 
meant  the  power  of  analysis  and  combination— that  power  which  reduces  the  most  complex 
Idea  into  iu  elements,  which  traces  oausos  to  their  first   principle,  and  by  the  power  of 


generslizatiun  and  combination  unites  the  whole  into  on*  harmonious  system— than,  solar 
Irom  deservinff  coutoiiipt,  it  i»  the  hl<hesi  attribute  of  the  human  mind.  It  raises  man  above 
the  brate,  which  distinguishes  his  fhonitles  from  mere  sagticity  which  he  holds  In  common 


with  loferloranlmalji.  It  is  this  power  which  has  raised  the  astronomer  fhim  being  a  mere 
gazHF  at  the  stiurs  to  the  high  intellectual  eminence  of  a  Newton  or  a  Laplace,  and  astronomy 
Itself  from  a  mere  obsi-rvation  of  insulated  focts  Into  that  noble  science  which  displays  to  our 
admiration  the  system  of  the  universe.  And  shall  this  high  power  of  the  mind,  which  has 
effected  wonders  when  directed  to  the  laws  which  contnd  the  material  world,  be  forever  pro- 
hibited, under  a  venseless  cry  of  metaphysics,  ikt«m  being  applied  to  the  high  purpose  of  polit- 
ical science  and  legislation  ?  I  hold  ttiem  to  be  subject  to  laws  as  fixed  as  matter  itself,  and 
to  be  as  fit  a  subiect  f<>r  the  highest  intellectual  power.  Denunciation  may.  Indeed,  (till  upon 
the  philosophical  inquirer  Into  th«ise  first  principles,  as  It  did  npon  Qaltleo  sad  Bacon,  when 
thev  first  unfolded  tha  great  discoveries  wnich  have  immortalized  their  names;  but  the  time 
will  come  when  truth  wi|l  p  evail  in  spite  of  prelndice  and  denunciation,  and  when  poUtlos 
and  legislation  will  be  considered  as  much  a  science  as  astronomy  and  chemistry.^— J.  C. 
Oalhovm. 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OP  JOHN  DE  WITT.  241 

in  Holland,  for  I  have  been  exposed  myself  to  so  much  hatred 
and  envy,  that  my  influence  would  avail  him  nothing. . 

"  In  the  thiid  place,  I  have  always  considerea  that  the 
greatest  happiness  in  this  life  was  to  oe  enjoyed  in  a  union 
contracted  with  a  person  of  an  agreeable  and  conciliating  tem- 
per. All  the  wealth  of  the  universe  cannot,  in  my  opinion, 
compensate  for  the  disgust  which  a  peevish  temper  occasions 
not  only  to  those  who  are  united  in  the  marriage  state,  but  also 
to  the  whole  family  in  which  such  an  unsociable  humor  has 
been  introduced.  I  do  not  precisely  know  what  kind  of  tem- 
per the  young  man  has;  but  I  have  learned  this  lesson  from 
my  parents,  that  in  the  affair  of  marriage  we  should  never 
unite  our  children  when  the  temper  of  one  of  the  parents  is 
disagreeable.  I  have  known  the  father  of  the  young  man,, 
and  have  had  some  slight  acquaintance  with  the  mother,  but 
both  of  them  had  such  a  temper,  that  even  if  the  son  wer^ 
more  amiable  than  either,  I  would  rather  see  my  daughter  car-- 
ried  to  the  grave  than  that  she  should  form  a  connection  with, 
such  a  man." 

He  maintained  an  extensive  correspondence  with  iis  female 
acquaintance,  and  especially  with  one  of  his  nieces^  to  whom 
he  was  in  the  habit  of  prfjiounding  arithmetical  quefies  jjit  the 
conclusion  of  his  letters.     We  find  the  following;— r 

"  Three  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  two  hundred  and 
twenty-seven  persons  were  employed  in  building  the  Tower  of 
Babel,  They  worked  at  it  for  two  years,  seven  months,  and 
three  days,  when  they  were  prevented  by  the  confusion  of 
tongues*  The  height  of  the  tower  was  then  two  miles,  or  three 
thousand  two  hundred  rods.  How  long  would  it  require 
thirty  thousand  persons  to  be  employed  in  constant  labor  to 
raise  such  a  tower  to  the  same  heights" 

A  ludicrous  anecdote  is  related  of  him,  that  while  taking  a 
promenade  to  refresh  himself  after  the  severe  labors  of  the  day, 
nemet,  in  one  of  the  narrow  streets  of  the  Hague,  Don  Gomara, 
the  Spanish  Ambassador,  who  was  in  a  coach  drawn  by  four 
horses,  and  M.  De  Thou,  the  French  Ambassador,  who  was 
in  a  coach  and  six.  The  coaches  having  met,  neither  one  nor 
the  other  would  retreat  or  advance  one  step.  The  coachmen, 
who  are  generally  very  punctilious  in  matters  of  etiquette, 
threatened  to  use  their  whips,  and  their  suite,  who  were  armed 
with  swords,  were  about  to  draw  them,  when  the  populace, 
who  were  attracted  to  the  soene,  bellowed  out,  that  if  the 
French  dared  to  draw  their  swords  or  pistols,  their  jaw-bones 
would  not  want  a  supply  of  stones  ana  brickbats,  Ve  Witt, 
perceiving  that  they  were  about  to  put  their  threat  into  execu- 
tion, intervened,    and  pushing  his  way  through  the  crowd, 

VOL.  II.-N0.  in.  16 


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242  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  BE  WlOT. 

he  exhorted  them  to  disperse,  upon  which  the  coaches  passed 
to  the  right  and  left,  and  80  the  affair  ended. 

As  an  instance  of  his  urbanity,  when  a  clergyman  ventured 
to  reprove  him  vehemently  from  the  pulpit  for  opposing  the 
elevation  of  the  young  prince  to  the  Staaholderate,  instead  of 
dismissing  him  from  bis  charge,  he  requested  him  to  repair  to 
his  residence,  where,  after  he  had  admonished  him  to  keep 
within  the  line  of  his  duties,  he  invited  liim  to  dinner. 

On  another  occasion,  when  one  of  his  clerks  abstracted  a  let- 
ter from  his  office,  and  revealed  certain  matters  which  it  was 
important  to  keep  secret,  instead  of  delivering  him  into  the 
hands  of  justice  to  be  severely  punished,  he  mildly  repre- 
manded  him,  and  bade  him  "  go  sin  no  more." 

But  De  Witt's  days  were  numbered.  The  insurrections  and 
disturbances,  to  which  we  have  alluded  in  a  previous  chapter, 
extended  into  Rotterdam,  Ley  den,  Delft,  Harlaem,  and  other 
cities,  where  many  of  the  residences  of  the  magistrates  were 
pillaged.  As  the  province  of  Zealand  had  declared  the  prince 
Stadtholder  on  the  second  of  July,  the  States  of  Holland  hav- 
ing assembled  on  the  day  following  for  the  purpose  of  abrogat- 
ing the  perpetual  edict,  unanimously  resoivea,  that  "  In  con- 
sideration of  the  troubled  state  of  affairs,  the  members  agree  to 
absolve  each  other  from  their  oath,  as  well  as  those  who  had 
sworn  to  preserve  the  perpetual  edict,  remitting  all  into  the 
same  liberty  they  enjoyed  before,  to  elect  a  Stadtholder  as  they 
may  see  fit  for  the  greatest  good  and  advantage  of  the  repub- 
lic. They  then  deputed  several  of  their  members  to  repair  to 
Bodegrave,  where  tne  prince  was  encamped,  to  inform  nim  of 
bis  election.  He  returned  his  thanks  and  went  to  the  Hague 
to  take  the  oath  of  office,  as  he  had  previously  done  at  an  as- 
sembly of  the  States-General.  Meanwhile,  scandalous  false- 
hoods had  been  circulated,  tending  to  impeach  the  integrity 
and  honor  of  the  Grand  Pensionary,  by  charging  him  with 
converting  to  his  private  use  the  secret  service  money  which 
had  been  intrustea  to  his  hands  to  enable  him  to  baffle  the  in- 
trigues of  the  enemy.  But  whatever  credit  his  enemies  might 
have  attached  to  these  rumors,  the  sagacious  prince,  who  knew 
him  to  be  incorruptible  by  such  sordid  consiaerations,  charged 
the  whole  blame  upon  his  own  officers,  who  betrayed  the  chief 
towns  on  the  frontiers  into  the  hands  of  the  French.  He  did 
not  neglect  to  employ  his  address  in  endeavoring  to  engage  the 
friendship  of  De  Witt,  and  to  solicit  him  to  lend  his  aid  in  this 
eventful  crisis.  In  this  interview,  De  Witt  is  said  to  have 
replied,  uPtth  his  usual  candor  and  decision,  that  his  principles 
were  fixed  after  the  most  mature  reflections ;  that  he  had  re- 
solved never  to  renounce  those  rules  which  he  had  deemed  just 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT.  243 

and  equitable,  and  by  which  he  had  been  always  governed  in 
the  discharge  of  his  public  duties ;  and  that  he  could  not  then 
do,  from  considerations  of  interest,  what  was  directly  opposed 
to  his  own  settled  convictions  of  duty ;  that  the  people  now 
hated  him  without  cause,  and,  therefore,  would  never  forgive 
him ;  that  while  he  prayed  for  the  prosperity  of  the  State 
under  whatever  form  of  government  the  people  may  see  fit  to 
establish,  he  would  not  retain  an  office  which  he  could  only 
hold  by  betraying  the  confidence  which  the  States-General  had 
always  reposed  in  him.  He,  therefore,  respectfully  declined 
the  honor  of  serving  the  State  under  the  Stadtholderate,  an 
ofSce  which  he  considered  as  anti-republican  in  its  tendencies, 
and  calculated  to  be  subversive  of  the  public  liberty. 

On  the  3d  of  May,  the  King  of  France,  with  an  army  of 
twenty  thousand  men,  arrived  at  Charleroi,  which  he  divided 
into  four  bodies,  one  commanded  by  himself  in  person,  and  the 
others  by  the  Prince  of  Conde,  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and  Mar- 
shal Turenne.  He  opened  the  siege  of  several  of  their  princi- 
pal cities  by  a  simultaneous  movement,  which  created  such 
terror  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  provinces  that,  by  the  ad- 
vice of  the  §rand  Pensionary,  the  States-General  deputed  four 
of  their  members  to  repair  to  the  king,  and  request  him  to  state 
on  what  terms,  and  for  what  amount  of  money,  he  would  be 
willing  to  evacuate  the  Dutch  territory  ;  but  the  demands  of 
the  magnificent  king  were  so  exorbitant  that  the  deputies  re- 
turned without  having  accomplished  anything.  The  young 
Stadtholder  never  forgot  or  forgave  this  huminating  exaction, 
and  hurled  back  with  stern  contempt  the  audacious  preten- 
sions of  his  oppressor.  The  disasters  which  had  befallen  the 
nation  created  bitter  animosity  towards  the  illustrious  brothers, 
who  were  soon  to  atone  for  the  misfortunes  of  the  country  by 
a  cruel  death.  "While  the  Grand  Pensionary  was  returning 
home  at  night  from  an  assembly  of  the  States-General,  he  was 
attacked  by  four  men  with  drawn  swords,  one  of  whom  gave 
him  a  thrust  in  the  neck,  which  felled  him  to  the  ground.  After 
struggling  with  his  adversary,  he  reotived  a  severe  blow  on 
the  head,  and  was  left  for  dead.  But  by  the  aid  of  skillful 
surgeons  he  was  soon  aft«r  enabled  to  attend  to  his  usual 
duties.  Some  of  the  populace  at  Dort  were  stirred  up  to  de- 
clare that  it  was  necessary  that  the  perpetual  edict  should  be 
rescinded  to  prevent  the  utter  ruin  of  the  State,  and  were  bent 
on  deposing  all  the  magistrates  who  insisted  on  maintaining  it. 
They  ran  like  madmen  through  the  streets,  exclaiming  "  Long 
live  the  prince,  and  may  the  devil  take  the  De  Witts.'^  Others 
hoisted  orange-colored  and  white  flags  on  the  cupola  of  the 
Stadthouse,  on  which  were  painted  this  significant  Dutcb 
couplet : 


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344  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT. 

Orange  boven,  De  Witt  onder, 

Die  landers  maund  die  slaet  den  donder : 

which  may  be  thus  inelegantly  translated — 

The  Prince  of  Orange  above,  the  De  Witts  under, 
And  those  who  resist  will  see  thander. 

As  a  natural  consequence  of  these  disasters,  the  government 
funds  could  not  be  sold  at  a  discount  of  seventy  per  cent,  and 
the  obligations  of  the  East  India  Company,  which  were  worth 
a  thousand  florins,  could  be  purchased  for  two  hundred  and 
fifty.  The  archives  of  the  city  were  carried  in  haste  to  Am- 
sterdam, and  many  tons  of  silver  were  deposited  in  the  vaults 
of  the  famous  bank  of  that  city.  The  Hague  being  exposed  to 
the  attack  of  the  enemy,  they  were  compelled  to  remove  the 
seat  of  government  to  the  great  commeicial  emporium. 

Having  determined  to  withdraw  himself  from  public  affairs, 
De  Witt  tendered  his  resignation  to  the  States-General  in  the 
following  address : — 

"  High  and  mighty  Lords  :  Nineteen  years  have  elapsed 
since  I  had  the  honor  to  serve  in  your  assembly  in  the  capacity 
of  Grand  Pensionary  of  Holland  and  West  Friesland.    During 
that  time  the  State  has  been  disturbed  by  wars  and  other  ca- 
lamities which,  by  God's  help  and  the  courage  and  wisdom  of 
your  lordships,  I  had  good  reason  to  hope  would  have  been 
happily  terminated.    Your  lordships  well  Jcnow  with  what  zeal 
and  labor  I  have  endeavored  for  several  years  to  remove  the 
occasions  of  discontent  and  dissensions  which  we  have  now 
with  the  powerful  enemies  of  the  State.   You  are  not  ignorant, 
my  lords,  how  often  I  have  taken  the  liberty  to  represent  to 
you  the  misfortunes  that  may  befall  us  in  the  course  of  time, 
if  we  do  not  promptly  apply  the  necessary  remedies  to  the  evils 
with  which  we  are  menaced.     But  God,  whose  providence  we 
ought  always    humbly  to  adore,  however  incomprehensible 
it  may  be,  has  permitted  a  ruinous  and  fatal  war  to  rage,  al- 
though the  State  in  general  and  the  province  of  Holland  in 
particular  have  suflBcient  time  to  prepare  andprovide  whatever 
may  be  necessary  for  a  vigorous  defence.     With  what  applica- 
tion and  urgent  solicitation  I  have  exhorted  your  lordships  to 
be  vigilant  in  protecting  yourselves  against  the  devices  of  the 
enemy,  this  assembly  can  bear  abundant  testimony.   Our  allies 
in  this  assembly  have  moved  with  as  much  promptness  and 
diligence  as  possible  in  a  body  composed  of  so  many  members 
and  of  such  a  constitution,  that  it  is  rather  influenced  by  the 
prospect  of  a  present  and  pressing  necessity  than  by  exhorta- 
tions to  avoid  those  perils  which  they  could  not  foresee.     But 
notwithstanding  all  their  cares  and  all  their  eflbrts  to  avert  the 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DB  WITT.  245 

evil,  it  has  pleased  God  ia  his  anger  to  inflict  upon  this  State 
those  calamities  in  which  it  is  now  enveloped,  and  that  in  a 
manner  so  difficult  to  comprehend,  that  posterity  will  scarcelv 
helieve  it,  so  rapid  are  the  conquests  of  the  enemy,  and  so  weak 
the  resistance  on  the  |wirt  of  our  army.  What  is  most  morti- 
fying in  this  melancholy  conjuncture  is,  that  these  disasters 
have  excited  in  the  minds  of  the  people  not  only  a  general 
panic,  but  also  sinister  impressions  against  their  magistrates, 
and  especially  against  those  who  have  in  any  way  had  the 
management  of  public  affairs.  Atrocious  calumnies  have  been 
circulated  against  me.  Base  libels,  accusing  me  of  converting 
the  secret  service  money  to  my  own  purposes,  have  been 
brought  against  me.  I  have  always  thought  that  the  most 
effectual  way  of  destroying  these  calumnies  was  to  treat  them 
with  contempt.  However  unjust  and  unfounded  these  sus- 
picions have  been,  as  I  am  but  an  humble  servant  of  the 
btate,  having  no  other  object  but  to  promote  its  welfare  and 
prosperity,  1  have  deemed  it  my  duty  no  longer  to  retain  an 
office  which  would  require  me  to  compromise  my  own  self- 
respect,  and,  perhaps,  would  be  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of 
the  country. 

**For  these  reasons  I  have  only  to  request  thai  your  lord- 
ships will  do  me  the  favor  to  dispense  with  my  services  as 
Grand  Pensionary.  I  must  conclude  by  expressing  my  pro- 
found obligations  to  this  august  assembly  for  the  many  testi- 
monials of  their  confidence  and  friendship  which  I  have  so 
often  received  at  their  hands,  and  I  trust  I  will  always  con- 
tinue to  be  your  faithfnl  friend,  as  I  have  always  been  your 
very  faithful  and  humble  servant" 

The  States-General  having  taken  the  subject  into  serious 
consideration,  concluded  to  accept  his  resignation,  and  testi- 
fied their  acknowledgment  of  the  great  services  which  he  had 
rendered  to  the  State  in  a  resolution  which  honorably  dis- 
charged him  from  his  high  and  painful  responsibilities.  On 
the  day  following  he  notified  his  friend  De  Buyter  of  his  dis- 
mission in  the  following  letter : 

"  SiB  :  The  taking  of  the  cities  on  the  Rhine  in  so  short  a 
time,  the  ravages  of  the  enemy  to  the  very  borders  of  the  Ysel, 
and  the  total  loss  of  the  provinces  of  Guilders,  of  Utrecht,  and 
Overyssel,  almost  without  resistance  and  by  an  unheard-of 
treachery,  have  more  than  ever  confirmed  me  in  the  truth  of 
that  saying  which  was  formerly  applied  to  the  Roman  repub- 
lic :  "  Prospera  omnes  sibi  vindicant,  adveraa  uni  imputan- 
tur:^^ "  All  take  the  credit  to  themselves  when  things  are  pros- 
perous, but  when  they  are  adverse  they  lay  the  blame  upon 
one."  It  is  what  I  have  experienced  myself.     The  people  of 


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246  LIFE  AND  TIMBS  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT. 

Holland  have  not  only  charged  me  with  all  the  calamities  and 
disasters  that  have  liefallen  this  Republic,  not  content  with 
seeing  me  fall  into  the  hands  of  armea  assassins  who  intended 
to  murder  me,  but  when  by  the  help  of  Divine  Providence  I 
have  escaped  from  their  hands  and  been  cured  of  the  wounds 
that  I  had  received,  they  have  conceived  a  mortal  hatred 
against  those  magistrates  whom  they  believed  to  have  the 
greatest  influence  in  the  management  of  affairs,  and  especially 
against  me,  who  have  been  but  an  humble  servant  of  the 
State.  Their  lordships  have  done  methe  kindness  to  grant 
my  discharge,  as  you  will  see  by  the  resolution  which  I  in- 
close." 

But  the  wrath  of  the  populace  was  stirred  up  to  such  a  pitch  of 
frenzy  that  it  could  not  be  appeased,  nor  coula  their  sanguinary 
vengeance  be  satiated  by  sheading  the  blood  of  one  innocent 
victim.  Cornelius,  the  brother  of  the  Grand  Pensionary,  was 
charged,  by  a  perjured  scoundrel  named  Tichelaer,  who  fol- 
lowed the  trade  of  a  barber,  with  suborning  him  to  assassinate 
the  Prince  of  Orange.  This  abominable  falsehood  was  con- 
veyed by  General  Zulestein  to  his  Highness,  who  ordertd  Tich- 
elaer to  detail  the  facts  to  him.  The  wretch  told  his  story 
with  such  an  air  of  veracity  that  an  order  was  issued  to  arrest 
Cornelius  at  Dort,  where  illness  had  confined  him  to  his  bed, 
and  to  incarcerate  him  in  the  State's  Prison  at  the  Hague, 
To  this  falsehood  was  added  a  tissue  of  lies,  accusing  him  of 
shirking  the  renewal  of  a  battle  with  the  French  fleet,  and  of 
actually  engaging  in  a  disgracefiil  fisticuff  with  De  Ruyter,  who 
remonstrated  with  him  for  showing  the  white  feather  by  hid- 
ing himself  behind  a  coil  of  cables. 

The  magnanimous  admiral  who  narrowly  escaped  assassina- 
tion, at  the  instance  of  John  De  Witt  addressed  the  following 
letter  to  the  States-General  from  his  ship,  which  was  lying  at 
anchor  near  Goree  : 

"  High  and  mighty  Lords  :  I  have  learned  with  extreme 
surprise  that  it  has  been  rumored  that  the  Deputy  Commissary 
ana  myself  had  quarreled  and  had  came  to  blows,  and  that  I 
had  wounded  him  in  the  arm.  Further,  that  he  did  not  wish 
to  fight  the  enemies  of  the  State,  and  especially  the  French, 
and  that  he  prevented  a  renewal  of  the  engagement  on  the 
second  day  ;  and  many  other  things  of  this  sort  have  been  im- 
puted to  him.  I  hold  myself  obliged,  for  my  own  honor,  and 
for  the  defence  of  truth  and  justice,  to  declare  to  your  lordships, 
in  the  sincerity  of  my  heart,  and  to  testify,  as  I  do  now,  that 
the  Buard  of  rutten,  (Cornelius  De  Witt,^  in  his  capacity  of 
Deputy  Commissary  of  the  fleet,  has  lived  with  me  on  terms  of 
cordial  friendship,  and  that  there  has  never  been  any   misun- 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DE  WITT.  247 

derstanding  or  dispute,  or  any  difference  whatever,  between 
us.  T  solemnly  believe  these  rumors  to  be  false  and  malicious 
calumnies.  I  teel  myself  also  conscientiously  bound  to  bear  tes- 
timony that  the  Ruard  always  exhibited  a  marked  zeal  to  en- 
gage with  the  enemy,  and  that  he  manifested  as  great  an  ani- 
mosity towards  the  French  as  the  English.  This  was  clearly 
proved  by  the  fact  that  when  he  proposed  to  a  council  of  war 
to  attack  the  enemy,  it  was  carriea  by  a  unanimous  resolution." 
The  Ruard  made  an  elaborate  defence,  and  proved,  by  un- 
impeachable witness^,  that  he  was  entirely  innocent  of  the 
heinous  crime  of  which  he  had  been  accusea  by  a  man  who 
had  been  condemned  to  perpetual  infamy,  and  who  was  com- 
pelled, in  open  court,  to  fall  upon  his  knees  and  beg  pardon 
of  God  and  justice  ;  that  there  was  no  other  witness  against 
him,  and  that  the  circumstantial  evidence  against  him  was  to- 
tally devoid  of  all  truth  and-probability.  But  the  court,  which 
seems  to  have  been  affected  with  the  popular  contagion,  and 
smitten  with  judicial  blindness,  convicted  the  prisoner,  and 
sentenced  him  to  the  terrible  torture  of  the  thumb-screw,  in 
order  to  force  him  to  confess  his  guilt.  But  he  replied  that  if 
they  would  rend  him  in  pieces  he  would  never  acknowledge 
himself  to  be  guilty  of  a  crime.  While  undergoing  the  dread- 
ful torture  he  repeated  those  lofty  lines  of  Horace,  which  for- 
tified his  soul  in  this  fiery  crises  : 

Jastuni  et  tonaeem  propositi  viram, 
Nonciviuin  ardor  prava  jubentium, 
Non  Tultua  instantis  tyranni, 
Mente  quatit  solida,  dice 

Tb^  man  of  firm  and  noble  soul 
No  factions  clamors  can  control, 
No  tbreatening  tyrant's  darkling  brov 
Can  swerve  him  from  bis  jnst  intent. 

It  would  be  impossible,  at  this  day,  for  the  impartial  histo- 
rian entirely  to  acquit  the  Prinqe  of  Orange,  the  vultiis  instan- 
ii8  /^ranni,  of  influencing  the  court  to  punish  an  individual 
whom  he  considered  his  hereditary  enemy.  His  subsequent 
career  of  glory,  and  the  great  and  memorable  service  which  he 
afterwards  rendered  to  the  establishment  of  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion, by  expelling  the  last  of  the  reigning  tyrants  of  the 
house  of  Stuart,  would  incline  us  to  believe  that  although  he 
exercised  no  positive  influence  in  instigating  the  judges  in 
making  so  unjust  and  unlawful  a  decision,  there  is  good 
cause  to  suspect  that  it  was  not  done  without  his  knowledge 
and  perhaps  his  convivance.     It  is  very  certain  that  he  made 


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248  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  I>B  WITT. 

no  eflforts  to  prevent  it,  and  that  be  afterwards  bestowed 
pensions  and  offices  upon  the  murderers  of  the  two  brothers,  not 
many  days  after.  The  ardor  prava  civium  jubentium  was  at 
that  crisis  so  ungovernable  that  no  earthly  power  could  have 
checked  it  but  the  direct  personal  interposition  of  the  illustri- 
ous prince,  whom  they  considered  their  last  hope  and  their 
onlv  savior.  The  desolation  of  the  most  lovely  portions  of  Hol- 
land by  the  powerful  enemies  of  the  State,  treachery  under 
every  disguise,  misery  and  starvation  staring  them  in  the  face, 
it  will  not  excite  surprise  that  in  a  moment  of  panic,  terror,  and 
madness,  these  black  crimes  should  have  been  committed. 
The  finger  of  the  "  taciturn  "  prince,  whose  counsels  saved  the 
country  from  destruction  by  the  mercenary  fanatics  under  the 
wolfish  dukes  of  Alva  and  Parma,  seemed  to  point  to  the 
young  prince,  who  had  inherited  his  valor  and  his  patriotism. 

"That  great  man,"  says  Macaulay,  "i*ose  at  once  to  the  full 
dignity  of  his  part,  and  approved  himself  a  worthy  descend- 
ant of  a  line  of  heroes  who  had  vindicated  the  liberties  of  Eu- 
rope against  the  house  of  Austria.  Nothing  could  shake  his 
fidelity  to  his  country  ;  not  his  close  connection  with  the  royal 
family  of  England,  not  the  most  earnest  solicitations,  nor  the 
most  tempting  offers.  The  spirit  of  the  nation,  that  spirit 
which  had  mamtained  the  great  conflict  against  the  gigantic 
power  of  Philip,  revived  in  all  their  strength.  Counsels,  such 
as  are  inspired  by  a  generous  despair,  and  are  almost  always 
followed  by  a  speedy  dawn  of  hope,  were  gravely  concerted 
by  the  statesmen  of  Holland.  To  open  their  dykes,  to  man 
their  ships,  to  leave  their  country  with  all  its  miracles  of  art 
and  industry,  its  cities,  its  canals,  its  villas,  its  pastures,  and 
its  tulip  gardens,  buried  under  the  waves  of  the  German 
Ocean  ;  to  bear  to  a  distant  climate  their  Calvinistic  faith  and 
their  old  Batavian  liberties,  to  fix,  perhaps,  with  happier  aus- 
pices, the  new  Stadthouse  of  their  commonwealth  uncfer  other 
stars  and  under  a  strange  vegetation  in  the  Spice  islands  of  the 
eastern  seas ; — such  were  the  plans  which  they  had  the  spirit  to 
form,  and  it  is  seldom  that  men  who  have  the  spirit  to  form 
such  plans  are  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  executing  them." 

The  Buard  was  sentenced  to  be  discharged  from  all  his  offices 
and  dignities,  and  to  be  forever  banished  from  his  country. 
The  last  act  of  the  tragedy  was  now  to  be  performed.  The 
populace  were  disappointed  that  the  court  did  not  sentence 
nimto  be  executed,  and  were  determined  to  glut  their  savage 
vengeance  by  a  bloody  massacre.  They  gathered  round  the 
prison  where  he  was  remanded,  and  stationed  sentinels  near 
the  doors  in  order  to  prevent  his  escape.  Thejr  then  sent  a 
messenger  to  the  resiaence  of  the  Grand   Pensionary,  with  a 


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LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  JOHN  DB  WITT.  249 

request  that  he  would  hasten  to  the  prison  to  see  his  brother, 
who,  they  said,  urgently  solicited  his  presence.  His  children, 
who  suspected  that  foul  play  was  intended,  entreated  him  with 
tears  to  remain.  Bat  his  fraternal  affection  overcame  all  con- 
siderations of  prudence,  and  he  resolved  to  go.  No  sooner  had 
he  entered  his  brother's  chamber  than  he  oetected  in  his  coun- 
tenance that  their  doom  was  sealed.  The  victims  were  at  last  in 
the  power  of  their  deadly  enemies.  They  drew  the  Rua'rd 
from  his  sick-bed  and  hnrled  him  backwards  to  the  bottom  of 
a  flight  of  steps  which  led  to  the  outer  door  of  the  prison, 
John  De  Witt  was  struck  down  with  the  butt-end  of  a  musket, 
and  they  were  both  taken  to  a  lamp-post  where  they  were  sus- 
pended and  butchered  in  a  manner  so  shocking  and  disgusting 
that  it  is  impossible  to  read  the  details  of  it  without  having 
the  blood  curdle  in  the  veins.  The  hearts  of  those  noble 
brothers  were  torn  from  their  bodies  and  dashed  against  their 
faces  with  fiendish  imprecations.  Under  the  chancel  of  the 
old  Protestant  church,  at  the  Hauge,  their  bodies  rest  in  hope, 
awaiting  the  resurrection  of  the  just,  but  their  memory  will  be 
embalmed  in  the  hearts  of  the  virtuous  and  the  brave,  so  long 
as  virtue  and  valor  are  honored  among  men  : 

THE  EPITAPH. 

"  BERI  LOB 
TBI  EBM AINS  OF  A  MAN  OF  UNI?KRSAL  GKNIU8, 

TBK  PBOFOX7NDE8T  STATESMAN 

AND  TBE  MOST  ADROIT  DIPLOMATIST  OF  HIS  AGE, 

IN  WAE  AS  WELL  AS  IN  PEACE  ; 

TBE  PROP  OF  TBE  BEPUBUO  OF  WBIOB  EVEN  BIS  ENEMIES  REGARDED  DIM 

AS  TBE  SUREST  ORACLE. 

BE  WAS  LABORIOUS,  INDEFATIGABLE, 

YIGILANT,  SOBER,  AND  MODEST  ; 

ALWAYS  BSBT0U8,  BUT  EAST,  AFFABLE  AND  AGREEABLE, 

AS  DISINTERESTED  AS  A  MAN  COlTLD  BE, 

PROPOSIKa  TO  BIM8ELF  NO  OTHER  OBJECT  BUT  THE  GOOD  OF  HIS 

COUNTBT  AND  THE  ESTABL1SBMENT  OF  BBB  LIBERTIES. 

ALTB0U6H  HE  WAS  CIVIL  TO  ALL  MEN, 

HE     NEVER      COURTED     THE     APPLAUSE     OF     TBE     PEOPLE 

BY  EMPLOYING  THE  BASE  ARTS  OF  A  DEMAGOGUE. 

ALWAYS  EQUAL  TO  BIM8ELF, 

AND  UNDISTURBED  IN  THE  MIDST  OF  THE  GREATEST  CALAMITIES, ' 

HIS  MTND  NEVER  LOST  ITS  EQUANIMITY,  AND  TO  THE  LAST  SIGH  OF 

mfl  UFE 

BE  EXHIBITED,  BY  HEROIC  FORTITUDE, 

A  MEMORABLE  EXAMPLE  OF    WHAT  A  MAN  IS  CAPABLE 

WHOSE   CONSCIENCE  REPROACHES   HIM   NOTEING." 


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250  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OP  JOHN  DE  WITT. 

Could  much  more  be  said  of  him  whose  ashes  repose  beneath 
the  shades  of  Mount  Vernon  ?* 

•  In  order  to  disabase  the  public  mind  of  nofounded  Baspicions  wlih  re- 

gard  to  the  illostrioos  martyr  who?e  life  we  have  briefly  sketched,  the  States- 
general  assembled  and  deputed  several  persons  of  disiiDction  to  repair  to  his 
residence  and  to  examine  and  seal  all  of  hi9  papers,  which  were  deposited  and 
now  remain  in  the  State  Archives  at  the  Hagae.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to 
add  that  nothing  was  discovered  which  tendeid  in  the  slightest  degree  to  im- 
peach his  integrity  or  his  honor.  It  is  said  that  he  preserved  such  exact  order 
in  the  arrangement  of  his  official  papers,  that,  like  Cardinal  MazariD,  he  could 
at  any  hour  of  the  night  lay  his  hand  upon  any  document  he  desired  with  uner- 
ring accuracy.  Although  his  administration  was  unfortunate  at  its  close,  he 
was  univer'*ally  esteem^  one  of  the  most  enlightened  statesmen  in  Europe,  and 
his  fame  has  continued  to  grow  brighter  and  brighterr  as  the  clouds  and  tem- 
pests in  which  he  was  enveloped  have  be«  n  dispersed,  and  we  are  enabled  to 
form  a  more  just  estimate  of  his  character.  Mr.  Fox  has  truly  described  him 
as  the  wisest,  the  best,  and  most  patriotic  minister  that  e?er  appeared  upon  the 
stage. 

So  incomprehensible  are  the  ways  of  Providence,  and  so  often  do  we  see 
eood  deduced  from  the  evil  which  at  the  time  we  are  constrained  to  deplore ! 
No  sooner  was  the  beardless  prince  elevated  to  the  Stadtholderate  and  took 
command  of  the  army,  than  the  hearts  of  all  were  disburdened  of  the  perilous 
stuff  which  had  well-nigh  sunk  them  into  despair.  The  struggle  which  the  Re- 
public then  maintained  against  the  combined  forces  of  France  and  England  con- 
stitutes its  heroic  age,  much  more  so,  indeed,  than  the.  eighty  years*  war,  so 
renowned  in  history,  which  it  conducted  with  such  indomualne  perseverance 
against  the  forces  under  Alva  and  Parma.  In  a  few  weeks  a  powerful  army 
was  raised,  which  effected  a  complete  evacuation  of  the  territories,  while  it  re- 
quired years  to  shake  off  the  Spanish  yoke.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the 
most  glorious  epochs  in  the  history  of  almost  all  nations  are  not  so  often  the 
effect  of  enthusiasm  among  the  masses,  as  the  work  of  meu,  sometimes  of  an  in- 
dividual, who,  by  superior  enei-gy  and  genius,  understands  the  great  art  of 
arousing  the  public  mind  to  conquer  or  die  in  defence  of  their  country. 

The  insatiable  thirst  of  conquest  which  influenced  the  French  monarch  to 
effect  the  ruin  of  the  Dutch  Republic,  has  been  justly  condemned  by  all  histori- 
ans who  have  any  regard  for  truth  and  justice.  There  was  not  even  any  decent 
pretext  for  such  an  attempt  But  the  English  sovereign  whom  he  attracted  to 
his  alliance  was  a  stranger  alike  to  the  sentiments  of  decency  or  honor.  As 
we  have  before  intimat^,  at  the  time  that  the  young  prince  took  command, 
the  victorious  armies  of  Louis  had  effected  the  fall  of  some  of  the  strongest  forti- 
fications on  the  frontit^rs  of  Holland,  after  wadine  through  rivers  which  were 
thought  to  be  impassable  by  a  foreigp.enemy.  The  French  army  was  more 
powerful  in  numbers  and  the  accomplishments  of  its  general<9,  while  the  real 
advantage  of  the  Dutch  consisted  in  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  ardent  spirit 
of  patriotism  and  sacred  fire  of  liberty  which  animated  the  heart  of  the  wnole 
nation.  A  William  at  the.  head  of  her  armies,  and  a  De  Ruyter  in  command  of 
her  fleet,  were  suliicient  to  repel  the  invaders  and  drive  them  back  discomfited. 
The  Dutch  temper  is  proverbially  phlegmatic,  and  their  military  enthusiasm 
is  not  easily  aroused :  but  let  it  be  made  apparent  to  them  that  the  country  de- 
mands the  unanimity  of  all  hearts,  and  the  ardor  of  their  devotion  will  prompt 
them  to  make  any  sacrifice.  They  will  patiently  support  the  heaviest  burdens 
and  affiront  the  greatest  hardships  and  dangers  with  the  most  indomitable  per- 
severance. Scarcely  had  the  nation  felt  the  vigorous  hand  of  the  Stadtholder 
than  it  shook  off  its  natural  torpor.  A  powerful  enthusiasm  was  inspired  by 
the  Patriae  pater  who  personified  the  country,  and  who  had  sacrificed  his  own 
personal  interests  by  indignantly  refusing  the  seducing  offers  of  the  French 
monarch.  Like  Lord  Brooke,  addressing  his  raw  reinforcements  from  old 
Warwick  Castle,  he  told  them,  "  That  if  the  nobility  of  the  cause  was  not  suffi- 
cient  to  animate  the  most  stolid,  he  knew  not  what  could  make  mortal  men  put 


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SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL.  261 

ART.  III.-SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL 

NO.  3. 
Bbunswick  House  Hotel,  London,  July  15£A,  1866. 

Dear  Review  : — A  decent  regard  for  your  literary  limits, 
and  the  patience  of  your  readers,  led  me  to  close  my  last  letter 
in  the  very  midst  of  Westminster  Abbey,  before  completing  an 
imperfect  catalogue  of  its  contents.  I  return,  therefore,  to  the 
Abbey,  and  request  that  you  will  follow  me  from  the  Poets' 
Comer  to 

The  Nave. — This  portion  of  the  church  is  crowded  with 
monuments  and  statues,  erected  to  England's  great  orators  and 
warriors,  too  numerous  to  particularize.  Only  occasionally  a 
poet,  a  dramatist,  or  an  actor  is  accorded  a  memorial.  William 
Congreve,  for  example,  has  a  very  fine  monument  in  the  Nave, 
erected  to  him  by  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough.  The  monu- 
ment is  surmounted  by  a  full-length  statue.  Mr.  Congreve, 
as  there  interpreted,  was  a  smooth-faced,  double-chinned  and 
handsome  man,  with  a  world  of  curls  trickling  over  his  shoul- 
ders and  back.  Probably  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the 
Nave  is  the  superb  statue  of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  is  repre- 
sented in  a  recumbent  attitude,  supported  by  Liberty.  A 
statue,  typical  of  Peace,  is  at  his  feet,  and  another,  a  capital 
one,  of  a  negro  kneeling  with  clasped  hands.  The  countenance 
of  Fox  is  full,  and  very  strong,  the  lower  part  inclining  to  be 
heavy.  The  frame  is  herculean,  and  the  muscles  swell  out  like 
a  gladiator's.  Heenan  himself  could  not  show  a  more  splendid 
arm.     The  two  other  most  notable  features  of  the  Nave  are 

on  aDdannted  resolutions."  Although  he  made  no  pretensions  to  the  graces  of 
oratory,  yet,  when  occasions  called  it  forth,  he  showed  himself  a  perfect  master 
of  that  sort  of  eloquence  which  convinces  the  head  and  goes  direct  to  the  heart 
and  conscience  of  a  nation.  His  letter  to  De  Ruyter,  on  the  28d  of  May,  1678, 
is  a  model  of  Dutch  military  eloquence.  While  he  regretted  that  pressing  cares 
and  responsibilities  prevented  him  from  visiting  the  fleet  in  person,  he  wrote  to 
De  Ruy  ter,  '*  that  the  hearts  and  eyes  of  all  Netberlanders  and  all  Christendom 
were  turned  towards  him  and  his  gallant  fleet,  and  that  it  would  be  the  last  de 
sree  of  infamy  for  them  to  fail  to  discharge  their  duty  on  so  lUnstrious  a  theatre. 
He  devoutly  hoped  that  God  would  bestow  sufficient  firmness  and  wisdom  on 
him  to  add  a  new  lustre  to  the  maritime  ^lory  of  his  country.  So  that  the  day 
would  soon  arrive  when  they  would  rejoice  that  they  were  made  the  instru- 
ments in  the  hands  of  iProvidenoe  to  conduct  so  sacred  a  cause  to  a  huppy  ter- 
mination. He  would  conclude  by  promising  that  he  would  reward  eacn  one 
according  to  hid  works : — Honor  ana  glorv  to  the  bra^e,  shame  and  chastise- 
ment to  the  cowardly.  He  would  desire  him  to  instill  into  the  minds  of  all  that 
no  pardon  would  be  granted  to  those  who  could  conduct  themselves  otherwise 
than  brave  soldiers  and  seamen,  and  that  the  iron  hand  of  justice  as  well  as  the 
imprecations  of  all  his  compatriots  would  inevitably  fall  upon  the  heads  of  all 
who  failed  to  do  their  whole  duty  to  their  country. 
A  word  in  conclusion  of  De  Ruyter,  this  renowned  admiral.     He  was  bom  at 


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252  SKETCHES  OP  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

magnificent  monuments  erected  by  the  Government  to  William 
Pitt  and  Oeorge  Canning. 

The  Chapels. — Next  in  interest,  after  the  Poets'  Corner, 
are  the  chapels,  because  of  their  accumulation  of  relics,  and 
their  great  antiauity. 

Chapel  of  Henry  VII. — ^The  object  in  this  chapel  which 
enlists  the  most  attention  is  a  monument  to  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  whose  head  was  taken  charge  of  in  1587,  by  that  manly 
old  virgin,  Elizabeth.  The  monument  was  erected  to  Mary  by 
her  son,  James  I.  It  is  supported  by  pillars  of  black  marble, 
and  on  it  reposes  a  marble  eflSgy  of  Mary,  wrought  with  great 
skill,  and  offering  no  repulsive  commentary  on  that  marvelous 
beauty  which  turned  her  own  and  so  many  other  heads. 

Henry  VII.,  and  his  Queen,  Elizabeth,  are  likewise  buried 
in  this  chapel.  The  tomb  of  the  pair  is  inclosed  by  a  brass 
screen.  Within,  and  on  the  tomb  of  black  marble,  are  the 
effigies  of  the  royal  couple.  Immediately  underneath  the  tomb 
lie  the  remains  of  Edward  VI. 

Chapel  of  St.  Paul. — In  this,  and  nearly  opposite  that  of 
Mary  of  Scotland,  is  the  tomb  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  lofty  monument,  which  is  supported  by  a  con- 
gregation of  slender  and  graceful  pillars.  On  the  tomb  reposes 
a  recumbent  effigy  of  Elizabeth,  upheld  by  four  very  undomes- 
ticated-looking  lions.  The  face  of  this  effigy  looks  as  pious  and 
composed  as  if  no  vanity  of  earth  had  ever  fretted  the  serene 
virginity  of  its  famous  archetype.  In  fifty  feet  of  each  other, 
pulverized  to  a  handful  of  inaggressive  dust,  sleep,  for  the 
balance  of  time,  Mary  of  Scots  and  Elizabeth  of  England. 
What  a  provoking  text  for  a  paragraph  of  easy  and  trite 
moralities  I 

Elizabeth's  sister,  "  bloody  Mary,"  rests  in  the  same  tomb 

FlessiDgeD,  in  the  Province  of  ZeaUnd,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1607.  His  father, 
who  was  a  plain  and  honest  farmer,  in  his  eleventh  year  pracnred  for  his  son  a 
place  as  a  cabin-boy.  From  this  humble  position  he  ran  throof  h  the  degrees  of 
scnllion,  chief  cook,  pilot,  captain,  commander,  vice  admiral,  and  finally  attained 
the  highest  naval  dignity.  Endowed  by  nature  with  a  vigorous  undersunding 
and  a  Dold  heart,  it  was  not  long  before  his  genius  blazed  forth  in  meridian 
splendor.  In  the  70th  year  of  his  age,  in  the  month  of  April,  1676,  he  died 
covered  with  laurels  near  the  coast  of  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  in  an  engagement  with 
the  French.  He  suffered  the  most  excruciating  pains,  which  he  endured  with 
admirable  fortitude,  repeating  to  himself  the  Psalms  of  David,  which  he  knew 
by  heart  His  body  was  enibalmed  and  conveyed  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  was 
buried  with  great  pomp  in  the  chancel  of  the  New  Protestant  Church,  over 
which  may  be  seen  to  this  day  the  words,  Tremor  immewti  oeeani,  ensrraved  in 
capital  gold  letters.  A  marble  statue  represents  him  with  his  head  reclining  on 
a  pillow  of  cannon-balls,  his  right  hand  reposing  on  his  heart,  and  a  serene 
smile  of  resignation  on  his  majestic  face,  as  it  he  were  peacefully  awaiting  the 
sound  of  the  last  trump. 

"  He  lavs  like  a  warrior  taking  his  rest, 
With  bis  martial  oloak  around  him.** 

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SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL.  263 

with  ber,  and  in  a  few  feet  of  them  lies  all  that  is  mortal  of 
Joseph  Addison. 

Chapel  of  Edward  the  Confessor. — Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, Henry  III.,  Eleanor,  Queen  to  Edward  I.,  Henry  V., 
Queen  Philippa,  wife  to  Edward  III.,  Edward  III.,  Kichard 
IL,  and  his  wife.  Queen  Anne,  are  all  buried  in  this  chapel. 
Its  feature,  however,  is  the  "  Coronation  Chair,"  in  which  all 
the  Kin^  and  Queens  of  England  have  been  crowned  for  the 
past  600  years.  It  never  could  have  been  handsome,  and  now 
IS  only  a  heavy,  unffainly  affair,  with  the  gilt  effaced  and  the 
wood  yielding  to  decay.  Lying  under  it  is  a  dark-looking 
stone,  weighing  about  forty  pounds,  and  on  which,  tradition 
asserts,  the  ancient  kings  of  Scotland  were  crowned. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  are  several  other  chapels  in 
Westminster,  filled  with  famous  and  aristocratic  by-gones  of 
England.  There  is  something  of  awe  and  a  strong  relish  of 
antiquity  about  these  cloisters  and  chapels  which,  more  than 
anything  I  have  yet  seen,  imbues  one  with  a  tyrannical  sense 
of  age.  The  immense  past,  gathered  and  consolidated  here, 
rises  up  in  grim  positiveness,  and  oppresses  you  with  a  con- 
sciousness of  mould.  The  sun  appears  to  have  taken  leave  of 
the  world,  and  the  atmosphere  to  have  lost  its  capacity  to  cir- 
culate. Motion  has  ceased,  and  stagnation  commenced,  and  it 
is  not  until  some  time  after  regaining  the  outer  air,  and  life, 
that  you  are  able  to  deodorize  yourself  of  the  grave-yard 
fraOTanco  with  which  you  have  become  infected. 

St.  Paul. — As  the  largest  and  most  ambitious  structure  of 
a  cathedral  nature  in  London,  and  next  to  St.  Peter,  perhaps 
the  largest  in  the  world,  St.  Paul  is  an  object  of  some  mterest. 
It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  surmounted  bv  a  prodi- 
^ous  dome,  which  shoots  up  to  a  perpendicular  heignt  oi  four 
hundred  and  four  feet.  Just  beneath  the  dome,  and  at  the 
confluence  of  the  corridors,  is  the  place  of  service.  The  ground 
floor  is  plentifully  adorned  with  statues  to  the  distinguished 
dead  of  tne  English  army  and  navy. 

About  midway  between  the  cofnmunion-place  and  the  top  of 
the  dome  is  an  acoustical  phenomenon,  called  the  '*  whispering 
gallery."  It  encircles  the  whole  base,  or,  rather,  has  a  circum- 
ference equal  to  the  base  of  the  dome,  and  the  apparent  prodigy 
is,  that  by  putting  your  lips  to  the  wall  and  whispering  articu- 
lately, another,  with  his  ear  to  the  wall,  at  any  part  of  the 
gallery,  will  hear  and  understand  your  whisper. 

The  interior  of  the  dome  is  illustrated  by  twelve  beautiful 
frescoes,  executed  by  Mr.  Thornhill.  The  subjects  of  the 
paintings  are  taken  from  the  life  of  St.  Paul,  and,  looked  at 
from  the  **  whispering  gallery,"  their  general  effect  is  exceed- 
ingly fine. 


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254:  SK£TCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

I  climbed  to  the  top  of  the  church,  and  could  I  have  dissi- 
pated the  eternal  mist  which  embalms  London,  might  have 
enjoyed  some  handsome  prospects.  As  it  was,  I  only  got 
dwarfed  perspectives  of  streets  and  houses,  and  my  fellow-men 
below  addressed  themselves  to  me  as  an  army  of  inebriate  mice, 
walking  supernaturally  on  two  legs.  Scrambling  to  immense 
heights  for  views  I  have  generally  found  to  be  illusive  under- 
takings. Illusive  as  to  the  views,  but  dreadfully  real  with 
respect  to  the  scrambling.  I  honestly  hope  that  no  one,  in  the 
integrity  of  whose  limbs  and  supply  of  oreath  I  have  any  in- 
terest, will  ever  essay  to  scale  St.  Paul.  There  is  an  absolute 
certainty  of  sore  legs  and  losing  your  hat  always  lying  in 
ambush  on  the  enterprise.  By  all  means  stop  at  the  "  whisper- 
ing gallery,"  and  put  questions  to  the  old  automaton  who  acts 
as  guide.  He  will  be  sure  to  answer  all  of  your  questions 
unsatisfactorily ;  that  is,  all  of  them  he  does  not  positively  refuse 
to  answer.  I  asked  him,  for  example,  what  was  the  distance 
from  the  ground  floor  to  the  top  of  the  dome.  He  replied 
sardonically  that  he  was  generally  impressed  it  was  something 
less  than  a  mile.  It  was  very  provoking,  but  he  was  an  old 
man,  and  carried  at  the  time  a  large  cane.  Respect  for  age, 
therefore,  triumphed  over  the  impulse  to  punch  his  head. 

I  state,  for  the  edification  of  your  architectural  readers,  that 
St  Paul's  was  designed  bv  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  cost,  in 
its  construction,  seven  millions  of  dollars. 

Johnson's  Tavern. — Turning  into  a  little  alley,  leading  off 
from  Fleet  Street,  and  entering  the  second  door  to  the  right,  we 
are  ushered  into  the  house  sacred  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  John- 
son. The  small  coffee-room  remains,  as  in  his  time,  and  the 
famous  old  arm-chair  jet  survives,  from  which  the  ffreat 
moralist  launched  his  literary  thunder,  often  full  of  wisdom, 
and  always  smelling  of  tea.  Here  Goldsmith  brought  his 
good-humored,  ugly  mug,  and  was  patted  on  the  back,  and 
patronized  imperiously,  and  bullied  by  the  literary  old  sea-dog 
m  the  chair.  Here  Boswell  toaded  supinely,  and  took  immor- 
tal notes ;  and  here  all  the  living  literature  of  England  came,  to 
talk  and  be  roundly  talked  to,  and  get  boozy,  and  go  home 
like  roaring  blades  in  the  morning.  I  had  the  satisfaction  to 
eat  an  excellent  chop  in  the  room,  and  then  drink,  in  a  glass  of 
foaming  ale,  a  health  to  the  portrait  of  the  thunderer,  which 
hangs  above  the  arm-chair,  and  looks  amazing  grim. 

The  Temple. — ^Thackeraj  and  Dickens  have  made  the 
Temple  so  familiar,  both  in  its  uses  and  its  architectural  phys- 
iognomy, that  I  needed,  upon  seeing  it,  nothing  further  to 
establish  its  identity.  I  sauntered  about  it  with  as  much  as- 
surance of  locality  as  that  suggestive  young  clerk  in  "  Our 


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SKETCBIS  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL.  255 

Mutual   Friend,^  who   improvised,  for  the   entertainment  of 
honest  Mr.  BofBn,  tlmt  cmshing  catalogue  of  clients. 

It  i»  an  immense  pile,  of  a  most  irregular,  capricious,  eccen- 
trlr  build,  developing  into  all  manner  of  shy  nooks  and  unsus- 
pected recesses.  Formerly  it  was  occupied  by  the  Knights 
Templars,  but  at  present  is  monopolized  by  the  warlike  tribe 
of  lawyers  and  students  at  law.  It  fronts  towards  the  Thames, 
with  a  very  pretty  garden  before  it,  running  down  to  the 
water's  edge,  and  surprising  the  turbid  old  stream  with  bright 
flashes  of  green  turf  and  sweet-smelling  iflowere.  Once  within 
the  precincts,  of  the  Temple,  and  the  harsh  discords  and  the 
great  bustle  of  the  city  tone  down  to  a  soft  and  unaccented 
hum,  anything  but  hostile  to  a  desire  for  repose.  In  this  wise 
it  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  purposes  it  now  subserves. 

Temple  Bar. — Temple  Bar  was  once  invested  with  some 
municipal  importance,  and  for  a  long  time  was  fraught  with  a 
painful  posthumous  interest  to  a  considerable  body  of  English 
citizens.  It  was  formerly  the  limit  of  the  city  of  London,  and 
the  bloody  pillory  on  which  the  heads  of  decapitated  criminals 
were  exposed.  It  has  lost,  however,  both  its  former  importance 
and  its  interest,  and  is  only  observable  at  present  as  a  massive 
and  handsomely  sculptured  arch,  gracefully  spanning  Fleet 
Street. 

Printing-House  Square. — Printing-House  Square  has- 
afforded  me  the  greatest  disappointment  which  I  have  yet  sus- 
tained in  my  inspection  of  the  curious.  Being  the  place  where 
"  The  Times'^'*  is  printed,  and  the  publishing  centre  of  London, 
one  is  led  to  expect  something  large,  roomy,  imposing,  fitly 
commemorative  of  its  own  importance.  Instead  of  this,  every 
accessory  expressive  of  power  or  consideration  seems  to  be 
jealously  excluded.  It  requires  a  cabman,  profound  in  the 
intricacies  of  London,  or  a  police  detective  to  run  it  to  earth. 
There  never  was  a  more  striking  instance  of  light  under  a 
bushel.  I  struggled  through  a  half  dozen  despairing  little 
streets,  and  after  getting  irretrievably  lost  in  four  dirty  little 
courts,  and  after  losing  all  consciousness  in  the  hopeless  mental 
confusion  wrought  by  twenty-five  blind  alleys,  I  was  ushered 
into  a  retreating  little  quadrangle,  and  came  plump  upon  the 
"London  Times,'*  in  a  dingy-looking,  red- brick  building,  two 
stories  hi^h.  This  all  indicates  a  chai'acteristic  of  the  English 
people,  which  I  shall  advert  to  at  length  in  future  letters. 

Bank  of  EngI4And. — The  famous  financial  autocrat  of 
Christendom  is  housed  in  a  modest-looking  two-story,  building, 
with  marble  front,  and  handsomely  illustrated  with  Corinthian 
columns.  The  view  from  the  street  does  not  give  a  just  con- 
ception of  its  dimensions,  and  it  is  only  upon  pe.  etrating  its 


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256  COMMERCE,  WAR   AND  CIVILIZATION. 

outer  wall  that,  its  great  extent  dawns  upon  one.  Tho  inner 
door  opens  upon  a  beautiful  little  court,  quadrangular  in  shape, 
alive  with  a  pretty  fountain  garnished  with  flowers  and  em- 
bayed beneath  the  leafy  arms  of  two  splendid  shade-trees.  The 
rooms  which  overlook  this  are  only  one  story  high,  and  the 
whole  wears  an  air  as  unlike  a  bank,  and  as  like  a  country 
villa,  as  one  can  well  imagine. 

Trusting  that  you  are  pounding  Radicalism  down  to  a  whole- 
some Andy  Johnson  foundation,  I  remain,  truly  yours, 

Carte  Blanche. 


ART.  lY.-COMMERCE,  WAR  AND  CIVILIZATION. 

It  18  needless,  if  not  profane,  to  inquire  as  t©  the  orio^in  of  civili- 
zation. There  is  nothing  in  profane  history  to  justify  the  conclusion 
that  any  portion  of  the  white  race  was  ever  savage.  On  the  con- 
trary, raonuraental  history,  the  oldest  and  most  reliable  of  all  his- 
tory, so  far  as  this  itMjuiry  js  concerned,  carries  us  only  back  to  a  fer- 
distant  past,  wherein  taste  and  skill,  art  and  industry  exhibit  achieve- 
ments bolder  in  design  and  execution,  more  sublime,  more  elaborate 
and  more  beautiful  than  any  of  the  present  day.  Not  so  various,  it 
is  true,  but  for  that  very  reason  more  sublime,  more  elaborate,  and 
more  beautiful.  Human  attention  was  not  then  divided  and  enfeebled 
by  the  necessary  observation  of  too  many  objects  ;  human  thought  was 
not  broken  in  upon,  perplexed  and  distracted  by  the  necessity  of 
daily  and  hourly  supplying  a  thousand  artificial  wants,  dictated  by 
mere  capricious  fashion ;  the  human  mind  was  not  weakened  and 
frittered  away  by  an  endless  variety  of  studies,  and  human  industry 
and  energy  were  not  hurried  on  to  hasty,  coarse,  slovenly  achieve- 
ments by  the  insatiate  cravings  of  a  vulgar  public,  for  mere  novelty, 
variety,  and  gaudy  glare  and  glitter ;  men  then  had  time  to  think, 
to  plan,  and  to  execute.  There  was  conoentration  and  continuous 
exertion  of  thought,  taste,  energy  and  industry  on  a  few  subjects,  ob- 
jects and  pursuits ;  and  the  effects  of  this  concentration  and  continu- 
ous exertion  is  strikingly  and  beautifully  apparent  in  all  the  works 
of  ancient  art.  A  man  now  has  neither  time  to  think,  to  write,  nor 
to  act,  unless  he  has  the  good  fortune  to  get  into  jail,  or  to  lose  his 
eyesight.  (Or  perhaps  one  may  do  equally  well  by  coming  out  to 
Camp  Lee,  near  Richmond,  where  this  is  written,  or  going  down  to 
Port  Royal.)  Our  affections  are  pretty  equally  divided  between  these 
two  lovely  spots,  where  the  vulgar  hum  of  industry  is  never  heard, 
where  intrusive  visitors  seldom  disturb,  and  where  silence,  peace  and 
quietude  reign  supreme.  As  our  family  is  in  Port  Royal,  we  shall 
soon  have,  we  fear,  to  bid  a  final  adieu  to  Camp  Lee.  Now,  be  pa- 
tient, polite,  kind  and  gentle  renders,  for  we  are  firmly  resolved  to 
let  you  know  all  about  Port  Royal  and  Camp  Lee,  ere  very  long, 
and  to  render  both  places  historic,  if  we  can. 


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COMMERCE,  WAR  AND  CIVILIZATION.  257 

Sacred  history  is  more  distinct  and  explicit  on  this  suhject  of  abo* 
riginal  civilization  than  even  profane,  written  on  monumental  his- 
tory. Adam  was  civilized,  and  so  were  his  immediate  descendants, 
tiie  imtediluvians.  Noah  and  his  family  were  civilized,  and  so  were 
Abraham  and  his  family.  We  are  told  nothing  of  a  lost  civilization 
in  the  mean  time.  And  from  that  day  we  can  trace  civiliaNitioB  up 
to  our  own  age,  Abraham  and  his  family  being  Bedouin  Arabs, 
and  living  far  in  the  interior,  were  no  doubt  &r  less  informed  and 
civilized  than  the  natives  generally  around  him.  Near  him,  on  one 
side,  were  the  Philistines,  or  Phcsnicians,  whose  knowledge  and  general 
civilization,  and  conducting  of  varied  and  distant  commerce,  had  ren* 
dered  conspicuous  at  a  very  early  day.  And  just  above  bim  was 
the  route  of  trade  from  India  to  the  Levants  All  along  this  route 
there  were  cities,  such  as  Jerusalem,  Sodom  and  GronK>rrah,  that  were 
enriched  by  trade,  and  were  centres  or  foci  of  civilization,  that  dif-^ 
fused  light,  knowledge,  and  all  useful  information  to  the  surrounding 
nations.  The  Arabs  of  the  desert  visited  and  traded  with  these 
cities,  and  belonging  to  a  highly  intellectual  race,  they  thus  acquired 
and  retained,  at  all  times,  in  the  midst  of  extreme  poverty,  quite  a 
respectable  amount  of  knowledge  and  of  information^ 

From  the  region  about  which  we  are  writing,  it  seems  to  us  that 
the  faint  lights  of  profane  history,  of  tradition,  of  philology,  and  of 
very  many  universal  institutions,  iisi^es,  habits  and  customs,  concur 
with  the  Scriptures  in  proving  that  population,  many  of  the  useful 
arts,  and  all  that  pertains  to  a  youthful  people  and  a  youthful  civili- 
zation,  spread  them  themselves  over  the  rest  of  the  earth.  The  popo^ 
lation  thus  diffused  that  settled  on  the  seacoasts,  or  near  great  over- 
land routes  of  trade,  or  in  any  situations  favorable  for  conducting 
commerce  and  manufactures,  continued  to  improve  in  civilization, 
by  building  cities,  fitting  out  ships,  practicing  the  various  useful  and 
ornamental  arts,  and  by  carrying  on  trade  and  commerce,  and  sup- 
plying less  &vored  localities,  not  only  with  all  their  own  products  of 
skill,  art,  and  industry,  but  with  those  of  the  various  other  nations 
with  which  they  traded.  This  trade  and  commerce  not  only  en- 
riched the  centres  that  conducted  it,  but  rapidly  improved  their  civ- 
ilization. They  made  large  profits  on  their  merchandise,  and  at  the 
same  time  acquired  a  knowledge  of  all  the  arts  practiced  by  the  in< 
ferior  peoples  with  whom  they  traded ;  these  profits  and  this  knowl- 
edge they  brought  home  and  employed  to  increase  their  own  wealth, 
and  by  new  arid  improved  processes  to  perfect  the  arts  which  they 
had  thus  imported,  and  to  multiply  and  improve  their  own  arts  of 
domestic  growth.  Thus,  commercial  countries — we  mean  countries 
that  built  and  manned  their  own  ships,  and  whose  merchants  sup* 
plied  distant  peoples,  not  only  with  the  products  of  the  countries  to 
which  the  merchants  belonged,  but  interchanged  the  commodities  of 
many  nations,  making  a  profit  on  each  sale  and  interchange — wo 
say,  that  the  commercial  countries  thus  cevrying  on  trade,  barter,  and 
commerce,  became  the  great  centres  of  wealth,  of  art,  of  science,  of 
knowledge  and  information,  and  the  brilliant  foci  of  collected,  con- 
TOL.  n.-NO.  II.  17 


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358  COMMSBCEy  WAR  AND  CIYIUZATION. 

centrated  and  intensified  civilization ;  for  by  their  trade  with  less 
civilized  peoples,  they -robbed  or  exploited  those  peoples,  not  only 
of  much  of  the  products  of  their  industry,  art  and  skill,  but  gradually, 
yet  surely,  robbed  them  of  their  knowledge,  their  arts,  and  general 
information,  and  depressed  their  dvilization. 

We  hold  that  a  certain  amount  of  dvilization  is  congenital  with  the 
human  race — is  as  old  as  Adam  ;  but  this  aboriginal  civilization  may 
be  greatly  depressed,  or  highly  improved.  It  can,  however,  never  be 
wholly  lost,  nor  ever  perfected.  The  most  savage  tribes  practice 
very  many  useful  arts,  that  distinguish  them,  and  place  them  farther 
above  the  brute  creation  than  the  most  learned  and  civilized  are 
above  the  savage.  Savage  tribes  become  more  ignorant  and  savage 
when  civilized  men  begin  to  trade  with  them,  for  the  obvious  rea- 
son that  the  civilized  traders,  ascertaining  what  are  the  arts  and  man- 
u&ctures,  and  skillful  products  of  the  savages,  ascertaining  all  their 
wants,  and  the  tedious,  laborious,  and  clumsy  processes  by  which 
they  but  half  supply  those  wants,  induce  them  to  give  up  their  arts 
and  manufactures  altogether,  and  betake  themselves  .to  fishing,  hunt- 
ing, collecting  gold-dust,  ivory,  furs,  fish,  4&e.,  and  exchanging  them 
for  better  manufactures,  made  by  the  civilized  traders,  than  any  the 
simple  savage  can  make,  with  half  the  amount  of  labor  expended  in 
fishing,  hunting,  &c.,  that  they  were  wont  to  expend  in  tediously  and 
awkwardly  manufacturing  their  coarse  articles.  Besides,  civilized 
traders  introduce  the  vices  and  diseases  of  civilization  among  sav- 
ages, without  teaching  them  how  to  prevent,  correct,  or  cure  those 
vices  or  diseases^  Increased  mortality,  increased  crime,  and  depress- 
ed civilization  have  ever  been,  and  will  ever  be  the  results  of  trade 
between  the  savage  and  the  civilized,  between  the  ignorant  and  un- 
skillful and  the  skillful  and  well-informed. 

Our  Southern  civilization  has  hitherto  been  confined  very  much 
to  the  wealthy,  because  we  found  it  most  immediately  profitable  to 
conduct  agriculture  alone,  and  with  its  products  buy  from  other  peo- 
ples the  results  of  their  numerous  arts  and  manufactures,  their  skill 
and  industry.  The  number  of  the  useful  and  ornamental  arts  prac- 
ticed by  any  people,  and  the  skill  and  success  with  which  they  prao- 
tioe  them,  is  the  measure  of  their  civilization.  Tried  by  this  stand- 
ard, and  Southern  civilization  will  not  stand  very  high.  We  carry 
on  scarce  any  commerce,  and  until  of  late  y^ars  had  but  few  domestic 
manufactures.  We  are  improving,  however,  because  our  vast  interior 
is  out  of  the  profitable  reach  of  foreign  trade,  and  is  admirabl  v  adapted 
for  conducting  manufactures ;  as  are  our  large  rivers  and  seacoast 
for  the  conducting  of  commerce.  Heretofore  foreign  commeroe,  con- 
ducted by  foreigners,  in  foreigjn  bottoms,  and  supplying  us  wiih  for- 
eign manufactures,  has  robbed  us  of  our  wealth,  and  robbed  \is  of 
our  intellect,  or  at  least  depressed  and  prevented  the  growth  of  our 
intellect,  and  the  diffusion  and  advance  of  our  civilization.  Bobbed 
lis  of  our  wealth,  by  exchanging  the  results  of  one  hour's  mechanical, 
manufacturing  or  artistic  labor  for  not  less  than  the  results  of  two 
hours  of  agricultural  labor.  Robbed  us  of  our  intellect,  by  confining 


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OOmCERCB,  WAR  AND  CIVILIZATION.  259 

US  to  agricultural  pursuits,  and  preventing  the  growth,  development 
and  exercise  of  the  many  fine  and  useful  arts  which  require  educa- 
tion for  their  successful  pursuit,  and  which,  in  their  practice,  furnish 
of  themselves  education,  in  addition  to  the  primary  education  needed 
to  begin  them.* 

Let  us  recollect  that  commerce  does  not  diffuse,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, circumscribes,  concentrates,  centralizes  and  intensifies  intelli- 
gence and  civilization,  and  in  like  way  centralizes  and  increases 
wealth.  It  collects  its  rays  of  knowledge  and  its  hoards  of  wealth 
from  a  thousand  distant  sources,  to  be  employed  as  the  means  of 
levying  as  tribute  more  of  knowledge  and  more  of  wealth.  It  is  a 
good  thing  to  carry  on  commerce,  a  great  misfortune  to  be  the  mere 
tributaries  and  subjects  of  commerce.  Such  have  we  hitherto  been  ; 
but  the  abolition  of  slavery,  enormous  as  are  the  evils  that  have  at- 
tended it,  will  bring  forth,  in  some  respects,  a  new  and  better  order 
of  things.  White  men  do  not  like  to  work  in  the  fields,  they  prefer 
manufacturing  and  mechanic  labor ;  and  without  slaves,  capitalists 
.  will  not  invest  their  capital  in  agricultural  pursuits.  Men  are  al- 
ready ^owding  to  our  cities,  not  for  idleness  nor  for  office,  but  in 
the  endeavor  to  get  employment  in  some  useful  art,  or  manufactur- 
ing or  mechanical  pursuit. 

Commerce  and  manufactures  carried  on  by  ourselves  will  speedily 
grow  up  among  us,  and  with  them  increase  of  wealth,  and  a  more 
generally  diffused,  if  not  a  higher  civilization.  We  need  both  skill 
and  capital  in  order  to  speedy  success  in  the  various  arts,  manufac- 
tures and  sciences  that  we  should  now  strenuously  pursue.  These 
can  be  supplied  at  once  by  immigration,  and  very  slowly  in  any 
other  way.  We  must  encourage  immigration  ;  not  of  farmers,  for 
we  understand  Southern  farming  far  better  than  would  any  immi- 
grants. We  need  not  sell  a  foot  of  our  lands.  The  immigrants  we 
want  are  wealthy  shipping  merchants,  mechanics,  artisans,  manufac- 
turers, miners,  aifid  all  other  men  above  the  degree  of  common  labor- 
era.  Labor  is  cheap  and  abundant  with  us.  We  want  skill  and 
capital  to  give  employment  to  labor. 

But  whilst  we  need  and  would  encourage  immigration,  we  also 
would  like  to  have,  as  near  as  possible,  a  homogeneous  population. 
We  do  not  want  colonies  of  foreigners,  speaking  a  different  language 
from  our  own,  having  different  habits  and  customs,  and  modes  of 
thought,  and  accustomed  to  different  laws  and  institutions.  Espe- 
cially are  such  foreigners  objectionable  when  they  settle,  as  they  are 
apt  to  do,  in  distinct  colonies  or  communities,  in  town  or  in  country. 
On  the  vital  subject  of  abolition,  these  foreigners  are  not  only  all 
abolitionists,  but  most  of  them  in  theory,  and  very  many  of  them  in 
practice,  negro-equality  folks.  Settling  in  colonies,  with  negro  asso- 
ciates and  negro  customers,  they  would  demoralize  the  negroes  as 
mudi  as  the  negroes  would  demoralize  them.  Our  Northern  neigh- 
bors are  of  the  same  descent  as  ourselves,  speak  the  same  language, 
ha^e  been  accustomed  to  the  same  laws  and  political  institutions, 
have  habits  and  customs  and  modes  of  thought  very  like  our  own. 


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260  OOICMEBCB,  WAK  AND  CIVILIZATION. 

are  anti-slavery  men,  but  do  not  favor  negro  equality ;  indeed,  they 
hate  negroes,  and  hold  them  at  much  greater  distance  than  we  do. 
They  never  settle  in  colonies  when  they  come  among  us,  but  at  once 
intermix  and  intermarry  with  our  own  people.  In  ten  years  they 
usually  become  thoroughly  Southernized.  Their  'children  bom 
among  us  are  always  as  true  to  the  South  as  any  other  of  our  citi- 
zens ;  whilst  foreigners,  settling  in  colonies,  do  not  become  Ameri- 
canized for  three  or  four,  and  sometimes  six  or  eight  generations. 
There  is  not  the  least  danger  that  abolition  and  negro-equality  agita- 
tors from  the  North  will  ever  come  to  settle  among  us,  for  Uiey 
come  to  make  money,  and  to  do  so,  they  all  know  they  must  be 
silent  on  these  subjects.  Besides,  they  expect  to  make  money  from 
the  labor  of  the  negroes,  and  will  naturally  endeavor  to  make  them 
as  humble,  submissive  and  industrious  as  possible.  Northern  men 
coming  to  settle  among  us  will  almost  universally  be  well-disposed 
to  our  people.  Anti-slavery  men  may  come,  but  no  outspoken  abo- 
litionists or  negro-equality  men.  They  would  be  at  once  under  the 
ban  of  society,  excluded  from  all  social  circles,  exposed  to  constant 
insult  and  occasional  caning.  It  would  be  far  easier  to  face 
the  cannon's  mouth,  than  to  brave  the  angry  and  indignant  pub- 
lic opinion  that  would  here  beset  and  surround  them.  Immigra- 
tion from  the  North  would  increase  our  population,  strength  and 
weight  in  the  Union,  and  diminish  theirs.  But  what  is  more  impor^ 
tant.  Northern  immigrants,  becoming  identified  in  interest  with  the 
South,  would  not  only  be  ready  themselves  to  defend  those  interests, 
but  they  would  exercise  much  influence  with  their  friends  and  ac- 
quaintance at  the  North  in  strengthening  the  Southern  party  in 
that  section.  Besides,  the  National  Government,  even  in  Northern 
hands,  would  be  loath  to  persevere  in  measures  oppressive  to  the 
South,  which  would  injuriously  affect  considerable  numbers  of  immi- 
grants from  that  section.  In  fine,  there  is  not  the  least  danger  that 
we'  can  coax  enough  of  immigration  from  that  section  to  affect 
opinion  here.  They  would  be  certain  to  adopt  our  thoughts  and 
opinions,  not  we  theirs. 

We  write  not  only  understandingly  on  this  subject,  but  we  also 
write  feelingly.  For  more  than  a  year  past,  half  of  which  time  our 
family  was  with  us,  our  intercourse  has  been  almost  entirely  with 
Northern  officers,  surgeons  and  privates.  We  and  our  family  have 
received  from  them  uniform  politeness  and  kind  treatment.  We 
are  indebted  to  them  for  many  favors  and  acts  of  kindness  and  ac- 
commodation. We  have  conversed  on  political  and  social  subjects 
with  them,  from  the  commanding  general  down  to  the  humblest 
privates,  and  maintained  our  own  opinions  in  their  utmost  latitude, 
without  giving  offence  or  eliciting  unpleasant  reply.  We  have  seen, 
we  thought,  much  of  prejudice  and  gross  misapprehension,  but  nothing 
like  corruption  or  willful  injustice.  We  are  sure  we  could  live  for* 
ever  in  pleasant,  social  intercourse  with  such  men,  if  they  would  but 
withdraw  their  troops  from  among  us,  and  appear  as  mere  civilians 
and  as  our  equals.     Now  they  are  placed  by  Government  as  masters 


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COMMERCE,   WAR  AND  CIVILIZATION.  261 

over  us,  as  spies  to  watch  us,  and  report  all  that  we  do  and  all  that 
we  say,  and  as  peculiar  guardians  and  asserters  of  the  rights. and 
equality  of  the  negroes.  This  is  not  the  fault  of  individuals,  but  of 
the  Government  that  employs  them.  So  far  as  we  have  seen,  making 
allowance  for  their  prejudices  and  misconceptions,  they  discharge 
their  duties  with  delicacy  and  forbearance.  Especially  is  this  the 
case  of  late,  since  they  have  become  better  acquainted  with  negro 
chari^cter.  We  believe  if  the  Northern  troops  were  withdrawn  that 
the  South  would  desire  and  welcome  immigration  from  that  section ; 
and  that  the  immigrants  would  find  agreeable  social  intercourse 
among  us ;  for  then  we  should  associate  as  equals.  We  rather  ex- 
press what  we  consider  the  opinions  and  feelings  that  operate  on 
other  people  than  our  own.  We  feel  quite  as  much  their  equal  now 
as  if  the  troops  were  withdrawn,  and  we  loath  to  visit  on  individuals 
the  offences  of  Government.  We  like  individuals,  whom  we  find  out 
to  be  good  and  upright  men,  none  the  less  because  their  Government 
oppresses  us. 

Ve  do  not  include  in  this  description  a  set  of  idle,  vagrant,  vaga- 
bond, strong-minded  women  and  weak-minded  Yankee  clergy,  whom 
we  oflen  meet  wandering  unemployed  about  the  country.  They 
are  all  vile  incendiaries  and  malignants,  curiously  peering  into  our 
affairs,  to  make  false  reports  of  them,  and  inciting  the  negroes  to 
insubordination  and  insolence.  Such  wretches  are  the  enemies  of 
the  human  race,  and  would  gladly  see  the  South  again  drenched  in 
blood,  even  although  they  foresaw  that  it  would  result  in  the  expul- 
sion or  extermination  of  the  negroes,  whom  they  only  affect  to  love, 
for  Satan  could  not  have  chosen  more  appropriate  emissaries. 

Returning  to  the  thread  of  our  essay,  we  have  to  consider  war  as 
a  civilizer.  We  know  it  is  dista6.teful  to  most  readers  to  see  war 
treated  of,  except  as  the  greatest  and  most  unmitigated  evU.  We 
shall,  therefore,  treat  this  part  of  our  subject  very  briefly.  The 
first  well-attested  instance  of  the  diffusion  of  civilization  on  a  large 
scale  was  brought  about  by  Alexander  the  Great.  He  conquered 
a  large  portion  of  Asia  and  a  part  of  Africa,  and  diffused  Greek  lite- 
rature, arts,  science  and  civilization  throughout  his  conquered  domin- 
ions. No  one  will  deny  that  this  conquest  greatly  elevated  the 
civilization  of  those  countries.  Several  centuries  thereafter  they 
were  gradually  conquered  by  the  Romans,  but  Greek  civilization 
remained  intact  And  for  nearly  a  thousand  years  after  those  coun- 
tries were  conquered  and  colonized  by  the  Greeks,  they  preserved  a 
civilization  essentially  Greek,  and  equal,  perhaps,  to  that  of  Europe 
in  those  days.  Indeed,  until  near  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  Al- 
exandria in  Egypt,  founded  by  Alexander,  rivaled  Athens  as  a 
school  of  learning,  of  art  and  of  science,  and  surpassed  Rome.  The 
Romans  conquered  the  ancient  world,  the  "  terra  cognita  antiques^^ 
colonized  and  difiused  Roman  civilization,  arts,  laws,  customs  and 
science,  wherever  they  had  not  been  preceded  by  the  Greeks.  In 
later  ages  the  Sclavonians,  who,  at  the  earliest  accounts  we  have  of 
them,  lived  about  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  have  conquered  and 


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262  FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CAROUNA. 

colonized  Hungary,  Germany,  Poland  and  all  of*  Russia,  from  the 
Baltic  to  the  mouth  of  the  Amoor,  and  from  the  Crimea  to  the  Frozen 
Ocean.  All  of  these  immense  regions,  except  Germany,  they  still 
hold,  and  the  German  population  is  in  large  proportion  Sola  vie.  They 
civilized,  too,  as  they  conquered.  Russia  has  improved  faster  since 
the  davs  of  Peter  the  Great  than  any  other  nation,  and  the  Russians 
are  Sclavonians.  War,  conquest  and  civilization  will  civilize  any 
people,  except  negroes  and  Indians.  The  missionaries  for  centuries 
past  have  been  promising  and  trying  to  civilize  them,  but  have,  so 
far,  made  no  progress  whatever.  Indeed,  missionaries  never  did 
civilize  a  people,  unless  it  be  a  handful  of  Sandwich  Islanders ;  and 
missionary  civilization  is  fast  exterminating  them. 


ART.  V -FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLIITA, 

INYITINO  RESOURCES,  ETC.,  WITH  INFORMATION  FOR  IMMIORANT8,  BTO. 

{Concluded  from  June  Number,) 

Water  Power  and  Manufxoturino  Advantaobs. — ^West  of 
and  adjacent  to  Aiken  is  a  ragged,  broken  body  of  land,  containing 
probably  forty  or  fifty  square  miles,  which,  to  the  unobservant 
traveler,  presents  a  most  bleak  and  dreary  aspect;  but  the  various 
stratas  cropping  out  naturally,  or  exposed  by  the  effects  of  heavy 
rains  washing  away  the  hillsides,  and  by  the  railroad  excavations, 
afford  a  vast  field,  interesting  alike  to  the  scientific  geologist  or  the 
practical  manufacturer. 

Immense  beds  of  different  kiuds  of  clay,  from  the  purest  and 
whitest  kaolin,  to  the  dark-colored  mud  of  which  bricks  are  made, 
sands  of  all  hues,  some  as  fine  as  flour,  others  large  coarse  crystals ; 
siliceous  earths  of  many  kinds;  ferruginous  sandstones,  the  con- 
glomerate shell,  buhrstones,  granite,  mica,  feldspar,  ochres  of 
different  colors,  are  all  found  in  this  vicmity. .  But  a  short  distance 
off  a  deposit  of  manganese  is  found,  and  potash  can  be  readily  made 
in  the  surrounding  forests.  Experts  have  pronounced  the  sands  to 
be  admirably  adapted  for  making  glass  and  crystal,  and  the  quality 
of  the  kaolin  is  admitted  to  be  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  of 
which  the  celebrated  Staffordshire  ware  is  made.  It  is  doubtful  if 
the  combination  of  the  ingredients  of  glass  and  earthenware  can  be 
found  in  such  immediate  proximity  anywhere  else. 

Ure,  page  464,  vol.  11,  says :  *'  it  is  to  the  late  Josiah  Wedge- 
wood,  Esq.,  that  this  country  (England)  and  the  world  at  large  are 
mainly  indebted  for  the  great  modern  advancement  of  the  ceramic 
art.  *  *  *  So  sound  were  his  principles,  so  judicious  his  plans  of 
procedure,  and  so  ably  have  they  been  prosecuted  by  his  successors 
in  Staffordshire,  that  a  population  of  sixty  thousand  operatives  now 
derive  a  comfortable  subsistence  within  a  district,  formerly  bleak 
and  barren,  of  eight  miles  long  by  six  broad,  which  now  contains 
one  hundred  and  fifly  kilns,  and  is  significantly  called  the  Potteries." 


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PDTUBE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  263 

And  McGulloch,  in  his  Dictionary,  vol,  II,  page  324,  speaking  of 
this  ware,  sajs :  *^Its  exoellent  workmanship,  its  solidity,  the  ad- 
vantage  it  possesses  of  sustaining  the  action  of  fires,  its  fine  glaze, 
impenetrable  to  acids^the  beauty  and  convenience  of  its  form,  the 
dieapness  of  its  price,  have  given  rise  to  a  commerce  so  active  and 
universal,  that  in  traveling  from  ^  Paris  to  St  Petersburg,  from 
Amsterdam  to  the  farthest  point  of  l^weden,  and  from  Dunkirk  to 
the  extremity  of  the  South  of  France,  one  is  served  at  every  inn 
upon  English  ware.  Spain,  Portugal  and  Italy  are  supplied  with  it ; 
and  vessels  are  loaded  with  it  for  both  the  Indies  and  the  continent 
of  America.  The  estimated  value  of  these  products  (in  1835) 
exceed  $15,000,000  annually.^  The  practksal  uses  of  these  earth- 
sands  and  clays  are  innumerable. 

Each  year  some  new  use  is  found  for  some  of  the  various  modifi- 
cations to  which  stoneware,  earthenware,  porcelain  glass,  crystal^ 
etc,  can  be  applied,  formed  as  they  are  of  a  substance  of  no  other 
intrinsic  value,  and  of  a  material  so  easily  worked,  and  of  such 
gradations  of  quality,  as  to  suit  every  station  from  the  highest  to  the 
lowest,  and  admirably  adapted  to  labor-saving  and  economical  uses, 
and  capable  of  receiving  the  most  beautiful  and  exquisite  forms, 
aflbrding  gratification  to  the  most  fastidious  tastes  and  fancies. 
Among  the  uses  of  these  plastic  clays,  not  the  least  important  is 
that  of  making  articles  such  as  bricks,  tiles,  etc.  Paving  tiles, 
draining  tiles  and  roofing  tiles,  as  well  as  ornamental  encaustic  tile% 
would  meet  with  a  ready  sale  if  properly  introduced.  The  differ- 
ence in  the  rates  of  insurance  of  houses  covered  with  shingles,  as  is 
customary  in  this  country,  and  those  covered  with  metals,  slates  or 
tiles,  indicate  the  impottance  of  substituting  incombustible  roofs  in 
place  of  those  now  used,  and  ^re  as  well  as  ordinary  building  brickti 
are  constantly  needed  in  a  growing  country. 

In  1856  a  party  of  Northerners  shipped  from  a  portion  of  this 
tract  several  thousand  tons  of  this  kaolin,  to  be  manufactured  in 
New  England ;  and  a  few  years  later  a  factory  was  established  here, 
tod  b  now  in  successful  operation.  The  ware  is  generally  the 
ordinary  qualities,  but  some  has  been  turned  out  that  was  so  clear, 
amooth  and  translucent  as  to  bear  favorable  comparison  with  Frendi 
porcelain,  and  others  similar  to  the  Parian  marble-work,  indicating 
that  the  materials  for  making  the  various  grades  and  qualities 
abounded  in  this  locality. 

In  1838,  when  the  population  of  the  United  States  was  only  one- 
half  its  present  number,  the  value  of  the  earthenware  imported 
amounted  to  $1,600,000. 

During  the  war  a  number  of  potteries  were  employed  in  making 
articles  of  coarse  stoneware,  which  were  eagerly  sought  afler  as 
substitutes  for  white  ware,  and  a  number  of  employees  were  ex- 
empted from  conscription,  in  order  to  furnish  the  Medical  Purveyors 
and  other  departments  various  indispensable  articles.  A  few  days 
•ince  one  of  the  potters  stated  that  even  now  he  could  not  supply 
the  demand  for  coarse  pipkins,  pans,  jugs,  jars,  etc.,  at  fifteen  cents 


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264  FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

per  gallon,  and  with  his  rough  and  primitive  maohinerj  he  could 
turn  out  ddy  gallons  per  day  to  the  hand. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  protection  afforded  by  the  present 
tariff,  and  the  fragility  and  consequent  enofmous  consumption  of 
this  class  of  articles,  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  properly 
conducted  works  must  prove  amonsc  the  most  remunerative  invest- 
ments that  can  be  made.  In  England  the  pipe-clay  from  Dorset- 
shire and  Devonshire,  and  the  flints  from  Kent,  are  transported  to 
Sta^rdshire,  where  the  principal  clay  abounds.  Now,  here  are  in- 
exhaustible deposits  of  the  raw  material  of  various  qualities,  lying 
immediately  on  the  surface,  in  a  country  intersected  by  streams 
affording  water  power,  and  railroads  and  navigable  rivers  affording 
cheap  transportation  to  the  commercial  centres,  fuel  so  abundant 
that  the  expense  would  only  be  fbr  the  cutting  and  hauling,  and  not 
in  a  wild,  uncivilized  country,  but  where  schools  and  diurches  are 
already  established.  It  is  stated  in  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica  that 
"  the  exports  of  earthenware  from  great  Britain  amounted,  in  1857, 
to  £1,488,668  (over  $7,000,000),  of  which  the  United  States 
TOOK  nearly  okb-half,  80  little  has  the  patterns  art  been  encouraged 
inihe  Netc  World:' 

Your  Committee  would  express  a  hope  that  by  some  means  enter- 
prise may  be  directed  to  these  invaluable  deposits,  believing  that 
were  the  opportunities  here  offered  generally  known,  this  field  for 
labor  would  rapidly  fill,  and  that  Calhoun  District  might  become 
as  noted  for  its  wares  as  Staffordshire  now  is. 

Silk  Culture. — ^The  vast  amount  of  money  annually  sent  abroad 
for  the  purchase  of  silk^  the  increasing  consumption  of  this  article 
among  all  classes,  and  to  an  extent  probably  not  known  in  any  other 
country  except  China,  and  the  acknowledged  capacity  of  the  United 
States  to  produce  silk  of  the  very  best  quality,  induced  Congress, 
in  1826,  to  publish  and  distribute  manuals  and  treatises,  prepared 
with  great  care  and  fullness,  giving  all  necessary  instructions  and 
details  for  the  prosecution  of  this  business,  from  the  propagation 
and  planting  of  the  trees  to  the  preparation  and  manufacture  of  the 
silk.  The  interest  manifested  was  commensurate  with  the  im- 
portance of  the  subject,  and  the  prospect  of  silk  becoming  one  of 
our  staple  productions  was  flattering  and  encouraging,  until  the  moms 
multicaulis  mania  of  '38  and  *40  spread  over  the  land.  The  history 
of  that  speculation  unfolds  a  svstem  of  villainy  and  fraud  seldom 
exceeded.  Every  possible  trick  was  devised  to  create  exorbitant 
prices  and  immediate  demand  for  the  buds,  cuttings  and  roots  of  the 
new  plant,  and  'with  such  success  that  all  classes  of  society  entered 
into  the  speculation,  confident  of  amassing  fortunes  in  a  year  or  two, 
entirely  forgetting  that,  unless  some  one  raised  the  worms  to  cat 
the  leaves,  there  would  not  be  any  demand  for  the  trees.  When 
the  people  awoke  from  their  delusion,  very  naturally  a  propor- 
tionate reaction  took  place,  and  silk  culture  was  denounced  as  a 
humbug  by  thousands  who  had  not  had  a  single  worm.     Now  that 


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FUTURE  OP  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  265 

the  passions  o£  tlie  moment  are  passed  away,  we  can  perceive  the 
folly  of  the  scheme  and  the  cause  of  its  &ilure. 

It  was  not  that  silk  culture  was  unprofitable,  but  that  so  few 
attempted  to  raise  silk  that  there  was  no  demand  for  the  trees 
on  which  were  hung  such  magnificent  baits.  The  culture  of  the  silk 
has  been  considered  by  the  Chinese  for  4,000  years  as  next  in  im- 
portance to  that  of  rice.  There  some  species  of  worms  produce 
four  crops  during  the  year.  The  value  of  silk  goods,  annually  pro- 
duced in  Europe,  exceeds  $275,000,000,  of  which  Austria  produces 
160,000,000,  and  Italy  $50,000,000.  In  France  500,000  persons 
are  employed  by  it,  or  one  in  eighty  of  the  population ;  and  in 
England  16,000,000  pounds  are  annually  imported,  thus  giving 
employment  in  the  manufacture  to  forty  thcrusand  persons.  Formerly 
several  families  in  this  town  devoted  some  care  and  attention  to  silk, 
and  made  their  own  handkerchiefs,  dresses,  etc.  The  recent  estab* 
lishment  of  a  factory  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  for  making  silk,  velvets  and 
plushes,  indicates  a  revival  of  this  interest  When  reared  in  a  close, 
moist  atmosphere,  the  caterpillar  is  subjected  to  various  diseases ; 
but  in  a  climate  as  pure,  dry  and  elastic  as  that  of  Aiken,  they  are 
£ir  more  hardy,  and  require  less  attention.  Whilst  in  Europe  from 
30  to  60  per  cent  are  lost  from  the  eflfects  of  climate,  food  and  dis- 
ease, here  scarcely  5  per  cent,  die,  and  there  are  but  few  ants  or 
insects  to  destroy  the  eggs.  The  morus  multicaulis  flourishes  with- 
out any  more  care  or  attention  than  any  of  our  forest  trees,  and  the 
growth  is  80  rapid  that  the  leaves. can  be  used  the  second  year  afler 
planting.  The  whole  business  of  managing  a  cocoonery,  rearing  the 
worms  and  reeling  the  silk  is  so  simple,  that  it  can  be  readily 
learned  from  books. 

The  silk  husbandry  affords  the  most  rapid  of  agricultural  returns, 
being  completed  in  six  or  eight  weeks.  The  small  amount  of  capital 
requisite,  the  great  remuneration  and  the  light  nature  of  the  work, 
is  suggestive  of  its  adaptation  as  an  employment  for  that  large  class 
whose  delicate  health  requires  a  mild  climate,  but  whose  means  do 
not  enable  them  to  lead  a  life  of  idleness,  as  well  as  for  women  and 
children  who  are  unable  to  undergo  the  fatigues  incident  to  other 
labor.  A  cocoonery,  in  connection  with  a  vineyard  and  orchard, 
would  afibrd  a  constant  round  of  employment,  which  would  be  a 
source  of  amusement,  health  and  profit. 

Fruit  Culture. — ^The  attention  of  the  South,  formerly,  was 
almost  entirely  directed  to  the  production  of  the  great  staples  of 
cotton,  rice,  corn,  sugar,  lumber,  etc.,  to  the  neglect  of  other  im- 
portant articles.  Occasionally  a  farmer  would  set  out  a  few  fruit 
trees,  without  selecting  varieties,  in  an  old  field,  and  a  vine  or  two 
around  his  house,  leaving  them  to  take  care  of  themselves,  and  as 
the  neglected  trees  did  not  thrive  and  flourish,  the  culture  was  pro- 
nounced unfitted  for  our  climate,  and  unprofitable. 

Eventually  a  few  zealous  Pomologists  set  about  the  work  in  good 
earnest,  selecting  the  best  varieties  and  extending  to  the  trees  and 


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266  FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA^ 

vines  proper  attention  and  labor.  For  several  years  dependence 
was  had  on  the  Northern  and  European  nurseries,  but  experience 
soon  demonstrated  the  advantage  of  propagating  Southern  seedlings, 
and  now  but  few  plants  are  imported  from  abroad. 

It^  is  only  since  1850  that  much  attention  was  attracted  in  this 
vicinity  to  fruit  culture.  The  immense  returns  realized  by  the 
proprietors  of  some  of  the  orchards  and  vineyards,  from  lands  unfit 
for  the  profitable  culture  of  cotton  and  corn,  led  their  neighbors  to 
inquire  into  the  secret  of  their  success.  '  Since  then  orchards  and 
vineyards  have  gradually  but  continuously  increased  in  size  and 
number. 

In  1858  those  interested  formed  themselves  into  a  society,  adopt- 
ing the  title  of  "  The  Aiksv  Vikk-Growiwo  and  Hortioultorai 
Association,"  their  object  being  to  promote  the  culture  and  im- 
prove the  quality  of  fruit  in  general,  and  more  particularly  of  the 
vine. 

This  association  has  been  instrumental  in  extending  much  valuable 
information;  many  of  their  reports  and  essays  having  been  pub- 
lished in  pamphlet  form,  and  republished  in  the  agricultural  journals 
and  Patent  Office  Reports.  In  1860  this  society  extended  an  in* 
vitation  to  the  vine  growers  of  the  South  to  hold  a  Convention  in 
this  place,  and  to  bring  with  them  specimens'of  their  grapes  and 
wines  for  comparison  and  classification.  Delegates  from  five  States 
accordingly  met  on  the  21st  of  August,  and  Ex-Senator  and  Gov- 
ernor James  H.  Hammond  was  ele^ed  presiding  officer  of  the  Con- 
vention. Upon  taking  the  chair,  he  remarked  ''that  the  exhibition 
this  day,  and  the  presence  of  these  Delegates,  indicated  that  an  in- 
terest in  behalf  of  growing  our  own  grapes  and  manufact«iring  our 
own  wine  was  extending,  and  that  a  large  belt  of  waste  lands, 
capable  of  growing  extensively  these  fruits,  was  now  about  to  engage 
the  attention  that  should  have  been  called  to  them  hitherto.  Nay, 
more^  the -exhibition  this  day^'*  he  ventured  to  say^  "could  not  be  sdb- 
PASSBD  in  any  part  OF  THE  woBLD,  and  in  using  this  broad  ex- 
pression^ he  did  it  without  qualification,  especially  so  in  referent 
to  the  variety  and  quality  of  the  grapes  here  to  be  seen?^ 

Peaohbs. — The  facility  of  transportation  afforded  by  our  lines  of 
railroads  to  the  coast,  and  thence  by  steamships  to  the  large  North- 
ern cities,  enables  us,  by  selecting  the  earliest  varieties  of  peaches, 
to  reach  those  markets  from  the  20th  to  the  25th  of  June,  thus 
anticipating  the  New  Jersev  crops  from  four  to  six  weeks.  The 
first  peaches  command  as  high  as  $15  to  $20  per  bushel,  and  an 
average  of  at  least  $5  may  be  reasonably  expected,  as  the  Aiken 
fruit  has  an  established  reputation,  excelled  by  no  other  section, 
being  healthy,  well  flavored  and  highly  colored. 

One  of  our  peach  ^wers,  since  the  close  of  the  war,  sent  to  his 
factor  in  New  York  for  various  family  supplies,  stating  that  he  was 
without  money  and  would  have  to  depend  on  the  next  peach  crop. 
Much  to  his  gratification  the  articles  were  immediately  forwarded, 


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FUTUBE  OF  SOUTH  CABOLINA.  267 

with  an  intimation  that  no  better  security  was  requisite  than  a 
promise  of  a  consi^ment  of  an  article  so  prized  in  New  York  as 
were  the  Aiken  peaches, 

Mr.  James  Purvis  states  that  he  has  sixty  acres  in  peaches,  which 
require  three  hands  to  cultivate,  and  that  he  has  made  five  crops  in 
six  years,  realizing  from  $5,000  to  $10,000  each. 

Several  of  our  orchardtsts  have  realized  more  than  $500  per  acre 
in  favorable  years,  which  far  exceeds  any  other  crop,  requiring  as 
little  work. 

The  trees  are  usually  planted  about  sixteen  feet  apart,  or  from 
one  hundred  and, fifty  to  two  hundred  trees  per  acre,  and  commence 
hearing  the  third  year,  and  producing  from  a  peck  to  two  bushels. 
They  are  remarkably  healthy,  the  disease  known  as  "  the  yellows'^ 
not  having  made  its  appearance,  and  the  fruit  is  more  free  of  the 
curculia  than  in  the  richer  lands  of  the  low  country.  The  greatest 
evil  we^  have  to  contend  with  are  the  late  frosts,  which  sometimes 
occur  in  April,  when  the  fruit  has  just  formed,  and  occasion  great 
damage  to  the  crop.  By  a  proper  selection  of  varieties  a  supply  of 
this  rich  and  luscious  fruit  may  be  had  continuously  from  June  to 
November.  Putting  up  peaches  in  cans  might  be  carried  on  to 
great  advantage. 

Apples. — The  impression  that  good  apples  could  not  be  produced 
at  the  South  has  generally  prevailed ;  but  gradually  this  error  is 
being  dispelled.  In  the  culture  of  the  apple,  as  of  the  peach.  South- 
em  raised  trees  must  be  depended  on,  and  several  of  these  varieties 
will  challenge  comparison  with  any  others,  either  as  regards  flavor, 
size  or  keeping  qualities. 

Pbabs. — ^Although  the  pears  exhibited  at  our  horticultural  exhibi- 
tions are  unsurpassed,  the  opinion  is  common  that  it  is  not  a  crop 
that  will  pay.  Parties  who  have  made  the  cultivation  of  this  fruit  a 
specialty,  and  whose  opinions  are  entitled  to  the.  greatest  consider- 
ation, a&sert  the  contrary. 

Colonel  Hebron,  of  Mississippi,  reports  his  trees  as  returning 
from  five  to  eight  hundred  dollars  per  acre,  and  Mr.  Berckmans, 
who  has  been  engaged  in  this  culture  near  fifty  years,  first  in  Bel- 
gium, then  at  Plainfield,  New  Jersey,  a  few  years  since,  after  a 
careful  investigation,  purchased  a  place  within  twenty  miles  of  this 
town,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  pears,  deeming  the  soil  and  climate 
better  adapted  to  this  culture  than  any  other. 

In  an  Essay  read  to  the  x\iken  Vine-Growing  Association,  Mr.  L. 
E.  Berckmans  stated  that  the  more  refined  the  fruitrflower  or  foliage, 
the  more  delicate  will  be  the  plant  in  any  climate,  and  it  is  a  gener- 
ally acknowledged  fact  that  the  pear-tree  is  more  fastidious  and  ex- 
acting, less  hardy,  and  requires  better  management  than  other  fruits ; 
that  more  trees  are  killed  by  the  frost  than  by  any  other  cause 
acting  further  South ;  and  that  the  blight,  almost  the  only  disease 
inherent  to  the  pear-tree,  is  not  worse  here  than  elsewhere,  whilst 


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268  FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CABOLINA. 

the  ravages  of  ioteDse  cold  winters  are  never  witnessed.  That  this 
climate  is  preferable,  is  evidenced  by  three  facts  he  has  doselj  oh- 
served  for  several  years.  1st.  Weak  and  worn  varieties  condemned 
at  the  North  are  in  fine  condition  here.  2d.  Some  European  varie- 
ties fail  at  the  North,  yet  flourish  here.  3d.  The  size  and  quality  are 
both  superior,  and  the  foliage  double  size.  Finally,  he  was  satisfied 
that  pears  must  pay,  for  they  were  a  luxury  that  commanded  enor- 
mous prices,  and  requiring  to  be  picked  before  they  were  fully  ripe, 
would  bear  transportation  better  than  any  other  fruit 

Fios. — Figs  are  one  of  those  great  boons  of  nature  that  contribute 
to  the  enjoyments  of  life  in  a  Southern  climate.  Luscious,  nutritious 
and  wholesome,  they  are  frequently  recommended  by  physicians  as 
a  food  for  invalids,  and  as  a  laxative  where  strong  medicines  are  to 
be  avoided.  They  grow  freely  in  the  open  air,  require  little  or  no 
attention,  and  produce  two  or  three  crops  annually. 

To  sit  under  one^s  own  vine  and  fig-tree,  so  expressive  of  happi- 
ness and  contentment,  can  be  literally  realized  here. 

Pomegranates  (deciduous  bloomers,  displaying  ripe  fruit  and  ex- 
panding blossoms  at  the  same  time),  cherries,  nectarines,  quinces, 
apricots,  raspberries,  etc.,  are  cultivated  to  a  limited  extent,  and 
most  excellent  strawberries  are  to  be  had.  for  four  or  five  months  by 
irrigating  the  plants. 

As  attention  to  horticulture  extends,  in  all  probability  the  natural- 
ization and  acclimation  of  other  valuable  fruits,  such  as  the  date, 
tamarind,  olive,  jujube.  Various  nuts  and  berries,  etc.,  will  afford  a 
wider  field  for  enterprise. 

Grapes. — In  a  letter  published  in  the  Merchants^  Magazine^  Feb- 
ruary, 1855,  Dr.  Goodrich,  U.  S.  Consul  at  Lyons,  states  that  the 
an&ual  amount  of  wine  produced  in  France  exceeds  800,000,000 
gallons,  and  gives  employment  to  about  two  and  a  half  millions 
of  persons;  the  vineyards,  occupying  5,000,000  acres,  the  price 
varying  from  10  to  20  cents  a  gallon,  making  an  annual  value  of 
over  $100,000,000 ;  and  that  a  disease  of  a  fungoid  character  has 

f proved  so  destructive,  and  continues  to  increase  so  rapidly,  that 
ears  are  entertained  that  it  may  wholly  destroy  the  vine. 

As  the  American  vines  have  thus  far  been  exempt  from  this 
disease,  supplies  of  our  plants  and  cuttings  have  been  forwarded  to 
be  there  introduced.  There  all  the  vines  beloi^  to  the  same  species ; 
but,  on  this  continent,  there  are  four  species,  of  which  over  one 
hundred  varieties  are  cultivated.  In  our  woods  and  swamps  enor- 
mous vines  are  found  extending  to  the  topmost  branches  of  the 
forest  trees,  and  were  it  not  for  Uie  custom  of  burning  the  woods  in 
the  spring,  they  would  be  even  more  numerous  than  they  now  are. 
As  it  is,  quite  a  business  is  done  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  gather- 
ing the  wild  fruit  for  the  distilleries  located  here,  as  well  as  for  mak- 
ing wine.  For  an  account  of  American  grapes,  see  "  Patent  Office 
Reports,"  1857,  an  article  read  by  H.  W.  Ravenel  before  the 
A.  V .  G.  Association. 


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FUTtJRB  OP  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  26^ 

One  of  our  oldest  and  most  successful  vintners,  writing  on  this 
subject  in  1S55,  says :  **  Let  me  assure  you  that  vine  cqlture  is  the 
easiest  thing  in  the  world.  Any  of  your  sons  or  field  negroes  will 
^take  to  \V  in  one  season.  The  pruning  can  be  learned  in  ten 
minutes ;  the  work  is  simply  hoeing,  light  plowing  and  tying  of 
branches.  The  making  of  wine  requires  some  attention.  (Can 
you  make  good  bacon  without  care  and  attention?)  All  this  can 
and  will  be  explained  to  your  satisfaction.  An  acre  should  yield,  at 
the  very  least,  300  gallons,  worth  here  $2  per  gallon.  One  hand 
can  attend  five  acres.  Here  you  have  $1,500  the  hand,  even  if  the 
wine  only  brought  $1.  You  may  say  this  is  all  *  paper  calculation.' 
It  certainly  is,  but  experience  proves  that  many  have  realized  more 
than  that  amount.     It  has  been  made  and  can  be  made.     Have  the 

energy  to  try  it If  compared  with  other  crops,  such  as 

cotton,  com,  wheat,  etc.,  we  find  the  chances  of  success  two  to  one 
with  the  grapes,  and  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  they  are  usually 
planted  ia  the  poorest  hillsides,  adapted  to  nothing  else,  and  on 
which  the  proprietor  can  live  and  enjoy  health,  whilst  other  crops 
require  richer  lands,  always  more  or  less  sickly.  On  sandy  pine 
lands,  such  as  would  bring  five  or  eight  buehels  of  corn,  the  yield  of 
wine,  in  an  average  season,  will  be  about  300  gallons.  On  richer 
day  lands  it  is  said  to  reach  1,000  and  over.  These  are  not  sur- 
mises, but  positive  facts." 

Around  Aiken  800  to  500  acres  are  now  planted  in  grapes,  and 
the  quantity  increases  annually.  The  vines  are  healthy  and 
vigorous ;  the  peculiar  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  the  rolling  sur- 
ftce  and  the  light  porous  nature  of  the  soil,  which  quickly  discharges 
all  superfluous  moisture,  makes  it  especially  adapted  to  the  grape 
culture.  The  quality  of  the  fruit  surpasses  that  of  other  sections 
both  in  higb  flavor  and  percentage  of  saccharine  matter.  The  grapes 
begin  to  ripen  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  are  ready  for  the  press 
some  time  in  August. 

The  vines  are  generally  planted  in  rows,  ten  feet  apart,  and  about 
six  feet  in  the  row,  making  about  750  plants  to  the  acre.  This  dis- 
tance is  preferred,  from  the  more  vigorous  growth  of  the  vine  here. 
An  idea  of  the  profits  may  be  conceived  by  allowing  only  twenty 
bunches  of  grapes  to  be  produced  on  each  vine,  making  15,000 
bunches  to  the  acre,  which,  if  worth  only  two  cents  per  bunch, 
would  amount  to  $300,  or,  at  five  cents  per  bunch,  1750. 

They  are  rarely  injured  by  the  late  frosts ;  but  sometimes  a  cool 
or  wet  spell  of  weather  occurring  in  June  or  July  causes  rot  to  a 
partial  extent,  more  or  less,  according  to  its  duration.  A  vineyard 
once  properly  started  is  an  inheritance  for  one*s  children,  as  the 
grape-vine  is  noted  for  its  longevity,  frequently  living  more  than 
one  hundred  years. 

Mr.  Axt,  of  Georgia,  offered  to  guarantee  twenty-five  hundred 
gallons  of  wine  per  acre  to  those  employing  him  to  superintend  and 
plant  their  vineyards.  And  Professor  Hume,  in  an  address  de- 
livered to  the  A.  V.  O,  Association  in  I860,  stated  that  he  was 


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270  FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CABOLIKA. 

commiesioned  by  New  York  houses  to  porchate  aH  the  Aiken  wines 
he  could  get  at  $2  per  gallon,  as  dealers  in  wines  found  these  best 
fojT  making  their  "  bases.'' 

What  has  been  accomplished  indicates  that  Aiken,  at  no  distant 
period,  will  be  the  centre  of  a  large  vine-growing  r^ion.  In  those 
properties  requisite  ibr  wine,  the  grapes  grown  here  compare  favor- 
ably with  those  from  which  the  most  celebrated  wines  of  France 
and  Germany  are  produced  ;  the  maximum  and  minimum  specific 
gravity  of  the  must  manufactured  at  Heidlebwg  is  1089  and  1091 
— ^that  of  Necker,  Germany,  varies  from  1040  to  1000 ;  Burgundy 
wine  is  made  from  must  varying  from  1071  to  1088 ;  the  must  of 
the  Rousillon,  represented  as  the  strongest  French  wine,  has  the 
specific  gravity  of  1 107.  Grapes  grown  in  this  neighborhood  pro- 
duce a  must  varying  in  specific  gravity  from  1040  to  1108. 

It  is  estimated  that  wine  can  be  produced  at  a  coat  of  20  cents  a 
gallon,  and  the'  demand  even  at  $2  is  fully  equal  to  the  supply.  It 
is  an  article  that  will  always  be  in  demand  ;  costs  but  little  to  trans- 
port to  market ;  no  annual  expense  of  seed  as  in  cereals ;  does  not 
require  so  much  manure  oi:  deteriorate  the  soil  as  other  crops;  is 
a  light  and  pleasant  employment,  not  as  laborious  as  common  field- 
work;  improves  in  quality  by  keeping,  and  its  general  use  would 
promote  the  cause  of  temperance,  it  being  a  noted  fact  that  very 
little  drunkenness  is  seen  in  vine^rowing  countries. 

In  addition  to  brandy  made  from  the  cultivated  fruits,  the  various 
wild  fruits  and  berries  that  grow  in  such  abundance,  furnish  ma- 
terials that  find  a  ready  sale  at  the  dbtilleriea.  At  home  we  have 
the  haw  brandy,  cherry  brandy,  plum  brandy,  persimmon  brandy, 
peach  brandy,  blackberry  brandy,  potato  brandy,  gooseberry 
brandy,  sorghum  rum,  etc,  etc.,  but,  when  shipped^it  assumes  other 
names  and  forms ;  and,  ere  long,  at  some  of  the  cool  springs  which 
ffush  from  our  hillsides,  an  addition  will  probably  be  made  to  this 
list  by  the  establishment  of  a  lager  beer  brewery. 

Sanftaby  Effbotb  of  tbb  Climatb. — ^Among  the  resources  of 
Aiken,  your  Committee  would  place,  most  prominently,  the  remark- 
able effects  of  its  climate  on  puImcMiary  disorders,  as  already  inci- 
dentally referred  to,:^believing  that  a  more  favorable  combination  of 
the  essential  requisites  for  the  successful  treatment  of  consumption 
cannot  be  found,  embracing  opportunities  for  profitable  employ- 
ment and  social  and  educational  privileges  for  the  various  members 
of  a  family  with  the  sanitary  effects  of  the  climate  on  the  invalid. 

A  more  extended  publicity  of  the  fact  of  such  a  conjunction  of 
favorable  circumstances  would,  undoubtedly,  be  the  means  of  alle- 
viating the  sufferings  and  prolonging  the  lives  of  no  inconsiderable 
number,  who  would  gladly  avail  themselves  of  the  knowledge  when 
brought  to  their  notice. 

A  glance  at  the  bills  of  mortality  of  the  Northern  States  will 
show  how  general  and  wide-spread  is  this  fell  disease,  under  its 
various  modifications  of  asthma,  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  emphysema, 


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FUTUBB  OF  SOUTH  CABOLINA.  271 

tuberdes,  hemorrhage  of  the  lungs,  etc.,  etc.  Hereditary  predispo- 
sitioD  to  consumption  hangs  like  an  incubus  over  the  heads  of  many, 
paralyzing  their  energies,  destroying  their  usefulness  and  embitter- 
ing their  lives.  By  it  thousands  are  annually  driven  forth  from 
their  homes  to  seek  relief  in  more  congenial  climes,  as  it  is  now 
conceded  that  the  medicine  capable  of  arresting  its  progress  is,  as 
yet,  undiscovered. 

The  preventive  treatment  consists  in  attention  to  the  various 
functions ;  exercise  in  the  open  air ;  freedom  from  mental  anxiety 
or  physical  exhaustion  ;  a  liberal  and  nutritious  diet ;  a  residence  in 
a  dry,  light  and  elastic  atmosphere,  which  invigorates  the  lungs  and 
air-passages  without  irritating  them  ;  and  some  pleasant  and  agree- 
able employment  which  will  tndnoe  the  patient  to  exert  himself 
and  prevent  the  mind  from  dwelling  on  the  ailments  of  the  body. 
At  no  place  can  these  indications  be  better  carried  out  than  in  this 
vicinity,  where  the  hygrometrio  condition  of  the  atmosphere  is  such 
as  to  challenge  comparison  with  any  of  the  usual  resorts  of  con* 
sumptives,  even  of  the  famed  table-lai\ds  of  Mexico,  and  excelling 
that  of  the  islands  of  Cuba  or  Madeira,  or  the  cities  of  Italy.  This 
peculiarity  is  attributable  to  the  porous  nature  of  the  sandy  soils, 
which  readily  permit  the  water  to  percolate  through  and  discharge 
itself  at  a  distanee,  and  to  its  situation  on  the  summit  of  a  ridge,  at 
such  an  elevation  as  to  rarify  the  atmosphere,  and  at  the  same  time 
gives  a  most  thorough  system  of  drainage  to  the  neighboring  country. 
Being  surrounded  by  immense  pine  forests,  it  has  also  the  advan- 
tages incidental  to  pine  regions. 

In  regard  to  the  beneficial  effects  of  the  climate,  your  Committee 
can  speak  from  personal  knowledge  as  well  as  from  observation  of 
its  efitects  on  others,  as  several  of  them  have  been  induced  to  locate 
hereon  account  of  ill-health,  either  of  themselves  or  some  member 
of  their  family,  and  most  cheerfully  do  they  bear  testimony  to  the 
good  result.  Many  eminent  medical  practitioners  who  are  acquainted 
with  this  locality,  as  Dr.  Dickson,  of  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Geddings,  of 
Charleston,  and  others,  recommend  their  consumptive  patients  to  try 
this  climate. 

Dr.  Qaillard,  Editor  of  the  Richmond  Medical  Jaurnaly  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Government  during  the  war  to  examine  different 
localities  with  a  view  of  establisbing  a  hospital  for  the  treatment  of 
pulmonary  disorders  of  soldiers,  and  after  a  full  and  careful  investi- 
gation of  the  relative  merits  of  various  places  in  the  limits  of  the 
Confederacy,  recommended  Aiken  as  combining  more  of  the  re- 
quisites than  any  other  locality. 

The  repntati#n  of  Aiken  is  not  based  on  a  few  isolate^!  cases,  but 
on  the  fiict  that  hundreds  of  invalids,  in  various  stages  of  their  sev- 
eral complaints,  have  been  benefited  by  a  residence  here.  Not  that 
all  have  been  cured;  but  that  very  many  have  been  relieved,  for  one 
of  the  characteristics  of  this  disease  is  its  insidious  and  flattering 
nature.  For  oflen  the  invalid,  away  from  his  friends  and  usual 
avocations,  yearning  for  Aome,  fkttters  himself  that  he  has  so  nearly 


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272  FUTURK  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

recovered,  that  he  can  venture  to  return  without  danger ;  but  the 
predisposing  causes  again  acting  on  an  enfeebled  constitution  with 
renewed  vigor,  soon  hurries  him  to  a  premature  grave,  or  recourse 
is  had  to  a  change  of  climate  when  the  disease  is  so  firmly  seated, 
and  the  tissues  and  organs  are  affected  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be 
past  recovery.  To  those  who  are  suflfering  from  this  dread  malady, 
or  who  are  seriously  threatened  with  its  evils,  and  can  appreciate  the 
danger,  your  committee  would  suggest  the  earnest  consideration  of 
the  advantages  offered  to  them  here,* by  engaging  in  some  occupa- 
tion, such  as  some  of  those  mentioned  in  this  article,  in  which  the 
wealthy  will  find  amusement  and  those  of  limited  means  an  addition 
to  their  income.  Such  employ  ments  will  afford  a  motive  and  incen- 
tive for  taking  exercise  in  the  open  air,  and  prevent  the  mind  dwell- 
ing to  an  undue  extent  on  the  symptoms  of  the  case,  which  so  often 
hastens  the  progress  of  the  disease.  The  adoption  of  this  course 
would  enable  the  patient  to  be  surrounded  with  '^  home  comforts " 
and  the  pleasures  of  the  domestic  circle ;  refined  society  will  add  to 
his  enjoyments;  schools,  churches,  and  physicians  would  be  con- 
venient ;  articles  of  Jfieoessity,  comfort  or  luxury  could  be  readily  ob- 
tained, and  the  many  inconveniences  incident  to  a  residence  in  a 
foreign  country  avoided.  The  telegraphic  wires  and  mails  would 
afford  regular  and  constant  communication  with  distant  friends,  and, 
should  necessity  require  occasional  attention  to  business  at  the 
former  residence,  it  would  take  but  a  few  days  to  run  there  and 
back.  The  piney  wood  roads,  covered  with  the  fellen  straw,  will 
tempt  him  to  ride  or  drive.  If  a  disciple  of  Walton,  the  trout, 
jack,  bream  and  perch  with  which  the  mill-ponds  and  creeks 
are  stocked,  will  furnish  sport;  and  if  fond  of  gunning,  many  an 
hour  can  be  whilcd  away  shooting  quails  (or  partridges),  squirrels, 
doves,  etc. 

The  want  of  a  first-class  hotel,  with  a  good  livery-stable,  gymna- 
sium, billiard  saloon  and  other  facilities  for  recreation  and  exercise,  is 
generally  admitted,  and  travelers  have  frequently  expressed  their 
surprise  that  such  an  evident  opportunity  for  making  money  should 
be  neglected.  At  the  fashionable  springs  and  seaside  watering- 
places  expensive  hotels  are  erected  and  prove  profitable,  although 
"  the  season  "  is  but  for  a  few  short  weeks.  The  celebrity  of  Aiken, 
as  a  resort  for  invalids  during  the  winter  months,  and  as  a  retreat  for 
the  denizens  of  the  low  country  during  the  heated  term  of  the  sum- 
mer, makes  **  the  season  "  here  continue  for  ten  months. 

In  1854,  the  application  of  over  400  invalids  for  accommodations 
were  refused  at  the  hotel  then  kept  by  Mr.  Schwartz,  and  to  secure 
a  room  arrangements  were  frequently  made  several  ^nonths  in  ad- 
vance. Last  fall,  inquiries  if  accommodations  were  to  be  had  were 
numerous ;  since  then  the  hotel  has  been  reopened,  and  is  well  kept 
by  Mr.  H.  Smyser,  and  several  private  families  have  made  prepara- 
tions to  accommodate  visitors. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  soon  two  or  three  new  hotels  will  be  erected 
here,  so  as  to  accommodate  all  who  may  come;  competition  would 


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FUTURE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA.*  278 

iocrcose  the  number  of  visitors,  and,  as  in  other  business,  would 
prove  advantageous  to  the  parties. 

About  two  n)iles  from  the  railroad,  there  is  a  plateau  covered 
with  large  pines  and  oaks,  and  bordering  on  a  most  romantic  ravine, 
from  whose  steep  sides  gush  forth  several  springs  of  the  purest 
water.  It  is  a  favorite  resort  of  pie-nic  parties  on  account  of  its 
picturesque  features.  One  of  our  Committee,  suggesting  to  the 
owner  its  adaptation  for  a  home  and  retreat  for  invalids,  or  a  water- 
cure  establishment,  he  offered  to  give  free  of  charge,  twenty -five  odd 
acres,  to  be  selected  by  any  party  who  would  erect  suitable  build- 
ings, as  it  was  evident  that  such  an  establishment  would  do  well  and 
prove  beneficial,  not  only  to^  the  community,  but  to  suffering 
humanity. 

In  concluding  this  portion  of  their  report,  your  committee  would 
express  their  readiness  to  fulfill  the  duties  devolving  on  them  by  a 
second  clause  of  the  resolution  of  your  honorable  body,  in  regard 
^' to  corresponding  with  parties  desirous  of  locating,  and  advising 
and  assisting  such  as  may  desire  to  locate  in  the  vicinity."  Desirous 
of  again  seeing  our  native  State  advancing  in  wealth  and  prosperity^ 
and  confident  that,  by  a  proper  use  of  the  opportunities  at  our 
disposal,  remunerative  employment  can  be  afforded  to  both 
capital  and  labor  in  this  immediate  vicinity,  we  would  invite  atten- 
tion to  and  consideration  of  the  advantages  here  enjoyed.  In  pro- 
portion to  the  skill,  energy,  industry,  and  discrimination  exhibited, 
will  be  the  reward  in  any  occupation,  in  any  country,  hero  as  well  as 
anywhere  else.  Where  industry  is  wanting,  the  choicest  gifts  of 
nature  are  of  little  value.  Should  any  expect  to  find  fortunes  ready 
made  and  waiting  to  be  grasped,  they  will  meet  with  disappoint- 
ments ;  but  to  such  as  are  willing  and  determined  to  work,  and  build 
up  fortunes  for  themselves  and  children,  the  field  is  most  inviting. 

The  specialties  we  claim  for  our  District  and  to  which  we  invite 
the  attention  of  enterprising  and  intelligent  men  are — 

First.  Unsurpassed  salubrity  o/cliniale,  particularly  for  its  beneficial 
effects  on  pulmonary  disease,  and  enabling  the  white  man  to  labor, 
without  feeling  that  lassitude  and  debility  common  in  low  latitudes, 
and  yet  enjoy  the  productions  of  a  Southern  clime ;  with  exemption 
from  the  pest  of  the  West — fever  and  ague. 

Second.  Adaptation  of  soil  and  climate  to  the  production  of  the 
finest  silks,  wines,  brandies  and  fruits. 

Third.  Combination  of  advantages  as  a  manufacturing  district, 
but  niost  especially  for  the  establishment  of  potteries. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  locality  of  Aiken,  the  superiority  of 
its  climate,  as  attested  by  the  celebrity  it  already  enjoys  as  a  resort 
for  invalids;  its  intimate  connection  with  the  commercial  centres  of 
the  South  by  means  of  the  various  railroads  and  water-courses  allud- 
ed to,  the  extensive  power  of  the  cheapest  kind  afforded  by  the  creeks 
and  streams;  the  immense  deposits  of  the  purest  kaolin  and  other 
clay  granite  and  buhr  mill-stones ;  the  valuable  woods  and  timber 
which  abound  in  our  forests ;  the  vast  demand  that  exists  about  the 
VOL.  II.-NO.  m,  18 


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274  THE  VAST  RESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA. 

South  for  thousands  of  articles  of  every-day  necessity,  as  well  is  of 
ornament  and  luxury,  which  has  now  to  be  brought  a  distance  of 
hundreds,  if  not  thousands  of  miles  ;  the  advantages  incident  to  loQat- 
ing  factories  where  the  raw  materials  are  produced,  and  as  near  as 
possible  to  the  consumers,  thereby  saving  the  cost  of  transportation 
to  and  fro ;  and  the  high  protective  tax  which  must  be  levied  for 
many  years  to  come,  indicate  this  place  as  offering  inducements  and 
advantages  rarely  to  be  found,  and  worthy  of  consideration. 


ART.  YI.-THE  VAST  RESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA. 

■KB  OBEAT  ATTBACT10X8  AND  ADTANTAGE8  FOB  KIIIOBANTS ;  BKE  CLIMATE,  BOIL. 
PBODVCTd,  MINERAL8,  FBUITS,  AND  GBEAT  OAPABILTmS  FOB  KVEBT  KIND  OF 
INDUSTRY  AND  BNTEBPBISR. 

Louisiana  has  an  area  of  about  47.259  square  miles,  or  30,240,000 
acres.  This  area  is  divided  by  nature  into  upland,  prairie,  alluvial, 
and  sea  marsh.  The  upland  includes  more  than  half  and  nearly  the 
whole  Northern  portion  of  the  State.  This  region  is  generally  level 
and  slightly  rolling.  It  is  everywhere  penetrated  by  streams  of 
fresh  and  pure  water,  convenient  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  fur- 
nishing abundant  power  for  mechanical  and  manufacturing  uses. 
The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  generally  sandy,  but  fertile  and  productive, 
and  susceptible  of  high  cultivation. 

The  prairie  region  occupies  an  eighth  of  the  area  of  the  State, 
forming  its  Southwest  portion.  It  consists  of  a  vast  expanse  of  rich, 
gently  rolling  land,  watered  by  innumerable  streams,  and  covered 
by  a  perennial  growth  of  nutritious  indigenous  grass,  which  yieMs 
pasturage  unequaled  in  the  world.  This  pasturage  supports  cattle 
all  the  year  round.  Though  the  soil  is  of  the  richest  character,  and 
in  many  places  has  been  cultivated  with  great  profit,  the  eminent 
advantages  of  this  region  for  grazing  have  assigned  it  principally  to 
pastoral  use  and  occupation.  Here  vast  herds  of  cattle  are  turned 
loose  afler  being  branded,  and  grow  and  fatten  and  increase  with 
wonderful  rapidity,  and  with  less  trouble  and  cost  than  in  any  part 
of  the  world.  Some  of  the  graziers  in  this  region  frequently  brand 
5000  calves  a  year,  and  the  profits  of  cattle  raismg  are  regarded  as 
far  greater  than  those  of  planting  or  any  other  employment. 

The  alluvial  lands,  formed  by  the  sedimentary  accretions  of  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  occupy  about  one-fourth  of  the  area 
of  the  ^tate.  They  compose  the  delta  or  the  valleys  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, the  Red,  Ouachita  and  Atchafalaya  rivers.  These  lands  are 
traversed  in  every  direction  by  a  network  of  Bayous  and  Lakes. 
They  have  been  rescued  from  the  swamp  by  levees,  and  rendered 
cultivable  and  productive  by  ditching.  The  soil  is  of  unsurpassed 
richness  and  easy  to  cultivate.  It  needs  no  rest  or  variation  of 
crops,  nor  manuring,  to  render  it  always  productive.  It  is  upon  this 
soil  the  great  agricultural  system  of  Louisiana  was  developed  with 


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THE  VAST  RESOURCES  OP   LOUISIANA.  275 

such  brilHant  results,  in  the  profitable  cultivation  of  the  great 
staples,  Cotton,  Sugar  and  Rice. 

The  sea  marsh  embraces  about  one-eighth  of  the  area  of  the  State, 
forming  a  broad  strip  of  wet  and  boggy  prairie  along  the  Gulf  coast. 
Though  the  richest  lands  in  the  State,  they  have  been  but  partially 
reclaimed.  They  have  but  a  slight  elevation  above  the  Gulf,  and  are 
subject  to  slight  overflow  at  high  tide.  Deep  bayous  intersect  this 
region  in  every  direction,  which,  with  the  lakes  and  lagoons  into 
which  these  bayous  expand,  supply  a  good  navigation  and  cheap 
transportation  for  the  valuable  lumber  in  which  the  State  abounds. 
These  lands  can  be  bought,  reclaimed  and  brought  into  cultivation, 
even  at  the  old  rates  of  labor,  at  120  per  acre. 

The  lands  in  Louisiana  are  held  as  follows  :^ 

The  United  States,  3,000,000  acres. 

State  of  Louisiana,  4,647,000     "  -- 

Private  Individuals,  19,630,000  *' 

The  United  States  lands  may  be  bought,  according  to  location,  at 
from  twenty-five  cents  to  two  dollars  and  a  half  per  acre.  Those 
held  by  individuals  and  corporations  command  from  one  to  fifty- 
dollars  per  acre.  Homesteads  of  one  hundred  and  sfxty  acres  are 
granted  to  actual  settlers  by  the  United  States, 

Climate. — Louisiana  lies  below  the  83d  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  The 
climate  is  mild  and  salubrious.  The  temperature  rarely  rises  above 
96J  in  summer,  or  sinks  below  the  freezing  point  in  winter.  The 
temperature  in  July  averages  88  dcg.,  and  in  December  53  deg., 
showing  a  mean  temperature  of  about  35  deg.  between  summer  and 
winter.  The  summers  are  long  but  the  heat  rarely  intense,  and  the 
sea-breeze,  which  blows  over  the  land  from  the  Gulf  during  the 
summer  solstice,  greatly  modifies  the  effects  of  the  sun,  and  produces 
a  healthy  circulation  of  the  blood.  Hence  it  is  that  that  fatal  dis- 
ease, coup  d^soleil,  or  sunstroke,  so  common  in  the  Northern  States, 
rarely  occurs  here.  The  climate  being  so  temperate  and  genial,  the 
inhabitants  are  singularly  exempt  from  those  numerous  complaints 
which  arise  from  cold,  the  prolific  source  of  disease.  Invalids  from 
the  more  northern  latitudes  flock  to  this  State  for  the  benefit  of  their 
health.  There  is  no  more  healthy  or  prolific  people  than  the  resi- 
dent population  of  this  State.  The  extremes  of  age,  infancy  and  old 
age  are  especially  exempt  from  those  diseases  which  in  more  north- 
ern latitudes  supply  the  largest  number  of  the  names  in  the  bills  of 
mortality.  All  the  census  returns  exhibit  more  examples  of  longev- 
ity in  Louisiana  than  in  any  other  State  in  the  Union,  or  in  any  of 
the  nations  of  the  old  world.  Epidemics  have  at  times  appeared  in 
the  City  of  New  Orleans  and  in  other  towns  on  the  Mississippi,  of 
the  same  character  as  those  which  appeared  in  all  the  large  cities  of 
this  continent  in  their  early  days ;  but  during  the  last  t>%enty-five 
years  their  visitations  have  been  at  longer  intervals,  until  the  present 
season,  which  makes  the  eighth  year  since  New  Orleans  was  afflicted 
by  any  epidemical  or  endemical  disease.     It  was  alwa}  s  conceded  by 


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276  THE  VAST  RESOURCES  OP  LOUISIASX. 

all  sanitary  inquirers,  that  without  epidemics  the  mortuary  statistics 
of  New  Orleans  would  compare  most  favorably  with  those  of  any 
other  seaport  in  the  world.  It  is  also  an  acknowledged  fact,  that 
there  are  no  local  or  peculiar  diseases  in  this  State.  Those  which 
visit  the  State,  if  not  brought  from  abroad,  always  appear  in  other 
countries  before  they  are  manifested  here. 

Education. — The  free  education  of  the  people  is  recognized  among 
the  first  duties  of  the  government,  and  most  liberal  appropriations 
have  been  made  to  establish  Public  Schools  throughout  tlie  State. 
Lands  have  been  set  aside  for  this  purpose.  The  Public  Schools  in 
New  Orleans  are  equal  to  the  best  in  Prussia  and  New  England. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  increase  and  insure  a  niore  dense  population 
in  this  country  to  render  them  equally  successful  in  the  rural  dis- 
tricts. A  flourishing  Military  Academy  is  maintained  by  the  State, 
at  Alexandria,  which  was  organized  by  the  distinguished  General  W. 
T.  Sherman.  The  State  owns  several  Colleges,  and  contributes 
largely  to  a  University  in  New  Orleans,  with  SQhools  of  Law,  Medi- 
cine and  Literature. 

Minerals. — ^Tbe  geological  and  roineralogical  surveys  of  the  State 
have  been  very  partial  and  incomplete,  but  they  have  demonstrated 
that  iron,  lead,  copper,  coal,  lime,  salt,  soda,  copperas,  gypsum,  marl, 
ochres  and  petroleum  abound  in  the  upper  and  western^portions  of 
the  State.  The  iron  fields  extend  from  the  Ouachita  to  the  Sabine. 
There  are  three  tractable  varieties  of  ore,  and  some  of  them  will 
yield  sixty  per  cent  of  iron.  These  ores  are  inexhaustible,  lie  con- 
venient to  railroads  and  navigation,  and  are  in  close  proximity  to 
lime  for  fluxing,  to  oak  and  pine  forests  for  charcoal,  and  to  abundant 
water  power.  Lead  is  found  in  Clairborne,  Jackson,  Union  and 
Sabine  parishes,  and  arrangements  are  now  on  foot  to  work  the  lodes. 
Copper  has  been  recently  found  in  Union  Parish  and  on  Sabine  River. 
Lignite,  or  brown  coal  of  superior  quality,  underlies  the  whole  north- 
ern and  southwestern  parishes  of  the  State.  Strata  of  eight  feet  are 
known,  and  on  the  Sabine  strata  of  fifty  feet  have  been  discovered. 

Carbonate  of  lime  and  common  limestone  exist  in  nearly  all  the 
northern  parishes,  and  at  the  salt  works  in  Bienville  parish  there  is 
a  bed  of  fossiliferous  limestone  200  feet  thick.  Salt  and  salines  are 
found  in  every  part  of  the  State.  Extensive  establishments  for 
boiling  salt  are  carried  on  in  North  Louisiana,  and  in  the  south  and 
near  the  Gulf,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Mary,  rises  an  island  to  the  height 
of  nearly  200  feet,  which  rests  upon  a  solid  mass  of  rock  salt  over 
40  feet  thick  and  of  many  acres  in  extent  It  is  pronounced  the 
purest  and  best  salt  ever  used  in  this  country,  and  is  now  being  ex- 
tensively worked  and  sent  to  market. 

Soda  springs  exist  in  Sabine,  De  Soto  and  Natchitoches  parishes, 
from  which  soda  was  made  during  the  late  war.  Carbonate  and 
nitrate  of  eoda  are  both  found.  Sulphate  of  iron  or  copperas  is  found 
very  pure  in  many  places  on  the  Sabine  and  in  Bienville,  Natchi- 
toches and  other  parishes;  sulphuret  of  iron  or  iron  pyrites,  from 
which  sulphur,  sulphuric  acid  and  copperas  are  made,  is  very  abun- 


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THE  VAOT  EESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA.  277 

dant,  a  bed  of  it  in  Sabine  bein^  nearly  fifty  feet  thick.  Gypsum 
exists  everywhere  in  the  salt  regions  ;  vast  beds  of  fertilizing  marls 
occur  in  De  Soto,  Sabine  and  on  the  Ouachita ;  ochres  are  very 
abundant,  and  have  always  been  used  by  the  Indians  and  rural  popu- 
lation for  dyeing.  Asphaltum  is  found  at  King's  salt  works  in  Bien- 
ville parish  and  in  Calcasieu.  Petroleum  springs  have  long  been 
known,  and  several  conipanies  are  now  organized  to  work  them. 

The  engrossment  of  all  the  enterprise,  labor  and  capital  of  the 
people  in  the  profitable  cultivation  of  the  great  staples,  has  lefb 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  undeveloped  and  almost  unknot. 
They  are,  however,  rich  and  abundant,  and  well  skilled  labor  and 
enterprise  would  be  most  profitably  employed  in  applying  them  to 
the  great  mechanical  and  manufacturing  uses  for  which  they  were 
'  intended. 

There  is  near  Lake  Bisteneau,  in  close  proximity  to  the  salt 
works,  an  immense  bed  of  dolomite,  or  magnesian  limestone,  from 
which,  by  boiling  it  in  the  bittern  of  the  salt  works,  epsom  salts  may 
be  made. 

•Potters'  clay  is  found  in  many  places.  Fire  clay,  for  making 
fire  brick,  is  found  in  the  Parish  of  St.  Tammany,  from  which  fire 
brick  of  excellent  quality  was  made  previous  to  the  war.  It  is 
also  found  in  the  elevated  islands,  as  they  are  called,  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Mary. 

Productions. — ^The  mild  and  semi-tropical  climate,  and  thcf  vari- 
ety and  fertility  of  the  soil  of  Louisiana,  render  her  productions 
more  varied  and  valuable  than  those  of  any  other  State  or  portion 
of  this  continent.  Nearly  every  vegetable  which  will  grow  and  ma- 
ture throughout  the  temperate  or  the  tropic  zone,  can  not  only  be 
produced  in  this  State,  but  with  less  labor  and  generally  to  richer 
maturity  than  anywhere  else  on  this  continent.  Slave  labor  and  the 
plantation  system  have,  however,  heretofore  confined  the  cultivation 
of  the  land  to  the  great  staples,  sugar  and  cotton.  These  staples, 
though  exotics,  are  produced  here  in  superior  quality  to  the  product 
of  the  tropical  countries  from  which  they  were  originally  introduced. 
Of  these  two  staples,  before  the  recent  war,  the  product  was  of  the 
value  of  nearly  fifty  millions  of  dollars.  At  present  rates  that  value 
would  be  tripled.  One  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  dollars  would 
not  now  purchase  the  cotton  and  sugar  produced  iu  this  State  in 
1860,  by  a  population  which  did  not  exceed,  old  and  young,  black 
and  white,  two  hundred  thousand. 

Sugar,  the  introduction  of  which  in  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  was  regarded  a  hazardous  experiment  and  the  cultivation  of 
which  was  confined  for  a  long  period  to  the  lower  Parishes,  has 
been  cultivated  and  extended  throughout  the  State,  so  that  of  late 
years  some  of  the  most  successful  plantations  in  the  State  have  been 
established  in  some  of  the  most  Northern  Parishes.  These  lands 
often  yield  annually  2,000  lbs.  to  the  acre,  but  the  average  is  about 
1,200  lbs.  of  sugar  and  60  gallons  of  molasses  per  acre.     Seven 


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278  THE  VAST  BESOURCES  OP  LOUISIANA. 

hc^sheads  to  the  hand,  or  about  7,500  lbs.  was  the  average  crop  un- 
der the  old  system,  and  this  allowed  for  the  cultivation,  besides,  of 
com  and  potatoes.  This,  with  the  molasses  at  present  prices,  would 
give  11,344  as  the  product  of  one  hand.  Sorghum  flourishes  better 
in  Louisiana  than  in  any  other  State  of  the  Union,  and  may  be 
profitably  raised  in  every  part. 

Cotton. — ^Every  portion  of  the  State  is  adapted  to  cotton,  though 
it  has  been  more  profitably  raised  in  the  Northern  portion.  Sea 
Island,  or  long  staple  cotton,  has  oeen  successfully  raised  everywhere 
along  the  coast,  although  the  diflioulties  attending  its  management 
have  deterred  extensive  or  continued  cultivation,  the  same  lands  be- 
ing better  adapted  to  the  more  manageable  crops  of  sugar  and  rice. 
Seven  bales  (450  pounds  to  the  bale),  besides  sufficient  corn  and 
meat,  were  considered  an  average  yield  per  hand.  At  present  prices 
this  would  give  11,102.50  for  each  hand. 

Tobacco  is  indigenous  to  Louisiana.  The  Spanish  and  French 
found  it  here  growing  wild  and  cultivated  by  the  Indians.  The  cele- 
brated Natchitoches  tobacco  for  snuff*,  and  the  Perique  for  chewing 
and  smoking,  exhibit  the  superior  qualities  of  our  tobacco.  It  grows 
here  in  every  variety  of  soil,  and  the  yield  when  well  worked  is 
enormous.  There  have  been  no  extensive  tobacco  plantations  here- 
tofore, but  every  plantation  and  family  raised  sufficient  for  its  own 
use.  Every  variety  of  tobacco  is  grown  here  from  the  best  light 
Cuba,  to  the  heaviest  Virginia.  The  Cuba  tobacco  grows  through- 
out all  Lower  Louisiana,  while  the  heavier  varieties  grow  in  all  parts. 
The  leaves  frequently  measure  three  feet  six  inches  in  length,  and 
two  feet  nine  in  width.  Maize,  or  Indian  com,  is  raised  everywhere, 
and  forms  the  principal  item  of  food  for  men  and  working  stock. 
The  yield  is  twenty  bushels  per  acre.  This  would  give  400  bushels 
to  the  hand,  which  at  present  prices  would  be  worth  $400. 

Rice. — It  is  usually  believed  that  lowlands  alone  are  suited  to  rice, 
but  every  acre  of  Louisiana  is  adapted  to  its  culture.  By  planting 
in  drills  and  cultivating  like  cotton  a  larger  crop  can  be  raised  in  the 
uplands  than  can  be  produced  by  irrigation.  It  is  extensively  raised 
for  home  consumption  in  this  way  in  all  North  Louisiana.  Rice  is 
cultivated  on  a  large  scale  in  the  alluvial  region  by  irrigation,  and 
the  quality  is  now  equal  to  the  South  Carolina  product.  Before  the 
war,  on  the  large  plantations  below  New  Orleans,  a  hand  could  cul- 
tivate ten  acres,  and  raise  in  addition  more  than  a  subsistence  of 
corn,  potatoes  and  meat.  An  acre  will  produce  nine  barrels,  or 
eighteen  bushels  of  clean  rice,  which,  at  60  lbs.  per  bushel,  would 
give  1,080  lbs.  per  acre,  or  10,800  lbs.  for  the  labor  of  each  hand, 
worth  now  $1,188. 

The  cultivation  of  the  leading  staples,  sugar,  cotton  and  rice,  hav- 
ing heretofore  absorbed  ail  the  slave  labor  and  the  capital  of  the 
wealthy  and  enterprising  planters,  no  attention  was  anywhere  given 
to  the  cultivation  of  the  great  cereals  beyond  some  few  experiments. 
But  when  the  war  broke  out  and  the  blockade  followed,  the  pooplo 
of  Louisiana  were  compelled  to  attempt  the  cultivation  of  wheat, 


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THB  VAST  EESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA.  279 

rye,  oats,  buckwheat  and  barley,  and  to  the  astonishment  of  all,  it 
was  proved  that  not  only  could  they  be  cultivated  with  success,  but 
that  the  yield  was  larger,  and  the  product  better  than  in  tjhe  North 
West.  Alike  in  the  sand  of  the  pine  hills,  or  the  alluvion  of  the 
rivers,  these  new  crops  succeeded.  Crops  of  wheat  along  the  valley 
of  Red  River  have  yielded  sixty  bushels  to  the  acre,  while  the  gene- 
ral average  was  twenty  bushels,  and  that  under  imperfect  culture. 
In  the  Parish  of  St.  Mary,  a  half  degree  below  New  Orleans,  before 
the  war,  good  crops  were  raised  nine  years  in  succession  on  the  same 
ground,  without  rotation  or  manuring,  and  without  any  symptom  of 
blight  or  rust.  There  is  no  reason  why  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi 
should  not  equal  the  delta  of  the  Nile,  in  producing  grain,  as  they 
lie  upon  the  same  parallels  and  possess  the  same  topographical  and 
geological  characteristics,  Cairo  and  New  Orleans  are  upon  the 
same  degree,  though  Egypt  is  hotter.  Our  climate  more  resembles 
that  of  Sicily,  which  has  always  been  one  of  the  granaries  of  the  world. 

Southern  wheat  is  to-day  more  sought  ader  than  that  of  North- 
ern production,  owing  to  its  superior  dryness  and  its  unfermentable 
qualities,  which  make  it  better  for  long  sea  voyages.  In  New  York 
the  last  quotations  show  Chicago  wheat  at  11.50  to  $1.68  and  the 
best  Northern,  or  Genesee,  at  $2.30  to  12.80,  while  Southern  white 
wheat  is  $2.55'  to  $2.95  per  bushel.  Southern  and  Louisiana  wheat 
frequently  weighs  70  lbs.  to  the  bushel.  Barley  yields  seventy 
bushels  to  the  acre  here  on  alluvial  lands,  and  it  is  worth  90c.  to 
$1.25  per  bushel.  There  is  an  immense  consumption  of  it  by  brew- 
eries. It  is  the  best  grain  for  stock,  owing  to  its  muscle-producing 
properties,  and  it  yields  four-  times  as  much  as  maize  to  the  acre, 
buckwheat  succeeds  well.  The  sweet  potato  is  one  of  the  most  use- 
ful and  profitable  crops  that  can  be  cultivated.  Although  raised  on 
every  farm,  large  and  small,  it  has  never  been  extensively  applied 
to  the  use  for  which  it  is  most  conveniently  adapted — that  is,  the 
fattening  of  hogs  and  cattle.  Six  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre  are 
sometimes  raised,  though  the  average  yield  is  about  two  hundred  on 
good  lands.  A  hand  may  cultivate  ten  acres,  or  2,000  bushels, 
which,  at  present  prices,  would  be  more  than  $ft,000 1 

Every  variety  of  leguminous  plants  produce  wonderfully  in  our 
soil,  as  also  do  all  the  root  crops.  The  soil  and  climate  concur  in 
making  it  one  of  the  best  regions  of  the  globe  for  gardening,  as  near- 
ly every  variety  of  vegetable  flourishes  here  in  the  open  air. 

Fruits. — Few  countries  can  surpass  Louisiana  in  the  richness  and 
variety  of  her  fruits.  All  of  the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  and 
many  of  the  tropical  are  produced  here  in  unusual  perfection,  as,  for 
instance,  the  Louisiana  or  Creole  orange,  which  is  much  preferred  to 
that  of  the  West  Indies.  Indeed,  there  is  a  peculiar  property  in  the 
soil,  sun  and  atmosphere  of  Louisiana,  which  develops  to  a  remark- 
able degree  the  saccharine  qualities  of  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Oranges,  bananas,  citrons,  lemons,  jujubes,  olives,  mespeliers, 
pomegranates,  guavas,  and  occasionally  the  pineapple,  grow  every- 
where throughout  all  the  lower  parishes  without  protection,  while 


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280  THE   VAST  RESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA. 

the  fig,  the  pear,  the  peach,  the  plum,  the  apricot,  the  nectarine,  the 
quince,  the  cherry,  and  every  species  of  grape  grow  in  every  part  of 
the  State. 

No  labor  will  so  richly  and  surely  reward  the  Industrious  and 
patient  laborer  as  the  culture  of  fruit  in  Louisiana.  Take,-  for  in- 
stance, the  orange.  Several  instances  might  be  cited  where  fortunes 
have  been  made,  and  families  rescued  from  poverty  by  the  provi- 
dent  planting  of  %  few  acres  of  oranffe-trees. 

The  orange  with  us  comes  from  the  seed  and  is  in  full  bearing  at 
Beven  years.  An  active  man,  without  interference  with  his  other 
labors,  can,  at  odd  times,  plant  out  and  attend  to  ten  or  twelve  acres, 
or  2,000  orange-trees.  Each  tree,  when  in  full  bearing,  will  yield 
for  a  century  400  oranges  annually,  or  80,000  for  the  orchard.  The 
average  price  during  the  past  season  has  been  $30  per  1,000 — this 
would  give  $24,000  for  the  crop.  The  peach  here  exhibits  a  lusci- 
ousness  which  far  surpasses  that  of  any  other  portion  of  America. 
The  famous  peaches  of  JJ^ew  Jersey  and  the  Northern  markets  are 
not  at  all  comparable  to  ours ;  they  are  tough,  pithy,  and  must 
be  chewed,  while  the  Louisiana  peach  melts  like  sugar  in  the  moutb. 
The  peach  thrives  equally  well  in  the  uplands  and  lowlands. 
Peaches  bear  four  years  after  planting. 

Any  one  may  plant  ten  acres,  or  2,000  trees,  and  cultivate  the 
ground  in  tobacco,  and  at  the  end  of  four  years  will  have,  one  year 
with  another,  4,000  bushels  of  peaches,  which,  if  conveyed  to  New 
Orleans,  will  sell  for  $8,000  or  $10,000,  or,  if  distilled  into  brandy, 
say  8,000  gals,  at  6ve  dollars  per  gal.,  $40,000.  The  pears  of  Lou- 
isiana are  equal  to  those  of  France,  while  the  figs  of  many  kinds  are 
not  surpassed  by  those  of  the  Levant.  Apples  are  very  plenty  in 
North  Louisiana,  and  are  a  never-failing  crop ;  there  are  here  vari- 
eties of  winter  apples  which  will  keep  throughout  the  winter  and 
spring,  and  are  equal  to  the  best  Northern  apples.  The  olive  has 
been  successfully  tried  on  Lafourche  and  in  other  places,  and  the  re- 
sults show  that  they  are  as  easily  raised  here  as  peaches.  All  the 
northern  portion  of  the  State  is  a  natural  vineyard,  filled  with  many 
varieties  of  grapes,  dome  of  which,  as  the  post  oak  or  bunch  grape, 
are  large  and  excellent  for  wine.  There  are  some  half-dozen  vine- 
yards in  that  region,  where  nearly  all  the  cultivated  varieties  of 
grapes  are  to  be  found  in  successful  cultivation.  The  ci op  seldom 
or  never  fails,  and,  as  our  grapes  do  not  need  such  close  trimming 
as  the  European,  the  yield  is  marvelous,  being  1,000  to  1,500  gal- 
lons per  acre  of  Catawba  and  Scuppernong.  No  climate  could  be 
better  adapted  to  the  grape.  The  earth  here  is  everywhere  covered 
with  indigenous  vines,  creepers  and  shrubs,  bearing  berries.  Among 
these  are  the  rich  and  luscious  dewberry,  the  blackberry,  the  straw- 
berry and  raspberry.  Several  varieties  of  cranberry  occur,  but  the 
true  cranberry  is  found  only  in  Calcasieu. 

Currants,  gooseberries  and  huckle  or  whortleberries  are  scattered 
in  profusion  among  the  wild  grapes  over  the  most  upland  regions, 
wooded  with  pine.     One  of  the  best  claret  grapes  of  France  was 


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THE  VAST  KESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA.  281 

imported  into  France  from  this  region.  Hemp  and  flax  have  been 
cultivated  to  a  very  limited  extent,  but  sufficient  to  show  that  their 
cultivation  here  is  easy,  and  would  be  very  profitable.  The  flax, 
as  it  grows  here,  would  be  profitable  for  oil  alone.  The  other  oil- 
producing  plants  succeed  here  admirably.  The  rape,  the  ground 
pea,  the  colza  and  the  castor-oil  plant,  yield  largely  wherever  they 
have  been  tried.  The  castor-oil  plant  is  almost  perennial,  and  yields 
over  100  gallons  to  the  acre. 

The  medicinal  plants  are  too  numerous  to  give  even  their  names. 
Suflice  it  to  say  that  nature  has  here,  vnth  a  wonderful  provi- 
dence, bountifully  adapted  indigenous  remedies  to  endemic  diseases. 
Fever  and  bowel  complaints  are  the  principal  diseases,  and  every 
neighborhood  abounds  with  its  peculiar  specifics  for  these  disorders. 

As  there  is  a  great  diflerence  in  the  physical  aspect,  and  in  the 
variety  of  the  soils  of  Louisiana,  so  there  is  a  corresponding  va- 
riety in  her  foreset-trees  and  shrubs.  Its  flora  is  more  extensive 
and  brilliant  than  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union. 

Of  the  oaks,  every  species  known  in  the  United  States  flour- 
ishes in  some  portion  of  the  Sta^e.  The  live  oak,  the  best  timber 
ever  known  for  ship-building,  is  found  in  all  the  lower  half  of  the 
State  and  iu  immense  forests  near  the  seacoast,  where  it  attains  a 
growth  unequaled  elsewhere.  These  trees  frequently  measure 
twelve  feet  in  diameter  above  the  roots.  In  addition  to  its  uses  for 
ship-building,  it  is  nearly  indestructible^  and  is  used  for  posts,  sills, 
etc.,  and  is  the  finest  shade  tree  in  the  United  States.  The 
lordly  live  oak,  standing  by  some  silent  lake  or  bayou,  spreading 
its  far-reaching  arms  and  ever-verdant  foliage  over  three-fourths  of 
an  acre,  draped  in  the  gray  garb  of  its  decorative  parasite,  the 
long  and  ever-swaying  moss,  and  panoplied  with  its  impenetrable 
shade,  is  the  choicest  feature  of  a  Louisiana  landscape.  Vast 
quantities  of  the  finest  white  oak  for  ship-building,  staves,  and  other 
uses,  are  found  everywhere,  but  particularly  in  the  central  regions. 
Post  oak  for  plow  and  wagon-making,  fencing,  etc.,  is  very  abund- 
ant in  the  upper  portion  of  the  State,  while  the  red,  the  ^black,  the 
turkej  and  other  varieties  are  most  useful  for  ordinary  uses  and 
for  their  bark  in  tanning.  The  most  valuable  tree  is  the  stately 
cypress,  which  is  found  in  such  inexhaustible  abundance  in  the 
swamps  and  all  the  alluvial  region,  rising  to  the  height  of  eighty  or 
a  hundred  feet  without  a  branch.  It  is  from  this  timber,  whenever 
it  can  be  procured,  that  our  tenements  are  built  from  sill  to  roof, 
from  cradle  to  coffin.  It  builds  our  bridjjes,  fences  our  fields,  fur- 
nishes boxes,  barrels,  hogsheads,  for  our  products,  cisterns  for  drink- 
ing water,  timber  for  boat  and  ship-carpenters.  There  arc  two 
varieties,  red  and  white.  Rising  from  the  same  swamps  where  the 
tall  mast-like  cypress  is  found,  is  another  tree,  tall  and  straight  and 
free  from  limbs,  which,  hitherto  unnoticed,  is  destined  to  add  greatly 
to  our  resources.  This  is  the  tupelo  gum.  It  is  the  lightest  of  all 
woods  in  the  world,  and  it  has,  on  this  account,  been,  largely  em- 
ployed for  floats  by  the  fishermen.     It  is  not  only  light,  but  is  easily 


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282  THE  VAST  RESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA. 

worked,  is  not  easily  split,  and  is  in  much  use  for  making  wooden- 
wara,  such  as  bowls,  platters,  trays,  troughs  and  trenchers.  Now 
that  the  white  pine  has  almost  entirely  disappeared  from  the  forests 
in  the  north,  this  tupelo  must  take  its  place  in  all  economic  uses, 
but  particularly  for  making  goods  loxcf,  fcr  Sihuh  it  is  admirably 
adapted,  being  lighter,  whiter  and  tougher  than  pine. 

The  whole  northern  portion  of  the  State  is  covered  with  forests 
of  the  pine,  interspersed,  however,  with  oaks,  hickories,  ash,  elm, 
hackberry,  persimmon  and  an  endless  variety  of  other  trees.  The 
short-leafed  pine,  so  valuable  for  its  timber,  prevails,  and  supplies 
all  that  region  with  the  lumber  that  is  used,  while  every  day  now 
mills  are  being  erected  to  convert  it  into  lumber  for  exportation. 
The  long-leafed  variety,  from  which  pitch,  tar,  turpentine  and  rosin 
are  made,  traverses  the  short-leafed  pine  region  in  broad  belts,  and, 
from  the  great  size  of  the  trees  and  their  abundance,  they  afford  the 
finest  turpentine  orchards  in  the  South.  Many  other  trees,  much 
valued  for  special  uses,  are  fimnd  all  over  the  State — such  as  the 
elm,  for  hubs,  axles  and  yokes ;  the  ash,  for  carriage  and  wagon- 
making,  plows,  etc. ;  the  beach,  and  sycamore  for  plane  stocks,  tools, 
etc. ;  Xhe  maple,  for  gun  and  pistol  stocks,  furniture,  etc. ;  the  wal- 
nut and  wild  cherry,  for  furniture ;  the  hickory,  for  hoops,  spokes, 
felloes  and  carriage-making ;  the  box-wood,  for  engraving  ;  the  per- 
simmon, for  lasts,  screws,  etc.;  the  linn-bass  or  wahoo,  as  it  is 
variously  called,  for  turning,  saddle-trees ;  the  pride  of  China,  for 
its  insect-destroying  properties  and  fuel  on  the  prairies ;  and  the 
pecan,  for  its  nuis  and  timber.  There  are  many  flowering  trees  of 
great  beauty,  among  which  is  the  catalpa,  abundant  in  some  places, 
whose  wood  is  more  durable  than  oak,  cedar  or  cypress,  and  is 
beautiful  for  furniture.  The  queen  of  the  Southern  forest  is  the 
magnolia  grandiflora.  N"o  object  in  nature  can  be  more  chaste  and 
beautiful  than  a  lofly  magnolia  in  full  bloom;  its  evergreen  foliage 
rising  in  a  massive  and  majestic  cone  to  the  height  of  a  hundred 
feet ;  the  milk-white  petals  of  its  enormous  flowers  thickly  cropping 
out  amidst  the  varnished  verdure,  and  oppressing  the  air  for  hun- 
dreds of  yards  with  its  delicious  perfume. 

The  fruit-trees  of  the  forest  are  numerous,  and  distributed  over 
the  whole  State — among  them  are  the  persimmon,  paw-paw,  red 
and  white  mulberry,  the  plum  and  sloe,  the  alder  and  the  black,  red 
and  May  haws. 

Manufactures. — No  section  of  the  globe  could  so  easily  support 
and  so  liberally  reward  manufactories  as  Louisiana.  Labor  can  be 
carried  on  through  the  yciir  almost  without  fuel,  the  necessaries  and 
even  luxuries  of  life  are  so  easily  raised  and  procured.  The  extent 
of  her  mineral  resources,  the  variety  and  beauty  of  her  woods,  the 
excellence  of  her  hides,  and  the  ease  with  which  oak  bark,  sumach, 
myrtle,  fennel  and  other  materials  for  tanning  can  be  procured,  the 
fine  water  power,  and  the  facilities  for  transportion  by  water  and 
rail,  must  surely  direct  attention  and  capital  to  our  manufacturing 


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THE  VAST  BESOURCES  OF  LOUISIANA.  283 

resources,  now  that  slarves  can  no  longer  be  bought,  and  land  is  no 
longer  beyond  the  reach  of  persons  of  small  means. 

Stock-Raising. — ^The  exceeding  mildness  of  the  climate  is  greatlj 
favorable  to  stock-raising  of  all  kinds,  and  the  large  stock-raisers  of 
the  prairies  have  clearlj  demonstr;ited  that  two  and  even  three 
head  of  cattle  are  more  readily  and  cheaply  raised  here  than  one 
can  be  raised  in  the  North  and  West.  Mules,  horses,  hogs,  horned 
cattle,  sheep  and  goats  pass  through  the  winter  here  without  shelter, 
and  without  other  food  than  the  prairies  and  forests  afford,  and  con- 
tinue in  good  condition.  Sheep,  goats  and  hogs  are  allowed  to 
breed  throughout  the  year  without  regard  to  season,  and  suffer  no 
loss  themselves  or  in  their  young  from  exposure  or  cold.  This 
makes  the  increase  much  greater  than  in  the  colder  climates  of  the 
North  and  West.  When  attention  shall  be  given  to  raising  provi- 
sions in  this  State,  hogs  and  cattle  can  be  raised  and  fattened  so 
cheaply  on  grain  and  sweet  potatoes,  that  we  will  be  able  to  supply 
the  trade  which  is  now  monopolized  by  the  West.  Sheep,  it  is 
well  known,  thrive  better  in  the  Southern  States  than  in  the  whole 
Northern  regions ;  and  one  of  the  finest  wool-growers  in  the  United 
States,  Mr.  M.  R.  Cockril,  of  Tennessee,  has  shown  that  the  finest 
wool  in  the  world  could  be  raised  on  the  prairies  of  Mississippi. 
The  sheep  in  Louisiana  are  affected  by  no  diseases,  and  the  mutton 
of  Attakapas  is  known  to  be  the  best  in  America.  Horse  raising 
is  carried  on  extensively  by  the  Creoles  of  the  prairies.  The  breed 
is  descended  from  the  Barbs  brought  by  the  Spanish  to  America, 
and  is  the  hardiest  and  most  enduring  of  all  American  horses, 
though  quite  small.  It  lives  to  twice  the  s^e  of  the  horse  of  Eng- 
lish st«>ck,  and  with  far  less  care  and  food  is  capable  of  more  and 
harder  work. 

Annexed  will  be  found  the  rates  of  wages  for  the  different  trades 
and  crafts.  These  are  made  out  at  the  actual  wages  paid  at  the 
present  time ;  but  all  trades  and  crafls  have  felt  the  pressure  which 
is  temporarily  upon  us,  and  prices  of  work  are  from  one-third  to 
one-half  less  than  they  were  throughout  the  year  until  two  months 
ago,  when  wages  began  to  decline. 


Eagioeers,  per  moDth... 

,.$125  to  $200 

Shtpcarpenterd  <k  caulkers, 

Sawyers             " 

.     45> 

60 

per  day,... 

$              6 

Brewers  and  Distillers. . 

, 

60 

Tinners, 

tt 

5 

Apothecaries 

.      60  to 
.      60  to 

100 
60 

Turners, 
Tailors, 

It 
tt 

.  2.60  to  4 

Carters  and  Draymen  . . 

.  2to       4 

Farm  hands,  per  mo.  <fc  board  20  to 

26 

Bricklayers, 

tt 

.  2  to  4.60 

Steamboat  bands        " 

35  to 

40 

Plasterers, 

tt 

.  3to       4 

Cooks, 

25  to 

100 

Coopers,  , 

tt 

.  2.60  to  3 

Waiters.                        " 

20  to 

26 

Slaters. 

tt 

4 

House  servants          " 

16  to 

26 

Painters, 

tt 

.  8.60  to  4 

Boiier.makers,  per  day. . 

, 

5 

Cabinet-makers, 

tt 

.  8  to  8.60 

Blacfcjmitlia, 

8to 

6 

Watchmaker^ 

tt 

3  to       6 

Taoners,                 " 

8  to 

4 

Levee  laborer. 

**      . . . . 

2  to        3 

'  Whitb    Labor   in  Louisiana. — ^The   fallacy  of  the  overzealous 
advocates  of  African  slavery  that  the  climate  of  this  Slate  was  un- 


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284  THE  VAST  RESOURCES  OP  LOUISIANA. 

suited  to  white  labor,  died  with  the  institution  in  whose  defence  it 
was  employed.  It  was  always  contradicted  by  a  great  number  of 
conclusive  and  undeniable  facts.  The  cotton  region  of  the  United 
States  extends  from  latitude  36**  North  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  large  plantations  cultivated  by  African  slaves  were  concentrated 
in  the  rich  lands  on  the  rivers ;  but  the  great  mass  of  the  white 
population  was  settled  on  ihe  lands  in  the  interior.  As  the  South 
had  but  few  manufactures  or  other  employments,  and  not  one  in 
twenty  of  her  white  population  were  slave-owners,  nearly  all  must 
have  been  engaged  in  agriculture,  and,  in  the  more  Southern  States, 
in  cotton  cultivation.  The  quantity  of  this  product  raised  by  ex- 
clusive white  labor  has  been  imn^nsely  greater  than  has  heretofore 
been  estimated.  In  every  part  of  this  State,  as  soon  as  you  leaye 
the  limits  of  the  great  plantations  during  the  season  of  cultivation, 
we  find  not  only  white  men,  but  women  and  children,  boys  and 
girls,  laboring  at  all  hours  in  the  fields,  without  regard  to  the  pre- 
tended climatic  and  miasmatic  influences  which  are  so  erroneously 
imagined  to  be  detrimental  to  white  labor.  These  people  are  uni- 
formly the  most  robust,  vigorous  and  healthy  of  the  population. 
In  the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans  all  the  market  gardens  are  worked, 
through  the  hottest  days  of  the  year,  by  German  laborers,  men  and 
women.  All  the  canal-digging,  leveeing,  ditching,  railroad-building, 
is  done  by  Irish  and  German  laborers.  The  great  lumber  trade, 
carried  on  with  the  greatest  activity  in  the  summer,  and  requiring 
great  physical  tigor  and  endurance,  is  also  conducted  by  white 
laborers.  For  many  years  the  cotton  shipped  in  such  large  quanti- 
ties from  the  Attakapas  region,  which  is  half  a  degree  nearer  the 
tropics  than  New  Orleans,  was  the  product  of  as  hearty,  vigorous 
and  prolific  a  white  race  as  the  world  can  show.  During  the  late 
war,  when,  owing  to  the  disorganization  of  labor,  the  planters 
were  unable  to  raise  cotton  sufficient  to  pay  their  expenses,  the  pro- 
prietors of  ten  and  twenty  acres  would  produce,  by  the  labor  of 
themselves,  their  wives  and  children,  three,  six,  eight  and  ten  bales, 
as  well  as  the  necessary  articles  for  their  subsistence,  and  thus 
clear  very  handsome  profits.  It  is  believed  that  cotton  can  be 
more  successfully  and  profitably  cultivated  in  small  farms  than 
under  the  old  plantation  system.  The  cotton  which  is  thus  culti- 
vated, picked  and  ginned  in  smaller  quantities,  and  by  intelligent 
and  vigilant  whites,  always  commands  better  prices  in  market  on 
account  of  its  cleaner  condition  and  superior  quality.  There  is  no 
agricultural  product  which  is  so  profitable  at  present  prices;  and 
regarding  the  low  figures  at  which  the  planters  are  now  compelled, 
by  their  embarrassed  circumstances,  to  sell  their  rich  lands,  there 
can  be  no  better  investment  than  in  the  purchase  of  such  lands. 
The  prices  of  the  best  lands  now  are  about  one-half  of  what  they 
were  before  the  war.  They  are  certiiin  to  advance  rapidly — as  cer- 
tainly as  mankind  are  to  need  and  demand  such  necessaries  and  com- 
forts of  life  as  cotton,  sugar  and  rice.  Now  is  the  time  for  the 
enterprising  and  intelligent  races  of  Europe  to  secure  themselves 


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THE  SOUTH  AND  DIRECT  FOREIGN  TRADE.  285 

the  cheapest  and  most  comfortable  homes  in  the  world,  and  to 
acquire  a  quiet  and  certain  competence.  Already  one-fourth  of  the 
population  of  the  State  consists  of  their  own  blood  and  race,  and 
they  constitute,  at  present,  the  most  thriving  portion  of  our  people, 
and  include  a  majority  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  prosperous  of  our 
citizens.  Jn  Louisiana  they  will  not  find  themselves  among  strangers. 
There  is  no  class  of  foreign  emigrants  who  do  not  find  a  large  num- 
ber of  their  countrymen,  and  who  do  not  see  many  familiar  memo- 
rials of  fatherland,  of  the  habits,  customs,  laws  and  institutions  in 
which  they  have  been  nurtured,  and  who  do  not  experience  from 
all  classes  a  hospitable  welcome,  a  generous  sympathy,  an  ever-ready 
liberality  and  alacrity  to  encourage,  protect,  and  facilitate,  in  every 
possible  manner,  their  comfortable  settlement  and  successful  in- 
dustry in  their  new  homes,  in  the  most  genial  climate,  the  richest 
soil,  and  the  most  highly-favored  portion  of  the  New  World. 


ART.  VII.~THE  SOUTH  AND  DIRECT  FOREIGN  TRADE. 

The  habits  of  the  Southern  people  have  been  inimical  to  their 
true  interest  for  many  years  preceding  the  war,  and  they  are  so 
no^.  The  negro  has  never  had  anything  to  do  with  it,  and  never 
will  have. 

We  thought  before  the  termination  of  the  war,  that  Southern 
prosperity  depended  on  negro  slave  labor.  We  are  satisfied  now 
'that  it  does  not,  and  speaking  in  reference  to  a  series  of  yciirs,  we 
are  equally  satisfied  that  the  wealth  of  the  South  does  not  depend  on 
the  negro  at  all.  We  regret  to  say  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
in  the  history  of  the  nation,  when  the  negro  will  have  passed  away 
under  the  heavy  pressure  of  white  population,  and  our  regret  is  for 
the  negro,  not  for  the  white  man.  The  latter  can  take  .care  of  him- 
self; the  negro  has  no  friend  but  his  former  master,  who  politically 
can  do  him  no  good,  nor  can  he  long  protect  him  by  affording  him 
social  comfort,  the  best  of  which  is  employment. 

History  proves  that  two  distinct  races  have  never  harmonized 
under  an  equal  participancy  of  political  privileges ;  and  the  same 
question  is  being  again  solved.  The  negro  will  disappear.  It  would 
be  to  his  interest  if  the  Government  which  has  destroyed  his  earthly 
hopes  in  the  South,  could  colonize  him  somewhere.  If  that  is  not 
done,  it  will  be  seen  in  the  future,  that  the  white  man  will  occupy 
the  land,  and  the  poor  negro  will  have  to  give  way  under  pressing 
want,  as  well  as  the  stronger  muscle  and  greater  skill  of  a  superior 
race. 

That  the  white  man  can  work,  and  work  successfully  in  the  open 
fields,  beneath  a  burning  sun,  and  accomplish  feats  of  industry  sur- 
passing anything  in  the  history  of  negro  slavery,  it  seems  to  us  no 
well-read  man  will  deny.  We  will  not  fatigue  the  intelligent  reader 
by  historic  detail,  for  educated  men  arc  supposed  to  be  acquainted 


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286  THE  SOUTH  AND  DIRECT  FOREIGN  TRADE. 

with  history.  But  we  will  ask,  for  the  purpose  of  turning  the  mind 
to  this  subject,  where  were  the  seats  of  ancient  civilization  1  were 
they  not  under  a  tropical,  or  semi-tropical  climate  1  were  not  the 
great  works  of  art  and  labor  which  distinguished  the  old  civilization 
of  warm  climates,  worked  out  by  white  labor? 

The  Hebrews,  the  Persians,  the  Assyrians,  the  Greeks,  the  Ro- 
mans, were  all  located  in  warm  climates.  The  proud  cities  of  Baby- 
lon and  Balbec,  and  Palmyra,  were  erected  by  white  men,  under 
burning  suns.  The  rich  fields  of  Egypt  were  cultivated  by  stalwart 
white  limbs,  and  the  mighty  pillars  of  the  Pyramids  piled  under  a 
tropical  climate,  by  white  people. 

The  Southern  States  will  be  worked  by  whites.  In  the  cotton 
and  rice  and  sugar  plantations,  the  white  man  will  stand  as  much 
work  as  the  negro  can  stand.  Did  not  God  put  the  white  man  un- 
der the  tropics  ?  Did  he  not  say  that  he  should  earn  his  bread  by 
the  sweat  of  his  brow  1  And  is  it  now  left  to  our  infidel  philosophy 
to  say,  that  he  cannot  do  what  his  Maker  has  commanded? 

Ancient  history  proves,  what  is  now  equally  substantiated  by  the 
history  of  modern  Europe,  that  Southern  nations  have  always  been 
in  advance  of  those  of  the  North,  in  every  element  of  civilization, 
physical,  moral,  and  intellectual. 

The  people  of  the  South,  now  living  as  citizens  under  the  laws  and 
government  of  the  United  States,  are  destined  to  be  the  most  power- 
ful and  intelligent  on  this  continent. 

Whether  in  the  United  States,  or  out  of  it,  that  section  of  territory 
extending  from  the  Potomac  to  the  Rio  Grande,  will  be  in  all  re- . 
spects  far  ahead  of  any  other.  It  has  a  soil  and  a  climate  that  can 
raise -all  the  products  that  grow  in  the  world,  or  their  substitutes, 
with  perhaps  the  exception  of  a  few  spices ;  while  beneath  its  surface 
lie  nearly  every  mineral.  Every  section  is  watered  by  streams  that 
give  facilities  for  working  every  kind  of  machinery  that  man  can  in- 
vent or  desire;  and  besides  all  this,  like  all  warm  climates,  it  is  very 
healthful.  If  it  is  not  true  that  warm  climates  are  the  most  health- 
ful, why  has  it  always  been  found,  with  the  exception  of  the  South- 
ern States,  that  it  has  been  beyond  comparison  the  most  densely 
populated  1 

Southern  wealth  must  not  halt,  nor  can  it  depend  on  agriculture 
alone,  it  must  have  manufactures  and  commerce. 

We  have  a  few  suggestions  to  make  to  the  Southern  people,  with 
a  view  of  getting  them  out  of  bad  habits,  if  those  are  bad  habits 
which  keep  a  people  poor.  To  the  North  we  have  been  hewers  of 
wood  and  drawers  of  water.  Our  policy  has  been  to  purchase  every- 
thing we  consume  from  the  North.  The  cotton  crop  will  be  soon 
on  hand  ;  instead  of  spending  at  the  North  every  cent  realized  from 
it,  would  it  not  be  much  better  to  make  many  articles  of  consump- 
tion at  home,  and  enrich  our  own  people  ?  A  Southern  tailor  or 
shoemaker  can  do  as  good  work  as  a  Northern  one,  why  not  em- 
ploy him  ?  Yet  we  know  towns  where  a  tailor  or  shoemaker  would 
starve.     Will  we  be  forever  oblivious  to  home  industry  ? 


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THE  SOUTH   AND  DIRECT  FOREIGN  TRADE.  287 

A  most  injurious  system  of  trade  with  the  North  was  kept  up 
for  years  before  the  war,  and  is  now  being  revived.  We  sell  our 
cotton  to  the  New  Yorker,  we  pay  to  him  freight,  insurance  and 
generally  commissions,  and  storagje,  their  expenses  are  charged  to 
us.  He  takes  the  cotton  and  sends  it  to  Europe ;  he  purchases 
and  pays  for  European  goods  with  it ;  ho  brings  the  goods  to  New 
York  id  Northern  vessels  ;  he  insures  in  Northern  houses  ;  he  stores 
them  away  and  waits  for  the  Southern  merchant  to  purchase  their 
goods,  pay  him  his  profit  and  expenses ;  and  the  Southern  merchant 
pays  to  the  North  insurance  and  freight,  and  makes  all  of  these 
accumulated  expenses  out  of  the  cotton  planter.  Do  you  wonder 
that  he  is  poor  indeed  1 

Is  it  not  apparent,  if  the  Southern  planter,  and  the  Southern 
merchant  would  encourage  a  direct  trade  with  Europe,  that  the 
enormous  items  of  expense  which  we  have  enumerated  would  in  a 
great  measure  be  saved,  and  those  items  not  saved,  would  go  into 
the  coffci-s  of  Southern  tra'iesmen  ? 

What  would  be  the  c(»nseqaenco  of  this  ?  Would  wo  not  soon 
see  commerce  enrichinc  our  seaport  towns  ;  vessels  made  in  South- 
ern dock-yards,  freignU^d  with  Southern  produce?  Why  not 
enrich  Norfolk,  and  Charleston,  and  Savannah,  and  New  Orleans? 
The  enriching  our  own  towns  not  only  enriches  the  entire  country, 
but  it  is  the  only  sure  way  of  benefiting  the  poor  people  of  all 
classes.  They  are  dependent  upon  the  rich,  and  if  we  enlarge  the 
trade  of  our  towns,  we  give  additional  employment  to  every  kind 
of  mechanic,  we  increase  every  department  of  ti*ade,  we  multiply 
the  fjicilities  for  education,  draw  around  us  comforts  and  privileges, 
which  belong  to  powerful  and  enlightened  nations,  and  work  out 
for  ourselves  a  high  and  enduring  position  among  the  people  of  the 
earth. 

These  are  plain  truths  and  designed  to  bo  plainly  put ;  truth  de- 
lights in  simple  and  unadorned  apparel,  that  its  power  and  beauty 
may  be  felt,  and  seen. 

Let  it  not  be  said  New  York  has  the  advantage  in  the  present 
monopoly  of  trade.  It  is  very  easy  to  divert  its  channels.  There 
is  an  abundance  of  money  waiting  to  plow  into  the  very  track  we 
have  been  marking  out.  Money  from  Europe,  money  from  New 
York,  money  from  the  South,  that  has  been  seeking  other  channels, 
will  all  flow  in  the  direction  of  Southern  trade.  Let  us  have  no 
more  idle  talk  about  the  necessity  of  a  great  central  depot  of  money 
and  trade,  and  that  New  York  is  that  place.  So  far  from  the 
exigencies  of  commerce  demanding  this  great  central  head,  every 
interest  of  society  demands  a  multiplicity  of  central  heads,  that  the  . 
monetary  influence  of  the  country  may  be  spread  far  and  wide,  and 
not  concentrated  at  a  point  in  great  banks,  and  under  the  influence 
of  great  capitalists.  It  is  better  to  iilcrease  political  centers,  as  an 
antidote  to  despotism.  It  is  better  to  multiply  monetary  centers  as 
an  antidote  to  a  concentrated  money  despotism. 

The  division  of  these  money   centers  at   points   capable  of  sus- 


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288  OLD  MAIDS  AND  OLD  BACHELOBS. 

taining  large  commercial  cities,  will  diffuse  population,  will  draw 
out  the  resources  of  the  respective  back  countries,  and  develop  those 
resources  which  are  naturally  dependent  upon  tlie  fostering  care  of 
the  city,  as  the  city  is  upon  the  support  to  be  drawn  from  the 
country. 

Happily  we  have  Norfolk  so  situated  as  to  be  a  great  commercial 
depot  for  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  while  the  city  has  an  access 
from  the  back  country,  that  can  readily  and  easily  support  it.  The 
same  is  true  of  Savannah ;  in  ref*?Vence  to  Georgia  and  Florida,  un- 
less Florida  will  assert  her  rights  to  a  true  independent  position, 
and  establish  one  of  her  sea- port  towns  as  her  own  commercial 
center.  The  same  is  true  of  New  Orleans,  fed  by  the  Mississippi 
and  the  waters  that  drain  its  immense  valley  ;  and  the  same  is 
true  of  Galveston,  with  its  gulf  coast,  and  exhaustless  back 
country. 

An  inspection  of  the  map  will  show  that  the  parts'  of  country 
these  towns  supply  require  commercial  centers,  and  as  such  each 
has  the  back  country  on  which  it  can  rely  for  every  element  of 
support. 

In  reference  to  direct  trade  with  Europe,  a  subject  the  Southern 
patriot  will  not  willingly  let  die,  we  wish  to  call  attention  to  the 
facilities  now  offered  the  Southern  planter  by  the  several  ''  Southern 
export  and  import  Companies "  located  at  Charleston,  Savannah, 
Tallahassee,  Jacksonville  and  other  points,  all  of  which  have 
European  connections.  They  are  under  competent  management, 
and  will  at  all  times  upon  applicants  complying  with  their  terms, 
which  are  accommodating,  furnish  .money  to  parties,  or  purchase 
articles  from  England  or  the  Continent,  upon  terms  far  cheaper  than 
we  could  at  the  North,  for  all  of  the  accumulated  expenses  we  have 
mentioned  are  saved,  by  resort  to  these  companies. 

It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind  as  a  pregnant  fact,  that  direct  trade 
with  Europe  on  the  part  of  the  South  will  divert  a  vast  quantity 
of  the  precious  metals  from  Northern  to  Southern  channels,  an  item 
not  to  be  despised  in  these  verdant  days  of  Greenbacks. 


ART.  VIII.-OLD  MAIDS  AND  OLD  BACHELORS. 

Old  maids  and  old  bachelors  are  the  most  agreeable  and  useful, 
or  the  mcist  disagreeable  and  useless,  of  mankind.  The  larger  por- 
tion of  them  belong  to  the  latter  class;  yet  all  of  them,  if  in  early 
life  they  had  avoided  seclusion,  and  betaken  themselves  to  useful 
occupations,  might  have  become  meritorious  and  agreeable  members 
of  society — more  useful,  meritorious  and  agreeable  than  married 
people ;  for  it  is  very  much  the  habit,  and  somewhat  the  duty,  of 
the  married  to  contract  their  associations,  their  affections,  and  their 
charities  within  the  narrow  circle  of  their  immediate  families  and 
near  relations.  This,  in  some  degree,  necessary  habit  must  tend  to 
contract  and  narrow  the  mind,  or  at  least  to  prevent  its  cultivation 


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OLD  MAIDS  AND  OLD  BACHELORS.  289 

and  improvement,  to  chill  or  destroy  public  spirit,  and  to  make 
almost  solitary  beings  of  men  and  women,  whom  God  and  Nature 
intended  for  social  beings.  Still  the  seclusion  of  the  married  does 
not  destroy  the  benevolent  affections ;  but  by  confining  their  exer- 
cise to  a  narrow  circle  increases  their  intensity,  and  oftisn  becomes 
criminal — for  we  every  day  see  husbands  and  wives  spoiling  each 
other  by  too  much  attention,  kindness  and  indulgence — ^and  more 
often  still,  parents  rendering  their  children  helpless,  ignorant  of 
every  useful  art  or  occupation,  and  void  of  all  energy,  industry,  or 
self-reliance,  by  anticipating  their  every  want,  and  bringing  them 
up  as  mere  hot-house  plants.  .  Married  people  are  too  apt  to  con- 
sider it  a  merit  that  they  keep  out  of  the  world,  and  confine  them- 
selves to  the  performance  of  what  they  consider  their  duties  to  their 
own  families.  By  so  doing  they  commit  a  double  crime,  the  evil 
consequences  of  which  are  almost  sure  to  be  visited  sooner  or  later 
upon  their  too  much  indulged  and  spoilt  children.  It  is  not  at  all 
unusual  to  see  children  stimulated  to  exertion  and  succeeding  in  life, 
because  of  the  harsh  treatment  or  neglect  of  their  parents,  and  very 
usual  to  see  them  idle,  helpless  and  worthless,  because  of  the  exces- 
sive affection  and  overweening  care  of  their  parents.  Married  peo- 
ple owe  many  duties  to  their  neighbors,  and  to  the  public  at  large, 
as  well  as  to  their  immediate  families;  and  if  in  performing  those 
outside  duties  they  occasionally  seem  to  neglect  their  families,  so 
much  the  better  for  those  families,  for  /children  never  come  to  any 
good,  unless  in  many  things  they  are  frequently  lefl  to  shift  for  and 
take  care  of  themselves.  But  married  people,  by  too  much  seclu- 
sion and  over-indulgence  of  their  children,  not  only  spoil,  enervate 
and  ruin  their  children,  but  they  also  forfeit  the  respect  and  admira- 
tion of  their  neighbors,  violate  scriptural  injunctions  and  moral  duties, 
cut  themselves  ciflf  from  half  the  sources  of  happiness  and  innocent 
enjoyment  by  non-intercourse  with  the  world,  and  narrow  and  con- 
tract their  heads  as  well  as  their  hearts.  To  be  "  overly  good  "  is 
but  to  be  decidedly  bad.  The  worst  people  in  the  world  are  your 
conceited  people  who  mount  a  hobby,  and  practice  one  virtue  or 
moral  duty  to  criminal  excess,  whilst  they,  of  necessity,  neglect  the 
performance  of  all  other  moral  duties.  Your  over-affectionate 
mothers  and  fathers,  and  over-kind  masters  and  mistresses,  belong 
to  this  conceited,  self-righteous  class,  and  constitute  a  large  niajority 
of  it.  There  are  few  such  people  at  the  North.  Children  and  serv- 
ants are  not  indulged  and  spoiled  there,  but  reared  frugally,  hardily, 
and  inured  to  industry  from  early  life. 

Southern  married  folks,  with  half  a  dozen  children,  and  thirty  or 
a  hundred  negroes,  to  take  care  of  and  provide  for,  have  hitherto 
had  a  very  plausible  excuse  for  confining  their  affections,  their  kind- 
ness, their  charity,  and  their  association,  almost  exclusively  to  those 
large  family  circles ;  yet  the  evil  consequences  of  such  contracted* 
benevolence  and  philanthropy  are  apparent  enough  in  the  condition 
of  the  freed  men  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  ages,  who,  always  accus- 
tomed to  a  state  of  pupilage,  are  not  as  well  qualified  in  general  to* 
YOL.  IL— NO.  in.  19 


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290         OLD  MAIDS  AND  OLD  BACHELORS. 

take  care  of  themselves  as  a  parcel  of  monkeys.  Hence,  those  who 
can  get  places  are  all  gradually  going  into  service — that  is,  selecting 
masters  and  mistresses  to  take  care  of  them  and  provide  for  them. 
The  hire  is  a  mere  nominal  affair.  Whilst  married  people  have  a 
plausible  excuse  for  seclusion  from  the  world,  and  neglect  of  social 
duties  and  intercourse,  the  single  of  either  sex  can  offer  no  such 
excuse.  Having  no  families  of  their  own  to  love,  rear,  take  care  of 
and  provide  for,  and  outliving,  very  generally,  the  affections  that 
clustered  around  them  in  early  life,  in  their  parents'  families  they 
must  either  form  new  associations  and  new  attachments,  or  cease  to 
love  or  to  be  beloved  by  any  one.  To  be  thus  situated  is  to  be  use- 
less, lonely,  solitary  and  miserable,  and  very  soon  to  become  ill- 
natured  and  disagreeable. 

The  solitary  and  secluded  old  bachelor  is  not  only  indifferent  to  the 
world,  but  being  very  suspicious,  becomes  timid,  because  he  thinks 
everybody  hates  him  and  wishes  to  cheat  him,  will  have  no  dealings, 
therefore,  that  he  can  avoid,  and  oflen  settles  down  into  confirmed 
misanthropy.  Old  maids  that  avoid  society  become  eccentric,  cross 
and  cranky,  but  never  misanthropic ;  for  every  woman's  heart  is  an 
inexhaustible  well  of  benevolence  and  affection — ^benevolence  and  af- 
fection, however,  which,  with  aged  spinsters;  is  often  ridiculously  mis- 
directed, and  expended  on  cats,  canaries,  parrots,  or  poodle-dogs.  The 
solitary  bachelor  hates  everything,  suspects  everything,  and  beats  his 
dog  or  his  cat  when  they  c^jme  into  his  presence,  because  he  thinks 
they  come  only  to  steal  his  victuals.  If  he  be  rich,  he  especially 
hates  his  relatives,  because  he  believes  they  are  waiting  impatiently 
for  his  death,  in  order  to  inherit  his  property ;  and  often,  merely  in 
order  to  disappoint  them,  makes  some  singular  and  whimsical  be- 
quest of  his  whole  estate.  He  lives  a  pauper,  and  often  dies  un- 
attended as  a  dog.  This  is  the  worst  specimen  of  (he  Old  Bachelor, 
but  there  are  many  such  to  be  found  everywhere  in  the  world. 

Now,  independent  of  the  evils  that  solitude  and  seclusion  visit  on 
the  individual  who  indul«rcs  in  them,  they  are  in  themselves  grave 
offences  against  society  (for  we  all  owe  many  duties  to  society),  and 
they  most  who  have  no  families  to  take  care  of  and  provide  for. 
Their  wealth — if  wealth  they  possess — after  providing  for  their  rea- 
sonable wants,  is  as  much  due  to  the  poor  as  that  of  parents  is  to 
their  children ;  and  it  is  no  discharge  of  their  duties  to  hoard  it 
whilst  they  live,  and  leave  it,  even  to  the  poor,  at  their  deaths.  Those 
of  the  single  who  have  no  wealth  may,  by  a  thousand  daily  little 
kind  attentions  and  acts  of  politeness,  promote  the  happiness  of  their 
fellow-beings.  Giving  often  instruction,  intellectual,  moral  or  reli- 
gious, is  more  valuable  to  the  recipient  than  would  be  a  gift^  of 
money.  Many  can  impart  valuable  knowledge  who  have  nothing 
else  to  give,  and  the  donor  loses  nothingby  so  imparting  his  knowl- 
edge. 

The  most  respectable,  useful,  cheerful  and  agreeable  persons  wo 
ever  knew  were  Old  Mnids  and  Old  Bachelors,  who  had  kept  up 
^ntinued  intercourse  with  the  world,  and  busied  themselves  in  some 


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THE  NATIONAL  CENSUS.  291 

useful  profession  or  employment,  as  physicians,  as  clergymen,  as 
ordinary  teachers,  or  as  Sunday-school  teachers,  as  distributors  of 
public  or  private  charity,  as  nurses  of  the  sick,  and  as  visitors  and 
comforters  of  the  poor,  the  unfortunate   and    bereaved.     Having 
no  families  of  their  own,  whilst  thus  employed  they  become  attached 
to  other  people's  families,    and  everybody,  old  and  young,  within 
the  circle  of  their  intercourse,  becomes  attached  to  them,  and  grate 
ful  to  them  for  kindness  and  attention,  rendered  either  to  themselves, 
their  families  or  relations.     Married  people,  without  neglecting  their 
families,  cannot  be  so  generally  useful,  nor  can  they  practice  such 
extended  benevolence — consequently,  such  single  persons  as  we  are 
describing  are  deservedly  more  popular  and  more  respected,  and 
have  more  friends  than  marrie)  people.     Having,  a  wider  field  for 
the  exercise  of  the  affections,  their  feelings  do  not  become  cold  or 
contracted  ;  and  seeing  and  mixing  more  with  the  world  than  most 
married  people,  they  are  better  informed,  better  posted  in  all  the 
news,  and  more  agreeable  companions  than  the  home-keeping  mar- 
ried.    Now,  reader,  if  you  see  your  early  friends  and  acquaintances 
dying  (ff,  or  marrying,  or  settling  in  life,  and  you  about  to  be  left 
alone,  with  none  to  care  for  you,  or  to  love — if  you  can't  get  mar- 
ried, or  don't  wish  to  be  married,  betake  yourself  actively  to  some 
useful  calling  that  will  keep  you  in  constant  intercourse  with  the 
world,  and  supply  you  with  new  attachments  in  place  of  those  that 
you  have  outlived,  or  that  have  decayed  or  been  disrupted.     Do 
this,  my  single  friends,  ere  it  is  too  late,  and  you  may  become  the 
most  useful    institutions  in   society — aye,  institutions,  exercising   a 
benign  influence  on  all  the  country   around  you  ;  whilst   married 
folks  arc  not  institutions,  because  their  usefulness  is  confined  to  nar- 
row circles. 

Three  memorable  historical  examples  will  abundantly  prove  the 
truth  and  practicability  of  our  theory,  "  that  Old  Maids  and  Old 
Bachelors  may  make  themselves  the  most  useful,  respected,  beloved 
and  honored  members  of  society,  if  they  please,  instead  of  remaining, 
as  too  many  of  them  now  do — secluded,  idle,  useless  and  ridiculous." 
We  allude  to  the  institutions  of  the  vestal  virgins  in  ancient  Rome, 
the  Catholic  priesthood,  and  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Celibacy  prop- 
erly directed  and  exerted  has  for  thousands  of  years  been  more 
respected,  beloved  and  honored  by  the  world  than  matrimony. 

jf,  my  reader,  you  find  yourself  usefully  employed  in  a  state  of 
celibacy — if  you  be  what  we  have  often  seen  among  your  class,  a 
neighborhood,  philanthropic,  benevolent  institution,  sink  not  down 
into  the  insignificance  of  married  life. 


ART.  IX.-THE  NATIONAL   CENSUS. 

We  are  indebted  to  James  Wilson,  Chief  Clerk  of  the  Census 
OfHce,  for  the  fourth  as  we  had  previously  been  for  the  other  volumes 
of  the  Eighth  National  Census. 

The  work  throughout  is  handsomely  executed  and  creditable  to  the 


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292  THE  NATIONAL  CENSUS. 

country,  and  nothing  remains  for  its  completion  but  a  compendium 
of  the  whole,  such  as  was  authoriz3d  by  Congress,  during  our  ad- 
ministration of  the  census  of  1850.  At  that  period  great  alarm  was 
manifested  on  account  of  the  hugeness  of  the  statistical  detail,  and  it 
comported  with  the  economical  notions  and  wisdom  of  Congress  to 
define  precisely  the  number  of  pages  and  the  size  of  the  page  in  which 
the  work  must  be  embraced  !  The  Congress  of  later  date  has  been 
troubled  with  no  such  scruples. 

Mr.  Kennedy,  who  prepared  and  issued  the  blanks  and  collected 
the  material  for  the  census  of  both  periods,  and  made  the  preliminary 
publications  for  which  he  deserved  and  received  the  proper  credit, 
was  unfortunate  in  each,  in  not  being  allowed  to  complete  the  work. 
We  do  not  know  the  grounds  of  his  exclusion  at  present,  but  well 
remember  that  in  1853  he  complained  very  bitterly,  though  we  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  his  removal,  and  only  accepted  the  office 
afler  the  removal  bad  been  decided  upon  and  against  our  original  in- 
clinations.* 

In  the  volumes  which  were  published,  we  referred  to  Mr.  Kennedy 
frequently,  by  the  title  of  his  office,  as  our  "predecessor,"  &c.,  and  on 
one  of  the  first  pages  of  the  quarto  distinctly  and  explicitly  stated 
what  portions  of  the  volume  we  were  responsible  for,  and  what 
portions  we  were  not.  The  Compendium  and  the  work  on  Mortality 
Statistics,  were  made  up  by  ourself  from  the  Marshal's  returns, 
which  were  c;irefully  and  laboriously  examined  for  the  purpose,  and 
the  credit  or  blame  of  the  entire  production  attaches  to  us,  except  in 
the  particular  instances  which  are  given.  The  idea  and  plan  of  the 
Compendium  were  also  our  own. 

If  Mr.  Kennedy,  however,  had  any  reason  to  complain,  under  all 
the  circumstances,  what  shall  he  say  now,  when,  in  the  whole  volume 
before  us,  he  is  not  referred  to,  directly  or  indirectly,  a  single  time, 
we  believe  1 

The  truth  is,  the  labors  of  a  public  officer  within  his  jurisdiction, 
which  are  paid  for  by  the  Government,  become  public  proper ty,  and  he 
has  no  right  to  complain  if  they  are  given  to  the  world  without  his 
name.  His  removal  from  office  is  quite  as  likely  to  result  from  his 
own  fault  as  from  that  of  the  Government,  and  in  any  case  the  public 
will  think  there  are  as  good  men  out  of  office  as  in,  and  will  laugh 
at  rather  tl|an  sympathize  with  him  when  he  indulges  in  lamentations 
and  tears  upon  the  occasion. 

In  looking  over  the  present  census,  we  cannot  but  regret  that  many 
of  the  suggestions  which  were  made  by  us,  and  which  were  deduced 
from  the  experiences  of  the  previous  census,  have  been  unnoticed,  and 
we  trust  in  1870  a  wiser  administration  will  carefully  consider  them. 
Some  of  the  suggestions  were,  however,  adopted. 

*  We  were  daI  a  candidate  for  the  saperintendenc/  of  the  oensaa,  and  hesitated  for  a  time 
to  accept  it  when  olTered  by  the  administration  of  Oenrral  Pierce.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  stated  as  a  reason  for  the  offer,  that  he  had  been  familiar  for  a  number  ofjettn  with 
our  BUtlstioal  labors  in  the  RavrBw,  and  with  our  work  entitled  The  Indastrtal  Besourors,  ete., 
of  the  8«iuthern  States,  We  had  also  prepared  and  published  a  series  of  letters  at  the  Instance 
of  the  GoTernor  of  Louisiana,  addressed  to  the  Census  Board  at  Washington.,  criticising  tbo 
proposed  schedules,  and  advocated  a  line  of  policy  which  In  the  main  was  adopted. 


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THE  NATIONAL  CENSUS*  298 

iDteiiding  a  series  of  papers  upon  the  statistics  of  the  census  of 
1860  a.«wx>inpared  with  that  of  1850,  we  cannot  at  present  furnish  more 
than  a  $>upie  of  tables,  but  will  make  free  ase  of  the  condensation 
which  Judge  Edmunds  has  furnished  in  his  introductory  chapter. 

The  following  table  will  show  how  desperate  were  the  chances  of 
the  South  in  the  recent  struggle  : 

Table  G  G. — Showing  the  number  of  malen  20  to  40  and  16  to  50,  and  tlieir  pro- 
portion to  total  miUeSf  in  t/ie  loyal  and  disloi/al  Stales  in  the  late  war,  1860. 

Under  20  and  20  to  40  IJDder  16  and  16  to  60 

over  40.  over  50. 

Loyal  SUtes 7.587.804  8,«06.147  6,444,874  5.749.677 

IHeloyal  States 1,961,249  826,400  1,441,128  1,886,621 

Dr.  Edward  Jarvis  of  Massachussetts,  who  is  one  of  the  most 
profound  vital  statisticians  in  the  world,  prepares  the  mortality 
statistics  of  this  volume,  as  he  had  classified  the  deaths  of  that  of 
1850  by  our  request.  His  labors  are  very  valuable,  but  the  number 
of  deaths  recorded  is  vastly  below  the  actual  number.  He  con- 
denses as  follbws : 

Table  XII. — Number  of  deaths  reported  in  1860  and  1860,  and  their  ratio  to  the 
population  of  those  years. 

1850.  1860. 

in  10.000  of       I       fn  10.000  0^ 
DISEASES.  Deaths,   allknuwn  DeaUit.  all  known 


I.  Zjmotic  diseases 131,818  4,785  120,685  8,888 

Sporadic  diseases : 

II.  Diseases  of  nncertain  or  variable  seat       .        .  21,044  758  82,854  909 

III.  Diseases  of  the  braio  and  nervous  system          .  28,787  854    40,898  1,184 

IV.  Diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs    .        .        .  64,800  1,968  88,080  2,478 

V.  Diseases  of  the  organs  of  circalation          •        .  2.585  91  6,580  188 

VI.  Diseases  of  the  digestive  organs        .        .        .  15,172  541  .  21,051  591 
VII.  Diseases  of  the  urinary  organs  1,101  89  2,112  59 

Ylil.  Diseases  oftbeMoerative  organs  and  childbirth     8,842  185  5,682  159 

IX.  Diseases  of  the  locomotive  organs     .        .        .  1,770  68  8,274  91 

X.  Diseases  of  the  skin            516  18  2,271  68 

XI.  Old  Age 9,027  824  10,887  805 

XII.  External  causes 18,006  467  2,145  60 

Xiir.  Stillborn                      877  13  1,540  48 

XIV.  Unknown                      ......  44,238  1,588  86,707  1,081 

The  following  is  a  risum^  of  the  main  results  of  the  present 
Volume : 

BANKa — Only  one  afsooiation  for  banking  purposes  is  found  mentioned  pre- 
vious to  1776,  and  that  was  the  "  Land  Bank'  of  MusMohussetti,  establiehed  in 
1739-'40,  but  soon  after  disiillowed  by  Parliament.  The  only  banks  in  exist- 
ence when  the  national  government  went  into  operation  were  the  Bank  of 
North  America,  chartered  in  1781 ;  the  Bank  of  New  York,  established  in  1784. 
chartered  in  1791 ;  and  the  Bank  of  Hassachus^otts,  in  Boston  ;  with  an  aggre- 
gate capiUl  of  about  $2,000,000.  On  the  Ist  of  January,  1811.  the  whole 
number  in  the  United  States  was  88 ;  their  aggregate  capiul  f  22.700.000.  and 
of  specie  $9,600,000.  In  1880.  there  were  830  banks,  capiul  $146.000,0(i0 ;  in 
1840,  901  bnnks,  capital  $358.000.000 :  in  1843, 691  banb*,  capital  $228,000,000; 
in  1860.  872  banks,  capital  $227,000,000;  and  in  1860,  1,662,  with  a  capiul  of 
$421,000,000.  On  the  Ist  of  November,  1866,  the  national  banks  numbered 
1,601,  of  which  679  were  new  banks,  and  922  were  conversions  from  State 
institutions. 


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294  THE  NATIONAL  CENSUS. 

On  the  Ist  of  January,  1866,  the  amoant  estimated  was  $880,000,000  of  na- 
tional bank  notes ;  $80,000,000  from  State  banks;  $129,000,000  supposed  to 
haye  been  issued  since  the  1st  of  October,  1865,  to  national  banks ;  whilst  the 
gold  and  silver  pro<1ucta  from  mines  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  the  80th  of  June, 
1865,  was  $100,000,000,  and  the  receipts  into  the  treasury  for  tbat  year 
amounted  to  $929,500,000. 

Insurance. — ^The  first  Insurance  office  in  New  England,  and  probably  in 
America,  is  supposed  to  be  that  established  at  Boston  in  1724,  and  one  opened 
in  Philadelphia  in  1756.  In  1860  the  number  of  insurance  companies  in 
the  United  States  was  294,  with  capital  and  assets  $82,170,219  ;  at  risk, 
$2,605,588,319;  losses  reported,  marine  and  by  fire,  for  1860,  having  amounted 
to  $50,595,700.  Also  47  life  insurance  offices,  embracing  60,000  lives,  at 
$180,000,000,  annual  premium  being  $7,000,000. 

Ratuioads  and  Canals. — In  1860  the  commercial  railroads  were  equal  to 
80,793.67  lineal  miles,  at  the  cost  of  construction  of  $1,151,560,829,  whilst  the 
city   passenger  railroads  were  equal  to  402.57  miles,  costing  $14,862,840. 

Although  William  Penn,  in  1790,  suggested  the  union  of  the  Schuylkill  and 
Susquehanna  riyers  by  means  of  a  canal,  and  a  route  for  a  canal  between  the 
Swatara  and  Tulpehocken  creek  was  surveyed  and  leveled  as  early  as  1762, 
yet  in  1784  no  canal  had  been  constructed;  but  in  that  year, and  again  in  1786, 
the  Legislature  of  New  York  were  memorialized  on  the  subject  of  water  com- 
munication with  Lake  Ontario.  The  fii-st  canal  completed,  however,  in  the 
United  States  was  the  Middlesex,  between  Boston  Harbor  and  Concord  River^ 
twenty-seven  miles  in  length,  constructed  by  a  company  incorporated  in  1789, 
at  the  cost  of  $550,000,  several  others  having  been  commenced  during  the  suc- 
ceeding ten  years. 

In  ]860-'61  there  were  118  canals  and  slack-water  improvements  completed, 
in  length  equal  to  5,462.11  miles,  the  cost  of  68  of  which  was  $147,898,997,  the 
expense  of  constructing  the  residue  not  having  been  reported. 

Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Propertt  in  the  United  States  m  1789, 1850, 
AND  I860.— In  1789  the  total  property  valuation  for  taxation  was  $619,977,247  92, 
consisting  of  163,746,686  acres ;  dwelling-houses,  276,659.  These  interests  in 
the  year  1850  had  reached  in  value  $7,185,780,228.  and  in  1860,  according  to 
the  marshals'  returns,  had  risen  to  $16,159,616,068,  whilst  the  aggregate  indi- 
vidual returns  show  the  real  and  personal  private  property  of  the  country  to 
be  worth  $19,089.156,289 ;  and  here  it  might  be  mentioned  that  to  the  vast  ac- 
cumulation from  home  industries  and  domestic  and  foreign  trade  was  added, 
in  1860,  the  sum  of  $13,768,198,  the  value  of  the  product  of  the  fisheries — the 
nursery  of  seamen,  as  these  have  been  called  ;  interests  which  had  their  begin- 
ning in  the  year  1670,  more  than  two  centuries  before  our  independence,  and 
which  were  formally  acknowledged  as  subsisting  rights,  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolution,  in  the  definite  treaty  of  peace,  in  1788,  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain. 

Educational  Establishments  and  Libraries. — Previous  to  1775,  at  least  10 
colleges  and  professional  schools,  including  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  had  been  estiblished,  all  of  which  were  in  existence  in 
1859.  The  New  England  system  of  free  or  common  schools  was  commenced  in 
several  of  the  New  England  colonies  and  in  Pennsylvania  long  prior  to  the 
Revolution. 

In  1791,  the  colleges  and  professional  schools  numbered  21,  including  those 
already  mentioned,  the  medical  department  of  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 
and  one  theological  school. 

As  connected  with  educational  progress,  there  will  be  found,  immediately 
succeeding  the  close  of  these  remarks,  a  paper  containing  some  interesting  par- 
ticulars in  relation  to  an  institution  founded  at  Washington  for  the  education 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  embracing  a  regular  collegiate  course. 

In  1860  the  whole  number  of  educational  establishments  returned  was  118,006, 
in  which  were  employed  148,742  teachers,  giying  instruction  to  5,417,880  per- 


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THE  NATIONAL  CENSUS,  295 

sons.  The  annual  income  amounted  lo  $38,990,482.  Of  the  foregoing,  445 
vere^iollegiate,  with  54,969  students.  The  academies  and  other  schools,  except 
public  scholastic  institutions,  numbered  6,636,  in  which  465,659  pupils  were 
instructed.  The  number  of  public  schools  was  106,915 ;  the  number  of  scholars 
in  them  having  been  4,917,552. 

The  whole  number  of  libraries  returned  in  1860  was  27,780,  containing 
18,316,879  volumes. 

Religious  Establibhmixtb. — In  1775  and  1790  no  available  statistics  exist 
as  to  the  number  of  churches,  ministers,  or  members,  at  either  period ;  yet  all 
the  denominations  now  in  the  country  were  to  be  found  previous  to  the  close  of 
the  last  century.  In  1860  there  were  54,009  churches,  the  value  of  their  prop, 
erty  having  been  $171,398,432;  the  aggregate  churches  being  capable  of  ac- 
commodating 18,974,576  persons,  averaging  one  to  every  684  individuals. 

PopuLATiow,  Manufaotubxs,  PoflTAL  TRANSIT,  AND  THB  Prbbs. — In  an  accompau^ 
ing  exhibit  it  will  be  found  that  of  the  twenty-eight  thomsand  cities  of  tli9 
United  States,  there  were,  in  1860,  one  hundred  and  two  which  contained  an 
aggregate  population  of  4,763,717,  with  a  manufacturing  capital  of  over 
$417,129,000,  employing  upwards  of  657,000  persons,  the  value  of  the  jnanu- 
fiictnred  product  realizing  the  sum  of  nearly  $875,000,000. 

In  loolpng  to  the  official  records  for  the  year  ending  the  80th  of  June,  186l», 
to  show  the  facilities  afforded  in  Postal  transit  for  the  present  requirements, 
with  the  five  yearu*  augmentation  since  1860,  it  is  found  that  the  mail  service 
at  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  of  1866  embraced  6,012  routes,  ot  an  aggre- 
gate length  of  142,840  miles,  at  a  cost  of  $6,246,884,  exclusive  of  $556,602  75, 
the  compensation  to  route  and  other  agents,  the  aggregate  transportation 
being  equal  to  57,993,494  miles. 

What  is  it  that  controls  the  different  departments  of  the  government  and  all 
the  varied  industrial  and  social  interests  within  the  limits  of  the  republic  ? 

The  answer  is,  emphatically,  public  opinion  enunciated  through  the  Press, 
the  public  being  the  tribunal,  frum  whicli  there  is  no  appeal  but  to  THme.  The 
Press  is  the  real  representative  of  the  people,  the  great  conservative  power  held 
by  them  to  guard  public  and  individual  liberty. 

The  first  journal  published  in  the  Anglo-American  colonies  was  the  Boston 
News  Letter,  in  1704.  The  press  gradually  expanded,  however,  in  the  colonies, 
thirty  seven  having  been  tfcere  m  operation  in  1775,  and  forty  at  the  opening 
of  the  Revolution.  In  1788  the  weekly  press  emitted  77,000  copies,  whilst  the 
annual  issue  was  upwards  of  4,000,000. 

There  were  in  1850  two  thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty  six  newspapers  of 
all  kinds,  with  an  annual  circulation  of  over  426,409,000.  In  1860  there  were 
four  thousand  and  fifty-one  newspapers,  with  an  annual  circulation  of  nearly 
928,000,000  copies,  being  an  increase  of  118  per  cent.  ft>r  1860  over  the  pre- 
ceding decennial  period ;  the  annual  receipts  of  a  single  leading  paper  of  the 
Union  in  the  present  year  having  reached  to  over  one  million  dollars.  Such 
was  the  expanded  sphere  of  the  press  in  1860. 

On  the  10th  of  March,  1865,  there  were  684  ships  of  war,  having  4.477  guns, 
with  an  aggregate  of  619,252  t'mnnge;  the  persons  in  the  naval  service  at  the 
end  of  1864  consisted  of  6,000  officers  and  45,000  men,  whilst  the  aggregate 
number  raised  for  the  Union  armies  in  our  domestic  controversy  reached  over 
2,688,000  soldiers ;  and  if  to  these  be  added  the  quotas  constituting  the  confed- 
erate armies,  it  will  be  found  that  the  grand  aggregate  reached  4,000,000  of 
men  at  arms,  the  largest  force  ever  put  on  a  war  footing  in  any  age  of  the 
▼orld. 


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THE  UASSACHUSETTS  SLAVE  TRADE. 


ART.  II.-THE  MASSACHUSEHS  SLAVE  TRADE. 

'*  No  person  was  ever  born  a  tlave  on  the  soil  of  Mas^chosetts." — 
CharUt  Sumner,  speech  in  the  U,  8.  Senate^  June  28,  1864. 

"  In  fact,  no  person  was  eyer  born  ioto  legal  slavery  in  Massachusetts."^- 
Pdfrtyt  History  of  New  England,  vol,  JI,  p.  80,  note. 

The  wicked  pretension  which  has  characterized  the  writings  and 
speeches  of  some  Massachusetts  orators  and  so-called  statesmen  in 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  in  regard  to  slavery,  has  been  recent- 
ly most  ably  exposed  and  unmasked  by  Mr.  Geo.  H.  Moore,  of  New 
York,  in  a  work  which  he  has  recently  published,  entitled  "  Notes 
on   the  History  of  Slavery  in  Massachusetts."* 

In  this  able  and  learned  volume  the  author  shows  in  minute  detail 
how  that  the  early  Massachusetts  colonists  enslaved  the  Indians  and 
sold  them  to  the  West  Indies,  how  profitable  they  found  tlie  traffic, 
how  they  introduced  Africans  and  practiced  all  the  atrocities  of  the 
lave-  •*'   the  courts,  the  General    Assembly,    the   public 

press  and  the  pulpit  sustained  the  traffic  and  the  rights  of  slavery, 
and  how  it  died  out  slowly  at  last,  etc.,  etc. 

And  this  is  the  people  who  say  to  us  now,  *'  We  are  more  righteous 
than  you  are,"  and  whose  pious  hands  are  uplifted  in  horror  over  the 
wrongs  of  the  poor  negro,  and  who  cannot  hold  Christian  fellowship, 
nor  hardly  maintain  political  union  with,  except  as  t»/<?rtor«,  those  who 
happened  (o  remain  a  few  years  longer  in  the  practice  which  they 
introduced  and  iavght. 

We  have  not  the  time  nor  the  space  to  enter  very  fully  into  the 
merits  of  Mr.  Moore's  volume,  nor  is  it  necessary,  as  the  few  ex- 
tracts that  we  shall  furnish  will  tell  the  whole  story,  which  Messrs. 
Sumner  and  Palfrey  have  ingeniously  attempted  to  conceal. 

"  The  instances  are  numerous"  in  disproof  of  the  pretension  of 
Mr.  Sumner,  says  Mr.  Moore,  "  but  it  may  be  proper  to 
refer  to  the  facts,  that  in  the  instructions  of  the  town  of  Leicester 
to  their  representatives  in  1773,  among  the  ways  suggested  for  ex- 
tinguishing slavery,  they  proposed  that  every  negro  child  horn  after 
the  enacting  of  such  lnw  shall  be  free,  <fec. ;  and  in  a  petition  of  the 
negro  slaves  for  relief  in  1777,  they  humbly  pray  that  their  children, 
born  in  the  land,  may  not  be  held  as  slaves  after  they  arrive  at  the. 
ageof2\!r 

*Mn  1727  the  traffic  in  slaves  appears  to  have  been  an  object 
more  than  at  any«other  period."  Page  60.  "  In  1718  all  Indian, 
negro,  and  mulatto  servants  for  life  were  estimated  as  other  per- 
sonal estate — each  male  slave  at  $15  and  each  female  at  $10."  P. 
64.  "The  Guinea  trade,  as  it  was  c:illed  then,  whose  beginnings  we 
have  noticed,  continued  to  flourish  u*hder  the  auspices  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts merchants,  down  through  the  entire  colonial  period,  and 
long  after  the  boasted  Declaration  of  Rights  in  1780  had  termina- 

•  D.  Appleton  &  Co,  New  York,  18M. 


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THE  MASSACHUSETTS  SLAVE  TRADE.  297 

ted  (1)  the  legal  existence  of  slavery  within  the  limits  of  the  State." 
Pape  66.  On  same  page  see  elaborate  instruction^^of  the  Massachu- 
setts merchants  to  their  slaver  captains  in  1785,  taken  from  Felt's 
History  of  Salem. 

The  Boston  News  Letter^  June  10,  1706,  begins  to  discover  that 
the  possession  of  African  slaves  is  not  so  profit ablb,  etc.  {Hinc  illce 
lacrymcB /)     We  quote  from  the  author,  p.  107: 

"We  are  furnished  with  a  list  of  44  negroes,  dead  last  year,  which 
being  computed  at  £30  each,  amount  to  the  sum  of  £1,330  lost  to 
the  colony. ^  **  Negroes  are  generally  eye-servants,  great  thieves, 
much  addicted  to  stealing,  lying,  &c."  "  If  a  white  servant  die 
the  loss  exceeds  not  £10,  but  if  a  negro  die  (poor  negro)  Uis  a  ve^y 
great  lossJ**  "  A  certahi  person  within  these  six  years  had  two  ne- 
groes dead,  computed  both  at  £60,  which  wpuld  have  procured 
him  six  WAt>  servants  at  £10  per  head,  to  have  served  24  years  with- 
out running  such  a  risque."    [Abolition  all  over. — Editor.] 

But  we  cannot  waste  time:  would  any  one  suppose  that  in  reading 
the  following  advertisements,  which  Mr.  Moore  has  collected,  issued 
when  the  guns  of  the  Revolutionary  War  were  booming,  the  saintly 
people  of  Massachusetts  could  be  restrained  from  seizing  upon  the 
luckless  editors  and  demolishing  their  offices.     What  Vandals  ! 

From  the  Independent  Chronicle,  October,  8,  1776.— "To  be  Sold— A  stonf, 
hearty,  likely  negro  girl,  fit  for  either  town  or  country.  Inquire  of  Mr.  An- 
di-ew  Gillespie,  Durcheeter,  Oct  1,  nYS." 

From  the  same,  October  10. — "A  hearty  negro  man,  with  a  email  earn  of 
money,  to  be  given  away." 

From  the  same,  November  28. — "  To  Sell — A  hearty,  likely  negro  wench, 
aboat  12  or  15  years  of  age;  has  had  the  pmall-pox;  can  wash,  iron,  card,  and 
spin,  etc. ;  for  no  other  fault  but  for  want  of  employ." 

From  the  same,  February  27,  1777. — "  Wanted — A  negro  girl  between  12 
and  20  years  of  age ;  for  which  a  good  price  will  be  given,  if  she  can  be 
recommended." 

From  the  Continental  Journal,  April  3,  1777. — "  To  be  Sold — A  likely  negro 
man,  22  years  old  ;  has  bad  the  small-pox  ;  can  do  any  sort  of  business ;  sold 
for  want  of  employment" 

*'To  be  Sold — A  large,  commodious  dwelling-house,  barn  and  outhouses, 
with  any  quantity  of  land,  from  one  to  fifty  aeres,  as  the  purchaser  shall  choose, 
within  five  miles  of  Boston ;  also  a  smart,  well-tempered  negro  boy  of  14  years 
old ;  not  to  go  out  of  this  State,  and  sold  for  15  years  only,  if  he  continues  to 
beluive  well.** 

From  tlie  Independent  Chronicle,  May  8,  1777. — "To  be  Sold — For  want  of 
employ— a  likely,  strong  negro  girl,  about  18  years  old  ;  understands  all  sorts 
of  nousehold  businesit,  andean  be  well  recommended." 

• 

Yet  five  years  after  these  editors  were  still  living,  and  continued 
to  fill  up  their  available  space  as  is  seen  in  what  comes  next,  p.  208 : 

From  the  Continental  Journal,  March  80th  and  April  6th,  1780. — "To  be 
sold,  very  cheap,  for  no  other  reason  than  for  want  of  employ,  an  ezceeiling  aot> 
ive  negro  boy,  aged  fifteen ;  also,  a  likely  negro  i^irl,  aged  seventeen." 

From  the  Continental  Journal,  August  17,  1780. — "To  be  Sold — A  likely 
negro  boy." 

Prom  the  same,  August  24th  and  September  7th. — "To  be  sold  or  let  for  a 
term  of  years,  a  strong,  hearty,  likely  negro  girl." 


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298  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

From  the  same,  October  19th  and  26th,  and  Noyember  2d. — "To  be  Sold — A 
likely  negro  boy,  about  eighteen  years  of  age,  fit  to  serve  a  gentleman,  to 
t<rnd  horses  or  to  Wt)rk  in  the  country." 

From  the  feame,  October  26th,  1Y80.— "  To  be  Sold— A  likely  negro  boy, 
about  18  years  old  ;  well  calculated  to  wait  on  a  gentleman.  Inquire  of  the 
Pi-inter." 

"  To  be  Sold — A  likely  young  cow  and  calf.    Inquire  of  the  Printer." 

Independent  Chronicle,  Dec.  14th,  2l3t,  28th,  1780. — "  A  negro  child,  9oon  ex- 
peeUdt  of  a  good  breed,  may  be  owned  by  any  person  inclining  to  take  it,  and 
money  with  it." 

Continental  JourfuU,  Dec.  21,  1780.  and  Jan.  4,  1781.— "  To  be  Sold— A 
hearty,  strong  negro  wench  ;  about  29  years  of  age ;  fit  for  town  or  country.^ 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

1.— FOREIGN  COMPETITION  IN  COTTON  GROWING. 

WniLST  the  United  States  is  levying  duties  upon  cotton  which  virtually 
tend  to  kill  the  goose  that  lays  the  golden  egg,  foreign  powers  are  doing  all 
that  is  possible  to  free  themselves  from  dependence  upon  us  for  the  st^la. 
Referring  to  the  proposed  taxation,  the  Memphis  Chamber  of  Commerce  most 
judiciously  remarks : 

"  In  our  confidence  in  the  great  superiority  of  our  cotton,  and  the  facility 
with  which  it  was  produced  by  our  sjwtem  of  slave  labor,  we  have  underrated 
the  efforts  and  ability  of  foreigners  to  compete  with  us.  But  the  following 
tables,  which  we  copy  from  the  memorial  of  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, will  show  the  great  strides  that  have  been  made  in  cotton  culture  by  for- 
eigners, with  the  strong  probability  that  their  advantages  of  cheap  labor  and 
an  untaxed  producdon  will  shortly  enable  them  to  outstrip  us  in  the  race. 

The  average  import  into  Liverpool  from  the  1st  of  January  to  the  29th  of 
April  has  been  as  follows : 

India,  Egypt,        Brazil, 

bales.  balea.         balM. 

For  2  years,  1859  to  1861 148.000  40,000  80,000 

For  8  years,  1862to  1864 198,000  90,000  64,000 

For  2  years,  1865  to  1866 298,000        144,000        151,000 

Quantity  known  (on  the  20th  of  April,  at  Liverpool)  to  be  at  sea  for  England, 
from  India,  (in  bales :) 

1866.         1865.         1864.         1863.         1862. 

On  April  20,  eich  year 845,000    805,000    248,006     188,000     184,000 

Stock  of  all  kinds  of  cotton  in 

Liverpool  on  April  20th 820,000     675,000    472,000    208,000    422,000 

Average  import  of  twelve  months  into  Great  Britain,  in  ten  years,  from — 

India,  Egypt,         Brazil, 

bales.  l^es.  bales. 

1848  to  1862,  inclusive 214.000  70,000        120.000 

The  like  during  1865 1,287,000        884,000        840,000 

The  above  table  shows  that  the  produc  ion  of  cotton  has  been  an  eminent 
success  in  India.  Egypt,  and  Brazil,  in  quantity  ;  and  whatever  may  be  said  to 
the  conti*ary,  the  quality  even  of  I  'di  ^n  cotton  is  good  enough  even  to  dra^ 
down  our  own  growth,  as  happened  in  Liverpool  last  month,  to  the  Extent  of  6d. 
sterling  per  pound,  equal  to  16c.  or  16c.  in  our  money,  in  less  than  six  weeks." 

In  confirmation  of  wh»t  is  said  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  we  quote  the 
following  from  a  recent  number  of  the  Cotton  Supply  Reporter,  published  at 
Manchester,  England: 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE.  299 

"  We  Tentore  atlll  to  anticipate  better  things  of  India  as  a  cotton-growing 
country  than  we  have  yet  witnessed,  and  our  readers  will  find  in  our  pages  some 
additional  reasons  for  the  hope  that  is  in  us.  We  trust,  also,  that  the  recent 
changes  which  have  occurred  in  the  administration  of  Indian  affairs  ma^tend 
to  accelerate  its  accomplishment.  We  learn  with  satisfaction  that  efforts  at 
improvement  have  been  successfully  made  in  Khandeidh,  which  fully  justify  the 
conclusion  that  others  of  a  similar  character  would  be  attended  with  like  results. 
By  the  intelli^nt  and  zealous  exertions  of  the  collector  of  that  district,  a  belter 
description  of  seed  was  introduced  from  Berar,  and  the  re:)ult  has  been  the 
g^wth  of  a  quality  which  will  not  suffer  by  comparison  with  the  indigenous 
cotton  of  any  other  part  of  India.  During  the  period  of  Boarcity  the  ryots  of 
Khandei^h  found  a  ready  sale  for  their  cotton,  and  the  wealth  which  it  brought 
enabled  them  to  pay  their  debts  and  to  free  themselves  from  the  exactions  of  the 
rapacious  sowcars.  So  inferior,  however,  was  the  quality,  thaf  it  has  hitherto 
been  used  chiefly  for  purposes  of  adulteration,  and  has  been  purchased  since  the 
American  war  at  greatly  reducbd  prices.  Indeed,  it  is  stated  that  a  more  strin- 
gent Cotton  Frauds  Act  would  have  driven  Khandeish  cotton  entirely  out  of  the 
market  An  effectual  blow  has  at  length  been  struck  at  the  root  of  the  evil^ 
ftnd  by  the  introduction  of  Berar  seed,  and  the  growth  of  a  better  staple,  the 
cotton  of  this  district  has  been  raised  to  a  much  higher  place  than  it  has  ever 
before  attained.  The  success  achieved  is  likely  to  lead  to  a  larger  production  of 
cotton  in  Elhandeish  than  hitherto,  and  to  cause  lands  now  lying  waste,  to  be 
made  available  for  this  purpose.  This  is  one  of  the  means  by  which  Indian 
cotton  may  be  improved,  whilst  in  other  cases  the  introduction  of  exotic  seed 
and  better  methoos  of  agriculture  would  be  no  less  successful  A  writer  in  the' 
Bombay  QazetU,  referring  to  the  Nagpore  Exhibition,  and  the  benefits  which 
have  accrued  from  afi^rionltural  societies  in  England,  and  which  to  a  much 
greater  extend  might  be  expected  from  them  in  India,  pertinently  remarks  that 
*thepresent  prinutive  mode  of  cultivating  the  soil  might  be  improved  a  hun- 
dred-fold. The  cotton  manufacturers  of  the  world  look  to  us  to  supply  them 
with  the  material  necessary  to  keep  their  mills  at  work.  A  trade  worth  forty 
millions  sterling  a  year  is  but  waiting  our  acceptance.  We  shall  never  be  able 
to  avail  ourselves  of  this  offer,  unless,  by  superior  methods  of  cultivation,  the 
quantity  as  weil  as  the  quality  of  the  cotton  produced  in  this  country  be  in- 
creased and  improved.  It  is  said  by  some  people  that  we  cannot  grow  cotton 
of  a  quality  anything  at  all  approaching,  in  fineness  and  len^  of  staple,  to  that 
grown  in  the  iSouthern  States.  But  no  one  who  has  seen  tne  specimens  shown 
at  the  Nagpore  Exhibition  would  be  of  this  opinion.  Hitherto  the  experiment 
has  not  b^n  fairly  tried,  but  it  is  absurd  to  think  that  we  can  compete  on  equal 
terms  with  people  who  employ  all  the  most  recent  appliances  of  agriculture  in 
America,  whilst  we  are  content  to  nse  still  the  implements  of  husbandry  which 
were  known  to  the  world  at  least  two  thousand  years  ago.' 

"  What,  then,  is  the  remedy?  We  confidently  believe  the  one  which  has 
80  often  been  recommended,  the  appoint. nent  of  well-qualified  agricultural 
officers  in  certain  districts,  who  should  promote  in  every  practicable  way  an  im- 
proved cultivation  of  the  soil,  and  enable  the  ryot  of  India  to  understand  the 
wonderful  difference  which  would  be  produced,  both  in  the  quality  and  the 
quantity  of  a  crop,  by  a  better  system  of  agriculture  than  at  present  exists.  This 
would  be  of  incalculable  advantage,  not  only  as  regards  cotton,  but  flax,  and 
various  other  products.  The  people  need  instruction,  and  unless  the  Govern- 
ment supply  it  they  must  still  remain  in  i ,  norance ;  but,  by  affording  it,  the 
revenue  of  the  country  would  be  benefited,  whilst  the  general  prosperity  would 
be  greatly  enhanced.  The  examples  which,  from  time  to  time,  we  are  able  to 
adduce  of  what  can  bo  done  by  isolated  and  fitful  efforts,  afford  ample  proof  that 
it  is  not  Utopian  to  expect  and  to  seek  for  progress  and  improvement  in  Indian 
cotton  ;  and,  if  Government  wiU  only  encourage  similar  efforts,  and  afford  such 
aid  as  the  ignorance  and  inexperience  of  the  ryots  may  render  necessary,  we 
are  confident  that  the  cotton  of  India  may  be  raised  more  nearly  than  it  ever  has 
been  to  an  equality  with  that  of  other  countries. 


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300 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


"  We  commend  to  the  attention  of  our  readers  the  official  returns  of  the  im- 
port of  cotton  into  the  United  Kingdom  daring  the  pant  year.  The  number  of 
the  purees  of  t^apply,  and  the  erowing  importance  of  some  of  them,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  increasing  desire  in  all  directions  to  use  American  seed,  and 
to  produce  an  improved  quality,  afford  a  guarantee  that  we  shall  not  again 
become  subject  to  a  etate  of  dependence  which  has  proved  so  disastrous.  The 
large  quantity  of  New  Orleans  seed  now  on  the  way  to  Turkey  for  the  next  sow- 
ing  season,  and  which  the  Government  of  that  country  has  provided,  by  means 
of  the  Cotton  Supply  Association,  for  distribution,  cannot  fail  to  extend  and  im- 
prove the  growth  of^cotton  in  the  Ottoman  Empire.  With  increased  production 
in  Brazil,  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  Italy,  Turkey,  Egypt,  the  East 
and  West  Indies,  and  other  parts  of  the  world,  we  need  not  be  apprehensive  that 
the  stoppajre  of  any  one  source  of  supply,  however  important,  will  ever  again 
prove  a  serious  and  protracted  calamity.  Our  great  object  most  be  to  make  the 
most  of  the  resources  now  open  to  us.  and  to  continue  still  to  extend  and  improve 
the  growth  of  cotton  in  all  directions  and  by  every  practicable  means  within 
our  power.** 

2. —COTTON  CROP  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

TnxBE  are  no  means  of  obtaining  the  figures  which  show  the  production  of 
each  i^tton  State  from  year  to  year.  It  can  only  bo  known  what  is  received  at 
theports  which  include  often  several  States. 

Tike  total  receipts  in  bales  were  as  follows  : 


AU 
Porte 

1861 2,8?A000 

18W 8,0l&000 

1888 8,268,000 

1864 2,Wl,000 

1865 2,847,000 


At  New 
OrlMDt. 
996,086      1&56. 


All 
Ports. 

«,fl8»,pOO 

1,429,183      1857. 2,940,000 

1,664,864      1858 8,IH,000 

1,470,779      1S69 8,851,000 

1,281,768      1860 4,976,090 


ooTToa  OBOP  or  thb  vsirrBD  statss  (bxlbs  400  lbs.) 


I860.  18^. 

MlMlsslppi 1,902,607  434,992 

Alabama 989.956  609.429 

Louiilana...  777,788  178,787 

Georgia 701,810  499,091 

Tea* 481,468  68,<T2 

Arkansas 807,898  66^94 

Sooth  Oarolioa 85a412  800,901 

TeoDessee 296,467  194,589 

North  Oarollna 145,514  «0,545 


186a 

Florida 6^t58 

Missouri 41,183 

Virginia 19.72T 

nilnols 1,432 

Utah 180 

Kansas 61 

New  Mexico 19 


At  New 
Orleans. 
1,7601978 
1,MS,M8 
1,673,017 
1,774,296 
9,256,448 


I860. 
4^181 

89,477 


Total 6,837.062       9.446,798 


The  growth  of  cotton  during  the  years  1861  to  1865  in  the  United .  States 
averaged  about  1,000,000  of  bales  annually,  and  the  growth  for  1866  will  range 
betw««n  1,500,000  and  1,800,000  bales. 

8.— COST  OF  GROWING  COTTON  BY  FREE  LABOR. 

The  following  letter  written  by  a  gentleman  near  Chapel  Hill,  Texas,  has 
been  placed  in  our  hands  for  publication  : 

Ddab  Sir — ^The  preparing  and  planting  season  is  now  passed.  The  hard 
labor  necessary  to  make  the  crop  is  now  at  hand ;  then  the  rush  to  save  the 
crop  after  it  is  made  follows  immediately  thereafter.  Should  the  freed  labor 
continue  to  be  available  during  the  raakin<^  and  gathering  as  it  has  been  during 
the  preparatory  and  planting  portion  of  3ie  year  just  passed,  I  have  no  hesi- 
tancy in  saying  my  present  conviction  is  that  there  will  oe  a  very  small  d;tter- 
ence  in  the  cost  of  raising  cotton  bctw^n  the  present  system  of  labor  and  slave 
labor. 


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DEPARTMENT   OF   AQRICULTUEK.  301 

The  difference,  however,  will  be  in  freed  labor.  To  illustrate  the  average 
cost  of  hire  for  labor  formerly,  would  be  10  per  cent,  interest  on  the  capital  in 
the  average  cost  of  hands.     Say  capiial  $1,260. 

Interest  thereon  at  10  per  cent,  will  be |125 

Clothing,  taxes,  and  doctor's  bill  equal 40 

Making  the  cost  of  labor  for  the  j-ear $166 

The  full  value  of  handa  this  year  is  $16  per  month,  making  for  the  year.  .$180 
Deduct  for  taxes,  clothing,  and  doctor's  bills,  which  the  laborer  has  to 
pay 40 

Leaving  a  balance  to  the  laborer. $140 

As  shown  above,  there  will  be  the  amount  of  $26  per  year  in  favor  of  the 
present  cost  of  raising  cotton. 

The  cost  of  feeding  is  the  same  now  as  formerly. 

To  any  one  beginning  life,  or  in  other  words,  raising  cotton  without  an  in- 
heritance of  capital  in  a  certain  number  of  hands  as  formerly,  it  would  be  less 
cost  and  far  less  risk  of  capital  to  raise  cotton  now  than  at  any  other  period. 

4.— COTTON     AT  TWENTY- FIVE— WHAT  IT  WILL  NET  THE  PRO- 
DUCER. 

The  following  calculation  was  recently  made  in  Owachita  Parish,  Louisiana, 
and  shows  the  disastrous  effect  whicli  a  duty  of  three  or  ^ye  cents  per  pound 
-will  exercise  upon  the  cotton  interests  of  the  South : 

01088  P&0CSBD8  PBR  BALE. 

400  lbs.  at  25  cents $100.00 

BXPBN8BS. 

Hirer  freight,  per  bale $8.60     Oovemmcnt  weighing  and    branding, 

KIrer  Insurance, li  per  cent,  on  $180...    1.96         per  bale ^40 

Flr«  intaranco  on  gross  sales, f  percent.  Merchant's  drayage  and  weighing,  per 

on$100 75         bale 00 

U.  B.  lDt4.TnaI  rerenae,  5  cents  per  lb.  Si.x  yards  India  bagcing,  at  28  cents....    1.68 

CO  880  lbs 19.00      Six  pounds  rop«>,  at  16i  cents 99 

U.  S  excise  tax  on  g^ss  sales,  ^  per  Average  cost  of  repairs  per  bale. 1.00 

cent.on$100 18      ToUl  expenses,  per  bale  ($83) 88.00 

State  tax  on  gross  sales,  ^  per  cent  on  Total  expenses  per  lb.,  8^  cents 

$100 25     Net  proceed*  per  bale 67.00 

Brokerage  on  gross  sales,  i  per  cent  on  Net  proceeds  per  lb.,  16}  cenu 

$100 25 

Commissions  on  gross  sales,  2i  per  cent 

on  $100 2.50 

"  It  thus  appears  that  one- third  of  the  cotton  is  required  to  pay  the  expense  of 
celling  the  crop. 

Now  let  us  see  what  it  will  cost  to  produce  this  cotton. 

PUkKTATIOH  OF  PIFTT  HAKDS. 

Images  of  25  men,  at  $15  per  month. . .  $4,500  Gear  for  mules  and  harness  and  wagons      160 

lKrflge8or25women.  at$10permonth.  8,000      6)  barrels  mess  pork,  at  $80 1,800 

SSsk  of  loss  and  value  of  Labor  of  84  Bent  of  600  acres  of  land,  at  $10 6,000 

nral^ 1,700  Wages  of  the  overseer  or  proprietor...    1,000 

8,^00  bosbeU  of  corn,  at  $1.25 8,125     500  boshvls  cotton  seed,  at  $1.50 760 

19  tons  of  hay,  at  $80 860  Two  dollars  per  head  tax  to  Kieedmen's 

ST  double  plows,  at  $20 840         Bureau 100 

SO  colli vating  plows,  at  $12.50 250                                                                    

18«weeps,at  $10 180                      Total  cost $28,450 

13  Tosrs  plows  and  scrapers,  at  $12.60  150  Probable  crop,  7  bales  to  the  h-ind— 

8  dosen  hoes,  at  $15 45  50handsat  7  bales  each,  850  bales. 

S  dozen  axe^  at  $25 50     850  bales  cotton,  at  $67  per  bale $28,450 


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302  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTUBB. 

6.— THE  COTTON  SUPPLY  FOR  1866. 
The  followiDg  statement  appears  in  the  recent  English  journals : 
LIVEEPOOL  COTTOir  STATEMENT. 

eUPPLT. 


Estlm'd  additional 
to  be  ship*d  and       Total 
Stock  reodvod  thia        sup 


'TIU 


Jane  7.  At  f ea.  year. 

American  401.780  127,000  160,000  678,780 

Brarll 126.740  ....  100,000  226,740 

Egyptian 64880  i,     ....                 20,000  74,880 

Westlndla,&c 27,750  ....                70,000  97.750 

East  India 886,400  662,000  400,000  1,848.460 

China 2,210  WIO                   ....  11,620 

Total 993,770  889,810  740,800  2,487,080 

OOHSUMPTIOX. 


Av'ge  taken  per  w'k  up  to  date.  At  same  rate  Leaving 

/                 »  ■ »  to  Dec.  81  In  stock 

Trade.       Kxport         Total  w'ld  require.  Dec  81.     Tefldent 

American 18,280            6,020          28,260             674,260  4,4S0 

Brazil ^607            2,661             8,158             286,6e«  ....  10842 

8,674               490             4,164              120,766  ....  46,876 


Test  India,  &c 1,469  163  1.622  47,088  60.712 

Bast  India 18,876  6,940  20,816  608.664  744.796 

China 26  67  92  2,668  8,8^2 

Total .42,781  16,882  68,102  1,634,956  808,840  66,718 

Stock  American  and  India  os  above,  bales 808.840 

Less  deficiency  in  supply  of  Brazil  and  Rgyptlan 66,718 

Estimated  remaining  stock 762 1 22 

Commenting  npon  the  above  statistics,  a  recent  writer  who  signs  himself 
C.  A.  E.  makes  the  following  judicious  remarks: 

The  above  statement  was  received  from  Liverpool  to  prove  that  cotton  onght 
to  remain  low  for  the  balance  of  the  year,  but  it  looks  like  an  argument  in  favor 
of  American  cotton. 

The  first  thing  that  strikes  an  observer  is  the  deficiency  to  be  shown  on  3l8t 
December,  1 866,  in  all  long- stapled  cottons.  What  must  be  the  re.»ult.  supposing 
the  estimates  of  the  quantity  of  these  kinds  to  be  received  the  balance  of  the 
year  to  be  correct?  The  consumption  of  Brazil  and  Egjptinn  cottons  must  be 
reduced,  as  the  stock  diminishes  and  prices  rise  in  consequence,  and  the  demand 
for  Ameiican  cort-espondingly  increased.  The  same  result  must  follow  as  to 
American,  viz. :  Increased  consumption,  decrease  of  slock  and  rise  in  price,  and 
spinners  will  be  obliged  to  take  more  largely  of  Surats. 

llie  rcquirem«'nts  of  the  trade  and  exporters  is  estimated  for  the  29  remaining 
weeks  of  this  year  at  the  snme  rate  as  for  the  28  weeks  from  1st  January  to  7th 
June  This  allows  nothing  for  increase  of  consumption  on  account  of  lower 
prices,  ihe  trade  took  for  the  firrt  28  weeks,  per  week  42,781,  and  exporters 
15,321,  total  68,102.  and  the  average  prices  of  middling  American  during  that 
time  was  about  17  l-2d.,  and  of  fair  Dhollemh  about  14d.  But  taken  the  past 
six  weeks  when  the  prices  averaged  18  8-4d.  for  American  and  9  6-8d.  for 
Dhollerah,  the  trade  took  per  week  60,022,  exporters  16,024,  total  66,046  bales. 

The  eaiimate  of  400,0«  0  bales  of  Surats  to  oe  shipped  and  received  the  bal- 
ance of  the  year,  besides  the  great  quantity  now  on  the  way  to  Liverpool, 
appears  to  be  too  large  unless  prices  advance.  Will  not  the  present  low  prices 
have  the  friuie  efiect  in  India  as  they  had  in  the  spring  of  last  y^ar  ?  Will  not 
less  cotton  be  planted,  and  more  used  in  the  factories  there,  as  is  the  case  now  in 
China?  C.  A.  E, 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE.  333 

6.— CULTIVATION  OF  SUGAR  IN  FLORIDA. 

Thk  following  views  upon  this  subject  are  taken  from  a  fonhcoming  history 
of  Florida  which  Is  now  being  published  in  serial  numbers  by  L.  D.  Slickney, 
Jacksonville.  Florida: 

The  objection  urged  agiunst  the  cultivation  of  sugar  in  Florida  is  the  light- 
ness and  dryness  pf  the  land.  In  the  Mauritius  the  soil  is  generally  shallow  and 
not  yery  productive,  owing  to  its  dryness.  The  mean  annual  heat  is  about  76 
F.  The  rainy  season  corresponds  to  that  of  tropical  Florida,  with  an  average 
fall  of  rain  throughout  the  year  of  about  thirty-eight  inches.  The  chief  article 
of  cultivation  is  sugar.  The  canes  are  planted  in  the  usual  manner,  though  the 
fields  present  one  peculiarity — the  surface  of  the  ground  in  its  original  state  was 
covered  with  loose  rocks  and  stones ;  these  have  been  formed  into  parallel 
ridges,  about  three  or  four  feet  apart,  and  between  the  cane  is  planted.  The 
cultivators  are  of  opinion  that  these  ridges  instead  of  being  injurious  to  the  cane, 
are  rather  advantageous ;  they  retard  the  growth  of  we(Ss,  shade  and  protect 
the  young  cane  from  the  yiolent  winds  and  retain  moisture  which  reaches  the 
roots  of  the  cane. 

Before  the  introdiiction  of  guano  as  a  fertilizer,  the  product  was  about  2.000 
pounds  of  sugar  to  the  acre ;  out  the  increase  since  the  application  of  the  guano 
has  been  so  extraordinary  as  to  be  scarcely  credible.  In  ordinary  seasons,  the 
produt-e  has  been  from  6,000  to  7,000  pounds,  and,  under  peculiarly  favorable 
circumstances,  it  has  even  reached  8.000  pounds  to  the  acre.  The  proportion  of 
guano  used  is  about  five  hundred  pounds  to  the  acre.  The  true  cultivators, 
it  is  evident,  are  those  who  put  most  into  the  land  and  get  most  out  of  it — those 
who  give  little  receive  accordingly.  An  English  tenant  of  Lord  Yarborough's 
boasted  that  he  made  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  out  of  his  farm  by  em- 
ploying bones  before  other  people  knew  the  use  of  them.  Another  English  agri- 
culturist expended  fifteen  thousand  dollars  a  year  in  manures,  and  a  like  sum 
annually  in  wages  on  twelve  hundred  acre:^ ;  the  result  was  a  net  income  of 
twenty  eight  thousand  d«  liars.  In  that  country  the  farmer  works  for  money 
profits,  his  farm  resembles  a  manufactory,  producing  on  a  limited  surface  enor- 
mous quantities  of  food  for  man,  turning  Peruvian  guano  into  corn,  bones  from 
the  pampas  into  roots,  Russian  oil  cake,  Egyptian  beans,  Syrian  locust  pods  into 
beef  and  mutton.  Our  backwoodsman,  wlio  farms  merely  to  feed  his  family, 
loses  by  rude  implements,  ignorant  cultivation,  and  coarse-bred  live  stock,  just 
in  proportion  as  the  intelligent  Englishman  gains  by  improved  machinery, 
scientific  agriculture,  dcvons  and  south  downs.  A  ready  means  ot  exchange  is 
the  mainspring  of  profitable  husbandry  and  stimulates  cultivation.  '*  It  is  well 
known,"  says  Sir  John  Sinclair.  "  that  the  best  cultivated  districls  are  those 
which  possess  the  greatest  facility  of  internal  communication,  without  which 
agriculture  languishes  in  the  most  fruitful  soil,  and  with  it,  the  most  ungrateful 
soil  becomes  fertile." 

The  cane  which  depends  so  much  on  climate  for  profitable  culture,  ripens  in 
Venezuela  where  the  mean  temperature  is  82  F.  in  eleven  months ;  where  the 
mean  is  78  F^twelve  months  are  required  ;  where  74  F.  fourteen  months,  and 
where  67  F.  sixteen  months.  It  is  far  more  difiScult,  however,  to  extract  the 
saccharine  matter  from  the  cane  after  it  is  grown  than  to  produce  it  in  perfection 
in  the  tropics.  To  arrive  at  complete  success  in  that  department,  the  practice  of 
other  countries  must  be  studied.  Ou  the  southern  coast  of  Spain,  in  a  region 
limited  by  Almeria  on  the  east  and  Malaga  on  the  we^t,  bounded  on  the  north 
by  mountain  ranges  and  on  the  south  by  the  Mediterranean,  is  a  tract  of  land 
which,  so  far  as  its  climate  and  productions  are  concerned,  may  be  denominated 
tropical  In  it  the  date,  palm,  indigo,  cott<»n  and  tugar-cane  flourish  with  vigor, 
yielding  products  equal  in  quantity  and  quality  to  those  of  the  tropics  them- 
eelves. 

The  sugar-cane  has  been  stated  by  most  writers  to  contain  not  more  than 
ten  per  cent,  of  solid,  non-saccharine  matter,  leaving  ninety  per  cent,  of  juice  to 
be  exiracted.  Of  the  ninety  per  cent,  scarcely  fifty  per  cent,  are  actually  ex- 
tracted.    Cane  juice  itself  has  u&ually  been  stated  to  contain  from  seventeen  to 


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304  DEPARTMENT  OP  AGRICULTURE. 

twenty-three  per  cent,  of  crystalline  sugar,  of  which  seven  per  cent,  i^  aciuaUy 
extracted,  making  a  loss  of  forty  per  cent.  In  this  Spanish  district  seventy  and 
seventv-five  per  cent,  are  yiehied.  The  cane  is  passed  through  tlic  rollers  of 
the  mill  four  <ir  five  times,  until  the  refuse  of  the  cat>e  is  reduced  to  a  state 
of  disaggregation  resembling  ground  tan.  After  the  cane  has  finally  left 
the  mill  it  is  immediately  subjected  to  the  operation  of  pressing  by  the 
agency  of  screw  or  hydrostatic  force,  and  by  this  latter  proceaa  thirteen  per 
cent  of  juice  is  extracted  which  is  richer  in  sugar  ihan  juice  yielded  by  the  mill. 
Acetate  of  lead  and  sulphurous  acid  are  used  a)  purifying  agents  instead  of  lime ; 
hence,  of  the  ninety  per  cent,  of  juice,  eighty-eight  per  cent,  have  actually  been 
extracted  as  a  practicaljresult. 

7._T0BACC0  PROSPECrra  OF  1866. 

We  condense  the  following  from  the  tobacco  reports  of  the  Louisville 
Courier,  a  high  authority  upon  this  subject : 

On  the  Ut  of  March,  1866,  tlie  stock  of  American  tobacco  in  the  world  was  as 
follows : 

Hhds. 

In  London 24,221 

In  Liverpool 27,260 

In  Bremen 6,684 

In  Baltimore , 1>^,223 

In  New  York 27,891 

In  New  Orhans 4,346 

Estimated  to  bo  in  the  planter's  hand  and  at  Louisville 60,000 

Total 168,116 

This  quantity,  158.116  hhds.,  looks  largo,  yet  it  should  be  recollected  that  there 
was  raieed  in  the  United  States  during  the  year  1860  the  quantity  of  434,209,614 
pounds,  which,  put  into  hhds.,  say  of  1,600  pounds  each,  would  make  the 
quantity  expressed  in  hhds.  equal  to  289,000.  The  present  stock  of  tobacco  in 
the  wtirld,  it  wiU  be  seen,  is  now  only  a  fraction  over  half  the  entire  crop  of 
American  growth  of  tobacco  in  the  United  States  previous  to  the  war. 

Stock  of  North  American  tobacco  in  the  principal  markets  of  the  world  on 
1st  of January,  1866: 

Hhds. 

New  York 86.184 

Baltimore 22,297 

New  Orleans 1 ,929 

Louisville 8,049 

St  L«»uis 1,600 

Boston 386 

Virginia 10.660 

London 22,398 

Liverpool 87,900 

Other  British  porta 8,466 

North  Europe ' 200 

Amsterdam '. 665 

Rotterdam 1,613 

Antwerp 2.156 

Bremen  and  Hamburg , 8,200 

8.— THE  RUINED  SUGAR  INTERESTS  OF  LOUISIANA. 

The  Hon.  E.  I.  Forstall,  of  New  Orleans,  who  has  devoted  to  the  question  of 
the  sngur  interests  of  Louisiana  more  attention,  perhaps,  than  any  man  in 
America,  has  written  an  elabonite  and  interesting  letter  upon  it,  from  which  we 
take  pleasure  in  extracting  as  follows  : 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTaRE.  805 

Hbds 

Crop  1861-2,  (Champomier's  Ri-port) 459,410 

Number  of  sngar  estates  in  operation 1,292 

Crop  1868-4 ,.     6,760 

Number  of  sugar  estaCes  in  operation 180 

The  excise  of  3  cents  now  levied  upon  our  sugars  would  haye  produced  upon 
such  a  crop  as  that  of  1861-2,  say  : 

Sugar,  459,410,000  lbs.,  at  3c $l8,'r82,800 

Mdasaes,  36,751,800  galls.,  at  5c 1,887,640 

915,619,940 
The  excise  on  crop  of  1868-4  was  about  as  follows : 

Sugar,  6,750,000  lbs.,  at  8c $202,500 

Kdasses,  405,000  galls.,  at  5c 20,260 

$222,760 

This  lax  now  (December,  1865,)  so  trifling  for  the  National  Treasury,  after 
deducting  expenses  of  collection,  is  pressing  most  heavily  upon  the  180  estates 
yet  stniegling  for  life ;  grinding  canes  to  pay  expenses,  while  every  cane  should 
be  saveofor  seed,  now  nearly  exhausted  in  Ibis  country  t 

The  sugiir  industry  of  Louisiana  up  to  1861-2  was  in  a  most  flourishing  con- 
dition, and  the  capital  invented  was  estimated  at,  in  round  numbers,  $200,- 
000,000. 

To  wit :     1,292  sugar  estates,  valued  as  follows : 

1,009  boiling  houses,  with  tlieir  engines,  rolling  mills,  costly  sugar 
apparatus,  villages  for  the  people,  stables,  barns,  Ac,  at  an 

average  of  $50,000  each. $50,450,000 

288  boiling  houses,  with  their  horse  power,  rolling  mills,  sugar 
apparatus,  stables,  barns,  villages,   Ac,  at  an  average  of 

$20,000  each 5,660,000 

Lands,  about  1,000  acres  to  each  estate,  say  1,292,000  acres 

at  $20 25,840,000 

1,292  $81,950,000 

Rolling  stock,  myles,  horses,  oxen,  wagons,  carts,  Ac,  Ac, 

say  at  least  $10,oOO  per  estate $12,920,000 

Slaves,  about  139,000  in  families,  of  all  ages,  at  an  average 

of  fully  $760  per  person $104,254,0o0.f  117,170,000 

$199,120,000 

The  product  of  this  investment  was  the  largest  ever  raised  in  Louisiana,  and 
consequently  presents  the  culture   under  its  most  favorable  aspect,  the  net 
profits  being  estimated,  as  in  the  following  statement,  At  12  1-2  per  cent. : 
Crops   1861-2,    "  Champomier's    Report,*'    459,410    hhds.     sugar, 

459,410,000  lbs.,  at  an  average  of  7c $82,158,100 

36,7.')2,8uO  galls,  molasses,  at  20c 7,:350,660 

$89,508,660 
Maintenance  of  189,000  slaves,  as  above 13,900,000 

Net  profit $25,608,660' 

VOL  II.-NO.  n.  20 


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306  DEPARTMENT  OF  CX)MMERCE. 

Fixed  expenses,  irrespective    of  crops,    for    the   maintenance    «f 

189,000  slaves, as  above #..  .$1 8,900^000 

or  about  85  per  cent,  of  gross  profits. 

Planter's  profits  to  cover  interest  and  wear  and  tear ^,,^ 26,698,660 

or  about  65  per  cent  of  the  gross  profits. 

939,508,660 
or  about  12  1-2  per  cent  to  cover  interest  and  wear  and  tear. 

The  precariou8ne.«s  of  the  culture  is  shown  by  a  comparison  of  these  favorable 
results  with  those  of  the  previous  year,  as  fallows : 
Crop  of  1860-1  (Champomier's  Report),   228,768  hhds.   of  1,000 

lbs.  each,  228,768,000  lbs.,  at  7c '. |16,012.710 

17,740,240  galls,  molasses,  at  20c 8,548,048 

$19,560,768 
Maintenance  of  1 89,000  slaves,  one-half  non-producers,  being  too  old 
or  too  young  to  work,  say  $100  per  person,  being  about  the 
ay^age  on  all  well-managed  estates 13,900,000 

Net  proceeds $6,660,758 

Fixed  expenses  for  the  maintenance  of  189,000  slaves,  as  above. . .  .$18,900,000 

or  about  72  per  cent  of  ihe  gross  profits. 
Planter's  profits  to  cover  interest  and  wear  and  tear 6,660,578 

or  about  28  per  cent  of  the  gross  profits. 

$19,660,758 
or  2.80  per  cent  on  an  invested  capital  of  $200,000,000. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

l.—THE  CITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS  AND  ITS  COLOSSAL  GROWTH. 

In  our  recent  numbers  wo  have  furnished  very  full  information  in  reference 
to  the  progress  of  the  great  cities  of  New  Orleans,  Cincinnati,  Louisville  and 
Memphis,  and  shall  now  devote  a  few  pages  to  bt  Louis,  which  is  making  the 
most  desperate  struggles  to  control  the  trade  of  the  i^outh.  We  have  frequently 
referred  to  her  progress  in  the  thirty  odd  volumes  of  the  Review  which  have 
appeared.  In  the  next  few  months  we  shall  present  a  vast  amount  of  statistics 
in  regard  to  our  citiea 

St  Louis  is  20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  200  above  that  of  the 
Ohio ;  1,200  miles  from  New  Orleans,  800  from  St  Paul,  1,000  from  New  York, 
and  2,300  from  San  Francisco.  It  is  the  geographical  cenrte  of  a  valley 
which  contains  1,200,000  square  miles — 16,000  miles  of  river  navigation  belong 
to  her.  She  has  a  population  of  2()0,000 ;  an  area  eight  miles  by  three,  and  a 
real  and  personal  t  stale  valuation  of  over  $100,(jOO,000.  A  mile  and  a  half  of 
steamboats  sometimes  meet  the  eye  upon  her  levee. 

The  commerce  of  nearly  1 .000  miles  of  railroad  in  Missouri  is  brought  to  her 
doors,  and  more  than  10,000  miles  are  projected  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  great  Pacific  Railroad  is  o\  en  by  this  time  tp  Fort  Riley,  448  miles 
from  St  Louis,  and  6,000  men  are  employed  upon  the  magnificent  work. 

"  The  growth  of  St  Louis,"  we  quote  from  a  paper  by  S.  W  aterhouse,  which 
has  been  sent  to  us,  though  greatly  retarded  by  social  institutions,  has  been 
rapid.    The  population  of  the  city  iu — 

1840 was 16,467 

1850 "    77,860 

1860 "    160,778 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  307 

At  the  lowest  rate  of  decennial  increase,  St.  Louis  in  1900  would  contaki 
more  than  1,000,000  inhabitants.  This  number  certainly  seems  to  exceed  the 
present  probability  of  realixtttion.  but  the  future  growth  of  St.  Loui:?,  vitalized 
by  the  mightiest  forces  of  a  free  civilisation,  and  quickened  by  the  exchanges  of 
a  continental  commerce,  ought  to  surpass  the  rapidity  of  its  past  develi»pmcnti" 
The  imports  of  the  city  in  1865  reached  $285,873,875.  Her  manufacturing 
products  in  1860  was  $21,772,828.  The  number  of  arrivals  of  barges,  can^l 
and  steamboats  was  8,875.  Her  bankins^  capital,  outside  of  private  bankers, 
was  $12,500,000.  In  one  half  year  30  boats  sailed  to  Fort  ^nton,  Montana, 
which  is  more  than  3,000  miles  distant. 

The  overland  trade  across  the  plains  has  increased  from  $8,000,000,  in  1861, 
to  $21,500,000  in  1865. 

The  commerce  of  St  Louis  with  the  Territories  by  the  statistics  of  the  Over- 
land Dispatch  Company,  1865,  was 

bomber  of  passengers  East  and  West  by  the  overland  coaches. . .  4,800 
*•                    "                   *'            by  trains  and  private  con- 
veyances.              50,000 

Number  of  wagons 8,000 

"  cattle  and  mules 100,000 

Pounds  of  freight  to  Plattsmouth 8,0o0,000 

"  Leavenworth  City 6,000,000 

"  Santa  Fe 8.000,000 

St.  Joseph : 10,0<»0,000* 

"  Nebraska  City. 15,000.000 

Atchison 26,000,000 

Government  Freight 50,000,000 

Total  number  of  pounds 117,000,000 

Amount  of  treasure  carried  by  express $3,000,000 

**  "  by  private  conveyance 30,000,000 

During  the  war  the  United  States  Commiifsary  and  Quartermaster's  Depart- 
ment disbursed  in  Missouri  $230,000,000. 

AVe  close  with  the  following  remarks  by  Mr.  Waterhouse : 

"  But  St.  Louis  can  never  realise  its  splendid  possibilities  without  effort 
The  trade  of  the  vast  domain  Iving  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  south  of 
the  Missouri  River  is  naturally  tributary  to  this  mart.  St  Louis,  by  the 
exercise  of  forecast  and  vigor,  can  easily  control  the  commerce  of  1,00'>.000 
square  miles.  But  there  is  urgent  need  of  exertion.  Chicago  is  an  energetic 
rival.  Its  lines  of  railroad  pierce  every  portion  of  the  Northwest  It  draws 
an  immense  commerce  by  iu  network  of  railways. 

"  The  meshes  which  so  closely  interlace  all  the  adjacent  country  gather  rich 
treasures  from  the  tides  of  commerce.  Chicago  is  vigorously  extending  its  lines 
of  road  across  toward  the  Missouri  River.  The  completion  of  these  roads  will 
inevitably  divert  a  portion  of  the  Montana  trade  from  this  city  to  Chicago. 
The  energy  of  an  unlineal  competitor  may  usurp  the  legitimate  honors  of  the 
imperial  heir.  St  Louis  cannot  afford  to  continue  the  masterly  inactivity  of 
the  old  regime,  A  traditional  and  passive  trust  in  the  efficacy  of  natural  ad- 
vantages will  no  longer  be  a  sufe  policy.  St  Louis  must  make  exertions  equal 
to  its  strength  and  worthy  of  its  opportunities.  It  must  not  only  form  g^eat 
plans  of  commerciel  empire,  but  must  execute  them  with  an  energy  defiant  of 
Dailura  It  must  complete  its  projected  railroads  to  the  mountains,  and  span 
the  Mississippi  at  2St  Louis  with  a  bridge  whose  solidity  of  masonry  shall 
equal  the  massiveness  of  Roman  architecture,  and  whose  grandeur  shall  be 
commensurate  with  the  future  greatness  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  struc- 
ture whose  arches  will  bear  the  transit  of  a  continental  commerce  should  vie 
m'ith  the  great  works  of  all  time,  and  be  a  monument  to  distant  ag^  of  the  tri- 
umph of  civil  engineering  and  the  material  glory  of  the  Great  Republia 

'*  '1  he  initial  steps  for  the  erection  of  a  bridge  across  the  Missouri  at  St 
Charles  have  already  been  taken.  The  work  should  be  pushed  forward  with 
untiring  energy  to  its  consummation. 


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808    .  DEPARTMENT   OF  OOMMERCK. 

"  The  effect  of  improTements  upon  the  business  of  ihe  city  may  be  illustrated 
by  the  operutione  of  our  city  elevator.  The  elevator  cost  $450,000,  and  has  a 
capacity  of  1,250,000  bushels.  It  is  able  to  handle  100^000  bushels  a  dny.  It 
began  to  receive  grain  last  October.  Before  the  1  st  of  January  its  receipts 
amounted  to  600,000  busheU,  200,000  of  which  were  brought  direclfy  frtnn 
Chicago,  Grain  can  now  be  shipped  by  way  of  St  Louis  and  New  Oilcans 
to  New  York  and  Europe  10  cents  a  bushel  cheaper  than  it  can  be  carried  to 
the  Atlantic  by  rail. 

"The  facilities  which  our  elevator  affords  for  the  movement  of  cereals,  have 
given  rise  to  at  new  system  of  transportation.  The  Mississippi  Yalley  Trans- 
portation Company  has  been  organized  for  the  conveyance  of  grain  to  New 
Orleans  in  barges.  Steam  tugs  of  inmiense  strength  have  been  built  for  the 
use  of  the  company.  They  carry  no  freight.  They  are  simply  the  motive 
power.  They  save  delay  by  taking  fuel  for  the  round  trip.  Landing  only  at 
the  large  cities,  they  stop  barely  long  enough  to  attach  a  loaded  barge.  By  this 
j^onomv  of  time  and  steady  movement,  they  t^qnal  the  speed  of  steamboats. 
The  Mohawk  made  its  first  trip  from  St.  Louis  in  six  days  with  ten  barges  in 
tow.  The  management  of  the  largee  is  precisely  like  tliat  of  freight  cars.  The 
barges  are  loaded  in  the  absence  of  tlio  tug.  The  tug  arrives,  leaves  a  train  of 
bargee,  takes  another  and  proceeds.  The  tug  itself  is  always  at  work.  It  does 
not  lie  at  the  levee  while  the  barges  are  loading.  Its  longest  stoppage  is  made 
lor  fuel 

**  Steamboats  are  obliged  to  remain  in  port  two  or  three  days  for  the  ship- 
ment of  freight  The  heavy  expense  which  this  delay  and  the  necessity  for 
large  crews  involve,  is  a  g^ave  objection  to  the  old  system  of  transportation. 
The  service  of  the  steam  tug  requires  but  few  men,  and  the  cost  of  running  is 
relatively  light" 

2.— STEAMBOAT  IXPLOSIONS  IN  THE  WEST. 
The  following  refers  ouly  to  the  destruction  of  steamers  by  explosions,  and 
makes  up  a  VAry  melancholy  list,  and  yet  it  tells  but  apart  of  the  great  loss  of 
life  on  the  Western  waters  hy  steamboat  accidents.    The  list  is  incomplete. 
Date.  Lives  Lost 

1816.  June  9,  Washington,  boiler  exploded  at  Marietta,  Ohio  River 9 

1817.  Constitution,  &]ay  4,  boiler  exploded  at  Pt  Cpee,  Mississippi  Riyer,    SO 

1825.  Teche,  May  5,  Misssissippi 20 

1830.  Helen  McGregor,  Feb.  24,  boilers  exploded  at  Memphis,  Tenn 60 

188A.  Ben.  Franklin,  March  12,  Mobile,  boilers  exploded 20 

1886.  Rob  Roy,  June  9,  Misssissippi  River,  boilers  exploded 17 

1837.  Chariton,  July  28,  Upper  Mississippi,  boilers  exploded 9 

1837.  Dubuque,  Aug.  16,  Upper  Mississippi,  flue  collapsed 21 

1837.  Black  Hawk,  Dec.  81,  Red  River,  boilers  exploded 60 

1888.  Oronoko,  April  21.  Mississippi,  flue  collapst^ 109 

1888.  Moselle,  April  25,  Cincinnati,  boilers  exploded B5 

1888.  Gen.  Brown,  Nov.  25.  Mississippi,  boilers  exploded 55 

1838.  Augusta,  Dec.  3,  Mississippi,  boilers  exploded 7 

1839.' George  Collier,  May   5,    Mississippi,    piston    rod  broke  and   ran 

through,  carrying  away  boiler  stand 36 

1839.  Wilmington,  Nov.  18,  Missir'sippi,  boilers  exploded 25 

1840.  Walker,  Nov.  8,  Lake  Pontchartrain,  boilers  exploded 9 

1 840.  Persian,  Nov.  2.  Mississippi,  flues  collapsed 26 

1 844.  Lucy  Walker,  Oct  25,  Ohio  River,  boilers  exploded. 25 

1845.  Elizabeth,  April  3,  Mississippi,  flue  collapsed 6 

1845.  Marquette,  July  14,  New  Orleans,  boilers  exploded 80 

Ib^  /.  A.  N.  Johnson,  Dec.  80,  Ohio  River,  boilers  exploded 74 

184b.  Edward  Bates,  Aug.  9,  Mississippi,  flues  collap-ed 58 

1848  Concordia,  Sept  16,  Mississippi,  boilers  exploded 28 

1849.  Virjfinia,  Match  81,  Ohio  River,  boilers  exploded 14 

1849  Louisiana,  Nov.  15,  New  Orleans,  boilers  exploded 150 

1851 .  St  Joseph,  Jan.  12,  Arkansas  River,  boilerB  exploded 18 


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DEPARTMENT  OP  THE  FREEDMEN.  309 

1850,  Anglo-Normaii.  New  Orleans,  hoilera  exploded 100 

1850.  Kate  Flemmin^,  Oct  6,  Oliio  River,  boilers  exploded. 9 

1850.  Knox^ille.  Dec  11.  New  Orleans,  flues  collapsed 19 

1851.  Ore<2^on,  March  2,  Mississippi,  boilers  exploded 19 

1852.  Pocahontiis,  March  14.  Arkansas  River,  flues  collapsed 8 

1852.  Red  Stone,  April  2,  Ohio  River,  boilers  exploded, 40 

1852.  Glnncoe,  April  9,  St  Louis,  boilers  exploded 60 

1852.  Saluda,  April  9,  Missouri  River,  boiler*  exploded 27 

1852.  Franklin  Na  8,  A  use.  22,  Upper  Mississippi,  flues  collapsed 20 

1853.  Steamer  Bee,  near  Evansville 9 

1854.  Kate  Kearney,  Feb.  16,  Mississippi -. 16 

1854.  llraf»on  No.  2.  Auar.  26,  Mississippi 19 

1854.  Raindeer,  collapsed  flues.  March  13,  Mississippi 40 

1855.  Lexington,  Ohio  River,  June  30 6 

1855.  Lancai^ter,  July  81,  burst  steam-pipe,  Ohio  River 5 

1855.  Heroine,  March  13,  Tombigbee 8 

1856.  Metropolis,  March,  Ohio  River. 11 

1857.  Forest  Rose,  May,  Mi^^sissippi, 11 

1857.  Fanny  Fern.  January  29,  Ohio  River 20 

1857.  Cataract  November  18,  burst  a  mud-ram,  Mississippi  River li 

1857.  Buckeye  Belle,  November  26,  boilers  exploded,  Mississippi  River, 

loss  not  known ^ 

1858.  Titanla.  October  12.  flues  collapsed.  Mississippi  River 1 

1859.  Prin.-ess.  February  27  boilers  explode),  Mississippi  River 70 

1859.  St  Nicholas.  April  24.  boilers  exploded.  Mississippi  River 46 

1859.  Hiawatha.  October  1,  burst  steam  pipe,  Missouri  River 2 

1860.  John  C.  Calhoun.  April  29.  exploded  boilers.  Chattahoochee  River...  ^  6 

I860.  Sara  Gaty.  April,  boilers  exploded.  Ohio  Rivar 2 

1360.  Ben.  Lewis,  June  25,  exploded  boilers  at  the  month  of  the  Ohio 

River  ... .' 21 

1860.  W.  V.  Gilman.  November  26.  explode  1,  Kentucky  River 8 

1861.  Medora,  June  12,  exploded  boilers,  Ohio  River 4 

1862.  Monongahela,  Feb.  20,  boilers  exploded.  Ohio  River 4 

1862.  Commodore  Perry,  August  2.  exploded  boilers,  Louisville  Wharf....  1 

1862.  St«'amer  I  Go.  boiler  exploded,  Ohio  River 3 

1862.  Advance  exploded,  Ohio  Ktver. 8 

1863.  OUie  Sullivan.  February  24.  flues  collapsed,  Ohio  River 8 

1864.  *Malra,  Missismppi  River,  boilers  exploded,  lo<s  not  known..  .-^ 

1865.  Snliana,  April  27.  boilers  exploded.  Mississippi  River 1,647 

1865.  Ben  Levi.  March  19,  boilers  exploded,  Missit^sippi  River. 6 

1865.  Nimrod,  Sept  23,  boilers  exploded,  port  of  Pittsburgh 6 


DEPARTMENT  OF  TBE  FREEDMEN. 

1.— LAWft  OF  THE  SEVERAL  SOUTHERN  STATES  REGULATING  TOE 
STATUS,  RIGHTS.  AND  CONDITION  UF  THE  FREEDMEN. 

No.  1. — ^Tkm.nessee. 

We  shall  proceed  with  this  series  of  papers  from  month  to  month,  and  will 
have  it  in  our  power  to  show  that  the  course  pursued  by  the  South  in  regard  to 
this  unfortunate  class  of  people  is  liberal,  generous,  and  altogether  as  humane 
and  t'quitable  as  the  l^islation  of  any  country  in  the  world,  under  simi- 
lar ciicum««iance8.  It  is  impos-^ble  that  civil  rights  ran  be  conferred  faster  with 
all  due  deference  to  the  interests  of  civil  siiciety.  As  well  give  the  elective 
franchise  and  the  right  to  hold  the  highest  office  to  the  immigrant  as  he  touches 

*Tabalar  boilera 


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810  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE   FKEEDMEN. 

oar  shores  from  abroad ;  as  well  let  the  child  regulate  the  affairs  of  the  &mily 
as  to  proceed  with  more  rapid  pace  in  the  eleyation  of  a  class  so  helpless  and 
.  ignorant  as  the  ne^rro. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  South  will  do  its  whole  duty. 

We  request  our  friends  in  all  of  the  States  to  send  us  the  laws  and  regula- 
tions that  have  been  or  may  be  adopted  by  State,  County,  or  Corporation  aa- 
thority.    (Editor.) 

.  Tbnnbsbee. — Act  Nov.  6,  1865.  Colored  insane  to  be  provided  for  in  a  8ei>a- 
rate  building  connected  with  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum. 

AoT  Jak.  25,  1865.  Colored  persons  may  as  well  as  white  persons  obtain 
license  to  pursue  any  business  or  arocation. 

Acrr  Mat  25,  1865.  Persons  of  African  and  Indian  descent  rendered  compe- 
tent witnesses  in  the  courts  of  the  State. 

,  Act  Mat  26,  1865.  Estates  of  free  persons  of  color  which  could  not  pass 
to  slave  offspring,  may  be  taken  by  them  since  thetr  enfranchisement. 

Act  samb  date! 

**  All  Negroes,  Mulattoes,  Mestizoes,  and  their  descendants,  having  any  African 
blood  in  their  reins,  shall  be  known  in  this  State  as  ^  Persons  of  Culor.' 

Sec  2.  Be  U/uHhrr  enacted^  That  persons  of  color  have  the  right  to  make  and 
enforce  contracts,  to  sue  and  be  sued,  to  be  parties  and  give  evidence,  to  inbent, 
and  to  have  full  and  equal  benefits  of  all  laws  and  proceedings  for  the  security  of 
person  and  estate,  and  shall  not  be  subject  to  any  other  or  different  punishment, 
pains  or  penalty^  for  the  commission  of  any  act  or  offence,  than  such  aa  are  pre- 
scribed for  white  persons  committing  like  acta  or  offences. 

Sbc.  8.  BeUfurtfur  enacted.  That  all  persons  of  color,  being  blind,  deaf  and 
dumb,  lunatics,  paupers,  or  apprentices,  shall  have  the  full  and  perfect  benefit  and 
application  of  all  laws  regulating  and  providing  for  white  persons,  being  blind  or 
deaf  and  dumb  or  lunatics  or  paupers  or  either  (in  asylums  for  tbeir  benefit)  and 
apprentices. 

Sao.  4.  Be  il  further  enacted.  That  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  and  laws,  inconsistent 
herewith,  are  hereby  repealed:  Pi-oviledy  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  con- 
strued as  to  admit  persons  of  color  to  serve  on  the  jury :  And  prooided  further^ 
That  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  require  the  educa- 
tion of  colored  and  white  children  in  the  same  school. 

Sac.  5.    Be  U  further  enacted.  That  all  tree  persons  of  color  who  were  living  to- 

f  ether  as  husband  and  wife  in  this  State,  while  in  a  state  of  slavery,  are  hereby 
eclared  to  be  man  and  wife,  and  their  children  legitimately  entitled  to  an  inheri- 
tance in  any  property  heretofore  acquired,  or  that  may  hereafter  be  acquired  by  said 
parents,  to  as  full  an  extent  as  the  children  of  white  citizens  are  now  entitled  by 
the  existing  laws  of  this  State. 

2.— EDUCATION  OF  FREEDMEN:    WHAT  THE  SOUTH  THINKS. 

At  a  recent  meeting  in  Oxford.  Mississippi,  in  which  many  of  the  leadii^ 
citizens  took  part,  tho  following  views  were  put  forth  in  the  form  of  an  address. 
They  will  meet  with  a  response  in  every  part  of  the  South  : 

That  the  time  has  arrived  when  measures  should  be  adopted  bv  the  Southern 
people  themselves  to  provide  the  ways  and  means  of  educating  the  freedinen,  is 
a  conclusion  to  which  we  have  been  led  by  the  following   considerations : 

1.  Tiiese  people  are  now  thrown  upon  their  own  resources  in  a  state  of  free- 
dom, for  which  they  are  to  a  certnin  extent  unprepared. 

2.  They  consider  us,  their  foi  mer  owners,  to  be  now,  as  wo  have  always 
been,  their  natural  guardians  and  their  best  friends. 

Education. — 3.  It  is  our  interest,  as  well  as  our  duty,  to  diffuse  the  ble^in^^s 
of  education  as  widely  us  possible  among  all  classes  of  people  in  our  oountr}*. 

4.  If  it  ever  was  good  policy  to  keep  them  ignorant,  it  oertalnly  is  no  longer, 
•o,  but  the  very  reverse. 

SurPBAGB. — 3.  The  rigrht  of  suffrage  will,  in  nil  probability,  be  given  lo  this 
people  at  some  future  day. 

6.  Ignorant  voters  are  the  curse  of  the  country. 

7.  lif  we  do  nut  tt^ach  them  some  one  else  will,  and  whoever  thus  benefits 
them  will  win  an  influonco  over  them  which  will  control  their  votes. 


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DEPABTUEKT  OF  THE  FREEDMEK. 


311 


8.  It  we  perform  this  service  then  ve  shall  secure  their  identification  with 
us  in  promoting  all  onr  interests. 

Grahtude  to  thb  Neorobs. — 9.  But  do  we  not  owe  it  to  them  as  a  debt  of 
gratitude  ?  We  remember  how  they,  for  our  sakes,  endured  heat  and  cold,  wet 
and  dry,  summer  and  winter,  cultivating  our  fields,  ministering  to  our  comforts, 
promoting  our  wealth,  improving  the  country,  and  actually  advancing  civiliza- 
tion, by  their  physical  labor,  attending  upon  us  at  all  stages  of  our  lives,  nurs- 
ing our  children,  waiting  upon  the  sick,  going  with  us  to  the  burial  of  our 
d^,  and  mingling  their  tears  with  ours  in  the  open  graye. 

MsAjts  OF  InsraucnoN. — 10.  But  while  we  would  not  plead  the  authority  of  great 
names  as  a  sanction  of  our  course  or  an  inducement  to  others,  at-the  same  time 
we  rejoice  to  find,  that  in  many  parts  of  the  South,  the  prominent  citizens  and 
official  dignitaries  are  actively  moving  in  this  matter.  In  South  Carolina,  Gov- 
ernor Orr  and  the  first  citizens  of  Charleston  are  urging  the  establishment  of  the 
commoD-Bchool  syiitem  for  the  freedmen.  In  Alabama  ex-Governor  Moore  and 
ex-Congressman  Curry  are  engaging  in  the  movement,  and  elsewhere  in  Mis- 
sissippi, this  field  of  labor  is  occupied  by  some  of  the  most  distinguished  of  our 
citizens.  All  this  shows  that  the  influence  in  at  work  which  i^  to  put  into  gen- 
eral operation  an  effective  system  of  instruction  for  this  people  in  sacred  and 
secular  knowledge. 

8.— NORTHERN  TEACHERS  AND  SCHOOLS  FOR  FREEDMEN  AT  THE 

SOUTH. 

We  extract  from  the  American  Freedmen'a  Journal,  published  in  New  York, 
June  No.,  the  following  statistics  of  the  number  of  schools,  teachers,  pupils,  etc. 
under  the  auspices  of  the  association  of  which  it  is  the  organ. 

There  is  an  orphan  asylum  at  Fernandina,  Florida,  with  fifty  pupils,  and  one 
at  Charleston,  S.  C,  with  ninety-five.  There  are  teachers'  homes  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C,  Washington  City,  Norfolk  and  Petersburg,  Ytk  Also  an  orphan  school  at 
New  Orleans,  and  an  Industrial  Asylum  at  Georgetown,  S.  0. 


TJSA  CHER8, 


D13TEI0T  OP  COLUMBU. 


21188  Jalla  A.  Lord,  Washington,  D.  C. . 

**    H.  A.  Simmons,       ** 

"    A,  8.  Simmons,         »* 

"    Agnes  Hill,  « 

**    8av!t»  Wright,         " 

•*    Kate  G.  Crane,         " 

"    K.  A.  Hubbard,        ♦» 
Mrs.  M.  a  Hart,  " 

Mies  8.  &  Parsons,  "* 

''    D.  Lena  Oarber,       *" 

**    J.  S.  Dore,         Good  Hope, D.O..  } 
Mr.  Addison  Wheeler,       •"  "  . .  f 

**  Fr.  A.  Lawton,  near  Wash'n.,  D.  O.. .  68 
Mrs.  Long,  "  "    •  I  si 

Mlsa  .Julia  0.  Chase,  "  "    .  f  ** 

**    Carrie Mcaellan,  at  Kendall  Green.  49 


73 
150 


»0 


194 
49. 


\\4ii 


Total. 


MARYLAND. 
Miss  A.  T.  Howard,  Quaker  Neck,  Kent 

Co.,  day  and  night  school 40 

**    Matilda  Anderson,  Ghcstertown^Kent 

Co.,  night  school  83 

"«    M.  L.  Uoy,Barkitt8ville,Fredk.Go..  82 
Mrs.  £.  L.  Hetntt,  Denton,  Caroline  Co., 

day  and  night  school 150 

Miss  H.  Rosier,  Gravel  Hill  School 

Miss  Jane  M.  Lynch,  Elkton,  Cecil  Co. . . .  77 


Total. 


YIBQINIA. 

No.  of  No^of 

pupUa.  PapUa. 

Miss  L.  E.  Wimams,  Chlm.  Seh.  RIchm'd  \ 
"    L.  J.  Wadsworth,     ♦*  " 

"    M.  A.  Cooke,  "  " 

"    M.  J.  Cooke,  «  ^ 

"    M.  N.Baker,  " 

"    Katie  8.  Manley,       "  " 

Mr.  John  Walker,  •*  '^ 

Miss  L.  G.  Campbell,        **  ' 

"    Jane  Echols,  ** 

"    R.D.  Scott,  "  • 

Mrs.  H.  0.  Fisher,  r orfolk .... 

Miss  Mary  E.  Pales,  "*      .... 

Mrs.LA.  HalK  "      .... 

Miss  Maria  A  Holt,  **      .... 

**    Sarah  L.  Cartis,  **      i 

"    Mary  A.  Kennedy,      "      

«    F.  It  Williams,  "      J 

.869     Miss  Abble  C.  Peckham,  Petersburg 5« 

"    Minnie  A.  Uill,  "         54 

Mr.  Matthew  Thomas,  **         57 

Miss  T.  Weld  Howells,  «         67 

•*    Conlella  Curtis,  "         100 

"    Lanro  A.  Lawrence,       "         60 

Normal  SIchool 17 

Miss  H.  Robertson,  City  Point 76 

Mr.  WiUard  8.  Allen,  Bermuda  Hundred.  75 
Rev.  M.F.Sluby,  Principal,  Alexandria.  )   ^.| 
Miss  Laura  Phcsnix,  Assistant,      ""          S 
**    Helen  Vaughn,                      "        ...  47 
**    £mma  E.  Warren,                "        ...  60 
. .867  Night  School  at  Alexandria 120 


44S 


289 


8T9 


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312 


DEPARTMENT  OP  THE  FREEDMEN. 


•*    flattie  N.  Webster, 

**    Frai.oofl  Hunger,  ** 

If  las  Jennie  B.  Howard,  Stannardsvillo. 

•*    Mary  M.  N^chol^ 
Ifisi  Oimelta  Jodos,  Alexandria . . 

•*    MiuT  8.  RowelU  •* 

**    Almlra  8.  Jone^  *' 

Hiss  Isabella  C.  Blancbard,        ** 

**    J.  B.  Benedict  carop  dlstrlbotion . 

*»    F.B4»0Tl«re,         -  »*  .. 

Ber.  Rdw.  Barker,  PrlnolpAl.   "* 
Hiss  Harriet  E.  Mitchell,  AssH  *" 
Mr.  Henry  PIsb,  OalpcpperCt  House.. 
Mrs.  Melissa  M.  Fish,      " 
Mr.  D.T.  Bachelor.  LawrenceTllle,  daj 
Miss  Klla  B.  Bachelor,    **    &  night  sch. 


No.  of 

.  eo 
.  M 

liso 

..  5S 
..  60 
..  69 
..  61 

lOT 
114 
100 


Total. 


.i,799 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 
*  Mlsi  Maria  L.4Bogers,  Trent  Camp,  Kew- 

bem  66 

•*    Jnllet  a  Smith,       *»        126 

*'    Kate  A.  Means.  Aron  plantation,. . .  91 

"    L.  a  Cornell,  Newbern Jika 

-    H.  Castle  a8*t,       **      V 

"    Abble  W.  Maxwell,  "        l»l 

Nlrht  School.  "       66 

Mrs.  Annie  C.  Cnrtis,  Cole  Camp 887 

Mrs.  Biana  A.  Belden,  James  City,  £▼>... 78 
Miss   LoQise  Passmore,  Waverlev  Hall )   .. 

PIn'n  Day  School f  ~ 

**    Oh.  C.  Thomas,  Meadow ville  Farm..  63 

Nlicht  School  98 

•   •*    0.  R  Smith,  James  City I, .a 

"    KlUSmlihV  "       r^ 

Mrs.  H.  W.  Oile,  Indst  Sch.,  Roanoke  Isl 

*»    Ella  Roper,'       "  " 

Miss  Lylla  G.  Stinson,   "  *• 

Nijfht  School,  "  " 

Miss  K  P.  Bennett,     Roanoke  Island . . . 
"    B.  A-  Warner,  '• 

»♦    MaryCQann,  " 

»•    Lydia  Warrick, 
"    h«r»hA.Carr,  ** 

Mr.  D.  Edson  Smith,  Elizabeth  aty. . . . 
Mrs.  D.  Edson  Smith, 

Kvenlnff  School,  *•        

Mr.  A.  &  Corliss,  day  ds  night  B.  Edenton 
Mrs.  F.  O.  Corilssw 

Miss  Emily  J.  Brown 

•*    Emma  R.  Hawley, , 

Miss  Ann  J.  ClUt,  Day  &  Night  School,    ^q^ 

Oxford...;...: ?. r^ 

Mrs.  W.  W.  Junes,  Oxford 8S 

"*    M.  P.  Goodrich,  Kinston 101 

^    Esther  Remington,  Ply  month )   tt, 

*•    Mary  A.HIne7  *•         {  '^ 

••    Fannie  A,  Morgan,       "         67 

**    Helen  B.  Lackey,      Beanfort ) 

•*    Dodd.A.M.A.,  "        Viaft 

Mr.  H.  8.  Seals,  A.  M.  A.,       "        ( 

Miss  Ell«.  A.  Philbrook, 

HigfatSchool,  '«        

**    Fuiiule  Graves,     Raleigh 

•»    Ma«gle  t  Wolrad,    **        

"    Oarrie  R  Wangh,    " 

**    Adeline  Harris,  Pactolas  PUntatlon 

Pitt  County,  N.  C. 
•♦    EmilyT.  PeduMUMorohoadClty..  I   a- 
•*    Annie  8.  Fernold,       **  »*..)''*• 

Mrs.  J.  P.  R.  Hanley,  Wash'n..  N.  C,  day  76 
and  NiehtSchool. 69 

Mr.  John  T.  Reynolds,  Mt.  Hermon 68 

**  AUirwl  W.  Morris,  NIoeton 49 


•318 


.300 
.  80 


SOUTH  CAROUNA. 
Sea^fortDi§tr^4sL 

Mrs.  E.  FosK,  Princ,  Beaof  t  sch.,  No.  9 1  im 
Miss  H.  J.  Erans,  Assist,        *•  (^^ 

MIm  E.  Gilchrist,  Princ,  Beanfort  Hlch  ) 

'*    E.  H.  Ripley,  1st  Assist,     **       8.  Via 

*«    Carrie  A.  Hamblin,  3d  Assist  «'      ) 

Mr.  Tb<iroas  *- mith,  Combahee 48. 

Miss  F.  A.  -Perkins, Pleasant  Retreat  ..  )  «o  i 

"    Uaitie  L.  Harris,  "  ...  f  *' 

Mrs.  A.  C.  8.  Carlton,  Eiyer  View 85 

Miss  H.  E.  Bacon.  Ehett  Place,. I   «• 

*»    M.  »*choemaker,      "  f" 

''    Martha  A.  Wight,  Edgerly 65! 

Mrs.  A.  8.  Ultehcuck.  Red  House 53 

Miss  Laura  L.  Ford,  Perrydear 51 

"    H.  J.  8.  Holden,  Anhdale 66 

Mr.  Ohas.  T.  Hopkins,  Greenrille 

•*  Lewis  Rinert.  *♦ 


47 
48 
73 
60 
74 
49 

168 

303 
40 


260 


Miss  Cedle  Coleman,        "  

"    Ca»h.Cole^  •*  

"    B.  Fields,  *♦  

"^    Ellen  M.  Lee,  Morris  st  Oharlest'o.'.  45 
Miss  R.  H.  Wilkinson,  CharlosCn,  Morris  st 


300 


M.  Wynne, 
E.  Wynne, 
♦*    Joanna  Weston,       "  " 

School  at  Col.  Shaw  0.  A.,  Charleston. 

Mrs.  A.  T.  Plllsbnrr 

Miss  Jennie  9.  Cooley,  **        

Miss  itarah  Inglish,  Meeting  Hs.  Sch.  *>■ 

Mrs.  M  West4»n.  "  ^       u 

"    Hannah  Days,       "  ♦•       u 

«    as.  Graves,        "  **       « 

Mr.  J.  J.  Corcoran,  St  PanPs  Parish, 


-350 


971 


88 


.150 
.  68 
.  61 
.111 
.108 
.100 
.  50 
.  70 
.135 


Dr.  T.  O.  Wright,       Colombia, 

Night  Soho«il. 
Miss  S.  A.  Haley, 

"*    a  H.  Loomi% 

**   Josephine  Ely, 

♦*    Lydia  McDowell, 

"    J.  A.  McKinney, 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Holton, 

Miss  8.  M.  Wurren.  

Mr.  Saml.  Crawford,  Anderson  Ct  House.  148 

Miss  Klla  P.  Harth,       »»  80 

Night  School,  "  60 

Miss  Cornelia  Scott,        Columbia 80 

"    Elizabeth  Parsons,       "        87 

Mr.  A.  M  BIgelow,  Aiken,    "■        115 

"   H.H,  Andrews,  •»        75 

*'  C.  M.  Hammond,  MltchelTlUe I  ,ai 

Miss  Morr  Wakeman,  **  f*"* 

Mrs.  H.  Ilenderson,  Hopkins, 76 

Mr.  T.  C.  Kv«*rett  *         83 

Mrs.  K.  M  M'lteley,  Gadsden 1^^ 

Miss  L.  A  Pipkin,  -       f^** 

Mr  E  Wright,  Newberry  Ct  House 180 

Miss  E  C.  B«ilan,       **  86 

Mr.  E.  D.  Williams,  Seneca 8  • 


Total. 


.8,587 


GEORGIA. 


Mrs.  Jnlla  8.  Fortnne,  Savannah Km 

M1»s  Gertrude  Forto no,        *•        f*^ 

MissE  B.  Haven,  Columbus 55 


Total. 


...314 


Total. 


8,806 


FLORIDA. 

Miss  Emeret  B.  Isham,  Femandlna. . . 
•*   8.  0.  Brown,  *♦ 

-    E.W.Vamum,  •• 


*.;;;|.33o 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  FREEDMEN.         313 


ft.      Miss  F.  H.Dewey,  TaHihaseeo ...  , 

f  ***         "    Jo8ieT«»dd  "         Vl65 


Hli>8  Rosette  A.  Coit,  FernandtnA 

**'  Vmn  K  Osgood,  ^ 

'^  Miu-y  L.  Benson,  Jack80iiTllls&  No  ^    8usan  Johnson,  ust  ** 

"  EmilieCStowe,  **  u    j  r .«-         ..    =    .    ^ 

**  FelicU  Hajtan,  "  «*      ^ 

•  Anna  M.  Bartemua,      "  No.  8 

*«  Iveleth,  A.  M.  A.         " 

**  L  Kllen  Abbott,       Pablo 


No   of 
PopUi. 


195         "  B.  A.  Knapp.  '*        58 

"  Maria  L.  Campbell,  Lake  City. . . .  \  «7^ 

1AX         "  Mary  T.Wildes,  **        ..../^* 

^^        "  Harriet  B.  Barnes,  QainesTllle. 

"  Catharine  B.  Bent,  '* 


100 


Jl20 


MaryLPauU  **    

Charlotte  J.  Henry,  Pilatka ap)  90  Totel 1,756 

Annie  B«>rord,  Knapp  Planta.  (new 
Cornelia  J.  Smith,  Bt.  AogusUne.  " 
Eliza  J.  Siulth,  ** 

Fannie  J.  Botta,  " 

Mtry  M.  Harris,  " 

Susan  A.  Swift,  Tallahassee 

N.  Dearborn,  *•  


168 


180 


LOUISIANA. 

Miss  Sarah  A.  Sanapson,  New  Orleans. . ..  )  qa 
.**    Carrie  Smchel.aset,  »*  f*^ 


Total  namber  of  pnpils  in  all  the  schools,  to  date 18.487 

Ayerajpe  attendance 9,488 

4.— BI3H0P  ELLIOTT,  OF  GEORGIA,  ON  THE  EDUCATION  OF  THE 

FREEDMEN. 

The  following  from  the  peivof  this  most  eminent  divine,  who  was  one  of  the 
stanchest  and  most  uncompromising  adherents  of  the  Southern  cause,  is  a 
splendid  vindication  of  our  past  in  regard  to  the  negro  and  a  bold  assertion  of 
our  dulie.s  in  the  future: 

None  understand  the  colored  race  as  well  as  we  do — none  have  its  confidence 
as  fully  a3  we  htve.  My  sincere  conviction  is  that  if  any  future  good  or  bless- 
ing is  to  come  for  these  people,  it  mu^t  be  of  home  growth  ;  it  must  be  the  con  - 
tinuation  of  the  same  kindly  feeling  between  the  races  which  has  heretofore  ex- 
isted. Every  pfrson  imported  from  abroad  to  iu'^truct  or  teach  these  people  is 
an  influence,  unintentionally  perhaps,  but  really,  widening  the  breach  between 
the  raced.  This  work  must  be  done  by  ourselves— done  faithfully,  earnestly, 
and  as  in  the  sight  of  God.  Love  must  go  alon^  with  it;  gratitude  for  their 
past  set  vices ;  memories  of  our  infancy  and  childhood ;  thoughts  of  the  glory 
which  will  accrue  to  us,  when  we  shall  lead  these  people,  once  our  servants,  but 
not  now  as  s^.Tvants,  but  above  servants,  as  brethren  beloved.  an<1  present  them 
to  Christ  as  our  offering  of  repentance  for  what  we  may  have  failed  to  fulfill,  in 
the  past,  of  our  trust. 

But  it  may  be  asked,  do  you  regret  the  abolition  of  slavery  ?  For  myself  and 
my  race.  No  I  I  rather  rejoice  in  it ;  but  for  them,  most  deeply.  I  sincerely 
believe  it  the  greatest  calamity  which  could  have  befallen  them;  the  heaviest 
stroke  which  has  been  struck  against  religious  advancement  in  this  land.  I 
would  not,  if  I  could,  have  it  resuired  for  any  benefit  to  me  or  mine,  or  my 
countrymen.  I  have  met  nobody  who  would.  But  for  them  I  see  no  future  in 
this  country.  Avarice  and  cupidity  and  interest  will  do  for  their  extinction 
what  they  have  always  done  for  an  unprotected  inferior  race.  Poverty,  disease, 
intern [>erance  will  follow  in  their  train  and  do  the  rest  I  say  these  things 
from  no  ill  feeling  against  the  race,  for  God  is  my  witness,  I  have  loved  them 
and  do  love  them,  and  have  labored  for  them  all  my  life,  but  beciuse  at  this  mo- 
ment I  think  it  my  duty  to  put  these  opinions  upon  record;  that  the  past  may 
be  vindicated  and  the  uiture  take  none  by  surprise. 


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314     DEPARTMfiNT  OT   IWTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROYEMENL 

CHARLESTON,  S.  C,  AND  HER  GREAT  RAILROAD  CONNECTION 
WITH  THE  NORTH-WEST. 

It  is  well  known  that  thirty  years  ago  some  of  the  leading  citizens  of  Charles- 
ton, headed  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Y.  Hayne,  originated  a  scheme  of  railroad  con- 
nection with  the  North-W«3t,  which  for  one  reason  or  another  was  suffered  to 
fall  through.  Since  the  war  the  scheme  has  been  revived  with  great  spirit, 
and  a  deputation  has  been  sent  to  Loaisville  and  Cincinnati  on  the  subject  The 
chairman,  the  Hon.  G.  A.  Trenholm,  writes  us  very  encouragingly  upon  the 
■abject,  and  furnishes  the  following  data  in  regard  to  the  details  of  the  enter- 
prise : 

What  will  remain  to  be  done  to  effect  the  long-sought  connection  between 
the  North-West  and  the  South  Atlantic,  will  be  simply  the  completion  of  the 
remaining  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  miles  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Railroad.  This 
will  then  become  a  matter  of  absolute  necessity.  To  leave  it  in  its  present  un- 
finished condition,  when  the  great  and  expensive  works,  now  in  progress,  shall 
have  been  completed,  will  be  to  bridge  the  stream,  and  stop  short  of  the 
shore :  to  win  the  race,  and  neglect  to  take  the  prize. 

The  Blue  Ridge  Railroad  is  one  hundred  and  ninety  eight  miles  in  length  ; 
the  grade  eastward  is  forty-five  feet ;  westward,  sixty  feet  Thirty -four  miles 
have  been  built  substantially  and  completely,  and  are  now  in  operation.  One 
hundred  and  sixt^'-four  miles  only  remain  ;  of  this,  a  large  part  of  the  heaviest 
and  most  costly  work  has  also  been  done — in  tunneling,  bridge  m'lsonry,  and 
square  drains  or  culverts.  Twenty  miles  of  the  ijrading  South  of  Knoxvilie  has 
been  completed,  and  also  the  most  coHly  and  difficult  portion  of  the  stone  abut- 
ments, and  piers  for  bridging  the  Uolston.  Three  millions  of  dollars  have  been 
expended  on  these  works,  of  which  only  $250,000  was  borrowed,  under  the 
mortgige,  authorized  by  the  Legislature.  Of  the  sum  invested  by  the  Stock- 
holders (about  $2,750,000),  the  company  are  willing  to  sacrifice  a  considerable 
portion,  by  a  reduction  of  their  shares,  or  by  the  issue  of  a  preferred  stock,  hold- 
ing their  own  in  abeyance. 

This  is  a  great  and  substantial  advantage  to  offer  to  those  who,  having  a 
common  interest  with  ourselves,  may  be  disposed  to  furnieh  the  capital  for  its 
completion.  The  sum  required  is  about  $4,51)0,000,  the  original  estimate  for 
the  whole  work  having  been  $7,600,000 — of  this  sum  ($4,500,000) — $500,000 
will  be  obtained  from  the  State  of  Tennessee,  a^  the  proportion  of  Stite  aid  to 
which  the  Roid  in  Tennessee  is  entitled,  under  the  general  law  of  that  State  to 
aid  the  construction  of  Railroads. 

There  are  unissued  $2,250,000  of  the  Company's  bonds,  secured  by  a  first 
mortgage  of  all  its  property  in  the  several  States,  (saving  so  much  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Road  as  miy  be  required  to  secura  that  State  for  its  loan  as  above 
stated).  These  would,  doubtless,  become  available  in  the  progress  of  the  work, 
leaving  not  more  than  f  2,000,000  to  $2,500,000  to  be  raised  by  subscriptions  to 
the  capital  stock. 

This  amount  having  a  preference  of  dividends,  would,  apparently,  be  a  safe 
investment;  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  so  great  a  thoroughfare  would  have 
business  enouarh  to  pay  the  interest  on  4-7thsJof  the  cost,  namely,  on  $4,750,000 — 
particularly  when  it  is  considered  that  this  sum  of  $4,750,00;)  docs  noc  amount 
to  $25,00 :)  per  m'le  of  Road,  and  that  other  works  of  a  similar  character  have 
cost  $60,000  to  $70,000  per  mile. 

The  extension  of  the  Lebanon  Branch  of  the  Louisville  Railroad  being  deter- 
mined upon,  and  on  grounds  entirely  local ;  and  the  construction  of  the  Knox- 
vilie and  Kentucky  Rfiilroad  being  now  equally  a  matter  of  certainty,  it  would 
be  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  when  these  works  are  accomplished,  Loaisville 


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DEPARTMENT  OP  INTERNAL  HlPIKMrSMENT.  315 

and  Knoxville  will  consent  to  stop  there,  and  being  brought  within  thirty-seven 
miles  of  each  other,  continue  to  be  separated  by  that  space.  No  one  can  doubt, 
that  the  remaining  thirty-seven  miles  would  soon  be  built,  even  if  the  Blue 
Ridge  Railroad  had  no  existence. 

So  Cincinnati,  being  committed  to  the  extension  of  the  Lexington  Road  to 
Danville,  (from  local  considerations  also,)  may  be  regarded  as  equally  implica- 
ted in  the  progress  of  the  events,  that  are  leading  irresistibly  to  the  early  con- 
nection of  bt'th  cities  with  Knoxville 

The  connection  being  then  regarded  as  certain,  let  us  now  compare  the  ad- 
vantages offered  by  the  two  rival  routes  for  reaching  the  South  Atlantic  porta — 
that  by  Cumberland  Gap  and  the  French  Broad,  and  that  by  the  Rabun  Gap, 
or  Blue  Ridge  Railroad.  Let  the  question  be  first  considered  in  relation  to 
Cincinnati. 

In  the  prosecution  of  the  enterprise,  the  point  of  departure  for  her  would  be 
Paris,  this  being  the  easternmost  point  on  the  Lexington  Railroad.  The  distance 
from  Paris  to  Cumberland  Gap  in  a  straight  line  is  .  .  .120  miles 
From  Cumberland  Gap  to  Asheville,  N.  C, 100     * 

"    Asheville  to  Spartonburg,  8.  C, 100     " 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  it  would  require  the  construction  of  three  hundred  and 
twenty  miles  of  new  road  to  accomplish  by  way  of  Cumberland  Gap  the  great 
object  in  view. 

The  cost,  at  a  moderate  estimate,  would  not  be  less  than  $12,Ty00,000.  The 
trade  of  Georgia,  too,  would  be  lost  to  the  Road,  for  it  would  be  nearly  or 
quite  as  short  for  her  to  carry  on  her  traffic,  as  now,  by  way  of  Knoxville  and 
Dalton. 

By  way  of  Rabun  Gap,  on  the  other  hand,  there  are  only  one  hundred  and 
sixty-four  miles  of  new  Road  to  be  constructed,  and  of  this,  a  great  deal  of  the 
heaviest  work  has  been  done  in  detached  sections,  so  that  the  cost  of  completing 
it  will  not  exceed  $4,600,000,  and  by  this  route  the  whole  interior  and  sea- 
board of  Georgia  are  rendered  as  accessible,  and  brought  as  near  as  those  of 
South  Carolina. 

It  will  be  observed,  too,  that  in  computing  distances,  we  have  given  the  Cum- 
berland Gap  route  the  benefit  of  air  lines  as  far  as  Asheville,  N.  C.  Whereas, 
in  the  case  of  the  Rabun  Gap  or  Blue  Ridge  Road,  it  is  the  actual  length  of  the 
located  line  that  is  given. 

In  the  case  of  Louisville,  a  deduction  of  seventy  miles  will  have  to  be  made 
in  the  length  of  Road  to  Cumberland  Gap.  When  the  Lebanon  extension  reach- 
es London,  the  distance  then  to  the  Gap  will  be  only  fifty  miles,  instead  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty,  as  it  is  in  the  case  of  Cincinnati  and  Pans.  But  this 
wouhl  be  of  value  only  in  the  event  that  Cincinnati  should  abandon  the  Paris 
project,  and  consent  to  make  her  connection  by  way  of  Danville  and  London. 
In  the  opposite  view,  that  is,  if  she  persisted  in  the  construction  of  an  independ- 
ent Road  from  Paris,  these  fifty  miles  would,  on  the  contrary,  have  to  be  added 
to  the  length  of  new  Road,  of  which  the  construction  would  be  necessary  to  give 
the  two  cities  the  connection  sought,  that  is,  three  hundred  and  seventy  miles 
by  way  of  Cumberland  Gap,  against  one  hundred  and  sixty -four  miles  by  way 
of  RabuQ  Gap  and  the  Blue  Ridge  Road.  These  plain  and  practical  considera- 
tions forever  set  at  rest  every  effort  to  unsettle  the  c<mviction,  now  almost  uni- 
versally entertained,  that  the  Blue  Ridge  Road  possesses  in  every  aspect  of  the 
case,  advantages  that  exclude  all  rivalry,  in  its  claims  upon  the  two  great  sec- 
tions of  country  that  have  so  long  been  struggling  for  a  closer  union. 

It  ma^t,  nevertheless,  be  admitted  that  the  source  from  whence  the  capital  for 
its  completion  is  to  be  drawn,  remains  still  unrevealed. 

The  people  of  Cincinnati,  influenced  by  the  same  discouraging  experience, 
that  has  every  where  attended  the  first  contributions  for  the  construction  of  new 
Railroads,  are  averse  from  making  individual  subscriptions;  and  by  the  Consti- 
tution of  Ohio,  the  City  of  Cincinnati  is  prohibited  from  contributing  to  such 
enterprises.  Impelled,  however,  by  an  honorable  ambition  to  keep  pace  with 
the  general  progress,  and  fully  to  develop  the  great  natural  advantages  of  their 
city,  they  are  looking,  with  an  intelligent  eye,  to  a  direct  Southern  connection, 


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316     DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT. 

and  are  actually  engaged  in  raising  by  subscription  a  fund  of  ^1,000,000,  (now 
nearly  completed)  to  be  offer^^d  a;*  ii  bimus  to  any  Company  that  may  complete 
and  put  in  operation  the  Road  they  shall  indicate. 

Iti^  not  yet  decided  to  what  pMrilcvlar  work  this  fund  shall  be  devoted  ; 
neither  can  it  be  deemed  very  available,  encumbered  as  it  is  with  the  condition 
that  the  payment  s^hall  be  made  only  after  the  Ruad  shall  have  been  completed 
and  put  in  operation. 

Unless  reasons  of  a  local  character  <>bonld  render  It  essential  to  give  it  in  aid 
of  the  Ck>vii)gton  and  Lexington  Road,  we  cannot  perceive  how  it  can  be  better 
applie<l  for  the  interests  uf  Cincinnati,  than  in  hastening  the  completion  of  the 
Blue  Ridee  Railroad. 

An  additional  motive  for  giving  it  this  direction,  exists  in  the  natural  rivalry 
between  the  two  cities  of  Louisville  and  Cincinnati.  It  may  be  considerfd  cer- 
tain from  the  existing  posture  of  affairs,  that  Cincinnati  will  find  it  to  her  inter- 
est to  conduct  her  traffic  with  Knoxville,  over  the  Louisville  and  Kentucky  or 
Lebanon  Branch  Road. 

If.  in  addition  to  this  advantag4»,  Louisville  should  also  be  the  first  to  avail 
herself  of  the  great  and  predominating  power  to  arise  out  of  the  possession  or 
control  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Railroad,  Cincinnati  will  be  placed  at  great  and  irre- 
trievable di:«advantaire  in  the  commerce  of  the  V/e^  with  the  South  Atlantic 
States.  The^eare  considerations  that  cannot  be  overlooked  or  disregarded  with 
impunity.  The  interest  of  both  cities  would  be  best  consulted  by  the  uuion 
of  their  strength  and  resources  for  the  achievement  of  the  common  obJHSt. 

The  work  wouldthus  be  more  speedily  accomplished,  and  its  early  comple- 
tion U  essential  to  secure  to  them  the  full  and  just  returns  of  their  present  in- 
▼eatments. 

If  the  Blue  Ridge  Railroad  could  be  carried  on  simultaneously  with  the 
works  now  in  pr.»gre*8  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  the  completion  of  the  sever- 
al parts  of  the  great  chain  could  be  made  coincident,  and  the  fall  benefit  of  a 
perfect  !«ydrem  be  immediately  secured.  But  if  the  resumption  of  work  on  the 
Blue  Ridge  Road  is  to  be  deferred  until  the  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  Railroads 
shall  have  been  completed,  the  disjointed  parts  will,  necessarily,  possess  far  less 
vitality  and  fruitfulness. 

Do  we  want  the  quiekeH  and  cheape$t  route  to  the  Atlantic  cities  7  This  road 
will  give  U4  about  ninety  miUt  the  advantage  over  any  route  we  now  have.  As 
the  laws  of  travel  and  commerce  seek  straight  lines,  so  certainly  will  they  pass 
over  our  road  to  Nashville,  Memphis,  and  the  points  south  and  west  of  those 
cities.  Do  we  wish  to  open  to  our  own  markets  the  inexhaustible  stores  of 
mineral  and  other  wealth  which  have  been  locked  up  in  eight  or  ten  counties 
of  our  S  at-e.  8in-:o  the  creati  m  of  t'lo  world  to  the  present  time?  Thii  road 
will  do  it.  Would  we  see  those  counties  filled  up  with  an  industriou-^  and 
thrifty  populitiou  ?  This  ro.id  will  contribute  more  to  that  end  than  any  other 
agency  we  can  employ.  Would  we  see  flourishing  towns  and  villages,  with 
large  mining  and  manufacturing  est«iblishments,  springing  up  in  those  counties, 
pouring  wealth  into  our  cities,  and  bringing  revenue  to  the  State  7  This  road 
will  do  it 

It  is  estimated  by  ProC  J.  M.  Safford.  late  Geologist  of  Tennessee,  (whose 
well-known  ability,  business  and  moral  integrity  entiUe  him  to  the  fulleet  pub- 
lic confidence),  that  the  stone  coal  of  those  ei^^ht  or  ten  counties  covers  an  area 
of  more  than  4,000  square  miles,  and  an  average  of  eight  feet  in  thickness. 
This  coal-field  is  perhaps  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  in  the  United  States. 
Iron  ore  is  correspondingly  rich  and  extensive,  and  lies  so  contiguous  to  the  coal 
that  each  can  be  used  to  mine  and  manufacture  the  other,  with  very  trifling  ex- 
pen$»e  in  carriage.  Copper,  ]ea<l,  sine,  salt,  and  other  yaluable  mineral:!  and 
mineral  waters,  are  known  to  exist  in  large  quantities.  Specimens  of  silver  and 
gold  have  been  found  recently,  proven  to  be  very  rich;  but  it  is  not  yet  known 
to  what  extent  they  exist.     Petroleum  oil  exists  in  large  quantities. 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT.  817 


UNION  OF  ST.  LOUIS  AND  MEMPHIS  BY  RAILROAD. 

CoL  Tate  recently  read  a  Report  before  tlie  MemphiB  Chamber  of  Commepce 
on  the  subject  of  this  connection,  and  upon  the  results  of  a  visit  paid  by  him 
and  others  to  St.  Louis  in  its  interest.     He  said  : 

Upon  inTitation,  ^our  committie  made  an  excursion  with  a  number  of  the  leading 
citizens  of  the  city  mcludinff  the  ma^ror  and  a  number  of  the  city  council,  over  the 
Iron  Mountain  railroad,  to  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob,  where  they  witnessed  the 
most  wondeiful  production  of  nature,  in  the  way  of  iron  ore,  that  is  on  this  conti- 
nent or,  perhaps,  in  the  world— a  mountain  of  solid  iron  ore,  of  a  working  richness 
of  sixty-nre  to  seventy-fire  per  cent.,  enough  in  quantity  to  supply  the  world  in  iron 
for  one  thousand  years,  and  this,  too,  within  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles  of  jour 
city.  If  this  railroad  was  built,  your  furnaces  and  foundries  could  be  supplied  with 
this  ore,  delivered  here  at  five  dollars  per  ton,  including  transportation,  mining,  and 
a  handsome  remuneration  to  the  owner  for  the  ore  at  the  mines.  The  road  is  finish- 
ed  from  St.  Louis  to  Pilot  Knob,  eighty -seven  miles— is  one  of  the  finest  road-beds 
in  the  vallev  of  the  Mississippi,  ballasted  throughout  its  entire  length,  laid  with 
heavy  T  rail,  sixty  inches  to  tbeyaid,  and  is  in  fine  order.  Its  shops,  buildings, 
bridges  and  rolling  stock  are  in  good  condition,  givin^i^  to  an  experienced  railroad 
man  the  highest  evidence  of  being  well  managed,  and  is  a  worthy  beginning  for  a 
great  enterprise,  which  it  is  destined  at  no  distant  day  to  become.  Your  committee 
are  of  opinion  that  St.  Louis  and  its  business  men  will  cordially  co-operate  with 
Memphis,  go  vigorously  to  work  in  complet'ing  this  great  enterprise  as  soon  as  the 
legal  condition  of  the  company  can  be  arranged,  so  as  to  enable  them  to  negotiate 
with  the  proper  parties  to  extend  their  line.  The  road  is  now  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  governor  for  sale,  under  an  act  of  the  legislature,  which  sale  in  to  take  place 
in  September  next.  When  it  shall  have  passed  into  new  hands  wilt  be  the  proper 
time  to  tuke  active  steps  for  gonsumnuitiug  arrangements  for  its  completion.  The 
interest  of  any  parties  purchasing  the  road  is  too  obvious  to  admit  of  a  doubt  as  to 
its  ultimate  extension  directly  to  this  point,  but  its  immediate  completion  depends, 
to  some  extent,  upon  your  energy  «nd  actirity,  as  other  and  rival  interests  to  you, 
as  well  as  to  St.  Louis,  mav  and  probably  will  do  everything  in  their  power  to  defeat 
your  object,  as  well  as  to  defeat  the  building  of  this  road  on  the  line  where  its  great- 
est advsntages  will  be  secured  to  St.  Louis.  She  already  has  competitors,  and 
strong  ones*  for  the  trade  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  every  obstruction  that  can  bo 
placed  in  her  way  to  preveut  the  easiest,  quickest  aud  cheapest  communication  with 
this  vast  trade,  will  be  thrown  in  by  her  competitors  fur  the  trade :  but  with  union, 
harmony  and  energetic  action  between  St.  Louis  and  Memphis,  all  competition  will 
have  to  succumb,  and  the  road  will  be  completed. 

I'HE  SOUTHERN  RAILROAD  OF  MISSISSIPPL 

We  refeired  in  an  earlier  nnmber  to  the  valuable  labors  in  behalf  of  this 
Company,  rendered  by  its  President,  M.  Emanuel,  on  a  recent  trip  to  Europe. 
Since  then  he  has  sent  us  a  copy  of  liis  excellent  report  upon  the  condition 
and  prospects  of  the  road.     He  says: 

The  Southern  Railroad  is  undeniably  on  the  shortest  railroad  route  leading  from 
the  heart  of  Texas,  South  Arkansas  or 'North  Louisiana  to  the  Atlantic  cities.  As  a 
^at  National  thoroughfare,  on  the  d2d  parallel  of  latitude,  it  is  without  a  rival,  and 
m  the  nature  of  things  cannot  have  a  competitor,  and  in  this  connection  the  under- 
signed confidently  expresses  the  opinion,  that  with  the  connection  at  Montgomery 
complete,  and  as  soon  as  the  Yicksburg,  Shreveport  and  Texas  Railroad  is  complet- 
ed, and  the  railroads  in  Texas  converging  to  the  Texas  terminus  of  that  road,  are 
put  in  operation,  the  140  miles  of  the  Southern  Railroad  will  favorably  compare  in 
value  and  in  earnings  with  that  of  any  other  railroad  of  equal  length  in  the  South.  As 
soon  as  these  connections  are  made,  the  travel  will  at  once  be  very  great  and  will  go 
on  annually  increasing,  in  proporiion  to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  old  Cot- 
ton States'  and  Texas.  Toe  charter  of  the  company  is  perpetual.  Its  tariflf  of 
charges  is  without  limit,  and  can  be  fixed  at  any  rate  consistent  with  the  interests 
and  will  of  the  Company,  and  cannot  be  changed  by  State  Legislation.  There  is  an 
ample  supply  of  water  on  the  line  of  the  road  tor  railroad  uses,  favorably  distributed 
for  Uju  cunsiruction  of  tanks.  Its  supply  cf  fuel  is  inexhaustible.  It  has  been 
shown  by  experience,  that  the  road  cau  be  efficiently  operated  at  an  expense  under 


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818  MISCELLANY. 

flftj  per  cent,  of  the  gross  earning,  at  the  same  time  keeping  the  (rack  and  rolling 
stock  in  a  proper  state  of  repair  with  snch  renewals  as  to  preserve  the  property  from 
depreciation. 

TENNESSEE  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  FROM  KNOXVILLE  TO  MEMPHIS. 
We  are  indebted  to  the  Agent  of  this  road,  John  P.  Campbell,  for  a  copy  of 
his  very  interesting  and  able  report,  from  which  we  extract  as  follows.  It  is 
undoubtedly  a  great  enterprise,  and  one  that  is  growing  in  public  interest  and 
everywhere. 

For  twenty  years  we  have  felt  the  necessity  of  a  T^nk  Raihoay,  extending  from 
the  eastern  to  the  western  limits  of  our  State.  This  necessity  has  become  more  im- 
perious, from  year  to  year,  as  neW^  and  important  roads  are  making  connections  with 
every  portion  of  our  State.  By  our  road,  we  will  gain  about  90  miles  to  Beaufort, 
Wilminirton,  and  Morehead  City,  on  the  North  Carolina  coast :  the  same  to  Norfolk, 
on  the  Yirginia  coast;  and  the  same  to  all  North  Atlantic  cities.  It  recjuires  no  ar- 
gument to  prove  that  the  freights  and  travel  of  all  these  im]>ortant  cities  will  pass 
chiefly  over  our  road  to  Nashville  and  Memphis,  and  the  points  south  and  west  of 
them. 

The  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  road  is  making  connection  with  our  North- 
western road,  at  Hickman.  From  St.  Louis  a  road  is  completed  westward  to  Lea- 
venworth, 810  miles,  and  still  extending  westward  towards  the  Pacific  coast.  Now 
look  at  the  direct  communication  from  Eastern  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  East  and 
Middle  Tennessee,  by  the  way  of  the  Nashville  and  North-western  road  to  St.  Louis 
and  the  gold  regions  of  the  great  West,  and  vou  will  see  that  a  lar^  business  from 
all  those  points  must  come  upon  our  road.  Chicago  and  Cincinnati  are  competitors 
for  the  Southern  trade,  and  are  straightening  their  lines  to  Knoxville,  Nashville,  aud 
Memphis,  all  of  which  will  be  feeders  to  our  road. 

When  the  great  railways  now  made,  projected,  and  in  progress,  are  completed, 
Knoxville  will  have  about  six,  Nashville  seven  or  eight,  and  Memphis  about  the  same 
number  of  important  roads,  radiating  in  every  direction,  and  j^iving  us  access  to 
every  great  city  in  the  United  States,  except  those  upon  the  Pacific  coast.  Who  can 
doubt  that  a  great  trunk  road,  nearly  400  miles  long,  having  so  many  and  important 
connections  and  feeders  at  each  end  and  in  the  middle,  will  pay  large  profits? 

Tennessee,  combining  so  many  advantages  of  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth,  so 
man^r  materials  and  facilities  for  various  branches  of  manufacturing,  and  a  climate 
so  mild  and  healthy,  must  in  a  few  years  become  a  densely  populated  State.  She  is 
now  drawing  largely  upon  the  capital,  intelligence,  and  population  of  older  States. 
We  must  see  that,  in  order  to  the  fullest  development  or  the  physical^  intellectual, 
and  moral  character  and  resources  of  our  people  and  our  State,  ft  is  indispensably 
neoesdary  that  we  should  adopt  and  carry  out  such  a  liberal  system  of  railroads 
and  other  improvements,  as  shall  best  promote  these  great  interests. 


MISCELLANY. 

1.  LIQUIDATION  OF  DEBTS  CONTRACTED  IN  THE  CONFEDERACY. 

The  Legislature  of  North  Carolina  has  adopted  the  following  wise  regnlations 
upon  this  subject : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  it 
it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same^  That  the  following  scale  of  de- 
preciation be,  and  the  same  is  hereby  adopted  and  established  as  the  measure 
of  value  of  one  gold  dollar  in  Confederate  currency,  for  each  month,  and  the 
fractional  parts  of  the  month  of  December,  1864,  from  the  1st  day  of  November, 
1861,  to  the  Ist  day  of  May,  1866,  to  wit: 

Scale  of  depreciation  of  Confederate  currency ^  the  gold  dollar  being  tlie  unit  and 
measure  of  value,  from  A'ovetnber  Itt,  1861,  to  May  Isl,  1865. 

1861.  1862.  1868.  1864.  1865. 

January $1  20  $3  00        $21  00        |50  00 

February,  1  80  8  00  21  00  60  00 


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MISCELLANY.  819 

Scale  of  depreciation  of  Confederate  currency ^  the  gold  dollar  being  the  unit  and 

measure  of  value,  from  November  let,  1861,  to  May  Ut,  1866  . 

1861.         1862.  1863.           1864.   .  1865. 

March, f  1  50  f  4  00  f28  00  $60  00 

April,        1  50  5  00           20  00  100  00 

May,          1  60  5  60           19  00           

June,         1  50  6  50          18  00           

July,          1  60  9  00           21  00           

August, 1  50  14  00          23  00           

September,     * 2  00  14  00          26  00           

October 2  00  14  00           26  00           

November,         .      $110          2  60  15  00          80  00          

December.         .         115          2  50  20  00           

Dec.  1  to  10  ina         ....           85  00           

D^-c.  10  to  20  in.         42  00          

Dec.  21  to  81  in.         ....           49  00           

2.  A  NEW  SOUTH  CAROLINA  CITY.— PORT  ROYAL. 

Our  friend  Geo.  Elliott  never  ceased  to  talk  on  the  highways  and  byways, 
and  in  all  the  conventions,  of  the  extraordinary  advantages  which  Port  Royal,  on 
the  South  Carolina  coast,  enjoyed  for  a  commercial  city. 

It  would  seem  from  what  Mr.  Trueman  says  in  a  letter  to  the  Keto  Tvrk 
Neve,  that  the  Northern  speculators  have  read  Mr.  Elliott's  arguments.  We 
quote : 

Port  Royal,  which  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  immediately  on  the 
ocean,  is  destined  to  be  the  great  commercial  city  of  South  Carolina.  It  has 
the  finest  port  and  harbor  south  of  Portland,  and,  of  course,  will  accommodate  the 
largest  of  ships.  The  town  is  being  laid  out  in  splendid  style.,  and  already  a 
lai^  number  of  people  have  settled  there.  It  can  easily  be  seen  from  Beaufort, 
being  less  than  fifteen  miles  distant.  Great  efforts  will  be  made  yet  to  have  a 
first  class  navy  yard  at  this  place  (Port  Royal),  and  all  the  property  hereabouts 
has  been  bought,  some  at  the  tax  sales,  ^ome  at  sales  of  confiscated  property, 
and  some  on  private  terms.  People  from  all  over  the  United  States  have  pur- 
chased building  lots,  (city  property),  or  plantation  lands,  or  both.  Tens  of  thou- 
sands of  the  richest  plantation  lands  in  South  Carolina  are  in  close  proximity  to 
Fort  Royal,  all  of  which  grow  the  long  staple  or  Sea  Island  cotton.  I  noticed,  a 
few  days  ago,  while  looking  over  tlie  Tax  Commissioner's  books,  that  one  of  the 
best  plantations  in  this  vicinity,  comprising  seven  hundred  acres  of  land,  was 
Bold  to  a  firm  composed  of  Senator  Doolittle,  of  Wisconsin,  Ben.  Wade,  of  Ohio, 
and  Simon  Cameron  of  Pennsylvania.  This  was  the  property  of  Col.  Seabrook 
formerly,  who  ran  away  and  sacrificed  it  for  the  rebel  cause.  The  cotton  on 
this  plantation  is  looking  splendidly  and  is  in  full  bloom. 

8.  THE  PROGRESS  OF  MEMPHIS. 

Hon  W.  T.  Avery,  in  a  recent  speech,  remarked  upon  the  prospects  of  this 
city : — 

**  Memphis  had  its  first  Municipal  organization  in  1826,  M.  B.  Winchester  be- 
ing the  first  Mayor ;  (and,  by  the  oye,  they  moved  the  court  house  that  year  from 
Memphis  to  Raleigh,  to  get  it  to  a  bigger  place,  and  because  Memphis  has  out- 
grown Raleigh  a  little,  they  are  trying  to  move  it  back  a;jain).  In  1 830,  the 
population  of  Memphis  was  600,  all  told ;  in  1840,  1,700 ;  in  1860,  about  15,000 ; 
in  1860.  some  36,000,  and  in  1866,  1  suppose,  some  60,000  or  70,000.  In  the  fall 
of  1826,  about  300  bales  of  cotton  came  to  Memphis,  chiefly  from  the  counties  of 
Ilardeman  and  Fayette. 

In  1886,  about  60,000  bales  of  cotton  were  shipped  from  there.  In  1846, 
about  180.000;  in  1866,  some  200,(»00,  and  in  the  year  preceding  the  war,  I  sup- 
pose, some  250,000  or  800,000.  Up  to  about  the  years  1836-87,  as  many  of  you 
remember,  a  ffreat  rivalry  existed  between  Randolph  and  Memphis,  the  former 
place  at  one  time  shipping  more  cotton  and  doing  more  business  than  Memphis , 


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320  MISCELLANY. 

and  seemed  about  to  wrest  from  her  the  palm  of  superiority  as  a  commercial  point. 
But  about  the  time  the  United  States  Government  purchased  from  tlie  Indians 
that  vast  scope  of  fine  country  known  as  the  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  purchase, 
which  now  m^kes  up  the  whole  of  North  Mississippi.  The  rapid  settlement  of 
this  rich  country  threw  a  laive  increai>ed  trade  into  the  lap  of  Memphis,  turned 
the  scales  in  her  fisTor,  and  Kandolph  fell 

4.  PRODUCmON  AND  CONSUMPTION  OF  COAL. 

Production  of  Coal. 

The  production  of  coal  in  the  year  1854,  in  the  United  States  and  Europe, 
reached  a  sum  total  of  150,000,000  tons,  distiibuted  as  follows  among  the  re-^ct- 
tlve  coal  producing  countries : 

Tons  coal  produced. 

Great  Britwn, $6,000,000 

Belgium 10.000,000 

France 10,000.000 

Austria 4,600,«»O0 

Prussia lO.OOu  000 

Russia 10,0<>0,000 

Other  European  cflmtries 4.(i0o,0()0 

Uniied  States,   16,600,000 

Total 160,000,000 

Area  of  Coal  Jieldi, 

Coal  fields  are  found  in  almost  every  portion  of  the  globe,  but  it  is  only  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States  timt  any  approximate  measurement  of  their  areas 
has  been  obtained.  The  area  of  the  coal  nelds  of  Great  Britain,  France,  iielgium 
and  the  United  States  are  estimated  thus : 

Areas,  square  miles. 

Great  Britain 11.859 

France 518 

Belgium 1,719 

United  States 146,859 

The  figures  of  this  estimate  exhibit  the  vast  superiority  of  the  United  States 
over  Great  Britain,  France  and  Belgium  in  the  natural  resources  of  steam  labor 
power,  and  clearly  point  to  the  supremacy  of  the  Republic  at  no  di>tant  day  by 
steam  labor  industries.  The  coal  fields  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  Belgium, 
extend  over  an  area  of  14,096  square  miles,  those  of  the  United  States  over  148,- 
569  square  miles,  a  ratio  of  10  to  1. 

Production  of  Coal  in  the   United  Statet, 

The  production  of  coal  in  the  United  States  is  continually  on  the  increase,  as 
will  appear  from  the  following;  statement  of  the  production  of  ccal  in  the  fiscal 
years  1863,  1864  and  1865,  the  quantities  being  calculated  from  the  Internal 
Revenue  report  of  the  tax  on  the  production  of  coal.  Tons  coal  produced  :  1863, 
15,500,000  ;  1864,  16,800,000;  1865,  17,000,000. 

In  the  year  1 860,  the  production  of  coal  was  estimated  by  the  Sut>erintendent 
of  the  Census  at  15.000,000  tons.  The  production  in  1865  was  17,000,000  tons, 
an  increase  in  five  years  of  2,000,000.  At  this  rate  of  increase,  our  production 
in  1870  might  be  estimated  at  20,000,000  tons.  The  development  of  manufac- 
turers, however,  consequent  on  the  adoption  of  a  protective  policy,  will  greatly 
increase  the  production  of  coal,  and  it  will  be  no  matter  of  wonder  if  in  187*0 
its  production  in  the  United  States  reaches  a  total  of  at  least  25,000,000  tons. 


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laSCELLANT.  S21 

tt.  IRON  STATISTICS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

For  the  foDowine  figaree  we  are  indebted  to  a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
American  Iron  and  St«el  Association. 

In  his  computations,  no  acconnt  is  taken  of  the  vast  iron  resources  of  the 
South  and  of  our  great  prodaction  daring  the  recent  war.  We  sliall  hereafter 
supply  the  gap : 

The  following  statement  exhibits  the  prodaction  of  the  toTf^ee  and  bloomaries 
throughout  the  country  in  I8t$5.  Our  information  is  not  sufficiently  full  to  en> 
able  us  to  separate  the  amount  of  blooms,  bars  and  other  forgings  made  direct 
from  the  ore  and  the  amount  made  from  pig  and  scrap  iron.  The  total  is  as 
follows : 

New  York 19,7l71ona. 

Pennsylvania 82,628    " 

Other  States 7,572    " 

Total 69,817    " 

Our  returns  for  previous  years  are  as  yet  too  imperfect  to  enable  us  to  draw 
«  comparison  with  profier  accuracy.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  above 
etatemtrnt  exhibits  a  material  falling  off  as  compared  to  the  production  of  1864. 

The  products  of  the  rolling  mills  of  the  country  in  1865  are  as  follows : — 

Tons. 

New  England 102,802 

New  York : 102,177 

New  Jerney 41,014 

Pennsylvania 488,486 

Delaware 4,884 

Maryland 21,886 

West  Virginia 19,721 

Ohio 61,810 

Kentucky 14,551 

Tennessee 6,622 

Missouri 10,196 

Michigan 8,784 

Illinois 82,120 

Indiana 18,748 

Totel  in  1866 838,949 

Total  in  1864 862,768 

Decrease  in  1865 19,829 

Of  the  total  product  in  1865,  858,017  tons  are  rails,  as  follows  : 

Tons. 

Massachusetts,  two  mills 80,442 

New  York,  five  mills 52.810 

New  Jt-rsey,  one  mill 4,826 

Pennsylvania,  fourteen  mills 163.894 

Maryland,  two  mills 6,600 

Wett  Virginia,  two  mills 1,000 

Ohio,  three  mills 22,048 

Kentucky,  two  mills 7,826 

Indiana,  one  mill 18,745 

Illinois,  three  mills 22,120 

Michigan,  one  mill 8,784 

Tennessee,  one  mill 6,622 

Total  of  rails,  new  and  rerolled. . . ., 858,017 

VOL.  U.-NO.  m.  21 


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These  mills  have  a  capacity  of  '760,000  tons  of  rails  per  annum,  or  about 
double  their  present  production. 

The  following  is  the  production  of  the  steel  works  of  the  country,  during  the 
year  1865:  ^  *^ 

Tons. 

Massachusetts 1,629 

Connecticut *150 

New  York 1^804 

New  Jersey 2!o38 

Pennsylvania 10,541 

Michigan 200 

Total  of  all  kinds 15,862 


JOURNAL    OF    THE    WAR. 

Repbbsentinothb  ^lEws  and  opinions  which  obtained  and  the  condition  or 

THINGS  WHICH     EXISTED,  AT  THE   DATE    OF  EACH    DAY's   ENTRT  IN  THE   CONFEDEBATB 

States,  or  in  portions  of  tuem,  wrrn  subsequent  notes,  etc.— (C<m<m««i.) 

BT  THE   EDITOR. 

•*  Oh  r  who  that  shared  them,  ever  shall  forget 
The  emoiions  of  the  spirit  rousing  time  T 

800TT*S  LOBO  or  THE  ISLBS. 

**  Now  Civil  Wounds  are  stopped— Peace  lives  again." 

RicHAU)  IIL,  Act  Y^  8e.  IV 

Mcnday,  11th  August.  1862— Si  one-  use  of  the  riae.  A  fate  worse  than 
wall  .lackson  has  repulsed  Pope  en  the  '  that  which  ever  befell  a  people  must  not 
South-West  Mountain,  Va.,  and  driven  I  and  cannot  be  that  of  a  mce  brave  and 
him  two  miles,  taking  one  General  determined  like  the  South.  Six  hua- 
Officer  and   SoO  prisoners.      M«irgan    dred  thousand  are  called  into  service. 

War  Dspabtmkmt,  ) 

Wabiiinoton,  August  4th,  1868.  / 
Ordered,  Ist  That  a  draft  of  900,000  mtlitla 
be  immediately  called  into  the  serriceofthe 
United  States,  to  serve  for  nine  months,  un- 
less sooner  discharged^  The  Secretary  of  War 
will  assign  Che  quotas  to  the  States,  and  e»- 
tablish  regulations  f!ir  the  draft 
2nd.  That  if  any  Slate  shall  not  by  the  16th 


seems  to  be  promising  another  expedi 
tion. 

GENERAL  ORDEB. 

IIsaoquartbbs  Mor«am'8   Cavalry,    \ 
KnoxviUe,  August  4th,  1862.       f 

Soldier» :  Yoar  country  makes  a  fresh  ap- 
peal to  your  patriotism  and  courage. 
It  has  been  decided  that  Kentucky  roust  be 


freed  Irom  the  detested  Northern  yoke,  and  Sf/^'"'  ("™J**»  *"  quota  of  the  sddlUonal 
whoso  fit  to  carry  out  this  order  as  your-  ^^J^  volunteers  authorised  bv  law.  the 
gg]ve8?  I  deOcIency  will  also  be  made  up  by  a  special 

The  road  is  well-known  to  you  I    Yon  have  i  **~f*  ^™l°„^?  militia.    The  SecrcUry  of  War 
already  taught  the  tyrants  at  Tompkinsvllle,  i  '^^•ifstAblish  regulations  for  this  purpose. 
Lebonon  and  Cynthlana  that  where  Southern  '     8rd.  Regulations  will  be  prepared  by  the 
hearts  nerve  Southern  arms,  our  Suldlera  are    f^'  Department  and  presented  to  the  Frwi- 
iu vincible.  i  "«***»  ^'t*>  'h«  object  of  securing  the  promo> 

ro  an  enemy  be  as  tigers,  to  our  Souihem  !  "on  of  offlcera  of  the  army  and  volunteers  for 
brethren  as  lambs  I  Protect  their  homes,  !  "«'*''"'1«"*?nd  distinguished  services,  and  of 
rei-pect  their  prt.perty  I  Is  it  not  that  of  your  '  Provent  ng  the  nomination  and  appointment  in 
fathers,  mothtrt^  sisters  and  Mends  ?  i  ^«  ^'*"^I^  ^^^^  ®^  Inwimpetent  and  un- 

Sulcllers  :  I  feel  assurt-d  that  you  will  ret«im  '  ^®*''?y  ^"^'5'..  ^^\  regulations  will  lUso 
with  fnsh  laurels  lo  enjoy  in  peace  the  fruits   Pr«'V'<l^  '^  ridding  the  service  of  such    in- 

of  your  glorious  victor!,  si  lu  the  n  ei.n  „n.e  ""—»-"  ^ '™""- ""— ''-''* **•»— 

let  your  avenslng  battle  cry  be  '•Butler  f 
but  shout  *'  Xentvvkp  r  lo  your  kindred  and 
friends.  JOHN  U.  MOKOAK 

Colonel  Cavalry  C.  S. 

Tuesday,  12th.— The  Yankees  are 
nndonbtedly  making  giant  preparations, 
and  when  they  resume  the  struggle  the 
odds  will  be  much  against  us.  Every 
available  man  in  the  Confederacy  from 
15  to  60  must  take  the  field.  Even  the 
women,  if  need  be,  will  understand  the 


competent  persons  as  now  hold  oommisaiona. 
Hj  the  President. 

Wednesday,  13th. — Yankee  prisoners 
are  constructing  a  camp  in  Jackson, 
Missouri,  just  under  the  windows  of  the 
room  from  which  this  memorandum  la 
made,  and  nre  full  of  life  and  spirit. 

Lincoln,  in  fear  of  the  Northern  Con- 
servatives  and  apprehensive  of  Ken> 
tucky  and  the  pther  Border  States,  de- 
clares that  he  will  not  receive  negro 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


regiments,  nor  put  arms  in  the  hands  of 
that  popuUtioD. 

General  Breckinridge  in  addreasing 
the  army  near  Baton  Rouge,  says  : 

^  After  marching  all  olght  through  a  coontry 
destltote  of  i)r»t«r,  70a  attacked  an  enemr 
aoperior  to  yna  io  namb«r,  admirably  potttedf 
and  BappOTted  by  tha  fire  of  iheir  fleet,  you 
fvroed  tbeni  trom  their  poeition^  tailing  pris- 
oners and  several  flags ;  Ictlling  and  woundine 
many ;  destroying  most  of  their  camps,  and 
large  qoantitiea  or  public  stores;  and  driving 
them  to  the  bank  of  the  river  under  cover 
of  the  guns  of  their  fleet  The  inability 
of  the  Arkansas  to  reach  the  scene  of  conflict, 

C vented  the  victory  from  being  complete  : 
you  have  given  the  enemy  a  severe  and 
salutary  lesson. 

**  And  now  those  who  so  lately  were  ravag- 
ing and  plnndtrring  this  region,  do  nut  dare  to 
extend  their  pickets  beyond  the  sight  of  their 
fleet." 

Tbubsdat,  14th. — McCook,  Federal 
Genera],  killed  by  our  guerrillas — Great 
morements  of  guerrillas  in  Missouri — 
Volunteering  and  drafting  progresses 
at  the  North  with  vigor— Rumors  that 
France  and  Russia  will  unite  in  inter- 
Tention. 

BiCHMOND,  Aug.  12.— The  following  official 
diq>atch  was  received  from  Stonewall  Jackson 
to-day,  from  his  headquarters  in  the  Valley 
District,  Auff.  11,  at  6i  o'clock  A.  M.  On  the 
evening  of  the  9tb  inst^  Qod  blessed  our  arms 
with  another  victory.  The  battle  was  near 
Cedar  Kiver,  about  six  miles  from  Culpepper 
Court-Uouae.  The  enemy,  according  to  the 
statements  of  prisoners,  consisted  of  Banks, 
McDowell,  and  SelgePs  command. 

We  have  over  four  hundred  prisoners,  in- 
cluding Brigadier-General  Prince.  While  our 
list  of  killed  is  l^ss  than  that  of  the  enemy, 
vet  we  have  to  mourn  the  loss  of  some  of  our 
best  officers  and  men.  Brigadier  General 
Charles  ti.  Winder  was  mortally  wounded 
while  ably  discharffing  his  duty  at  the  head  of 
his  command,  which  was  the  advance  of  the 
left  wing  of  the  army.  We  have  collected 
about  fifteen  hundred  small  arms  and  other 
ordnance  stores. 

I  am.  Colonel,  your  obH  8erv% 

T.  J.  JACKSON,  Mftj.Qen.  Com*g. 

Friday. — Our  loss  at  Cedar  River 
estimatf  d  at  800.  10,000  Confederatea 
against  15,000  Federals. 

The  enemy  is  intrenching  atHunts- 
ville,  Stephenson,  and  Courtlahd,  Als., 
and  has  20,000  men  at  t)ie  former 
place  ;  the  country  around  being  deso- 
lated. 

Our  lo?s  at  Baton  Rouge,  killed  and 
wounded,  500. 

Saturday. — ^No  news  of  any  kind 
This  inaction  on  our  part  is  of  evil  im- 
j>ort,  and,  in  the  present  aspect  of  af- 
fidrs,  greatly  to  the  interest  of  the 
enemy.     The  Richmond  inquirer  of  a 


late  date  gires  the  following  verses, 
which  will  become  classic,  in  showing 
the  spirit  which  is  aroused  in  the  land : 

TBI  OUKRRILLAS. 

Awake  and  to  horse !  my  brothers, 
For  the  dawn  is  glimmering  gray, 

And  hark  I  in  the  crackling  brushwood, 
There  are  feet  that  tread  this  way  ! 

Who  cometh'I  A  friend  !  What  tidings? 

Oh  God!  I  sicken  to  tell ; 
For  earth  seems  earth  no  longer. 

And  \\fi  sights  are  sights  of  hell. 

There's  rapine,  and  fire  and  slaughter. 
From  the  mountain  down  to  the  shore ; 

There's  blood  on  the  trampled  harvest, 
And  blood  on  the  homestead  floor ! 

From  the  far-off  conquered  cities 
Comes  the  voice  ot  a  stifled  wail. 

And  the  shrieks  and  moans  of  the  house- 
less 
Ring  out,  like  a  dirge,  on  the  gale ! 

Fve  seen,  from  the  smoking  village, 
Our  mothers  and  daughters  fly  I 

Fve  seen,  where  the  little  children 
Sank  down  in  the  furrows,  to  die ! 

On  the  banks  of  the  battle-stained  river 
1  stood,  as  the  moonlight  shone. 

And  it  glared  on  the  face  of  my  brother, 
As  the  sad  wave  swept  him  on  ! 

Where  my  home  was  glad,  are  ashes, 
And  horror  and  shame  bad  been  there ; 

For  I  found,  on  the  fallen  lintel. 
This  tress  of  my  wife's  torn  hair ! 

They  are  turning  the  slave  upon  us. 
And,  with  more  than  the  Fiend's  worst 
art. 

Have  uncovered  the  fires  of  the  savage. 
That  slept  in  his  untaught  heart  1 

The  ties  to  our  hearts,  that  bound  him. 
They  have  rent,  with  curses,  awav. 

And  maddened  him,  with  their  maaness, 
To  be  almost  as  brutal  as  they. 

With  halter,  and  torch,  and  Bible, 
And  hymns,  to  the  sound  of  the  drum, 

They  preach  the  Gospel  of  murder. 
Ana  pray  for  lust's  kingdom  to  come ! 

To  saddle !  To  saddle !  my  brothers  I 

Look  up  to  the  rising  sun, 
And  ask  of  the  God  who  shines  there. 

Whether  deeds  like  these  shall  be  done! 

Wherever  the  Vandal  cometh, 

Press  home  to  his  heart  with  your  steel', 
And  where'er  at  his  bosom  ye  cannot, 

Like  tbe  serpent,  go  strike  at  bis  heel. 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


Tbroagh  thicket  and  wood  go  huot  him  ! 

Creep  np  to  his  camp-fire  side, 
And  let  ten  of  his  corpses  blacken. 

Where  one  of  our  brothers  hath  died  ! 

Id  hi«  fainting,  footsore  marches— 
In  his  flight,  from  the  stricken  fray — 

In  the  snare  of  the  lonel  j  ambash, 
The  debts  that  we  owe  him  paj  I 

In  Ood's  hand,  alone,  is  vengeance ; 

But  he  strikes  with  the  hands  of  men, 
And  his  blight  would  wither  onr  man- 
hood. 

If  we  smote  not  the  smiter  again  I 

Bj  the  gra?e8,  where  onr  fathers  slumber, 
By  the  shrines,  where  our   mothers 
prayed, 

By  oar  homes,  and  bo|»es,  and  freedom, 
Let  every  man  swear,  on  Jiis  blade, 

That  he  will  not  sheathe  nor  stay  it 
Till  from  point  to  heft  it  glow^ 

With  the  flush  of  Almighty  justice. 
In  the  blood  of  the  felon  foe  I 

They  swore;  and  the  answering  sunlight 
Leapt  red  from  their  lifted  swords, 

And  toe  hate  in  their  hearts  made  echo 
To  the  wrath  in  their  burning  words ! 

There's  weeping  in  nil  New  England, 
And  by  Schuylkill's  bank  a  knell. 

And  the  widows  there,  and  the  orphans, 
How  the  oath  was  kept  can  tell. 

Sunday. — Federal  accounts  of  the 
recent  fight  near  Culpepper  Court 
Houce  are  published,  and  as  usual  are 
full  of  compliments  to  the  chivalry  and 
gallantry  of  their  troops.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  believe  one  word  they  say. 

MoxDAT,  18th  August. — Morgan  has 
again  captured  Gallatin,  Tennessee, 
destroyed  railroad  bridges  and  tunnels, 
and  large  quantities  of  stores,  taking 
many  prisoners.  Rumored  that  Stone- 
wall Jackson  has  met  with  a  reverse 
against  Pope.  Rumor  cannot  be  traced 
to  any  authentic  source.  Enemy's 
fleet  seized  one  of  our  steamers  near 
Yicksburfi:,  said  to  have  arms  on  board. 
Pope's  officers,  recently  taken  at  Cedar 
Run,  are  placed  in  close  confinement, 
and  held  as  hostages  for  the  safety  of 
our  citizens,  according  to  recent  orders 
from  President  Davis.  Reported  that 
the  Federals  have  hung  seventeen  pri- 
vate citizens  to  avenge  the  death  of 
their  General,  McCook,  killed  by  guer- 
rillas. 

Butler  is  disarming  the  citizens  of 
New  Orleans.    He  was  recently  grossly 


insulted  by  the  Spanish  Consul.  So 
says  a  gentleman  recently  from  there. 

Breckinridge's  forces  have  gone  to 
Port  Hudson,  which  will  be  strongly 
fortified. 

We  are  receiving  immense  supplies 
of  beeves  from  Texas— enough  for  all 
the  wanta  of  the  Confederacy.  They 
swim  the  Mississippi.  ,Lead  and  pow- 
der  are  also  brought  from  Mexico  over- 
land. 

Confederate  Congress  meets  to-day. 

Tuesday. — Magoffin,  Governor  of 
Kentucky,  has  resigned.  He  eannot 
consent  to  serve  the  def*pot  and  betray 
his  country,     it  is  well,  though  late. 

Wkdhbsdat. — ^The  Federals  have  re- 
commenced their  depredations  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Vicksburg  and  on  the 
Tazoo  River,  and  taken  one  of  our 
small  steamers  having  a  large  amount 
of  valuable  arms  and  ammunition  on 
board.  They  are  believed  to  be  evac- 
uating James  River. 

Queen  Victoria  announces  from  the 
throne  that  there  will  be  no  interven- 
tion in  American  affairs,  and  settles 
that  question.  We  must  bear  the  brunt 
of  the  contest  alone.  The  odds  are 
fearfully  against  us. 

Rumored  that  Russia  will  join  France 
in  some  kind  of  intervention.  Such 
rumors  always  deceive. 

Lincoln  again  refuses  to  arm  the 
slaves. 

Enemy  supposed  to  be  evacuating^ 
Western  Virginia. 

Thursday. — ^The  Federals  now  begin 
to  acknowledge  that  they  were  badly 
beaten  at  Cedat*  Run,  and  detect  the 
exaggeration  of  their  Generals. 

Much  uneasiness  is  felt  in  regard  to 
Vickpburg,  which  is  now  comparatively 
undefended,  and  troops  are  being  sent 
there.  Families  who  had  returned  are 
again  leaving  that  city. 

Guerrillas  have  taken  Independence, 
Missouri. 

General  McClellan  announces  in  hia 
address  that  the  United  Slates  "  is  not 
engaged  in  a  war  of  rapine,  revenge  or 
subjugation,"  but  the  whole  course  of 
his  government  gives  the  lie  to  the 
assertion.  In  the  same  nddrev  he  de> 
clare-t  that  **  slaves,  having  been  em- 
ployed in  the  military  service  of  the 
United  State?,  will  receive  permanent 
military  protection  against  any  com- 
pulsory return  to  a  condition  of  servi- 


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tude."  This  is  all  that  the  aboUtloDists 
ought  to  require  1 

Frzdat. — ^Apprehensions  in  regard  to 
Yieksburg  liave  subsided,  though  the 
moYements  of  the  enemy  are  still  un- 
certain. 

Bragg  is  understood  to  be  massing 
his  army  for  an  immediate  move  for 
Chattanooga,  nponNashville,  and  hopes 
to  out  off  the  army  of  Buell. 

We  are  fortifying  Port  Hudson,  on 
the  Mississippi,  which  will  secure  to  us 
the  navigation  of  the  Red  River,  and 
are  building  other  gunboats  upon  the 
Yazoo. 

General  Hindman,  who  was  sup- 
posed to  have  a  strong  army  in  Arkan- 
sas, informs  General  Bragg,  in  a  letter 
which  the  Yankees  intercept,  that  be 
has  thirty  full  regiments  of  infaulry 
and  only  8,000  stand  of  arms  I  He  is 
being  rapidly  supplied. 

The  present  liabilities  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy  are  said  to  approximate  to 
the  following  figures : 

Borrowed  from  Banks $50,000,000 

State  aid,  to  be  reimbursed..  4^,000,000 
Due  bills  for  property  seized.  65,0iH),000 
Dae  bills  for  prop'y  destroyed   40.0U0,000 

War  loans 66.000,000 

Treasury  notes 100,000,000 

Due  soldiers 46,000,000 

Total $410,000,000 

Adjutant-General  Cooper  has  issued  an 
order  directing  general  officers  command- 
ing  Confederate  troops  to  ascertain  and 
report  if  peaceable  citizens  have  been  put 
to  death  iry  Arkansas  by  Genen.l  Fitch, 
npon  the  ground  that  one  of  the  invading 
army  had  been  shot  down  by  some  un- 
known person,  and  upon  being  dertified 
thereof,  they  shall  forthwith  set  apart,  bj 
lot,  from  among  any  prisoners  from  Sh<! 
army  under  the  command  of  Fitch,  num- 
bers of  officers  equal  in  number  to  the 
prisoners  put  to  death  as  aforesaid,  and 
placed  in  confinement  for  execution  at 
such  a  time  as  mav  be  ordered  by  the 
President,  and  ahali  regard  Fitch,  if  cap- 
tured, as  a  felon,  and  place  him  in  con- 
finement until  further  orders. 

Saturdat,  28kd  August. — South  Ca- 
rolinlHos  surprise  the  Federals  on  St. 
Helena  Island,  and  Scott's  Louisiana 
Cavalry  have  been  sucoes«ful  against 
Yankee  Morgan,  near  Cumberland  Gap, 
in  East  Tennessee. 

Secret  Sessions  of  Congress  are  to  be 
done  away  with,  exct^pt  in  very  im- 
portant matters.    In  our  opinion  such 


sessions  have  been  favorable  to  us,  but 
the  popular  opinion  is  against  them, 
and  must  be  g^tified.  Things  will 
not  improve  with  the  change. 

News  received  that  Baton  Rouge 
has  been  evacuated  by  the  enemy,  who 
have  retired  to  New  Orleans.  It  will 
be  occupied  by  our  troops. 

Sunday. — ^Spent  the  day  at  Coop€r*8 
Well,  a  famous  retreat,  fourteen  miles 
from  Jackson.  Crowded  with  visitors 
and  refugees. 

Lincoln  is  destined  now  and  then  to 
hear  some  plain  truths  spoken  even  in 
his  domain.  Dr.  E.  B.  Old,  whose 
name  and  fame  will  now  belong  to  his- 
tory, spoke  recently  in  Fairfield  County, 
Ohio,  as  follows,  and  has  been  con- 
signed to  a  dungeon  for  the  words : 

"In  God's  name  have  we  not  had 
enough  blood?  Our  opponents  forced 
this  war  upon  us,  and  they  now  call  on 
us  to  help  them  out,  but  I  tell  you,  Mr. 
Lincoln,  that  when  vou  strike  down  Con- 
stitutions, trample  laws  under  foot,  and 
then  call  on  Democrato  to  help  you,  you 
will  not  get  them.  Now  is  not  this  war 
a  war  for  these  purposes?  I  tell  you, 
fellow  Democrats,  there  is  no  honor,  no 
^ain,  no  profit,  no  glory  in  this  war.  It 
IS  all  loss.  It  is  my  brother  you  strike 
down. 

*'  I  see  a  recruiting  officer  in  this  room, 
here,  no  doubt,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
cruiting volunteers  for  this  war.  Now  I 
want  to  advise  my  Democratic  friends 
about  volunteering^.  Before  I  enlist,  or 
before  I  entice  a  single  Democrat  to  en- 
list, I  would  first  know,  Mr.  Lincoln, 
what  you  are  fighting  for.  If  you  are 
fighting  for  the  union  and  Constitution, 
say  so,  proclaim  your  policy.  No,  it  is 
not  for  the  Union  and  Constitution  you 
are  fighting  for.  It  is  for  those  mad 
schemes  of  abolition  and  disunion.  No 
Democrat  will  enlist  in  this  war  until  the 
administration  changes  its  policv  and 
war-cry.  ♦  ♦  *  On  the  4th  of  March, 
1861}  ilr,  Lincoln  stood  upon  the  eastern 
portico  of  the  Capitol  ana  swore  to  sup- 
port the  Constitution.  Did  he  do  it? 
No,  his  every  act  has  been  a  violation  of 
it  from  that  day  to  this.  I  denounce  him 
as  a  tj^aaU  He  has  perjured  his  tout. 
He  may  imprison  me,  but  I  will  still  cry 
TYRANT  I  I  denounce  these  acts  of  op- 
pression as  foul  acts  of  pegury  against 
the  Constitution." 

Mo«PAY. — Federal  army  rfrorted  as 
having  fallen  back  from  Culpepper 
Court  House,  Viiginia.  We  surprised 
and  took  a  portion  of  his  rear-guard, 
and  several  cars  and  locomotives. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


A  wild  rumor  is  in  town  to  the  effect 
that  Pegram  has  several  Ck>nfedfrate 
war  steHmers  at  the  inoulh  of  tho  Mis- 
Bissippi — an  old  story. 

TuKSDAT. — Pope  is  retreating  to 
wards  the  Rapidan,  and  may  not  make 
a  stand  except  at  Manassas.  Jackson 
is  in  pursuit. 

McClellan  has  stiilen  a  march  on  us 
and  is  clear  of  the  James  River,  which 
he  must  damn  most  heartily. 

Connterfeita  of  our  Confederate 
Treasury  notes  begin  to  multiply  and 
create  some  alarm. 

President  Dayis'  Message  to  Congress 
has  been  received.    An  extract  here : 

"  The  vast  «rmy  which  threatened  the 
Capital  of  the  Confederacy  has  been  de- 
feated and  driven  from  the  lines  of  in- 
vestment, and  the  enemy,  repeatedly 
foiled  in  hiseflforts  for  its  capture,  is  now 
seeking  to  raise  new  armies  on  a  scale 
such  as  modern  history  does  not  record, 
to  effect  that  subjugation  of  the  South  so 
often  proclaimed  as  on  the  eve  of  accom- 
plishment. 

"  The  perfidy  which  disregarded  riffhts 
secured  by  compact^  the  madness  which 
trampled  on  obligations  made  sacred  by 
every  consideration  of  honor,  have  been 
intensified  bv  the  malignitv  engendered 
by  defeat.  These  passions  have  chansed 
the  character  of  the  hostilities  waced  by 
our  enemies,  who  are  becoming  daiiy  less 
regardful  of  the  usages  of  civilized  war 
and  the  dictates  of  humanity.  Rapine 
and  wanton  destruction  of  private  pro- 
perty, war  upon  non-combatants,  murder 
of  captives,  bloody  threats  to  avenge  the 
death  of  an  invading  soldiery  by  the 
slaughter  of  unarmed  citizens,  orders  of 
banishment  against  peaceful  families  en- 
gaged in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  are 
some  of  the  means  used  by  our  ruthless 
invaders  to  enforce  the  submission  of  a 
free  people  to  foreign  sway.  Con  fiscal  ion 
bills,  of  a  character  so  atrocious  as  to  in- 
sure, if  executed,  the  utter  ruin  of  the 
entire   population    of  these  States,  are 

Eassedby  their  Congress  and  approved 
y  their  Executive. 

"  The  moneyed  obligations  of  the  Con- 
federate Government  lare  forged  by  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  and  publicly 
advertised  for  sale  in  their  cities,  with  a 
notoriety  which  sufficiently  attests  the 
knowledice  of  their  Government :  and  its 
complicity  in  the  crime  is  further  evinced 
by  tne  fact  that  the  soldiers  of  the  invad- 
ing armies  are  found  supplied  with  large 
quantities  of  these  forged  notes,  as  a 
means  of  despoiling  the  country  people 
by  fraud  out  of  such  portions  of  their 
property  as  armed  violence  may  fail  to 
reach." 


Wednesday. — News  from  Tennessee 
very  encouraging,  and  it  is  ru.nored 
that- Bragg  is  drawing  off  his  entire 
army.  Our  cause  is  rising  rapidly  in 
the  West. 

Thursday. — Clarkesville,  Tennessee, 
has  fallen  into  our  hands,  and  the 
enemy  are  reported  to  have  evacuated 
Forts  Henry  and  Donaldson  in  the  same 
state.  There  are  great  results,  if  true, 
and  the  results  will  be  immense. 
Nashville  will  then  be  in  our  power. 

General  Stuart  routed  the  Federals, 
on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  road, 
5.000  strong,  and  took  many  prisoners, 
besides  destroying  a  vast  amount  of 
stores. 

HKADQXrARTRRS  TF  TinS  FIRI.D,         } 

Near  Batoit  Rovok,  Aognst  14, 18 '2.  f 
To  the  Gommanding  Officer  of  tho  United 

States  forcen  at  Baton  Roogo  : 

6nt :  The  object  of  this  comroanlcatf  on  Is  to 
call  yonr  attention  to  the  acts  of  outrage  re* 
centiv  committed  In  this  part  of  the  Confede- 
rate dlates,  under  the  orders  of  officers  of  the 
United  States  army,  and  to  other  acts  which, 
I  am  Informed,  are  In  contemplation  under  the 
same  orders. 

Many  private  houses  have  been  wantonly 
barned,  much  private  property  has  been  taken 
or  destroyed  without  oompensation,  many  un- 
armed citizens  have  boon  seized  and  carried 
away  into  imprisonment  upon  folse  and  frivol- 
ous pretexts,  and  inforination  has  readied 
these  headquarters  that  negro  slaves  are  being 
organized  and  armed,  to  be  employed  against 
ua. 

It  Is  also  stated  that  the  mayor  of  Bayou 
Sara  bos  been  ordered  (iii  case  he  cannot  pro- 
cure  negroes)  to  Impress  all  able-bodied  white 
persons,  for  the  purpose  of  loading  coal  upon 
the  boats  of  the  United  States  fleet 

It  has  been  the  earnest  desire  of  the  Con- 
federate  authorities  to  conduct  this  war  ac- 
cording to  the  usages  of  civilized  nations,  and 
they  win  adhere  to  them  so  long  as  they  are 
respected  by  the  United  States. 

I  am  instructed  by  Major-Oeneral  Van 
Darn,  commanding  this  department,  to  Inform 

{rot  that  the  above  acts  are  regarded  as  in  vio- 
atlon  of  the  usages  of  clvil1»^  warfare ;  and 
that  In  future,  upon  any  departure  from  these 
usages,  *'  he  will  raise  the  black  flag,  and  neither 
give  nor  ask  quarter." 

I  have  the  honor  to  request  an  answer  to 
this  oommunication.  informing  me  of  your 
future  purposes  touohlng  the  acts,  herein  com- 
plained of. 

I  am,  very  respectfully. 
Your  obedient  servant, 

JOHM   0.   BRSCKIMRXneB, 

MiOor*^neral  C.  8.  A. 

Friday. — Morgan  again  advances 
within  a  few  miles  of  Nashville,  and  has 
a  briiliant  afiair  with  Dick  Johnson's 
Federal  cavalry,  which  he  defeats  and 
puts  to  flight,  after  his  taking  many 
prisoners.  His  force  tOO  against  1200 
of  the  Federals.       He  destroys   the 


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JOOBNAL  OF  THE  WAB. 


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briilgea  on  the  Nashville  and  Gallatin 
and  Springfield  roads. 

Our  guerrilla"*  surprised  and  defeated 
near  Riei  zi.  Miss. 

Dr.  Cart  Wright  reaches  here,  from 
N«w  Orleans,  and  reports  great  mor- 
tality, and  some  panic  among  the 
Yankee  troops  there,  and  believes  they 
will  increase. 

The  Northern  papers  give  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  the  disbanding  of 
the  negro  brigade  raised  at  Port  Royal, 
8.  C,  by  Gen.  Hunter. 

The  negro  brigade,  oi^nlzed  hy  General 
Hnnter.  ba^  proved  an  unmitigated  fidlure. 
Oat  of  eifrbt  handred  contrabands  on  the 
master  roll,  there  were  some  Ave  handred 
who  **  skedaddled,^  and  many  of  the  re- 
mainder felt  so  aoeasy  ander  military  control 
and  discipline  that  they  watched  for  opporta- 
nlties  to  escape.  On  batardav  afternoon  last 
a  rnmor  previdjed  aroand  Hilton  Head  that 
the  famous  negro  brigade  would  be  disbanded 
that  aftomoon.  The  ramor  of  the  disband- 
ment  proved  correct,  for  Gen.  Huntt-r  had 
dispatched  an  Adjataiit  and  several  oiflcere  to 
£lnott*8  plantation,  when»  the  brigade  was  in 
camp. 

On  the  arrival  of  these  officers  their  purpose 
soon  spread  throogh  the  camp,  creating  the 
wildest  Joy  among  the  ''  soldiers.'* 

Satubdat. — A  small  Confederate 
success  reportnl  at  Bridgeport,  near 
Chattan<K>ga.  Great  anxiety  to  hear 
from  Bragg's  army,  marching  upon 
Nashville,  for  that  point. 

The  following  expresses  clearly  and 
succinctly  the  present  aspect  of  affairs  in 
the  Confederacy  : 

^  The  movements  of  the  last  few  weeks  have 
changed  the  aspect  of  aiXhirs.  Not  only  has 
the  previous  victorioas  march  of  the  invader 
been  checked  at  all  points,  but,  in  nearly  every 
instance  we  have  advanced.  Butler  iias  with- 
drawn his  Hdvanco  to  New  OrUans ; Vicks- 
borg  has  driven  back  her  wonld-be  conqaer- 
ors;  the  grand  army  of  Halleck,  at  Corinth, 
has  become  dispersed,  and  we  believe  id  now 
in  detachments,  completely  at  the  mercy  of 
our  troupe  :  various  important  places  in  Ten- 
nessee ana  Kentucky  are  occupied  by  the 
Confederates,  and  others  are  threatened ; 
Grant's  and  Ourtis' forces  are  merely  ganisons. 
unable  to  move  ;  Morgan's  is  hemmed  in.  and 
it  is  believed  must  capitulate ;  Nashville  is 
seriously  threatened  by  our  troop«,  and  a  vigor- 
ous movement  will  compel  its  evacuation  and 
that  of  Memphis  :  Missouri  is  aroused,  and 
the  Federals  flna  an  abundance  of  work  on 
their  hands  in  that  quarter.  Bo  much  for  the 
situation  in  the  West  In  the  East  the  attacks 
aealnst  Charleston  and  Savannah  have  been 
given  up  ;  almost  the  whole  of  North  Carolina, 
that  was  occupied,  has  been  evacuated ;  and 
in  Virginia  we  find  the  magnificent  armies 
which  so  long  threatened  the  Confederate 
capital  (kllinff  back  to  the  position  tbev  occu- 
pied on  the  Potomac  at  the  outset  of  thd  war*. 


The  siens  of  promise,  we  repeat,  are  bright, 
and  brightening.  Not  a  doubt  of  success  is 
for  a  moment  entertained.' ' 

Monday,  September  1st.,  1868. — Our 
guerrillas  have  peuetrated  to  within  ten 
miles  of  Memphis,  and  burned  much 
cotton,  and  the  bridges  over  the  Uolt 
and  Hatchie  rivers. 

Southern  Governor's  west  of  the 
Mississippi  have  issued  an  address. 
We  extract : 

**  We  have  every  confidence  in  the  Confede- 
rate  authorities ;  we  believe  that  they  will 
fully  sustain  the  credit  of  the  Government 
here,  and  provide  amply  for  oar  fhture  de- 
feitce.  But  in  order  ihat  they  mav  be  able 
thus  to  defend  us,  it  behooves  us  all  to  be  at 
work^  Let  every  fire-arm  be  repaired,  and 
every  gunsmith  and  every  worker  in  iron,  and 
every  mechanic  bo  employed  in  fashioning  the 
material  for  war.  Let  beauty  sit  day  bv  day 
at  the  spinning  wheel,  the  loom  and  with  the 
needle,  never  wearving  in  preparing  the 
necessary  articles  of  clothing  for  the  brave 
soldiera  of  our  States,  who  stand  between  her 
and  in&my  and  misery,  as  an  impassable  bul- 
wark. Let  all  the  warUke  resources  of  these 
great  States  be  brought  to  light.  It  is  for 
liberty  and  life  we  fight !  and  a  good  Qod  hat 

given  us  in  this  fair  land  all  the  material  that 
rave  men   need  to  defend  their  homes  and 
their  honor. 

As  to  the  final  result,  fellow-citizens,  Judg- 
ing by  the  history  of  the  past  eighteen  months, 
can  you  doubt  it  ? 

Except  on  the  coast  and  on  our  riven  at 
points  easily  assailed  by  eunboats,  wo  have 
had  no  cause  to  complain  of  the  result. 

Witness  Bethel,  Mttnassa^  Oak  Uills,  Lex- 
ington, Leesburg. Belmont,  ahlloh  and  Cnlcka* 
hominy.  Our  soldiera  have  shown  on  every 
field  a  desperate  valur  that  has  wrung  reluc- 
tant plaudits  from  our  bated  foes.  Wnenevor 
ordered  to  advance,  they  have  done  so  re- 
gardless of  the  danger,  and  at  the  word  of 
command  have  crowded  the  road  to  death  as 
to  a  festival." 

Tuesday. — TheYankee  accounts  claim 
that  we  failed  in  our  attack  upon  Fort 
Donaldson,  and  that  they  are  now  in 
possession  of  it. 

Accounts  of  the  recent  artillery  duel 
on  the  l^appahanuock  are  published. 
We  had  19  guus  of  the  Washington 
Artillery,  and  the  enemy  44,  and  after 
seven  hours  drove  him  from  the  field 
and  across  the  river.  Our  loss  24  killed 
and  wounded. 

Butler  requires  all  the  arms  in  New 
Orleans  to  be  given  up.  French  Con- 
sul protests. 

*^ror  some  time  past  unmistakable  signs 
have  manifested  themselves  among  the  servile 
population  of  the  city  and  surrounding  coun- 
try of  their  intention  to  break  the  bonds 
which  bind  them  to  their  masters,  and  many 
persons  ^prehended  an  actual  revolt. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


It  la  these  signs,  this  prospect  of  flDdioff  onr- 
selyes  completelj  anarmed,  in  the  preseBce 
•f  a  popaUttoD  horn  whieh  the  greatest  ex- 
cesses are  feared,  that  we  are  abore  all  things 
Justly  alarmed ;  for  the  result  of  such  a  state 
of  things  woald  fill  on  all  alike  who  were 
left  witboat  the  means  of  self-defence. 

It  Is  not  denied  that  the  protection  of  the 
United  States  soreroment  wonld  be  extended 
to  them  in  soch  an  event,  bnt  that  protection 
eoold  not  be  effeottre  at  all  times  and  in  all 
placea,  nor  proride  against  those  internal 
enemies  whose  nnrestrained  language  and 
manners  are  oonsUntly  increasing,  and  who 
•re  bnt  partiallr  kept  in  sobjection  bj  the 
eonvletlon  that  their  masters  are  armed. 

I  snbmlt  to  yon,  sir,  these  obserrations,  with 
the  request  that  you  take  them  Into  oonsidera- 
tlon. 

Please  accept,  sir,  the  assurance  of  mj  high 
esteem.  The  Consul  of  Fnnce, 

COVMT  MniAB.** 
NOTBS  ON  THE  JOURNAL. 

Thb  Produce  Loaw  Offior. — A  note 
apoD  this  eubject  was  promised  in  oar 
last  issue.  The  author  of  these  notes 
was  connected  with  this  office  from  ihe 
earliest  days  of  the  Confederacy  down 
to  the  final  surrender.  At  the  instance 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  he 
organized  ihe  office  in  the  summer  of 
1861,  at  Richmond,  and  preseed  sub- 
scriptions by  correspondence  and  cir- 
culars, and  through  sub-agencies  in  all 
of  the  States.  Early  in  1862,  preferrine; 
a  location  at  New  Orleans,  be  resismed 
ihe  chief  control  of  the  office,  which,  at 
his  instance,  was  given  to  A.  Ronne, 
Esq.,  and  accepted  the  Soiitli-Western 
Department,  embracing  at  first  the 
States  of  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  Arknn- 
•as  and  Louisiana.  After  the  fall  of 
New  Orleans,  his  headquarters  were 
Temoved  from  New  Orleans  to  Jackson, 
Mississippi,  to  Uniontown  and  Selma, 
Alabama,  and  finally  to  Ckilnmbus, 
Miss. 

The  original  proposition  was,  that 
parties  should  agree,  after  a  certain 
stated  time,  to  invest  the  proceeds  of 
the  sale  of  a  certain  portion  of  their 
crojts  or  manufactured  goods  in  the 
Bonds  of  the  Confederate  States,  and 
•ucli  "subscriptions,"  as  they  were 
called,  reached  a  vast  aggrecrate  amount 
in  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  naval  stores, 
tobacco,  whea^  fionr,  etc.  The  block 
ade  not  being  raised,  however,  and 
sales  being  impracticable,  the  "  Produce 
Loan"  under  this  form  was  a  failure, 
and  the  amount  of  collection  was  very 
small. 

At  the  instance  of  some  of  the  largest 
capitalists  in  New  Orleans,  we  submit- 


ted to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
a  propoaal  to  advance  handsomely  in 
gold  or  sterling  upon  such  cotton  as 
the  Confederate  States  would  get  the 
actual  possession  of  by  purchase,  bnt  as 
New  Orleans  fell  immediately  after, 
nothing  was  accomplished.  The  Secre- 
tary, however,  obtained  from  Congress, 
the  power*  to  purchase,  or  take  at  a 
market  Talue,  for  Confederate  Bonds, 
cottoQ  and  tobaooo  to  the  extent  of 
130,000,000  Irom  those  who  had  been 
subscribers  to  the  "Produce  Loan." 
This  was  an  enlargement  of  that  officer's 
ideas  upon  the  subject,  and  had  it 
occurred  earlier,  would  have  greatly 
aided  the  finances.  The  purchases 
were  made  indiscriminately,  and  much 
more  exteuBively  from  non-subscribers 
to  the  loan  than  from  subscribers,  aiid 
at  prices  which  ranged  from  6  to  8  cts. 
in  C.  S.  notes  to  66  cents,  which  was 
the  highest  price  paid  by  us,  in  a  pur- 
chase of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  miUioD 
of  baJes.  The  object  of  the  gOTemment 
in  getting  posnession  of  the  cotton  was 
to  dispose  of  it  for  sterling  or  sold,  for 
army  supplies,  or  even  in  liqnidaUon  of 
its  own  notes.  A  large  amount  of  it 
was  pledsed  for  what  was  called  the 
Fifteen  Million  Loan,  negotiated  in 
Europe ;  much  of  it  was  shipped  direct 
through  our  ports,  etc.  It  was  p«d 
for  in  Treasury  notes  as  well  as  bonds. 

During  the  first  years  of  the  war,  the 
i(overnment  pursued  the  policy  of  burn- 
ing ynst  quantities  of  cotton  in  the  ex- 
posed districts— afterwards  the  attempt 
was  made  to  remove  it  from  those  dis- 
tricts to  points  of  greater  safety ;  but 
these  were  generally  failures.  Finally, 
the  policy  was  adopted  to  sell  all  the 
exposed  cottons  to  whoever  would  pay 
for  them  in  gold  or  foreign  funds,  and 
give  a  permit  to  take  the  cottons  beyond 
our  lines.  The  poUcy  was  afterwards 
virtually  enlarged  to  embrace  all  cot- 
tons. Of  course,  such  transactions  were 
in  their  nature  d<  licate,  and  not  open  to 
public  discussion.  PuUicity  would 
have  defeated  them;  and  yet  their 
importance  could  not  be  overra^  in 
the  low  state  of  the  exchequer  of  the 
Confederacy.  During  our  administra- 
tion, large  amounts  of  gold  and  ex- 
change were  remitted  to  Richmond,  of 
which  we  have  preserved  the  full 
reports. 

The  administration  of  government 
cottons  in  Mississippi,  when  the  enemy 


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began  to  penetrate  the  State,  was  the 
most  difficult  matter  conceivable,  and 
the  losses  on  it  in  every  way  were 
fri^htfal.  It  was  burned,  wasted,  stolen 
and  lost,  despite  of  erery  effbit  that 
was  mftde  to  the  contrary.  Had  it 
been  possible  to  sare  the  purchases  in 
this  State  alone,  they  would,  at  the 
great  depreciation  after  the  war,  have 
paid  a  very  large  part  of  the  national 
debtw  The  experience  of  Mr.  Clapp, 
who  afterwards  had  charge  of  these 
matters,  concurred  in  erery  particular 
with  our  own. 

We  have  fortunately  preserved  cop- 
ies of  all  our  financial  reports  and  our 
entire  correspondence  with  the  govern- 
ment upon  subjects  connected  with  the 
"Produce  Loan"  for  four  years,  and 
our  last  financial  balance  sheet  preceded 
but  a  few  days  the  fall  of  Richmond, 
and  ma^e  a  rSfumS  of  all  the  transac- 
tions of  the  office.  We  phall  publish  it 
hereafter.  All  the  books,  papers  and 
documents  of  the  office  are  now  in 
possession  of  the  United  States. 

The  first  purchases  of  cotton  which 
were  made  by  the  Ck>nfederacy  were 
made  in  Missisirippi,  and  were  intended 
to  adjust  a  transaction  which  we  had 
entered  into  with  the  Bank  of  New 
Orleans,  involving  a  \&m  amount  of 
specie,  used  in  the  purchase  of  army 
clothing,  blankets,  etc.,  from  a  French 
honse. 

Besides  the  cotton  bought  by  the 
Treasury  Department,  the  War,  Navy, 
Ordnance,  Medical,  and  even  State 
Departments  purchased  f^reater  or  less 
onantities,  which  were  shipped  to  meet 
ttieir  necessities  from  time  to  time. 

For  a  considerable  period  prior  to 
the  close  of  the  war,  our  entire  influ- 
ence was  exerted  to  check  the  burning 
of  cotton ;  and  in  concert  with  Gener^ 
Polk,  a  scheme  was  matured  for  the 
conversion  of  it  into  army  supplies, 
foreign  funds,  etc.,  and  for  the  preven- 
tion of  traffic  except  where  the  govern- 
ment derived  a  direct  and  considerable 
benefit  Under  this  policy  many  thou- 
sand bales  were  saved. 

We  close  this  note  with  some  extracts 
from  the  last  able  Report  made  by  Mr. 
Roane,  giving  a  detailed  account  of  the 
operations  of  the  office  which  he  ad- 
ministered with  signal  ability  and  in- 
domitable ceal,  and  with  this  remark, 
that  of  the  large  amount  of  cotton  turn- 


ed over  to  the  United  States  by  the 
officers  of  this  Deparment,  in  the  seve- 
ral States,  but  a  very  inconsiderable 
portion  inured  to  the  benefit  of  the 
Government 

"The  statement  below  will  shovr  the 
total  amount  of  purctiases  of  cotton  which 
have  been  made : 

Bales.  Yalne. 

Pnrohftses  in  AlabMna. ..  184  858  $18,688,921 

In  Mississippi 187,841  7,947.405 

In  Lonisiana 181,086  7.754,140 

In  Soath  Carolina 18,888  8,061,706 

In  Arkansas 10.800  1,06^984 

InOe<»rgia 18^  1,066.676 


InFloiii 


rgia 
rida. 


70 


6,688 


ToUl 480,784    $88,080,814 

—or  averaging  for  all,  $80.10  per  bale. 

**  The  average  cost  per  bale  in  all  the  ■ 
States  is  as  follows :  In  Mississippi,  $62. 
4-1  ;  In  Louisiana.  $64.06 ;  in  Arkansas, 
$65.25 ;  in  Georgia,  $80.27 ;  in  Florida, 
$94.95;  in  Alabama,  $101.55 ;  in  South 
Carolina,  $168.68. 

**  The  tobacco  purchases  were  made  ex- 
clusively in  the  State  of  Virginia,  and 
amount  as  follows: 

Qaaotltv.  Yaloe. 

Leaf  Tobaoco,  hhds 11,018  $760,775 

Stems,  hbds 1,189  145,008 

ManoTd  tobacco,  tierces..       768  684,870 

*'      tobacco,  boxes.  .      101  81,404 


Total. 


$1,462,057 

"  The  average  cost  being  for  leaf,  68  cts. 
per  pound ;  for  stems.  H  cts.  per  pound ; 
and  for  manufactureo  tobacco,  $3.40  per 
ponnd. 

•  ••«•* 

'*  Under  these  regulations  all  cotton,  to- 
bacco and  naval  stores  held  bj  the  several 
departments  were  to  be  turned  over  to 
the  Treasury,  and  together  with  all  fu- 
ture purchases  were  to  be  transported  by 
the  agents  of  the  War  Department  to  the 
ports  of  shipment,  storea  in  order,  com- 
pressed and  placed  on  board  of  vessels, 
and  bills  of  lading  taken  for  the  same, 
which  were  then  to  be  turned  over  to  the 
agent  of  the  Treasury  Department  and 
consigned  bj  them  to  the  Government 
ailments  in  the  neighboring  islands— if  not 
snipped  directly  to  Europe— to  be  thence 
re-shipped  to  the  Treasuiy  agent  at  Liver- 
pool, there  to  be  sold,  and  the  proceeds 
to  be  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  Confed- 
erate States,  and  paid  out  upon  warrants 
of  the  Seoretarv  of  the  Treasury  in  satis- 
faction of  requisitions  made  by  the  heads 
of  the  several  departments. 

**  The  statement  found  below  will  show 
the  total  amount  of  shipments  made  up 
to  this  time,  including  shipments  made  in 
redemption  of  bonos  of  the  *  Erl anger 
Loan,'  and  on  account  of  the  Treasury 
Department  proper: 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE   WAR. 


COTTON. 

Bales. 
Shipped  on  aco't  of  Treas.  Dcpt  proper  1,190 
Shipped  from  Wilmington  on  general 

accoHDt 4,910 

Shipped  from  Charleston  on  general  acct  8,ni9 
Shipped  f^om  Mohile  on  general  account  lb 
Shipped  from  Savannah  on        do  56 

Shipped  from  Mobile  on  acoonnt  of  £r- 

laneer  Loan 8,161 

Shipped  from  Wilmington  on  account  of 

Erlangcr  loan d,705 

Total  shipped „..  19,886 

Of  which  469  were  captured  by  the  enemj. 

TOBACCO. 

Shipped  fh>m  Wilmington  on  general  ac- 

C(uuiL  leaf,  hhds 21 

Shipped  from  Wilmington  on  general 

accoun t,  manufactured,  tiercoa 768 

Shipped  fh>m  Wilmington  on  general 

account,  manufactured,  boxes 100 

Total  packagea 884 

"  Losses  by  capture,  burnt  by  our  own 
authorities,  aud  used  for  military  pur- 
poses : 

Ba1e9. 

MisslMlppl 60,000 

Louisiana , 48,448 

Arkansas 900 

All  other  States,  say 600 

Total .104,848 

"  Takeu  possessioD  of  and  sold  by  mil- 
itary authorities : 

Louisiana 24,828 

Arkansas 600 

Total 

•*  Sold  by  Treasury  Department : 

Bales. 

Mississippi 8^688 

Georgia 8,278 

Totol 6,961 

Total  In  all  the  States 186,782 

i«»)ed  In   redemption   of  Brlanger 

onds  and  for  sale  in  Europe 19,884 

Expended  in  payment  of  cotton  coupons      607 
Expended  in  payment  for  Army  sup- 
plies on  contract  with  Messrs.  Oauth- 
'    rln&Co..., 15^000 

T     ^^^'^^'v 171,728 

L<^aving  on  hand 269,001 

Of  which  there  remain  in  Miasisslppl .    68,668 

4^»l»n«» 115.450 

Arkansas ]4;88S 

Loiihlana        68,266 

Gcc  gia,  South  Carolina  and  Florida . .    1 2,246 

Total 259,001 

**  Deducting  the  cotton  in  the  Trans- 
Mississippi  States,  67,658  bales,  which 
maj  not  be  arailable,  there  will  still  re- 
main 191,848  bales.  To  these  it  will  be 
proper  to  add  for  the  estimated  yield  of 
the  tithe  tax  on  cotton  15,000  bales,  giv- 
ing a  total  of  206.248.  The  greater  part 
of  tbe  cotton  left  m  Georgia,  South  Caro- 


lina and  Florida  has  already  been  trans- 
ported or  arrangements  hare  been  made 
for  its  collection  and  transportation  to  tbe 
seaboard  for  shipment  abroad.  Contracts 
for  the  sale  of  cotton  in  Mississippi  hare 
been  made,  which  will  absorb  about  20,000 
bales,  including,  probably,  all  of  that 
now  located  in  tne  exposed  districts.  A 
portion  of  the  purchases  in  that  State 
will  also  be  taken  up  bv  warrants  pay- 
able in  cotton,  issued  in  mvor  of  tbe  War 
Department  for  the  purchase  of  military 
supplies. 

•  •  «  «  •  « 

"The  following  Is  a  carefblly  prepared  esti- 
mate of  the  number  of  bales  which  the  tithe 
tiix  will  probably  yield  :*' 

Bales. 

Cotton  tithe  In  North  Carolina 660 

Cotton  tithe  In  South  Carolina 8,000 

Cotton  tithe  in  Georgia. 8,600 

Cotton  tithe  in  Alabama 6,000 

Cotton  lithe  in  Mississippi 2,000 

Cotton  tithe  in  Florida 800 

Total 14,850 


Finances  op  thb  CoNrBnaRAcr.— About 
this  time  counterfeits  began  to  appear  of 
our  Treasury  notes,  but  they  were  not 
difficult  of  detection  at  first,  as  it  seemed 
impracticable  for  the  Yankees  to  use  as 
mean  paper,  and  print  so  badly  as  we  did. 
These  counterfeits  were  introduced  in  im- 
mense quantities  by  Federal  soldiers  and 
speculators  who  crossed  the  line,  and  were 
advertised  for  sale  all  over  tbe  North.  After 
a  time  better  paper  was  introduced  from 
Europe,  and  improved  andvxtensire  ma- 
chinery, and  the  money  mills  at  Rich- 
mond and  Columbia  turned  out  bonds 
and  notes  nearly  as  handsome  as  those 
of  the  enemy.  They  improved  in  qual- 
ity as  they  deteriorated  in  value.  It 
ceased  at  last  to  be  an  object  to  counter- 
feit them. 

Up  to  this  time  Mr.  Memminger  esti- 
mated that  $74,000,000  bad  been  issued 
of  8  per  cent,  bonds  and  call  certi6cat'es, 
and  $206,000,000,  interest-bearing  and 
other  notes.  It  employed  the  time  of  72 
clerks  regularly  to  sign  the  notes  as  fast 
as  required. 

The  war- tax  was  very  generally  as- 
sumed and  paid  by  the  Sutes,  and  reach- 
ed $10,000,000  to  August,  1862. 

Gold,  which  had  remained  at  par  with 
Confederate  notes  for  the  first  four 
months  of  1861,  went  up  to  120  by  the 
close  of  that  year;  averaged  185  during 
tbe  first  six  months  of  1862 ;  was  150  in 
August,  but  jumped  up  suddenlv  to  250 
in  September.  It  reached  at  the  same 
time,  as  compared  with  Federal  money. 
124  in  New  York, 

Prices  of  some  of  tbe  articles  sold  at 
blockade  sales  in  Charleston  were  as  fol- 
lows: 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


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"Sperm  candles.  No.  ft.  $9  80  to  $2  60  per 
pooml;  Boap,  $1  M  to  $1  60  per  ponnd  :  gnn- 
powder  l«i,  $10  00  per  pound ;  men's  patent 
Congress  Gaiters,  $12  76  to  $19  per  pair ;  Indies' 
heeled  Otngress  Oalters,  $18  per  pair;  Con- 
TOS  gaiters,  $16  26  per  pair;  ladW  heavy 
Congress  fralter^  $10  75  per  pair ;  coffee,  dam- 
aged, $1  62^  per  pound ;  ruled  foolscap  paper, 
$20  to  $26  per  ream  ;  ruled  letter  paper,  $16  60 
to$20perreain.^  f-*- .v 


SoMB  Indication  or  Northbrk  Sbnti- 
MBKT.— The  Boston  Courier^  at  this  time, 
tbos  discoursed  upon  th«  situation  : 

**We  hare  been  laboring  under  certain 
pave  errors  In  respect  to  this  rebellion,  which 
it  is  high  time  were  corrected. 

**  We  have  supposed  there  was  a  Union  party 
In  the  South.    There  Is  none. 

'*We  have  supposed  the  rebellion  could  be 
quelled  In  this  campaign.  It  must  last  for 
years. 

""  We  have  supposed  half  s  million  of  troops 
were  snflldent  to  subjugate  the  revolted  States, 
it  will  require  at  least  a  million  and  a  half. 

"This  Is  the  most  serious  of  all  our  errors — 
this  constantly  undervaluing  the  strength  of 
the  ("oeniy  and  over-estimating  our  own 
strength.  The  time  has  arrived  when  we  must 
come  up  to  the  strength  of  our  endeavor.  Not 
a  man  less  than  a  million  and  a  half  will  be 
necessary.  We  must  at  once  take  measures  to 
raise  this  number  of  troops,  or  the  contest  will 
be  prolonged  Indeflnltely. 

"*■  We  supposed  that  after  subduing  the  reb- 
els, a  snoall  force  would  suffice  to  enforce 
obedience  of  the  law.  Snch  may  be  the  case 
twenty  years  hence,  but  for  the  present,  say 
tor  the  next  ten  years,  we  shall  want  a  stand- 
ing army  of  not  less  than  three  hundred  thou- 
sand men  to  preserve  order  in  the  South.  The 
people  literally  hate  us.  The  women  teach 
hatred  to  their  children.  The  clergy  preach 
hatred  from  the  pulpit  The  growing  genera- 
tion will  be  even  more  embittered  against  us 
than  the  present  Nothing  but  force  can  keep 
the  country.  For  this  purpose  my  estimate 
of  three  hundred  thousand  men  is  moderate.*' 

Pbisonbbs  of  Wab.— We  often  visited 


the  prisoners  at  Richmond  and  other 
points,  and  were  struck  with  the  eviden- 
ces of  humane  management  which  exhib- 
ited themselves.  It  was  practicable  then 
to  provide  for  the  secunty  and  comfort 
of  this  class,  and  the  disposition  uni- 
versally was  to  do  it.  The  enemy  com- 
plain of  us  a  great  deal  on  this  point,  but 
the  recent  report  of  the  U.  S.  Secretary 
of  War  shows  that  a  larger  number  of 
Southerners  died  in  Northern  prisons, 
than  Northerners  who  died  in  ours.  Two 
of  the  former  died  out  of  every  fifteen, 
and  two  of  the  latter  out  of  every  28 1  ! 

Thursday. — Telegraphed  that  Presi- 
dent Davis  has  left  for  the  Potomac, 
and  that  Jaclcson's  army  has  crossed, 
and  that  the  Yanltees  under  Wool  were 
marching  to  meet  him. 

Kirby  Smith  occupies  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  and  is  marctdng  on  Cincin- 
nati. 

Bragg  has  crossed  tlie  Cumberland, 
and  is  advancing  on  Louisville. 

Brilliant  dash  of  Confederates  at 
Bayou  des  Allemans,  La. 

**CoiiRAOB8:— Our  campaign  opens 
auspiciously.  The  enemy  is  m  full  re- 
treat, wifb  consternation  and  demoraliza- 
tion devastating  his  ranks.  To  secure 
the  fruits  of  this  condition,  we  must  press 
on  vigorously  and  unceasingly. 

**  Alabamians  !  your  Sute  is  redeemed. 
Tennesseeans !  your  Capital  and  State 
are  almost  restored  without  firing  a  gun. 
Yon  return  conquerors.  Kentuckians ! 
the  first  sreat  blow  has  been  struck  for 
your  freedom.  Soldiers  from  other  States 
share,  the  happiness  of  our  more  fortu- 
nate brothers,  and  will  press  on  with  them 
for  the  redemption  or  their  homes  and 
women."    [Signed,    Braxton  Bbaog. 


EDITORIAL 

Tub  grandest,  the  vastest  conception 
of  the  age  is  an  accomplished  fact— a 
girdle  has  been  put  around  the  globe  in 
reality  as  in  poetry,  and  the  civilizations 
of  the  Old  and  New  World,  of  Homer, 
Alexandria  and  Bonaparte,  and  of  Wash- 
ington, Captain  Smith  and  Pocahontas 
bold  communion  with  each  other  by  an 
electric  spark  I  Glorious  consummation, 
act  worthy  of  the  gods  who  piled  Ossa 
upon  Pelion  and  hurled  mountains  at 
each  other  in  their  warlike  demonstra- 
tioos  in  days  of  yore.  Limit  not  again 
the  achievements  of  the  energy,* the  en- 
terprise and  the  daring  spirit  of  our  age 


NOTES,  ETC. 

and  country.  With  an  iron  wire  grap- 
pling the  Continents  and  iron  bands 
three  thousand  miles  in  length  across  the 
boundless  plains,  rivers  and  mountains 
of  our  own,  connecting  the  shores  of 
the  Atlantic  and  ^cific,  the  Nineteenth 
Century  might  well  rest  in  its  giant 
progress.  Pact  is  here  beyond  all  fiction . 
Given  the  cable  and  there  is  no  difficulty 
at  all  about  the  railroad.  That  is  next 
in  order.  A  nice  ear  might  almost  catch 
already  the  scream  of  its  locomotive. 

Worthy  of  the  great  work  is  the  first 
message  which  leaps  from  Continent  to 
Continent    Ptace  prtvaUt  in  both. 


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332 


EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


We  referred  in  oar  last  to  the  beautiful 
charity  which  dictates  Id  erery  part  of  the 
Southern  land  the  formation  of  Memori- 
al Associationt  in  honor  of  our  noble  and 
gallant  dead.  For  that  at  Charleston, 
Mr.  Timrod,  the  most  exquisite  of  our 
Southern  poets,  contributed  an  ode,  which 
is  worthy  of  the  classic  ages : 

Sleep  sweetly  in  your  hamble  grares. 

Sleep  martjn  of  a  follen  cause  I — 
Though  yet  no  marble  colamn  crares 


In  seeds  of  laurels  in  the  earth, 

The  garlands  of  yonr  fame  are  sown ; 
And,  somewhere,  waiting  for  Its  birth. 

The  shaft  is  in  the  stone. 
Meanwhile,  yonr  sisters  for  the  years 

Which  bold  in  tmst  your  storied  tombs, 
Bring  all  they  now  can  gf  to  you— tears, 

And  these  memorial  blooms. 
Small  tributes,  but  your  shades  will  smile 

As  proudly  on  those  wreaths  to-day, 
As  when  some  cannon-moulded  pile 

Shall  orerlook  this  Bay. 
Stoop  anffels  hither  firom  the  skies ! 

There  Is  no  holier  spot  of  ffronnd, 
Than  where  defeated  valor  lies 

By  mourning  beauty  crowned. 


John  N.  Cardoza  of  Charleston,  the 
Teterau  of  the  Southern  press,  favors 
us  with  a  copy  of  his  little  volume  en- 
tiled " HeminiscencM  qf  CharUtton**  and 
no  son  of  that  heroic  old  city,  wherever 
in  exile,  should  fail  to  send  for  the  work. 
The  reminiscences  cover  a  hundred 
topics,  which  are  all  discussed  with  gra- 
phic pen,  and  will  furnish  some  material 
for  the  Rkvibw  hereafter. 

Next  to  Memorial  Associations,  the 
Relief,  Orphan  and  Hospital  Aisodations 
at  the  south,  are  all  noble  and  Christian 
Charities,  and  speak  volumes  in  favor  of 
a  people  who,  in  the  times  of  direst  dis- 
tress and  suffering,  can  still  occupy 
themselves  in  this  manner.  The  address 
of  the  Hospital  Association  at  New 
Orleans  for  disabled  soldiers  has  reached 
our  table,  and  powerfully  appeals  to  the 
sympathies  of  every  class.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  associatidS  is  General  John 
B.  Hood,  of  New  Orleans,  and  among 
the  Directors  are  Generals  R.  £.  Lee, 
Buckner,  Johnston,  Preston,  Beauregard, 
Hays,  Lougstreet,  Hardee  and  Hampton. 

We  extract  from  the  address : 

The  subjects  of  the  assistaDoe  proposed  to 
be  rendered  by  the  assodiUlon  are  persons 
who,  In  eonseqaence  of  their  disabled  con- 
dition, have  no  means  of  earning  a  support, 
but  are  left  at  present  as  a  tax  upon  indlvidn- 


'  al  obari^.  Many  of  the  soldiers  whom  we 
propose  to  receive  in  this  institution  will  be- 
enabled,  nnder  skillfbl  surgical  treatment,  to 
resume  the  active  pursuits  of  life,  and  not 
only  to  earn  an  adequate  support,  bat  con- 
tribute  again  to  the  prosperity  of  their 
fhmilles  and  to  that  of  the  conntiy. 

It  is  not  proposed  to  limit  the  advantages 
to  be  derived  from  this  association  to  any  one 
Sute,  bnt  all  disabled  soldiers  from  any  ptrt 
of  the  South  will  be  equally  entitled  to  receive 
its  benefits.  Should  the  funds  which  we 
hope  to  collect  prove  adequate  to  the  pnipose. 
it  Is  also  contemplated  to  supply  artlflelal 
limbs,  and  to  defray  the  expense  of  convtlet- 
cents  to  their  homes  or  to  other  points  where 
they  may  have  obtained  employment. 

In  reply  to  some  criticism  ventured 
upon  the  spirit  which  characterised  the 
volume,  being  published  by  Mr.  Lossing, 
in  illustration  of  the  recent  great  war, 
we  received  a  friendly  letter  from  that 
gentleman,  in  which  the  following  senti- 
ments occur : 

"^  I  earnestly  desire  to  have  all  the  wounds 
which  the  conflict  prodnced  speedily  healed, 
and  I  should  be  glad  to  see  it  done  without  a 
visible  cicatrix.  The  war  lllnatrated  the 
courage,  the  endurance,  and  the  wonderful  re- 
sources of  the  tohoU  people  <^  the  Republic ; 
and  I  desire  a  perfect  union  of  that  people  ss 
one  great  and  powerful  nation,  working  in 
harmony  In  the  numanUlng  and  christianizing 
efforts  for  the  good  of  mankind,  which,  I  be- 
lieve, is  the  grand  design  of  Ood  in  his  bte 
dealings  with  ua.  His  hand  is  visible,  to  my 
eye,  in  the  late  war,  working  for  the  Rights 
of  Man  and  the  general  happiuees  of  the 
Human  race.^     

The  author  (signing  himself  *'  Diversi- 
ty ")  of  some  &8ay9  on  Taxation  and 
Reconttruetion^  which  he  sends  us  in 
pamphlet  form,  entertains  novel  views  on 
the  subject,  and  if  his  theories  could  be 
carried  out  the  Millennium  would  speedily 
arrive.  In  our  opinion  they  can  only  be 
attempted  q/lS^  that  epoch.  He  opposes 
all  iuvoluntary  taxation,  all  restrictions 
upon  commerce,  and  would  require  the 
holders  of  the  National  debt  to  take  in 
payment  the  public  lands  in  lieu  of  gold. 
The  publishers  of  the  pamphlet  are  C.  B. 
Richardson  k  Co.,  New  York. 

The  same  house  send  us  their  pros- 
pectus of  a  new  Southern  Uhivernty 
Series^  consisting  of  primers,  spellers, 
readers  and  speakers,  revised  by  George 
Frederick  Holmes,  of  the  University  of 
Virginia,  with  illustrations  by  Southern 
artists.  It  is  intended  that  the  produc- 
tions of  Southern  intellect  shall  have  full 
and  able  representation  in  the  series. 
Mr.  Holmes  has  also  prepared  au  English 
Grammar  and  a  Chronological  History  of 
the  United  States,  which  will  shortly  ap- 
pear.   Other  Professors  in  the  Uoiversi- 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


833 


^  adrertise  works  to  be  published  by 
RicbardMD  &  Co..  io  FreDch,  Latin, 
Arithmetic  and  Mathematics.  This  is  as 
it  should  be,  and  we  hope  to  see  a  liberal 
eDcoaragement  extended  to  them.' 

Bon.  J,  W,  Clapp^  a  disHngnished 
dtizen  of  Mississippi,  will  receive  our 
thanks  for  his  address  delivered  nt  the 
Universitj  of  that  SUte,  on  the  29th  Jqne 
last  Referring  to  the  wonderful  change 
which  has  happened  all  over  the  South, 
the  transition  from  devastation  and  car- 
na^  to  law,  order,  industry  and  enter- 
prise, Mr.  Clapp  eloquently  says : 

"For  four  or  Are  years  the  laws  bad  been 
silent  amid  the  clash  of  arms,  and  courts  of 
justice  had  nlmoBt  ceased  to  exist,  and  when 
the  military  anthority,  which  had  controlled 
everything,  was  subverted,  i|nd  there  was  in 
»a  no  law,  is  there  now,  or  has  there  been, 
another  country  or  people  where,  under  such 
circumstances,  dvil  and  social  disorders,  and 
indeed  the  wildest  anarchy,  would  not  have 
oocnrred?  And  yet,  no  sooner  does  the 
smoke  of  battle  clear  away,  than  with  an  in- 
stinctive love  of  law  and  order,  communities 
are  reorganized,  the  civil  tribunals  re-estab- 
lished, and — 

'Betumlng  Justice  lifts  aloft  her  scale.' 

**  At  the  commencement  of  the  conflict  we 
were,  in  the  aggrefrate,  beyond  controversy, 
the  wealthiest  people  upon  the  globe,  and 
possessed  more  of  toe  elements  or  Sfrricultu- 
ral  and  commercial  poWer  and  prosperity. 
Many  of  our  people  had  been  reared  In  the 
lap  of  luxury,  and  a  far  larger  proportion 
were  surrounded  with  all  the  comforts  of  life 
in  abundance,  and  exempt  ft-om  the  necessity 
of  daily  toil.  Not  only  was  our  surplus 
wealth.  BO  to  speak,  swallowed  up  by  millions 
and  thousands  of  millions  In  the  devour- 
ing vortfz  of  war,  but  slmost  every  form 
of  property  wss  involved  In  indisariu.inate 
destmciion.  Fences  and  houses  were  burned : 
farms  pillsged  and  devasUted  ;  mills  and 
manufactories  destroyed ;  commerce  anni- 
hilated ;  business  paralyzed ;  and  our 
system  of  Uibor  utterly  subverted.  Not  only 
were  those  who  had  never  known  a  want  de- 

g rived  of  all  the  luxuries  to  which  they  had 
een  accustomed,  but  thousands  of  our  people 
were  denied  the  comforU  of  life,  and  thou- 
sands more  Its  very  necessities,  so  that  mere 
subsistence,  in  multitndt  s  of  cases  anu  some- 
times in  whole  communities,  was.  and  is  yet. 
a  qnestidu  of  startling  import.  Under  cala- 
mities so  appalling  where  Is  there  another 
people  that  woald  not  have  staggered  into 
nopeless  imbecility  and  despair 7  And  ytt 
not  only  were  these  incredible  losses  and  trials 
borne  by  our  people  with  a  heroic  and 
sublime  fortitude,  •  but  with  a  marvelons 
promptne^  they  adapted  themselves  to  the 
new  condition  of  aflfairs,— the  corner-stone  of 
a  new  M>cia1  and  indni^trial  edifice  was  laid 
and  soon  the  Phoenix,  Prosperity,  be^n  to  be 
evolred  from  the  ashes  of  her  former  self.'* 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  cholera^  in 
a  mild  form,  prevails  more  or  less  in  all 
of  the  large  cities  of  the  country,  but  it 
has  nowhere  assumed  an  epidemic  foim, 


and  probably  will  not,  considering  the 
careful  police  regulations  which  are  be- 
ing adopted,  and  the  enlarged  knowledge 
of  the  disease  and  the  treatment  which 
it  obtains.  The  disease  in  Europe  has 
been  shorn  of  much  of  its  horrors,  and 
some  months  since  we  introduced  into 
the  Rbvibw  extracts  upon  the  subject  of 
its  treatment  from  the  Faculty  at  London. 
"We  now  have  before  us  an  Essay  on  the 
same  subject,  by  Dr.  Warren  Stone, 
which  appears  in  the  Medical  Journal, 
of  which  he  is  associate  Editor.  The 
Doctor  is  known  as  the  most  distinguish- 
ed physician  of  New  Orleans,  and  has  a 
reputation  which  is  world  wide.  Be  was 
considered  an  oracle  in  the  early  cholera 
epidemics  at  New  Orleans.  Our  readers 
will  be  indebted  to  us  for  a  few  quota- 
tions from  his  excellent  production  : 

"  Next  in  Importance  to  wardlnjr  off  cholera, 
is  the  ability  to  detect  it  at  the  outset.   What 


are  usually  termed  the  premonitory  symp- 
of  Cholera,  or  Cholerine,  are  in  reality 


toms 


the  Cholera;  and  the  destructive  rice-water 
discharsres  bear  the  same  relation  ^.  this  dis- 
ease that  black  vomit  does  to  yellow  fever. 
Some  of  these  cases  recover,  but  Um  niajority 
sink  under  the  pestilence.  I  bell»-ve  that  in 
the  eariy  stage,  the  disease  Is  easily  warded 


off,  or  the  severer  symptoms  are  prevented ; 
bat  after  the  warning  signs  have  passe  * 
heeded,  the  mischief  Is  done,;  and  ft  is  n 


..■^■w<i.v<^  «uw  ,M,,o%,ut%it  ua  titfuv,,  anu  IL  IB  ns  rea- 
sonable to  expect  to  discover  a  sncoessfiil 
trentment  for  this  stage  as  for  consumption 
after  the  InnffS  have  been  destroyed. 

"  In  the  fall  of  1848,  when  Cholera  appeared, 
I  was  lame  from  rheumatism,  so  that  f  could 
not  ride ;  but  I  gave  advice  to  a  jnvat  many 
families.  I  advised  them  to  watch  carefaily 
and  if  any  member  had  derangement  of  the 
bowels,  to  send  him  to  bed;  and  my  medium 
prescription  for  adults  was  flAeen  to  twenty 
grains  of  quinine.  elRht  or  ten  of  calomel,  and 
two  or  three  or  opium,  made  Into  six  pills. 
One  to  bo  administered  every  hour  or  two 
until  all  symptoms  subsided.  No  deaths  of 
Cholera  occurred,  either  In  the  families  or 
smong  the  servants  of  those  who  soufrbt  and 
followed  this  advice.  Animal  broth  and  a  lit- 
tle brandy  and  water  may  be  useftil.  If  the 
dischargees  are  c<ipious  and  exhauKtin?, astrin- 
gents are  proper,  and  moderate  use  of  opiates. 
Among  the  astringents,  I  think  Kino  Is  the 
best.  I  have  never  seen  anythini?  but  In- 
creased distress  to  the  patient  from  any  of  the 
heating  and  stimulating  substances  that  con- 
stitute so  many  Cholera  remedies.  Calomel  I 
have  seen  used  from  the  dose  of  a  quarter  of  a 
grain,  to  half-ounce  doses.  The  small  doses 
are  useful  in  this  stage  of  the  disease,  and  I 
ihink  has  more  curative  effect  than  anything 
else.  The  half-ounce  doses  do  not  deserve  a 
comment  There  is  a  condition  of  the  mu- 
cous membrane  even  in  the  collapse  that  calo- 
mel operates  favorably  on;  and  I  lielieve 
when  pronerly  given,  assists  in  preventing 
what  has  been  termed  the  consecutive  fever. 
Half  or  a  whole  grain  of  calomel  dropped  on 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


the  tongne  every  half  honr  or  oftcner,  nutJl 
ten  or  twelre  K^ains  are  Administered,  often 
relieyes  the  vomiting  and  fecal  dischai^es, 
and  leaves  a  favorable  ounditiun  compared  to 
that  left  by  heating  stimulanta.  The  beat  that 
can  be  done  for  the  cramps  la  to  secare  a  8tc»nt 
attendant  or  two  who  can  straighten  the  limbs 
and  talio  the  kinks  out  of  the  mascles.  Sina- 
pisms, like  a  hot  iron,  distress  the  patient,  and 
hot  bags  of  salt  or  bran  annoy  very  much,  and 
■eem  to  exhaust  without  doing  any  good. 

"  Ice  water  lo  drink,  and  ice  water  to  the 
■arfoce,  is  not  only  the  most  grateful  remedy, 
but  it  favors  reaction  more  than  all  the  inter- 
nal and  external  stimulants  that  can  be  ap- 
plied." 


After  the  qaotation  which  xras  made  in 
the  last  number  of  the  Rbvibw,  showing 
how  inierestiog  were  the  topics  discuss- 
ed in  Dr.  Craven's  admirable  little  work 
upon  the  *' Prison  Life  of  Jtffenon  Davis^" 
it  will  be  unnecessary  lo  make  more  than 
brief  reference  to  it  now.  Dr.  Graven 
has  earned  the  lasting  gratitude  of  all 
good  men,  North  and  South,  by  his  noble, 
generous,  and  self-sacrificing  course  to- 
wards the  illustrious  State  prisoner.  His 
work  will  be  a  lasting  memorial  to  his 
own  fame^  as  to  that  of  the  ill-fated  cap- 
tive, who  has  proved  himself  equal  to 
either  fortune — a  dungeon  or  a  court. 
Every  page  will  be  read  with  keenest  in- 
terest. The  work  is  published  by  Carle- 
ton,  New  York. 

From  M.  Doolady,  Publisher,  New 
York,  we  receive  TioeJ/ucky  a  novel,  whose 
scenes  are  laid  in  Virginia,  during  the 
recent  war.  The  work  is  written  in  a 
spirited  manner,  and  has  much  to  do 
with  seceshion,  the  negroes,  etc.,  etc.  It 
is  one  of  a  class  of  romances  with  which 
our  literature  will  abound  for  the  next 
half  a  century. 
The  Appletons  favor  us  with 

1.  Ltj4  and  Times  of  Andrew  Johnson. 

2.  Sherhooke^  by  H.  B.  O.,  author  of 
Madge.  The  latter  is  dedicated  to  the 
young  women  of  the  Republic,  who,  it  is 
hoped,  will  glean  strength,  courage,  and 
patience  from  its  pages,  and  a  love  of 
Christian  wisdom. 

President  Johnson  is  viewed  from  a 
national  stand-point,  and  receives  a  noble 
vindication  from  the  aspersions  of  his 
enemies.    His  public  and  private  career 


are  prominently  developed,  and  his  con- 
sistency as  a  statesman.  Every  citizen  of 
the  Republic  should  familiarize  himself 
with  the  volume.  The  attitude  of  Mr. 
Johnson  on  tho  great  questions  which 
distract  the  land  places  him  in  the  fore- 
most rank  of  the  great  names  of  history, 
and  patriots  in  ages  to  come  will  revere 
his  memory,  and  emulate  his  example. 

Messrs.  Lippincott  k  Co.,  of  Philadel- 
phia, put  us  in  possession  of  a  *'  Behel 
War  Clerk's  JHary"  in  two  volumes. 

The  author,  J.  B.  Jones,  who  was  long 
connected  with  the  newspaper  press,  and 
was  a  sincere  and  true  patriot,  espoused 
very  early  the  cause  of  the  revolution 
which  he  had  opposed,  and  accepted  a 
position  under  the  Confederate  Oovem- 
ment,  which  he  held  at  Montgomery  and 
Richmond,  during  the  entire  war.  All 
who  had  business  with  the  departments 
will  remember  him  as  the  indefatigable 
chief  of  the  Passport  Office;  from  which 
his  opportunities  of  observation  and  in- 
formation were  of  consequence  very 
great.  He  has  availed  himself  of  this  in 
his  work,  and  furnishes  much  in  relation 
to  the  secret  history  of  the  government 
Of  what  was  going  on  outbide  of  Rich- 
mond his  knowledge  was  limited,  and 
this  is  the  field  which  we  have  select- 
ed for  ourself,  but  we  shall  very  often, 
refer  to  the  pages  ot  our  friend  for  illus- 
trations. He  is  now  in  his  grave,  poor 
fellow,  having  just  lived  long  enough  to 
complete  his  work,  which  will  long  live 
as  an  able  and  interesting  chronicle  of 
the.  •*  times  that  tried  men*s  souls."  For 
the  sake  of  his  family,  as  for  its  intrinsic 
merits,  we  trust  the  work  will  pass 
through  many  editions.  There  are  points 
in  it  which  we  shall  criticise  hereafter. 

Messrs.  Harper  k  Brothers  send : 

1.  Four  Years  in  the  Saddle ^  by  Col. 
Harry  Gilmor. 

2.  Homes  Without  Hands,  by  the  Rev. 
J.  G.  Wood. 

The  fame  of  Harry  Gilmor,  as  a  dash- 
ing cavalry  leader  of  the  war,  will  com- 
mend his  work  to  readers  North  and 
South.  It  is  written  with  the  life  and 
spirit  of  romance,  but  has  all  the  merits 
I  of  authentic  history.     Col.  Gilmor  was 


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twice  a  prigoncr  of  war  at  the  North,  and 
gives  this  testimouj :  "  I  hare  been 
among  the  prisoners  at  Columbia,  Salis- 
barj,  Danville  and  Richmond,  and  it  is 
my  belief  ihat  the  prisoners  at  the  South 
were  better  fed  than  we  were,  and  had  a 
greater  variety  of  food,  and  more  of  ft. 
They  got  the  same  rations  as  our  soldiers 
in  the  field.  If  there  was  privation  it  was 
caused  by  our  poverty^  not  our  will." 

*'  Homes  without  Hands"  is  a  superb 
ToIume,in  matter,  appearance,  and  illus- 
trations. It  describes  the  habitations  of 
animals  according  to  their  principles  of 
construction.  Insects,  birds,  reptiles, 
animals  of  every  kind  figure  in  the  vol- 
ume, and  their  nests,  caves,  dens,  are 
beautifully  shown  in  the  engravings  with 
which  it  abounds.  No  one  interested  in 
Natural  History  should  be  without  the 
work.  It  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  every 
parlor,  and  in  every  gentleman's  library. 
We  are  charmed  with  it.  The  author, 
who  is  an  Englishman,  has  published 
other  able  works  upon  Natural  History. 
In  a  recent  number  we  promised  a  care- 
ful perusal  of,  and  some  remarks  upon,i/>*. 
Greeley's  superbly  illustrated  work  up- 
on the  American  Conflict^  of  which  the 
first  volume  has  appeared.  The  piomise 
will  not  be  forgotten.  Though  we  have 
never  agreed  with  the  author  upon  polit- 
ical matters,  we  have  ever  respected 
his  personal  worth,  honesty  and  integ- 
rity. His  errors  have  been  only  of  the 
head.  Hence  he  was  opposed  to  the 
war  at  its  inception,  was  anxious  to  treat 
with  our  Commissioners  in  Canada,  has 
always  favored  universal  amnesty,  and 
recently  offered  to  become  the  bail  of 
Jefferson  Davis.  In  an  interesting  inter- 
view with  him  last  summer  in  New  York, 
be  was  far  from  even  advocating  the  trial  of 
the  prisoner,  unless  his  friends  required 
ir,  but  gave  utterance  to  the  most  liberal 
and  manly  sentiments  in  regard  to  the 
Dnbappy  condition  of  the  country.  We 
honor  and  respect  him  for  them,  what- 
ever his  idiosyncrasies  in  other  matters. 
We  learn  from  their  circular,  that  J.  P. 
Morton  k  Co.,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
the  largest  publishing  bouse  in  the  South, 
have  issued  a  series  of  approved  School 


Books,  adapted  to  our  institutions  of 
learning.  Among  others,  are  Butler's 
Readers,  Grammars,  and  Speakers,  also 
Towne's  Arithmetic  and  Algebra,  etc. 
They  deserve  encouragement  and  sup- 
port. 


The  following   publications   were  re- 
ceived too  late  for  notice  in  this  number, 
but  shall  be  noticed  in  the  next : 
From  D.  Appleton  k  Co. 

Taxation.    By  Sir  S.  M.  Peto. 
Brevity  in  Chess— HazUtim  Harkness^ 
—Introductory  Latin  Book,     . 
Prom  Harper  &  Brothers. 

Phemie  Keller.    F.  G.  Traftord. 
Zand  at  Last.    Edmund  Yates. 
From  M.  Doolady. 

History  of  the  Gipsies.    W.  Simson. 
Ten  Years  of  a  Lifetime,    Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Hosmer. 


The  mission  of  General  Beauregard  to 
Europe,  in  aid  of  the  finances  of  the  Kew 
Orleans  and  Great  Northern  Railroad^  is 
understood  to  have  been  a  success,  and 
the  result  is,  the  prospects  of  the  corpor- 
ation are  most  encouraging.  The  propo- 
sal was  accepted  to  fund  the  nccf  ued  in- 
terest as  a  second  mortgage,  and  to  begin 
at  an  early  day  the  payment  of  interest 
upon  the  original  bonds.  The  Americao 
bondholders  will  no  doubt  at  once  fall 
into  the  arrangement. 


We  have  upon  our  table  a  prospectus 
of  the  Ameri<xin  Industrial  Agency^  re- 
cently established  in  New  Yoik.  at  No. 
40-42  Broadway,  under  charters  obtained 
from  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Vir- 
ginia. The  Association  proposes  branch- 
es in  the  several  States,  and  to  make 
advances  to  its  stockholders  which  shall 
enable  them  to  cultivate  their  estates. 
We  advise  all  who  would  study  the  sub- 
ject, to  apply  for  a  copy  of  the  pamphlet. 
We  have  space  for  but  a  single  extract 
from  it : 

"The  charter  was  prepared  after  long  and 
careful  study  of  the  prtncipIeK  and  nroctioal 
detuilaof  administration  of  the  crvoits  Fou- 
cier  and  Muhiller,  and  combines  all  the  best 
foatnres  of  boUi  those  succesttfiil  iiihtitntions. 
In  offering  vou  the  privilege  of  participating 
la  its  benefits,  we  do  nut  propose  to  charge 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


7011  a  nsurloaa  rata  of  interest  for  advances, 
nor  to  demand  a  surrender  of  aoj  partof  vour 
crop,  or  of  your  lands,  nor  the  i»ptl6n  of  bay- 
ing your  lands  at  their  present  depreciation ; 
nor  to  cntrul  the  saU»  and  diqtosal  of  your 
crops  through  agents  unknown  to  yon.  On 
the  contrary,  by  the  strenffth  of  your  associ- 
ated credit  susiained  by  the  barmonioas  ac- 
tion of  ail  tbc  branches,  under  the  supervision 
of  a  council  elected  by  yourselves,  we  propose 
to  riKluce  the  rata  of  interest  on  advances  to 
■tocti holders  even  below  the  present  legal 
rates;  to  relieve  you  of  the  necessity  of  sacri- 
ficing your  lands ;  to  allow  the  stockholders 
of  each  branch  Agencgr  to  choose  their  own 
otBcers  and  ag«<nts,  and  to  obtain  and  pav  over 
to  you  in  ftili  the'  highest  possible  price  on 
Tonr  pnMlucts.  at  the  least  possible  cost  for 
*eharg€S  and  ontntnitudonH^  which  charges 
and  comuils>li*ns,  less  the  actual  incidenul 
expenses,  will  lie  repaid  to  the  subscribers  in 
the  shape  uf  dividends  on  their  sbar<»s.** 


^^T"  Wo  thank  F.  B.  Pease,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 
for  a  valuable  pamphlet  npon  the  Manufactur- 
ing Interests  of  that  city,  and  shall  refer  to  it 
more  fblly  In  our  next  issue. 

far*  Mr.  Stein's  article  on  the  Mississippi, 
having  been  unavoidably  omitted,  will  appear 
In  an  early  issue ;  as  will  also  a  very  interest- 
ing and  valuable  paper  upon  Arkansa$^  made 
up  fh>m  the  Bulletin  and  Reports  of  an  Asso- 
datifu  at  Little  Bock. 


yr  vie  credited  erroneously  to  the  ITeio 
..Orleans  OrMoeni,  instead  of  Timety  the  re- 
marks in  a  recent  number  on  the  history  of 
Perriqus  TobacoOy  so  famous  in  the  West 

REVIEW  ADVERTISING  INDEX. 

All  advertisementaki  the  Review  will 
be  regularly  noted  in  this  Index.  Our 
terms  are  the  same  as  before  the  war, 
and  considering  the  large  circulation  of 
the  Review  in  every  part  of  the  Union, 
and  especially  in  Uie  Southern  States, 
its  limiUi  hhould  be  occupied.  Merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  the  South,  and 
those  baviug  lands  for  sale,  would  do 
well  to  imitate  in  advertising  the  enter- 
prise of  Northern  cities.  Our  pages  are 
open  to  all,  and  it  is  from  this  source 
only  that  the  Review  can  be  made  re- 
munerative. 

Co.  Emery  Brothers. 

W.  O.  Ciemont,  Brown  &  Co. 

Books,  Bibles,  etc —James  Potts  ;  John  P.  Mor- 
ton &  Co. 

Boots  aud  Sboes.— John  Slater. 


Bankers  and  Exchange.-— Dnncan.Shermnn  &.Co. 

C.  W.  P«rc«il&Co. ;  E.  Q.  BeU ;  U»ckwood 

&  Co. ;    Connor  &  Wilson 
Brokers.— Gold  aCbd  SiUer,  Keal  Estate,  etc;  Uor- 

leran  McCloutl,  Murphy  &  Ciuih. 
Charleston.  S.  C-,  Dircclory. 
Ciucinnalti,  Ohio,  Drreclo'ry. 

ttrds.— Cution  and  Wi>ol ;  J  no.  H.  Haskell. 
Colti>n  Factors.— C re WB.  Wilson.  Bradlurd  &  CO. 
Cupper>rnnhi!.  Engineera,  etc, — Thomus  Uatinoo,  J. 

Wyatl  Re  id. 
Cloth  nil,'.  Sliirts,  Stc.— S.  N,  Moody  ;  Henry   Rl  jore 

&  Genunc:. 
OoUeciioii  and  Commission  MerchwntB.— Taylor, 

>lrKwc[i  and  BI«w. 
Dry  GotrtJs, — Butler,  Broom  &  Clapp. 
iJru^Liist— S.  Mansfitjld  &  Co.  Jas  Gfin*^£;:il- 
Einit^ration  Companies. — John  WiUianiK. 
EnpTavers,  etc.— Fenl  Meyer  b  Co;  J.  W.  Orr. 
Eyas.— IJr  FiH>te. 
Express  Companies.— Southern- 
Fertilizers,  etc—John  S.  Ree«e  &  Co.  ;   Allra  ft 

Ne<:;dles;    Bau<?h    &    Sons;    Graham,  Emleu 

&  H.issniorc  ;  Tasker  and  Clark. 
Fancy  G^mkIs, — J.  M .  Bowon  &  Co. 
Fire  Arms.— B.  Kitbrrdije  &  Co. 
Gardt^n  Seeds,  elc—D,  LandreUi  &  Sons. 
GriM'ers.- Baskervillo,  SheriUHii  &  Co. 
Hotels  -Exchange  Hottil,  Runiet  House 
Hardwnre,  etc,— G.  Wolfe  Bruce ;  C.  H.  Shxiomb; 

Choate  &  Cn. ;  Orpll,  Bros.  &  Co. ;  E.  Rob- 

bins  &.  Bradley. 
I  n;*  urn  nee  Compauit^s.— JEtJifl  ;  Accidental. 
Iron  Rai  ingR,  «ic.— Robert  Wood  &  Co. ;   W.  P, 

Hoi*d. 
Iron  Safes.— Herri m;  &  Co. 

Jewelry,  etr.— Tiffany  &  Co. ;  Bal],  Black  &  Co. 
Lawyers.- Ward  &  Jones. 
Liquors.-  L.  L.  Burrell  &.  Co- 
Euan  A(?cncy.— Dopartnit'iit  Ba»in(^^8,  etc.— Na- 

tiu]ial  Bank  of  Metropolis. 
Machinery,  Stoum  Engines,  Saw  Mr  tin,  Cardinif, 

SpinumK  and  Weaving,  etc. —  Bridefchurg  Man- 

ufantunnR  Company.  Jacob  B.Schaiick  ;  Poole 

&  Hunt  :  Smith  &  Sayre :  Jas.  A.  l{ul>niiwn; 

Gho.  Page  &  Cii.  :  Edmund  M,  Iveus  ;  Lane  ft 

Bodiev  \  Jo*:eph  Harrison,  Jr. ;  J.  E.  Steven- 
son.   J.  H.  UuvaL 
Mill  Stones.— J,  Bradftird  &  Co. 
Mjlitary  Equipments.— J.  M.  Mi^eod  &  Sou. 
Medicines,  etc.— Brnndreth's  ;    Dr.  W.  R.  Mer- 

wiu  ;  Riulway  &  Co. ;  'J'arraat  &,  Co. 
Musical  Instrument B.—F.  Zogbaum  &.  F.iirchild  ; 

SmmiBsir  &  Bejjffs. 
Masonic  Emblems.- B.  T.  Hay  ward 
NurBeriof.— Eilwanger&  Barry. 
Organs— Parlor,  etc.— Pelouliet.Pelton  &  Co. 
Pamt,  etc.— Pecora  Eoad  aud  Color  Company. 
Patent  Limbs.— W.  Solpho  &  Son. 
Pons— R.  Esterbrook  &  Co. 
pcrfumor*.— C.  T.  Lod^e- 

Pianos.— W-  Knabo  ISl  Co.  ! 

Hop«.- J.T.  Douglas. 
Scales— Fairbanks  &{.  Co. 
Straw  Goods.— Bosl wick,  Sabin  &  Clark. 
Steams:! lips.— Jamea  Conuoly  &  Co.  \  Livingsta|ia^ 

Fox  &  Co, 
Stationers.— Fraud B  &  Loulrel ;  E.  R.  W^agener. 
Soap,  Starch,  etc.— B.  T.  Babbit. 
Stmt  hern  Bitters,  etc.- C  H.  Ebbtrt  &  Co. 
Sewing  MjichiQos.— Sinpor  &  Co ;  Fiukle  ft.  Lyoo. 
StecL— Sanderstm  Brothers  &  Co. 
Silver  and    Plated  Ware— Wind  la  &  Co-  ;  Wm. 

WilMJufitSou.  W.  Gale,  Jr. 
Tulmcco  Dealers,  etc— Dohan,  Carroll  &  Co. 
Tin  Ware— S-  J.  Hare  &  Co-  ;  J-  B-  Duval  &  Son. 
Tailors— Derby  &  Co.  ;    Harlem   &  Co. 
Wirfi  Work  Railing?,  etc— M   Walker  &  Sorij. 
Washing  Machines  ami  Wringers  and  Mangles — 

R-  C.  Browiiiuff  ;  Jiup.  Ward  &  Co. ;  Oaney  & 

Keating.    Robl.DuncAD. 


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DE  BOW'S   REVIEW. 


ESTABLISHED   JAITUARY,     184«. 


OCTOBBB,   1866. 


.  ART.   I.-A  TALK  WITH  RADICAL  LEADERS. 

**  While  Yenobakcb  pondered  o'er  new  plans  of  pain, 
And  Btaanched  the  blood  she  saves  to  shed  agaio." 

Btbon. — Conair. 

You  are  the  head  and  front  of  that  offending,  which  for  so 
many  long  years  has  reaped  its  frnits  in  the  alienation  of  the 
people  of  this  great  country,  in  the  array  of  section  against  sec- 
tion, of  neighborhood  against  neighborhood,  until  the  whole 
land  has  been  converted  into  a  Pandemonium,  and  civil  war 
has  run  its  career  of  blood,  rapine,  devastation  and  death. 
Some  of  you  are  men  of  scholarly  attainments,  of  much  research, 
taught  in  history  and  philosophy,  and  outside  the  limits  of  your 
proclivities  as  agitators,  we  are  informed,  are  men  of  many 
social  and  personal  qualities.  The  errors  of  such  men  ar^ 
more  dangerous,  their  very  sincerity  and  earnestness  are  the 
harbingers  of  greater  woe  to  their  country. 

Granting  which,  T  am  reluctant  to  admit  that  personal  griev- 
ances have  had  much  to  do  with  raising  many  of  you  to  your 
{)resent  bad  eminence,  and  that  you  have  been  cheered  onward 
)Y  thousands  as  misguided  as  yourselves,  and  giving  you  even 
the  benefit  of  the  statement,  that  those  against  whom  your  ire 
is  aroused  are  not  free  from  offence  (if  you  please,  have  them- 
selves been  active  offenders),  can  there  be  found  in  all  of  this 
justification  for  the  savage  and  merciless  warfare  which  you 
wage  ?  It  is  no  longer  the  noble  and  manly  warfare'  of  the 
field,  of  armed  host  against  armed  host,  of  bayonet,  ball  and 
shell ;  but  a  war  of  the  armed  against  the  disarmed,  of  the 
strong  against  the  weak,  of  the  conqueror  against  his  prisoners, 
for  it  4S  to  this  condition  that  the  event  of  the  recent  great 
war  has  reduced  the  millions  of  the  South ! 

And,  sirs,  who  are  these  people  of  the  South,  that  having 
overcome  by  overwhelming  millions  from  your  Northern  hivej 

VOL.  II.-N0.  Wi  A  22 


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388  A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS. 

it  is  the  end  of  your  philosophy,  by  every  ingenious  contri- 
vance of  discriminating  legislation,  oi  restrictions,  of  agrarian 
and  revolutionary  manoeuvring,  to  humiliate,  degrade  and 
crush  hopelessly  and  forever  ?     Who  are  they  ? 

When  your  ancestors  of  the  Mayflower^  in  the  dim  antiquity 
of  our  country,  were  struggling  with  the  savages  of  the  North, 
ours  enduring  equal  harcShip,  and  with  like  spirit  and  deter- 
mination, were  grappling  with  those  by  the  waters  of  the 
James  and  the  Roanoke,  in  the  shad  v  dells  and  among  the  flowery 
slopes  of  the  Cooper  and  the  Ashley,  the  beautiful  May  and 
the  Savannah.  Tuese  hardy  pioneers  made  the  wilderness  to 
smile  and  blossom,  and  transferred  from  the  Old  to  the  New 
World  their  high  notions  of  liberty  and  independence,  be- 
queathing them  as  an  inheritance  to  their  chilaren.  Among 
those  pioneers  who  landed  at  Port  Royal,  in  South  Carolina,  in 
the  century  which  first  disturbed  the  repose  of  Cape  Cod,  were 
the  ancestors  of  the  present  writer. 

Two  centuries  cameof  marvelous  life  and  energy,  the  record  of 
which  is  scarcely  preserved  to  us  more  than  in  tndition  or  doubt- 
ful history ;  wigwams  and  cabins,  tomahawks  aiid  rifles,  Indian 
councils  and  woodman's  axes,  King  Philips  and  Yemasees,  and 
the  people  by  the  Connecticut,  the  James,  or  the  Savannah, 
emergecf  from  the  wilderness  and  talked  to  kings  and  Parlia- 
ments, and  ministers  of  rights,  of  independence  and  liberty, 
and  backed  their  noble  language  by  blows,  fast  and  thick,  from 
whigh  despotism  at  last  recoiled.  These  workers  of  the  forest, 
descendants  of  Winslow  or  Standish,  of  Berkley  or  Craven, 
cemented  by  the  memories  of  common  toils  and  dangers,  came 
together  in  council,  banded  together  in  the  field,  and  presented 
to  the  world  an  example  of  heroic  devotion,  intrepidutv,  cour- 
age, and  valor,  which  has  ever  since  lived  in  song  and  story. 
Were  the  fights  less  sanguinary  when  led  by  Sumter  or  Marion, 
than  when  led  by  Putnam  ?  Was  not  the  path  of  the  invader 
tracked  with  bfood,  whether  he  landed  by  the  Hudson,  the 
Chesapeake,  or  along  the  Southern  bays  ?  Were  the  Wash- 
ingtons,  the  Lees,  the  Randolphs,  Henrys,  Rutledges,  the  Mid- 
dletons  and  Pinckneys,  in  retirement,  while  the  Hancocks  and 
Adamses  were  carrying  through  the  Glorious  War,  and  when 
that  struggle  was  over,  and  the  nations  of  the  world  anxiously 
awaited  results,  were  the  councils  of  Jefferson  and  Madison 
and  the  Pinckneys  rejected,  whilst  that  of  the  Hamiltons  and 
Jays  was  left  free  and  untrammeled  to  build  up  the  colos- 
sal fiibric  of  American  liberty  f  Is  it  needful  to  forget  all  of 
this? 

Three-quarters  of  a  century  again.  The  infant  nation 
has  reached  to  vigorous  manhood.    Westward  Ho!   is  the 


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A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS.  ^  389 

cry^  ftwn  tlie  Penobscot  to  the  St.  Johns.  Texas  and  Arkansas, 
Arizona  and  Missouri,  alike  with  Oregon  and  Nebraska,  be- 
speak the  venturoufl  enterprise  and  daring  of  the  sections. 
Thej  meet  shoulder  to  ahoulder  and  breast  to  breast  in 
fighting  against  Britain  the  second  battle  of  independence : 
in  the  same  Union  they  brave  death  from  the  Seminole  in  the 
glades  of  Florida,  and  carry  the  banner  of  the  Stars  through 
all  the  desperate  encounters  of  Mexrco,  from  the  Castle  de  Ul- 
loa  to  the  very  capital  of  the  Aztecs.  Washington,  Jackson, 
Scott,  Taylor,  chosen  chieftains  in  these  great  encounters,  sons  of 
the  South  all,  do  their  glories  pale  by  the  side  of  Northern 
heroes  ?  And  in  the  great  field  of  State-craft  and  diplomacy, 
was  not  the  national  honor  and  repute  preserved  untarnishea, 
and  the  national  rights  vindicated  and  upheld  through  all  this 

Eeriod,  though  for  two-thirds  of  it  the  sceptre  was  in  Southern 
ands,  and  in  nearly  all  of  it  Southern  intellect  was  represented 
everwhere,  at  home  and  abroad  ?  In  enterprise  and  wealth, 
section  went  hand  in  hand  with  section,  though  perhaps  in  dif- 
ferent degrees ;  and  whilst  Northern  factories  and  workshops 
peopled  densely  its  sterile  shores,  and  foreign  immigration 
sought  the  teeming  prairies  of  the  "West,  the  exhaustless  agri- 
cultural regions  of  the  South  freighted  the  great  navies  of  the 
country  with  its  splendid  products,  brought  back  the  fabrics  for 
which  they  were  exchanged,  and  raised  the  nation  to  the  rank 
of  almost  the  first  maritime  power  upon  earth  I 

What  secret  causes  were  at  work,  during  all  this  period,  to 
undermine  the  noble  structure,  what  teachings  of  statesmen  or 
demagogues,  what  seeds  of  bitterness  were  sown  or  reaped, 
or  who  is  responsible  for  the  final  catastrophe,  it  is  needless 
here  to  inquire.  John  Randolph,  who  saw  the  Government 
inaugurated,  claimed  to  have  seen,  even  then,  the  '*  poison 
under  its  wing."  In  the  times  of  the  embargo,  and  the  war 
which  followed ;  when  Louisiana  was  purchased  or  Missouri 
was  admitted  ;  when  the  tariff  policy  sought  to  become  a  vehi- 
cle  of  oppression ;  or  when  the  Me;xican  war  left  its  Pandora's 
box  of  territorial  evils,  the  poison  continued  to  manifest  and 
diflfuse  itself,  until  the  whole  body  politic  was  threatened  with 
incurable  disease.  The  end  was  sure,  however  delayed.  The 
statesmen  of  Massachusetts,  when  pressed,  alike  with  those  of 
Virginia  and  Carolina,  taught  the  doctrines  of  State  rights  and 
State  remedies,  and  amon^  these,  that  of  breaking  up  the  com- 
pact and  resuming  sovereignty.  The  question  was  argued  in 
Congress,  as  it  had  been  in  all  the  State  conventions  which 
adopted  the  Constitution,  and,  to  say  the  least,  was  left  unde- 
cided ;  it  was  argued  by  the  press,  in  the  courts,  and  by  great 
political  parties.    The  South,  in  the  main,  accepted  one  view, 


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840  ,  A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS. 

and  the  North  another.    Acting  upon  its  own  theory,  the  blow 
was  struck.    Thirteen  States  scJceded  I 

There  was  nowhere  a  more  sincere  and  earnest  believer  in 
the  right  of  secession,  nor  a  more  earnest  advocate  of  its  prac- 
tice at  this  particular  juncture  than  ourselves,  believing,  as  we 
did,  that  it  would  be  for  the  interest  of  both  sections,  on  ac- 
count of  irreconcilable  differences,  to  establish  independent 
but  friendly  nationalities.  The  energies  of  each  would  thus  be 
left  free  and  untrammeled,  and  their  mutual  action  upon  each 
other  would  be  fevorable  to  the  liberties  of  the  whole.  It  is 
not  clear  yet,  but  that  history  will  pronounce  the  same  verdict 
when  the  generations  now  upon  the  stage  shall  have  long  since 
passed  away.  We  regarded  it  a  peaceable  measure,  and  believe 
that  had  a  more  rational  policy  actuated  the  North,  war  could 
not  have  resulted.  The  idea  oi  permanent  separation  was  not 
yet  entertained  by  Southern  masses,  and  it  was  altogether 
practicable,  with  slight  concessions,  to  have  reconstructed  the 
Union  without  one  drop  of  blood.  We  thought  this  result 
highly  probable,  whether  desirable  or  not,  and  believe  that 
ninety-nine  in  the  hundred  of  the  people  of  the  South  enter- 
tained the  same  secret  expectations.  Mr.  Lincoln's  call  for 
troops,  to  repossess,  by  force  of  arms,  those  forts  and  navy 
yards  which  it  had  been  thought  were  possessed  of  right,  and 
in  virtue  of  the  doctrine  of  State  sovereignty,  dissipated  the 
illusion. 

Throwing  aside,  however,  the  question  of  respofistbiUty, 
when  the  decision  against  us  was  the  sword,  we  will  do  the 
Southern  people  the  justice  to  say,  there  was  no  longer  any  hesi- 
tation. The  day  of  debate  was  ended.  The  talent,  the  worth, 
the  intellect,  all  that  was  noble  and  distinguished  in  the  States, 
from  Virginia  to  Texas,  tlie  descendants  of  the  men  who  fought 
with  Washington  at  Yorktown,  of  the  heroes  who  figured  in 
all  the  great  fights  where  the  national  eagle  floated,  or  who 
vindicated  the  fame  of  the  nation  on  the  ocean,  on  the  floors  of 
Congress,  in  the  chair  of  the  Presidency,  or  the  Cabinet,  or  in 
positions  of  honor  abroad,  buckled  on  their  armor,  marshaled 
their  cohorts,  and  in  hot  haste  rushed  to  the  front.  The  ex- 
ceptions were  so  few  as  not  to  affect  the  rule,  and  we  are  not 
now,  nor  ever  have  been,  willing  to  impugn  the  motives,  or  to 
denounce  the  men,  scattered  here  and  there,  in  most  of  the 
States,  who  constitute  the  exceptions.  Let  them  defend  their 
record  as  we  do  our  own. 

Was  this  a  rebellion  ?  were  these  traitors,  or  did  the  struggle 
rise  to  a  greater  and  nobler  altitude  ?  The  question  can  remain 
for  history.  Name  it,  if  vou  please,  however  harshly,  and  where 
do  you  find,  in  all  the  histories  that  you  have  read,  from  those 


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A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS.  341 

of  Thncididee  and  livy,  down  to  Bancroft  and  Hildreth,  so 
unequal  a  straggle,  maintained  with  so  much  fire  and  energy  ; 
such  deeds  of  valor  and  prowess  performed ;  such  privations 
and  sufferings  endured ;  such  heroism  displayed.  How  many 
great  armies  were  driven  back ;  what  captains'  fortunes  were 
ruined  ;  what  Saragossa  defences,  as  at  Charleston  and  Yicks- 
burg  1  Six  millions  of  men  were  in  the  death -struggle  against 
four  times  that  number;  six  millions  without  a  ship,  with 
scarcely  a  gun-boat,  cut  off  from  all  the  world  by  rigorous 
blockade,  without  workshops,  machinery^  or  mechanical  apti- 
tude, without  clothing,  witnout  arms,  and  often  without  food  I 
Yet  the  fight  went  on  for  four  long  years,  until  some  of  vour  lead- 
ing  writers  and  thinkers  began  to  express  the  opinion  that  South- 
ern independence  was  virtually  achieved.  These  deeds  of  daring 
and  of  heroism,  this  record  of  energy  and  endurance,  startled 
the  European  world,  and  extoi*ted  its  admiration  if  not  its 
friendship.  Are  the  men  of  the  North  less  impressible  by  the 
morally  sublime,  when  exhibited  by  those  once  their  enemies? 
Can  tliey  not  recognize  heroism,  and  claim  it  as  their  common 
heritage  in  the  future  ?  Even  heroism,  if  you  please  to  say  so, 
in  a  wrong  cause. 

This  people  have  not  been  degraded  or  humbled.  It  is  not 
in  your  power,  and  if  you  are  true  statesmen  it  cannot  be  your 
desire  to  do  either.  They  are  your  countrymen,  and  for  good 
or  for  ill,  your  descendants  and  theirs,  in  all  the  ages  that  are 
to  come,  are  likely  to  mingle  together.  Their  crest  is  erect! 
Let  their  losses  be  ever  so  severe,  they  do  not  embrace  honor. 
That  survives,  and  fortunately  for  America  it  does,  for  what 
a  picture  would  its  republicanism  present,  were  the  people  of 
one-third  of  the  States,  self-aclfnowledged,  to  be  degraded  and 
debased  I  Neither  revenge  nor  policy  could  dictate  this.  Re- 
venge could  not  be  gratified  by  sowing  the  storm  to  reap  the 
whirlwind.  Policy,  ancient  and  modern,  teaches  differently. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  conquered  the  world  by  conciliation, 
laws,  liberties,  institutions,  as  well  as  by  arms.  English  liber- 
ties and  the  English  Oofastitution  have  beeu/maintained  by  the 
descendents  of  York  and  Lancaster,  of  Cromwell  and  the  CrfVa- 
liers.  On  the  field  of  Bosworth,  after  the  star  of  Richard  had 
set  in  blood,  the  princely  Richmond  could  exclaim : 

"ProcUim  n  pardon  to  the  soldiera  fled 
That  in  sobmieaion  wiU  return  to  ns  ; 
And  then,  as  we  have  taken  the  Sacrament, 
We  wiU  nnite  the  White  Rose  and  the  Red ; 
Smile  Heaven  upon  this  fair  conjunction 
That  long  hath  frowned  upon  their  enmity." 

A  people  with  such  antecedents  as  those  of  the  South  can- 

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842  A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS. 

not  submit  permanently  to  be  lorded  over  and  acknowledge 
the  authority  of  a  master  race.  They  may  endure  for  a  time, 
but  the  wound  will  rankle  and  bleed  afresh,  and  they  will 
strike  back  and  bite  the  heel  of  the  oppressor.  Inextinguish- 
able hatred  will  grow  up,  and  their  cnildren  and  children's 
children,  like  the  infant  Hannibal,  will  be  sworn  upon  the 
altars  of  vengeance.  Nor  ought  the  power  of  such  a  race  to 
be  despised.  Weak  it  may  be  to-day,  disorganized  and  over- 
Whelmed  by  defeat,  and  colossal,  disciplined,  and  organized  may 
be  the  power  which  is  brought  iij  threatening  attitude  against 
it.  There  are  small  accidents  in  history  which  change  the  re- 
lations of  peoples.  The  weak  have  but  to  wait  upon  opportu- 
nitjr.  Ireland,  Poland,  Italy,  Hungary,  will  rise  ana  rise 
again.  History  is  full  of  these  examples.  A  vast  military 
establishment,  great  standing  armies,  garrisons  will  be  needed 
here,  and  whilst  their  force  is  expended  in  crushing  rebellion 
in  one  quarter,  in  such  wide  domain,  it  will  be  ar6used  and 
rampant  in  a  hundred  others.  The  Tyrant,  the  Oppressor,  and 
the  Despot  will  in  vain  seek  to  prevent  opportunities  which 
the  great  political  relations  of  the  world  involve,  and  he  will, 
even  in  the  grandeur  of  his  pretensions,  tremble  before  them. 

"Who  would  be  free 
Themselves  toitl  strike  the  blow." 

But  why  drive  a  brave  and  earnest  people  to  despair? 
What  great  public  purpose  can  be  answerea  ?  In  what  respect 
will  the  North  bo  happier,  wealthier,  more  powerful  by  such 
a  course  ?  What  Christian  or  patriotic  instinct  can  be  gratified 
by  it?  You  have  said  that  freemen  work  better  than  slaves, 
and  is  not  the  doctrine  as  applicable  to  white  men  as  to  negroes  ? 
Do  you  not  hasten  to  get  rid  of  the  expense  and  charge  of 
territories  by  converting  them  into  States?  Has  not  Britain 
realized  a  thousand  times  over  profit  by  the  change  which 
made  her  colonies  independent  States? 

Do  you  wish  to  make  secession  odious  and  prevent  the  pos- 
sibility of  its  recurrence?  If  sharp,  fierce,  and  sanguinary 
wjftr  has  not  accomplished  this,  do  you  think  that  the  meaner 
remedies  of  the  thumb-screw  and  the  galleys  will  avail  ?  What 
a  compliment  are  you  paying  to  a  people  whose  standards  have 
all  gone  down  and  the  debris  only  of  whose  power  survives  ! 
Methinks 

**  There  be  six  Richmonds  in  the  field — 
Five  have  I  slain  to-day !  " 

The  South  went  down  under  your  cohorts  and  your  legions, 
else  would  she  be  in  arms  now ;  but  having  gone  down  with 
her  broad  and  teeming  lands  wasted,  with  her  cities  destroyed, 


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A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS.  843 

her  warriors  scattered,  and  bleeding,  and  dead,  her  resources 
exhausted,  and  her  people  clothed  in  sackcloth  and  in  ashes, 

Jours  is  a  magnificent  tribute,  when  behind  every  lash  you  see 
er  bayonets  gleaming  still.  Compose  yourselves.  The  work 
is  done — done  eflSciently  and  finally.  The  issue  which  was 
made  fairly,  was  as  tairly  decided.  In  appealing  to  the  sword, 
its  arbitrament  was  accej)ted.  People  knew  no  higher  Courts, 
and  Congresses  may  decide  as  they  please — the  aayonet  gives 
the  law/  From  the  Chesapeake  to  El  Paso,  the  South  tells 
you  this.  Her  legislatures,  her  statesmen,  her  disarmed  war- 
riors, her  people  of  high  and  low  degree  all  solemnly  and  em- 
phatically declare  it,  and  having  discovered  their  truth  and 
earnestness,  when  they  told  you  that  they  meant  war^  can  you 
not  trust  them  now  when  they  tell  you  that  they  mean  jpeace, 
permanent  and  lasting  peace?  Moreover,  the  issues  which  re- 
sulted in  war  are  extinct.  If  new  ones  arise,  they  are  as  likely 
to  be  such  as  will  disturb  the  peace  of  the  North  as  ours.  No 
man  in  our  domain,  unless  witnin  the  walls  of  a  lunatic  asylum, 
dreams  of  resistance  to  a  power  which  in  the  heyday  of  our 
prosperity  and  might,  bore  so  overwhelmingly  and  resistlessly 
upon  us.  The  Grovernment  of  the  United  States  is  our  only 
government,  and  in  its  honor  and  glory  must  we  find  ours ! 
But  perhaps  you  expect  to  help  the  negro.    Well  now : 

"  In  the  name  of  all  the  gods  at  once 
On  what  meat  was  this  our  darkey  fed 
That  he  is  grown  so  great  T 

Is  all  the  machinery  of  this  vast  {government,  its  Congress, 
courts,  purse,  sword,  but  so  many  ingenious  contrivances  to 
take  care  of  CuflFee  and  his  rights?  Now,  gentlemen  radicals, 
let  us  reason  a  little.  Have  you  not  done  enough  for  Ethiopia  ? 
You  enslaved  the  negro.  Well  I  you  vowed  his  emancipation 
and  removed  his  shackles.  At  the  cost  of  five  thousana  mil- 
lions of  treasure  and  perhaps  a  million  of  lives  you  have  made 
him  free.  There  he  stands.  On  the  basis  of  these  figures  each 
puling  infant  of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  has  been  purchased  by 
the  nation  Yiith  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  in  gold,  and 
wherever  you  see  four  of  them  together,  recollect  that  the  for- 
feit has  been  the  death  of  one  white  citizen  I  We  are  not  com- 
plaining of  this,  however,  but  stating  the  fact  All  that  the 
negro  has  earned  in  bondage  for  the  while  man  has  teen  returned 
to  him  with  interest.  Have  you  not  done  enough,  then  ?  Will 
you  find  a  better  stopping-point?  Se  is  free/  If  he  be  a 
man,  if  he  has  thougnts,  will,  instincts,  appetites,  capacities, 
can  he  not  take  care  of  himself  as  you  and  we  have  done ;  and 
if  he  has  not  tiiese  attributes,  can  you  give  them?    Nobody 


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844  A  TALK  WITH  TH£  RADICALS.  > 

wishes  now  his  enslavement.  The  Oordian  knot  has  been  cat. 
The  responsibility,  from  which,  as  Christian  men,  we  shrunk, 
is  yours.  The  problem  baffled  us  and  our  fathers.  It  baffles 
no  longer  I  With  us  the  negro  is  to  live  and  not  with  you. 
The  wealth  of  the  nation  could  not  colonize  him.  We  want 
his  labor — ^there  are  thousands  of  avenues  of  employment  in 
which  it  can  be  absorbed.  Will  it  not  be  our  interest  to  make 
him  a  contented  laborer  and  an  efficient  one,  and  will  not  the 
laws  of  competition  settle  questions  of  remuneration  for  one 
race  as  well  as  for  another  ?  The  ties  (/  sympathy  between  the 
negro  and  the  white  man^  his  former  master^  are  not  dissolved 
because  slavery  has  ceased.  The  negro  has  been  associated 
with  our  youth,  our  manhood,  and  our  homes,  and  by  no  act 
of  his  is  he  dissociated  now.  He  has  the  double  protection  of 
our  sympathies  and  interests.  There  will  be  parties,  too,  grow- 
ing up  at  tlie  South  who  will  gradually  avail  themselves  of  the 
negro  element.  The  North  may  be  sure  that  in  the  contesta- 
tion the  negro  will- in  time  get  every  right  and  privilege.  That 
day  cannot  be  hurried.  All  attempt  to  do  so  will  bring  an 
**  Iliad  of  Woes  "  to  the  luckless  negro.  Trust  at  least  to  time 
and  the  new  social  elements  that  will  be  brought  into  ^lay. 
Millions  of  your  own  people  and  people  from  all  the  nation- 
alities of  Europe  will  seek  the  golden  treasures  of  the  South, 
and  we  are  inviting  them  by  immigration,  societies  and  associ- 
ations, in  all  the  States  and  cities.  Let  them  come.  We  are 
not  afraid  of,  but  invite  the  inundation.  We  shall  live  happily 
and  prosperously  with  them,  if  they  will  live  happilv  and 

Erosperously  with  us,  each  minding  our  own  affairs,  and  each 
uilding  up  one  vast  empire.  Let  it  be  kept  upon  record,  too, 
that  African  fi-eedom  is  no  new  thing  at  the  South.  When  the 
war  opened  there  were  a  half  million  of  emancipated  blacks 
within  our  domain,  and  it  was  never  alleged,  even  by  Fred 
Douglass,  that  they  were  possessed  of  fewer  social  rights,  im- 
munities, and  privileges  than  those  of  his  own  section.  We 
believe  that  he  even  asserted  the  contrary,  but  if  he  did  not,  we 
will  read  a  little  from  the  Compendium  of  the  Census  of  1850, 
page  81.  By  the  table  it  appears,  that  of  the  free  colored 
population  in  New  York  sixty  were  clerks,  doctors,  druggists, 
merchants,  ministers,  printers,  students,  and  teachers,  or  one  in 
fifty-five  of  the  whole,  and  in  New  Orleans  there  were  one 
hundred  and  sixty-five  in  similar  occupations,  or  one  in  eleven  I 
The  proportion  of  jiegroes  occupying  positions  requiring  edu- 
cation was  in  Connecticut  one  m  one  hundred  of  the  whole, 
and  in  Louisiana  one  in  ttvdvef  The  following  is  quoted  also 
ftom  page  196  of  the  same  Census: 

"In  ConnectiCat  $215,585  in  real  estate  was  owned  by  free  blacks,  and 


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A  TALK  WITH  THE  RADICALS.  846 

$88,000  by  muIaUoefl ;  total  |808,5S5.  In  LoniBiana  $811 ,466  by  free  blacks^ 
and  $8,968,880  by  molattoee ;  4otal  $4,270,296.  New  York  city  owned  by  free 
blacks  $66,310,  by  mnlattoee  $44,000.  New  Orleans  owned  by  free  blacks 
$222,970,  mnlattoes  $1,991,060.  In  Barnwell,  Beaufort  and  Charleston,  S.  C  , 
fifty-eight  free  colored  owned  under  $1,000  each  of  real  estate,  ten  owned  be- 
tween $1,000  and  $6,000  each,  two  between  $6,000  and  $10,000,  etc." 

Do  vou  expect  to  advance  the  prosperity  of  the  Union? 
The  whole  land  is  covered  by  one  vast  mortgage  created  by 
the  war — a  mortgage  which  bears  sharply  upon  its  industrv 
and  threatens  its  future  safety.  This  mortgage  must  be  raisea. 
The  Southern  fields,  which  have  been  the  great  creators  of 
wealth  in  the  past,  can  create  again,  and  from  this  source,  if 
left  free  and  untrammeled,  and  not  otherwise,  you  may  expect 
princely  contributions  to  the  National  exchequer.  Under 
even  the  partially  "let  alone"  policy  before  the  war,  she  fur- 
nished five  hundred  millions  of  dollars  annually  as  a  trading 
capital  to  the  North.  Grant  that  she  is  crippled ;  you  cannot 
mend  one  wing  by  breaking  the  other.  There  is  power  yet  in 
her  soil,  and  power  in  her  energies,  which  have  been  wonder- 
fully developed  and  brought  forth  by  war,  not  dreamed  of  in 
your  philosophy.  Her  mineral  as  well  as  agricultural  wealth 
is  limitless.  Witness  her  marvelous  achievements  in  the  past 
few  months.  In  the  moment  which  sheathed  the  sword  she 
grasped  the  plow-handle,  and  amid  all  the  embarrassments 
of  the  negro  question,  reclaimed  from  the  wilderness  whole 
principalities  which  had  once  blossomed  as  the  rose.  This, 
too,  without  money  and  without  credit.  She  has  repaired  and 
put  in  working  order  her  vast  railroad  system,  which  was  left 
without  bridges,  without  iron,  without  locomotives,  and  with- 
out carSf  and  not  satisfied,  she  has  revived  every  projected 
route,  and  is  seeking,  by  organized  companies,  to  connect  every 
part  of  her  interior.  She  is  erecting  factories  and  workshops 
at  a  rate  which  was  never  seen  before.  She  is  rebuilding  her 
country  mansions,  and  her  towns,  Selrna,  Atlanta,  Columbia, 
Charleston  arise,  Phoenix  like,  from  the  flames.  Witnesg,  too, 
the  improvement  on  her  newspapers.  Her  periodical  press 
issues  two  numbers  where  but  one  was  issued  before.  Each 
charity  is  fostered  and  sustained.  Churches  go  up,  asylums 
for  the  disabled,  hospitals  for  the  sick,  relief  establisnments  for 
the  widow  and  the  child ;  schools  on  eveir  hill,  colleges  and 
academies  more  numerous,  better  organized,  and  more  largely 
attended  than  ever.     Despondency  nowhere.    What  a  people  I 

A  word  in  conclusion  to  what  are  called  Southern  rctdicals. 
There  are  such  scattered  through  all  the  States  with  greater  or 
less  power.  Is  it  your  interest  to  keep  up  these  agitations? 
Your  leaders  deceive,  if  they  do  not  tell  you  that  you  are  in  a 
small  minority.     You  were  not  strong  enough  to  prevent  se- 


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346  CAMP  .L££  AND  THE  FRBEDMEN'S  BUREAU. 

cession.  The  wave  went  over  yon.  You  yielded.  Grant  that 
you  were  wronged,  grant  that  you  suffered ;  do  you  not  mis- 
take your  remedy  ?  Those  who  opposed  the  old  Revolutionary 
War  returned  after  peace,  and  their  children  and  children's 
children  reaped  the  glories  of  that  event.  Even  the  property 
that  had  been  sequestered  was  restored.  Your  condition  would 
have  been  much  better  than  these.  There  are  stronger  reasons 
now  to  ignore  the  past.  There  is  room  enough  in  Uie  country 
for  all.  We  can  all  prosper,  grow  rich,  and  according  to  merit 
share  political  power.  Better  the  friendship  of  your  neighbor 
across  the  road  or  in  the  next  county,  than  your  neighbor  in 
Boston  or  New  Hampshire.  You  cannot  successfully  oppose 
an  overwhelming  public  opinion.  Insist  upon  it,  and  sooner 
or  later  you  go  down.  Acknowledge  the  fact;  graciously, 
manfully,  generously  and  intelligently,  and  you  will  be  re- 
ceived back  into  the  family  fold,  and  in  a  few  years  all  that 
existed  of  strife  and  bitterness  will  be  things  of  the  past,  trifles 
ligbt  as  air  in  the  comparison  of  our  harmonious  Union  and 
accord.  We  are  not  without  hope.  The  Convention  Which 
was  recently  held  in  Philadelphia,  where  all  of  the  States  from 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Pacific  affiliated  harmoniously  after 
six  years  of  separation,  was  a  magnificent  and  stirring  event, 
and  will  cast  its  influences  over  all  the  land.  Good  and  true 
men  will  look  up.  Hope  will  revive,  and  even  the  worst  radi- 
cal, we  care  not  who,  will  see  the  necessity  of  bending  to  the 
storm.    If  you  have  sinned,  sin  no  more — 

"  While  yet  the  lamp  holds  oat  to  burn. 
The  vilest  sinner  may  return." 


ART.  II.-CAMP  LEE  AND  THE  FREEDMEN'S  BUREAU. 

Camt  Lee,  about  a  mile  from  Richmond,  is  but  a  branch  or 
appendage  of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  in  that  city.  For  this 
reason,  and  because  we  ourselves  live  at  Camp  Lee,  and  until 
recently  held  our  court  in  Richmond,  we  have  thought  it 
would  be  appropriate  to  treat  of  the  two  in  connection.  Ad- 
mitted behind  the  curtains,  were  we  curious,  prying,  or  observ- 
ant, we  might  have  collected  materials  for  an  article  at  once 
rich,  racy  and  instructive ;  but  we  are,  unfortunately,  abstract- 
ed, and  see  or  hear  verv  little  that  is  going  on  around  us. 
What  we  have  seen  and  heard,  so  far  as  we  deem  it  interesting, 
we  will  relate,  without  breach  of  confidence,  because  nothing 
has  been  told  us  in  confidence,  and  we  have  seen  or  heard  no- 
thing at  all  discreditable  to  any  officer  of  the  Bureau. 


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CAMP  LEB  AND  THB  FREKDMDK'S  BUKEAU.  847 

The  institation  has  a  very  pretty  name,  but  unlike  the  rose, 
*-^  would  not  smell  as  sweet  by  any  other  name."  In  truth,  it  is 
simply  and  merely  a  negro  nursery ;  a  fact  .which  would  have 
been  obvious  even  to  the  blind,  if  led  into  our  little  court-room, 
where  the  stove  was  in  full  blast,  and  about  a  hundred  cushites 
were  in  attendance,  as  suitors,  witnesses  or  idle  lookers-on.  You 
may  be  sure,  Mr.  Editor,  we  smoked  desperately  and  continu- 
ously. As  this  habit  of  ours,  of  smoking  whilst  sitting  on  the 
Bench,  has  been  made  the  subject  of  remark  in  some  of  the 
Northern  papers,  we  deem  this  explanation  due  to  our  cotem- 
pon^ries  and  to  posterity ;  for  as  part,  parcel,  or  appurtenance 
of  the  Negro  Nursery,  we  shall  certainly  descend  to  posterity. 
Indeed,  a  good  many  of  our  Federal  friends  will  be  obliged  to 
us  for  this  explanation,  for  our  soldiers  smoked  terribly  in 
Bichmond,  quite  as  terribly  as  Uncle  Toby's  soldiers  swore  in 
Flanders. 

This  Negro  Nursery  is  an  admirable  idea  of  the  Federals, 
which,  however,  they  stole  from  us.  For  we  always  told  them 
the  darkeys  were  but  grown-up  children  that  needed  guardians, 
like  all  other  children.  They  saw  this  very  soon,  and  there- 
fore established  the  Freedmen's  Bureau ;  at  first  for  a  year, 
thinking  that  a  year's  tuition  under  Yankee  school  ma'ams  and 
Federal  Provost  Marahals  would  amply  fit  them  for  self-sup- 
port, liberty  and  equality,  and  the  exercise  of  the  right  of  suf- 
frage. They  have  now  added  two  years  more  to  the  duration 
of  the  Bureau,  because  they  now  see  that  the  necessity  for 
nursing  the  negroes  is  twice  as  urgent  as  they  thought  it  at  first 
At  the  end  of  that  time,  they  will  discover  that  their  pupils  are 
irreclaimable  ^^mauvais  svjeiSj^^  and  will  be  ready  to  throw  up 
"in  divine  disgust"  the  whole  negro-nursing  and  negro-teach- 
ing business,  and  to  turn  the  affair  over  to  the  State  authorities. 

The  American  people,  by  that  time,  must  become  satisfied 
that  they  have  expended  enough,  aye,  and  far  too  much,  of 
blood  and  treasure  in  the  hopeless  attempt  to  make  citizens  of 
negroes.  They  must  first  be  made,  men,  and  the  Bureau  is  a 
practical  admission  and  assertion  that  they  are  not  men,  and 
will  not  be  for  two  years  hence.  By  that  time  they  think  the 
Ethiopian  will  change  his  skin.  We  are  sure  he  will  not. 
Negro  he  is,  negro  he  always  has  been,  and  negro  he  always 
will  be.  Never  has  he  been,  and  never  will  he  be  a  man, 
physically,  morally,  or  intellectually,  in  the  European  or 
American  sense  of  the  term.  None  are  so  thoroughly  aware 
that  the  term  "  negro"  is,  in  its  ordinary  acceptation,  the  nega- 
tion of  manhood,  as  the  abolitionists  and  the  negroes  them- 
selves. They  are  no  longer  negroes,  but  '*  colored  people." 
Those  who  call  them  other  than  negroes,  are  acting  falsely  and 


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848  CAMP  LEE  AND  THE  FBEEDXEN'S  BUBEAU. 

hypocritically,  for  "they  thereby  as  good  as  assert  that  these 
blacks  have  changed  their  natares,  moral  and  intellectual,  and 
risen  to  an  equality  with  the  whites. 

They  are  onr  fellow-beings,  children,  not  men,  and  therefore 
to  be  compassionated  and  taken  care  of. 

The  Bureau  has  occasioned  much  irritation,  and  in  some  in- 
stances, no  doubt,  been  guilty  of  wrong  and  injustice  to  our 
people;  but  it  has  saved  the  South  a  world  of  money  and  of 
trouble,  and  expended  a  great  deal  of  money  among  us,  at  a 
time  when  we  could  spare  neither  men  nor  money  to  keep  or- 
der among  the  negroes,  or  to  support:  the  helpless  ones.  ^We 
can  bear  it  for  two  years  longer,  but  after  that  time  we  must 
have  negro-nurseries  of  our  own  ;  that  is,  like  the  Federals,  we 
must  institute  a  distinct  and  separate  government  for  the  ne- 
groes. A  majority  of  those  living  in  the  country  will  subside, 
if  they  have  not  already  subsided,  into  the  ^^  statu  quo  ante  beir 
lumy  The  crowds  of  paupers,  beggars,  rogues,  and  vagabonds, 
infesting  our  cities  and  their  suburbs,  must  be  summarily  dealt 
with  by  State  bureaux  located  in  each  considerable  town.  No 
bureaux  or  bureau  officers  will  be  needed  in  the  country,  or  in 
villages — nor  are  they  even  now  needed. 

We  have  resided  at  Oamp  Lee  for  more  than  a  year.  Dur- 
ing that  whole  time  there  have  been  from  three  to  five  hundred 
negroes  here,  furnished  with  houses  by  the  Federal  authorities, 
part  of  which  were  built  by  the  Confederates  during  the  war 
for  military  purposes,  and  part  by  the  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety before  the  war.  The  grounds  are  still  owned  by  that 
Society.  The  brick  house,  however,  in  which  we  reside^was 
originally  erected  by  Colonel  John  Mayo,  deceased,  father-in-law 
of  General  Winfield  Scott  The  dwelling-house,  called  the 
Hermitage,  was  burned  down  many  years  ago.  The  Society 
added  a  story  to  these  brick  buildings,  and  erected  two-storied 
porticos  in  front  and  at  the  sides  of  them.     They  now  make 

Suite  an  imposing  appearance,  with  a  portico  of  a  hundred  and 
fty  feet  in  front,  and  wings  of  about  eighty  on  the  lower 
floor,  and  one  of  equal  extent  on  the  upper  Boor.  We  are,  just 
now,  the  sole  occupant  of  the  lower  floor,  and  a  French  lady 
the  sole  occasional  occupant  of  the  upper  floor. 

Most  of  this  building  until  a  few  weeks  since,  w^  occupied 
by  Mrs.  Gibbons,  her  daughter  and  Miss  Ellison.  Whilst  they 
were  here.  Camp  Lee  was  tolerable,  and  often  very  agreeable, 
even  to  us,  separated  as  we  are  from  our  family.  We  hope, 
and  have  reason  to  expect,  that  they  will  return  during  tnis 
fall.  In  front  of  tliis  building  we  have  a  market-garden  of  two 
acres,  which  so  far,  owipg  to  the  drought,  has  been  a  great 
failure,  but  which  Daniel  Coleman  (Freedman),  our  gardener, 


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CAMP  liEB  AKB  TH£  FREEBMEN'S  BUliEAIT.  349 

assures  US  will  do  wonderfully  well  as  a  fall  garden.  But  we 
are  qnite  incredulous.  We  *are  great  at  theory,  and  hence 
generally  fail  in  practice. 

Just  beside  our  vegetable-garden  stands  Mrs.  Gibbons' 
zoological-garden.  Here  she  would  sometimes  have  asr  many  as 
a  hundred  and  twenty  negro  orphans,  of  both  sexes,  and  various 
ages.  The  buildings  for  them  were  ample  and  commodious. 
MrSi  G.'s  attention  and  kindness  to  her  wards  was  assiduous, 
untiring,  and  veiy  successful.  When  she  first  took  these  in- 
fants in  charge,  some  time  last  fall,  the  mortality  among  them 
was  fearful ;  but  aflcr  about  two  months,  by  frequent  ablutions, 
close  shaving  of  their  heads,  abundance  of  .warm  and  clean 
clothing,  and  plenty  of  good  and  various  food,  they  were  ren- 
dered remarkably  healthy,  and  so  continued  until  their  re- 
moval to  Philadelphia.  Mrs.  G.  removed,  in  all,  about  two 
hundred  to  that  city.  We  presume  they  have  not  been  so 
healthful  there,  for  we  learn,  indirectly,  that  the  Board  of 
Health  of  that  city  has  advised,  or  required,  their  removal. 
Poor  things  I  Camp  Lee  was  a  Paradise  to  them.  Immorality 
and  crime  in  every  form,  want  and  disease,  will  fill  up  the 
balance  of  their  existence.  They  will  be  feeble,  hated,  perse- 
cuted and  despised.  Thejr  lost  nothing  in  losing  their  parents ; 
but  lost  all  in  losing  their  masters.  They  will  meet  with  no 
more  kind  Mrs.  Gibb6ns  in  this  cold,  harsh,  cruel  world. 

Mrs.  Gibbons  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  deputed 
by  an  association  of  ladies,  of  Philadelphia,  belonging  to  that 
society,  to  superintend  the  negro  orphan  asylum  at  this  place. 
The  Bureau  furnishes  the  ordinary  mtions  to  these  infants,  and 
the  association  abundance  of  whatever  else  that  is  needed  for  their 
comfortable  subsistence.  When  Mrs.  Gibbons  left,  she  had  on 
hand  some  fifty-five  new  comers,  not  yet  prepared  to  be  sent 
North.  These  were  sent  over  to  Howard  Grove,  another  branch 
of  the  Negro  Nursery  at  Richmond.  We  believe  most  of  the 
sick,  Aged  and  mfirm  negroes  are  sent  there.  It  was  a  Con- 
federate hospital  during  the  war,  and  is  now  a  negro  nursery 
and  hospital.  We  have  never  visited  it  since  the  war.  Near 
it  is  Chimborazo  Hospital,  now  Nursery,  and  this  also  was  a 
(Jonfederate  hospital.  There  were  a  great  many  negroes  there 
last  winter,  but  we  believe  the  Bureau  has  succeeded  in  getting 
rid  of  all  but  the  infants  and  infirm.  We  learn  there  are  nine 
ladies  ther&,  teaching  literary  or  industrial  schools. 

Miss  Ellison  was  the  teacher  at  this  place.  This  teaching, 
however,  is,  we  fear,  but  a  cruel  farce,  that  but  incites  to  in- 
subordination, and  will  induce  the  negroes  to  run  a  muck 
against  the  whites,  in  which  Cuflfee  will  come  off  second  best. 
These  negro  orphans  have  lost  their  parents,  but  we  feel  quite 


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350  CAMP  LE£  AND  THE  FBEEDMBN'S  BUREAU. 

positive  that  in  three  instances  out  of  four  their  parents  are 
not  both  dead.  Negroes  possess- much  amiableness  of  feeling, 
but  not  the  least  steady,  permanent  affection.  "  Out  of  sight, 
out  of  mind,"  is  trne  of  them  all.  They  never  grieve  twenty- 
four  hours  for  the  death  of  parents,  wives,  husbands,  or  chil- 
dren. Some  of  the  negroes  at  th;s  place  informed  us,  many 
months  a^o,  that  many  of  Mrs.  Gibbons'  orphans  had  parents  in 
Richmond.  About  four  weeks  since,  a  very  interesting  little 
negro  child,  about  two  years  old,  was  deserted  by  its  mother, 
picked  up  in  the  streets  of  Bichmond,  and  brought  to  Mrs. 
Gibbons.  Not  ten  days  since,  just  at  the  approach  of  a  ter- 
rific storm,  a  negro  mother  left  her  little  daughter,  of  about 
five  years  old,  exposed  in  the  field,  within  a  few  hundred  yards 
of  this  place.  It  was  picked  up  by  some  kind-hearted  negro, 
and  is  now  in  the  keeping  of  the  French  lady.  It  is  clever, 
and  extremely  emaciate.  It  has  been  starved.  But  we  do  not 
blame  the  poor  mother.  She,  too,  deprived  of  a  master,  was 
no  doubt  starving,  and  the  best  she  could  possibly  do  was 
thus  to  expose  her  child,  with  the  hope  that  some  humane  pe^ 
son  able  to  provide  for  it  might  find  it  and  take  it  in  charge. 
"  Abolition"  has  dissevered  the  relation  of  husband  and  wife 
among  the  negroes,  as  well  as  that  of  parent  and  child.  Be- 
sides Mrs.  Gibbons'  zoological  gardens,  here  at  Camp  Lee, 
there  are  some  thirty  or  forty  tenements,  inhabited  by  negro 
women  and  children.  A  negro  man  is  scarpe  ever  seen.  They 
have  very  generally  deserted  their  wives  entirely,  or  live  and 
work  at  a  distance,  coice  once  a  month  to  see  their  families,  and 
bring  them  nothing  when  they  do  come.  The  very  young 
children  here  have  died  out  from  neglect  of  their  mothers. 
There  are  scarce  any  births,  and  some  three  hundred  women, 
and  children  between  the  ages  of  six  and  sixteen — all  as  idle  as 
the  dogs,  which  are  quite  as  numerous  as  the  negroes,  for  they  all 
love  dogs  and  take  care  of  them,  however  much  they  may 
neglect  their  children.  These  three  hundred  **  Amazonido?' 
are  under  the  especial  charge  of  the  Richmond  Bureau.  They 
constitute  a  zoological  garden  independent  of  Mrs.  Gibbons' 
zoological  gardens.  They  are  of  all  colors,  from  ebony-black 
to  almost  pure  white ;  and  of  all  races,  except  the  pure  Cau- 
casian. My  gardener,  Daniel  Coleman,  is  descended  from  an 
Indian  father,  who  belonged  to  the  Pamunky  tribe,  about  three 
hundred  of  whom  now  live  on  the  Pamunky  Bijyer,  about 
forty  miles  from  Richmond.  Thoy  retain  not  a  word  of  the 
Indian  language,  and  have  more  of  nqgro  than  Indian  blood  in 
their  veins.  Daniel  Coleman's  first  wife  was  an  Indian  woman, 
and  his  childr^  have  more  of  the  Indian  appearance  than  he. 
He  hasji  daughter  exactly  like  the  picture  of  Jrooahontas  in  the 


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CAMP  LBE  AND  THE  FREEDMEN's  BUREAU.     351 

Capitol  at  Washington.  He  himself  has  a  very  aquiline  nose ; 
in  other  respects  he  resembles  the  negro  more  than  the  Indian. 
All  of  his  cnildren  by  his  first  wife  have  delicately  taring 
limbs,  very  small  feet,  with  hiffh  instep.  His  present  wife  is 
a  bright  mulatto,  but  her  children  resemble  only  the  coarse, 
sluggish  negro ;  yet  she  is  quite  a  clever  woman,  and  I  would 
sooner  confide  in  her  children  than  those  of  mixed  Indian 
blood,  for  all  Indians  are  thorough,  unmitigated  scoundrels, 
animals  of  the  feline  kind,  false,  cowardly,  nypooritical  and 
cruel.  Indians  were  made  to  be  exterminated.  But  for  aboli- 
tion negroes  might  be  put  to  a  better  use. 

Uncle  Daniel  Coleman  (his  young  wife  and  everybody  else 
call  him  Uncle  Daniel,  although  he  is  ten  years  younger  than 
we,  and  we  are  by  no  means  old).  Uncle  Daniel,  we  say,  has  so 
little  of  the  Indian  blood  in  him,  that  he  is  honest,  industrious, 
reliable,  and  respected  by  everybody.  He  is  a  univei*sal  favor- 
ite, a  good  gardener,  and  the  best  chambermaid  we  ever  saw. 
But  his  boy  John,  about  fifteen  years  old,  small,  handsome, 
beautifully  formed,  and  active  as  a  cat,  is  a  thorough  Indian, 
and  the  greatest  scoundrel  in  America,  yet  we  cannot  help 
liking  John,  for  although  he  cheats  or  deceives  us  every  day, 
he  is  so  graceful,  so  elegant,  so  polite,  that  we  had  much  rather 
be  cheated  by  John,  than  to  receive  a  favor  from  a  Down- 
Easter,  a  Dutchman,  or  a  Scotchman.  He  is  the  very  soul  of 
chivalry,  and  is  always  fighting,  when  he  is  not  cheating  or 
stealinff.     Nothing  could  be  more  amusing  than  to  see  Daniel, 


his  father,  who  is  short,  fussy,  and  irascible,  trying,  or  pre- 
tending to  try,  to  catch  him,  to  punish  him  for  fighting.  John 
runs  twice  as  fast  as  Daniel,  who  soon  gets  out  of  breath,  and 
before  night  foreets  his  wrath.  But  yesterday  John  was  regu- 
larly arraigned  before  us  by  a  negro  who  had  lost  seven  dollars, 
and  been  to  the  fortune-teller's  in  Richmond,  whose  description 
of  the  thief  exactly  answered  to  John.  Upon  the  strength  of 
it  he  demanded  restitution  of  the  money  from  Daniel.  There- 
upon the  prosecutor,  Daniel,  Daniel's  wife  and  children,  and 
half  the  women,  boys,  and  dogs  in  Camp  Lee,  came  to  lay  the 
case  before  me.  I  told  the  prosecutor  I  did  not  think  his  evi- 
dence quite  sufficient  to  convict  John,  and  if  it  were,  I  was  no 
judge  now,  and  had  never  been  a  judge  in  criminal  matters. 

These  fortune-tellers  employ  spies  and  informers,  and  we 
shrewdly  suspect  John  did  steal  the  money,  yet  this  evidence 
was  not  sufficient  to  convict. 

The  negroes  have  always  had  very  vague  notions  of  the  ex- 
tent of  our  power  and  authority  as  judge,  and  as  they  were 
inclined  to  think  our  powers  quite  as  extensive  and  unlimited 
as  those  of  Thad  Stevens's  Radical  Congress,  we  have  encour- 


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352  CAMP  LEB  AND  THE  FRESDMBK'S  BUREAU. 

a^ed  fhe  delaeion.  Indeed,  although  we  practised  law  in  the 
civil  courts  for  almost  thirty  years,  we  never  had  very  precise 
notions  of  military  law,  especially. of  Yankee  military  law,  and 
felt,  whilst  sitting  as  judge  in  the  Freedmen's  Bureau,  pretty 
much,  we  suppose,  as  Sanoho  Panza  felt  whilst  distributing 
justice  in  the  island  of  Barratoria.  We  assumed  that  our 
jurisdiction  was  almost  unlimited,  and  that  we  were  bound  by 
no  system  of  laws,  and  therefore  ought  to  decide  each  case 
according  to  our  own  notions  of  right  and  wrong.  Proceeding 
upon  this  principle,  we  believe  we  gave  entire  and  universiS 
satisfaction  to  all  parties,  negroes,  federals,  and  confederates. 
But  let  us  deceive  no  one.  Our  notions  of  right  and  wrong  in 
matters  of  law  and  justice  are  not  the  notions  of  unlettered 
men.  They  are  derived  from  almost  forty  years  of  study  of 
the  laws  and  institutions  of  all  civilized  nations,  whether 
modern  or  ancient,  so  far  as  we  had  access  to  them.  Crude^ 
indeed,  are  the  ideas  of  law  and  of  justice  of  men  unlettered 
in  the  law. 

Our  Camp  Lee  folks  are  a  very  party-colored  people,  and 
we  have  given  Uncle  Daniel  and  his  family  only  as  a  sample 
of  the  whole.  Never  lived  there  a  more  quiet,  indolent,  and 
orderly  set.  They  never  work  except  in  strawberry,  black- 
berry, and  whortleberry  season,  and  when  the  peaches  and 
apples  begin  to  get  ripe.  Very  few  of  them  are  allowed 
rations,  and  how  they  subsist  no  one  can  tell.  It  is  not  their 
fault,  however,  that  they  do  not  work.  A  stronger,  abler  and 
heartier  set  we  never  saw ;  but  they  have  not  enough  sense  to 
get  emplovment  for  themselves,  the  Bureau  will  not  hire  them 
out,  and  they  are  taught  that  it  is  discreditable  and  wrong  for 
negro  women  to  work  in  the  field.  Now,  we  know,  that  there 
is  not  a  full-blooded  negro  woman  in  America  fitted  for  any 
other  work  except  field  work.  At  that  they  are  almost  equal 
to  white  men,  but  in  any  other  capacity,  their  labor  is  not 
worth  half  that  of  white  women.  Half  the  country  ladies  of 
Virginia  have  worked  in  their  gardens,  and  some  in  the  fields, 
dunng,  and  since  the  war,  yet  tnese  negro  wenches  are  taught 
to  live  by  crime,  rather  than  work  in  the  field,  where  alone 
they  are  fitted  to  work.  They  have,  in  a  great  measure,  ceased 
to  have  children.  They  have  no  husban<fc,  and  deserve  none, 
for  they  are  too  proud  to  work,  and  husbands  cannot  support 
them  in  idleness.  The  inevitable  consequence  will  be,  that 
the  vast  number  of  negroes  congregated  in  and  about  our  towns 
will  be  rapidly  exterminated. 

The  negroes  in  the  country  are  contented,  and  valuable  la- 
borers. Having  no  rent  to  pay,  abundance  of  food  and  fuel, 
and  money  enough  at  all  times  to  buy  plain  necessary  clothing, 


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CAMP  LEE  AND  THE  FBEEDMEN'S  BUREAU.  363 

they  are  never  punished  by  absolnte  want,  never  become  rest- 
less or  insubordinate.  Besides,  they  dwell  too  far  apart  to 
combine  for  any  mischievous  purposes.  But  the  excessive 
numbers  of  negroes  about  our  towns,  for  want  of  employment, 
are  continually  in  a  state  bordering  on  actual  starvation,  and 
all  starving  men  are  desperate  and  dangerous.  We  know  from 
daily  and  careful  observation  that  the  Bureau  in  Richmond 
has  and  still  is  exerting  itself  to  the  utmost  of  its  very  limited 
powers  to  abate  this  nuisance,  by  refusing  rations,  and  advising 
and  persuading  the  negroes  to  remove  into  the  country,  where 
they  can  all  find  employment.  Force,  not  '*  moral  suasion," 
governs  all  men,  whether  white  or  black.  If  the  Bureau  had 
the  power  to  take  these  idle  negroes  up,  and  hire  them  out  to 
the  highest  bidder,  or  put  them  out  to  the  lowest,  and  were 
about  to  exercise  the  power,  the  negroes  would  at  once  squander, 
and  find  masters  in  the  country.  But  the  Radicals  are  afraid 
that  if  negroes  are  treated  no  better  than  poor  white  people,  it 
will  be  said  that  they  are  re-enslaved,  and  subjected  to  a  worse 
form  of  slavery  than  that  from  which  they  have  just  escaped. 
The  result  of  all  this  must  be,  that  a  very  large  standing  army 
must  be  kept  up  in  the  South  by  the  Federal  Government; 

STtions  of  it  stationed  at  every  town  south  of  the  Ohio  and 
ason  and  Dixon's  line;  or  the  Constitution  must  be  amended 
so  as  to  authorize  the  several  States  to  maintain  standings 
armies.  But  even  after  all  this  is  done,  there  will  be  frequent 
bloody  collisions  between  the  races  in  all  of  our  Southern 
towns.  Negroes,  so  useful  in  the  country,  are  an  abominable 
nuisance  in  town.  Mobs  at  the  South,  after  a  time,  will  drive 
them  out,  as  mobs  have  often  done  at  the'N'orth.  The  Radi- 
cals hold  the  wolf  by  the  eai*s.  They  have  not  tamed  him, 
and  instead  of  letting  him  go,  are  trying  to  mend  their  hold. 
This  wolf  is  the  opposing  races  in  our  towns  and  cities.  In 
conquering  the  South  and  freeing  the  negroes,  they  but  bought 
the  elephant — ^and  now  they  know  not  what  to  do  with  him. 
But  he  is  their  elephant,  not  ours,  and  we  are  of  opinion  should 
be  left  with  them  to  be  nursed  and  cared  for.  In  two  more 
years  they  will  grow  heartily  tired  of  nursing  this  elephant 
and  holding  the  wolf  by  the  ears.  Standing  armies  and  Freed- 
men's  Bureaus  are  rather  more  expensive  cages  than  the 
country  can  now  afford.  These  negro  nurseries  will  bo  broken 
up,  and  their  inmates,  probably,  be  turned  over  to  us  at  the 
South,  to  try  our  hands  at  nursing.  If  the  North,  after  turn- 
ing them  over  to  us,  will  not  intermeddle  in  their  management, 
we  will  at  once  tame  them,  and  make  them  useful,  and  instead 
of  costing  the  nation  some  thirty  millions  a  year,  they  will 
yield  a  neat  annual  profit  to  it  of  some  two  hundred  millions. 

VOL  II.-NO.  III.  23 


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854  GAHP  LEE  AND  THE  FREEDMEN'S  BUREAU. 

Then  you  will  bear  no  more  of  idle,  discontented,  starving 
negipoes.  All  will  be  well  provided  for,  and  all  happy  and 
contented. 

We  have  the  highest  respect  for  all  the  officers  of  the  Bureau 
in  Richmond,  from  the  commanding  general  down.  They  have 
even  treated  ns  with  great  courtesy  and  kindness;  and  we  are 
witness  to  the  fact  that  they  discharge  their  duties  with  zeal, 
industry  and  integrity.  Therefore,  in  calling  the  Bureau  a 
n^ro  nursery  or  a  congeries  of  negro  nurseries,  we  intend  no 
disrespect — but  only  wish  to  convey  to  the  public  a  full,  accu- 
rate and  comprehensive  idea  of  the  true  character  of  the  in- 
stitution. Besides,  we  have  been  one  of  the  nurses  ourselves, 
and  would  not  bring  discredit  on  our  own  calling. 

Moreover,  it  is  our  earnest  desire  and  cherished  object  to  aid 
in  restoring  kind  relations  between  the  South,  and  at  least  as 
much  of  the  North,  as  will  enable  us  to  form  new  political 
combinations  and  new  political  parties,  irrespective  of  sectional 
Unes.  In  this  way  alone  can  we  ever  have  nereafter  any  voice 
or  influence  in  the  administration  of  Federal  aflFairs.  Com- 
munities and  nations  are  little  influenced  in  their  conduct  by 
selfish  considerations,  more  influenced  by  hatred  than  by  any 
other  motive.  They  made  war  upon  us  and  liberated  our 
negroes,  with  the  full  knowledge  all  the  while,  that  they  were 
bringing  pecuniarv  ruin  upon  themselves.  They  were  actuated 
solely  by  sectional  hatred  and  thirst  for  revenge.  That  bate 
and  that  thirst  are  not  yet  satiated,  and  never  will  be,  so  long 
as  we  treat  them  with  naughty  reserve,  or  heap  upon  them  in- 
discriminate abuse  and  vituperation.  They  are  now  making 
legislative  war  upon  us,  more  cruel  than  a  war  of  arms,  ana 
almost  as  costly.  They  are  still  willing  to  ruin  themselves,  if 
they  can  but  persecute  and  punish  us.  If  we  would  but  treat 
them  courteously  and  fairly,  try  to  make  friends  of  them,  in- 
stead of  increasmg  their  hatred  by  heaping  abuse  on  them,  we 
might  divide  and  conquer  them.  This  war  of  words,  kept  up 
by  those  who  can  no  longer  fight,  is  a  mere  woman's  game, 
unbecoming  in  men.  We  never  can  rise  from  our  abject  and 
fallen  condition,  so  long  as  the  North  presents  a  compact  front 
of  opposition  to  us.  By  treating  all  parties  at  the  North  alike, 
by  denouncing  all,  by  speaking  of  their  presence  among  us  as 
a  plague-spot  and  a  vile  contamination,  and  by  repelling  their 
immigration,  we  will  effectually  preserve  their  compactness, 
and  perpetuate  our  own  bondage.  In  truth,  immigration  from, 
the  iNorth  is  the  onlv  desirable  immigration.  We  should  in- 
vite it,  and  treat  their  immigrants  hospitably,  kindly  and 
courteously.  Few  would  come  who  were  not  well  disposed 
already  towards  us,  and  that  few  would  become  Southern  in 


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COTTON  CONSUMING  AND  PRODUCING  COUNTEIBS.     866 

their  feelings  so  soon  as  they  became  Soathern  in  their  inter- 
ests. We  want  above  all  things  a  homogeneous  population* 
The  Northern  people  are  far  more  like  ourselves  tnan  any- 
other  people,  xhey  blend  at  once  with  our  native  population, 
intermarry  with  it,  and  become  Southerners  after  awhile. 
Immigrants  from  Europe  are  usually  low-minded'  agrarians, 
who  settle  to  themselves  in  large  bodies,  and  preserve  for  many 
generations  their  national  peculiarities,  their  antipathy  to  gentle- 
men, and  their  love  of  negroes.  The  distinguishing  peculiarity 
of  native  Americans,  both  North  and  South,  is  their  aristocratic 
feeling  and  bearing.  This  was  remarked  by  the  poet  Dr. 
McKay,  when  he  traveled  among  us^  and  he  rebuked  the 
North  for  calling  us  aristocratic,  whilst  they  were  equally  so. 
There  never  was  a  more  aristocratic  pretension  than  Kjiow- 
Nothingism,  nor  one  more  heartfelt  and  sincere.  Northerners 
entertained  not  the  least  doubt  of  their  infinite  superiority  to 
all  men  of  foreign  birth.  We  of  the  South  were  quite  satisfied 
to  assert  and  maintain  our  superiority  to  negroes.  Yankee 
aristocracy^  mounted  a  league  nigher.  Now,  it  is  just  such 
aristocratic  immigration  that  we  desire.  The  work  of  abolition 
is  not  completed.  The  next  step  is  negro  equality.  Northern 
immigrants  will  oppose  this  step;  European  immigrants  advo- 
cate it.  We  prefer  American  aristocrats  to  European  infidels, 
levelers  and  agrarians. 


ART.  ra.-coTroir  consumikg  ahd  producing  countries. 

[During  the  war,  at  the  instance  of  the  Confederate  Government,  George 
McHenry,  of  England,  then  in  Kichmond,  prepared  a  very  elaborate  and  able 
pamphlet  upon  the  cotton  crisid.  -We  have  a  copy  of  this  rare  docameut  before 
us,  and  extract  what  he  says  in  regard  to  the  European  powers  other  than 
Great  Britain.  No  man  in  any  country  is  more  fiamiuar  with  cotton  than  Mr. 
McHenry. — Editor.] 

Frakob  is  the  only  country  in  Europe  that  can,  in  any  sense,  pre- 
tend or  claim  to  compet<e  with  England  in  respect  to  the  spinning  of 
yarn  and  the  manuflEUiture  of  cotton  goods.  But  when  the  character 
and  development  of  that  industry  in  the  respective  countries  is 
compared,  it  will  be  readily  seen  that  France,  unlike  England,  offers 
no  extended  market  for  the  produce  of  the  Southern  States.  France 
consumes  annually  within  her  own  borders  about  150,000,000  pounds 
of  cotton  for  clothing  her  people,  while  nearly  double  that  quan- 
tity is  so  used  by  the  people  of  the  British  Isles.  The  exports 
of  cotton  manufactures  of  all  kinds  from  France  reach  only  one- 
tenth  the  value  of  those  sent  from  England  to  other  parts.  As  India 
is  the  largest  market  for  the  productions  of  British  cotton  looms,  so 
is  Algeria  the  principal  importer  of  those  of  France.    They  each 


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356       COTTON  CONSUMING  AND   PRODUCING  COUNTRIES. 

take  about  one-fourth  the  entire  exportations  of  cotton  ^oods  from 
either  oountry.  The  French  cotton  goods  sold  in  the  English  and 
American  markets  owe  their  valae  rather  more  to  the  designer  and 
the  dyer  than  to  the  planter  or  weaver.  Their  consumption,  there- 
fore, does  not  admit  of  any  very  rapid  or  wide  increase.  French 
taste  and  French  chemistry,  wherever  they  are  applicable,  have  de- 
servedly won  for  French  textile  fabrics  a  superiority  universally 
recognized. 

The  extent  of  the  cotton  manufactures  of  France  will  be  seen  by 
reference  to  tables  F  and  G.  A  few  particulars  may,  however,  be 
here  introduced.  The  average  quantity  of  raw  cotton  imported  into 
France^  and  retained  for  the  use  of  her  mills  in  the  five  years,  1848 
to  1852,  was  about  132,000,000  pounds.  She  likewise  bought  cot- 
ton yarns,  chiefly  from  England,  to  a  value  of  about  700,000  francs 
per  annum.  In  1853,  her  net  receipts  of  raw  cotton  were  increased 
to  165,000,000  pounds,  valued  at  125,000,000  francs,  and  her  imports 
of  yarns  were  worth  1,400,000  francs.  The  cotton  goods  exported 
from  France  in  1853  were  cleared  at  a  valuation  of  71,900,000  francs, 
and  her  cotton  yam  at  866,000  francs.  These  amounts  exhibit  but  a 
slight  increase  on  the  average  of  the  previous  five  years.  The  cot- 
ton trade  of  France  for  1859, 1860,  1861, 1862  and  1863,  figured  as 
follows : 

A  Statement  of  the  French  Commerce  in  Raw  Cotton,  1859  to  1863. 

Exceat  of  Amerioftn 

Tewt.       Importation!.       Exportationa.       Imports.  NtttTalne.  .         Portloa. 

Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.                Francs.            Lbs. 

1809 201.901,408  22,288.146  179.663.264  153,741,989  179,600,000 

1860 806,676,848  34,686,257  272,140,691  202,710,114  262,667,565 

1861 282,432,882  11,022.146  271,410.687  270,631,694  241,446,321 

1862 101,842,286  16,413,960  85,428,325  126,167,880     487.578 

1868 141,680,298  19,480,813  122,099,485  177,168,499      10,000 

1,034,482,672  108,690,321  930,742,352  930.410,076  674,210,449 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  third  column  of  the  preceding  table,  that 
the  excessive  importations  of  raw  cotton  into  France  in  1859,  1860 
and  1861,  enabl^  her  to  manage  without  a  full  supply  in  1862  and 
1863.  The  net  importations  for  the  whole  period  made  a  fair  aver- 
age— 186,148,470  pounds  per  annum.  France,  like  England,  also 
held  a  laige  reserve  of  cotton  goods  in  1861.  That  reserve  is  now 
reduced  to  a  low  point.  So  long  as  the  old  supply  lasted,  France, 
as  a  community,  hardly  felt  the  pressure  of  high  prices.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  light  outlay  for  cotton  in  1862  made  her  easy  in  money 
matters,  and  enabled  her  to  stand  the  drain  upon  her  resources, 
created  by  the  large  importations  of  grain  that  year,  in  order  to  meet 
the  deficiency  arising  from  the  bad  harvest  of  1861.  In  place  of 
buying  cotton,  she  purchased  wheat.  France  on  no  former  occasion 
drew  breadstufifs  from  abroad  in  such  Quantities,  without  feeling 
great  financial  embarrassment.  The  usual  expense  to  the  people  of 
France  for  the  raw  cotton  contamed  in  their  clothing  is  one  hundred 


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cxxrroN  consuming  and  producing  countries,    867 

and  twenty  millions  of  francs  per  annum.  In  1865,  that  material 
will  cost  them  upwards  of  five  hundred  millions  of  francs,  unless 
prices  should  be  much  reduced  bj  the  opening  of  the  Southern  ports. 
Of  the  quantity  of  raw  cotton  received  into  France,  there  was  im- 
ported through  English  ports  (per  British  Board  of  Trade  returns),  in, 

1858 6,261 .200  poands,  valaed  at  £148,188 

1859 7,487,888        **             "  186,698 

1860 18,028.848   "      "  806,610 

1861 12.487,440   "      "  871,926 

1862 61,288,576    "      "  3,787,866 

1863 80,000,000    "      «*  6,817,648 

France  sent  to  England  in  the  same  years  (per  British  Board  of 
Trade  returns),  viz : 

1858 4,264,560  pounds,  valaed  at  £157.160 

1859 8,849.186        "             "  100,255 

1860 2,186,688        "              "  62,662 

1861.,.^ 966,172        "               •  88,840 

1862 5,491,248        "              "  327.828 

1868 1,688,696        "             "  160,108 

The  raw  cotton  exported  from  England  to  France  in  1861,  1862 
and  1863,  was  of  the  growth  of  the  undermentioned  countries : 

^  1861.  1862.  1868. 

Growth  of  Southern  SUtes..  £216.503  £703,677  £329,259 

Brazil 2,951  87,085  50.820 

"       .     Egypt 16,690  118,881  149,426 

BritiBh  India 135,882  2,810,686  4,682,648 

Other  conntries..  17,687  206,490 

Totel 371,926    3,787,366     6,317,648 

It  will  be  noticed  by  these  tables  that  France  carries  on  both  an 
importing  and  an  exporting  trade  in  raw  cotton  with  England.  -She, 
however,  buys  more  cotton  from,  than  she  sells  to  England.  Her* 
exports  thither  of  that  article  consist  principally  of  the  American 
staple,  of  which  sort  she  sometimes  imports  more  than  she  needs. 
Her  supplies  from  England  of  late  are  mostly  of  Indian  cotton. 
Under  the  Cobden  treaty  of  1860,  all  cotton  of  that  description  is 
admitted  into  France  free  of  duty,  if  imported  in  British  or  French 
vessels  direct  from  a  British  port.  {Colon  de  Vlnde  en  laine^  im- 
porter soil  direcUment  dee  lievx  de  production^  eoit  des  enMpdte  du 
Royaume'Uni  sous  pavilion  Francais  ou  Britanniqve,)  American 
cotton  b  subject  to  a  duty  of  20  francs  per  100  kilogrammes  or  220 
pounds.  Previous  to  1832  the  duty  was  nearly  double  that  rate 
when  imported  in  any  but  French  vessels.  But  by  a  treaty  between 
France  and  the  United  States,  concluded  that  year,  the  vessels  of 
either  country  were  placed  upon  the  same  footing.  The  importation, 
however,  had  to  be  direct  from  the  place  of  production,  and  the 
origin  of  the  article  duly  authenticated.  A  ministerial  decree  of 
December  17,  1851,  enlarged  the  provisions  of  the  treaty,  so  as  to 
extend  the  equality  between  the  vessels  of  the  two  powers,  as  far  as 


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368     COTTON  CONSUMING  AND  PBODUCINO  COUNTRIES, 

cotton  was  concerned,  eren  should  the  American  vessel  touch  at  a^ 
British  port ;  but  in  that  event,  the  captain  is  required  to  exhibit  a 
cettificatd  from  the  French  consul  at  such  port,  stating  that  no  sale 
bad  taken  place  since  it  came  on  board  of  his  ship.  This  relaxation 
was  doubtless  owing  to  the  fact  of  the  steamships  of  the  New  York 
and  Havre  line,  which  frequently  carried  cotton,  making  Southamp- 
ton a  port  of  call.  The  service  of  those  steamers  has  been  discon- 
tinued since  December  11,  1861  ;  but  their  place  has  been  supplied 
by  German  and  French  linos.  The  restrictions  upon  the  importa- 
tions of  cotton  have  been  further  relaxed,  and  it  is  now  admitted 
into  the  ports  of  France  in  the  vessels  of  all  nations.  .The  duty  on 
American  cotton  ought  to  be  removed  altogether.  The  amount 
generally  collected  by  the  French  Government,  upon  its  importa- 
tion, is  about  15,000,000  francs.  The  commerce  between  the  Con- 
federacy and  France,  since  the  Cobden  treaty  came  into  operation, 
has  been  so  limited  that  the  injury  to  the  Southern  planter,  by  the 
discrimination  in  favor  of  the  Indian  ryot,  has  not  yet  been  seen 
or  felt. 

The  chief  exportations  of  cotton  from  Havre  are  by  railway  to 
Switzerland.  Next  in  extent  are  those  to  Holland  and  Sardinia. 
Smaller  shipments  ave  made  to  the  other  Italian  States,  to  Spain, 
and  to  Austria. 

The  shipments  of  cotton  yams  and  cotton  goods  fr5hn  England  to 
France,  1858  to  1863  (per  British  Board  of  Trade  tables),  were : 

'    PieeeGoodL  £Sjl8a         TwUt  Mid  Tarn. 

Qittott^.  Value.  Valoe.         QcuuiUtj.  Vftlae. 

Yards.      £  £              Lbs.  £ 

1868 11,566,075  192.432  88.000   800.129  63.398 

1859 9.501.687  174.441  40.000   860.819  88.879 

1860 10,871,407  206,849  41.412   588,981  50,459 

1861 81,881,805  478.327  88,554  1,701,565  187,228 

1862 84,716.448  548,881  190,256  1.899,366  245.807 

1868 80,000,000  455,089  108,991  1,500,000  178,521 

The  shipments  of  cotton  yams  and  cotton  goods  to  Eneland  from 
France,  1858  to  1863  (per  British  Board  of  Trade  tables),  in  value, 
were : 

OottoB  MukufbotOTM.     BmbrokleTy,  Bto. 

1858. £812,587  £21.987 

1859 871,774  28,658 

1860 884,251  28,954 

1861 899,810  25,756 

1862 450.897  8,552 

1868 558,602  No  retaros. 

Belgium  imports  75,000  bales  of  cotton  of  400  pounds  each,  one- 
half  of  which  is  the  growth  of  the  Southern  States ;  the  other  half 
is  East  Indian  cotton,  received  through  England.  Her  re-exports  in 
the  manufactured  state  amount  to  one-eighth  of  all  she  imports. 
She  buys  from  England  560,000  pounds  of  cotton  yam  and  3,000,000 


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COTTON  CONSUMING  AND  PRODUCING  COUNTRIES.      859 

yards  of  cotton  ^oods.    The  consumption  of  cotton  within  her  limits 
is  4  pounds  per  head.     Her  population  is  5,000,000. 

In  Spain,  the  cotton  culture  and  manufacture  was  introdaced  by 
the  Moors,  and  continued  by  them  to  some  extent  for  several  cen- 
turies. The  cotton  grown  in  Motril,  Kingdom  of  Granada,  was  of 
good  staple  and  much  prized.  Barcelona  was  famed  for  her  sail- 
doth.  The  cotton  sail-cloth  of  the  present  day,  therefore,  is  no  new 
article  of  commerce.  The  fustianeros  of  Spain  wove  stout  cotton 
goods,  from  which  the  term  fustian  is  derived.  Cotton  paper  was 
made  by  the  Spanish  Arabs.  The  strong  religious  hatred  that  existed 
between  the  two  rival  races  on  the  peninsula  prevented  these  Orien- 
tal arts  from  extending  further  west,  or  taking  a  stong  hold  on  the 
Christian  population,  and  consequently  at  the  fall  of  the  Saracen 
empire  in  Spain,  the  cotton  culture  and  manufacture  relapsed  into 
insignificance.  Aboikt  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  the  cotton  manu- 
facture began  to  revive,  from  which  time,  up  to  the  period  of  the 
American  war,  it  had  slowly  increased.  Spain  imports  annually 
about  1C0,000  bales  of  cotton  of  400  lbs.  each— 80  per  cent,  of 
which  is  the  growth  of  the  Southern  States.  She  draws  from  Brazil 
about  6,000  bales  of  the  same  weight ;  from  Porto  Rico,  about  700 
bales ;  Cuba,  about  300  bales,  and  the  balance  from  British  India  via 
England  and  the  Mediterranean.  She  also  imports  about  200,000 
pounds  of  cotton  yarn,  and  8,500,000  yards  cotton  goods — the  yarns 
and  goods  chiefly  from  England.  Her  population  is  16,500,000. 
They  consume  3  pounds  of  cotton  per  head. 

Portugal  imports  about  5,000  bales  of  cotton  annually — ^nine- 
tenths  of  which  quantity  is  received  from  the  Brazils,  and  the  bal- 
ance is  of  the  growth  of  the  Southern  States,  obtained  through  Eng- 
bind.  Portugal  is  a  lai^e  cu-^tomer  to  England  for  cotton  yams  and 
cotton  goods — from  whom  she  purchases  annually  about  300,000 
pounds  of  the  one,  and  55,000,000  yards  of  the  other.  Her  popula- 
tion is  3,600,000.  The  consumption  of  cotton  is  at  the  rate  of  four 
pounds  per  head.  The  Portuguese,  who  were  the  discoverers  of  the 
passage  to  India,  via  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  made  large  importa- 
tions of  cotton  stuffs  and  muslins  into  Europe,  but  they  did  not 
attempt  to  establish  ootton  manufactures  in  their  own  country. 

Cott*  n  was  introduced  into  Italy  as  a  garden  plant,  at  a  very  early 
date.  It  was  cultivated  as  a  crop  in  the  eleventh  century  along  the  - 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  where  its  manufacture  sprang  up.  It 
was  the  fashion  for  the  ladies  to  occupy  their  spare  time  in  spinning 
yam  and  knitting  stockings,  which  were  greatly  admired,  and  sold 
for  high  prices.  Italian  muslins  were  much  in  vogue  until  the  end  of 
the  last  century,  when  they  were  superseded  by  those  of  India,  and 
in  turn  by  those  of  England.  During  the  wars  of  Napoleon  the 
Great,  when  the  "  Continental  system  "  was  in  operation,  and  oott<m 
could  not  be  obtained  from  other  sources  in  Europe,  Italy  produced 
a  considerable  quantity  of  that  staple.  So  much  so  that  the  olive 
tree  and  the  mulberry  tree,  which  at  one  time  were  the  principal 
objects  of  cultivation,  were  destroyed  in  order  to  make  room  for  cot- 


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360      COTTON  CONSUMING  AND  PRODUCING  COUNTRIES. 

ton.  This  state  of  affairs  existed  about  ten  years.  Afler  peace 
prices  of  cotton  fell  so  low  that  cultivation  shrank  back  into  its 
former  narrow  limits.  About  40,000  bales  of  cotton  are  now  grown 
in  Italy,  and  she  imports  a  similar  quantity — three-fourths  of  which 
is  of  the  growth  of  the  Southern  States.  The  Italian  States  take 
from  England  12,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  yarn  and  100.000,000 
yards  of  cotton  goods.  Italy,  in  common  with  all  the  European 
countries,  held  a  large  reserve  of  cotton  and  cotton  goods  when  the 
"  war  of  the  secession ''  commenced  ;  and  under  the  influence  of 
high  prices,  she  has  parted  with  a  large  share  of  her  raw  material  to 
France  and  England.. 

Greece  is  a  grower  but  not  an  importer  of  cotton  :  nor  was  she 
until  recently  an  exporter  of  that  article,  in  consequence  of  a  heavy 
duty  having  been  placed  upon  all  cotton  leaving  her  ports.  That 
export  duty,  which  was  40  per  cent.,  has  now  'been  reduced  to  20 
per  cent.  She  is  a  customer  to  England  for  1,000,000  pounds  of 
cotton  yarns  and  10,000,000  yards  of  cotton  goods. 

The  consumption  of  cotton  in  Prussia  is  only  about  70,000  bales 
of  400  pounds  each,  along  with  12,000,000  pounds  of  yarn  and 
4,000,000  yards  of  cotton  goods,  which  she  purchases  from  England. 

In  Saxony,  about  80,000  bales  of  cotton  are  consumed  by  the 
mills.  That  quantity  is  about  equally  divided  between  Confederate 
and  East  Indian  cotton.  Saxony  is  also  a  large  consumer  of  Eng- 
lish yarns. 

Bavaria  holds  an  equal  position  with  Saxony  towards  the  cotton 
trade. 

In  all  the  German  States,  about  three  pounds  of  cotton  per  head 
are  consumed  every  year  by  their  people.  One-half  of  that  quantity 
is  produced  by  their  own  mills :  the  other  half  is  in  cotton  goods 
imported  from  England.  The  German  Suites  are  supplied  with  the 
cotton  consumed  in  their  factories,  chiefly  through  the  Hanseatic 
cities  of  Hamburg  and  Bremen.  German  cotton  goods  are  exported 
to  the  x\merican  States  to  the  amount  of  generally  2,000,000  dollars 
a  year.     These  goods  are  made  principally  in  Saxony. 

Austria  hitherto  has  conducted  quite  a  respectable  commerce  in 
cotton  with  the  American  States.  She  has  made  a  pretty  rapid 
stride  of  recant  yeirs  in  her  cotton  manufacturing  industry.  She 
purchases  about  170,000  bales  of  cotton  of  400  pounds  each — one- 
third  of  which  reaches  her  through  England,  from  whom  she  buys 
about  5,000,000  pounds  of  yarn  and  20,000,000  of  yards  of  cotton 
goods. 

The  cotton  manufactures  of  Switzerland  are  known  to  have  existed 
as  early  as  1423.  In  that  year  a  decree  was  issued  by  the  Canton 
of  Lucerne,  directing  that  cotton  goods  should  be  sold  by  weighty 
It  is  conjectured  that  it  is  from  this  decree  that  the  custom  originated 
of  selling,  entering  and  clearing  cotton  goods  by  weight  as  well  as 
by  measure.  The  principal  cotton  marts  at  that  time  were  France, 
Germany  and  Italy.  Switzerland  manufactures  about  75,000  bales 
of  cotton,  or  30,000,000  pounds  per  annum.     Four-flflhs  the  quan- 


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COTTON  CONSUMING  AND  PRODUCING  COUNTRIES.      861 

tity  is  imported  into  Havre,  and  passed  through  France  by  railway, 
at  a  heavy  expense.  The  other  fifth  is  obtained  through  the  ports  of 
Germany.  One-half  the  cotton  used  by  the  mills  of  Switzerland  is  * 
of  Southern  growth.  She  also  imports  2,000,000  pounds  of  cotton 
yam  and  30,500,000  yards  of  cotton  goods.  The  population  of 
Switzerland  is  2,500,000,  and  she  consumes  within  her  limits  threi  V 
pounds  per  inhabitant,  or  7,500,000  pounds  of  cotton  a  year,  am  _^ 
exports  in  goods,  including  loss  by  spinning,  31,000,000  pounds  per 
annum.  She  ranks  next  to  England,  in  comparison  with  her  popu- 
lation, in  the  production  of  cotton  yarns  and  cotton  goods.  Her  cot- 
ton manufactures  have  largely  increased  during  the  last  thirty  years, 
without  the  aid  of  protective  duties,  notwithstanding  the  enormous 
expense  she  is  subjected  to,  in  obtairang  her  supplies  of  the  raw 
material,  and  sending  overland  to  other  countries,  the  surplus  pro- 
duct of  her  looms.  Being  situated  on  the  confines  of  States  which 
impose  high  protective  tariffs  on  the  importation  of  cotton  fabrics, 
she  has  pursued  the  opposite  policy,  and  admitted  all  goods  free  of 
duty.  This  has  caused  her  people  to  obtain  cheap  cotton  fabrics, 
and  they  therefore  have  been  enabled  to  smuggle  them  with  advan- 
tage into  the  territories  of  her  neighbors.  This  contraband  trade 
has  yielded  large  profits.  The  prosperity  of  Switzerland  is  also  due 
to  the  abundance  of  her  water-power,  and  the  great  energy,  intelli- 
gence and  industrial  genius  of  her  population. 

The  Duch,  who  succeeded  in  depriving  the  Portuguese  of  a  por- 
tion of  their  Eastern  colonies,  imported  the  cotton  goods  of  India  in 
large  quantities,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century 
established  factories  of  their  own  to  imitate  the  fabrics  of  the  East. 
The  cotton  manufacture  has  continued  to  this  day.  Holland  imports 
about  110,000  bales  of  cotton  of  400  pounds  each,  three-fourths  of 
which  is  into  Rotterdam,  and  the  remaining  fourth  into  Amsterdam. 
She  likewise  imports  from  England  35,000,000  pounds  of  cotton 
yarn  and  35,000,000  yards  of  cotton  goods. 

Sweden  imports  25,000  bales  of  cotton  of  400  pounds  each.  One- 
third  of  her  receipts  of  that  staple  comes  through  England,  from 
whom  she  also  purchases  1,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  yam  and 
1 ,200,000  pounds  of  cotton  goods. 

Norway  imports  very  little  raw  cotton.  She  buys  from  England 
125,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  yarn  and  upwards  of  2,000,000  yards 
of  cotton  goods. 

Denmark  imports  from  England  2,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  yarn 
and  3,500,000  yards  of  cotton  cloth. 

Russia,  previous  to  the  American  war,  imported  upwards  of  200,000 
bales  of  cotton  a  year,  about  one-third  of  which  was  received  direct 
from  American  ports,  and  the  remainder,  with  the  exception  of  some 
small  lots  of  Persian  growth,  was  obtained  in  England.  Russia  buys  ^ 
from  England  about  4,000,000  pounds  of  yarn  and  5,000,000  yards 
of  cotton  goods.  Russia,  like  other  countries,  has  been  reducing 
her  reserve  stock  of  cotton  and  cotton  goods  for  several  years. 

Turkey  does  not  purchase  any  raw  cotton,  but  she  buys  annually 


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1 


862  ALABAMA  AND  HSR  RESOURCES. 

25,000,000  pounds  of  cotton  yarn  and  300,000,000  yards  of  cotton 
goods  from  £ngland.  She  exports  moderate  quantities  of  raw  cot- 
*"  ton  to  Western  Europe. 

The  figures  that  are  given  for  the  cotton  trade  of  the  sevefal  Con- 
tinental countries,  other  than  Franc§,  represent  their  ordinary  com- 
/tnerce.  The  inflated  condition  of  affairs  in  connection  with  that 
trade,  which  existed  just  previous  to  the  American  war,  will  best  be 
seen  by  statement  I,  which  (o^^  the  import,  export,  consumption 
/  and  stock  of  raw  cotton  in  Europe  in  1860  and  1861.     All  tlie  Con- 

tinental markets  were  likewise  largely  overstocked  with  British  cot- 
ton goods,  as  the  tables  of  exportations  from  England  for  1860  and 
1861  testify.  To  such  an  extent  was  this  the  case  that  Russia 
shipped  back  to  England  in  1862,  304,066  pounds  of  cotton  yam, 
and  Germany  returned  large  quantities  of  calicoes.  Those  ship- 
ments, which  seemed  like  '^  sending  coals  to  Newcastle,"  actually 
paid  handsome  profits. 

Egypt  imports  from  England  about  2,000,000  pounds  of  cotton 
yarn  and  70,000,000  yards  of  cotton  goo  Is.  She  is  the  only  coun- 
try, other  than  the  Confederate  States,  that  exports  more  cotton  in 
the  raw  state  than  she  imports  in  the  manu^tured  condition  ;  and 
yet  she  did  not  commence  the  cultivation  of  that  staple  in  earnest 
until  1818.  It  seems  strange  that  the  two  countries  that  were  the 
latest  in  engaging  in  that  species  of  agriculture  should  be  the  only 
countries  that  can  produce  more  than  they  need  for  their  own  wants. 
A  great  deal  of  cotton  is  used  in  Egypt  for  making  up  divans,  the 
usual  furniture  of  the  country. 

China  takes  from  England  every  year  about  10,000,000  pounds 
of  cotton  yarns  and  200,000,000  yards  of  cotton  cloth,  as  well  as 
200,000  bales  of  cotton  from  India ;  also  from  one  million  and  a 
half  to  two  millions  of  dollars  in  value  of  American  cotton  ^j^oods. 

Nearly  all  the  other  Eastern  countries  are  customers  to  England 
for  her  cotton  fabrics.  Africa  too  is  supplied  by  the  looms  of  Lan- 
cashire. 


ART.  ly.-ALABAMA  AKD  HER  RESOURCES. 

WITH  RBrBBEXUS  TO  THE  OONSTRUOTIOIT  OF  OHSAT  LIKX8  OF  RAILEOAD  FROM  HBR  INTC- 
RlOa  TO  THB  SKABOAUD,  AND  WITH  RBFBBBHOB  TO  TUB.  ORBAT  QUB8TION8  OF  BAIL- 
ROAD  PBOOOBBS  AND  RB80LTS  THROUOHOUT  THB  UNIOK. 

No.  I. 

[We  shall  draw  ia  this  and  Buoceeding  numbers  of  the  Rbvibw  upon  the  labors 
of  one  of  the  ablest  practical  and  scientific  engineers  of  the  Sontn,  and  furnish 
our  readers  an  amount  of  invaluable  railroad  material,  to  l>e  obtained  nowhere 
else  without  the  most  extended  researches.  The  notes  were  prepared  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war,  and  have  so  far  been  accesible  to  but  few  persons.  We 
shall  complete  the  statistics  to  date  whenever  practicable. — ^Editob.] 

Wb  are  now  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  development  of  gigantic 
national  resources  ;  and  the  present  amount  of  coal  sent  to  marlcet 


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ALABAKA   AND  HEB  KESOUBCES.  368 

from  our  own  immediate  coal  fields  will,  fifty  years  hence,  appear  as 
inoonsiderable  as  the  amount  sent  twenty-five  years  ago  does  to  us 
now.  Great  Britain^  with  an  area  of  ooal  deposits  less  than  twelve 
thousand  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  about  thirty  millions  of 
inhabitants,  raises,  at  the  present  time,  nearly  sixty-eight  millions  oT 
tons.  In  the  next  twenty  years,  the  population  of  the  United  States 
will  not  be  less  than  fifly  millions.  The  area  of  coal-fields,  as  at 
present  traced,  exceeds  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  square 
miles.  Is  there  any  improbability  in  the  inference,  that  with  full 
developments  of  these  coal  fields,  the  annual  production,  in  the  short 
'  period  of  the  next  twenty  years,  will  be  proportionate  to  that  of 
Great  Britain,  and  that  it  thus  may  be  made  to  reach,  if  demanded, 
the  enormous  amount  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  tons? 
The  coal  trade  of  Maryland,  in  1858,  was  642,725  tons. 

In  1840,  the  production  of  coal  in  Ohio^  stated  at  two  millions 
three  hundred  and  eighty-two  thousand  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  bushels ;  in  1848,  at  six  millions  five  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  sixty-eight  bushels  ;  in  1857,  at  forty 
millions  bushels ;  and  the  production  of  iron  has  swelled  to  the 
aggregate  of  one  million  tons. 

One  reason  for  this  increase  is  the  great  increase  in  steam  vessels 
of  late  years,  especially  in  the  coasting  trade.  The  Gulf  of  Mexico 
is  destined  soon  to  be  the  seat  of  the  richest  commerce  the  world 
ever  saw  ;  even  now,  one-half  the  exports  of  the  United  States  pass 
over  this  inland  sea  of  ours.  The  following  extracts,  from  the  writ- 
ings of  Lieutenant  Maury,  more  eloquently  describe  the  future  im- 
portance of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  than  I  am  capable  of  doing  : 

"  A  sea  is  important  for  commerce,  in  proportion  to  the  length  of 
the  rivers  that  empty  into  it,  and  to  the  extent  and  fertility  of  the 
river  basins  that  are  drained  by  it.  The  quantity  and  value  of  the 
staples  that  are  brought  down  to  market  depend  upon  these.  The 
Red  Sea  is  in  a  riverless  district.  Few  are  the  people,  and  small  are 
the  towns,  along  its  coast.  Its  shores  are  without  valleys,  not  a 
river  emptying  into  it ;  for  there  is  no  basin  for  it  to  drain.  Com- 
mercially speaking,  what  are  its  staples,  in  comparison  to  those  of 
the  Mediterranean,  which  gives  outlets  to  rivers  that  drain  and  fertil- 
ize basins  containing  not  less  than  one  million  and  a  quarter  square 
miles  of  fruitful  lands?  Ck>mraercial  cities  have  never  existed  on  the 
shores  of  the  Red  Sea.  Ck>mmeroe  loves  the  sea;  but  it  depends 
for  life  and  health  upon  the  land.-  It  derives  its  sustenance  from 
the  rivers  and  the  basins  which  they  drain  ;  and  increases  the  opu- 
lence of  nations,  in  proportion  to  the  facility  of  intercourse  which 
these  nations  have  with  the  outlets  of  such  basins. 

^The  river  basins  drained  into  the  Gulf  and  Caribbean  Sea 
greaUy  exceed  in  extent  of  area  and  capacity  of  production  the  river 
basins  of  the  Mediterranean.  The  countries  in  Africa,  Asia,  and 
Europe,  which  comprise  the  river  basins  of  the  Mediterranean,  are, 
in  superficial  extent,  but  little  more  than  one-fourth  the  size  of  those 
which  are  drained  by  this  sea  in  our  midst.     It  is  the  Mediterranean 


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36:1  ALABAMA  AND  HER  BESOUfiCES. 

of  the  New  World ;  and  nature  has  laid  it  out  on  a  scale  for  com- 
merce far  more  grand  than  its  type  in  the  Old*;  that  is,  about  forty- 
five  degrees  of  longitude  in  length,  by  an  average  of  seven  d^rees 
of  latitude  in  breadth.  Ours  is  broader,  but  not  so  long  ;  it  is,  there- 
fore, more  compact.  Ships  can  sail  to  and  fro  across  it  in 
much  less  time,  and  gather  its  articles  of  commerce  at  much  less 
opst 

'*  Had  it  been  lefl  to  man  to  plan  the  form  of  a  basin  for  com- 
merce on  a  large  scale — a  basin  for  the  waters  of  our  rivers  and  the  f 
products  of  our  lands — he  could  not  have  drawn  the  figure  of  one  bet- 
ter adapted  for  it  than  that  of  the  Gulf,  nor  placed  it  in  a  position 
half  so  admirable.  The  Mississippi  and  the  Amazon  are  the  two 
great  commercial  arteries  of  the  continent.  They  are  fed  by  tribu- 
taries with  navigable  length  of  channel,  more  than  enough  to  encir- 
cle the  globe. 

'^  The  products  of  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi,  when  they  arrive 
at  the  Balize,  may,  in  twenty  or  thirty  days,  be  landed  on  the  banks 
of  the  Orinoco  and  Amazon.  Thus,  in  our  favored  position  here  in 
the  New  World,  we  have,  at  a  distance  of  only  a  few  days'  sail,  an 
extent  of  fruitful  basins  for  commercial  intercourse  which  they  of  the 
Old  World  have  to  compass  sea  and  land,  and  to  sail  the  world 
around  to  reach. 

''On  this  continent  Nature  has  been  prodigal  of  her  bounties. 
Here,  upon  this  central  sea,  she  has,  with  a  lavished  hand,  grouped 
and  arranged  in  juxtaposition  all  those  physical  circumstances  which 
make  nations  truly  great.  Here  she  has  laid  the  foundation  for  a 
commerce  the  most  magnificent  the  world  ever  saw.  Here  she  has 
brought  within  the  distance  of  a  few  days  the  mouths  of  her  two 
greatest  rivers.  Here  she  has  placed,  in  close  proximity,  the  natural 
outlets  of  her  grandest  river  basins.  With  unheard-of  powers  of 
production,  these  valleys  range  through  all  the  producing  latitudes 
of  the  earth.  They  embrace  every  agricultural  climate  under  the 
sun ;  they  are  capable  of  all  variety  of  productions  which  the  whole 
world  besides  can  afford.  On  their  green  bosom  rests  the  throne  of 
the  vegetable  kingdom.  Here  commerce,  too,  in  time  to  come,  will 
hold  its  cciurt. 

"  The  three  great  outlets  of  commerce — the  Delta  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, the  mouths  of  the  Hudson  and  Amazon — are  all  within  two 
thousand  miles — ten  days'  sail  of  Darien.  It  is  a  barrier  that  sep- 
arates us  from  the  markets  of  six- hundred  millions  of  people — three- 
fourths  of  tha  population  of  the  earth.  Break  it  down,  therefore, 
and  this  country  is  placed  midway  between  Europe  and  Asia ;  this 
sea  becomes  the  centre  of  jthe  world,  and  the  focus  of  the  world's 
commerce.  This  is  a  highway  that  will  ^ve  vent  to  commerce, 
scope  to  enei^y,  and  range  to  enterprise ;  which,  in  a  few  years 
hence,  will  make  gay  with  steam  and  canvas,  parts  of  the  ocean 
that  are  now  unfrequent^^d  and  almost  unknown.  Old  channels  of 
trade  will  be  broken  up,  and  new  ones  opened.  We  desire  to  see 
our  own  country  the  standard-bearer  in  this  great  work." 


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ALABAMA  AND  HEK  RE30UHCE8.  365 

The  following  report  of  Major  Chase,  of  the  United  States  Army, 
will  show  the  importance,  in  a  military  point  of  view,  of  coal  in  the 
Gulf:— 

"  Considering  the  war  steamers  would  enter  largely,  if  not  exclu- 
sively, into  our  naval  forces  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  it  is  important 
that  convenient  depots  for  coal  should  be  established.  Deposits  of 
coal  could  be  made  at  Bahia  Honda,  and  at  Key  West  At  Tortu- 
gas,  a  three  years'  supply  for  ihirii/  steamers  could  be  constantly 
maintained.  A  position  for  a  coal  depot  on  some  point  on  the  west- 
em  coast  of  Florida  is  certainly  necessary.  Tampa  Bay  would, 
probably,  afford  the  requisite  depth  of  water  for  heavy  steamers, 
and  convenient  sites  for  the  depot  and  its  defence.  Thus  held,  it 
would  also  give  protection  to  vessels  seeking  refuge  from  an  enemy. 
A  coal  depot  would  be  established  at  Pensacola  and  at  Mobile  Point, 
under  the  protection  of  Fort  Morgan.  Another  depot  for  coal 
would  afford  great  facilities  to  steam  operations,  if  established  at 
Ship  Island.  A  strong  battery,  but  not  costly,  would  protect  the 
harbor.  This  depot  would  be  easier  of  access  than  the  one  at  Fort 
Jackson  on  the  Mississippi,  and  would  afford  supplies,  not  only  to 
the  light  steamers  cruising  along  the  coast,  but  to  those  of  the  heavi- 
est class.  A  depot  at  Fort  Jackson  would  be  necessary  to  enable 
the  steamers  descending  from  Memphis  to  take  in  a  full  supply  of 
coal  before  proceeding  to  sea." 

The  commerce  of  the  Gulf  must  be  supplied  wich  coal.'  The 
stormy  capes  and  sunken  reefs  along  the  coast  of  Florida,  that  so 
binder  our  commerce  in  going  out,  will  protect  our  coal  from  com- 
petition from  the  Atlantic  States ;  and  Alabama  must  be  to  the 
countries  around  this  central  basin  what  Pennsylvania  is  to  th^ 
Atlantic  States.  Her  coal  must  drive  their  ships,  their  mills,  and 
their  machines. 

As  yet,  but  little  coal  of  any  worth  has  been  found  upon  the 
Pacific  coast.  An  inferior  shaly  stuff  has  been  found  in  Chili,  Aus- 
tralia, and  California ;  but  it  will  never  do  to  carry  ships  across  the 
seas. 

The  immense  steam  marine  now  on  the  Pacific  is  mostly  supplied 
from  the  Atlantic  States,  Break  down  the  isthmus  barrier,  by 
building  other  roads  across,  and  we  can  deliver  coal  in  the  Pacific 
at  one-half  the  present  cost. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  present  price  of  coal  at  differ- 
ent points,  accessible  by  the  Alabama  coal,  and  the  cost  of  our  coal 
delivered  at  these  points  : 

Pennsylvania  and  other  CoaL  Alabama  Coal. 


Rates  of  Freight  Rates  of  Freight 

Price  per  Ton.  from  Price  per  Ton.    From  Mobile 

Philadelphia  to  and  Pensacola  to 

Endish  Coal. .  $2  60  

PhUaddphia  . .    8  50  


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866  ALABAMA  AND  HEB  BESOUBCES. 

New  York 4  50  $0  96  , 

Bftltimore 

Charleeton. . . ,    6  00  '        1  76  to     2  00 

Sayannih 6  00  176to    2  00 

Key  West....    8  00                    2  00  to  8  60  |6  86  to    7  00  $1  86  to    1  60 

Havana 10  00                    860  to  600700to    7001  60  to    200 

Kingston,  Ja. .  10  90  to  11  40    3  60  to  6  00    7  60  to    8  00    2  00  to    2  50 

Penaacola 10  00  to  14  00    6  00  to     6  00    6  00  to    6  60 

MobUe 900tol4  00    600to    600    600to    6  60   

New   Orleans..    7  60  to  12  60    5  00  to  6  00    6  26  to    6  00       76  to    1  00 

Tampioo 10  00  to  16  00    6  00  to  7  00    7  26  to    7  60    1  76  to     2  00 

Vera  Cruz 16  00  to  20  00    6  00  to  7  00    7  26  to    7  60    1  76  to    2  00 

AsplnwalL 10  00                    6  00  to  7  00    8  00  to    8  60   2  60  to    8  50 

Pernambuco  ..  10  00  to  12  00    7  00  to  8  00    8  60  to     9  50   8  00  to    4  00 

Panama. 26  00  to  80  00  20  00  to  25  00  10  60                   6  00 

Carthagena..  ..1100tol5  00    700to    800    7  60  to    8  60   2  00  to    800 

San   Fraocidco 26  00  20  60                  16  00 

Melbourne.....  60  00                 26  00  20  60                 16  00 

Talchaana. 21  OO!                 26  00  20  60                  16  00 

Acapulco 80  00  to  85  00  26  00  to  80  00  15  50                  10  00. 

These  statements  have  been  obtained  from  the  United  States  public 
records,  from  Professor  Tuomey's  work,  and  from  the  Presidents 
and  Superintendents  of  the  Pennsylvania,  Georgia  and  Tennessee 
Railroad  Companies.* 

The  following  table  will  exhibit  the  cost  of  transportation  of 
coal  -per  mile  per  ton  on  the  principal  roads  engaged  in  the 
business : 

BATE  PEB  TON  PER  MILE  FOR  TRANSPORTING  COAL  ON  THE 
PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Name  of  Road.  Rate  per  Ton  per  Mile  in  Cents. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio 182 

Pennsylvania  Central 188 

Reading,  Pennsylvania •. 160 

NashviSe  and  Cliattanooga 156 

Average 148 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  MAXIMUM  GRADES  ON  THE  PRINCIPAL 
RAILROADS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  CROSSING  THE  ALLE- 
GHANY  RANGR 

Name  of  Road.  Maxlmnm  Grade. 

New  York  and  Erie 68  feet. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio ; 116  feet 

Pennsylvania  Central 70  feet. 

Virginia  and  Tennessee 68  feet. 

Blue  Ridge  (S.C.) 70  feet 

Cleveland  and  Chattanooga 68  feet 

Nashville  and  Chattanooga 106  feet 

Georgia  State  Road 87  feet. 

Coosa  and  Tennessee  Rivers ••••...     106  feet 

Tennessee  and  Alabama  Central « . .      68  feet 

«  OtlealattoBsnade  to  I860. 


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ALABAMA  AKD  HER  RESOURCES.  867 


TABLE  SHOWING,  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  RAILROADS  IN  THE  SOUTH, 
THE  LOSS  PER  CENT.  OF  DISTANCE  OVER  AIR  LINE. 

Miles.  Air  Line.  Loss  per  cent. 

Montgomery  and  W.  P.  R.  R 88  12  11 

Nashyille  and  Chattanooga  R.  R 151  111  86 

Georgia  State  R.  R 188  101  86 

Atlanta  and  Augusta  R.  R 171  189  25 

Mont«vallo  and  Decatur  R.  R 121  104  17 

On  the  Reading  Hailroad  the  total  cost  of  transporting  coal  per 
ton  per  mile  is  27  7-10  cents.  To  this  add  repairs  of  road,  renewal 
fund  and  the  proportion  of  expenses  due  by  coal,  and  we  find  the 
total  cost  on  coal  is  49  8-10  cents  per  ton  per  mile,  or  only  thirty- 
three  per  cent,  of  their  chaise  for  freight.  Ordinarily  fifty  per  cent, 
is  the  usual  proportion  of  expenses  to  receipts. 

From  this  we  see  how  cheaply  coal  can  be  carried,  and  what  a 
paying  business  it  is  to  a  railway  at  the  prices  given.  The  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad  does  a  large  and  profitable  business  at  the 
prices  given — almo.st  half  their  freight.  In  fact,  all  coal  Roads  pay. 
The  average  price  per  ton  per  mile  on  the  principal  coal  roads  in 
the  Union  is  1  43-100  cents.  We  will  take  1  1-2  cents  per  ton  per 
mile  as  the  price  upon  our  Alabama  railroads,  which  is  equal  to 
3  cents  on  merchandise,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  full  report  of  the 
Reading  Railroad.  The  distance  from  the  centre  of  the  Warrior 
coal  fields  to  Mobile  and  Pensacola  is  260  miles,  which,  at  1  1-2 
cents  per  ton  per  mile,  is  $3.90  for  freight.  In  a  communication 
addressed  to  me  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  Reading  Railroad,  he 
states  the  average  cost  of  coal  delivered  by  branch  railroads  to  the 
main  trunk  to  be  $1.70  per  ton,  including  minkig,  and  everything 
which,  added  to  the  $3.90  for  freight,  will  give  us  $5.60  as  the  price 
per  ton  at  Mobile  and  Pensacola  from  the  centre  of  the  Warrior 
Coal  Fields.  From  the  Cahaba  coal  field,  when  it  is  intersected  by 
the  Central  Railroad  fourteen  miles  from  Montevallo,  it  will  be 
thirty-six  miles  nearer,  and  can  be  delivered  at  fifty -four  cents  less, 
or  at  $5.06  per  ton.  This  is  putting  the  price  of  transportation  one- 
ninth  higher  than  the  Pennsylvania  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
roads. We  can  safely  say  that  coal  can  be  delivered  by  the  Central 
and  connecting  roads  at  from  five  to  six  dollars  per  ton  at  Mobile 
and  Pensacola,  and  at  any  point  om  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  two  dollars 
more,  or  from  seven  to  eight  dollars  per  ton,  and  at  Aspinwall  for 
three  dollars  more,  or  from  eight  to  nine  dollars  per  ton,  estimating 
sea  freights  the  same  as  now  paid  from  Philadelphia  to  various 
points.  By  means  of  the  Tehuan tepee  and  Panama  Railroads  it  can 
be  delivered  in  the  Pacific,  allowing  these  roads  three  cents  per  ton 
per  mile,  or  double  the  charge  in  the  United  States,  at  twelve 
and  thirteen  dollars,  and  ten  and  eleven  dollars.  The  Isthmus 
steamers  on  both  sides  must  oonUnue  for  all  time  to  consume 
large  quantities  of  coal.  The  Pacific  Railroad,  if  built  from 
Vi&sburg  to    San    Francisco,  cannot  carry  freight  one-half  as 


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368  ALABAMA  AND  HER  RESOURCES. 

cheaply  to  San  Francisco  and  China  as  by  way  of  Tehuantepec 
and  Pannma.  The  greatest  drawback  to  the  commerce  of  the 
Gulf  and  Prtcifio  is  the  cost  of  coal.  Supply  this  at  a  cheap 
rate  and  the  highway  of  commerce  will  be  directly  through  the- Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  along  some  of  the  isthmus  routes  to  the  Pacific.  The 
amount  needed  for  ten  years  to  come,  after  the  completion  of  the 
Central  Riilroad,  is  only  conjectural.  The  produce  shipped  from 
Galvesttm,  Matagorda,  and  even  New  Orleans,  where  only  small 
vessels  can  enter,  is  to  a  considerable  extent,  sent  to  New  York  and 
Boston  for  transhipment  across  the  ocean  in  large  and  cheap  car- 
riers. The  coasting  business  of  all  commercial  nations  is  now 
being  done  by  steamers,  and  why  not  in  the  Gulf  the  same  way  ? 
The  railroads  across  the  Peninsula  of  Florida,  the  deep  water  at 
Fernandina  and  Brunswick,  on  the  Atlantic,  will  offer  every  facility 
for  the  successful  transhipment  of  cotton  to  Europe  in  large  ves- 
sels. 

The  port  of  Fernandina,  next  to  Norfolk  and  Pensacola,  is  the 
best  in  the  Southern  States,  as  the  following  table  will  show : 

Depth  of  Water  in  feet. 

Poi-ts.  , * V 

Low  Tide.  High  Tide. 

New  York 22  feet  27  feet. 

Phila<ielphia 18  feet.  25    " 

Norfolk 26   " 

Charleston 16    " 

Savannah    17   " 

Brunswick 20" 

Fernandina 21    " 

Pensacola 22   " 

Mobile 21   " 

New  Orleans 14  to  16 

Galveston 12   " 

Matagorda 11    " 

The  fallowing  extracts  from  an  article  on  the  subject,  in  the 
Charleston  Courier^  will  show  the  relative  importance  of  this  grow- 
ing city  and  the  route  of  which  it  is  the  exponent : 

"  The  entrance  to  this  port  is  easy  with  all  winds ;  the  channels  (of  which 
there  are  three)  are  straight;  the  harbor  deep,  varying  from  twenty  to  fifty 
feet,  and  almost con^pletely  land-locked:  the  anchorage  extension  and  the  hola- 
ing  ground  of  the  best  description,  ifle  deep-water  line  reaches  close  to  the 
shore  for  a  length  of  two  miles,  so  that  a  continued  wall,  bat  little  advanced 
from  the  line  of  ehore,  will  give  whar^ge  for  two  miles,  with  a  depth  of  twenty 
to  thirty  feet  at  low  water,  and  warehouses  can  line  wharf  front  The  entrance 
from  the  st>a  to  the  wharves  is  about  two  miles,  and  from  the  plateau  of  the 
town  the  approach  C4n  be  observed  ^award  as  far  as  the  telescope  can  nght 
Tlie  depth  on  the  bar  is  stated  in  the  report  of  the  War  Department  to  be  fourteen 
feet  at  low  water,  with  a  rise  of  water  at  ordinary  tides  of  nx  feet,  and  at  neap  and 
spring  tides  of  seven  and  a  half  to  nine  feet,  thus  giving  a  depth  on  the  bar  vary- 
ing from  twenty  to  twenty- three  feet  The  fact  is  indisputable,  that  the  sea 
route  through  the  Straits  of  Florida  is  the  only  one  that  competes  with  the  Flori- 
da. Transit  K)r  the  immense  commerce  of  the  Gulf,  coming  from  porta  having  bat 
little  water. 


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ALABAMA  AND  HER  RESOURCES.  869 

"  It  is  aseertaioed,  by  reference  to  the  most  reliable  statistics,  that  the  aver- 
age time  consumed  by  first-class  sailing-yessels  between  New  York  and  New 
Orleans,  is  twenty  days;  that  the  average  rate  of  freight  between  these  cities  by 
sailing  Teasels  is  six  doUars  p^r  ton,  and  by  Bteamehips,  thirty  cents  p«r  cnbio 
foot ;  that  the  rate  of  insurance  by  the  sea  route  averages  one  and  five-eighths 
per  cent  Estimating  mercbai;dise  to  average  in  value  one  thousand  dollars  per 
ton  measurement,  the  following  statement  will  show  the  cost  by  these  modes 
of  conveyance: — 

Sailing  vessels.      Steamships. 

Freight 600  00  1,200  00 

Insurance 1,787  60  1,787  50 


Total f2,387  60  $2,987  60 

The  cost  by  the  Femandina  route,  including  transhipment  and  all  expenses, 
-win  be  as  follows: — 

By  Steamship  via  Femandina 600  00 

Charges  by  Railroad  across  Peninsula 414  00 

Insurance  seven-eighths  per  cent 962  60 

Total $1,976  60 

Showing  a  saving  of  four  hundred  and  eleven  dollars  over  sailing  vessels  and 
one  hundred  dollars  over  steamships  running  around  the  Keys.  The  saving  in 
time  will  be  still  greater  than  in  expense  of  transportation. 

"The  rates  of  insurance  are  the  principal  causes  of  the  hi^h  cost  around  the 
Capes.  The  rales  from  New  York  to  Femandina  are  five-eighths  per  cent,  and 
to  New  Orleans  or  Mobile,  around  the  Capes,  one  and  five-eighths  per  cent 

*'  If  the  Femandina  route  can  command  the  trade  on  high-priced  goods  be- 
tween the  Eastern  Slates  and  the  Quif  ports,  it  must,  for  like  reasons,  command 
the  trade  of  the  whole  area  of  country  dependent  upon  those  ports.  Taking  St. 
Louis  for  example,  it  has  been  carefully  estimated  tnat  merchandise  can  be  laid 
down  there,  from  New  York,  by  the  Femandina  route,  at  much  lower  rates  fo  r 
•  transportation,  than  by  the  Western  land  or  water  routes,  and  in  as  short  a  time. 
The  total  cost  of  the  Femandina  route  will  be  as  follows : 

From  New  York  to  New  Orleans  (as  above),  per  ton $19.76^ 

From  New  Orleans  by  the  Mississippi  River 

To  St  Louis, (including  insurance),  say 7.00 

Total $26.76i 

**  The  avera^  cost  by  the  several  railroad  routes  is  thirty-two  dollars.  The 
diffsrence  in  &vor  of  the  Femandina  route  is  five  dollars  and  twenty-three 
cents." 

These  extracts  are  evidenily  from  Senator  Yulee's  pen,  as  the 
statements  correspond  exactly  with  his  speech  before  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  in  Charleston,  in  1857.  In  that  speech  he  demon- 
strates the  saving  of  one  dollar  and  sixty-four  and  a  half  cents  per 
bag  in  transporting  cotton  from  New  Orleans,  or  other  shallow  water 
Ovlf  ports  across  the  Florida  Peninsula  Railway  over  the  old 
route  around  the  Capes,  Governor  Broome,  of  Florida,  shows  the 
same  facts  in  his  message  in  1857.  Mr.  Tulee  also  shows  that  the 
mail  can  be  taken  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans  in  three  days 
and  a  half  by  this  route.  The  Postmaster-General  alluded  favor- 
ably to  this  route  last  year  in  his  report.     Mr.  Yulee  also  showed 

VOL.  n.-NO.  ni.  24 


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370  ALABAMA  AND   HER  R£SOUBCKS. 

that  it  cost  twenty-eight  dollars  to  transport  a  passenger  from  Cedar 
Key  to  Aspinwall,  and  eighty-one  dollars  and  a  half  from  New  Yorit 
to  the  same  place.  From  Cedar  Key  to  New  York  twenty-five 
dollars  is  sufficient,  or  fifty-three  to  eighty-one  dollars  and  a  half  for 
the  whole  distance^  Much  greater  would  be  the  difference  by  way 
of  Tehuantepec,  Vera  Cruz,  or  even  Nicaragua.  Freights  to  the 
Pacific  must  go  through  the  Gulf.  The  Pacific  Railroad  can  never 
compete  with  the  Gulf  routes  for  freights.  The  two  narrow  necks 
of  land,  the  Florida  Peninsula  and  the  Isthmus,  are  slight  obstacles 
to  the  transmission  of  commerce  since  the  invention  of  the  railway. 
It  will  not  be  long  before  every  port  from  Tampico  and  Mazatlan  to 
Panama  will,  have  a  railway  from  the  Gulf  to  the  Pacific.  The 
Panama  Railroad,  costing  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  dol- 
lars per  mile,  pays  an  extraordinary  dividend.  Its  stock  sells  at 
from  $1  16  to  $1  20.  There  is  no  reason  why  these  Isthmus  roads 
should  cost,  even  as  high  up  as  the  city  of  Mexico,  for  the  entire  dis- 
tance across  the  Isthmus,  more  than  the  Panama  Railroad  cost  in 
the  aggregate. 

They  can  carry,  therefore,  notwithstanding  their  greater  length, 
for  nearly  the  same  rates  as  the  Panama  road.  The  above  figures 
are  facU  patent  to  all  who  have  taken  the  trouble  to  investigate  the 
matter.  The  old  route  around  the  Capes  for  costly  freights  will 
soon  be  abandoned,  provided  cheap  steam  power  can  be  obtained  in 
the  Gulf.  From  experiments  made  by  the  Erie  Railroad  for  a 
year,  the  actual  cost  of  transhipping  a  ton  of  freight  is  only  seven 
cents,  or  not  quite  two  cents  a  bag  on  cotton.  The  time  by  the 
Gulf  route  will  be  shorter,  as  it  has  been  found  by  experiment  that 
long  lines  of  railway  cannot  move  freight  as  expeditiously  on  an 
average  as  water  carriage  hy  the  agency  of  steam.  The  Gulf  of 
Mexico  is  soon  destined  to  be  the  scene  of  the  busiest  commerce 
the  world  ever  saw.  The  countries  all  around  it  are  becoming 
rapidly  Anglicized,  and  have  awoke  from  the  long  torpor  into  which 
they  have  been  thrown  by  the  mistaken  policy  of  the  Republican 
Governments  of  liberating  their  slaves. 

Negroes  are  healthy  and  able  all  around  the  Gulf  shores,  but 
they  are  lazy  and  indolent.  The  Spanish  population  are  now 
recovering  from  the  shock,  and  applying  themselves  to  labor. 
They  are  buying  now  largely  from  us  flour,' lard,  agricultural  im- 
plements, hardware,  cutlery,  cotton  and  woolen  manufactured  goods, 
and  many  other  articles.  Most  of  the  States  around  the  Gulf  have 
a  heavy  duty  on  flour — Havana,  $9  50  per  barrel ;  Laguira,  $5  50. 
Tampico  prohibits  entirely,  under  various  political  pretexts.  These 
difficulties  once  removed,  and  the  millions  of  people  that  live 
around  the  sea  will  ofler  a  market  for  one  million  barrels  of  our 
flour  per  annum. 

In  return  for  our  wares,  they  return  us  cash  commodities,  such 
as  sugar,  coflee,  hides,  tobacco,  sarsaparilla,  mahogany,  vanilla,  India 
rubber,  and  many  other  articles  equally  valuable.  The  trade  of  our 
lakes  in  1856  amounted  to  $608,000,000.    Certainly  that  of  the 


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ALABAMA  AND  HER  RESOURCES.  S71 

Gvli,  surrounded  by  so  many  millions  of  people,  and  holding,  as  it 
does,  the  mouth  of  the  two  rivers  that  drain  one-fourth  of  ^e  pro- 
ductive land  of  the  civilized  world,  will  soon  double  that  amount  (!). 
To  move  this  commerce,  our  Alabama  coal  is  the  nearest^  the 
cheapest  and  the  best. 

The  Collins- steamers  used  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  tons  of  coal  per  day,  according  to  speed.  Our  small  steamers 
in  the  Gulf  use  twenty-five  to  thirty.  Thirty  steamers  in  the  Gulf 
will  use  in  a  year,  running  two  hundred  days  ea'^.h,  on  an  average 
forty  tons  per  day,  or  two  hundred  and  forty  thousand  tons.  The 
Government  have,  and  always  will  have,  a  number  of  steamers  in 
the  Gulf  The  railroads  centering  in  it  will  demand  many  more. 
The  port  of  Havana  is  the  rendezvous  of  the  Spanish  fleet.  The 
business  of  the  Gulf  is  emphatically  that  of  steam  ;  so  that  I  cannot 
think  my  estimates  high. 

Alabama  is  to  the  Gulf  what  Pennsylvania  is  to  the  Atlantic 
States.  The  amount  needed  for  ten  years  to  come  in  all  quarters 
froni  our  mines  is  only  conjectural.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  we 
will  need  three  hundred  thousand  tons  per  annum.-  This  at  $3  15 
per  ton ;  the  price  from  Monte vallo  to  the  Gulf  will  pay  $945,000 
to  three  railroads  south  from  Montevallo  for  transportation,  or  seven 
and  a  quarter  per  cent,  on  thirteen  million  dollars,  the  amount  neces- 
sary to  build  three  first-class  railroads  to  the  Gulf  The  Reading 
Railroad  cost,  per  mile,  $195,558,  or  $19,262,720  for  ninety-eight 
miles ;  more  than  the  amount  necessary  to  build  three  railroads  in 
Alabama,  two  hundred  and  twelve  miles  long  each.  This  great 
difference  in  cost  is  the  reason  why  Southern  railroads  pay  so  much 
better  than  Northern  roads.  Suppose,  then,  the  three  routes,  via 
Montgomery,  Selma  and  Uniontown,  had  the  average  coal  tonnage 
of  the  Reading  road  for  ?i\Q  years  past,  and  nothing  more  to  do. 
At  the  above  rates  their  gross  receipts  would  be  $6,015,500.  Take 
one-half  for  expenses  and  we  will  have  $3,008,250,  or  over  twenty 
per  cent,  net  profit  on  coal  alone.  Examine  the  tables  and  watch 
the  growth  of  this  trade  in  Pennsylvania  on  only  one  route,  and  we 
certainly  are  not  over  the  mark.  The  Reading  Railroad  pays  over 
seven  per  cent,  net  notwithstanding  its  enormous  cost.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  all  roads  engaged  in  transporting  coal. 

Coal,  as  a  fuel  for  railway  engines,  is  destined  to  save  millions  of 
dollars.  It  has  been  found  by  actual  experiment,  that  the  cost  of 
running  a  locomotive  with  coal  is  less  than  one-half  the  expense  of 
running  with  wood  as  fuel.  Experiments  have  been  made  on  the 
Illinois  Central,  the  New  Jersey  Central — in  fact,  throughout  the 
Northern  States ;  and  even  in  Massachusetts,  where  coal  is  worth 
six  dollars  and  over  per  ton,  it  is  found  that  the  saving  in  expense 
is  equal  to  one-half  over  wood.  From  a  very  intelligent  source, 
the  calculation  has  been  made,  that  the  saving  from  the  use  of  coal 
instead  of  wood  as  a  fuel  on  the  railways  of  the  Union  will  be  ten 
millions  of  dollars  per  annum,  or  one  per  cent,  on  the  cost  of  the 
railroads  in  the  country. 


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372  ALABAMA  AND  HER  RESOURCES. 

The  following  extract  from  the  last  report  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  Company  will  show  the  comparative  cost  of  wood 
and  coal  as  fuel  for  locomotives  (both  costing  about  the  same,  as 
along  the  Alabama  Central  Railroad)  : 

*'  Much  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  introduction  of  coke  and 
coal  as  fuel  for  the  passenscr  engines,  and  special  attention  is  re- 
quested to  the  report  of  the  Master  of  Machinery  on  this  important 
subject.  The  results  have  proved  highly  satisfactory — the  engines 
operating  very  economically  and  efficiently.  Experiments  with  fuel, 
made  with  the  same  engine,  running  with  mail  and  express  trains, 
hauling,  in  each  case,  five  cars,  resulted  as  follows : 

With  Wood,  7.8  cents  cost  per  mile  run. 
"     Coke,   6.6 
"     Coal,    8.6        "  " 

'^  According  to  this  calculation,  the  cost  of  running  a  train  as 
above  for  fuel  alone  to  Harper's  Ferry  from  Baltimore,  eighty-one 
miles, 

With  Wood,  would  be |6  81 

•*     Coke,        "         4  68 

"     Coal,         "        2  91 

"  To  "Wheeling,  three  hundred  and  seventy-nine  miles. 

With  Wood,  would  be $29  66 

"     Coke,        "  21  22 

"     Coal,         "         18  64 

"A  saving  between  coal  and  wood  of  about  fifly-five  per  cent, — 
a  very  important  item,  and  must  command  the  attention  of  the  rail- 
road interest  all  over  the  United  States  at  an  early  day.  It  must  be 
borne  in  mind,  also,  that  this  is  putting  down  wood  at  its  cost  along 
the  line  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  road,  about  two  dollars  per  cord. 
The  Extern  roads,  where  wood  is  scarce,  are  paying  three  times  this 
price.  The  result  finally  must  be  to  greatly  increase  the  demand 
for  coal,  from  the  Cumberland  regions  particularly,  as  companies 
are  now  endeavoring  to  reduce  their  expenses.  If  the  fuel  expenses 
can  be  reduced  fifly-five  per  cent,  here  is  a  heavy  item  of  saving. 
Fourteen  of  the  passenger  machines  are  now  consuming  mineral 
fuel,  and  the  Master  of  Machinery  recommends  the  alteration  of 
others,  as  soon  as  the  large  accumulation  of  wood  on  hand  is  suffi- 
ciently reduced  to  render  it  advisable. 

"The  great  economies  to  be  thus  effected  must  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  managers  of  railroads  generally,  and  add  largely  to  the  con- 
sumption of  bituminous  coal." 

In  1857,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  transported  530,110 
tons  of  coal,  and  derived  a  revenue  therefrom  of  $1,570,000.  The 
Beading  Railroad  transported  2,326,706  tons  of  coal,  and  received 
for  it  $2,412,923.  The  Pennsylvania  Central  does  an  immense  coal 
business,  and  numerous  other  roads  are  transporting  it  to  market 
and  making  large  profits. 

The  subject  will  be  continued  in  other  issues  of  the  Review,  with 
reference  to  the  iron  interesti,  the  general  questions  of  railroad  con- 
struction,  cost,  earnings,  advantages,  connections,  etc,  etc. 


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IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER.  873 


ART.  Y -IMPROYEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIYER. 

Finding  in  one  of  our  daily  papers  an  extract  from  the  Si,  Louis 
Republican  in  connection  with  the  above  important  subject,  I  have 
been  induced  to  oflfer  to  the  public,  through  the  medium  of  your 
highly  valuable  Rbvikw,  some  views  on  river  improvement,  which 
may  not  be  altogether  uninteY'esting  to  some  of  your  readers.  Here 
is  the  extract : 

"  A  resident  of  Memphis^ has  addressed  the  Goyenior  of  Missisfiippi,  reoom- 
mending  to  his  attention  a  scheme  for  shortening  the  Mississippi  River ;  the 
proposition  is  to  lessen  the  distance  between  Cairo  and  New  Orleans  800  miles, 
or  to  reduce  it  from  1200  to  900  miles ;  the  effect  wonld  be  to  increase  the  cur- 
rent one-fourth,  or  to  g;ive  for  high  water  a  current  of  seven  miles  per  hour, 
instead  of  five ;  and  for  low  water  a  current  of  five  miles  per  hour,  instead  of 
three.  A  part  of  this  scheme,  is  to  dam  up  Red  River,  near  its  junction,  with 
the  Mississippi,  so  as  to  throw  the  waters  which  seek  an  outlet  through  the  Red 
River  into  Atchafalaya  and  Berwick's  Bay. 

"  Not  to  damage  the  commerce  of  New  Orleans,  an  iron  lock  is  to  be  placed  in 
the  dam  so  as  to  let  boats  into  and  out  of  the  Mississippi  through  Red  River. 
Another  part  of  the  plan  contemplates  that  all  the  outlets,  boUi  natural  and 
artificial,  from  near  the  month  of  the  Red  River,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi to  Pine  Bluff,  Arkansas,  could  be  opened,  smatl  streams  strfughtened,  and 
their  banks  leveled,  thus  opening  a  system  of  drainage  through  a  country  em- 
bracing the  best  part  of  Arkansas,  at  the  same  time,  with  the  positive  outlets, 
drawing  large  quantities  of  water  from  the  Mississippi,  never  to  return.'' 

The  channel  of  a  river  of  movable  bottom,  as  regards  its  capac- 
ity, isln  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  water  that  flows  through  it.  If 
the  quantity  be  increased,  the  capacity  of  the  channel  will  gradually 
be  accommodated  to  it ;  if  the  quantity  be  decreased,  a  correspond- 
ing^ result  in  the  channel  will  take  place. 

If  there  were  no  intervening  obstacles  to  prevent  it,  the  water  in 
a  river  would  always  flow  in  a  straight  direction  to  the  mouth,  where 
it  discharges  itself.  But  as  nature  sometimes  places  obstacles  in  its 
way,  such  as  the  irregularity  or  character  of  the  surface  of  the  coun- 
try through  which  it  flows,  or  acpidental  causes  in  the  bed  interfere 
with  it,  the  river  is  diverted  from  its  straight  course,  and  forms 
bends  or  serpentines,  which  in  time,  when  very  abrupt,  it  oflen 
breaks  through  again,  thus  regulating  itself.  The  bottom  of  the 
bed  of  a  river,  as  well  as  the  banks,  is  subject  to  constant  change ; 
and  the  line  of  current,  or  thalweg,  in  which  the  water  flows  with 
the  greatest  velocity,  also  changes  after  approaching  alternately  one 
or  the  other  bank. 

Where  a  river  flows  in  a  straight  direction,  or  nearly  so,  and  has 
a  well-regulated  regimen — that  is,  where  its  bed  is  not  subject  to 
abrasion,  accumulation,  or  change,  the  cross-sections  remain  nearly 
constant,  and  the  line  of  current  ia  the  middle  of  the  bed.  There 
is  the  place  to  determine  the  normal  breadth  of  the  river,  its  mean 
velocity,  and  its  discharge  of  water. 

The  Mississippi,  like  many  other  rivers,  carries  along  from  above 


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374  IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

a  large  quantity  of  detritus  or  materials,  which  it  transports  as  long 
as  the  force  of  its  current  is  energetic  enough  to  overcome  the 
effect  of  the  weight ;  but  as  soon  as  this  latter  force  predominates 
over  the  former,  the  detritus  is  deposited,  the  smaller  particles  only 
being  carried  to  the  sea,  the  larger  and  heavier  being  deposited  in 
the  bed,  successively  along  its  course,  according  to  the  diminution  of 
the  velocity.  The  heavy  materials  thus  deposited  in  the  bed  offer 
a  greater  resistance  to  the  scouring  power  of  the  water  than  the 
banks  or  sides,  which  are  composed  of  alluvial  matter,  sand,  and 
mud,  the  bed  becomes  enlarged  in  breadth,  the  velocity  is  dimin- 
ished, and  the  deposit  of  heavy  material  coittinually  increases.  The 
natural  consequence  of  these  accumulations  or  deposits  is  the  grad- 
ual elevation  of  the  bed  of  the  river  and  the  formation  of  bars  and 
islands  at  those  places  where  the  condition  of  the  bed  causes  a  de- 
crease of  velocity.  This  elevation  of  the  bed,  in  a  natural  condition 
of  things,  has  not  such  dangerous  consequences,  because  in  time  of 
flood,  when  the  river  carries  along  the  greatest  quantity  of  detritus, 
the  adjacent  low  lands  will  be  inundated,  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  detritus  will  be  deposited  on  them,  so  that  their  elevation  will 
keep  pace  with  that  of  the  river's  bed,  and  consequently  there  will 
be  less  danger  to  apprehend  from  the  elevation  of  the  latter.  But 
if  the  river  be  contracted  by  dikes  or  levees,  and  the  waters  of  a 
flood  are  confined  within  this  artificial  bed,  they  will  raise  the  bot- 
tom of  the  bed  more  and  more  above  the  level  of  the  low  lands  out- 
side the  levees.  The  consequence  will  be  that  the  floods  will  always 
increase  in  intensity,  the  levees  must  be  continually  raised,  and  the 
danger,  when  a  crevasse  occurs,  will  also  become  greater.  In]  time 
of  flood  an  extensive  wave  is  formed  in  the  bed  of  a  river,  which 
moves  in  the  direction  of  the  current.  At  its  fore-slope  the  &1L  is 
greater,  and  at  its  hind  one  less  than  that  of  the  river  in  its  normal 
state.  The  front  part  of  the  wave  advances,  therefore,  faster  than 
the  hind  part  can  follow,  and  consequently  its  height  must  gradually 
decrease  in  its  progress  down  stream,  with  a  decreasing  velocity. 
The  difference  between  high  and  low  water  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio  is  stated  to  be  60  feet,  at  Natchez  50  feet,  at  Baton  Rouge  30 
feet,  at  New  Orleans  14  feet,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Passes  3  feet. 

When  the  water  of  a  river  meets  with  no  obstacles,  it  has  gener- 
ally its  greatest  velocity  at  or  near  the  surface  in  the  middle  of  the 
bed,  and  the  least  at  the  bottom  and  sides.  But  when  it  meets  with 
some  obstruction  in  its  passage,  it  appears  to  stop  moving,  forms  a 
semon,  or  rise  of  the  surface,  and  produces  a  complete  transforma- 
tion in  the  whole  of  its  section.  The  velocity  at  the  surface  may 
becomer  almost  insensible,  while  that  at  the  bottom  is  strong. 

The  transformation  of  a  river  into  a  uniform  canal  by  artificial 
means  alone  would  be  too  costly  an  undertaking.  The  current  itself 
must  be  induced  by  works  of  improvement,  either  to  remove  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  banks  and  deepen  the  bed,  or  to  form  new  banks 
by  accumulations  or  deposits,  and  fill  up  with  detritus  abandoned 
branches. 


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IMPBOVEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER.  375 

The  injurious  effects  produced  by  a  bend  in  a  river  are,  that  the 
distance  is  increased  and  the  fall  correspondingly  diminished,  the 
greater  resistance  offered  to  the  stream  retards  the  free  passage  of 
the  water,  diminishes  its  velocity,  and  causes  the  surface  of  the  river 
to  rise  higher  in  the  reach  above,  in  order  to  pass  its  waters,  while 
the  bed  also  rises  from  the  deposits  left  by  the  diminished  velocity. 
When  the  bend  is  very  abrupt,  it  may  be  advisable,  in  order  to  rec- 
tify the  course  of  the  river,  to  make  a  new  channel  across  the  neck 
of  the  peninsula  formed  by  the  bend,  so  as  to  join  the  upper  and 
lower  reach  by  a  cut-off  in  as  nearly  a  direct  line  as  it  can  be  done. 
Such  a  rectification  of  the  bed  will  increase  the  velocity  of  the. 
stream,  lower  its  surface,  and  render  its  inclination  more  uniform  ; 
almost  essential  to  prevent  inundation. 

In  regulating  the  course  of  a  river,  care  must  be  taken  that  the 
breadth  of  the  channel  be  made  uniform ;  that  is,  that  it  be  nowhere 
permitted  to  be  too  contracted  or  too  wide.  Where  the  channel  is 
too  narrow  to  admit  of  a'  free  discharge  of  its  waters,  they  rise  in 
front  of  the  contraction  and  produce  a  change  in  the  direction  of  the 
veins  of  water.  The  particles  at  the  surface  which  had  the  greatest 
velocity  are  retarded,  while  those  at  the  bottom  acquire  a  very  con- 
siderable velocity.  The  bed  is  indeed  lowered  and  the  channel 
deepened  in  the  narrow  place,  but  the  materials  scoured  out,  when 
they  reach  the  wider  part  of  the  channel  below,  where  the  velocity 
is  more  languid  sink  to  the  bottom,  forming  shoals.  Where  .the 
channel  of  a  river  is  wider  than  is.  necessary  for  the  free  discharge 
of  its  waters,  the  retarding  forces  are  increased,  the  velocity  of  the 
stream  diminished,  sedimentary  matter  deposited,  and  the  waters 
forced  to  rise  until  it  has  gained  an  additional  head  to  enable  it  to 
discharge  its  volume. 

An  island  in  the  channel  of  a  river,  dividing  it  into  two  branches, 
is  highly  injurious  to  the  free  discharge  of  the  water  and  to  navi- 
gation. The  width  or  length  of  the  wetted  perimeter  of  the  two 
branches  together  being  greater  than  that  of.  the  undivided  stream, 
increases  the  retarding  forces,  which  must  be  overcome  by  a  greater 
head,  and  will  consequently  absorb  a  portion  of  the  accelerating  or 
moving  forces,  as  in  those  places  where  the  river  is  too  contracted 
or  too  wide ;  this  evil  can  be  remedied  by  closing  up  that  one  of  the 
two  branches  which  is  farthest  removed  from  the  proper  line  of 
direction  of  the  current,  and  turning  the  whole  body  of  water  into 
the  straighter  or  more  direct  branch,  the  waters  of  both  branches 
being  thus  united  in  as  straight  a  channel  as  possible,  will  restore 
the  river  to  a  more  suitable  breadth  and  depth,  and  give  freer  vent 
to  the  discharge  of  the  water  in  time  of  flood. 

The  course  of-  a  river  being  thus  straightened,  the  narrow  parts 
being  widened,  and  the  parts  too  wide  contracted  until  the  channel 
is  made  to  assume  a  more  regular  cross-section,  the  line  of  current 
will  be  in  the  middle  of  the  bed,  where  its  uniform  velocity  will 
exercise  a  scouring  power  sufficient  to  produce  a  uniform  depth  by 
lowering  the  bed,  wherever  shoals  previously  existed.     The  whole 


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376  IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

force  and  velocity  of  the  current  being  in  the  middle  of  the  bed  the 
water  along  the  sides  will  have  very  little  motion,  thus  securing  the 
banks  from  abrasion,  and  making  the  river  more  convenient  for 
navigation  ;  the  middle  of  the  channel,  where  the  velocity  is  greatest, 
for  vessels  coming  down  ;  nearer  the  sides,  where  the  velocity  and 
resistance  are  le^st,  for  those  going  up.  The  course  of  a  river  beifig 
once  regulated  both  as  regards  its  line  of  direction  and  its  width,  its 
scouring  power  acquires  a  tendency  to  approximate  the  perinaeter 
of  its  channel  to  that  shape  that  is  capable  of  discharging  the  largest 
quantity  of  water  in  a  given  time. 

This  mode  of  regulating  the  course  of  a  river,  as  far  as  regards 
the  continued  uniformity  of  the  channel,  applies  more  particularly 
to  all  that  part  abovenbe  reach  of  tidal  influence.  Whereas,  when 
we  approach  the  mouth  where  the  tide  flows  and  ebbs,  it  is  there 
more  advisable  to  regulate  the  channel,  so  as  to  assist  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  flood  tide,  and  increase,  as  far  as  possible,  the  amount  of 
back  water  on  the  ebb. 

When  the  channel  of  a  river  which  drains  a  large  extent  of  country 
and  has  many  tributaries  is  rendered  defective  by  bends  more  or  less 
abrupt,  islands,  sand-banks  or  shoals,  it  is  always  liable  to  overflow 
its  banks  in  time  of  flood,  for  those  obstacles  in  the  channel  present 
so  much  resistance  to  the  free  discharge  of  the  waters,  and  retard  its 
downward  progress  so  much,  thereby  increasing  the  deposits  and 
adding  to  the  elevation  of  the  bed,  that  it  rises  to  a  height  it  never 
could  reach  if  they  did  not  exist.  But  when  the  course  of  a  river 
has  been  made  straight,  or  nearly  so,  and  its  waters  are  confined  to  a 
single  channel  of  proper  breadth  and  direction,  the  velocity  of  the 
stream,  no  longer  meeting  with  the  resistance  of  abrupt  bends  or 
islands,  becomes  more  uniform,  and  not  only  removes  all  the  sand- 
banks and  shoals,  but  by  its  increased  scouring  power  lowers  the 
bed  of  the  river  and  consequently  the  surface  of  the  stream,  so  that 
the  water  in  time  of  flood,  meeting  with  less  resistance  and  having  a 
freer  vent,  is  discharged  more  rapidly,  and  can  no  longer  rise  to  the 
same  height  as  before.  Straightening  the  course  of  a  riVer  shortens 
the  distance  between  the  head  of  navigation  and  the  mouth  more  or 
less  in  proportion  to  the  extent  to  which  it  can  be  carried  out.  It 
proportionately  increases  the  fall,  and  consequently  the  velocity,  and 
by  affording  a  freer  vent  for  the  more  rapid  discharge  of  the  Water, 
while  it  tends  to  lower  the  bed  of  the  river,  it  actually  requires  a 
channel  of  less  depth  to  discharge  the  same  quantity  of  water  in  a 
given  time.  As  the  straightening  the  course  of  a  river,  besides 
shortening  the  distance,  tends  greatly  to  its  general  improvement  by 
causing  the  removal  of  many  of  the  impediments  in  its  channel,  its 
advantages  to  navigation  are  invaluable,  while  just  in  proportion  to 
the  extent  to  which  it  can  be  carried  out  will  it  secure  the  adjacent 
country  from  the  danger  of  overflow.  I  will  here  illustrate,  by  the 
formula  for  uniform  motion  in  open  channels,  the  effect  produced  on 
the  velocity  and  discharge  of  the  water  by  changing  the  fall  or 
straightening  the  course  of  a  river.     Suppose  the  distance  from  the 


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IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER.  377 

mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  by  the  course 
of  the  river,  measured  by  the  line  of  current,  be  1,178  miles,  and  in 
a  direct  line  be  500  miles,  and  the  fall  from  the  Ohio  to  the  Gulf,  at 
low  water,  be  275  feet,  we  have  the  fall  divided  by  the  distance 
tVi^=^'23  feet  per  mile  in  the  line  of  current,  and  the  fall 
divided  by  the  distance  ili=0,^5  feet  per  mile,  in  a  direct  line. 

Suppose  the  course  of  the  Mississippi  to  be  straight,  and  with  the 
same  section  and  inclination  from  the  Ohio  to  the  Gulf,  its  breadth 
at  high  water  3,000  feet^  the  area  of  the  section  of  the  stream 
200,000  square  feet,  the  mean  depth  6.67  feet,  the  perimeter  in 
contact  with  the  water  3,050  feet,  and  the  fall  0.27  feet  per  mile,  we 
have  the  mean  velocity,  by  the  formula  for  uniform  motion  in  open 
channels.  • 

V  =  100  V  H.Vf  F-  ^  Vli?gV  =  ^'Q  ^®^^  ?^^  second,  and  the  dis- 
charge at  high  water  200,000  x  5*8  =  1,160,000  cubic  feet  per 
second,  deducting  from  this  quantity  one-fourth,  on  account  of  ob- 
structions to  the  free  passage  of  the  water  in  the  channel  of  the  river, 
we  have  the  probable  discarge  at  high  water  870,000  cubic  feet  per 
second.  Suppose  the  breadth  of  the  river  from  New  Orleans  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  high  water,  to  be  2,425  feet,  the  area  of  the  sec- 
tion of  the  stream  166,172  square  feet  (taken  eleven  miles  below 
New  Orleans),  the  wetted  perimeter  2,448*  feet,  and  the  fall  014  feet 
per  mile,  we  have  the  mean  velocity:  V  =  100  -v/lg^^p.  x  ^^^ 
=  4*24  feet  per  second,  and  the  discharge  at  high  water  106,172  x 
424=  704,569  cubic  feet  per  second. 

Suppose  the  course  of  the  river  to  be  shortened  from  1,178  miles 
878  miles,  or  300  miles,  and  the  area  of  the  cross-section  of  the 
stream  be  182,000  square  feet,  the  wetted  perimeter  3,000  feet,  and 
the  fall  0*36  feet  per  mile,  we  have  the  mean  velocity. 

V  =  IOOVHJ^H^^  |;||7  =  6-4  feetper  second,  and  the  discharge 
at  high  water,  182,000  x  6*4  =  1,164,800  cubic  feet  per  second.  The 
effect  of  shortening  the  course  of  the  river  300  miles  would  be 
to  increase  the  velocity  pf  the  water  6*4  —  5*8  =  0*6  feet  per 
second,  if  the  motion  were  uniform. 

In  order  to  discharge  the  volume  of  1,160,000  cubic  feet,  with  a 
velocity  of  6*4  feet,  it  would  reduce  the  area  of  the  cross-section  of 
the  stream  200,000  —  182,000  =  18,000  square  feet,  and  the  mean 
depth  66-7  —  60-7  =  6  feet. 

From  the  foregoing  calculations  we  have  the  discharge  of  the  river 
from  the  Ohio  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  high  water,  supposing  the 
stream  to  be  straight,  and  with  the  same  section  and  inclination  from 
one  end  to  the  other,  1,160,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  and  from 
New  Orleans  to  the  Gulf         .         .         .     704,569 

Difference  .         .         .     455,431  cu.fl.  per  see. 

The  above  calculations  are  founded  on  the  data  contained  in  the 
work :  "  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Rivers,"  by  Charles  Ellet,  Jr.,  Phila- 
delphia.    1853. 

Along  the  banks  of  the  Lower  Mississippi,  levees  or  dikes  have 
been  constructed,  in  some  places  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  to  pro 


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378  IMPROVEMENT  OP  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RTVER. 

tect  the  adjacent  country  from  inundation.  The  tame  means  of  de- 
fence have  been  used  in  Italy,  France,  Germany,  and  other  countries. 
On  the  coast  of  Holland,  where  the  level  of  the  land- is,  in  some 
places,  lower  than  that  of  the  ocean  tides,  dikes  are  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  preserve  the  land  from  inundation.  But  in  the  case  of 
rivers  flowing  through  an  alluvial  soil,  experience  has  proved  that 
they  are  useful  only  as  temporary  expedients.  For  as  long  as  the 
defects  in  the  channel  of  the  river  are  permitted  to  remain,  the  bed 
rises  higher  from  the  constant  deposits,  until  at  last  the  surface  of 
the  water,  in  time  of  flood,  reaches  a  height  that  renders  it  necessary 
to  raise  the  levees  still  higher.  That  levees  are  neither  a  safe  nor  a 
permanent  security  gainst  inundation,  is  sufliciently  proved  by  the 
frequent  crevasses  of  late  years  made  by  high  water  in  the  Missis- 
sippi levees. 

The  River  Rhine,  above  Bengin,  had  formerly  innumerable  bends, 
and  an  endless  number  of  islands  and  sand-banks,  which  caused  many 
inundations.  The  frequent  changes  of  the  course  of  the  river  threat- 
ened sometimes  this  and  sometimes  the  other  bank,  and  large  tracts 
of  land  became  a  prey  to  the  stream,  and  even  inhabited  places,  ex- 
posed to  danger,  had  to  be  abandoned.  The  people  erected  levees 
to  protect  their  lands  from  inundation,  but  as  tne  defective  condition 
of  the  channel  remained,  the  bottom  of  the  bed  continued  to  rise  un- 
til the  water,  in  time  of  flood,  rose  so  high  that  the  levees  ceased  to 
be  any  security,  for  every  now  and  again  the  flood  would  force  a 
passage  through  some  weak  point  in  the  levees  and  devastate  the 
country.  The  extent  of  the  damage,  as  well  as  the  increasing  im- 
pediments to  navigation,  caused  by  its  defective  condition,  became  a 
subject  of  serious  consideration,  and  the  proper  regulation  of  the 
channel  was  undertaken.  The  course  of  the  river  was  straightened, 
and  its  waters  conflned  within  a  single  channel  of  proper  breadth, 
and  the  natural  consequence  followed,  the  velocity  and  scouring 
power  of  the  river  being  increased,  its  bed  was  lowered,  and  the 
water,  in  time  of  flood,  having  freer  vent,  is  discharged  more 
rapidly  and  regularly,  and  cannot  rise  to  the  same  height  as  formerly, 
while  the  banks  of  the  improved  channel  are  less  liable  to  abrasion. 

Mr.  Bumgarten,  in  his  report  on  the  works  which  were  executed 
from  1836  to  1847,  for  the  regulation  of  the  two  banks  of  the 
Garonne,  says  :  **  We  ha^e  seen  that  the  shoals  or  banks  of  gravel, 
which  exist  in  every  river  of  movable  bottom,  were  sensibly  low- 
ered, if  not  destroyed 

In  fine,  we  have  also  seen  that  wherever  the  bottom  was  scourable, 
the  works  had  produced  a  lowering  in  the  level  of  low  water ;  that 
this  lowering  offset  the  rise  which,  without  it,  the  works  would 
have  caused  in  the  level  of  the  ordinary  floods,  when  the  overflow 
'  commences,  and  that  thus  the  fears  that  were  entertained  with  re- 
gard to  the  very  great  intensity  of  the  overflows,  owing  to  the  con- 
traction of  the  bed  of  the  river,  proved  groundless." 

As  the  laws  which  govern  water  in  motion  are,  under  the  same 
circumstances,  everywhere  the  same,  it  is  reasonable  to  expect  that 


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IMPEOVEMENT  OP  THE  MISSISSIPPI  BIVER.  879 

works  of  improvement  similar  to  those  executed  in  the  case  of  the 
Garonne  and  the  Rhine  would  be  followed  by  similar  results  in  the 
case  of  the  Mississippi. 

In  order  to  prevent  inundations  in  the  Mississippi,  the  chief  object 
should  be  to  give  it  the  means  of  disch^ging  the  water  of  its  floods 
as  &8t  as  possible.  The  increased  freedom  of  vent  would  lower  the 
surface  of  the  water,  and  the  increased  velocity,  acting  on  the 
bottom  of  the  bed  with  increased  scouring  power,  would  make 
it  deeper,  thus  still  further  lowering  the  surface  and  also  diminish- 
ing the  transverse  section  of  the  river.  Suppose  the  velocity  of 
the  stream  were  increased  from  three  to  four  feet  per  second, 
the  bed  of  the  river  would  not  only  cease  to  rise,  but  would 
become  lower,  by  the  more  rapid  discharge  of  the  water,  because 
the  sand  and  mud  of  which  it  is  composed  would  no  longer 
be  able  to  resist  its  increased  energy,  but  would  be  swept  onward 
by  its  scouring  power.  For  instance,  if  a  volume  of  water  of  640,- 
000  cubic  feet,  passing  through  a  channel  3,000  feet  in  breadth,  with 
a  velocity  of  three  feet  per  second,  would  require  a  depth  of  sixty 
feet,  the  same  volume  of  water,  in  the  same  condition,  if  the  velocity 
were  increased  to  four  feet,  would  only  require  a  depth  of  forty-five 
feet ;  that  is,  by  increasing  the  velocity  from  three  to  four  feet  per 
second,  the  surface  of  the  stream  is  lessened  fifteen  feet.  This  fully 
illustrates  the  advantage  to  be  derived  from  the  free  and  rapid  dis« 
charge  of  the  water  in  time  of  flood. 

As  I  have  already  said  that  the  water  of  a  river  is  the  active  agent, 
when  properly  directed,  in  improving  its  channel,  and  that  the 
navi^ble  capacity  of  the  channel  will  always,  all  other  thinc^s  being 
equal,  be  in  proportion  to  the  volume  of  water  in  it,  therefore  I 
would  recommetid  that  every  facility  should  be  afforded  to  the  trib- 
utaries of  the  Mississippi  to  discharge  their  waters  as  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible into  the  main  channel  in  a  downward  direction,  where  the  in- 
creased volume  of  water  pressing  upon  the  bottom  of  the  bed  with 
increased  weight  and  momentum,  will  deepen  the  channel,  thereby 
affording  a  freer  vent  for  the  rapid  discharge  of  the  upland  waters  in 
time  of  flood. 

In  the  lower  course  of  the  Mississippi,  where  the  soil  being  alto- 
gether alluvia],  the  bed  is  composed  of  fine  sand  and  mud,  where  a 
tributary  unites  with  the  main  river,  its  waters  coming  from  the 
mountains  in  the  interior  by  a  shorter  route,  and  having  therefore  a 
greater  fi^l  and  velocity.  Communicate  that  velocity  to  the  waters 
of  the  main  channel,  and  acting  with  an  increased  scouring  power  on 
the  bottom  of  the  bed,  enlarge  its  ciipacity  sufficiently  to  enable  it 
to  contain  the  united  waters  of  both,  rather  by  deepening  the  bed 
than  by  increasing  its  width.  Thus  the  channel  of  the  river  once 
regulated,  both  as  to  the  line  of  direction  of  its  course,  and  the  width 
of  its  cross-sections,  every  addition  to  the  volume  of  water  in  the 
Mississippi  would  tend  to  increase  the  scouring  power  of  the  stream, 
add  to  its  navigable  capacity,  render  the  banks  liable  to  abrasion, 
keep  the  bed  clear,  and  lessen  the  danger  of  overflow  in  time  of  flood. 


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380  IMPROVEMENT  OP  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

Lateral  outlets,  which  are  looked  upon  by  some  as  highly  useful 
in  preventing  inundations  in  time  of  flood,  have  in  reality  a  tendency 
to  produce  the  very  danger  they  are  supposed  to  obviate.  As  it  is 
the  water  in  a  river  that  makes  the  channel,  and  as  the  capacity  of 
the  channel  depends  upon  the  quantity  of  the  water,  provid^  its  free 
discharge  be  not  interfered  with  by  natural  or  artificial  obstrucUons, 
and  its  course  be  properly  regulated  by  art,  it  will  always  make  a 
channel  sufficient  for  itself.  If,  then,  in  time  of  flood,  the  water  rises 
60  high  as  to  threaten  to  overflow  its  banks,  or  break  through  them, 
it  is  not  because  there  is  too  much  water  in  the  channel,  but  be- 
cause its  free  discharge  is  prevented  by  obstacles  existing  somewhere 
in  the  channel  below.  The  proper  course  would  bo  to  regulate  the 
channel  both  in  direction  and  width,  so  as  to  remove  the  obstacles 
below  and  aflbrd  the  accumulated  waters  above  a  freer  vent  and 
more  rapid  discharge.  This  rapid  discharge  could  lower  the  surface 
of  the  water  above,  and  the  increased  velocity,  acting  upon  the  bed 
with  its  full  scouring  power,  would  create  and  maintain  a  depth  fully 
sufficient  for  its  discharge.  But  lateral  outlets  have  a  direct  ten- 
dency to  render  the  condition  of  the  main  channel  of  a  river  more 
defective  than  it  was  before.  The  division  of  a  river  into  two 
branches  increases  the  retarding  fbrces,  because  the  breadth  of  both 
branches  together  is  greater  than  that  of  the  united  river,  or  the 
wetted  perimeters  of  both  branches  are  longer  than  that  of  the  united 
river.  This  excess  of  resistance  must  be  overcome  by  the  head  of 
water  which  causes  tho  general  motion,  and  will  consequently  absorb 
a  part  of  the  moving  force.  Where  a  lateral  outlet  is  created,  either 
by  accident  or  design,  the  quantity  of  water  is  diminished  in  the 
main  river.  The  natural  consequence  follows  that  the  velocity  and 
scouring  power  of  the  river  below  the  outlet  are  diminished  in  pro- 
portion to  the  quantity  of  water  abstracted,  and  Nature,  in  full]accord 
ance  with  her  own  laws,  begins  to  raise  the  bottom  of  the  bed  with 
deposits,  so  as  to  accommodate  the  capacity  of  the  channel  to  the 
reduced  quantity  of  water  left  in  it.  Any  one  who  examines  the 
channel  of  a  river  above  and  below  an  outle"t,  will  find  that  the  depth 
below  is  invariably  less  than  that  above. 

The  river  Rhine  aflbrds  a  most  striking  example  of  the  injurious 
eflects  produced  by  outlets  on  the  navigation  of  a  river.  Entering 
the  Netherlands,  a  navigable  river,  it  was  deprived  of  the  greater 
part  of  its  waters  by  lateral  outlets.  The  outlet  called  Waal  leaves 
the  Rhine  below  Emmerich,  and,  uniting  with  the  Meuse,.  flows  by 
Rotterdam.  In  order  to  establish  a  navigable  communication  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Zeider  Sea,  a  canal  was  excavated  from  th« 
former  above  Arwhem  to  the  Yssel,  which  discharges  a  large  portion 
of  the  water  remaining.  In  the  year  50,  the  Romans,  then  in  posses- 
sion of  that  country,  excavated  a  canal,  now  called  the  Lecht,  con- 
necting the  water  of  the  Rhine  at  Duurstede  with  the  Meuse  above 
Rotterdam,  which  outlet,  in  the  course  of  time,  absorbed  nearly  all 
the  water  that  was  left,  while  the  Rhine,  deprived  of  its  waters,  and 
its  navigable  capacity  completely  destroyed,  has  dwindled  to  an  insig- 
nificant stream,  entering  the  sea  near  Ley  den  through  a  shallow  channel. 


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IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  BITER.  881 

Such,  though  not  to  the  same  extent,  is  pretty  much  the  condition 
of  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi  near  its  mouth,  the  lateral  outlets 
discharging  so  much  water  on  either  side,  and  the  volume  remaining 
in  the  main  channel  heing  so  much  reduced  that  it  is  no  longer  able 
to  maintain  the  depth  it  has  above  the  others.  The  bed  of  the  river 
has  been  raised  by  the  sedimentary  matter  which  the  diminished 
velocity  of  the  current  is  unable  to  carry  off,  depositing  a  large  por- 
tion  at  the  mouth  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  resisting  forces 
of  the  Gulf  water.  This  deposit  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  which  is 
called  the  bar,  is  composed  of  very  fine  sand  and  mud,  and  may  be 
considered  the  result  of  the  balance  of  power  between  the  reduced 
scouring  power  of  the  river  and  the  disturbing  forces  of  the  Gulf. 

Now  this  bar,  which  effectually  excludes  vessels  of  heavy  burden 
from  the  navigation  of  the  river,  could  easily  be  removed.  All  that 
is  necessary  is^  that  the  force  of  the  water  passing  out  should  be 
made  to  preponderate  over  the  disturbing  forces  of  the  Gulf.  By 
closing  up  all  the  lateral  outlets,  and  confining  the  whole  volume  of 
water  belonging  to  the  river  or  pass  within  its  main  channel,  the  quan- 
tity passing  out  at  the  mouth,  and  consequently  the  scouring  power, 
would  be  largely  increased.  If,  in  addition  to  this,  the  channel  were 
regulated  so  as  to  facilitate  the  more  rapid  propagation  of  the  flood- 
tides,  and  the  reception  of  the  largest  quantity  of  tidal  waters  that 
the  channel  could  be  made  capable  of  receiving,  there  would  be  se- 
cured for  the  outward  flow  of  the  back-water  on  the  ebb,  such 
an  increase  of  scouring  power  as  would  sweep  the  bar  away  into 
the  deep  waters  of  the  Gulf,  and  make  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
even  deeper  than  would  be  necessary  for  vessels  of  the  largest  size. 

When  one  considers  the  immense  extent  of  country  drained  by 
the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  that  there  are  fourteen  or  fifteen 
States,  with  a  population  of  fifteen  millions  of  people,  whose  inter 
ests  are  more  or  less  involved  in  the  full  and  uninterrupted  navi 
gation  of  that  river,  and  that  before  the  death  of  many  men  now  liv- 
ing the  population  of  the  valley  through  which  its  waters  flow,  will 
exceed  more  than  fifty  millions,  one  can  hardly  conceive,  much  less 
realize,  the  immense  importance  of  the  improvement  of  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  to  the  extent  of  which  it  is  capable,  and  the 
incalculable  advanta8;es  that  would  certainly  follow  its  completion. 
There  are  many  cities  on  its  banks  that  are  advancing  in  population 
and  commercial  importance  with  a  rapidity  of  growth  unknown  in 
other  lands,  all  of  which  are  deeply  interested  in  this  work,  but  far 
more  does  it  bear  so  deep  an  interest  for  New  Orleans.  Situated 
nearest  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  the  great  highway  of  an  im- 
mense vallQy,  with  immense  agricultural  and  mineral  resources  be- 
hind her,  which  will  always  supply  her  with  the  means  of  attracting 
foreign  trade,  and  from  which  resources  she  can  never  be  cut  off,  it 
is  her  interest,  and,  consequently,  her  duty,  to  see  that  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Mississippi  be  carried  out  to  its  fullest  extent.  Let  her 
do  this,  and  do  it  in  time,  and  a  vast  increase  of  population  and 
wealth  and  commercial  prosperity  await  her. 


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882  FLORIDA — ^PAST,   PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE. 


ART.  YI.-FLORIDA-PAST,  PRESEKT,  AND  FUTURE. 

ORXAT  RESOUROBS  OF   THE  STATE — ^FRUITS,   OBAINB,    ETC.— CUM ATK, 
SOIL,  ETC.,  ETC. 

[The  foIlowiDg  constitutes  one  of  the  chapters  of  a  yery  able  work  which  is 
DOW  in  course  oi  publication  from  the  pen  of  L.  D.  SUckney  on  the  "  History  oC 
Florida."  When  finished,  it  will  be  one  of  the  most  yaluable  works  in  relation 
to  that  "  Land  of  Flowers  **  which  has  ever  emanated  from  the  press.  We  trust 
that  the  autlior*s  enterprise  and  spirit  will  be  rewarded  with  heayy  orders  for 
the  work.  He  may  l>ie  addressed  at  the  office  of  the  Florida  union,  Talla- 
hassee.] 

The  people  of  Florida  should  ever  cherish  with  respect  the 
memory  of  Dr.  Henry  Perrine,  a  man  of  science  and  untiring  in- 
dustry, who  gallantly  gave  his  life,  not  for  the  reward  of  wealth, 
but  in  the  noble  efibrt  to  change  tropical  Florida  from  a  wilderness 
of  savage  haunts  to  the  highest  state  of  cultivation  and  enjoyment 
of  civilized  society.*  From  long  residence  in  tropical  countries, 
Dr.  Perrine  had  discovered  that  many  valuable  vegetables  of  that 
zone  propagate  themselves  in  the  worst  soils  and  situations  in  the 
sun  and  shade ;  they  arrive  either  by  accident  or  design  ;  and  that 
for  other  profitable  plants  of  the  tropics  which  require  human  skill 
and  care,  moisture  is  the  equivalent  to  manure ;  and  that  tropical 
cultivation  essentially  consists  in  appropriate  irrigation,  which  in 
such  a  climate  goes  far  to  counterbalance  the  sterility  of  the  soil. 
The  correctness  of  his  opinion  is  well  supported  at  Turin,  where  a 
great  deal  of  rain  falls  a  soil  which  contains  77  to  80  per  cent,  of 
sand  is  held  fertile,  while  in  the  neighborhood  of  Paris,  where  it 
rains  less  frequently,  no  good  soil  contains  more  than  50  per  cent,  of 
sand.  A  light  sandy  soil  which  in  the  South  of  France  would  only 
be  of  inferior  value  presents  real  advantages  in  the  moist  climate 
of  £ngland.  Irrigation  supplies  the  place  of  rain,  and  in  countries 
where  recourse  can  be  had  to  it,  land  has  only  to  be  loose  and 
permeable  in  order  to  have  the  whole  of  the  fertility  developed 
which  climate  and  manure  can  confer.  Sandy  deserts  are  sterile 
because  it  never  rains,  and  oases  are  in  the  vicinity  of  springs. 
Rich  crops  of  maize  are  gathered  upon  the  plateau  of  the  Andes  of 
Quito  in  a  sand  which  is  nearly  moving,  but  which  is  abundantly 
and  dexterously  irrigated.f  M.  Laugier  gives  the  following  as 
fertile  soil  in  Senegal : 

*  Dr.  Perrine  was  killed  bj  the  Semlnolei  on  Indian  Key,  August  7th,  1840.  He  had  estab- 
llabod  a  nurserj  there  for  the  propagation  of  tropical  prodaetions  under  the  eneonragement  of 
the  Qovernment  of  the  United  BUtea.  Politicians,  adventurers  and  speculators,  proroking 
hostility  with  the  Indians,  and  enriching  themsolves  by  the  war  they  had  instigateo,  called  In*. 
Perrine  a  visionary  enthusiast  But  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  whose  experiments  In  TegeUble 
physiology  resulted  in  vast  numbers  of  now  varieties  of  apples,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  eto^ 
Viscount  Gharies  Townsoud,  Chief  Minister  of  George  I^  who  Introdnoed  the  tnmip,  the  most 
Important  crop  in  £ngland ;  Sir  Richard  Weston,  who  introduced  clover  and  coke,  afterwards 
Earl  of  Leicester,  who,  by  skill,  capital  and  enterprise  became  the  founder  of  the  agriculture 
of  immense  Kngllsh  estates,  which  he  transformed  from  blowing  sand  and  flinty  gravel  to  a 
ferUle  domain,  and  many  others  whoso  Intelligence  and  benevolence  have  been  directed 
to  the  improved  condition  of  their  race,  were  called  chimerical  and  wild  by  the  mnUUude  who 
could  neither  comprehend  nor  appreciate  thdr  effortu 

t  Bonsaingault  (Roral  Economy),  p.  29%. 


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AND  FUTURE.  383 

Siliceous  Sand  and  Silex 87 

Alumina 3  6 

Oxide  of  Iron , 8.4 

Carbonate  of  Xdme trace 

Organic  matter  and  Water 4.4 

Loss ■ 1.6 


100.0 


In  the  yale  of  Teviot  he  gives  the  fol-      The  celebrated  tobacco  lands  of  Cuba 
lowing  as  a  good  soil :  as  given  by  Don  Ramon  de  le  Sagra, 

Siliceous  sand  and  grave 88.8  Distrul  of  Yeulta  de  Abajo,  two  locali- 

Siiica Y  ties: 

Alumina 6.8  Organic  matter 9.60      4.60 

Carbonate  of  Lime 0,1  Silica 86 .40    90.80 

Oxide  of  Iron 0.8  Lime '. • 0.00  vestige 

Salts  and  organic  matter 1.4  Alumina 0.68      8.40 

Oxide  of  Iron 1.92       1.20 

100.0  Loss 1.40      0.00 


100.00  100.00 

Sandy  soils,  which,  on  account  of  the  facility  with  which  water 
evaporates  and  escapes  from  them,  are  regarded  as  almost  if  not 
absolutely  sterile,  may  be  rendered  as  fertile  as  the  richest  argil- 
laceous land,  and  equally  capable  of  producing  the  greater  part  of 
the  most  valuable  crops,  if  care  is  taken  to  preserve  them  in  a 
proper  state  of  humidity.*  Agronomy,  or  an  examination  of 
the  constituent  parts  of  physical  properties  of  the  soil,  will  be  more 
fully  explained  nereafter. 

Dr.  Perrine  was  encouraged,  in  his  undertaking  to  iiTt reduce  and 
promote  the  cultivation  of  new  tropical  plants  in  the  Southern 
States,  by  the  general  fact  that  most  articles  of  culture  flourish  best 
at  the  more  temperate  margins  of  their  native  zone.  Hence  he  gave 
special  attention  to  the  very  beautiful  and  extensive  family  of  palms, 
whose  diversified  products  embrace  everything  that  is  essential  to 
the  subsistence  and  comfort  of  man ;  the  liliaceous  and  the  amaryllis 
orders,  including  the  Agaves,  which  in  his  estimation  ranked  next 
in  their  manifold  utility  to  the  human  race ;  the  shrubs  for  choco- 
late, coffee  and  tea,  which  have  become  articles  of  necessity  to 
civilized  life ;  the  logwood,  fustic,  cochineal,  indigo,  and  other  dyes 
of  Mexico^  Brazil  and  Asia ;  the  cinnamon,  pimento,  ginger,  and 
other  spices  of  the  East  and  West  Indies ;  the  mahogany,  rose, 
ebony  and  other  precious  woods  of  all  parts  of  the  world ;  the 
bananas,  anonas,  mangoes;  and  numerous  delicious  fruits  for  the 
enjoyment  of  health ;  and  Peruvian  bark,  ipecacuanha,  sarsaparilla, 
caneJla,  and  innumerable  salutary  medicines,  iR>r  the  removal  of 
disease. 

It  was  further  demonstrated  by  this  indefiitigable  investigator, 
after  several  years'  residence  and  careful  meteorological  observations 
in  South  Florida,  that  it  possessed  the  characterizing  phenomena  of 
tropical  climates — ^a  dry  warm  winter,  a  wet  refreshing  summer,  a 

*  The  Principles  of  Agrlcnltare,  by  Albert  D.  Thaer,  translated  by  William  Sbaw  and  Oath- 
bert  W.  Johnson,  New  York,  184«. 


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.384       FLORIDA — PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE. 

breeze  from  the  sea  by  day  and  from  the  land  by  night ;  and  a  con- 
tinual  trade  wind — all  of  which  extend  up  to  28  north  latitude; 
that  below  this  parallel,  Southern  Florida,  by  the  narrowness  and 
non-elevation  of  its  surface,  by  its  direction  towards  the  South  and 
East,  by  the  westwardly  course  of  the  trade  wind  in  its  latitude, 
and  moreover  by*  the  steady  high  heat  of  the  Gulf  Stream  from  the 
equator,  enjoys  a  still  greater  uniformity  of  temperature — the  grand 
desideratum  for  human  health  and  vegetable  growth — than  any 
island,  peninsula,  or  continent,  of  greater  breadth  and  elevation 
within  the  torrid  zone. 

"  However  diversified  the  climates  of  the  other  States,"  be  wrote, 
"the  one  great  evil  of  variability  of  temperature  is  common  to  them 
all ;  sudden  chari^es  cutting  off  the  tropical  com  of  Maine  and  the 
tropical  cane  of  Louisiana,  with  the  frosts  of  spring  and  of  autumn, 
and  carrying  off  the  farmer  of  the  North  and  the  planter  of  the 
South  with  consumption  of  the  lungs  and  liver,  that  hence  our  in 
valids  who  are  declining  with  northern  disorders  of  the  thorax,  or 
southern  disorders  of  the  abdomen,  derived  from  the  variable  tem- 
perature of  one  section  of  the  Union,  merely  increase  or  exchange 
of  disease  by  removal  to  the  equally  variable  temperature  of  the 
other,  that  however  diversified  the  climates  of  the  more  eulogized 
portions  of  the  whole  belt  of  the  world  above  28  N.  lat,*  em- 
braced in  the  miscalled  temperate,  but  really  variable  zone,  equally 
great  and  sudden  vicissitudes  of  temperature  are  common  to  them 
all ;  that  hence  our  consumptive  invalids  who  annually  crowd  to 
Southern  Europe,  most  generally  perish  in  the  vain  search  of  the 
natural  remedy  of  an  equable  temperature,  which  can  be  found  only 
in  the  slandered  torrid  zone,  or  in  tropical  climates,  unvisited  by  the 
curse  of  cold  !  and  that  therefore  Southern  Florida,  by  the  benignity 
of  its  climate,  the  proximity  of  its  position,  the  form  of  its  govern- 
ment and  the  character  of  its  people,  combines  more  natural,  social 
and  political  advantages  for  a  warm  dry  winter  asylum  of  our  sickly 
voyagers,  than  France  or  Italy,  Colombia  or  Cuba,  or  any  other 
portion  of  the  world." 

Another  climatic  belt  of  the  Peninsula  extends  about  a  degree 
and  a  half  to  the  North,  its  limit  in  that  direction  may  be  defined 
by  the  most  Northern  growth  of  the  mangrove,  or  a  line  drawn 
from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  Cedar  Keys.  It  has  the  same  geological 
formation  as  the  extreme  Southern  projection,  though  of  an  earlier 
date.f  But  the  face  of  the  country  is  more  varied  and  broken,  in 
some  places  presenting  hills  of  considerable  elevation.  The  Thlau- 
hat-kee,  or  White  Mountains,  is  an  elevated  range  of  hills,  the  ascent 

*  This  equable  climato  extends  in  the  Floridlan  Peninsnla  to  89  N.  lat 
t  The  rote  of  ooral  growth  bos  been  found  br  oarcfal  obeerraUon  through  a  aeries  of  jeart 
to  be  twelve  fncbea  in  twenty-four  years,  or  half  an  inch  per  annum.  Upon  this  basis  the  late 
Captain  R  B.  Hunt,  U.  8.  Engineers,  in  a  paper  pnblishedf  in  the  U.  S.  Coast  Sanrej  Report, 
ISOi,  gives  the  total  period  of  6,400 fiOO  years  as  that  required  for  the  growth  of  tbo  entire  corsl 
Itmestone  formation  of  Florida.  This  chronology  is  a  few  harmless  oentnriea  berond  the 
Mosaic  account  of  the  creation.  In  a  specnlatlve  view,  one,  delighting  in  limitleaa  inftnities, 
might  find  an  ample  field  for  calculation  in  tracing  back  throo^  the  ancient  eonl  ages  the 
progressive  formaUon  of  the  great  Gulf  and  Atbnuc  slopes. 


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FLORIDA — I?AST,   PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE.  S85 

of  which,  in  many  plaoes,  during  the  Seminole  war,  was  so  difficult, 
that  drag-ropes  and  a  heavy  detail  of  men  were  necessary  to  take 
the  baggage  wagons  of  General  Jessup^s  command  over  the  heights.* 
Id  this  section  the  principal  rivers  of  the  Peninsula  take  their 
rise;  the  Kissimmee  flowing  south,  the  Withlacoochee  with  a  west- 
erly course,  and  the  St.  Johns  running  north,  parallel  with  the  At- 
lantic coast.  Many  tropical  productions  disappear  as  the  distance 
from  the  equinoctial  line  is  increased,  others  still  continue  to  be 
profitable  staples  of  cultivation,  while  quite  a  number  of  the  social 
order  follow  man  as  ornaments  to  his  habitation,  or,  by  slight  pro- 
tection, to  add  to  his  luxury.  The  annual  mean  heat  of  the  Penin- 
sula up  to  the  29th  parallel  of  latitude  would  indicate  a  tropical  flora, 
but  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  and  the  suddenness  of  the 
vicissitudes  of  temperature  afford  much  better  data.  Plants  which 
are  destroyed  \\y  change  of  temperature  in  Florida,  at  least  below 
29.  30  M.  N.  L.,  are  not  directly  killed  by  cold,  but  by  the  speedy 
subsequent  heat  It  is  not,  therefore,  the  degree  of  cold  in  winter, 
but  the  sudden  application  of  heat  to  the  frozen  plants  which  poisons 
the  sap  and  induces  gangrene.  Hence  the  great  frost  of  1835,  which 
occurred  late  in  the  spring,  was  so  destructive  to  the  orange  trees 
north  of  the  28th  parallel  of  latitude,  in  that  year  trees  of  more 
than  a  century's  growth  were  killed  at  St.  Augustine,  by  a  rapid 
change  of  temperature  from  70  deg.  to  4  deg.  F.  in  a  few  hours, 
while  the  sap  was  in  motion.  Dependent  as  vegetation  generally  is 
upon  particular  conditions  of  soil  and  climate,  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  some  plants  have  a  peculiar  power  of  adapting  themselves 
to  all  climates  and  circumstances,  while  others  are  readily  natural- 
ized in  climates  similar  to  their  own.  The  pineapple  has  traveled 
from  America  through  Africa  and  Asia,  where  it  is  now  as  common 
as  if  indigenous  to  the  soil,  and  in  like  manner  many  spices  and 
fruits  of  Asia  have  become  naturalized  in  the  West  Indies  and  on 
the  continents  of  America.  fA  vegetation  of  extra  tropical  cli- 
mates is  found  in  Cuba.  The  Pine  (Pinvs  occidentuUs)  attains  there 
a  height  of  sixty  and  seventy  feet.  It  grows  in  the  Isle  of  Pines 
side  by  side  with  the  mahogany ;  and  the  interior  of  St.  Domingo 
and  of  Mexico  is  covered  with  the  same  class  of  conifers. 

Tropical  maize  or  Indian  eom  ripens  in  latitude  50  deg.  North  ; 
in  the  valley  of  Red  River,  a  district  northwest  of  Lake  Superior, 
where  sixty  days  only  of  clear  tropical  summer  occur^  although  the 
mean  annual  temperature  is  below  that  of  mean  annual  frost,  or  32 
d^.  F.  While  plants  are  capable  of  great  modification  within  cer- 
tain limits,  it  is  impossible  to  acclimate  the  tender  plants  of  the 
tropica  in  a  colder  btitude  than  their  natural  habital,  and  thus  render 
them,  more  hardy.  The  sweet  orange  grown  at  St.  Augustine,  or 
the  sugar-cane  cultivated  in  Marion  and  Aladiua  Counties,  have  no 
more  organic  power  to  resist  cold, than  theitr^e  plants  growing  im- 

*  8pnigiie*t  Hitt  Flft.  Wftr,  n.  171. 

t  Bep<^  of  Com.  on  Agrieutim  (25  long.  2d  sets.  Lenoto  Doa  800)  on  memorial  of  Dr. 
H.PeiTiiie. 

TOL.  II.-N0.  IL  25 


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886  PLOKTDA — PAST,   FBESENT,   AND  FUTURE. 

mediately  under  the  equator.  Instead  of  a  fruitier  expenditure  of 
time  and  labor  to  acclimate  plants  in  more  northern  districts  than 
those  from  which  thej  were  derived  it  would  be  more  profitable, 
like  Vilmorin,  to  skillfully  apply  the  principles  which  influence  plants 
in  their  tendency  to  sport  new  varieties,  and  direct  them  in  the  de- 
sired diannel.  In  this  manner  he  has  almost  created  a  new  race  of 
beets,  containing  twice  as  much  sugar  as  their  ancestors,  and  prom- 
ising to  be  readily  perpetuated. 

.  ^According  to  Frofessor  J.  Le  Conte  the  three  grades  of  soil  ex- 
isting throof^hout  the  State  are  owing  to  the  greater  or  less  facility 
with  which  the  lime  has  been  removed  from  it  by  aqueous  agency. 
In  the  fertile  and  densely  wooded  hammock  lands,  large  quantises 
of  soft  carbonate  of  iime  nuiy  be  found  at  or  near  the  surface.  lo 
the  mulatto  pine  lands,  which  are  extensively  cultivated  in  cotton 
and  com,  the  amount  of  surface  carbonate  is  less  aj>undant,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  it  having  been  silicified  or  removed  from  the 
soil,  while  in  the  sterile  sandy  pine  lands  no  lime  is  to  be  found ; 
the  whole  of  the  rock  having  disappeared,  excepting  that  which  has 
undergone  silification.  In  tne  hammocks  an  imperious  substratum 
of  day  prevented  the  lime  from  being  carried  oft  by  the  percolation 
of  water ;  in  the  mulatto  lands  the  substratum  is  less  impervious,  so 
a  large  portion  of  lime  has  been  removed ;  while  in  the  Pine  barrens, 
in  consequence  of  that  absence  of  clay  subsoil,  the  whole  of  the 
surface  lime  has  been  carried  off. 

A  great  portion  of  Middle  Florida  is  a  continuation  of  the  elevated 
rolling  ridges  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  This  tract  extends  into  East 
Florida,  and  predominates  in  Columbia,  Alachua,  Marion  and  Sumter 
Counties,  presenting  diversified  scenery,  and  an  alternation  of  hills 
often  of  considerable  elevation ;  good  soil,  lakes,  extensive  prairies, 
savannas  and  pine  plains,  numerous  sinks  and  subterranean  water- 
courses indicate  a  limestone  basis.  Rocks  in  situ  and  detached 
appear  in  many  places.  Chalcedony,  or  mineralised  coral,  homstone 
and  quartz,  are  met.  A  compact  light  colored  limestone  resembling 
the  predominant  rock  of  Cuba  appears  on  the  Western  border  of 
the  great  Alachua  savanna,  forming  the  nucleus  of  a  considerable 
eminence.  Lime  stone  hills  occur  in  other  parts  of  Alachua.  The 
most  elevated  hills  of  the  interior  of  the  I^eninsula  are  near  the 
source  of  the  Ocklawaha  River,  a  branch  of  the  St.  Johns.  Tbey 
have  a  surface  of  white  sea  sand  covered  with  black  jack  oak,  and 
are  a  oontinuation  of  the  White  Mountain.  fEyerywhere  lakes 
of  clear  deep  water  abound,  generally  of  a  circular  or  oval  form, 
and  well  stocked  with  fish.  l%ese  bodies  of  water  are  often  pictor* 
esque  and  beautiful,  the  ground  sloping  gradually  down  to  the  water's 
edge,  clothed  with  live  oak,  magnolia,  laurel,  gum,  ash,  bay  and 
hickory.  Many  of  these  lakes  have  no  aj^rent  outlet,  alUioogh 
the  water  is  constant^  shifting,  being  drained  by  subterranean 
channels.    Orange  Lake,  one  of  the  largest  of  these  inland  bodies  of 

*  SiniiDaii^  Jonnil  of  Solenoe,  ToL  zxIL,  p.  448,  new  MriM^ 
t  8«e  Spragne's  Kict  Fla.  War,  p.  IH. 


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FLORIDA — ^PAST,   PRESENT,   AND  FUTURB.  887 

water,  communicates  through  the  Ocklawaha  River  with  the  St. 
Johns.  Between  this  lake  and  the  St.  Johns  River,  a  distance  of 
twenty-five  miles,  thirty  lakes  and  ponds  may  be  seen.  They  arfe 
situated  in  basins,  separated  by  high  ridges  that  rise  gently  from  the 
water,  clothed  with  a  green  carpet  of  grass,  and  decked  with  dowers. 
Tall  pines  are  thickly  scattered  over  Uiree  smooth  lawns,  sometimes 
intermixed  on  the  shore  with  evergreen  groups,  the  view  unobstructed 
by  shrubs  or  underwood.  The  soil  of  the  pine  barrens  is  almost 
uniformly  fine  sand  with  a  thin  dressing  of  v^etable  mould,  and 
sufficiently  compact  for  roads.  In  soncie  places  it  rests  on  day,  but 
generally  at  considerable  depth.  Most  of  the  hammocks  of  the 
rolling  region  are  dry,  the  sur&oe  sandy  soil  blended  with  various 
portions  of  mould  and  clay,  with  a  sub-soil  of  compact  marl  or  clay, 
from  one  to  three  feet  below  the  surface.  On  some  of  the  hills  and 
ridges  the  earth  has  a  limestone  basin.  A  large  growth  of  timber, 
particularly  where  there  is  much  ash,  gum  and  magnolia,  is  regarded 
as  a  sign  of  good  land,  but  this  is  sometimes  deceptive.  By  boring 
in  apparently  good  hammocks,  pure  sand  to  the  depth  of  four  to  six 
fe^  resting  on  a  compact  basis  has  been  found,  to  which  the  roots  of 
trees  could  penetrate  and  find  ample  support  from  the  vegetable 
mould  and  water  there  arrested.  This  would  not  be  desirable  for 
planting.  A  region  known  as  the  high  pine  woods,  several  miles 
orood,  ranging  North  and  South,  has  been  traced  more  than  fifty 
miles.  The  timber  is  larger  and  more  thrifty  than  on  either  side, 
the  soil  is  not  deep  but  uncommonly  rich,  and  resting  on  an  immense 
bed  of  marine  shells.  In  many  places  wells  have  been  sunk  a 
hundred  feet  without  passing  through  this  remarkable  deposit.  New*- 
nansville  is  located  about  four  miles  to  the  east  of  it ;  Gainesville 
fifteen  miles. 

Florida,  to  use  a  common  term  of  the  country,  is  very  spotted. 
The  general  character  of  the  State  is  sandy  pine  lands,  while  spots 
are  scattered  over  the  surface  varying  from  one  to  many  thousand 
acres  of  greater  richness  and  fertility.  The  districts  bordering  the 
Chipola  and  Apalaohicola  Rivers  of  Tallahassee,  Alachua  and  the 
hammocks  on  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 'coasts  belong  to  the  latter 
description,  but  the  pine  lands  constitute  by  iar  the  greater  portion 
of  the  State.  Uniformly  healthy  and  well  watered,  and  enjoying  a 
milder  climate  than  any  other  Southern  State,  it  is,  by  reason  of  the 
faicJity  and  ease  with  which  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  life  may 
be  ^oyed,  emphatically  tbe  poor  man's  country.  In  passing  through 
the  State  in  whatever  direction,  the  eye  is  attracted  to  spots,  on  the 
margin  of  a  lake,  near  a  bold  crystal  spring,  or  on  the  border  of  a 
stream,  where  a  man  with  moderate  industry  might  make  a  delightful 
home,  and  embellish  it  with  vines  and  orange  and  olive  trees,  the 
cul^vation  of  which,  in  bearing,  would  suffice  to  maintain  his  family."^ 
There  is  scarcely  any  soil  so  poor  that  it  cannot,  without  much 

*  Mr.  Jefl^raon,  In  his  interesUng  letter  on  the  rabject  of  the  ollre,  which  ho  thinks  ftfTorda 
sustenance  to  a  greater  nnmber  of  persons  than  can  be  affKtled  by  any  given  space  of  ground 
oceupfed  by  any  other  prodnoUon,  deolares  that  a  tbw  oHro-trees  are  snffioient  to  sspport  a- 
TlUage. 


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388  FLORIDA — ^PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE. 

labor,  be  permanently  improved  so  as  to  produce  fruit  trees  of  the 
most  luxuriant  growth.  The  delightful  groves  around  the  palace  of 
St.  Ildefonso  in  Spain  are  formed  of  trees  planted  in  holes  cut  out 
of  the  solid  rock,  and  filled  with  earth  brought  from  a  distance.  The 
soil  of  the  vineyards  of  Los  Angeles  and  Arrahoim,  California,  is  a 
deep  light  warm  sand,  which  to  t£e  inexperienced  eye  looks  as  though 
it  were  too  poor  to  produce  any  valuable  vegetable  growth.  In  those 
places  where  water  runs  through  it  for  a  few  days,  all  the  mould  is 
dissolved  and  carried  off,  leaving  a  white  and  almost  pure  sand.  The 
soil  is  so  dry  that  cultivation  is  possible  only  with  the  assistance  of 
irrigation.  The  Sacramento  vineyards  are  also  planted  in  sandy 
loam.  The  olive,  the  orange,  the  fig  and  the  vine  are  thrifly  and 
astonishingly  pruductive  in  the  vicinity  of  Los  Angelos.  In  Madeira 
the  vines  are  mostl  y  planted  in  sandy  and  stony  soiL  The  soil 
round  Sorrento  in  Italy  is  very  nearly  as  light  and  sandy  as  any 
portion  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  and  vineyards  and  olive  orchards, 
and  cocooneries  are  part  of  the  agricultural  wealth  there.* 

Following  the  definitions  of  an  eminent  Grerman  treatise  upon 
agriculture,  f  the  constituent  mixtures  of  the  soil  are  the  earth's 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  sometimes  magnesia  ;  portions  of  iron  and 
other  elementary  substances  are  found  in  it,  but  these  latter  are 
always  in  smaller  proportions  than  the  earth's.  Besides  these 
simple  substances,  fertile  lands  contain  an  exceedingly  compound 
matter  called  mould,  vegetable  mould,  vegeto-animal  earth,  etc., 
which  differs  so  materially  from  earth  properly  so  called  that  it  ought 
never  to  be  confounded  with  it.  To  distinguish  it  from  primitive 
earths  it  is  designated  by  the  Latin  word  humvs.  One  of  the  prin- 
eipal  distinctions  between  earths  and  htnnus  is  that  no  agent  has 
been  found  by  which  the  former  can  be  decomposed — ^they  cannot  be 
destroyed  or  changed ;  kumuSy  on  the  contrary,  is  very  susceptible 
of  decomposition ;  being  matter  produced  solely  by  animal  vegetable 
life,  it  can  be  changed  or  destroyed. 

Silica  and  alumina  are  the  abundant  earths,  lime  next ;  magnesia, 
once  confounded  with  earths,  is  now  recorded  as  a  simple  substance. 
The  color  of  all  earths  is  pure  white ;  the  hue  which  they  exhibit 
arises  from  the  admixture  of  other  substances,  chiefly  oxide  of  iron. 
Silica  derives  its  name  from  silex,  which  as  well  as  quartz  is  almost 
entirely  composed  of  it.  No  acid  but  fluorio  will  dissolve  it. 
Alumina  is  mostly  contained  in  the  compound  mass  called  potter's 
earth  or  clay ;  alumina  is  the  earth  next  to  silica,  found  most 
frequently  and  in  great  abundance  in  soils.  It  has  a  great  affinity 
for  other  earths,  and  combined  with  silica,  forms  the  compound 
called  clay ;  clay  in  drying  always  contracts  and  loses  a  portion 
of  its  bulk.  Lime  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  substances  in  nature 
— ^it  is  a  compound  of  calcium  and  oxygen.  Carbonate  of  lime, 
known  as  crude  lime,  is  the  base  of  limestone  and  chalk ;  subjected 
to  great  heat,  it  forms  quick  or  calcined   lime.      Gypsum,   or 

*  Journal  of  *  Reftidenoe  on  ft  G«orglft  Plftntation,  bf  Froaoet  Anne  KemU^  p^  168. 
t  Principles  of  Agricnltare,  by  Albert  D.  Thaer. 


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FLORIDA — PAST,   PRESENT,   AND  FUTURE.  389 

sulphate  of  lime,  results  from  the  union  of  lime  with  sulphuric 
acid.  Marl  is  a  combination  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  clay.  The 
two  bodies  are  frequently  in  so  complete  a  state  of  amalgamation 
that  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish  the  particles  of  one  from  the 
other,  even  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope.  The  agents  by  which 
the  union  has  been  effected  have  not  as  yet  been  discovered.    The 

Proportions  of  lime  and  clay  are  various,  sometimes  equal  quantities, 
[agnesia  is  less  diffusible  than  the  earths ;  in  its  natural  state  it 
resembles  carbonate  of  lime.  Hurmis  is  that  portion  of  the  soil 
from  which  plants  derive  their  nourishment.  The  richness  of  the 
soil,  or  that  quality  which  it  possesses  when  it  is  said  to  be  fat, 
depends  essentially  upon  the  proportion  of  humus  which  it  contains. 
In  examining  a  soil  attention  ought  to  be  directed,  first,  to  the  sand ; 
second  to  the  clay  ;  and  third  to  the  humus  which  it  contains,  having 
regard  also  to  certain  alkaline  and  earthy  salts.  The  qualitity  of 
sand  and  clay  is  found  by  washing,  humus  by  burning.  The  pres- 
ence or  absence  of  carbonate  of  lime  maybe  determined  by  treating 
the  soil  with  nitric  acid  slightly  diluted  with  water.  This  will  be 
important  as  a  guide  in  the  application  of  lime  or  marl  as  a  fertilizer. 
It  is  therefore  seen  that  plants  would  grow  in  pure  sand  or  pure 
clay,  or  both  in  combination,  just  as  readily  as  to  quartz  or  slate 
rocks.  All  the  elements  of  fertile  soils  exist  in  Florida — silica, 
alumina,  lime,  marl,  humus  in  abundance,  and  an  excessive  vegetation. 
These  are  accessible  to  all,  and  skillfully  combined.  Compost  can 
be  formed,  adapted  to  any  land  to  make  poor  land  rich,  and  to  keep 
it  so.  *The  numerous  rivers,  lakes,  sea  arms  and  bays  which 
complete  a  vast  system  of  irrigation,  and  thus  furnish  great 
facilities  of  water  conveyance ;  the  natural  growth,  and  the  capa- 
bilities of  the  soil  for  the  varied  productions  of  the  temperate  and 
the  torrid  zones ;  and  the  established  salubrity  of  the  climate,  leave 
nothing  to  be  desired  in  Brazil  or  Mexico,  unless,  perhaps,  the  social 
advantages  of  the  latter  country.  Even  there,  morning  calls,  visits 
and  re-unions,  possess  the  same  characteristics  as  in  other  parts  of 
the  world.  Friends  meet  as  lovingly,  talk  as  scandalously,  hate  each 
other  as  cordially,  and  lie  as  gracefully  as  in  the  most  polished  cities 
of  Europe. 

fThe  vine,  the  olive,  the  orange  and  the  fig  are  valuable  productions, 
peculiarly  adapted  to  Florida.  The  orange  North  of  the  30th 
parallel  of  latitude  is  liable  to  injury  occasionally  from  frost,  and^ 
the  olive  and  the  fig  do  not  thrive  South  of  the  line  of  27:30. 
Grapes  of  many  varieties  are  grown  all  ever  the  State  and  in  great 
perfection.  In  Key  West  three  crops  a  year  are  produced  from  the 
same  vine.  Among  the  many  reasons  why  wine  making  from  the 
grape  should  be  encouraged,  the  statement  has  been  made  from  high 
authority  that  "  the  history  of  the  human  race  proves  most  clearly 
and  without  a  single  exception,  that  there  never  was  in  any  nation  a 

*  Letter  of  DarlA  Eirart  to  tbe  Hon.  Chanoellor  Johnson  of  South  Carolina,  September 

iBt^isse. 

t  OoatomBla,  or  the  United  Prorlnces  of  Central  Americ*.    By  Henrj  Dnnn,  Kew  York, 
18S8. 


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S90  PLOBIDA— PAST,   PRESEIfT,  AND  FUTURE, 

popular  development  of  science,  literature  and  the  fine  arts,  until 
after  t)ie  introduction  of  the  culture  of  the  grape  vine,  or  as  in 
England  and  Sweden,  afler  a  facilitated  importation  of  wine.  The 
latest  chemical  analyses  have  proved  that  wine  contains  combinations 
of  phosphorus,  which  is  a  most  important  nourishment  of  the  brain, 
and  upon  which  its  highest  development  depends.  For  the  individual, 
wine  may  not  be  a  condition  without  which  no  great  work  of  the 
mind  can  be  produced,  but  it  is  so  with  nations.  No  great  minds  can 
arise  in  a  nation  in  which  there  is  not  a  large  number  of  men  of 
great  brains.  Hence,  the  religion  of  the  Jews  aclcnowledges  the 
grape-vine  as  a  gift  of  Grod  after  the  flood  to  prevent  another  sinking 
of  the  human  race.  *Hence  in  the  religion  of  Christians,  the 
wine  is  holy  as  an  indispensable  link  between  the  Lord  and  mankind. 
Hence,  only  M^ammedanism  forbids  the  use  of  wine;  of  course, 
without  any  good  effect  whatever,  but  introducing  the  use  of  opium, 
hemp-juice  and  other  dangerous  substitutes,  f  Hence  the  national 
want  of  wine  promotes  the  dangerous  use  of  alcohol,  and  with  it 
drunkenness. 

In  the  wine-producing  countries  of  Europe,  Italy,  which  approaches 
nearest  to  Florida  in  climate,  shows  the  highest  yield  to  the  acre. 
The  average  production  of  Europe  is : 

Acres.  Gallons.    Gls.  pr.  ac> 

Austria  and  her  Provinces 2,685,950  714,000,000  265  5-6 

Greece  and  Grecian  Islands 41,718  8,100,000  195  8-10 

Italy 2,887,970  1,276,000,000  441  1-2 

Switzerland  and  Belginm 76,400  2,600,000  83  8-8 

France 5,018,774  1,820,000,000  186  2-7 

Spain 956,004  144,000,000  161  7-10 

Portugal 288,761  25,600,000  108  8-10 

Total 11.986,442    3,490,934,000    260  4-10 

Germany 850,888         62,105,000     146  7-10 

Ionian  Islands  for  Raisens,  over  42,000,000  lbs. 

It  is  thus  seen  the  average  number  of  acres  under  wine  cultivation 
in  Europe  is  12,285,780,  and  the  total  average  yield  of  wine  is 
3,640,039,000  gallons,  which  at  the  low  estimate  of  twenty-five 
cents  per  gallon  gives  the  enormous  sum  of  $885,009,^750.  This  in 
Italy  amounts  to  $110  37  per  acre.  The  official  statistics  present 
1,320,000,000  gallons  of  wine  of  all  kinds  as  an  average  crop  in 
France.  This  quantity  of  wine  in  barrels  of  45  gallons  each,  piled 
crosswise,  five  tiers  high,  would  reach  across  the  Atlantic  from 
London  to  Washington. 

*  As  expressed  by  a  modem  Latin  poet : 

**  Omnia  vastatlt  era o  qanm  oemeret  arvls, 
DeBolata  Deas,  nobit  (ellola  vInt 
Donadedit;  tristeB-hominom  qnomanere  fovlt 
Beliqnias  mnndl  solatus  vite  raioam.^ 

(Therefore  when  God  saw  the  desolation  of  the  Delttee  he  gare  mankind  the  blessed  gift  of 
wine.  Having  solaced  the  rained  world  by  the  vine,  He  rejoieed  by  that  present  the  preserved 
remnant  of  our  race.) 

t  Throoghout  the  whole  of  Persia  the  graoe-vine  is  coltivated.  Notwithstanding  that 
most  of  the  inhabitants  profess  the  religion  of  Mohammed,  they  drink  wine  In  secret,  as  they 
formerly  did  pabllcly.  The  samo  is  practiced  by  the  inhabitants  of  Turkey,  Egypt  and  the 
Barbery  BUtes.    Bee  Qrape  Goltorc  and  Wine  Making,  by  A.  Harasithy,  Hew  Tork,  18A 


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FliOBIDA— PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE.  291 

Italian  wines  are  mostly  used  for  home  oonsinnption,  though  the 
small  island  of  Sidly  exports  annually  upwards  of  25,000  barrels 
of  Marsala.  Candia  formerly  sent  200,000  casks  of  Malmsey  to 
the  Adriatic.  The  exports.of  Spain  are  large.  Portugal  sends  from 
Oporto  8,320,000  gallons  of  the  Vinos  de  Fectoria,  to  which  a 
twelfth  part  of  brandy  is  added  after  the  first  fermentation,  wben  it 
becomes  the  port  wine  of  commerce.  Madeira  formerly  produced 
over  3,120,000.  The  African  Islands  of  Teneriffe  and  the  Canaries 
produce  large  quantities  of  wine.  St.  Michael  and  Pico  of  the 
Azores,  some  3,000,000  gallons  of  excellent  wine.  Only  beneath 
Italian  skies  can  Lacrima  Christi,  Vino  Santo,  Malvasie  and  other 
wines  of  pleasing  taste  and  exquisite  bouquet  be  produced.  Spain 
gives  us  Sherry  from  Xexes,  and  from  Madeira  comes  a  wine  of 
unrivaled  delicacy  and  fVagrance.  The  richest  wines  are  produced 
in  the  Canaries,  the  Islands  of  Cyprus  and  in  other  parts  of  the 
Levant  lying  in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Florida.  The  wines  of 
Lesbos  and  of  Chios  inspired  Grecians  of  the  classic  age,  and 
Horace  has  made  the  Flemian  and  Ceculian  wines  of  Rome  immortal. 

The  Spaniards  early  transplanted  the  vine  to  St.  Augustine,  which 
is  still  cultivated  and  produces  a  superior  wine  grape.  *There  is 
scarcely  a  settlement  in  the  State  where  the  vine  has  been  planted 
that  it  does  not  flourish  and  bear  abundantly.  In  the  forests,  wild 
vines  climb  to  the  tops  of  the  loftiest  trees,  or  trail  on  the  ground, 
laden  with  large  clusters  of  fruit.  North  of  Florida,  the  Black 
Hamburgh  and  other  delicate  European  grapes  can  only  be  grown 
under  glass;  here  they  succeed  as  perfectly  in  the  open  air  as  in  the 
countries  where  they  are  indigenous. 

During  the  war  the  South  displayed  remarkable  self-sustainins 
energy,  and  a  capacity  of  adaptation  to  changing  circumstances  which 
surprised  the  North.  Her  proudest  triumph  and  real  glory  now 
consists  in  shaking  off  the  prejudices  of  the  past,  and  in  keeping 
pace  with  events  which  follow  a  great  political  and  social  revolution. 

When  ''  Les  Etats  Generaux  "  of  France  assembled  at  the  call  of 
Louis  XVf.  in  1789,  all  the  landed  estates  of  the  kingdom  were 
owned  by  the  church,  the  nobility  and  the  crown.  The  State  derived 
no  revenue  from  the  soil ;  it  was  either  let  out  to  "  Fermers^^  who 
paid  all  the  taxes,  besides  the  rent,  or  cultivated  on  'shares  by  serfs. 
This  landed  monopoly,  which  had  been  the  corner-stone  of  feudalism, 
was  overthrown  by  the  Republic;  lands  were  parceled  out,  sold 
very  cheap,  and  often  forced  into  the  hands  of  the  *'  sans  culottes  " — 

f^lebians.  The  result  of  this  social  revolution  has  been  wonderful. 
n  the  year  1789  the  population  of  France  was  only  18,000,000. 
After  tw€«ty'five  years  of  continuous  and  gigantic  wars,  when  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  reduced  her  to  boundaries  with  which  she  began 
her  career  of  conquest  and  aggrandizement^  it  has  increased  to 
28,000,000.    The  census  of  1866  shows  40,000,000.     \l&eiovQ  her 

•  Three  Tftrietlea,  ft  Maek,  a  purple  and  a  white  grape,  are  most  eiteemed.  The  two  lint 
named  ara  lald  to  have  been  darired  firom  Madeira,  of  Cretan  origin.  The  rinet  trained  on 
arbore  are  moet  proliflo. 

t  The  rate  of  Inoreaie  barbeaa  firom  1817  to  IMO,  190,000  annnaUy ;  1846  to  liBST,  onl/  1,4a 
per  annum. 


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892  swinton's  abmy  of  the  potomac. 

great  revdutioii,  France  was  pertodioally  scourged  bj  fomine ;  abject 
poverty  was  the  normal  state  of  the  French  "  paysan." 

The  area  of  land  under  cultivation  in  grain  (1789)  was  estimated 
at  about  5,240,000,  and  the  yield  96,000^000  bushels.  In  1861  the 
area  of  land  devoted  to  grain  cultivation  was  officially  reported  at 
20,000,000, 3rielding  360,000,000  bushels.  The  same  official  statistics 
show  in  France  2,900,000  horses,  900,000  mules  and  asses,  12,000,000 
cattle,  35,000,000  sheep,  5,500,000  swine  and  1,000,000  goats. 

The  division  of  landed  estates  is  far  more  minute  than  in  any  other 
country  of  Europe  or  even  of  the  United  States.  In  a  few  depart- 
ments may  be  found  estates  of  two  hundred  acres ;  but  they  are  rare 
and  daily  becoming  more  so,  as  the  law  divides  the  realty  equally 
among  the  children.  The  greater  portion  of  the  farms  are  now  less 
than  twenty  acres.  The  tax  rolls  show  that  in  1848  there  were 
5,000,000  of  farmers,  each  paying  less  than  one  dollar  taxes.  With 
these  sub-divisions,  in  the  wine  districts  especially,  the  price  of  land 
during  the  past  fifcy  years  has  been  on  the  increase.  For  example, 
a  lot  of  24  hectares  (57  acres),  purchased  in  1824  for  4,500  francs 
($900),  owned  by  the  family  of  a  gentleman  now  in  Florida,  sold  in 
1859  for  180,000  francs  or  $36,000. 

The  moral  influence  of  the  parcelment  of  land  is  not  more  striking 
than  the  material  progress.  In  1789  reading  and  writing  was  abso- 
lutely in  the  hands  of  the  clergy — ^no  paysan  knew  how  to  read,  and 
many  noblemen  could  not  sign  their  contracts ;  no  such  thing  as  a 
public  school  was  to  be  found  in  the  whole  kingdom.  As  a  conse- 
quence, the  bagnios  of  Toulon,  Brest,  Rochefort  and  Lorient  were 
full  of  convicts,  the  prisons  of  the  interior  swarmed  with  criminals. 
The  present  state  of  education  has  advanced  almost  in  the  ratio  of 
the  decrease  of  crime.  Statistics  of  1861  show  less  crime  in  France 
with  a  population  of  40,000,000  than  in  Ohio  with  a  population  of 
only  2,000,000. 

The  great  want  of  Florida  is  population.  By  encouraging  the 
migration  of  a  sober,  industrious  people  to  the  State,  skilled  in  the 
cultivation  of  the  vine,  the  olive  and  the  silk-worm,  the  door  to 
prosperity  unprecedented  in  her  history  will  be  opened  wide. 


ART.  YII.-SWINTON'S  ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC- 

This  is  the  title  of  a  late  and  excellent  book.  As  a  work  of  art, 
it  is  elaborate.  As  a  commentary,  it  is  calm  and  dispassionate. 
CJombined  with  nervous  energy,  which  always  commands  attention, 
the  style  is  graceful,  perspicuous  and  dear.  Had  a  century  elapsed 
since  the  termination  of  the  campaigns  on  the  Potomac,  the  author 
could  not  have  treated  the  subject  more  dispassionately.  Recog- 
nizing this,  a  conviction  of  truth  is  steadily  forced  upon  the  mind  of 
the  reader,  and  false  impressions,  error,  passion  and  prejudice  are 
dissipated.     Any  hbtory,  discolored  by  passion,  and  oleared  with 


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SWINTON's  army  op  the  POTOMAC.  893 

falsehood,  is  in&roous.  To  its  ample,  and  we  might  say,  sacred,, 
page,  posterity,  always  inquisitive,  must  look  for  precedents.  Mr. 
Swinton  has  vindicated  the  truth  of  history,  and  for  this  we  thank 
him.  In  this,  too,  he  is  fortunate.  The  historian  who  is  able, 
either  by  earnestness  of  style  or  of  logic,  to  impress  his  readers 
with  his  own  integrity,  has,  at  a  single  bound,  gained  an  ascendency 
which  will  enable  him  to  lead  wherever  he  would.  We  eagerly 
follow  him  through  a  long  succession  of  brave,  brilliant  and 
bloody  encounters.  Unvarnished  truth,  however,  oflen  becomes 
mere  platitude,  and  is  particularly  hideous  when  applied  to  war, 
unless  covered  by  the  mantle  of  fancy  and  expression.  To  with- 
draw the  curtain  from  this  colossal  panorama,  this  tragedy  of  forty 
stupendous  acts,  in  which  heroes  eagerly  offered  themselves  to 
martyrdom,  is  not,  however,  a  mean  attempt.  Graceful  expression 
robs  war,  when  we  read  of  it,  of  many  of  its  horrors. 

Viewing  the  work  before  us  critically,  we  find  it  often  concise, 
though  not  obscure,  bold  but  graceful,  elaborate  and  classical.  A 
nice  perception  suppresses  useless  circumstances,  while  the  force  of 
language  conveys  to  the  mind  images  so  complete  as  to  transport  as 
if  hy  magic  into  the  very  so^ne  of  the  action. 

When  we  consider  the  labors  and  perplexities  so  oflen  incidental 
to  the  writer  of  history,  which  are  so  forcibly  adduced  by  Gibbon, 
who  says  (in  recounting  his  own  labors  and  distresses), "  surrounded 
on  every  side  with  imperfect  fragments,  always  concise,  often 
obscure,  and  sometimes  contradictory,  he  is  reduced  to  collect,  to 
compare  and  to  conjecture,  and  thus  to  place  his  conjectures  in  the 
rank  of  facts,"  we  find  that  Mr.  Swinton's  labors  have  been  com- 
paratively light.  Being  a  contemporary,  and  nearly  the  whole  time 
an  actual  observer,  he  has  had  opportunities  and  faciUties  rarely 
enjoyed  by  the  historian.  A  glance  at  the  design  of  the  work 
shows  it  to  be  full,  but  fullness  and  harmony  of  design,  unless 
accompanied  by  accuracy  of  detail,  though  they  leave  us  dazzled 
and  charmed,  leave  us  at  the  same  time  uncertain  and  perplexed. 
Without  doubt,  much  of  importance  has  escaped  the  observation 
of  Mr.  Swinton,  but  he  has  displayed  great  skill  in  detecting  and 
giving  prominence  to  the  points  of  real  weight  and  value,  while  a 
nice  ^'  distinction  of  light  and  shade,"  together  with  his  method  of 
arrangement,  makes  the  work,  on  the  whole,  admirably  complete. 

With  but  a  passing  allusion  to  the  cause  of  the  war,  the  writer 
utterly  discards  the  ethical  question  of  right  and  wrong,  and  his 
reflections,  always  calm  but  forcible,  display  nothing  of  the  passions 
of  the  partisan,  but  rather  the  severe  criticism  of  a  master  on  the 
science  of  war.  Grand  combinations  and  profound  strategy  are 
readily  and  ably  discussed,  the  strategic  march  and  quick  evolution 
in  battle  are  applauded  or  censured  judiciously.  The  causes  of 
success  and  failure  are  naturally  and  clearly  pointed  out,  and  with 
the  true  instinct  of  genius,  the  author  rapidly  seizes  upon  and 
develops  the  plans  of  campaigns  conceived,  matured,  and  acted 
upon  by  the  greatest  generals.    Himself  a  zealous  student  of  the 


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394  swinton's  abmy  of  thjs  potomao. 

art  of  war,  he  boldly  critiolses  the  most  brilUaiit  achievements  and 
signd  failures  of  such  masters  as  Lee  and  Grant  Writing  at  the 
moment  that  one  of  these  commanders  is  receiving  the  most  flat- 
tering ovations  from  every  quarter,  his  strictures  seem  peculiarly 
bold.  They  are  not  always  conveyed  by  implication,  as  in  the  fol* 
lowing,  in  which  he  says . 

*'It  would  seem  that  in  this  War  of  the  People  it  Was  decreed  there  should 
arise  DO  imperial  presence  to  become  the  central  figure  and  cynosure  of  men's 
eyes,  Napoleon,  in  an  outburst  of  haughty  eloouence,  exclaims  that  in  the 
great  armies  of  history  tlie  commander  was  everythioj^.  '  It  was  not,'  says  he, 
\the  Roman  army  that  conquered  Gaul,  but  Csesar ;  it  was  not  the  Carthsfi- 
nian  army  that  made  Rome  tumble  at  her  gaten,  but  Hannibal ;  it  was  not  we 
Macedonian  army  that  marched  to  the  Indus,  but  Alexander ;  it  was  not  the 
Prussian  army  that  defended  Prussia  for  seven  years  against  the  three  most 
powerful  States  of  Europe,  but  Frederick.'  This  proud  apotheosis  has  no 
application  to  the  Army  of  tlie  Potomac,  and  one  must  think — seeing  it  never 
had  a  great,  and  generally  had  mediocre  commanders — ^it  might  be  said,  that 
What  whatever  it  won,  it  owed  not  to  genius^  but  bought  with  its  blood." 

That  the  Army  of  the  Potomac — the  "  Grand  Army"  of  the 
North,  composed  of  the  finest  troops,  wi(;h  the  most  splendid  and 
complete  appointments  ever  yet  boni^  by  an  army,  should  have 
never  had,  during  its  whole  existence,  a  great  commander,  seems 
wonderful ;  but  it  is  a  point  long  since  conceded  by  all  who  have 
studied  the  course  of  those  *'  ten  campaigns  and  two-score  battles,'^ 
in  which  more  than  six  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  men 
suffered  death  or  wounds.  This  fearful  aggregate,  when  viewed 
in  connection  with  opportunities  lost,  reasonably  sustains  Mr. 
Swinton  in  his  assertion. 

Confronted  at  every  point  by  an  able  adversary,  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  deserved  better  leaders.  To  the  army  itself  he  justly 
ascribes  every  merit.  Rarely  imputing  fault  to  the  materiel^  he  is 
constanUy  doing  so,  though  never  in  an  undignified  or  personal  man- 
ner to  the  generals.  After  graphically  describing  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  giving  it  unqualified  praise  for  loyalty,  devotibn  and 
labor,  he  tunis  to  that  of  Northern  Virginia,  and  says  : 

"  Nor  can  there  &il  to  arise  the  image  of  that  other  army  that  was  the  adver- 
sary of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac — and  which  who  can  ever  forget  that  once 
.  looked  upon  it  ? — that  array  of  tattered  uniforms  and  bright  muskets — that  body 
of  incomparable  infantry,  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia — which  for  four  years 
carried  the  revolt  on  its  bayonets,  opposing  a  constant  front  to  the  mighty  oon- 
oentration  of  power  brought  as^sb  it ;  which  receiving  terrible  blows  did  not 
fail  to  give  the  like,  and  which  vital  in  all  its  parts  died  only  with  its  annihi- 
laUon.'^ 

This  handsome  tribute  to  a  fallen  foe,  to  brave  men,  who  for  over 
four  years  strutted  on  the  bosom  of  Virginia,  "  scornful  of  winter's 
frost  and  summer's  sun,"  bearing  with  them  the  destiny  of  eight 
millions  of  freemen,  and  conscious  of  the  trust,  is  not  unworthy  of  an 
able  and  generous  writer.  So  often  have  our  brave  armies  been  re- 
viled and  abused  by  unworthy  empirics  who  can  only  write  o^t^e, 
that  wo  feel  like  thanking  Mr.  Swinton  when  he  does  us  bat  sheer 


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SWINTON's  ABMY  of  the  POTOMAC.  885 

justice.  From  him  posterity  will  learn  that  an  army  of  heroes, 
otherwise  called  an  ''  Army  of  traitors,"  lived  confronted  and  dared 
to  die  for — a  dream ! 

Lord  Karnes,  in  his  Elements  of  Criticism,  observes  that  to  draw  a 
character  is  the  master-stroke  of  description.  In  this  Tacitus  above 
all  authors  excels,  and  for  this  reason  he  is  more  readily  and  easily 
understobd,  than  almost  any  historian  of  ancient  times.  Unfortu- 
nately, Mr.  Swiqton  seems  not  to  have  appreciated  the  importance 
of  presenting  living  portraits  of  the  prominent  men  whose  actions  he 
so  freely  discusses,  and  whidi  he  so  forcibly  throws  before  the  mind 
of  his  readers.  The  fault  being  one  of  omission  rather  than  commis- 
sion, is,  however,  venial.  He  gives  us  the  character  of  leading  men 
only  by  implication,  when  a  full  description  with  such  judicious  com- 
ments as  he  would  make,  would  pass  for  a  final  judgment.  We  de- 
plore the  omission !  To  his  short  description  of  Stonewall  Jackson 
alone,  we  must  look  for  comment  upon  the  Confederate  Generals. 
In  describing  the  action  of  Chancellorsville  he  says : 

"  Fifty  pieces  of  artillery  vomitaDg  their  missiles  athwart  the  night  sky  pour- 
ed swift  destractioQ  into  the  Confederate  ranks.  Thus  the  torrent  was  stemmed. 
Bat  more  than  all,  an  unseen  hand  had  struck  the  head  and  fropt  of  all  this  hos- 
tile menace.    Jackson  had  received  a  mortal  hurt  I 

'*  Thus  died  Stonewall  Jackson,  the  ablest  of  Lee's  lieutenants.  Jackson  was 
essentially  an  executive  officer,  and  in  this  sphere  he  was  incomparable.  De- 
void of  high  mental  parts,  and  destitute  of  that  power  of  planning  and  combina- 
tion, and  of  that  calm,  broad  military  intellect  which  distinguished  Gen.  Lee, 
whom  he  regarded  with  a  child-like  reverence,  and  whose  designs  he  loyed  to 
carry  out,  he  had  yet  those  elements  of  character  that  above  all  else  inspire 
itoc^  A  fanatic  in  rdiffion.  fully  believing  he  was  destined  by  Heaven  to 
beat  his  enemy  wherever.be  encountered  him,  he  infused  something  of  his  own 
fervent  faith  into  his  men,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  had  trained  a  corps 
whose  attacks  in  column  were  unique  and  irresistible :  and  it  was  noticed  that 
Lee  ventured  upon  no  strokes  of  audacity  after  Jackson  had  passed  away.' 

Our  author,  however,  designed  to  describe  not  men  but  war,  and 
he  has  done  it  to  the  life.  Describing  the  "  famous  charge  of  Pick- 
ett's Division  at  Gettysburg,  we  are  forcibly  reminded  of  the  beauti- 
fbl  lines  of  Ossian : 

*'  As  roll  a  thousand  waves  to  the  rocks,  so  Swaran's  host  came  on. 
As  meets  a  rock  a  thousand  waves,  so  Inisfaii  met  Swaran." 

Both  descriptions,  clothed  in  beautiful  language,  show  the  ad- 
vancing— compressed — and  now  receding  lines — ^now  moving  on- 
ward in  the  consciousness  of  strength — for  a  moment  hesitating  and 
then  broken,  shattered  and  destroyed.  As  the  waves  upon  the  rock 
they  recoil,  struggle  and  die. 

The  closing  scene  of  the  drama — the  surrender  of  Gen.  Lee  and 
his  brave  veterans,  we  eztract^rom  Mr.  Swinton's  pages.     He  says : 

**  In  the  course  of  the  afternoon  the  result  of  this  momentous  interview  [the 
surrender]  became  known  to  both  armies,  and  then  all  the  intense,  yet  strangely 
diverse  emotions  which  the  inteUlgenee  was  calculated  to  evoke,  broke  out  in 


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81>6  USURPERS  AND  TYRANTS. 

mAnifestations  that  pass  all  words  of  description.  On  the  Union  side  there  was 
joy  unmixed  and  unrestrained,  the  joy  of  men  that  had  g^ne  through  great  trib- 
ulation, the  joy  of  an  army  that,  often  unfortunate  and  ever  appreciated,  saw  at 
length  unparalleled  labors  crowned  by  the  illustrious  success.  On  the  Con- 
federate side  there  was  a  kind  of  joy  to<> — such  Bad  joy  as  men  feel  when  a  lon$; 
agony  is  oyer.  Yet  there  could  not  fail  to  be  deep  anguish  in  their  hearts ;  and 
this  burst  forth  when  Gen.  Lee  rode  through  the  ranks.  Whole  lines  of  battle 
rushed  up  to  their  beloyed  old  chief,  and  choking  with  emotion,  struggled  with 
each  other  to  wring  him  once  more  by  the  hand.  Men  who  had  fought  through- 
out the  war,  and  knew  what  the  agony  and  humiliation  of  that  moment  must 
be  to  him,  etroye  with  a  refinement  of  unselfishness  and  tenderness  which  he 
alone  could  jfully  appreciate  to  lighten  his  burden  and  mitigate  his  pain.  With 
tears  pouring  down  both  cheeks,  Gen.  Lee  at  length  commanded  yoice  enough 
to  say,  '  Men,  we  haye  fought  through  the  war  together.  I  have  done  the  best 
that  I  could  for  you.'    Not  an  eye  that  looked  on  that  scene  was  dry." 

In  closing  the  book,  we  feel  that  the  writer  has  faithfully  executed 
his  task  ;  and  although  an  invidious  and  unworthy  vanity  might  have 
led  us,  by  close  and  critical  scrutiny,  to  the  detection  of  errors  and 
inaccuracies,  we  do  not  feel  that  it  is  our  province  to  do  this. 


ART.  YIII.-  USDBPEBS  AND  TYRANTSH)RIGIN  OF  GOVERlfMENT. 

It  is  strange  that  so-called  philosophers  should  be  continually 
indulging  in  d  priori  speculations  as  to  the  origin  and  character  of 
government,  whilst  all  history  is  replete,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of 
other  matter,  with  accounts  of  the  beginnings  of  new  forms  of 
political  governments,  and  governments  on  a  small  scale  originate 
daily  within  the  sphere  of  every  one's  observation.  They  are  all 
identically  alike,  in  origin  and  in  character — all  begin  in  usurpaliony 
and  all  are  contintted  by  force.  Never  did  a  government,  paternal, 
patriarchal,  monarchical,  aristocratic,  Republican,  or  Democratic, 
begin  otherwise,  and  never  was  one  otherwise  continued.  Indeed, 
human  imagination  can  conceive  and  human  ingenuity  can  devise 
no  other  mode  for  their  inception  or  continuance. 

Usurpers  who  have  beheaded  or  expelled  weak,  imbecile  and 
effete  dynasties,  and  instituted  new  forms  of  government,  or  modi- 
fied old  ones,  and  tyrants  who  have,  by  rigid  rule  and  inexorable 
force,  sustained  and  continued  such  usurped  power,  have  justly  been 
considered  the  greatest  of  mankind.  Sucn  were  the  Caesars  in 
Rome,  the  Capets  in  France,  and  the  Plantagenets  and  Tudors  in 
England.  The  Plantagenets  and  Tudors  were  almost  half  of  them 
usurpers,  and  most  of  them  tyrants.  Those  who  were  not  tyrants 
were  too  amiable  for  rule,  unpopular  with  their  subjects,  and,  like 
the  Stuarts  of  England  and  Louis  XVf.  of  France,  invited  and 
begat  revolution  and  usurpation  by  their  very  virtues — virtues  that 
would  have  adorned  private  life,  but  which  disqualified  them  for 
imperial  dominion.  But  it  is  not  only  in  Rome,  France,  and  Eng- 
land that  we  find  government  beginning  with  usurpation.     Every 


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USURPERS  AND  TYRANTS.  897 

dynasty  in  Europe,  naj,  in  the  world,  began  with  usurpation,  more 
or  less  obvious  and  flagrant. 

We  see  the  parental  family  government,  the  types  and  probably 
the  first  of  all  government,  beginning  every  day,  not  hy  consent, 
compact,  or  contract,  but  in  all  cases  by  usurpation.  Parents 
never  ask  their  children  whether  they  shall  govern  them  or  not. 
They  assume  or  usurp  government  over  them,  and  continue  to 
govern  them,  not  by  persuading  or  reasoning  with  them,  but  by 
arbitrary  force,  formerly  by  occasional  salutary  applications  of  the 
rod,  now  by  locking  them  up,  making  them  study  and  recite  a  chap- 
ter or  so  from  the  Bible,  putting  them  to  bed  in  the.  day  time,  or 
denying  them  their  meals.  Still,  ia  the  family,  all  rule  begins  by 
usurpation,  and  is  continued  by  physical  force.  To  persuade  chil- 
dren, servants,  or  other  subordinates  to  perform  one's  requirements, 
undermines  authority,  destroys  respect,  fear  and  prestige,  and  in- 
vites disobedience  and  insubordination.  To  give  reasons  for  our 
commands  to  inferiors  is  the  extreme  of  folly,  for  we  thus  encourage 
dissent  and  provoke  argument,  and  should  the  inferior  be  a  more 
ingenious  reasoner  than  ourselves,  he  might  overcome  us  in  argu- 
ment, and  to  be  consistent  we  should  have  to  withdraw  our  com- 
mands, however  proper,  because,  having  appealed  to  the  forum  of 
logic,  and  the  decision  being  against  us,  we  should  abide  by  that 
decision.  To  permit  subordinates  to  reason  with  us,  is  to  brins  in 
question  the  infallibility  of  our  own  judgments,  and,  infallibility 
gone,  the  whole  structure  of  human  government  falls  to  the 
ground.  It  all  consists  in  "  the  right  divine  to  govern  wrong,"  the 
chances  being,  however,  that  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  those  in 
power  will  govern  rightly. 

Children,  servants,  slaves,  subjects  and  all  other  inferiors,  should 
obey  their  superiors,  without  questioning  the  propriety  of  their 
requirements,  until  tyranny  becomes  intolerable.  Then  rebellion  or 
revolution  become  duties.  We  may  rebel  against  superiors,  but 
they  should  never  permit  us  to  argue  and  dispute  with  them.  Ask 
any  sesrcaptain  or  army  officer  if  we  are  not  right.  The  right  of 
private  judgment  may  be  very  innocently,  if  not  very  profitably, 
employed  in  building  up  and  governing  Utopias  in  the  closet,  but 
cannot  safely  be  exercised  in  the  practical  walks  of  life,  for  it  begets 
anarchy.  "  Obey  the  powers  that  be,"  usurpative  or  not,  is  the 
dictate  of  universal  experience,  of  nature  and  of  God.  All  estab- 
lished government  is  of  divine  right,  and  the  doctrine  is  so  admi- 
rably expressed  and  expounded  by  the  Apostles  that  we  quote  from 
them :  "  Render  to  Caesar  the  things  that  are  Csesar's ;"  "  Let  every 
soul  be  subject  to  the  higher  powers  :  for  there  is  no  power  but  of 
God  :  the  powers  that  be  are  ordained  of  God  ;  whoever,  therefore, 
resisteth  the  power,  resisteth  the  ordinance  of  God  ;  and  they  that 
resist  shall  receive  to  themselves  damnation."  "  Put  them  in  mind 
to  be  subject  to  principalities  and  powers,  and  to  obey  magistrates." 
**  Submit  yourself  to  every  ordinance  of  man,  for  the  Lord's  sake ; 
whether  it  be  the  King  as  supreme :  or  unto  governors  as  unto 


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898  USURPERS  AND  TTRANTS. 

« 
them  that  are  sent  by  him  for  the  punishment  of  evil-doers ;  and 
the  praise  of  them  that  do  well.''  Not  a  word  is  to  be  found  in 
the  Scriptures  about  social  contracts,  free  Governments  and  consent 
GoTemments.  Such  paradoxical  absurdities  are  medem  inventions 
of  silly  charlatans  and  of  ignorant  demagogues. 

In  looking  to  political  Gk)vemments  in  Europe,  it  is  obvious 
enough  that  their  Governments  began  with  usurpation,  and  are  con- 
tinued by  force.  This  fact,  though  not  so  obvious,  is  equally  true 
of  our  Republican  institutions,  State  and  Federal.  They,  in  their 
present  f»>rms,  originated  in  the  revolution  that  threw  off  from  us 
the  dominion  of  England.  That  revolution  was  a  series  of  usur- 
pations of  power,  from  beginning  to  end — ^as  are  all  revolutions.  It 
was  originated  by  a  few  master-spirits,  and  carried  on  and  controlled 
by  them.  The  people  but  acquiesced,  submitted  and  obeyed.  Re- 
publics, like  monarchies,  begin  with  usurpation ;  but  whilst  monar- 
chies are  only  initiated  by  usurpation,  and  carried  on  afterwards 
without  it,  elective  republics  and  democracies  can  only  be  sustiuned 
and  carried  by  a  continually  recurring  series  of  usurpations ;  for 
every  election,  from  that  of  a  constable  up  to  that  of  a  President,  is 
preceded  by  acts  of  usurpation,  by  public  meetings,  nominating 
conventions,  caucuses,  <fcc.  These  bodies  assume  or  usurp  power, 
control  parties,  and  thus  keep  alive  and  control  Governments, 
although  not  recognized  by  the  law  or  constitution  as  a  part  of  the 
Government,  or  as  having  any  power  whatever. 

Nominating  bodies  are  themselves  gotten  up  and  controlled  by 
the  grossest  usurpation.  A  few  selfoonstituted  political  leaders  get 
up  a  meeting  at  a  cross-road,  or.  a  court-house.  Some  one  usurps 
the  power  to  call  some  one  to  the  chair,  and  the  Chairman,  on 
motion  of  some  one,  appoints  a  committee  to  mak^  nominations. 
These  nominations  made,  and  the  party  considers  itself  in  that 
county,  state,  or  district,  bound  to  sustain  the  nominees.  Thus,  by 
daily  and  continued  usurpations  of  power,  are  our  Governments, 
State  and  Federal,  kept  a-going,  and  thus  only  oan  they  be  sus- 
tained, renewed,  and  kept  in  action.  The  consent  of  the  people  is 
not  given,  nor  even  asked.  They  quietly  submit  to  and  endorse  the 
nominations,  or  even  where  they  protest  against  them,  are  forced  to 
obey  the  nominees  after  their  election. 

No  new  Congress,  convention,  or  public  meeting  whatever  can  go 
into  operation  or  be  organized  for  action,  except  by  an  act  of  usurpa- 
tion on  the  part  of  some  one  who  undertakes  to  call  the  meeting  to 
order,  and  to  call  someone  to  the  chair.  Of  necessity,  therefore, 
all  government  begins  by  usurpation.  Even  military  usurpers 
usually  get  some  friend  or  friends  to  take  the  initiative  for  thera  ; 
but  they  are  none  the  less  usurpers.  The  machinery  by  which 
civilians  virtually  usurp  power  is  less  apparent,  and  is  not  accom- 
panied by  force ;  yet  they  too  are  self-appointed  and  self-elected, 
for  by  means  of  their  friends  they  set  the  machinery  in  motion  that 
attains  the  desired  result.  ^'Modesty  is  a  quidity  that  highly 
adorns  a  woman,"  but  is  a  sad  incumbrance  to  a  man.     In  fact,  it  is 


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KATIOKAL  DEBT  A  KATIOIf AL  BLESSma.  899 

only  self-elected  men  that  are  fitted  for  rule.  He  who  has  not  con- 
fidence in  himself  never  deserves  the  confidence  of  others.  Timid 
rulers  are  the  worst  of  rulers.  The  courage  that  usurps  power 
generally  sustains  a  man  in  wielding  it  with  confidence,  calm  delibe- 
ration and  ability.  Military  usurpers  have  ever  made  the  wisest 
and  greatest  sovereigns,  because  they  possessed  most  physical  and 
moral  courage,  had  most  confidence  in  themselves,  and  thereby 
commanded  the  confidence,  respect  and  obedience  of  others. 


ABT,  IX.~HATI0KA1  DEBT  A  SATIONAL  BLESSING. 

All  debt,  private,  corporate  or  national,  is  a  blessing,  for  debt  is 
the  great  and  only  motive  power  of  civilized  society,  that  begets  all 
wealth,  prosperity  and  enlightenment,  and  advances  human  progress. 
This  proposition  is  easily  comprehended  and  Explained,  but,  ^'  that 
National  Debt  alone  is  a  blessing,"  can  never  be  comprehended  or 
explained,  for  the  proposition  is  false.  Tis  true,  debt  like  steam 
may  be  applied  excessively,  and  beget  explosions;  yet  society,  as 
now  organized,  would  be  as  erect  and  motionless  without  debt  as 
a  steamboat  without  steam. 

The  creditor  and  debtor  classes  of  society  are  the  property  holders 
and  the  non-property  holders.  All  capitalists  are  property  holders, 
and  that  being  a  scientific  and  generic  term,  we  shall  hereafter  em- 
ploy it  instead  of  "  property  holders."  Capital  is  power,  the  only 
power  almost  that  keeps  society  at  work  in  the  absence  of  domestic 
servitude.  But  it  is  a  far  more  all-pervading  and  efficient  power  than 
that  defunct  institution.  We  whites  of  the  South  own  all  the  cap- 
ital of  the  South,  and  shall  continue  to  own  it,  for  the  negro  is  not 
a  money-making  animal.  We  are  the  creditor  class,  the  negroes  the 
debtor  class.  When  they  ceased  to  be  slaves,  they  at  once  became 
debtors.  Debtors  without  property;  yet  not  bankrupts  or  insolvents. 
Their  debts  cling  to  them  like  the  shirt  of  Nessus.  To  live,  they 
must  labor  for  some  capitalist,  and  no'  capitalist  will  employ  them 
in  any  capacity,  without  sharing  the  profits  of  their  labor.  Every 
stroke  of  work  by  the  negro  goes  in  part  to  pay  the  endless  debt 
which  liberty  imposes  on  him.  Well  it  is  for  society  that  such  is 
the  case^     Is  not  debt  in  this  form  a  blessing  % 

The  abolition  of  the  relation  of  master  and  slave  begets  the  rela- 
tion of  debtor  and  creditor.  We  must  quietly  and  cheerfully  accept 
and  submit  to  the  change,  and  make  the  most  of  it.  Debt,  all  musi 
see,  is  a  far  more  efficient  motive  power  than  slavery ;  and  hence 
those  societies  are  most  industrious,  wealthy  and  progressive,  where 
there  are  abundance  of  paupers  to  work,  and  abundance  of  capitalists 
to  keep  them  at  work.  All  the  world  says,  too,  that  capital  or  debt 
is  a  far  more  humane  motive  power  than  slavery,  although  it  com- 
pel^ men  to  work  harder,  and  taxes  their  labor  more,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  creditor  or  (Capitalist  class ;  who  consequently  grow  rich  much 
faster  than  masters,  and  have  fewer  cares,  troubles  and  responsibili- 


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400  NATIONAL  DEBT  A  NATIONAL  BLESSING. 

ties.  Let  us  accept  as  true,  humane  and  Christian,  what  all  the  world 
says  is  so,  and  apply  the  lash  of  capital  or  debt  to  the  negro,  just 
as  strenuously  as  it  is  applied  elsewhere  to  the  white  laboring  man. 
Then,  and  not  till  then,  will  the  humanitarians  of  Faneuil  Hall,  and 
of  Exeter  Hall,  believe  our  conversion  to  be  sincere,  and  welcome  us 
into  the  ranks  of  genuine  hard-working,  practical  philanthropists. 

But  the  relation  of  debtor  and  creditor,  arising  from  the  ownership 
of  material,  tangible  capital  by  the  few,  and  the  want  of  such  capital 
by  the  many,  will  not  of  itself  suffice  to  beget  a  high  state  of  wealth, 
civilization,  prosperity  and  progress. 

As  a  driving  power,  intangible,  immaterial,  representative  capital, 
such  as  paper  money,  government  stock,  bank  stock,  and  credit  or 
paper  evidences  of  debt  in  their  various  forms,  are  far  more  effident 
than  material,  tangible  capital  or  property.  It  is  easy  to  associate 
and  combine  representative  or  moneyed  capital  in  larce  masses,  and 
thereby  to  associate  and  combine  large  masses  of  labor  for  great 
works  and  undertakings.  It  is  not  the  landholders  and  houseownen 
that  build  roads  and  canals,  or  that  build  cities  and  adorn  the  coun- 
try with  splendid  public  and  private  edifices ;  but  the  owners  of  rep 
resentative,  intangible  capital,  who  must  thus  employ  it  or  suffer  it 
to  remain  idle.  A  large  portion  of  this  capital  is  now  invested  in 
National  debt,  and  if  that  debt  were  repudiated,  much  of  the  power 
which  now  employs  and  propels  labor  would  be  lost.  In  such  an 
event  all  business  would  stagnate,  laborers  become  idlers,  and  society 
retrograde.  The  laboring  poor  pay  all  debts  and  taxes,  because  they 
are  the  only  producers.  The  more  heavily  a  country  is  indebted 
and  the  more  heavily  taxed  (up  to  the  repudiating  or  exploding 
point)  the  better,  provided  the  debt  is  due  at  home;  for  the  larger 
will  be  the  profits  of  the  creditor  class,  from  the  increased  labor  of 
the  working  classes.  And  these  profits  will  not  be  expended  in  the 
erection  of  dirty,  dingy  cottages,  such  as  the  poor  would  build,  if  cap- 
italists and  governments  allowed  them  to  retain  the  profits  of  their 
own  labor,  but  in  great  public  and  private  works,  that  adorn,  improve 
and  strengthen  a  country  and  speed  the  car  of  human  progress.  No 
people  need  the  propelling  power  of  representative  or  moneyed  cap- 
ital so  much  as  we  of  the  South.  We  have  little  but  our  lands  left, 
but  if  we  can  induce  capitalists,  mechanics,  manufactOrers,  bankers, 
and  skilled  laborers  of  all  kinds  from  the  North  to  settle  among  as, 
they  by  their  various  new  trades,  pursuits  and  undertakings,  would 
soon  give  a^three-fold  value  to  our  lands.  We  are  entirely  sincere  in  our 
invitation,  and  do  not  invite  common  laborers,  because  they  would 
have  to  associate  and  compete  with  the  negroes.  Of  these  negroes, 
we  have  still  a  plenty  not  only  for  ourselves,  but  for  our  Northern 
friends  who  may  settle  among  us.  For  common  field  and  menial 
purposes,  their  labor  is  much  cheaper,  and  quite  as  efficient  as  that 
of  white  working  people. 

National  debt  is  nothing  more,  when  analyzed,  than  private  debt, 
under  a  sounding  and  imposing  name.  The  debt  is  due  to  private  in- 
dividuals,  the  creditors    of  government,  and  government  is  their 


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NATIONAL  DEBT  A  NATIONAL  BLESSING.  401 

agent  to  collect  the  interest^  nominally,  from  the  capitalists  of  the 
country,  but  really  from  the  working  classes,  who  pay  all  debts,  be- 
cause they  create  or  produce  all  value.  If  all  debt  (up  to  the 
bursting  point)  be  a  blessing,  then  is  a  national  debt  a  blessing ; — 
that  is,  if  you  leave  out  of  consideration  the  well-being  of  the  work- 
ing classes — and  under  the  new  lights  that  have  beamed  in  upon  us 
since  we  were  honored  by  a  membership  in  free,  Christian,  enlight- 
ened and  humane  society,  we  cannot  but  believe  that  the  condition 
of  the  working  classes,  unless  they  be  negro  slaves,  should  never  be 
taken  into  consideration  by  statesmen,  philosophers,  Christians,  or 
philanthropists. 

It  was  the  votes  of  the  Northern  working  people  that  brought  on  the 
late  war.  It  was  they  who  thereby  knowingly  and  willfully  incurred 
our  present  enormous  national  debt.  Surely,  they  should  be 
made  to  pay  it.  It  does  not  become  us  whose  fields  they  ravaged, 
whose  houses,  villages,  and  cities  they  burned,  whose  men  they  murder- 
ed, whose  women  they  insulted,  and  whose  people  they  impoverished, 
to  sympathize  with  them  under  their  self-imposed  burdens.  In  free- 
ing the  negroes,  they  have  not  enslaved  themselves,  but  they  have 
mortgaged  or  sold  their  limbs  and  their  labor,  for  endless  generations. 
They  Imve  learned  how  to  bear  heavy  taxes,  and  taught  their  gov- 
ernments, state  and  federal,  bow  to  impose  them.  They  never  will 
be  taxed  less.  They  are  not  slaves,  but  debtors — ^born  debtors, 
and  such  they  and  their  posterity  will  ever  remam.  They  have  sold 
not  their  persons,  but  their  labor.  Their  creditors,  the  capitalists, 
say  tbat  their  labor  is  most  valuable  without  their  persons,  and 
h«nce,  ^^  free  labor  is  cheaper  than  slave  labor." 

We  will  not  rest  our  theory  that  debt  of  every  kind  is  a  blessing 
on  mere  reasoning. 

The  people  of  Syria,  Persia,  Arabia,  and  of  the  whole  Ottoman 
Empire,  are  of  the  white  race,  and  naturally  the  equals  of  any  of 
that  race ;  but  for  want  of  national  debt,  taxation  and  private  debt, 
society  stagnates  and  retrogrades,  and  the  people  have  become  half 
barbarous.  Let  governments  impose  heavy  taxes,  and  divide  society 
into  debtor  and  creditor  classes,  as  in  New  York,  and  Western  Asia 
would  soon  become  as  prosperous,  wealthy  and  enlightened  as  New 
York  ;  for  she  is  better  situated,  just  on  the  lines  of  ancient  trade, 
and  of  the  earliest  civilization.  But  put  her  in  debt,  and  the  credi- 
tor class  would  build  up  cities  and  other  improvements  superior  to 
her  renowned  ones  of  ancient  times. 

Western  Asia  abounds  with  slaves ;  slaves  of  the  white  rac^and 
floperior  in  information  and  intellisence  to  their  masters.  These 
slaves  are  an  aristocratic  caste,  who  look  down  with  contempt  upon 
the  poor  A*ee  whites  around  them.  The  highest  offices  in  the  State 
are  filled  by  them.  Yet  as  a  class  they  are  as  idle  and  as  indolent  as 
the  Lazaroni  of  Naples.  Even  witb  domestic  slavery,  sodety  stag- 
nates and  retrogrades  where  there  is  no  national  debt  and  little  tax- 
ation. 

Whilst,  however,  we  think  national  debt  a  blessing,  it  is  under 

TOL.  n.-NO.  ni.  26 


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402  THE  INVITINa  FIELDS  OP  ARKANSAS. 

this  condition  and  restriction, "  that  the  debt  be  due  at  home/'  If  the 
national  debt  be  due  to  foreigners,  then  its  interest  is  annually  or 
biennially  abstracted  from  the  debtor  nation,  and  carried  over  to  the 
creditor  nation,  to  be  invested  in  the  erection  of  durable  iraprove- 
ments  in  the  creditor  nation.  This  process,  carried  on  for  a  century, 
must  impoverish  the  debtor  nation  and  enrich  the  creditor  nation. 
Our  national  debt  is  a  blessing  so  far  as  it  is  due  to  our  own  people, 
a  curse  in  so  far  as  it  is  owing  to  foreigners. 

The  poor  or  working  classes  are  better  off  in  New  York  or  Eng- 
land than  in  Western  Asia,  because  in  those  countries  they  get  em- 
ployment and  wages,  and  all  the  employers  cheat,  tax,  or  exploit 
them  of  at  least  one-half  the  products  or  results  of  their  labor;  the 
half  left  to  them  is  five  times  as  much  as  the  poor  Western  Asiatic 
gets,  who  is  rarely  employed  at  all. 


ART.  X -THE  INYITING  FIELDS  OF  ARKANSAS. 

'  The  State  of  Arkansas  extends  from  33  deg.  to  86^  deg.  north  lati- 
tude, and  from  91^  d^.  to  94  deg.  west  longitude,  and  has  an  area  of 
53,000  square  miles.  Although  admitted  into  the  Federal  Union  in 
1836,  she  still  possesses  many  of  the  characteristics  of  a  new  State,  and 
offers  a  rich  field  for  the  capitalist,  the  artisan,  and  the  &rmor  espe- 
cially, since  the  desolation  of  war  has  rendered  productive  industry 
unusually  necessary  and  remunerative.  The  kitemal  resources  of  the 
State  can  hardly  be  exaggerated.  Eight  rivers — the  St.  Francis, 
Black,  White,  Arkansas,  Saline,  Bayou  Bartholomew,  Ouachita,  and 
Red — ^all  navigable,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  with  numerous 
tributaries,  themselves  navigable  at  certain  seasons,  flow  through  it 
to  the  Mississippi,  and  contribute  to  a  fertility  and  diversity  of  soil 
unsurpassed  on  the  globe.  But  the  testimony  of  thoroughly  soientiftc 
men  is  probably  better  than  our  own,  with  regard  to  the  quality 
of  soil.  The  celebrated  Dr.  Peter,  of  Louisville,  says  that  "  Ar- 
kansas may  boast,  amongst  her  river  bottoms  and  in  her  cretaceous 
and  lower  silurian  soils,  of  as  fertile  lands  as  any  on  the  continent. 
Some  of  her  soils  are  so  rich  in  carbonate  of  lime,  that  they  may  be 
classed  as  marhy  rather  than  sails.  Others  contain  so  much  Oxide 
of  Iron,  that  they  resemble  in  color,  as  probably  in  compositioD,  the 
famous  red  soil  of  the  Island  of  Cuba,  on  which  the  best  cigar  tobac- 
co is  raised.  Others,  again,  may  be  employed  as  a  cheap  pigment 
for  common  painting,  being  of  the  nature  of  red  odire  or  Spanish 
brown  ;  which  are  found  to  be  anK>ngst  the  best  paints  whidi  can  be 
used  for  the  preservation  of  wood,  ^.,  which  is  exposed  to  the 
weather." 

The  disposition,  moreover,  of  the  arable  land  of  the  State  is  emi- 
nently favorable  to  its  its  development.  The  great  diversity  of  s<m1, 
to  which  allusion  has  already  been  made,  the  succession  of  hills  and 


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THE  INVITING  FIELDS  OF  ABKANSAS.  408 

valleys,  the  number  of  creeks  and  springs,  the  rivers  traversing 
nearly  every  section  of  the  State,  and  her  great  mountains,  conspire 
to  produce  a  difiusion  of  advantages  that  renders  every  county  in  the 
State  desirable  for  settlement. 

Within  the  limits  proposed  in  this  circular,  it  will  be  impossible 
to  particularize  to  any  considerable  extent    Allusion,  however,  may 
be  made  in  a  general  way  to  the  productions  of  different  localities. 
la  Northern  Arkansas  all  the  grains,  such  as  Wheat,  Oats,  Rye,  Bar- 
ley, and  Com,  are  grown  with  great  success,  and  the  Apple,  the 
Pear,  the  Peach,  the  Quince,  and  the  Grape,  and  all  species  of  the 
Melon,  thrive  most  abundantly.     South  of  and  along  the  Arkansas 
Hiyer,  which  cuts  the  State  inton  early  two  equal  parts,  from  north- 
west to  south-east,  all  these  fruits  are  grown,  equally  as  well,  and 
others  of  a  more  tropical  nature,  such  as  the  Fig  and  Apricot,  are 
easily  produced;    and  as  for  the  variety  and  quality  of  Grarden 
Vegetables,  Arkansas  stailQs  unrivaled.     Cotton  is,  nevertheless,  the 
great  staple  of  the  State,  and  for  years  to  come  its  cultivation  will 
unquestionably  be  remunerative  in  a  high  degree.     Her  uplands  pro- 
duce from  800  to  1,200  pounds  of  seed  cotton  per  acre.    On  the  creek 
and  river  bottoms  and  other  favorable  localities  from  1,500  to  2,000 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  per  acre  aro  easily  produced.  .  In  the  valleys 
of  various  streams,  scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the  State, 
the  walnut,  pawpaw,  elm,  box  elder,  pecan,  and  other  trees,  that  in- 
dicate a  varied  and  fertile  soil,  thrive  in  great  profusion.     And  pass- 
ing along  her  larger  rivers,  observers  are  struck  with  the  quantity 
and  size  of  the  timber  growing  upon  their  banks.     In  the  southern 
portion  of  the  State  the  forests  of  white  oak  are  immense,  from 
which,  in  former  years,  great  quantities  of  staves  were  made  and 
sent  to  the  New  Orleans  market ;  and  from  this  section  came  also 
the  famous  Cypress  rafts  that  supplied  with  logs  the  mills  of  the 
Lower  Mississippi.  ^  The  timber  on  the  uplands  is  abundant.     It 
conaists  principally  of  the  Black,  White,  Ked,  and   Poet  Oaks, 
Hickory,  Yellow  Pine,  Dogwood,  and  Maple,  while  along  the  mar- 
gins of  the  little  streams  there  may  be  seen  the  Walnut,  Beech,  Elm 
and  Gum. 

Arkansas  has  also  medidnal  springs  of  great  value,  especially  the 
Hot  Springs,  in  Hot  Spring  county,  south-west  of  Little  Koek.  The 
latter  possess,  in  fact,  most  remarkable  qualities.  Many  of  them 
have  a  temperature  ranging  at  the  fountain-head  as  high  as  148  deg. 
Fahrenheit,  surpassing  the  Warm  Springs  of  Virginia  in  this  respect 
by  50  deg.,  and  having  a  most  potent  effect  in  the  cure  of  many  dis« 
eases.  Says  the  lamented  Dr.  David  Dale  Owen,  late  State  Geolo* 
gist :  **  In  many  forms,  of  chronic  diseases  especially,  the  effects  of 
these  Springs  are  truly  astonishing.  The  copious  diaphoresis  which 
tke  hot>batn  establishes,  opens,  in  itself,  a  main  channel  for  the  ex- 
pblmoD  of  principles  injurious  to  health,  made  manifest  by  its  pecu- 
liar odor.  A  similar  effect  in  a  diminish^  degree  is  also  effected  by 
drinking  the  hot  water,  a  common,  indeed  almost  universal,  practice 
aaiong  invalids  at  the  Hot  Springs. 


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401  THB  INVITING  FIELDS  OF  ARKANSAS. 

^^  The  impression  produced  by  the  hot  douche,  as  above  described, 
is  indeed  powerful,  arousing  into  action  sluggish  and  torpid  secre- 
tions ;  the  languid  circulation  is  thus  purified  of  morbific  matters, 
and  thereby  renewed  vigor  and  healthful  action  are  given,  both  to 
the  absorbents,  lymphatics,  and  to  the  excretory  apparatus,  a  com- 
bined effect,  which  no  medicine  is  capable  of  accomplishing.'^ 

The  mineral  resources  of  Arkansas  are  also  of  undoubted  su- 
periority, and  will  richly  repay  inveslngation  and  development. 
Upon  tms  subject,  Dr.  Owen  again  says :  "  There  are  resources  of 
the  State  in  ores  of  zinc,  manganese,  iron,  lead  and  copper,  marble, 
whet  and  hone-stones,  rock  crystal,  paints,  nitre-earths,  kaolin,  gran- 
ite, freestone,  limestone,  marls,  green  sand,  marly  limestones,  grind- 
stones, and  slate,  which  may  well  justify  the  assertion  that  Arkansas 
is  destined  to  rank  as  one  of  the  richest  mineral  States  in  the  Union. 
Her  zinc  ores  compare  very  favorably  with  those  of  Silesia,  and  her 
argentiferous  galena  far  exceeds  in  per  cefttage  of  silver  the  average 
ores  of  other  countries.  Her  novaculite  rock  cannot  be  excelled  in 
fineness  of  texture,  beauty  of  color,  and  sharpness  of  grit 

'^  Her  Crystal  Mountains  stand  unrivaled  for  extent ;  and  their 
products  are  equal  in  brilliancy  and  transparency  to  any  in  the  world. 
Numerous  iron  regions  have  been  discovered,  many  of  whioh  are 
well  worthy  the  examination  of  the  iron-master.  Wide  belts  of 
country  have  been  indicated  where  marble  prevails.  Sources  have 
been  pointed  out  where  the  best  limestones  can  be  procured,  both 
for  burning  lime,  making  hydraulic  cement^  and  for  the  improve- 
ment of  land,  as  mineral  fertilizers  and  physical  ameliorators  of  the 
soil." 

The  State  possesses,  also,  great  advantages  in  her  coal  formations. 
The  Illinob  coal  fields,  covering  parts  of  Indiana,  of  Western  Ken- 
tucky, and  of  Dlinois,  throw  out  spurs  into  Arkansas.  Coal  has  al- 
ready, indeed,  been  found  and  surveyed  in  twelve  counties  of  the 
State,  and  in  those  that  are  fitrthest  from  the  great  coal  basin,  which 
extends  east  of  the  Mississippi,  a  fiict  said  b  v  scientific  men  to  be  in- 
dldative  of  a  superior  quality  of  coal,  for  the  reason,  as  stated  by 
Dr.  Owen,  that  the  farther  the  spurs  are  removed  from  the  centre 
of  the  coal  basin,  the  more  valuable  becomes  the  coal,  from  the  sear- 
city  of  the  combustible  material.  Thus  arises  the  great  value  of  the 
coal  strata  of  Western  Arkansas,  offering  safe  returns  to  capital,  and 
inviting  the  construction  of  railroads,  in  a  manner  that  will  not  long 
remain  unheeded.  Promising  surfiM^e  indications  of  petroleum  have 
likewise  been  discovered  in  the  vicinity  of  Little  Rock  and  elsewhere, 
and  the  ^  Arkansas  Petroleum  Company ''  has  been  projected,  with 
the  prospect  of  a  complete  organization  within  a  reasonable  length 
of  time. 

The  climate  of  Arkansas  may  be  designated  as  neither  too  cold  in 
winter  nor  too  warm  in  summer.  In  the  shelter  of  the  valleys  in 
the  northern  and  of  the  cane-breakers  in  the  sootham  part  of  tiie 
State,  stock  not  only  survive,  but  keep  in  good  condition  the  entire 
winter.    The  fierce  northers  experienced  in  Texas  are  wholly  an- 


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THB  INVmNO  FIELDS  OF  ABKANSAS.  406 

known  in  Arkansas.  But,  aside  from  the  inducements  of  soil,  cli- 
mate and  production,  Congress  made,  in  times  past,  several  valuable 
donations  of  land  to  the  State.       ^ 

The  following  Report,  in  regard  to  the  great  resources  of  Arkan- 
sas, emanates  from  a  committee  of  the  Arkansas  Immigration  Aid 
Sodety : — 

CoTTO!!. — It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  mnoh  of  this  important  staple.  It  is 
known  that  for  many  years  Arkansas  has  ranked  among  the  first,  if  she  has  not 
attained  to  the  very  first  prominence  as  a  Cotton  growing  State.  Though  some 
States  have  produced  more  bales,  it  is  questionable  if  any  have  averaged  more 
seed  cotton  to  the  acre,  or  produced,  considering  all  its  properties,  a  better 
staple.  Arkansas  cotton  has  always  commanded  as  high  a  price  as  the  cotton 
of  any  other  State,  except,  perhaps,  the  Sea  Island  cotton,  on  the  coast  of 
Oeorgia. 

In  the  aouthern  and  south-western  sections  of  the  State,  especially  on  the  Ar- 
kansas, Ouachita,  and  Red  River  bottom  lands,  crops  will  average  from  1,000 
to  1,600  lbs.  per  acre,  whilst  along  the  whole  eastern  border  of  our  State  in  the 
fine  alluvial  soil  of  the  Mississippi  bottom  from  the  Missouri  border  to  the  Lou- 
isiana line,  cotton  is  everywhere  planted  and  yields  abundantly. 

One  of  our  committee,  in  the  year  1856,  witnessed  the  counting  of  the  bolls  ' 
and  squares  on  a  single  cotton  plant,  grown  on  the  plantation  of  R.  H.  Douglas, 
of  Arkansas  county,  which  reacned  over  seven  hundred  in  number.    This  was 
of  the  famous  **  Boyd  prolific  **  seed,  and  is  only  quoted  as  evidence  of  how 
congenial  a  home  the  cotton  plant  finds  in  the  climate  and  soil  of  this  State. 

In  the  Northern  part  of  Arkansas,  cotton  is  raised  for  home  consumption  prin- 
cipally. 

^at  ever3rwhere  throughout  the  State,  on  the  uplands  as  well  as  the  bottom?, 
it  may  be  made  a  source  of  profit 

CoBN. — Arkansas  has,  without  exaggeration,  the  very  best  climate,  with  the 
greatest  variety  of  soils  for  the  production  of  this  all-important  grain. 

In  the  valleys  of  the  north,  on  the  hills  and  bottom  lands  of  tne  south,  on  all 
£he  margins  of  the  streams,  wherever  land  is  at  all  cultivated,  there  you  will 
find  this  universal  life-supporting  grain.  It  can  be  planted  from  March  to  July, 
mnd  will,  according  to  the  care  l^^wed  in  its  culture,  yield  an  abundant  return. 
With  the  most  careless  cultivation,  and  the  land  in  its  natural  state,  25  to  30 
bushels  per  acre  is  common,  while  on  good  soil,  with  systematic  and  intelligent 
Imbor,  from  40  to  60  bushels  to  the  acre  are  often  raised — corn  has  been  kno  wn 
to  have  been  planted  on  the  4th  day  of  July,  and  a  full  crop  gathered  on  'the 
15th  October.  Corn  in  this  State  rarely  fails.  It  is  the  universal  crop  for  rich 
and  poor,  food  for  man  and  boast,  and  only  calls  for  the  slightest  efforts  of  in- 
dostry  to  reward  the  husbandman.  It  ctows  on  the  poor  uplands — it  grows  on 
the  rich  bottoms — it  grows  on  the  Prairies,  and  in  fact  may  oe  considered  in  its 
native  home  in  Arkansas. 

Tobacco. — ^This  is  not  a  staple  product  of  our  State,  but  when  cultivated,  fully 
repays  the  labor  bestowed  upon  it  When  we  say  tobacco  is  not  a  staple,  we 
mean  that  the  planters,  as  a  class,  do  not  plant  or  cultivate  it  to  the  same  ex- 
tent or  with  the  expectation  of  realizing  as  large  a  profit  as  they  do  on  cotton ; 
bat  this  we  do  say,  that  Arkansas  soil  and  climate  are  particularly  favoi able  for 
tobacco.  Formerly  there  was  not  a  negro  cabin  in  the  State,  but  what  had  its 
little  patch  of  tobacco.  Some  fine  crops  have  been  raised  on  the  borders  of 
Grand  Prairie,  in  what  is  now  Arkansas  county.  In  Crawford  county, 
-wbich  adjoins  the  Indian  Territory  on  the  west,  it  has  been  cultivated  fbr  many 
vears  with  success.  One  interesting  fact  has  been  elicited  in  its  culture,  which 
18,  Uiat  the  crops  raised  from  the  Cuba  seed  are  only  second  in  quality  and  "fla- 
vor to  that  of  the  Cuba  tobacco  itselt 

It  may  be  set  down,  therefore,  as  a  fixed  fact,  that  tobacco  may  be  profitably 
raised  in  Arkansas. 

Wbelt, — ^ThiB  grain  was  formerly  but  little  attended  to  in  Arkansas,  but  of 


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406  THE  INVITING  FIELDS  OP  ARKANSAS. 

late  years  it  has  been  more  geoerally  cultirated,  and  at  the  present  time  a  crop 
of  wheat  forma  a  part  of  every  well-regulated  farm.  It  is  sown  from  the  last  ol 
October  to  the  first  of  December,  and  is  generally  reaped  during  the  month  fol- 
lowing the  first  week  in  May.  The  average  yield  of  the  State  may  be  put  down 
at  from  12  to  20  bushela  per  acre,  though  owing  to  droughty  excessive  rains, 
or  rust,  that  yield  would  be  much  reduced. 

North-western  Arkansas  has  hitherto  been  the  great  wheat  producing  region, 
the  bushel  averaging  in  weight  60  lbs.,  while  in  some  instances,  well  authenti- 
cated, it  has  risen  as  high  as  70  lbs. 

It  may  be  mentioned  here  in  conneciion  with  this  subject,  that  bottom  lands 
which  have  been  long  cultivated  in  cotton  and  com  will,  when  sown  down  in 
wheat,  give  a  luxuriant  and  abundant  yield. 

It  is  considered  safe  to  assert  that  wheat  may  be  profitably  raised  in  any  part 
of  the  State  of  Arkansas. 

Grasses. — ^The  native  grasses  of  Arkansas  are  unrivaled  for  luxuriance. 
Where  not  impeded  by  the  rank  undergrowth,  the  grass  of  the  bottoms  is  pecu- 
liarly relished  bv  stock. 

On  certain  soils,  as  for  instance,  the  black  buckshot  lands,  crops  of  red  clover 
have  been  cut  for  eight  years  in  succession,  without  renewal,  and  with  but  little 
diminulion  in  the  yield  of  the  later  crops.  The  blue  grass  imported  from  Ken- 
tucky has  been  completely  naturalized  in  Arkansas,  and  in  some  sections  of  the 
State,  one  may  travel  formiles  on  roads  going  through  the  bottoms  and  see 
the  beautiful  blue  grass  domesticating  itself  in  the  woods,  and  furnishins:  a  rich 
and  beautiful  pasture.  The  grass  on  the  Prairies,  it  is  well  known,  feeds  large 
herds  of  c^ittle,  and  though  burnei  down  almost  every  year,  still  comes  up  afresh 
in  the  Spring.  Latterly  a  grass  called  the  Mezquite  has  been  tried  with  some 
success.  Hungarian  grass  also  yields  abundantly,  while  the  millet  for  many 
years  has  been  sown  by  the  planters,  and  has  been  found  prolific  and  service- 
able. 

Botanists  have  discovered  and  registered  thirty-five  different  kinds  of  grasses 
in  Arkansas,  the  most  valuable  of  which  are  the  bent  or  herd  grass,  the  red  top 
grass,  the  mezquite  grass,  the  meadow  grass^  and  the  fescue  grass ;  the  Ben- 
gal gras[s  and  the  Hungarian  are  everywhere  cultivated  for  hay.  The  grass 
called  Timothy -is  cultivated ,  and  grows  luxuriantly  in  the  bottoms.  It  may  be 
asserted  confidently  that  Arkansas  is  rich  in  grasses,  and  their  cultivation  will 
fully  repay  the  farmer. 

Oats,  Bablet  and  Rye — Are  all  cultivated  in  Arkansas.  The  first  of  these 
thrives  remarkably  well,  and  always  brings  a  good  price  in  market  Barley  and 
rye  are  sown  to  help  out  the  farmer  in  his  fi^  for  stock,  and  will  thrive  welt 
and  yield  fair  returns. 

Your  committee  do  not  assert  that  hemp  or  rice  are  cultivated  to  any  extent 
in  Arkansas,  but  they  do  assert  that  hemp  has  been  seen  to  grow  luxuriantly 
in  particular  places  in  the  sheltered  bottoms,  and  also  that  they  have  seen  a  field 
of  about  five  acres  in  rico  in  Bradley  county.  But  these  are  exceptions,  and  we 
pass  them  over  as  not  being  common  to  the  State. 

The  climate  and  soil  of  Arkansas  are  admirably  adapted  to  the  culture  of  the 
different  fruits,  from  those  grown  in  more  northern  latitudes  to  those  which 
more  nearly  approach  the  tropics. 

Apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  apricots,  strawberries,  etc,,  flourish  luxu- 
riant. 

Apples. — In  the  northern  and  western  counties  the  apple  is  cultivated  with 
great  success,  trees  yielding  abundantly  the  richest  and  most  highly  priced  va- 
rieties of  this  fruit  Kne  orchards  are  seen  on  almost  every  farm.  The  Shan- 
non pippin,  considering  all  its  properties,  is  perhaps  as  fine  a  fruit  as  is  grown 
in  any  country.  Large,  pale-yellow,  melting,  juicy^and  delicious,  and  a  variety 
peculiar  to  the  State  of  Arkansas.  It  was  brought  here  by  a  nurseryman  from 
Ohio,  some  20  years  ago,  and  the  label  having  been  lost  upon  fruiting  it,  it  took 
the  name  of  the  producer,  so  much  changed  and  improved  by  climate,  that  it  is 
nowhere  mentioned  in  the  hoi-ticultnral  works. 

Many  of  the  varieties  brought  south  have  been  greatly  improved,  whilst 


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THE  INVITING  FIELDS  OF  ARKANSAS.  407 

those  unsaited  haye  been  rejected,  so  that  the  fruits  herein  mentioned  hare  been 
tested  for  years  as  to  their  climatic  adaptedness. 

The  "  Kentucky  Red"  is  another  splendid  specimen  of  the  apple,  pronounced 
by  the  CindnnaU  Horticultural  Society  the  "  Great  Unknown/'  which  bears 
abundantly  the  finest  and  most  beautiful  fruit  This  is  also  peculiar  to  Arkan- 
sas  and  the  Southern  part  of  Missouri. 

Some  of  the  varieties  which  have  perfectly  succeeded  by  the  long  trial  are»  in 
addition  to  the  above,  the  early  harvest,  sweet  bough,  fall  pippin,  yellow  bell 
flower,  rambo,  carthouse,  limber  twig,  wine  sap,  swarr,  EngUsh  russet,  and 
monstrous  pippin.  The  earlier  varieties  succeed  best  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State,  and  the  fall  and  winter  in  the  northern  section. 

Pears  of  the  most  delicious  kinds  are  succes^^fullv  cultivated  with  but  little 
trouble  and  with  great'  success ;  such  as  the  Bartlett,  Bloodfi^oods,  American, 
Julienne  St  Germain,  Duchess  d'Angouleme  (on  qnince),  Flemish  bcsanty, 
Benrre  brown,  -Fondant  d'Autumne,  or  Belle  lucrative,  White  and  Gray  Doy- 
enne, Winter  nelis,  and  that  paragon  of  excellence,  the  Secke\  Pears  are  as 
little  subject  to  blight  in  Arkansas  as  elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  The  Bart- 
lett being,  as  in  many  other  localities,  roost  subject  to  that  disease. 

PsAcnss. — Arkansas  is  cmphatioally  the  land  and  the  home  of  the  peach. 
Here  it  delights  to  develop  itself  into  the  richest  and  most  delicious  flavor  and 
beautiful  proportions.  Here  it  rarely  ever  fails.  On  the  Arkansas  River,  pro- 
tected by  the  warm  and  kindly  soil,  it  never  misses.  We  look  fcr  the  season  of 
the  peach  in  this  State  as  certainly  as  we  do  for  the  summer.  Go  where  you 
will  over  the  State,  the  beauty  and  profusion  of  this  fruit  alike  charm  the  eye 
and  gratify  the  tasta  Every  little  farm  has  its  peach-orchard,  many  of  the 
trees  being  propagated  from  the  seed.  From  these  spring  new  and  rich  varie- 
ties,  conclusively  demonstrating  the  adaptedness  of  this  country  peculiarly  to 
this  fruit  It  is  only  necessary  to  mention  a  few  of  tbe  budded  varieties  which 
have  been  cultivated  for  years.  SiiTiib^d  Eirly  York,  Royal  Geor^  (a 
very  splendid  fruit),  Grosse  Mignonne,  Large  Early  York,  Morris  White,  Early 
Newington,  Crawford's  Early,  Heath,  Chinese  Cling  (a  magnificent  peach),  to- 
gether with  all  tlie  rich  and  delicious  varieties  of  the  famous  Indian 
peach. 

Tbe  Grafs. — ^This  fruit  has  not  been  extensively  cultivated,  yet  the  trials 
made  prove  conclusively  that  the  climate  and  soil  of  Arkansas  are  well  adapted 
to  its  culture.  In  many  localities  grapes  of  every  hue,  size,  and  flavor,  stow 
almost  in  juxtaposition,  in  wild  and  graceful  profusion.  Many  of  these  nave 
been  domesticated,  and  have  proved  good.  The  imported  varieties  which  have 
been  tried,  meet  with  encouraging  success ;  they  are  the  Catawba,  a  grape  that 
rarely  ever  fails,  and  produces  large  crops ;  Diana,  Delaware,  To-Kalon,  Con> 
cord,  and  Norton's  Virginia  Seedlii^. 

Your  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when 
Arkansas  will  take  a  prominent  stand  as  a  Grape-growing  State.  Be- 
sides the  fruits  above  enumerated,  apricots,  nectarines,  plums,  cherries,  and 
fine  strawberries  abound.  Of  this  latter  fruit  a  bushel  and  a  half  has  been 
gathered  at  one  picking,  from  a  plat  of  ground  not  exceeding  30  feet  square. 

Tha  Chickasaw  plum  is  also  indigenous  to  the  State ;  when  planted  close, 
it  makes  a  hedge  almost  impervious,  and  fully  equal  to  the  much  talked  of 
Osaffe  Orange  or  Bois  d'Arc. 

The  Fig  tree  may  be  found  all  over  the  State.     At  certain  favorable  seasons , 
it  pnftluces  well    It  likes  a  sheltered  situation.    We  have  known  this  tree  en- 
tirely bitten  down  by  the  sharp  frosts  which  sometimes  occur  in  February,  but 
it  invariably  shoots  out  again  with  the  first  warm  breath  of  spring,  and  will 
yield  its  fruit  the  following  summer. 

As  regards  Garden  vegetables  everything  can  be  raised  that  is  desirable.  The 
whole  family  of  melons  flourish  well  in  Arkansas.  Watermelons  savory  and 
refreshing  to  the  taste,  and  of  great  size,  grow  without  any  trouble  to  the 
planter.  We  have  seen  them  45  lbs.  in  weight.  Of  the  well  known  pumpkin 
every  one  has  seen  it  grow  to  great  perfection  in  all  sections  of  the  State, 
lliey  grow  to  sul^h  a  size  that  it  is  often  difficult  tp  lift  them  into  a  wagon. 


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408  SKETCHES  OP  FOREIGN  TBAVBL. 

The  Sweet  Potato,  so  aniyersally  known  and  sought  afler,  is  cnltiTated  bj 
every  farmer  io  Arkansas.  ThU  fiimoos  root  ^rows  abondanUy  in  Arkansas.  A 
fbw  slips  planted  oat  make  food  for  a  whole  family.  We  have  known  800 
bushels  gathered  from  a  single  acre.  The  Yam  Potato  is  mnch  liked,  tbougli 
there  is  a  large  red  variety,  weighing  from  two  to  three  pounds  each,  which  eat 
remarkably  well. 

The  Irish  Potato  also  does  well  in  Arkansas,  some  early  varieties  being  ready 
fbr  the  table  in  May.  We  have  seen  a  very  fine  specimen  of  vegetable  called 
the  Red  Meshannoc,  which  was  raised  a  few  miles  below  the  city  of  Little  Rock, 
and  which  always  brought  the  highest  price  in  the  market. 

While  wridng  this  report,  your  committee  have  been  inf  >rmed  by  a  gentle- 
man of  reliability,  livins^  in  the  vicinity  of  little  Rook,  that  he  has  succeeded 
in  bringing  the  sweet  almond  to  maturity,  and  that  the  trees  are  doing  weU. 

We  have  thus,  in  the  preceding  report,  endeavored  to  give  a  brief,  but  a  true 
statement  of  the  staple  products  of  our  State,  of  her  firuits.  Her  gn^s,  her 
grasses.  We  have  been  necessarily  compelled  to  be  very  brief,  in  order  to  cover 
the  whole  ground.  It  may  be  asserted  of  Arkansas  as  of  other  States,  that  in- 
dustry  will  meet  its  reward,  and  that  he  who  plants  his  crop  and  attends  to  it, 
will  assuredly  be  bountifully  rewarded  f4ir  his  labor. 

J.  A.  DIBBELL,  M.D.,  for  25  years  a  resident  of 
Crawford  county.  Ark 
C.  LANGTREE,  Author  of  Langtree*s  sectional 
map  of  Ark.,  and  28  years  a  resi- 
dent of  Little  Rock. 
Hox.  LIBERTY  BARTLETT,  Judge  of  5th  Judi- 
cial Circuit,  Ark. 


ART.  XI.-SKETCIES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

No.  4.        • 

Brunswick  House  Hotel,  London,  Auffu^  25,  1866. 

Dear  Review  :  Something  like  a  general  taste  for  art  may  be 
inferred  in  the  English  people,  if  we  may  argue  from  the  crowd  of 
Englishmen  and  women  who,  on  every  day,  throng  the  rooms  of  the 

NATIONAL   GALLERY. 

More  than  a  half  dozen  large  apartments  are  embraced  in  this  insti- 
tution, and  their  utmost  capacity  is  taxed,  to  accommodate  the  mul- 
titude of  visitors,  who  go  daily  to  feast  upon  the  creations  of  the 
brush  that  illuminate  their  walls. 

An  attempt  to  epitomize  the  National  Gallery  would  be  out  of  keep- 
ing with  the  plan  of  these  letters,  and  would,  on  the  whole,  I  think, 
be  a  stupid  undertaking ;  for  a  large  proportion  of  the  collection 
seems  commonplace  enough.  Modestly  disclaiming  all  pretensions 
to  connoisseurship,  and  only  exercising  that  humility  of  judgment 
which  my  disqualifications  counsel.  I  invite  your  attention  briefly  to 
such  specimens  of  art  as  addressed  themselves  to  my  uneducated  taste. 

There  are  two  pictures  by  Claude^  called  the  *'  Embarcation  of  St. 
Ursula,^^  and  the  ^^Embarcation  of  the  Queen  of  Skeba^^^  which 
struck  <me  as  the  most  exquisite  samples  of  landscape  painting  in  the 
Gallery.    I  am  not  positive  in  what  special  qualities  it  is  that  critics 


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SKETCHISS  OF  FOREIGN  TRAYBL.  409 

agree  ClaudeU  excellency  consists,  but  in  the  two  pictures  named, 
it  occurred  to  me  that  tney  show  forth  chiefly  in  a  certain  imited 
delicacy  and  vividness  of  color.  The  delineation  of  the  clouds  and 
the  water  mainly  illustrate  this,  while  in  the  portrayal  of  the  ships 
and  palaces,  the  fidelity  of  representation  is  startling.  -They  project 
with  a  semblance  of  physical  solidity  from  the  canvas,  and  from  their 
phantoms,  mirrored  in  the  water,  there  proceeds  an  illusion  of  reality, 
which  Nature  herself  could  not  eclipse. 

Portraits  of  a  Jewish  Rabbi,  by  RenihrandU  and  of  a  Dutch  Girl^ 
by  EemhrondU  Judging  from  the  different  specimens  of  his  art  on 
exhibition  here,  there  would  seem  to  have  been  a  systematic  purpose 
in  Rembrandt  to  exclude  all  light  from  his  pictures.  His  portraits 
are  strongly  wrought  and  individual,  but  he  deals  habitually  in  such 
grim,  dark,  and  scowling  colors,  that  a  sensation  of  gloom  is  infused 
into  the  spectator,  and  one  wishes  that  a  flaming  torch  could  be  set 
up  behind  the  canvas,  that  we  might  obtain  a  clearer  notion  of 
things.  In  the  interpretation  of  marked  character,  for  example,  the 
fece  of  the  "  Jewish  RabbV^  would  be  difficult  to  improve  upon,  but 
then  the  countenance  is  so  irretrievably  interwoven  with  the  back- 
ground, that  some  effort  is  required  to  decipher  it.  The  quality  of 
strength  involved  is  thus  in  a  large  measure  counterbalanced  by  the 
atmosphere  of  obscurity  in  which  it  is  masked. 

"  TheodoHus  and  SU  Ambrose^'*  by  Vandycic,  —  Much  of  that 
wonderful  vigor  of  delineation  and  depth  of  color,  so  conspicuous  in 
Rembrandt,  imbue  this  work  of  Vandyck,  unaccompanied  by  the 
gloom  of  outlines,  so  vexatious  to  a  full  enjoyment.  The  persons 
depicted  in  it  are  singularly  palpable,  conveying  a  despotic  impres- 
sion of  flesh  and  blood.  Not  the  least  interesting  feature  in  the  group, 
is  the  figure  of  a  dog,  who,  with  a  demoralized  tail  and  deprecating 
face,  is  obviously  smiling  for  a  lost  master. 

"  The  Family  of  Darius^  at  the  Feet  of  Alexander,^'*  by  Paolo 
Veronese, — ^The  scene  represented  in  this  picture  is  supposed  to 
have  occurred  immediately  after  the  famous  battle  of  Issus,  in  which 
the  army  of  Darius  had  been  utterly  overthrown.  The  different 
members  of  his  family  have  sought  the  youthful  conqueror,  and, 
kneeling  at  his  feet,  implore  his  clemency.  The  grouping  is  arrang- 
ed with  admirable  effect.  The  number  of  figures  portrayed  is  very 
large,  and  the  difficulty  of  accommodating  them  all,  with  a  sufficient 
individuality,  is  most  happily  surmounted.  The  two  daughters  of 
Darius  are  surpassingly  beautiful  There  is  a  lightness  of  figure, 
a  pensive  loveliness  of  face,  and  a  billowy  perfectness  of  bust  about 
them,  which  would  distract  the  intellects  of  a  divinity  student. 

*'  The  Woman  taken  in  Adultery^  by  i^emftram/Z.-r-This,  in  my 
judgment,  is  the  most  admirable  portrait  in  the  gallery.  The  sub- 
ject is  a  difficult  one,  so  difficult  as  to  devolve  upon  any  but  a  master 
inevitable  failure.  The  burning  shame,  the  remorse,  the  fear,  and 
the  host  of  clamorous  passions  which  battle  for  the  usurpation  of  the 
culprit's  face,  demand  for  their  just  exposition  nothing  short  of  the 
highest  genius.     This  demand  was  satisfied  in  Rembrandt,  who  must 


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410  SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

have  brought  to  the  execution  of  the  task  all  of  bis  great  resources. 
The  expressions  of  the  woman's  face,  in  its  dire  conflict  with  emo- 
tion, are  fearfully  and  wonderfully  pictured. 

"  Judgment  of  ParU^'*  by  Enbens, — ^The  scene  represented  is  the 
famous  award  of  the  apple,  by  Paris,  to  the  belle  of  the  mythologic 
heavens.  The  rival  Goddesses  are  gathered  in  an  excited  group  about 
him,  plying  the  lucky  dog  with  all  the  cajolements,  and  hopes  of 
earthly  reward,  which  their  sex  and  Goddess-ship  authorized  them  to 
employ.  The  celestial  candidates  are  utterly  bereft  of  dimity,  and 
appeal  to  the  umpire  with  a  burst  of  undisoruised  outlines,  altogether 
trying  on  a  youth  of  sensibility.  Mr.  Paris,  however,  scrutinizes 
the  palpitating  tableau  with  a  mixture  of  gusto  and  sang  froid, 
which  quite  edifies  the  beholder.  He  is  clearly  not  insensible  to  the 
advertised  symmetries,  but  at  the  sahie  time,  he  keeps  one  eye  vigi- 
lantly fixed  upon  the  commercial  aspect  of  the  situation.  He  bis  a 
wholesome  relish  for  florid  tints,  and  a  toothsome  physique,  but  has 
no  thought  of  sinking  the  man  of  business  in  the  connoisseur.  It  is 
obvious,  that  whatever  may  be  the  bent  of  his  private  admiration, 
Paris  will  elect  a  Queen  of  beauty,  whoever  ofiers  the  most  congenial 
bribe.  Rubens  must  have  wrought  the  work  con  anwre^  for  it  is 
certainly  a  master-piece  of  naked  flesh  and  warm  color. 

"  Abduction  of  the  Sabine  Women^  by  Rubens, — In  the  description 
of  excited  and  inflamed  multitudes,  Rubens  seems  to  me  to  realize 
his  greatest  power.  '*  The  abduction  of  the  Sabine  Women"  is  a 
capital  illustration  of  this.  Not  one  of  the  heterogeneous  elements, 
which  must  have  entered  into  such  a  fierce  medley,  appears  to  have 
been  omitted.  The  rape  is  before  us  throbbing  with  life.  The  amorous 
and  headlong  Romans,  the  spurred  and  neighing  horses,  the  over- 
turned seats,  the  torn  dresses,  the  floating  locks,  the  rank  exposure  of 
person,  the  savage  grapple  of  the  ravishers,  and  every  other  physical 
accessory  of  the  mdange^  are  reproduced  with  thrilling  fidelity. 
Nor  is  the  moral  physiognomy  of  the  scene  less  faithfully  delineat- 
ed. There  is  hardly  a  mental  condition,  that  such  circumstances 
might  naturally  engender  in  different  organizations,  which  is  not 
typified  in  the  face  of  one  or  more  of  the  captured  women.  Some 
of  them,  stark  from  fear,  or  stolid  from  indifference,  lie  in  the  rav- 
isher's  embrace,  prone  and  mannerly.  Some  of  them,  full  of  out- 
raged modesty  and  pluck,  wage  a  valiant  war  of  nails.  Some  of 
them  offer  but  a  coy  illusion  of  resistance,  as  if  they  half  courted 
the  violence  they  assume  to  repel.  Some  again  ""frankly  applaud 
the  rape,  while  others  lie  dead  afalnt,  with  their  alabaster  faces 
turned  pitifully  to  the  skies,  and  their  black  hair  drifting  in  the 
wind,  like  flags  at  half  mast. 

^^  Raising  of  LazaruSy'^  by  Sabastiano  del' Piombo, — ^There  is  a 
horrible  magnificence  about  this  painting,  which  all  of  its  gorgeous- 
ness  of  color  seems  rather  to  heighten,  than  to  mitigate.  The 
ghostly  grave-clothes,  the  frightened  by-standers,  the  appalling 
figure  of  the  resurrected  himself,  evoked  supernaturally  from  death 
to  life,  and  appearing  too  direfully  wedded  to  the  one,  ever  to  be 


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SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TBAVEL.  411 

cordially  reconciled  to  the  other  again,  are  set  forth  with  a  shock- 
ing  adherence  to  truth.  The  image  of  death  it  arouses  is  so  real, 
so  carnal,  that  the  idea  of  resurrection  is  completely  disguised. 
The  train  of  thought  originating  from  it,  therefore,  is  rather  impul- 
sive than  attractive,  and  thus  it  was  with  a  sense  of  relief  that  I 
turned  from  its  contemplation,  to  the  picture  of 

"  Daphnis  and  Chloe^'*  by  Paris  Bordonne, — ^This  small  painting 
attracts  more  attention,  I  verily  believe,  than  any  other  one  in  the 
National  Gallery,  and  yet,  it  is  only  after  much  deliberation,  and 
still  with  a  sense  of  reluctance,  that  I  consent  with  myself  to  de- 
scribe it.  The  treatment  of  its  theme  is  somewhat  prurient,  and 
the  association  of  ideas  engendered  is  not  altogether  friendly  to 
purity  of  imagination.  Notwithstandin  ^  this,  it  bears  the  palm  of 
popularity,  and  from  the  opening  of  the  gallery  to  its  close,  the 
space  in  front  of  this  little  picture  is  crowded  with  well-dressed 
ladies  and  gentlemen,  canvassing  its  graceful  features  with  eager 
looks.  A  description  of  it  then  is  probably  warrantable,  since  it  will 
indicate  what  manner  of  thing  it  is,  which  solicits  with  success  the 
sufirage  of  so  many  eyes. 

In  it,  Daphnis,  a  remarkably  handsome  fellow,  is  depicted  by  the 
side  of  Cbloe,  a  remarkably  handsome  girl.  His  audacious  fingers 
have  ruffled  her  snowy  robes,  revealing  above  the  dimpled  knee. 
Her  hand,  pressed  upon  hi»,  gently  arrests  the  movement.  In  this 
position  they  sit,  with  anxious  expression,  as  if  listening  to  aome- 
thtj^y  or  for  somebody.  The  abstract  quality  of  grace  could  not,  it 
appears  to  me,  be  more  bewitchingly  personified.  Considered  from 
an  Exeter-Hall  point  of  view,  especially  after  a  fine  ventilation  of 
the  negro  question,  it  is  doubUess  very  shocking.  Leaving  out  of 
consideration,  however,  the  whatever-respects  in  which  it  may  be 
obnoxious  to  a  sound  morality,  it  will  always  remain  to  true 
lovers  of  the  beautiful  in  art  a  most  charming  creation. 

"  Susannah  and  the  two  Mders^^^  by  Ottido, — In  Susannah  is  rep- 
resented the  best  naked  figure  in  the  collection ;  which  is  something 
of  a  distinction,  for  there  is  an  army  of  handsome  women  in  the 
Gallery,  with  all  their  charms  candidly  unmasked.  The  form  of 
Susannah  is  the  covp  de  prdce,  the  ultimate  possibility  of  voluptuous 
symmetry  ;  while  the  face,  half-withdrawn,  shy,  and  blushing,  shines 
through  its  expressions  of  pain,  with  the  light  of  tender  beauty. 
The  portraits  of  the  two  elders  exhibit  the  same  power  of  strong, 
dark  delineation,  so  characteristic  of  Rembrandt.  As  expounded 
by  Ovido^  this  pair  of  respectable  Jews  are  fine  instances  of  that 
hard-mouthed,  pig-headed  kidney,  which  is  so  handsomely  repre- 
sented, even  in  our  Christian  church  ;  gentlemen  who  indulge  a  fine 
verbal  adoration  of  the  virtues,  and  great  tenderness,  in  practice, 
for  a  savory  vice. 

I  cannot  close  this  cursory  glance  at  the  "  National  Gallery"  with- 
out saying  a  word  about  the  Madonnas.  I  presume  there  are  not 
less  than  one  hundred  pictures  of  the  Holy  Mother,  in  this  reposi- 
tory.    Correggio  has  a  Madonna,  Guido  has  a  Madonna,  and  nearly 


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412  SKETCHES  OF  FOBSIGN  TBAYSL. 

everybody  who  has  been  able  to  smuggle  iQ  a  picture,  has  a 
Madonna.  There  is  a  Madonna  in  almost  every  imaginable  attitude 
of  body,  and  frame  of  mind.  There  is  a  Madonna  looking  solemn, 
another  looking  pleased,  another  looking  pensive,  another  disposed 
to  smile,  and  another  threatening  to  burst  into  t6ars.  One  Madonna 
is  suckling  the  child,  one  is  contemplating  him  with  a  very  specula- 
tive expression ;  one  looks  as  though  it  would  be  a  great  satisfaction 
to  her  to  pull  the  baby's  ear,  while  another  has  him  on  her  knee, 
and  worships  him  devoutly.  There  is  a  Madonna  in  every  conceiv- 
able aspect,  and  in  not  a  single  one  is  she  handsome;  in  not  a  single 
one,  of  a  noble  appearance ;  in  not  a  single  one,  even  moderately 
comely.  She  is  uniformly  rendered  as  incurably  ugly.  Every 
man  who  starts  out  with  an  ambitious  brush,  seems  to  consider  it  is 
due  to  the  age  he  proposes  to  illustrate,  to  paint  a  Madonna.  He 
accordingly  does  so,  and  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  he  afflicts  us  with 
a  pair  of  saucer  eyes,  and  a  Dutch  face. 

HYDE    PARK. 

The  man  who  comes  here,  and  goes  away  without  seeing  Hyde 
Park,  has  missed  seeing  London.  It  is  only  on  this  parade-ground 
that  London  doffs  its  blouse,  and  emerges  into  Aill  view.  Here  it 
takes  on  all  its  quality,  here  it  appears  in  its  sunshine  aspect,  here 
it  puts  its  best  foot  foremost. 

I  am  just  returned,  with  a  parcel  of  friends,  from  a  drive  in  the 
Park,  and  have  all  of  its  impressions  fresh  upon  me.  We  sailed 
out  from  the  hotel,  under  the  brilliant  auspices  of  an  open  carriage, 
gleaming  with  new  paint,  and  a  coat  of  arms,  devised  on  a  most 
imposing  and  savage  plan ;  a  driver,  who  was  wrought  upon  with 
gold  lace,  until  he  was  painfully  luminous;  »  pair  of  dappled 
thorough-breds,  and  a  gorgeous  footman,  who  towered  scornfully 
above  us,  from  behind,  but  who,  I  am  glad  to  assure  you,  treated 
us  with  the  greatest  affability,  during  the  whole  ride. 

Hyde  Park  covers  an  area  of  about  four  hundred  acres,  and  under 
the  joint  administration  of  good  taste,  and  a  full  purse,  it  expands 
into  a  series  of  beautiful  woodland  prospects.  It  is  conveniently 
diversified  with  broad  carriage  drives,  and  contains  several  fine 
courses,  set  apart  for  the  horsemen,  and  horsewomen,  who  pranoe, 
and  gallop,  and  fiercely  race  over  them.  Immense  throngs  of  car- 
riages  circulate  about  the  drives,  and  great  concourses  of  ladies  and 
gentlemen  career. up  and  down  the  famous  **  Rotten  Row,'*  display- 
ing their  horsemanship,  or  the  lack  of  it,  to  the  admiration  or  dis- 
gust of  the  critical  crowd  afoot,  who  congregate  in  censorious  groups 
to  observe.  There  could  not  to-day  have  been  less  than  five  hun- 
dred  private  carriages,  and  some  two  hundred  persons  in  the  saddle. 
The  whole  together,  made  up  such  an  ensemhU  of  well-bred  and 
enlivening  gayety,  as  I  have  seldom  witnessed  before.  There  was 
a  diversity  in  the  style  of  the  vehicles  used,  which  trespasses  on* the 
limits  of  the  incredible.  No  two  carriages  in  the  entire  assemblage, 
I  think,  were  exactly  alike.     Every  man  seemed  to  have  thrown 


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DEPARTMENT  OP  COMMERCE.  418 

himself  fearfully  upon  his  unprompted  invention,  and  the  general 
result  was  the  quaintest  inventory  of  four,  two,  and  one-wheeled  con- 
trivances^ that  ever  startled  a  quiet  man  from  his  equilibrium.  The 
methods  of  driving,  too,  were  as  strangely  at  variance  as  the  patterns 
of  jeqnipage.  In  one  carriage,  a  servant  would  drive  ;  in  another, 
the  mistress,  with  a  servant  by  her  side ;  in  another,  the  master, 
with  a  servant  on  the  back  seat ;  and  in  a  fourth,  the  master  and 
mistress  would  lounge  behind,  and  the  fellow  with  the  yellow  band 
and  knee-buckles  would  handle  the  ribbons,  astride  the  off  horse. 

The  Serpentine,  a  beautiful  stream  three  hundred  yards  across, 
flows  through  the  Park,  describing  a  course  indicated  by  its  name. 
On  this^  are  a  number  of  pleasure  boats,  of  various  rig  and  struc- 
ture, and  in  these  you  may  row,  scull,  and  even  satisfy  a  circum- 
scribed taste  for  sailing. 

Hyde  Park  is  at  once  the  fashionable  and  democratic  rendezvous 
of  London.  There  the  whole  world  of  cits,  with  its  last  wife,  and 
its  youngest  child,  assembles  together,  and  compares  differences. 
The  lover  goes  there  to  meet  his  sweetheart;  the  rogue,  to  concert 
with  his  fellow-rogue  ;  the  nursery  maid,  to  trundle  her  charge,  and 
get  at  a  dainty  morsel  of  flirtation  ;  the  shop-keeper,  to  meet  an 
appointment ;  and  his  clerk,  to  exhibit  his  last  short-tail  coat,  and 
air  the  rose-bud  in  his  button-hole.  The  Queen  suns  the  royalty  of 
England  there,  and  the  nobility  carry  out  their  quality  to  give  it  a 
bit  of  fresh  air,  and  educate  the  ignoble  in  the  vital  distinctions 
between  somebody  and  nobody.  Work-a-day  goes  there  for  a  full 
lung  of  oxygen,  and  a  vivifying  glimpse  of  animated  and  pleasing 
sights.  In  fine,  on  any  evening,  when  the  rain  does  not  actually 
pour  down,  you  will  find  in  the  fierce- gallopers  on  horseback,  the 
loungers  in  soflly-cushioned  carriages,  and  the  multitude  on  foot, 
the  whob  of  London,  epitomized  in  Hyde  Park. 

Cartk  Blanchb. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

l.—ANmiAL  STATISTICS  OF  NEW  ORLEANS  TRADE.   1866. 

[In  aocordanctt  with  oar  oustom  since  1846,  we  ooodeose  from  the  excellent 
annoal  tables  of  the  New  Orleant  Prices  Currentf  and  shall  continue  to  do  so  in 
regard  to  the  leading  items  of  the  commerce  of  that  great  mart ;] 

rsohfib  r»ox  thi  nrrntion  nr  the  tbae  kkdixo  on  thk  SIst  auqust. 
Articles.  1865-66.      1864-66.        1869-60. 

Apples hblf 69.582 85,902. . .        67,416 

Bacon. asst.  cks.  Ac 16,248 18,682....     45,016 

Bacon bblsAbxs....        2.299 4,942 5,987 

BaconHams hhds....      14,887....  10,646....     87,814 

Bacon  in  bulk lbs....      17,740 89,000 

Bagging :;. pieces 8,842 6,871....      21,427 

Bale  Rope...; coils....     43,940....  17,876....    126,429 

Beans ....bbls....       6,812....  12,881....        8,889 


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414 


DEPARTMENT  OP  COMMEROE. 


Butler. , kegs. . 

Butter bblB.. 

Bran sacks.. 

Beef. bbls.  and  tea. . 

Beef,  dried. lbs. . 

Cotton bales. . 

Corii  in  ears bbls. . 

Com,  shelled sacks. . 

Cotton  Seed sacks. . 

Cheese boxes, . 

Candles boxes. . 

Coal,  Western bbls . . 

Dried  Apples,  <tc. . .  .bbls. . 

Ftaxfleed tierces. . 

Flour bbls.. 

Feathers ^^K^*  • 

Glassware boxes. . 

Hemp bales.. 

Hides  

Hay bales.. 

Iron,  Pig tons.. 

Leather bundles. . 

Lard ^tcs.  <fe  bbls. . 

Lard t^gs. . 

Lime,  Western. bbls. . 

Lead P^o^-  • 

Lead,  bar kegs. . 

Molasses bbls. . 

Oats. . . . .bbls.  and  sacks. . 

Onions bbls.. 

Oil,  Lard bbls.. 

Potatoes bbls.. 

Pork tcs  and  bbls. . 

Pork hhds.. 

Pork  in  bulk lbs.. 

Porter  and  Ale bbls. . 

Packing  Yarn reels. . 

Skins,  Deer packs. . 

Shot kegs.. 

Sugar hhds.. 

Sugar bbls. . 

Soap .boxes. . 

Shingles. .'^....M. . 

Staves M.. 

Tallow bbls.. 

Tobacco,  leaf hhds. . 

Tobacco,  chew boxes. . 

Tobacco bales. . 

Twine bundles.. 

Whisky bbls.. 

Wheat sacks.. 


..      16,909. 

610. 

..    191,474. 

8,408. 

4,300. 

..    787,386. 

..      27,289. 

.  .2,003,176. 

..      94,172. 

..      66,278. 

. .      64.210. 

..1,295,916. 

148. 

10. 

..    998,381. 

141. 

6,240. 

866. 

. .      76.490. 

..    129,131. 

1,968. 

7.828. 

..      21,272. 

. .      27,012. 

68,926. 

870. 

186. 

. .      27,408. 

..    621,482. 

..      88,518. 

1,289. 

.*    255.718. 

..      76,847. 

716. 

..    271,140. 

..   .  19,881. 

666. 

98. 

..       2,386. 

..      17,896. 

919. 

6,121. 

1,688. 

2,610. 

412. 

. .      16,412. 

..      88,411. 

90. 

..        1,641. 

.  •      68,916. 

636. 


21,880. . . . 

88.845 

179... 

1,606 

118,314... 

.  274,277 

26,541... 

.   44.984 

6,800. . . 

.   98.726 

271,015... 

.2,255,448 

4,170  .. 

.   86.092 

558,278... 

1,722,039 

18,199... 

26.781... 

95.306 

81,717... 

.  110,405 

994,770. . . 

2,900,000 

1,214. . . 

70 

425... 

1,121 

790,824... 

.  974,340 

5... 

936 

.  2,861... 

.   68,879 

8,171... 

.   4,888 

9,961... 

.  163,568 

226,764. . . 

.  162,669 

, , 

64R 

8.576... 

6,115 

11.245... 

.   65,784 

7,308.  ^ 

90,699 

14,029. . . 

83.143 

6... 

80,964 



1.668 

18,726. . . 

813,840 

278,988. . . 

659.560 

17,552. . . 

26,401 

2,507, . . 

9,333 

144,228. . . 

207,698 

41,796... 

.  216,523 

1,874 

280,800... 

3,808,500 

11.604... 

.   20.949 

789. . . 

8.748 

117... 

1.642 

17... 

4,001 

9,978. . . 

195.186 

2,046... 

.   4.808 

86,287.... 

12,202 

1,064..., 

7.000 

1,907..., 

10.178 

882... 

1,026 

2,410... 

80,965 

13,989. . . , 

14,644 

79..., 

.  274 

2,151 

8,508 

21,248..., 

186.042 

2,024. . . 

18,116 

Table  showing  the  quotations  for  Middling  Cotton  at  the  dofe  of  each  month 
with  the  rate  of  gold  and  sterling  bills  at  same  date.  ' 

Middlin|L  Sterlkig.  Gold 

1866-66.  ct*.  per  lb.  per  cent.  per  dollar. 

August .42to43 150    to  166 148i  to  144 

September 44  to  46 162    to  157 144*  to  146 

October 66  to  66 150    to  166 161    to    — 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  415 

November 51  to  68 166J  to  160 148i  to  148f 

December 61  to  — 166i  to  169 146^  to  146f 

January —  to  48 148    to  162 13»f  to  140 

February 46  to  46 145    to  148 136f  to  186 

March 40  to  41 132    to  183f 126^  to  126| 

April —  to— 18Sitol42 181    to  182 

May 80to40 146    to  153 186f  to  187 

June 36  to  88 168    to  167^ 162^  to  153 

July —  to— 155    to  162 145fto    — 

August 85to86 152    to  168 145^  to    — 

Table  showing  the  total  product  of  Cotton,  with  the  receipts  at  New  Orleans, 
and  the  total  crop  of  each  year. 

Total  Crop  received  at  N.  0.    Av*ge  price. 
Bales.  Bales.      .  cts.  per  lb. 

1866-57 2,939,619 1,618,247 I2i 

1857-68 8.118,962 1,678,616 llf 

1858-59 8.851,481 1,774,298 IH 

1869-60 4,675.770 2.255,448 lOf 

1860-61 3,699,926 1,849,812 11 

1861-62 )    88,880 10 

1862-68 }•  «3,900,000 22,978 55| 

1868-64 )    130.044 85 

1864-65 600.000 271.016 69i 

1866-66..^ estimate 800,000 787,886 89^ 

Receipts  Aver,  price  Total 

Seasons.  N.  Orleans.  per  bale.  value. 

1854-55 1.284,768 |40  00 61,890.720 

1866-56 1,759,298 40  00 70,871,720 

1856-57 1,613,247 67  00 86,215,079 

1867-58 1,678,616 62  60 88,127,840 

1858-69 1.774,298 68  00 92,087,794 

1869-r60 2,255,448 48  60 109,389,228 

1860-61 1,846.^12 90  00 92,465.600 

1861-62 88,880 45  60 1,769,040 

1862-63 22,078 281  82 5,107,082 

1863-64 131,044 856  20 46,677,872 

1864-65 271,016 270  64 78,826,398 

1865-66 787,886 178  20 140,312,186 


Total  12  years. .  ..18,546,275  1902,798,090 

Date  of  receipt        Rec'ts  of       Total  Receipts    . 

of  new  crop  at  Total 

first  bale.  to  Sept  1.      New  Orleans.  Crop.. 

1854.. July    25....   1,391 1854-66.  .1,284,768.  ,. .  2,847,339 

1866.. July    26 23,282. ..  .1856-56.  .1,769,298 8,527,846 

1866.. July    15 1,166 1856-67.  .1,618,247 2.989,619 

1867.  .Aug.  15 S3 1867-56.  .1,678,616 8,113,962 

lB58..July    25....  4,884 1868-69.  .1,774.298 8,861.481 

1869..  July  28 9,698 186^60.  .2,255,448. .. .  4.676,770 

1860.  .July   6 86,670 1860-61.  .1,849.812: . . .  3,699,926 

1861..  Aug.  11 61 1861-62)   88,880 

1862 -^ — 1862-68}.   22,078 *8,900,000 

1868.  .Sept  7 1868-64)   131.044 

1864.. Aug.  14 12 1864-66..  271.016 600,000 

1865. .Aug.  11....    22 1865-66..  787,886 800.000 

1866..  Aug.    7 128.... ..    . ...    estimate. 

*  These  figures  include,  as  near  as  possible,  only  Cotton  which  really  came 
to  market,  or  was  taken  for  home  consumption. 


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416  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMEBCE. 

In  regard  to  the  prospecU  of  the  growing  crop  the  able  editors  of  the  Prim 
Citrreni  entertain  similar  opinions  with  those  which  we  have  expressed,  viz : 

As  we  go  to  press,  the  accounts  of  the  growing  crop  continue  to  be  very  on- 
satisfactory.  The  severe  drought  which  succeeded  the  copious  rains  of  Jane 
has  extended  in  some  sections  of  the  northern  cotton  region  to  the  latest  date?. 
The  plants  have  shed  their  forms  and  stopped  growing.  In  various  portions  of 
the  more  Southern  region,  caterpillars  are  doing  more  or  less  damage.  On  the 
overflowed  lands  the  prospect  is  more  encouraging,  the  result  depending  on  the 
character  and  duration  of  the  fall  weather,  without  frost.  Where  rains  have 
fallen  to  revive  the  drooping  fields,  and  fresh  bolls  are  coming  out,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  only  two  weeks  remain  to  complete  the  period  (16th  Sq)t) 
beyond  which  not  much  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  maturing  of  newly  formed 
bolls.  Among  those  l>est  informed,  the  estimate  of  1,500,000  bales  is  considered 
a  full  one ;  it  may  possibly  be  less,  and  only  very  favorable  circumstances  can 
increase  it. 

SUGAR  TBADX  AND  PE06PECT8. 

We  have  compiled  from  our  records  the  annexed  statement  of  the  Sugar  crops 
of  Louisiana  since  1828,  giving  the  details  of  the  past  thiry-two  years.  Up  to 
1848  the  product  was  estimated  in  hhds.  of  1,000  lbs.,  which  was  presumed  to 
be  the  average  weight,  but  for  the  crops  since  that  date  We  have  taken  the 
figures  of  Mr.  P.  A.  Champomier,  as  we  find  them  in  his  annual  statements. 

Total  Crop.  Av.  price.  Total 

Year.  Hhds.  Pounds.  perhhd.       ,     value. 

to^lSSsi  281,000....  281,000,000....! ....$ 

1834 100,000 100,000,000 60  00 6,000,000 

1835 80,000 80,000,000 90  00 2.700,000 

1836 70.000 70,000,000 60  00 4,200,000 

1837 65,000. . . .   66,000,000  ...  62  60. . . .  6,062,500 

1838 70,000 70,000,000 62  60 4,876,000 

1839...  .  116,000 115,000,000 50  00 5.750,000 

1840 87,000 87,000,000 55  00. . . .  4,785,000 

1841 90,000 90,000,000 40  00 3,600,000 

1842 140,000 140,000,000 42  50 4,750,000 

1843 100,000 100,000,000 60  00 6,000,000 

1844 200,000 200,000,000 45  00 9,000,000 

1845 186.650 186,660,000 55  00 10.266,750 

1846 140,000 140,000,000 70  00. . .  9,800,000 

1847 240,000 240,000,000 40  00 9,600,000 

1848 220,000 220,000,000 40  00 8,80(»,000 

1849 247,928 269,769,000 60  00 12,896.160 

1850 21 1,803 281,194,000 60  00  ...  12,678,180 

1861 286,541 267,138,000 60  00 11,827.350 

1862 821,981 868,129,000 48  00 15,462,688 

1868 449,824 496,166,000 86  00. . . .  16,726,840 

1854 846,635 886,726.000 62  00 18,026,020 

1866 281,427 264.669,000 70  00 16,199,890 

1856 78,976. . .   81,873,000 110  00 8,137,860 

1867 279,697 807,666,700 64  00 17,900.608 

1858 862,296 414,796,000 69  00....  24,998,424 

1859 221,840....  266,116,750 82  00 18,190,880 

1860 228,758....  268,066,000 68  26 14,468,627 

1861 469,410. . . .  628,821,600 64  62 25,096,271 

1862 87,231 96,964,100 88  84 7,749,602 

1868... .•   76,801 84,481,100....  179  70....  18,801,189 

1864 10,887. . . .   10,780,000 208  50 1,994.800 

1866 •  18,079 19,886,900 157  60..,.  2,847,442 

Total 6,884,290. . .  .6,277,469,060 810,747,906 


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DEPARTMENT  OP  COMMERCE. 


417 


In  last  February  our  senior  editor  devoted  several  weeks  in  collecting  statistics 
of  the  crop,  and  we  published  the  results  of  his  researches  on  the  24th  of  that 
month.    'We  now  give  a  recapitulation  of  the  details  compared  with  those  of 


the  previous  year  and  of  1861-2.  1866-6.        64-5. 

Parishof  Orleans  and  St  Bernard...  1,024 887... 

Plaquemines 4,217 2,801 . . . 

Terrebonne 1,4^4 426... 

Assumption 1,891 881... 

Lafourche  Int'r. 407 118... 

Ascension 1,889 1,285. . . 


Iberville 420. 

Jefferson 704. . . . 

St.  James 966. . . . 

St.  Charles 21 

St.  John  the  Baptist 886 

Rapides 795. . . . 

Pointe  Coupee 60. . . . 

West  Baton  Rouge. 60 

East        "        — 

St.  Mary — 

St  Martin 150 

St.  Landry — . . . . 

Vermilion — . . . . 

Lafayette — . . . . 

Avoyelles — . . . . 

West  Feliciana — . . , . 

East        "         — 

Cistern  bottoms  of  889,264  hhds.  at 

an  estimate  of  8  per  cent — . . . . 

Scattering  crops — we  have  no  returns  — . . . . 


429. 

803.. 

262.. 

78.. 

48.. 

4*.! 

86.. 
60.. 
61.. 


61-2. . 

8,480 

22,488 

28,889 

87,766 

29,781 

80,721 

41.922 

11,086 

84,204 

18,191 

18,843 

19,587 

22,665 

24,697 

10,949 

48,799 

16,088 

7,988 

907 

1,848 

6,121 

5,712 

716 

11,677 
746 


Total  crops .14,790 6,668 469,410 

The  following  gives  a  comparative  view  of  the  number  of  plantations  in  cuL 
tivation  for  the  seasons  specified:  1865-6.        1864-6.        1861-2. 

Parishes.  Number  of  Plantations. 


Orleans 8. 

St.  Bernard 8. 

Plaquemine 81 . 

Terrebonne 21. 

Assumption 28. 

Lafuurche 12. 

St  Charles 1. 

St  John  the  Baptist 6 4 

St.  James 21 

Ascension 20 

Iberville 21 

Jefferson 6 

St  Mary 1 

Pointe  Coupee 1 

West  Baton  Rouge 1 1 

East  Baton  Rouge 1 

Rapides : 6 

Avoyelles — , 

West  Feliciana — 

East  Feliciana — 

St  Martin -* 

Vermilion — 

Lafayette — 

St  lAndry — . 


1 

5 

7 

...   19 

29 

...  i2 

21 

...   88 

81 

...  W4 

7 

...   76 

5 

:..   84 

4 

...   64 

18 

...   88 

19 

...   58 

28 

...121 

8 

...   26 

2 

...  168 

1  .... 

...   69 

1 

...   54 

8 

...   89 

— 

...   86 

— 

...   19 



...   18 



4 

— 

...   77 

— 

8 

— 

6 

— 

. . .   89 

VOL.  II. -NO.  in. 


27 


188 176.. 


...1,291 


Digitized  by 


Google 


418 


DKPARTMEKT  OF  COMKEROE. 


Articles.  Amomit. 

Alcohol 854. 

Apples 69,582. 

Baoon,  aas'd .  hhds.  d  casks  1 6,248 . 

BacoD,  assorted boxes.  2,299. 

Bacon  Hams.. hhds.  A  tcs.  14,307. 

Bacon  in  bulk. . .  .pounds.  17,740. 

Bagging pieces.  8,842. 

B^c  Rope ooiU.  48,940. 

Beans barrels.  6,312. 

Butter. .  .kegs  and  firkins.  16,909. 

Butter barrels.  610. 

Bran sacks.  191,474. 

Beef • barrels.  8,408. 

Beef tierces.  885. 

Beef,  dried lbs.  4,300. 

Cotton bales.  787,886. 

Cotton  Seed sacks.  94,172. 

Com  Meal bbls.  27,001. 

Com  in  ear bbls.  27,289. 

Corn,  shelled. 8ack8.2,003,176. 

Cheese boxes.  65.278. 

Candles .  .boxes.  64.210. 

Coal,  Western barrels.  1,295,91 5. 

Dried  Apples  <k  Peaches  "  148 . 

E^ bbls.  U,006. 

Feathers bags.  141. 

Flaxseed tea.  10. 

Flour bbls.  998,831 

Glassware packages.  5,240 . 

Hemp bales.  856. 

Hides. 76,480. 

Hay bales  129,181. 

Horns 18,990. 

Iron,  pig tons.  1,968 . 

Lard bbls.  and  tcs.  21,272. 

Lard. kegs.  27.012. 

Leather bundles.  7.829. 

Lime,  Western. .  ..barrels.  68,926. 

Lead pigs.  870. 

Lead,  bar . .  .kegs  ds  boxes.  186. 

Lead,  White kegs.  1,417 . 

Molasses gallons.  1,096, 120. 

Oats. sacks.  621,432. 

Onions bbls.  88,518. 

Oil.  linseed bbls.    . 

Oil,  Castor bbls.  5. 

Oil,  Lard bbls.  1,289. 

Oil  Cake tons.  96. 

Potatoes bbls.  256,718. 

Pork tea.  and  bbls.  75,847 . 

Pork boxes.  8. 

Pork hhds.  716. 

Pork  in  bulk. pounds.  271,140. 


VmO   AT  NBW  OBLBANS. 

1865-66. 

Average 

Value 

Price. 

Dollars. 

.$190  00  . . . 

162,260 

4   5  00  ... 

410,288 

.  190  00  ... 

.  8,086,170 

.  57  00  . . . 

181,048 

.  169  00  ... 

2,417,888 

19  ... 

8.870 

.  49  60  ... 

190,179 

.  28  90  . . . 

1,060,166 

.   6  75  ... 

42,606 

.  80  85  . . . 

521,642 

.  85  00  . . . 

61,850 

.   1  28  ... 

245,086 

.  18  25  ... 

168.854 

.  27  AO  . . . 

•  24,887 

22i... 

967 

.  178  20  .... 

140,812,185 

69  .... 

64.918 

.   5  26  ... 

141,755 

.   1  85  ... 

50,484 

.   2  47  ... 

4,947.844 

.  10  50  . . . 

680,866 

.  18  00  .... 

834.730 

.   1  05  ... 

1,860,710 

.  26  60  ... , 

8,986 

.  27  25  . . . 

881,686 

.  47  80  . . . 

6,669 

.  87  90  . . . 

879 

.  10  05  ... . 

10,429,976 

.   7  00  ... 

86,680 

.  40  00  . . . 

84,240 

.   2  85  ... 

178,751 

.   6  20  , , . 

,   671,481 

07i.... 

1,124 

.  48  40  . . . 

95,009 

.  69  40  . . . 

1,268.666 

.  12  50  . . . 

887,660 

.  45  00  . . . 

829,806 

.   2  76  ... 

176,485 

.  10  15  ... 

8.766 

.  11  25  ... 

2,092 

.   7  40  . . . 

10.485 

64i... 

704.257 

.   2  25  . 

1,898,222 

.   8  05  ... 
.  145  25  . . . 

117.464 

726 

.  71  00  . . . 

91.519 

.  88  00  . . . 

8.610 

.   8  50  . . . 

894.995 

.  87  50  ... 

2.844,262 

.  19  60  ... 

58 

.  160  00  . . . 

107.400 

15  ... 

40.671 

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DEPABTMBNT  OF  OOUUBBCE. 


419 


TALUS  PEOOIKJB  OF  DrTKRIOB   RBOIITXD  AT  MEW  OKLBAIfS. 


1865-60. 


Average 

Value 

noant           Price. 

Dollars. 

19,881 21  50.. 

427,441 

666....     12  S5., 

8,212 

819....     10  25  . 

8,394 

20,978....     11  66   , 

244,608 

18,781....       9  07  . 

169,980 

22....     71  80 

1,579 

98 120  00  . 

11.760 

2,886. ...       8  50  . 

8,851 

5,121 5  50  . 

28,166 

12,000....     61  60 

739,000 

2,510. ...  120  00  . 

801t200 

1,588. ...       6  75  , 

10,719 

18,079....  157  50 

. . .     2,847.442 

8,322....     28  00 

93,016 

412....     48  75  . 

18,026 

15,412....  261  00 

. . ,     4.022,532 

_.. .  ^ 

90. . . .     17  00 

1,580 

88,411....  112  00 

. . .     4,302,032 

1,641 18  36   , 

20,587 

4.415....       8  50 

37,527 

8,083. ...     58  00 

163,399 

68,916....     90  00 

. . .     6,802,440 

636. . . . 

8,000 

estimated  at 

6,000,000 

201,722,179 

Artcles.  A 

Porter  and  Ale bbls. 

Packing  Tarn reels. 

Ficklee. . .  .bbls.  and  kegs. 

Rioe sacks. 

Roein bbls. 

Ram bbls. 

Skins,  Deer packs. 

Shot kegs. 

Soap boxes. 

Spirita  Turpentine. .  .bbl3. 

SUvea M. 

Shingles M. 

Sugar hhds. 

Spanish  Moss. ....  .bales. 

Tallow bbls. 

Tobacco,  Leaf .hhds. 

Tobacco,  Strips hhds. 

Tobacco,  Stems hhds. 

Tobacco balee. 

Tobacco,  Chew .  kgs  4  b^zs. 
Twine. . .  .bdls  and  boxes. 

Vinegar bbls. 

Wool bags. 

Whisky bbls. 

Wheat sacks. 


Total    1868-4 179,233,986 

1862-8 29,766,454 

1861-2 61,610,990 

1860-1 155,863,564 

1869-60 186,21 1,264 


COMPAKATEVX  ARRIVALS,   EXPORTS. 


AND   STOCKS 
ORLEANS. 


OP    COTTON    AND   TOBACCO    AT    NEW 


For  ten  years — firom  1st  September  each  year. 


Yearft. 

1866-66. 
1864-65. 
1863-61. 
1862-68. 
1861-62. 
1860-61. 
1859-60. 
1858-59. 
1857-58. 
1866-57. 


Ck)tton — Bales. 
Arrivals.      Exports.    Stocks. 

768,543..  102,082 


787,386. 

271,015. 

131,044. 

22,078. 

38,880. 

1,849,812. 

2,265,448. 


.  192,351.. 
,    128,130.. 

23,760.. 

27,678.. 
.1,915,862.. 
.2,214,296.. 


1,774,298..  1,777,171.. 
1,578,616..  1,669,707., 
1,513,247    .1,516,921.. 


Tobacco— Hhds. 
ArFls.  Exp'ts.  Stock. 

16,412.   6,921.  8,707 

2,410.   1,831.      873 

1,363.      797.      594 

156.12,666.       311 

1,063.   2,224.12,711 

34,892.89,806.15,121 

73,934.  .80,956.82,689.20.636 

26,022 . .  75,926 .  79,974 .  23,369 

30,230.  .87,141.72,215.28,418 

7,321..  55,067 .50,181. 13,715 


83,239.. 
4,575.. 

•  120.. 
10,118.. 


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420 


DEPABTMENT  OF  COKliERCE. 


OOMPABATITS  PRICES  OF  MIDDLniG  COTTOIf  AT  NEW   OELBAK& 


On  the  first  day  of 
65-66. 
cents. 

Sept...42  to— .. 

Oct...  44  to  45..  161 
Nov...  66  to  66.. 119 
Dec....60to51..127 
Jan....— to  51..  118 
Feb...  48  to  49..  68 
March .  —  to  46 . 
April.. 40  to  41..  — 
May.. ..86  to—..  85 
June-..  88  to  89..  42 
Jaly...36  to  88..  40 
Angast  —  to  — . .  42 


each  month  daring  a  period  of  five  years. 


64-66. 
cents, 

to . 

to  168. 
to  120. 
to  128. 
to  120. 
to    10. 


—  to    76, 


86. 
48. 

44! 


68-64. 

cents. 
.  —  to  — . 
.  62  to 
.  65  to 
.  71  to 
.  72  to 
.  76  to 
.  72  to 
.  —to 
.  82  to 
.  92  to 
.  —to  160. 
.160  to  168. 


62-68. 

cents. 
.—  to—  . 
. —  to  —  .. 
.—  to  64  .. 


61-62. 

cents. 
9  to  10 
8ito  9 
9    to    9i 


68 

78 

72..— to64i..lOf  to  11 

73.  -       " 

77. 

78. 

70, 

88 

93. 


—  to  68 
.—  to  62 
.—  to  80 
.—  to  72 
.—  to  60 
.— to  — 
.— to— 
.— to63 


11  toll 

.10  toll 

.11  to  — 
.   9itol0i 

.—  to  — 

.—  to  — 

.—  to  — 

.—  to  — 


Receipts    Bales, 
at  N.O.. 787,886. 
Crop.... 800,000. 


Bales. 
..271,016.. 
.  .600,000. 


Bales. 
..181,004. 


Bales. 

. .  .22,078.. 


Bales. 
. .  .88,880 


COMPARATIVE  STATEMENT  OP  TBB  RECEIPTS,    EXPORTS  AND  STOCKS  OF  COTTON,  AT  THE 
FOLLOWmo   PLACES,   AT  THE  DATES  ANNEXED. 


Stocks 
on  hand,  Sep- 
tember!. 
1866.     1660. 
88,289    78,984 
24,990    41,682 
4,006     4,807 
9,972      8,897 
12,660        864 
....      2,800 

18,867     i'l68 

74,862    64,891 

....    90,201 


BeoelTed       Exported 

eSnoe  To 

September  1.        Great 

186&       1860.       Britain. 

716,007  1,767,160     868,878 

421,669     687,881     226.808 

966.661     477,944      

107,448     886,940 
146,884     108.617 

6i282 

78,946 


from  Sep.  1, 1866,  to  date*. 

Total  to  Coaat- 

Forel^    wile 

Portiw    Porta. 


To 
France. 
184,610 


86,710 
64,981 


98,867 
46,986 
87,977 


6,057 


Porta. 

17owOrIeana....Aog.  81 

HobUe Aug.  24 

Bayunah Aug.  11 

Charleston Aug.  17 

Vlorids Jane  18 

Virginia Aug.  18 

N.  OaroUna....  .Aog.  18 

Texas Aag.  26 

N.Y.,overrnd,^AHg.  21 
Other  Ports. ^ug.  11 

T0UI »  214,876  220,760  2,009,477  8,498,628  1,248,648  219,124  1,689,066  866,110 

Total  to  dates,  in  1861..  220,760       8,498,628         ....  2,167,160  677,699  8,106,722  748,609 


174,799     148,919 
186,168 


21 
69,486 
402,161 
19,071 


616,188  289«886 

40,184     267,671  116,964 

1,492       99,349  164,887 

63,814    68,646 

87,977  107,899 

....    86,719 

21    64.260 

64,883    70,999 


1,789 
86,149    479,887 
....       19,861 


Increase  this  year.. . 
Decrease  this  year. 


6,876 


1,484,061 


906,607  868,676  1,666,666 


106,661 


2.— COMMERCE  OF  MOBILE,  1866. 

The  following  is  made  up  from  the  Merchant's  and  Planter's  Exchange  Re- 
port, by  Colonel  Forsyth  : 

COTTON   STATEMENT — ^PORT  OF  MOBILE. 

•  Stock  on  band  Ist  September,  1865 bales   .  24,290 

Received  this  week 1,420  ^  ^ 

Received  previously 421,669—423,089 

447,379 

Exported  this  week 8,647 

Exported  previously 410,161 

Burned  and  Lost 6,807 — 420,006 


27,374 

Add  for  deficiency  in  receipts 1,636 

Stock  on  hand  and  on  shipboard  not  cleared 29,009 


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DBPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  421 


OOTTOX  8TATEMVNT,  AUG,  81,  1866. 

Stock  on  hand  and  on  shipboard  not  cleared 29,009 

Exports  to  Great  Britain 229,171 

France 40,184 

Other  foreign  ports 1,679 

*'  •    '    IT.  B.  ports,  including  4,878  bales  from  Mont- 
gomery to  New  Orleans  direct 147,142 

Bamed  and  lost. . , 6,807 


Receipts  for  the  year  jast  closed 429,102 

Received  since  close  of  the  war 504,407 

STOCK  OF  OOTTOir  AT  T^K  PORT  OP   MOBILE,   IN   PEBSSEU,   WABEHOUSBS,   AND 
ON  BHIPBOABD,   AVQ,   81,    1866. 

Planters'    Ship 

Mark.      Mark.  Total. 
Shippers'  and  planters'  presses   and 

warehouses 10,657      886  10,898 

Merchants'  and  Mathewe^  presses  and 

warehouses 4,017      260  4,267 

Walker's  press  and  warehouses 4,488        16  4,501 

Hitchcock^s  press 2,160      896  2,666 

Verona  warehouses 1,929          8  1,987 

Orange  Grove  warehouses. . « 200        •  •  200 

28,861    1,006  2,4866 

On  board  of  ship  Ganges 8,086 

"     Tiger. 281 

"           Steamer  Gulf  City 842 

Brig  S.  E.  Voorhees 484 

"            Schooner  Julia  E.  Gamage 100 

Total  in  warehouses,  etc 28,698 

Received  since 411 


Total  in  warehouses,  Aug.  81,  1866 29,009 

COTTON  C20P  OF  SOUTH   ALABAMA   FOB   28   TEABfl. 

Tears.  Bales.  An.  Increase.    Annual  Decrease. 

1839 251,742 68,065 

1840 446,725 198,988 

1841 817,642 126,088 

1842 318.816 678 

1848 482,681 164,816 

1844 468,126 14,505 

1845 517,560 49,424 

1846 421,669 96,881 

1847 822,516 69,158 

1848 488,824 115,808 

1849 517,846 79,622 

1860 850,297 167,549 

1851 461,697 110,400 

1852 549,772 98,075 

1858 646,514 8,268 

1854 588,110 8,404 

1856 464,595 88,515 


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422  DEPARTMENT  OF  COmCEROK. 

OOTTOX  OBOP  OF  SOUTH   ALABAMA   FOB   28   TKAB8. 

Teara  Balea.            An  Increase.    Annoid  Decrease 

1866 669.788 206,148 

1867 608,177 166,661 

1868 622,843 19,666 

1869 704,406......    181,668 

1860 842,729 188,328 

1861 649,441 _,..  298,288 

1862 J.. 

1868 ,       

1864 

1866 76,806 

1866 429,4(f2 8«J,797 

SKA  ISLAND  OOTTON    AND  BIOV. 

The  stock  has  become  very  litnited,  say  only  286  bales  on  hand  and  on  sbip- 
board.  We  have  no  tranaaotions  to  report  during  the  week.  The  first  bale  of 
the  new  crop  has  been  received  here  and  has  been  forwarded  to  Liyerpoo]. 

COTTON    STATKMDrr. 

Sea  leland. 

Stock  on  hand,  Sept  1,  1866 862.  • 

Receipts  firom  Sept  1,  1866,  to  Aug.  22,  1866 6,867. . 

Receipts  from  Aug.  28  to  Aug.  81,  1866 2. . 

Excess  of  receipts  not  before  reported. 144. . 

Total  receipts 6,866       107,821       4,119 

BZPOBTS. 

S.  Island.     Upland.    Rice. 

From  Sept  1,  '66,  to  Aug. 
28,  1866 6,677. .    100,226. .  8,096 

From  August  24  to  Aug. 

81,1866 68..  772..         24 

Ezoesfl  of  exports  occur- 
ring during  the  year 
by  Custom  House  <jear- 
ance 1,628 

Rice  taken  for  local  con- 
sumption   ....  999 


Upland. 

Rice. 

1.610. . 

100 

102,748.. 

8,926 

941.. 

94 

2,622.. 

.... 

Total  exports 6,680       102,621       4,119 


Stock  on  hand 236  6,800       

In  regard  to  the  prospects  of  the  coming  crop  the  editors  of  the  Tnbwnt  re- 
mark : 

"The  first  and  roost  important  part  of  this  future  is  in'relation  to  the  result 
of  the  cotton  crop.  It  is  impo!*sible  for  any  one  to  get  at  anything  like  accu- 
racy on  the  subject  At  the  North,  some  persons  have  gone  so  far  as  to  predict 
a  yield  of  over  8,000,000  bales.  Those  persons,  however,  are  not  familiar  with 
the  subject,  and  make  their  hopes  the  measure  of  their  opinions.  The  latter 
part  of  the  season  has  not  been  favorable.  Floods  have  destroyed  the  proepect 
m  some  places;  and  on  the  uplands  the  drought  have  had  the  same  effect.  The 
lowlands  have  not  been  worked  as  they  usea  to  be.  The  high  lands  have  the 
advantage  of  small  plantations  which  are  superintended  by  their  owners.  From 
them,  comparatively,  will,  probably,  come  more  than  from  the  bottom  lands. 
The  army  worm,  it  is  said,  is  in  the  fields  of  some  of  our  most  prolific  counties. 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  423 

To  estimate  -what  the  result  of  that  will  be  is  impossible.  The  telegraph  re- 
ported yesterday  that  an  English  gentleman,  who  had  Tisited  oar  State,  re- 
ports that  the  crop  will  not  exceed  1,200,000  bales.  This  is  nearly  the  lowest 
estimate  that  we  have  seen ;  but,  low  as  it  is,  it  is  certainly  much  nearer  accu- 
racy than  the  estimates  of  the  big  croppers.  Let  us  put  the  figures  at  1,500,000 
and  we  shall,  probably,  get  closer  to  the  actual  result  At  this  present  moment, 
we  believe  that  this  is  as  much  as  can  be  expected. 

8.--C0MMERCE  OF  CHARLESTON,  S.  C,  1866. 

TBS  COTTON  TEADX  AXD  PROSPECTS. 

The  following  remarks  are  made  by  the  editors  of  the  Courier  in  their  annual 
statement : 

SUPPLY  OF   1865-'66 ^UNITED  STATES. 

The  extent  of  the  crop  of  the  present  year  can  be  ascertained  within  a  few 
thousand  bales.  It  far  exceeds  the  estimates  made  a  few  months  since.  The 
cotton  remaining  in  the  South  at  the  end  of  the  war  was  estimated  at  1,500,000 
balesL     It  has  reached  2,407,000  bales. 

The  following  are  the  receipts  at  the  latest  dates,  at  the  various  ports  since 
September  1,  1865 : 

Bales. 

Galveston,  August 190,000 

New  Orleans,  August  10 746,000 

Mobile,  August  11 420,000 

Apalachicola,  August 80,000 

Savannah,  August 260,000 

Charleston,  August  24 110,000 

Overland  to  the  North 100,000 

Probable  receipts  of  1866-'66 1,906,000 

We  have  made  no  attempt  to  estimate  the  quantity  remaining  in  the  interior 
as  there  are  no  data  as  the  basis  of  such  an  estimate. 

The  first  remark  we  have  to  make  on  this  head  is  the  discordance  of  the 
statements,  as  we  have  said,  in  regard  to  the  efficiency  of  negro  labor.  The 
trials  made  of  the  system  of  voluntary  exertion,  at  the  commencement,  were 
highly  discouraginff.  The  scheme  promises  more  favorable  results.  The  modi- 
ficatioDS  iDtroduced  by  several  of  the  planters  are  leading  to  better  fruits  than 
was  anticipated.  The  system  of  weexly  money  payments  seems  satisfactory 
both  to  the  freedraan  and  his  employer.  The  Freedmen's  Bureau  is  also  operat- 
ing beneficially  in  the  same  direction.  Under  these  circumstances,  the  prospects 
are  more  hopeful  than  they  were  some  weeks  since.  Of  course  this  does  not 
apply  universally.  Whilst  several  portions  of  the  South  will  make  half  an 
average  crop,  si>me  sections  will  not  produce  one-third,  or  even  one-fourth  of 
the  ordinary  yield.  Texas,  it  would  appear,  has  been  visited  with  the  most 
favorable  conditions  for  the  development  of  the  productive  resources  of  its  soil, 
while  it  has  been  comparatively  exempt  from  those  casualties  which  usually 
afflict  the  cotton  region. 

There  is  one  circumstance,  however,  which  is  apt  to  be  overlooked  in  the 
question  of  supply,  which  is  the  extraordinary  stimulus  presented  by  the  hope 
of  gain,  acting  on  the  minds  of  a  large  number,  from  the  high  price  of  the  staple. 
All  who  possess  a  small  patch  of  ground  were  anxious  to  turn  it  to  a  profitable 
account,  the  only  restramt  being  the  want  of  seed.  If  each  individual,  fible 
and  willing  to  work,  were  to  raise  only  one  bale  of  cotton,  in  a  population  of 
six  millions,  the  aggregate  would  be  very  large.  This  is  intended  only  as  an 
illustration,  but  it  exemplifies  the  force  of  that  principle  of  gain  which,  acting 
under  the  incentive  of  high  prices,  induces  individuals  to  act  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  comnmnities.  The  influence  of  this  motive,  we  are  confident,  has  been 
overlooked  in  the  estimates  made  of  the  growing  crop. 


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424  DEPARTMENT  OF  OOMMBRCE. 

The  invariable  proneness  is  to  underrate  the  supply.  The«crop  of  1865--'66 
was  estimated  oo  the  Ut  uf  April  at  800,000  bale^  It  has  proved  at  the  latest 
dates  to  have  reached  2,407,000  bales.  The  estimates  of  the  crop  of  1866-67 
have  gradnally  advanced,  as  we  have  shown,  from  one  million  to  three  millions 
of  bales.  And,  although  this  latter  estimate  must  be  deemed  an  extreme  figure, 
as  the  actual  result  will  prove,  the  accuracy  of  our  remark  will  be  confirmed, 
that  there  is  a  proneness  to-tinderrate  the  supply. 

BATE  OF  GBOWTH. 

In  entering  on  this  branch  of  our  subject,  we  must  distinguish  between  tem- 
porary and  permanent  effects.  It  is  no  part  of  our  desigu  to  consider  in  detail 
the  causes  which  will  promote  or  retard  the  culture  of  cotton  in  the  future. 
As  it  was  no  part  of  our  purpose  to  take  into  view  the  circumstances  that  may 
influence  the  future  eupply,  such  as  the  better  orgiinisatiun  of  labor,  etc.,  so  it 
is  no  part  of  our  present  purpose  to  discuss,  except  briefly,  the  question  of 
future  cO)i8umptioti,  We  will  only  succinctly  adveirt  to  the  causes  that  will 
operate  to  extend  the  culture,  such  as  the  completion  of  the  railroads  by  which 
British  India  is  intersected ;  the  establishment  there  of  banking  institutiont, 
offering  increased  facilities  of  credit ;  but  on  the  other  hand,  the  existing  tenure 
of  land,,  and  the  fact  that  England  has  frequently  to  export  large  quantities  of 
silver  bullion  to  pay  for  her  imports  of  cotton,  are  obstacles  to  the  extension  of 
the  culture,  while  the  stimulus  of  high  prices  will  be  gradually  withdrawn. 
Limiting  our  inquiry,  therefore,  to  ih^  present  and  not  the  future,  it  would  still 
be  instructive  to  compare  the  rates  of  growth  and  consumption. 

The  annual  increase  from  1818-'19  until  1859-'60,  has  been  4  and  a  fraction 
per  cent.,  which,  if  the  war  had  not  followed,  in  that  proportion  the  crop  of 
1866-'66  would  have  been  4,916,000  bales;  or  for  the  six  years  from  1861  to 
1866,  26,714,800  bales,  as  the  following  condensed  statement  will  show,  suppoSo 
ing  that  fair  average  crops  had  been  made  in  that  period : 

Bales. 

1860-'61 : 4,012,600 

1861-'62 4,1 79,700 

1862-'68 4,862,800 

1868-*64 4,538.000 

1 864-'65 4,720,600 

1866-'66 4,916,100 


26,714,800 


BATE  OF  OONSUlfPTION — DXITED  STATES  COTTON.  ^ 

A  comparison  of  the  rate  of  coneumptlon  for  the  twelve  years,  up  to  1859-'60, 
the  same  as  wo  have  made  with  regard  to  the  growth,  win  enable  us  to  form  a 
clearer  idea  of  the  probable  rate  of  future  consumption.  We  annex  a  compara- 
tive statement  of  this  kind,  founded  on  the  basis  of  very  nearly  4  per  cent. : 

Bales. 

1 860-'61 r. 900,940 

1861-*62 936,610 

1862-'63 978,400 

1863-'64 1,011,910 

1864-'66 1,051,970 

l8tf6-'66 ; 1,098,620 


5,968,350 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  425 

The  c<5n8Qmption  pf  all  sorts  in  Great  Britain,  from  1860  to  1865,  has  been 
for- 

1860. 2,482,400  bales— 48,700  bales  weekly. 

1861 2,368.700  "  —46,264 

1862 1,196,500  "  —22,900 

1868 1,877,900  "  —26.488 

1864 1,606,800  "  —30,890     " 

1866 2,084,800  "  —89,180 

Angust  1,  1866,  48,000  bales  weekly,  against  40,000  bales  same  time  last  year. 
The  establishment  of  peace  on  the  continent  of  Europe  leaves  only  one' 
prominent  cause  affecting  the  rate  of  consumption,  t.  «.,  the  state  of  the  money 
market.  The  reduction  of  the  rate  of  discount  to  Tper  cent,  by  the  Bank  of 
England  removes  all  apprehension  on  this  score.  We  are  inclined  to  the  opin- 
ion that  there  will  be  a  progressive  decline  in  the  rate  until  perhaps  three  or 
four  per  cent  will  be  reached,  under  an  increased  accumulation  of  bullion  by 
the  Bank  of  England.  On  this  topic,  as  an  important  element  of  the  value  of 
cotton,  we  would  observe,  as  an  evidence  of  the  anomalous  condition  of  the 
money  market  in  England,  that  while  the  rate  of  discount  by  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, on  the  8d  of  August,  was  10  per  cent.,  and  the  bullion  in  her  vaults  was 
£14,000,000,  the  rate  of  discount  by  the  Bank  of  France  was  three  and  a  half 
per  cent.,  and  her  stock  of  specie  £28,000,000,  double  its  amount  in  the  formei^, 
and  more  than  three  times  the  rate  of  discount.  It  is  impossible  for  this  anoma- 
lous  state  of  the  money  market  to  continue,  for  it  is  contrary  to  the  tendency 
of  the  value  of  money  and  the  rate  of  interest  to  an  equality  in  the  different 
countries  of  Europe. 

The  |>aDie  has  reached  its  culminating  point,  and  the  reaction  in  favor  of 
cheap  money  was  assured,  notwithstanding  the  great  loss  of  loanable  capital 
from  the  recent  heavy  failures.  These  circumstances  favor  an  increased  con- 
sumption of  the  raw  material.  An  impulse  to  trade  has  been  given  on  the 
continent  since  the  cessation  of  hostilities.  The  markets  are  almost  bare  of 
cotton  fabrics,  and  there  was  an  increased  demand  for  yam  on  the  continent. 
The  cotton  trade  is,  therefore,  rapidly  recovering  its  former  elasticity,  and  the 
rate  of  consumption  will  soon  reach  a  point  almost  beyond  example. 

It  is  adraitted  by  the  most  intelligent  observers  that  the  key  to  the  future 
position  of  the  market  is  the  American  crop.  With  a  moderate  crop,  prices, 
in  all  probability,  will  be  maintained.  With  a  large  yield  they  will  give  way 
nnder  the  accumulation  of  the  stocks  of  East  India  dei*criptions,  which  are 
pressing  on  the  market  It  is  this  tendency  to  a  glut  of  East  India  cotton  that 
has  kept  the  American  descriptions  from  advancing.  One  of  the  Liverpool 
circalars,  dated  August  8,  observes  '*  that  the  arrivals  of  India  cotton  for  the 
next  three  months  must  be  at  the  rate  of  60,000  bales  per  week,  and  the  largest 
possible  denaand  cannot  be  expected  to  absorb  all  this.  Doubtless  the  amount 
of  cotton  now  afloat  from  the  East  represents  the  bulk  of  what  we  will  get  from 
that  quarter  for  six  months  to  come,  for  we  know  by  telegraph  that  scarcely  any 
cotton  is  now  shipping  for  England,  nor  is  it  likely  that  exports  will  be  resumed 
freely  for  several  months,  still  these  considerations  cannot  be  expected  to  weigh 
much  till  later  in  the  year,  and  only  then  if  the  prospects  of  the  American  crop 
are  poor.  It  is  evident  that  we  will  have  an  ample  supply  of  Indian  cotton  to 
last  till  next  January  or  February,  and^y  that  period  we  will  be  receiving 
freely  whatever  America  has  to  spare  from  the  next  crop.  The  conclusion  from 
these  views  is,  that  although  an  easy  money  market,  a  scarcity  of  cotton  fabrics, 
and  an  additional  demand  for  yam  in  the  German  market,  are  circumstances 
highly  favorable,  still,  until  an  advanced  period  of  the  season,  their  influence 
canned  be  felt  from  the  large  quantities  of  Indian  ootton  pressing  on  the  market 
The  important  point  is  the  extent  of  the  growing  crop.  This  is  mere  guess- 
work antil  all  danger  is  past  from  the  usual  casualties  that  visit  the  cotton  crop 
until  the  picking  season  is  over.  There  never  was  a  period  in  the  history  of  the 
cotton  trade  in  which  the  estimates  were  so  widely  variant  embracing  the  ex- 
tremes of  one  million  to  three  million  bales,  the  lowest  being  one  million  and 


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426  DEPARTMENT  OF  OOMMEBCB. 

th«  liighesi  three  millions.   We  are  incHoed  to  adopt  the  medinm  between  these 
ezLreme  figures,  and  estimate  two  millions  as  the  crop  of  1866-'67. 

Our  summary  of  conclusions  from  the  above  data  lead  to  these  inferences : 
I.  That  the  receipts  will,  in  all  probability,  reach  2,000,000  bales.  2.  That  the 
large  supplies  of  East  India  cotton  in  England  and  on  the  way  will  tend  lo  de- 
press the  market.  8.  Thnt  the  rate  of  consumption  will  be  large  in  consequence 
of  the  prospects  of  peace  and  the  increasing  ease  of  the  money  market,  the  effect 
of  a  progressiye  reduction  of  the  rate  of  discount  by  the  Bank  of  England. 

4.— COMMERCE  OF  SAVANNAH,  1866. 
The  Savannah  Bepvhlican  is  authority  for  the  following 

COTTON  8TATK1CKNT. 

Uplsada       B.  IsUnd. 
Receipts  since  August  24 1,170  2 

EXPORTS. 

Exports  since  August  24 2,375  2 

Exported  previously 244,878  *  10,972 

246,768  10,974 

Stock  September  1,  1865 8,724  281 

Received  since  August  24 1 ,170  2 

Received  preyiously 247,687  10,718 

Total  ReceiptB 262,681      1 1,001 

Exports  since  September  1 246,758      10,974 

Stock  on  hand  August  81 ; 6,828  27 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table,  the  stock  of  cotton  on  hand  and  on 
shipboard,  not  cleared  this  day,  8 1st  inst.,  is  6,828  bales  Upland,  and  27  bales 
Sea  Island  cotton,  a  difference  of  776  bales  of  Upland  and  427  bales  Sea  Island, 
as  compared  with  our  stock,  carefully  taken  this  day.  We  have  been  at  great 
pains  to  arrive  at  a  correct  stock  on  the  1st  of  September,  and  think  our 
figures  will  be  as  near  the  mark  as  poBsible.  The  difference  in  our  figures  will 
be  readily  accounted  for,  when  the  aifficnlt  and  various  modes  of  transportation 
during  the  early  part  of  the  season  is  taken  into  consideration. 

The  following  figures  will  sliow  the  receipts  and  exports  for  the  months  of 
July  and  August,  and  the  stock  on  hand  and  on  shipboard  not  cleared  at  the 
close  of  onr  report : 

BBOEIVKD 

Upland.       B.  L 

In  July 7.118         66 

In  August 7,898         29 

Total  Receipts. 16,016         94 

XXPOBTKD 

In  July 10,276      871 

InAugust 10,820       147 

Total  Exporte 20,696      818 

STOCK    ON  HAND 

September  1, 1866 6,098      464 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  COHMEBCE. 


427 


XXP0RT8  OF  COTTON 

JFVwn  the  Port  of  Savannah,  Commencing  Sept,  \,  1866. 

Wh«re  Exported.              ThlfWeek.  Prevfoiiftly.  Total. 

B.L          UplU  8.  L            UplU  8.  L          TTprd. 

Liverpool '^  4,987        88,98:3  4,987        88,988 

Other  British  Ports... 

ToUl  to  Ot  Britain  4,987        88,988  4,987         88,988 

French  Ports. 1,492  1,492 

Other  Eur(^eAn  Ports 

ToUl  Foreign 4,987         90,426  4,987        90,425 

New  York 81         6,491  4,769  120,602  4,850  136,098 

Boston 846  197  9,506  197  9,852 

PhiladelphU 1,086  7  6.009  7  7,094 

Baltimore 1,410  21  7,221  21  8,681 

Charleston 945  946 

Other  ports  697  697 

ToUl  coastwise. 81         9,882        6,989      162,«86        6,020       162,267 

Grand  toUl 81        9,882      10,876      248,860      10,967      262,692 

The  above  is  from  the  Daily  Advertiter, 

6.— THE  CITY  OF  NASHVILLE. 

There  are  no  ammal  reports  of  the  commeree  and  raannfaotares  of  this  flour- 
ishing city,  and  we  urge  it  upon  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  to  provide  for  the 
publication  of  snoh  hereafter.  The  annual  report  for  Memphis,  if  received  in 
time,  shall  be  appropriately  referred  to  in  the  present  issne  of  the  Review, 

In  regard  to  Ifashville  and  its  fatare,  we  coincide  in  the  views  expressed  In 
the  recent  circular  of  Messrs.  Anderson,  Johnson  dr  Smith. 

This  city,  containing  about  40,000  inhabitants,  is  handsomely  located  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  in  the  midst  of  the  rich  and  beautiful  grazing  and  highly 
improved  agricultural  lands  of  the  Basin  of  Middle  Tennessee.  The  prolific 
soil  of  the  surrounding  country,  yields  an  abundance  of  every  pniduotlon  neces- 
sary for  the  sustenance  of  its  population,  increased  fifty  fold,  and  contributes 
largely  to  the  valuable  exports  or  the  State.  No  interior  city  of  the  South  is 
more  eligibly  situated  for  a  large  manufacturing  town,  and  for  an  extensive  in- 
terior commerce.  On  all  sides,  save  on  the  west,  there  are,  at  convenient  dis- 
tances, inexhaustible  deposits  of  the  be^t  bituminous  coal ;  while  on  every  hand 
the  finest  qualitv  of  iron  ore  is  scattered  in  immeasurable  beds — to  say  nothing 
of  the  copper,  oil,  marble,  lead  and  other  minerals,  the  locations  of  which  are 
being  discovered,  and  are  destined  to  contribute  great  wealth  to  the  city.  The 
opening  of  the  regdons  bordering  on  the  upper  Cumberland  and  its  tributaries, 
will  bring  to  Nauiville  abundance  of  the  minerals,  petroleum  and  agricultural 
products  of  the  mountainous  districts,  while  the  railroads  projected  and  being 
constructed  in  every  direction  from  this  city,  will  bring  into  competition  simi- 
lar materials  from  other  parts  of  this  ana  adjoining  States,  hitherto  shut  out 
from  our  trade. 

In  view  of  the  great  capacity  and  adaptation  of  the  climate  and  soil  of  Ten- 
nessee, with  its  valleys  and  mountains,  the  growth  of  cotton  and  woollen  factor- 
ies, for  the  production  of  the  richest  fisbrics,  roust  ultimately  crpwd  our  city, 
extend  our  trade,  and  control  ranch  of  the  business  in  the  broad  lands  spread 
out  in  this  and  adjoining  States.  Especially  must  all  the  heavier  manufactured 
articles  for  the  adjacent  country,  including  agricultural  implements,  iron  and 
wooden  materials,  be  made  here. 

By  our  present  system  we  produce  abundance  of  the  best  material,  transport 


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428  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGBlCULTURfi. 

it  to  A  distance,  bring  it  back  after  it  is  fabricated  into  usefal  articles,  and  send 
it  out  through  the  channels  of  trade  for  consumption.  It  is  impossible  that  this 
system  can  continue.  Though  our  mineral  and  agricultural  wealth  may  occupy 
us  aifd  enrich  us  to  the  utmost  limits  of  our  ambition,  this  field  for  manufacturers 
and  capitalists  cannot  remain  unoccupied.  Our  enterprising  neighbors  will  be 
attracted  to  it,  and  will  find  it  abundantly  to  their  interest  to  place  themseWes 
beyond  competition  by  manufacturing  Ihe  material  in  the  land  where  it  is  pro- 
duced, and  where  it  must  mainly  be  consumed.  By  such  combined  interests  as 
these,  our  city  is  destined  to  be  largely  increased  in  population  and  wealth. 

To  all  the  material  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  city  of  Nashville,  may  be  add- 
ed its  healthful  location  and  its  refined,  cultivated,  moral  and  religious  society. 
Tears,  and  even  age^  have  demonstrated  that  it  is  subject  to  no  prevailing 
disease,  or  epidemic,  and  its  statistics  of  mortality  will  compare  advantageously 
with  those  of  any  city.  North  or  South. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

1.— THE  RICE  PROSPECT— THE  PRESENT  CROP. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  large  district  tributary  to  Georgetown,  S.  C,  which 
ordinarily  produced  60,000  tierces  will  not  exceed  this  year  12,000  tierces.  The 
Cooper  Kiver  district  will  not  go  beyond  8,000  tierces.  The  Charleston 
News  says  of  th^  rest  of  the  State  and  of  the  prospects  in  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina : 

To  the  south  lie  the  Pon  Pon  rice  fields,  on  the  Edisto  River,  at  which  point 
there  is  but  little  land  in  cultivation  ;  the  Ashepoo  rice  fields,  where  we  learn 
there  are  some  excellent  crops,  and  the  Combahee  River  plantations.  In  this 
region  lies  the  elegant  estate  of  Jehossee  Island,  belonging  to  the  Hon.  Wm. 
Aiken.  The  yield  of  this  district  the  present  season  is  estimated  at  about 
100,000  bushels,  equal  to  6,000  tierces. 

It  is  stated  that  there  are  some  good  crops  on  the  South  Carolina  side  of  the 
Savannah  River,  and  that  Mr.  Daniel  Heyward  has  here  a  superior  show  of  rice, 
which  he  has  made  by  the  most  untiring  effort  and  skillful  management,  and 
that  he  will  be  able  to  send  to  market  60,000  bushels.  It  is  estimated  that 
Charleston  will  get  from  this  source  about  100,000  bushels,  equal  to  5,000 
tierces  clean  rice. 

We  have  no  certain  intelligence  from  Georgia,  but  if  we  estimate  the  yield 
there  at  one-third  that  of  South  Carolina,  the  rice  crop  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia  for  the  present  year  will  give  the  following  result: 

BSfTIMATX  OF  THE  RICE  OEOP  VK   SOUTH  OABOUITA   AXD  OIOBGIA   FOB    1866. 

dean  Bice, 

Waccamaw,  Pee  Pee  and  Santee  district 12,000  tierces. 

Cooper  River  district  8,000      " 

Pon  Pon.  Ashepoo,  Combahee  and  vicinity «  6,000       " 

Savannah  Back  River,  amount  to  come  to  Charleston 6,000       *' 

Crop  of  Georgia 8,000      " 

Total 88,000  Uercea 

There  is,  perhaps,  a  limited  amount  planted  on  Cape  Fear  River,  in  North 
Carolina,  and  some  inland  rice  produced  in  the  interior ;  the  latter  will,  to  a 
certain  extent,  if  the  price  keeps  up,  be  brought  to  this  market  by  railroad; 
but  the  al)ove  estimate  will  not  be  much  changed  by  these  elements.  The 
dangers  now  are  an  equinoctial  gale  and  bad  work  during  harvest. 

To  show  our  readei%  the  complete  prostration  of  this  branch  of  agriculture 


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DEPABTMENT  07  KDUCATIOK. 


429 


by  the  war,  we  give  the  receipts  at  this  point  during  the  years  1859  and  1860, 
and  1860  and  1861,  and  1865  and  1866,  and  conjecturally  for  1866  and  1867: 

Tierces, 

ReeeipU  at  Charleston  from  the  let  Sept  1869, to  81st  Aug.  1860 154,970 

ReceipU  from  Sept.  Ist,  1860,  to  August  Slst,  1861 126,269 

Receipts  from  Sept  Ist,  1866,  to  August  Slst,  1866 4,026 

Estimated  for  1866  and  '67 26,000 


DEPARTMENT   OF    EDCCATION. 


Iv  this  department  it  is  our  intention, 
from  time  to  time,  to  notice  what  is 
being  done  by  the  large  institutions  of 
learning  in  the  South,  and  we  shall  al- 
ways be  happy  to  receive  information 
in  regard  to  them : 

1.  University  or  Virginia.    This  time- 

honored  institution  is  again  in  full 
tide  of  success,  with  a  most  able 
faculty  and  a  large  attendance  of 
students.  The  catalogue  which 
was  promised  has  not  yet  been 
received. 

2.  "WAsniNGTON    CoLLBOK   (Lezlngtou, 

Virginia)  was    founded  in   1782. 
The  first  endowment  wa8  made  to 
it  by  George  Washington,  which 
now  yields  |60,000   per    annum. 
The  Cincinnati  Society  added  to  it 
an  amount  now  worth  $23,000  per 
annum.    Very  many  valuable  do- 
nations have    subsequently   been 
made.     Mr.  McCormick,  of  New 
York,  gave  $16,000;  Mr.  Warren 
Newcomb,  of  the  same  dty,  $10,- 
000 ;  and  Mr.  R.  Wilson,  of  Phila- 
delphia,  a  valuable  library  —  all 
since  the  war. 
General  Robert  E.  Lee  was  elected 
President  of  the  College  in  1866.   There 
were  146  students  in   1866,    and  wiU 
probably  be  800  to   400  next  year. 
Session    opens    second   Thursday   in 
September. 

xxPK^rsKS : 

Gollego  feeis  all  items. $100 

One  modern  langoage... 90 

Two  or  more  languages 80 

Board  per  month $16  to  $26 

There  are  schools  of  Latin.  Greek, 
Modem  Languages,  Moral  Philoso- 
phy, Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy, 
Chemistry,  History,  and  Literature, 
Law,  Engineering,  etc.,  with  an  able 
and  well-^ected  corps  of  professorSi 


faculty: 

Qen.  B.  £.  Lee.  President 

Garter  J.  Harria,  Professor  of  Latin. 

James  J.  White,  Profensor  of  Oreek. 

Sdward  8.  Jojnea,  A.lf.,  Professor  of  Mod- 
ern Languages  and  English  Philology. 

Bev.  J.  A.  Lefevre,  A.M.,  Professor  of 
Moral  Philosophy. 

Alexander  L.  Nelson,  A.M.,  GiDdnnati  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics. 

William  Allan,  A.M.,  Professor  of  Applied 
Mathematics. 

Richard  S.  McOalloh,  A.M.,  McGormlok  Pro- 
cessor of  Natural  Philosophy. 

John  L.  Campbell,  A.  M.,  Boblnson  Profes- 
sor of  Ghemistrv. 

Hon.  John  W.  Brockenbrongh,  LL  D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Law  and  Equity. 

8.  Thb  llNivKRsrrY  of  Soma  Caboli- 
WA  —  Columbia.     This  institution 
of  learning  was  established  by  an 
act  of  the  General  Assembly  in 
1801,  as  the  South  Carolina  Col- 
ic^ ;  and  was  opened  for  the  ad- 
mission of  students  in  1806.    By 
a  recent  act  of  the  Legislature  it 
has  been  changed  into  a  Univer- 
Mty.     The  prospectus  issued  by 
its  Faculty  will  show  the  nature 
and  extent  of  the  means  at  its 
command,    for    a    comprehensive 
and  thorough  education. 
There  are  eight  distinct  schools,  from 
which  students  may  select,  to  wit :  Po- 
litical Economy,  Prof.  R.  W.  Barnwell, 
Chairman  of   Faculty;   Ancient  Lan- 
guages, Prof.  W.  J.  Rivers;  Modem 

Languages  and  Literature,  Prof. ; 

Rhetoric,  Criticism,  Elocution,  and 
English  Literature,  Prof.  M.  Laborde ; 
Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy,  Sacred 
Literature,  etc..  Prof.  J.  L.  Reynolds; 
Mathematics,  Civil  and  Military  Engi- 
neering, Prof.  E.  P.  Alexander;  Natural 
and  Mechanical  Philosophy  and  Astro- 
nomy, Prof.  John  Le  Conte ;  Chemirtry, 
Pharmacy,  Mineralogy  and  Geology, 
Prof.  Joseph  Le  Conle. 

First  term  commences  first  Monday 
in  January ;  second  opens  first  Monday 
in  October. 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 


EZPEN8K8  FOE  TEAM  I 

Room  rent  and  fees $40 

Tuition  each,  for  three  or  more  schools. . . .  95 

Taition  each,  for  two  or  more  schools 85 

Tuition  each,  for  one  or  more  schools 00 

Board,  per  week , 5 

Fuel  and  wasliing  extra. 

4.  UinvEBBriT  of  Geokoia. 

SIXTYSIXTn  ANNUAL  SESSION. 

FACULTY. 

A.  A.  Lipscomb,  D.D.,  Chancellor,  Professor 
of  Criticism,  Bhetoric,  and  Oratory. 

P.  H.  M«ll,  D.D.,  YioeChaDoellor,  Professor 
of  Moral  and  Mental  Philosophy  and  PoUtical 
Economy. 

Williams  Ratherford,  Jr„  A.M.,  Professor  of 
Mathematics  and  Civil  Engineering. 

W.  H.  Waddell,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Ancient 
iMffuages  and  Literatare. 

W.  L.  Jones,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Chemistry,  Geology,  and  Terrell 
Professor  of  Agriculture. 

W.  Leroy  Broun,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Natu- 
ral Philosophy  and  Astronomy. 

L.  H.  Cbarbonnier,  A.  M.,  Adiunct  Profes- 
sor of  Ancient  Langusges  and  Erencfa. 

J.  Pembroke  Jonea^  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Mathematics. 

FKOFKS9IONAL  RCnOOLS. 

Hon.  J.  H.  Lumpkin,  LL.D.,  Professor  of 
Law. 
Professor  of  Civil  Engineering  to  be  filled. 


sneioNS  Ain>  tkbms. 
The  second  term,  beginning  Febru- 
ary 15th,  1866,  will  cloee  with  Com- 
mencement, firat  Wednesday  in  Aa- 
goat,  1867. 

BXPEN8B8 — BSTIMATE. 

For  tuition,  etc,  per  annum.  $75.00  to  tiUM 
For  board  on  Campus,  for  9^        • 

months,  at  $20,  or.  In  town, 

at$26 l»0.00to  «T^ 

For  washing,  fuel,  lights....    88.00  to     50.00 

$998.00  to  isiniso 

SCHOOL  OF  CIVTL  KNOIIfEXRS. 

This  school,  which  is  a  new  feature 
in  the  institution,  is  designed  to  be  a 
professional  school,  in  which  young 
men  will  be  carefnlly  and  thoroughly 
trained  both  in  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  Civil  Engineering.  The  course 
of  study  will  embrace  0^  Departmeata 
of  Surveying,  Levelii]^,  Statics,  Plat- 
ting, Topographical  Drawing,  Field 
Work,  etc.  It  a  stadent  is  familiar 
with  the  rudiments  of  Mathematics,  It 
will  require  but  two  years  for  him  to 
complete  this  course. 

Terms — One  hundred  (100)  dollars 
for  the  annual  session  of  nine  months. 


JOUSNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 

RePBESRNTING    TBI  VIEWS    AND      OPINIONS  WHICH    OBTAINEI^,  AND    THE    COKl>ni0X 

of  thinqs  which  existed  at  the  dats  of  each  day's  entbt,  in  teob  ck>nfedeaatb 
States,  or  in  portions  of  thkm;  the  obioinal  bntrieb^  with  subseqitsnt 
NOTES,  ETC. — (Continued.) 

BT    THE  EDITOR. 1862. 

**  Oh,  who  that  shared  them  ever  shall  forget 
Th'  emotions  of  the  spirit-rousing  time  "  ? 

Scott's  Lord  of  the  Isles. 
"  Now  Civil  Wounds  are  stopped— Peace  lives  again.'* 

RiCHABD  III.,  Act  V.,  Sc  IV. 

e  «  e  «  e  • 

**  My  paramount  object  Is  to  save  tho  TJoioiL 

and  not  either  to  save  or  destroy  slavery.    If 

I  ooald  save  the  Union  without  fireeing  any 

slaves  I  wonld  do  it,  and  if  I  could  save  it  by 

it;  andlfl 


News  comes  that  General  Armstrong, 
on  the  80th  August,  attacks  the  enemy 
at  Bolivar,  Tennessee,  and  took  large 
numbers  of  prisoners — also,  that  we 
have  had  a  great  victory  in  Virginia, 
over  Pope  and  Banks. 

The  enemy  were  driven  the  same 
day  from  Stevenson,  after  four  hours 
shelling,  and  the  people  received  our 
soldiers  witli  open  arms  and  great 
rejoicing.  Lincoln  has  written  and 
publish^  the  following  letter.  It  is 
very  refined  logic  : 


freeing  all  the  slaves^  I  would  do  J  . 
coold  save  it  by  Ageing  some  and  leaving  oth* 
ers  alone,  I  would  also  do  that.  What  I  do 
about  slavery  and  the  colored  nioe  I  do  be- 
cause I  believe  it  helps  to  save  the  Union ; 
and  what  I  forbear,  I  forbear  because  I  do  not 
believe  It  would  help  to  save  the  Union.  I 
shall  do  less  whenever  I  shall  believe  that 
what  I  am  doing  hurts  the  oause ;  and  I  shall 
do  more  whenever  I  believe  doin  g  more  will 
help  the  cause.  I  shall  correct  errors  when 
shown  to  be  errors,  and  I  shall  adopt  new 
views  so  fhst  as  they  shall  appear  to  be  true 


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JOUBNAL  or  THE  WAB. 


431 


Tlawa.  I  have  here  stated  my  porpoee  accord' 
log  to  my  Tiew  of  daty,  and  I  Intend  no  modl- 
fieation  of  my  oft^xpreMed  personal  wish 
that  all  men  everywhere  eoold  be  free. 

Yoors,  A.  LniocLH. 

TAEnra  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

FsoTOST  Max8iial'*b  Omcs,        ) 
Nkw  OBLBAm,   La.,  Ane.  ft,  186S.     ) 
In  obedience  to  ynar  **.BDeelarordeni^  I  here- 
with transmit  a  statement  of  the  number  of 
men  subscribed  to  the  "*  alien  oath,"^  and  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States. 
JoHAS  H.  Fbbkoh, 
ProToet  Karsbal  of  New  Orleans. 

Citizena,    Aliens. 

ProrostConrt 8,695  128 

Mayor'sOffloe 175  47 

Provost  Marshars  Office,  N.O.  6,198  2,087 
Prorost  Marshars  Office,  Algiers  208  188 

First  District  Police  Station         827  — 

Second  District  Police  Stotion      275  40 

Third  District  Police  Station        670  54 

Ibnrth  District  Police  Station     185  10 

Total liilS       2^59 

^  2,499 

Aggregate 14,222 

Parole  oath  to  officers  and  soldiav  of  the 
C(»federate  States  service : 

Privates.%. 44W8 

Commissioned  Officers 211 

The  above  comes  from  a  New  Or- 
letns  paper.  It  is  no  doubt  a  great 
exaggeration,  and  indudes  women  as 
wellas  men. 

Wednksday. — Glorious  news  from 
Virginia.  General  Lee  telegraphs  to 
the  President : 

QBOTKTOir,  Ang:  80,  10  P.M.— This  army 
achieved  to-day,  on  the  Plains  of  Manaasas,  a 
signal  vlctonr  over^the  combined  forces  of 
Gens.  McClellan  and  Pope. 

On  the  SSth  and  29th,  each  wing,  under 
Generals  Loiwatreet  and  Jackson,  repnlsed 
with  valor  the  attacks  made  upon  tnem  sepa- 
rately. 

We  moam  the  loss  of  oar  callant  dead  In 
every  conflict,  yet  our  flpratltnde  to  Almighty 
God  for  His  mercies  rises  higher  each  day. 
To  Him  and|to  the  ralor  of  omr  troops  a.NaUon^s 
grstitnde  is  due. 

(Signed)  R.  E.  Lk& 

The  enemy  are  eyacnatiog  Western 
Virginia,  and  its  people  are  coming 
over  to  the  Coofederacy.  Unionists  in 
Fairfax  and  other  neighboring  counties 
of  Virginia,  frightened  out  of  their 
wits  by  the  movements  of  Stuart,  are 
msMng  to  Washington  in  hot  haste. 
Stuart  occupies  Manassas  Junction. 

Pope  publishes  a  ridiculous  report  of 
the  operations  against  Longstreet  on 
the  29th,  in  whidi  he  claims  the  yic- 
tory. 

The  Yankees  shell  Natchez  for  a  short 
time— ita  citizens  having  killed  or  driven 
off  a  party  of  Rebs,  who  had  attempted 
depredations  upon  them. 


Thubsdat.  —  The  news  /or  to-day 
published  out  of  place,  page  881,  Sep- 
tember number  of  Review. 

Friday. — Deceived  again.  Our  army 
has  not  even  yet  reached  the  Potomac. 

Extra*  session  of  Kentucky  Legisla- 
ture will  meet  at  Louisville,  since  the 
Confederates  have  taken  Frankfort,  or 
rather  since  it  was  abandoned  by  the 
Federals. 

Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  is  evacua- 
ted. 

THE  BATTLE-FiELD— FEDERAL  LOSSES. 
Alexandria,  Va.,  Sept  2.— The  dead, 
the  dying  and  the  wounded  still  crowd 
the  streets  of  Alexandria.  Thoosands 
have  already  been  sent  to  the  hospitals 
in  Washington  and  to  the  cities  of  the 
North.  Ten,  fifteen,  twenty  thousand, 
will  hardly  cover  our  loss  in  the  late  bat- 
tles. From  an  officer  of  high  character, 
and  who  participated  in  all  the  battles  of 
last  week,  I  learn  that  our  dead  are  ac- 
tually Ijing  in  heaps  by  the  side  of  the 
Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  near 
Manassas  Junction,  and  fill  the  ditches 
around  the  forts  erected  bv  Beauregard. 
The  proportion  of  the  dead  will  outnum- 
ber those  of  any  other  battles  during  the 
war.    Rebel  and  national  soldiers  he  to- 

§  ether,  with  their  bayonets  locked  in  the 
eath-grapple.  But  few  of  these  dead 
have  ^'et  been  buried.  Their  bodies  lie 
festenng  in  the  sun,  and  the  rebel  army, 
in  their  eagerness  to  follow  up  their  vic- 
tory, will  not  take  time  to  cast  a  few 
sbovelfulls  of  earth  over  them. 

Our  army  baa  again  fallen  back— this 
time  almost  within  the  forts  around 
Washington.  The  body  of  Gen.  Kearney 
was  this  morning  sent  to  our  lines  under 
a  flag  of  truce.  It  was  not  recognized 
uutilafter  daylight,  and  the  rebels,  in  or- 
der to  compel  us  to  admit  that  they  occu- 
pied the  battle-ground,  generously  gave 
It  up. 

THE  APPROPRlA'nONS  MADE  BY  THE 
LAST  FEDERAL  CONGBESS. 
The  recapitulation  of  the  appropria- 
tions made  by  the  last  session  of  the  Fed- 
eral Congress  is  as  fo!low8 : 

For  legislatire,  exeentive,  and 

miscellaneous  purposes. $18,997,504  60 

For  suppport  of  Army  for  1862,  238,543,488  11 

For  support  of  Navy  for  1862,.  88,486,294  04 
Fur  diplomatic  and    consular 

expenses, 1,285,809  84 

For  Army  for  1862  and  1868. . .  542.846,846  tO 

For  Navy  for  1662  and  1868,..  42,741,888  41 

For  Indian  Department 2, 1 17,962  04 

For  Post-Office  Department. .  14,744,800  04 

For  Military  Academy, 156,211.000  00 

For  Fortifications, 7,085,000  00 

For  Invalid  and  other  pensions  1,450,000  00 

For  Treaty  with  Hanover,. . . .  44,497  00 

Total $894,904,972  84 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


SatubdaXi  6th  Sept. — Confederatefl 
under  Gen.  Armstrong  rout  the  enemy 
noaf  Denmark,  Tennessee ;  took  200 
prisoners  and  burned  the  bridges  be- 
tween Bolivar  and  Jackson. 

President  Davis  sets  apart  a  day  for 
Thanksgiving;  on  account  of  the  great 
victories  in  Virginia.  The  President  is 
very  devout,  and  recently  made  a  pub- 
lic profession  of  religion. 

A  Confederate  >vnr  steamer  lias  at 
last  made  her  appearnce  in  our  waters. 
She  was  built  abroad,  and  ran  the  block- 
ade at  Mobile. 

Our  losses  in  Virginia  are  stated  at 
10,000,and  theYankees  admit  to  17.000, 
including  a  number  of  general  officers. 
They  are  reported  evacuating  Nash- 
ville. 

Secretary  of  "War  reports  that  we 
have  Increased  our  stock  of  arms  in  tBe 
last  three  months  over  80,000  by  cap- 
ture, manufacture  and  importation. 
We  also  produce  1500  pounds  of  nitre 
a  day,  and  will  soon  reach  3000  lbs.  and 
supply  our  consumption.  The  follow- 
log  Ballad  appears. 

EN  BEVANCHEt 


BT  PATTL  n.  UATirS. 


A  Ballad  <^fth«  Present  War.     Faundsd  on 
FaeU. 


I  ramember  that  onoe  I  was  hnioan  and  par*  1 
Then  loved  ones  came  to  my  call, 

And  I  dreamed,  that  denpite  earth^s  passion 
and  guilt, 
Ood's  mercy  was  over  as  all  I 

Bat  Fm  human  no  more!    There^s  blood, 
blood,  blood. 
Wherever  my  vision  mav  fall  I 
There^s  blood  on  the  heartnatone^  blood  in  the 
sky, 
And  blood  on  the  temple  wall. 

And  my  brain  grows  hot  with  the  bamlng 
tbouffht 

Of  my  fatr  young  daaghtor  defiled. 
Of  her  mother  dashed  to  earth  and  slain. 

As  she  struggled  to  shield  her  child. 

And  my  brain  grows  hot  with  the  bamlng 
thought 

That,  manacled,  boand,  oppressed, 
I  saw  it  all,  with  a  hand  at  my  throat. 

And  a  feion'a  knee  on  my  breast  I 

now  did  I  bear  it?    Halhalgoaak 
The  vnlturcs  that  feed  on  the  slain. 

From  the  red  mvioea  of  the  wild  Southwest 
To  the  waves  of  the  Eastern  uuilo. 


In  the  lone  m4M«ss  where  the  panther  and  fox 

Bnarl  over  their  mangled  prey. 
In  city  and  hamlet,  field,  monntaia  and  wood. 

Tea  t  ever  by  night  and  by  day. 

I  am  tracking  the  fiends  who  mnrdered  my 


And  overtaking  them,  one  by  <    . 
Oh,  €k>d  I  bat  whenever  I  bring  them  to  bay, 
Ask  not  of  the  deed  that  Is  done  1 

Here  t  look  on  my  sabre  I  ^tis  coated  with  gore 
For  its  strokes  were  sodden  and  fell : 

Bat  it  shall  not  be  sheathed  while  the  Master 
Fiend 
lives  yet  nndalmed  of  Hell. 

That  Devil  who'whelmed  my  dangfat«r  In  shams 
While  manacled,  boand,  oppressed, 

I  writhed  with  a  rnfllan  hand  at  my  throat, 
And  a  mffiaa  knee  on  my  breast. 

He  may  cronch  in  the  darkest  care  of  the 
earth, 
Yet  ril  tear  him  oat  from  his  den, 
And  ril  feast  my  eyes  on  the  blood  of  his 


heart. 
Were  he  l>acked  by  a  thonsand  i 


at 


Then  away,  to  my  doom!   wbtresoever  a 
**  Hope," 
The  '*foriomest"  speeds  to  the  strife. 
My  breast  shaU  be  bared  to  the  fire  and  the 
steel, 
For  Vm.  sick  to  my  soul  of  life  I 

Sunday. — No  reliable  rumorei.  8000 
returned  Confederate  prisoners  have 
reached  Vicksburg,  and  will  be  organ- 
ized, with  others  that  may  come  in,  un- 
der Gen.  Tilghman,  and  perhaps  dem- 
onstrate upon  New  Orleans. 

Monday. — An  error.  The  prisoners 
have  not  yet  reached  Vicksburg*  and 
much  anxiety  is  felt. 

2  P.  M. — ^The  moet  extraordinary 
news  reaches  us  by  telegraph,  and 
though  on  seemingly  good  authority, 
we  hesitate  to  believe  it. 

It  is  published,  it  is  said,  at  Oairo, 
that  Eirby  Smith,  after  a  rapid  march, 
had  taken  Lexington,  Covington,  and 
Newport,  Kentucky,  and  compelled  the 
surrender  of  Cincinnati  without  a  blowf 

Jackson's  reported  marching  upon 
Baltimore  with  40,000  men,  and  Pope's 
whole  column  is  falling  back  upon 
Waahington,  where  the  greatest  ex- 
citement preTails,  as  it  does  all  over 
the  North. 

Bueirsarmy,  on  the  retreat,  has  pass- 
ed Murfreesboro',  en  route  to  Nashville. 

The  whole  of  Middle  Tennessee  is  in 
a  blaze,  having  the  foot  of  the  oppress 
sor  removed  from  their  necks. 

The  news  of  the  day  appears  in  an 
extra  with  this  heading.  (Such  are 
war's  rumors) : 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


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BY  TELEGRAPH. 


"WHEN  IT  RAINS  IT  POURS." 

GRAND  AND  GLORIOUS  1 

Three  Thousand  Cheers  for  Kirby  Smith  ! 

KIKBY  SMITH  FOREVER! 

NEWPORT  AND  COVINGTON  ARE  OURS  I 

CINCINNATI  IS  OURS! 

HURRAH  FOR  OLD  STONEWALL! 

HB  HAS  GONB  TO  MARTLAKD  ! 

GEN.  LEE  STILL  VICTORIOUS! 

Tuesday. — Noihiug:  received  con- 
firmatory of  the  exciting  newa  of  j*es- 
tt-rday,  which  was  almost  generally 
credited,  having  coine  through  North- 
ern sources  with  so  much  cirpumstan- 
tial  detail.  We  cannot  believe  th« 
Yankees  even  when  speaking  against 
themselves. 

It  must,  however,  be  regarded  as  ex- 
tremely probable  that  Lexington,  Cov- 
ington and  Newport  are  ours,  and  that 
Jackson  has  crossed  the  Potomac. 

Wbdnesdat.—  No  news  again.  Some 
rumors  that  Louifeville  has  been  taken, 
or  evacuated,  and  that  Memphis  will 
be. 

A  part  of  Gen.  Breckinndge's  forces 
left  Jackson  to-day  for  Kentucky. 

Breckinridge  has  been  ordered  back 
to  his  own  State,  and  Beauregard  is  to 
take  command  at  Charleston. 

President  Davis'  Proclamation  invit- 
ing another  National  Thanksgiving  is 
as  follows.     Extract: 

"  Once  more  u]>on  the  plains  of  Manas- 
sas have  oar  armies  been  blessed  by  the 
Lord  of  Boats  with  a  triumph  over  our 
enemies.  It  is  my  privilege  to  invite  jou 
once  more  to  His  footstool,  not  now  in 
the  garb  of  fasting  and  sorrow,  but  with 
joy  and  gladness,  to  render  thanks  for  the 
ereat  mercies  received  at  His  hands.  A 
rew  mouths  since,  and  our  enemies  pour- 
ed forth  their  invading  legions  upon  our 
soil.  They  laid  waste  our  fields,  polluted 
our  altars,  and  violated  the  sanctitv  of 
our  bomca.  Around  our  capita)  they 
gathered  their  forces,  and  with  boastful 

VOL.  XL-NO.  IIL 


threats  claimed,  it  as  already  their  prize. 
The  brave  troops  which  rallied  to  its  de- 
fence have  extinguished  these  vain  hopes, 
and,  under  the  guidance  of  the  same  Al- 
mighty hand,  have  scattered  our  enemies 
and  tlriven  them  back  in  dismay.  Unit- 
ing these  defeated  forces  and  the  various 
armies  which  bad  been  ravaging  our 
coa.sts  with  thearmy  of  invasion  in  North- 
ern Virginia,  our  enemies  have  renewed 
their  attempt  to  subjugate  us  at  the  very 
place  where  their  first  effort  was  defeat- 
ed, and  tlie  vengeance  of  retributive  jus- 
tice has  overtaken  the  entire  host,  in  a 
second  and  complete  overthrow. 

•*  To  this  sienal  success  accorded  to  our 
arms  in  the  East  has  been  graciously  ad- 
ded another  equally  brilliant  in  the  West. 
On  the  very  day  on  which  our  forces  were 
led  to  victory  on  the  plains  of  Manassas, 
in  Virginia,  the  same  Almighty  arm  as- 
sisted us  to  overcome  our  enemies  at 
Richmond,  in  Kentucky.  Thus,  at  one 
and  the  same  time,  have  the  two  great 
hostile  armies  been  stricken  down,  and 
the  wicked  designs  of  oar  efiemiea  set 
at  naught. 

'*  In  such  circumstances  it  is  meet  and 
right  that,  as  a  people,  we  should  bow 
down  in  adoring  tnankfuloess  to  that 
gracious  God  who  has  been  our  bulwark 
and  defence,  and  to  offer  unto  Him  the 
tribute  of  thanksgiving  and  praise.  In 
His  hand  are  the  issues  of  all  events,  and 
to  Him  should  we,  in  an  especial  manner, 
ascribe  the  honor  of  this  great  deliver- 
ance." 

Wednesday. — ^Mach  recent  news  from 
the  West  unconfirmed.  Nothing  to- 
day from  any  quarter. 

PROCLAMATION  OF  GENERAL  BMirfl  TO  THE 
PEOPLE   OF  KPNTUCKT. 

Ktntuchiana  :—l  am  authorized  by  the 
President  of  the  Confederacy  to  organize 
troops  and  issue  commissions.  I  appeal 
to  you  to  make  one  effort  for  your  prin- 
ciples, for  your  institutions  and  for  your 
Slate;  rally  under  your  flag,  organize 
and  muster  your  men  in  the  cause  of  the 
South. 

Breckinridge,  Buckner,  and  their  brave 
Kentuckians  are  on  their  way  to  ioin 
you.  Make  one  effort.  Strike  one  blow, 
and  your  State  will  be  saved  from  Yankee 
thraldom,  and  take  a  place  in  the  van  of 
the  Confederacy,  where  her  institutions 
and  her  principles  rightfolly  place  her. 

(Signed)  Kirbt  Smith, 

Major-General,  C.  S.  A. 

Thursday. — Even  ,  more  glorious 
news  than  of  yesterday.  Enemy,  after 
three  successive  engagements  are  rout- 
ed by  our  forces  near  Richmond,  Ken- 
tucky, and  several  thousand  prisoners 
are  captured,  inclndiog  Gen.  Maneon 
28 


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484 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR, 


and  staff.  Thej  had  been  re-enforced 
by  Gen.  Nelson,  who  is  reported  wound- 
ed. Kentuckians  deserted  from  the 
Federal  ranks  to  ours.  Enemy  10,000 
strong.  We  are  on  the  march  to  Lex- 
ington. 

Lord  John  Rnssell  reproves  Mr. 
Seward  and  the  conrse  of  the  Federal 
Government,  by  the  remark,  in  his  dis- 
patch  on  the  American  difficulties,  that 
(in  England)  "perfect  frtedofn  to  com- 
ment upon  all  public  eventt  is  the  inva- 
riable practice,  sanctioned  by  law  and 
approved  by  the  universal  sense  of  the 
nation.''  Confederate  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  estimates  the  expenses  of  the 
Confederate  States  fortne  last  fiscal 
year  at  $828,748,880. 

Friday. — Many  details  of  the  great 
batUes  of  the  28th,  29th,  and  80th  inVir- 
ginia.  Enemy  reported  as  completely 
routed,  and  our  troops  on  the  rapid 
advance  to  Washing^n.  The  battle 
of  the  80th  was  od  the  old  and  classic 
field  of  Manassas,  and  the  rout  was  al- 
most as  complete.  We  have  many 
thousand  prisoners,  and  immense  stores 
and  arms.  Slaughter  of  the  enemy 
very  great,  and  many  of  their  leading 
generals  reported  killed  or  wounded. 

Our  lose  also  very  heavy. 

Richmond,  4.— Manassas,  80th,  via  Ra- 
pidan,  4tb.  The  second  battle  of  Manas- 
sas has  been  fought  precisely  on  the  same 
^  spot  as  on  the  21st  of  July,  1861,  with  the 
'  exception  that  our  troops  occupied  many 
positions  that  the  enemy  occupied  at  that 
time,and  the  Federals  fought  upon  srouod 
that  had  been  held  by  us.  Severalof  our 
reffiments  entered  the  field  where  they 
did  a  year  ago. 

The  fiffht  commenced  near  Groveton, 
on  the  Warrenton  turnpike,  about  three 
o'clock.  Loogstreet  was  on  the  right  and 
Jackson  on  the  left— their  line  being  in 
the  form  of  a  broad  Y— the  enemy  be- 
tween. 

The  Federals  made  the  first  advance, 
endeavoring  to  turn  Jackson's  flank,  but 
were  repulMd  in  g^at  confusion.  A  bat- 
tery of  twenty  pieces  of  artillery,  com- 
manded by  Col.  S.  D.  Lee,  of  South  Car- 
olina, mowing  them  down  by  scores. 

Longstreet  at  once  threw  forward 
Hood's  division  and  advanced  his  whole 
line,  which  was  in  a  short  time  desperate- 
ly engaged. 

Jackson  now  gave  battle,  and  the  ene- 
my were  attacked  on  every  side. 

The  fight  was  fiercely  contested  until 
after  dark,  when  the  Federals  were  driv- 
eu  three  miles. 

Their  force  consisted  of  McDoweirs, 


Sigel's,  Banks',  MUroy's,  McClsIIan's  and 
Pope's  divisions. 

The  loss  of  the  enemy  exceeds  the  Con- 
federates five  to  one.  Their  dead  cover 
the  field. 

Our  men  captured  numbers  of  batteries, 
numbers  of  colors,  thousands  of  prison- 
ers, from  six  to  ten  thousand  stand  of 
arms,  and  could  have  taken  more  of  the 
latter,  but  the  men  would  not  be  troubled 
with  them. 

Gens.  Ewell,  Jenkins,  Mahone  and 
Trimble  are  wounded. 

Cols.  Means,  Marshall.  Gadberry,  of  8. 
C,  killed.  Moore  and  licGowan  wound- 
ed. Maj.  Del.  Kemper  severely  wounded 
in  the  shoulder.  Capts.  Tabb  and  Mitch- 
ell, 1st  Va.,  wounded.  W.  Cameron.  Ad- 
jutant 24th  Va.,  and  Adjutant  Tompkins, 
Hampton  Legion,  both  wounded. 

Fifty  citixens  of  Washington  came  out 
to  see  the  show,  and  we  have  bagged  the 
whole  lot.  ^ 

Satubdat,  Skptimbbr  18tb,  1863. — 
Rumors  again  by  telegraph,  but  being 
so  often  deceived  we  luiow  not  what  to 
think. 

It  is  now  declared  that  our  forces  are 
at  the  Relay  House,  9  miles  from  Balti- 
more, and  that  the  citiaens  have  risen 
upon  their  oppressors  nnd  taken  pos- 
session of  the  citT  and  fortificationai 

It  is  also  said  that  our  forces  are 
entering  Pennsylvania,  near  HanoTcr; 
that  Buell's  army  has  left  Nashville  for 
Louisville,  and  that  the  Governor  of 
Kentucky  has  called  out  M),000  thirty- 
day  men  to  repel  our  advances. 

Sunday. — ^There  is  no  room  to  doubt 
that  our  forces  in  whole  or  part,  have 
crossed  the  Potomac  and  are  reoeired 
enthnsiasticaUy  in  Maryland. 

It  is  said  by  telemph  that  we  occu- 
py Frederick,  and  that  Jackson  has  had 
a  success  over  the  Federals  16  miles 
from  Baltimore  ;  also  that  we  took 
many  boats  and  large  supplies  on  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canaL 

Hbadquartiss,  Abmt  Northwbstbkk  ) 
Va.,  Chantilly,  September  3, 1862.  ) 

Hi9  ExceUeney  Jeferson  Davie^ 

lYeH.  Qm/ed.  /Statet  of  Arnica: 

Mr.  President— My  letter  of  the  80th 
ultimo  will  have  informed  vour  Excel- 
lency of  the  progress  of  this  army  to 
that  date.  Gen.  Longstreet's  division 
havins  arrived  the  day  previous,  was 
formed  in  order  of  battle  on  the  right  of 
General  Jackson,  who  had  been  enga^ 
with  the  enemy  since  morning,  resisting 
an  attack  commenced  on  the  28th.  The 
enemy  on  the  Iktter  day  was  vigorously 


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485 


repulsed,  leariDg  bis  nnmerons  dead  and 
wounded  on  the  field.  His  attack  on  the 
morning  of  the  29th  was  feeble,  bat  be- 
came wanner  in  the  afternoon,  when  he 
was  again  repulsed  hj^  both  wings  of  the 
armj.  His  loss  on  this  dajr,  as  stated  in 
his  pnbliahed  report  herewith  enclosed, 
amounted  to  8,000  in  killed  and  wounded. 

The  enemy  being  reinforced,  renewed 
the  attack  on  the  afternoon  of  the  80th, 
when  a  general  advance  of  both  wings  of 
the  army  was  ordered,  and  after  a  fierce 
combat,  which  raged  till  after  9  o'clock, 
k*  was  complete^  defeated  and  driTen 
bs^ood  Bull  Run.  The  darkness  of  the 
night,  kie  destruction  of  the  Stone  Bridge 
after  crossini^  and  the  uncertainty  of  the 
fords,  stopped  the  pursuit. 

The  next  morning  the  enemy  was  dis- 
oorered  in  a  strong  position  at  Centre- 
▼ille,  and  the  snnT  was  put  in  motion  to- 
wards tho  Little  River  Turnpike,  to  turn 
his  right.  Upon  reaching  Ox  Hill,  on 
the  1st  of  September,  he  was  ag^in  dis- 
covered in  our  front  on  the  heights  of 
Oermantown,  and  about  5  P.  M.  made  a 
spirited  attack  upon  the  front  and  right 
of  our  columns,  with  a  view  of  appa- 
rently covering  the  withdrawal  of^  his 
trains  on  the  Gentreville  road,  and  mak- 
ing his  retreat.  Our  position  was  main- 
tained with  but  slight  loss  on  both  sides. 
Major-General  Kearney  was  left  by  the 
enemy  dead  on  the  Aeld.  During  the 
night  the  enemy  fell  back  to  Fairfax  G. 
H.,  and  abandoned  his  position  at  Centre- 
Tille.  Yesterday  about  noon,  he  evacu- 
ated Fairfax  G.  H..  takins  the  roads,  as 
reported  to  me,  to  Alexandria  and  Wash- 
infftoD. 

1  have,  as  yet,  been  unable  to  get  offi- 
cial reports  of  our  loss  or  captures  in 
ibeee  various  engagements.  Many  gal- 
lant officers  have  been  killed  or  wounded. 
Of  the  general  oflBcers,  Ewell,  Trimble, 
Taliaferro,  Fields,  Jenkins,  and  Mahone, 
have  been  reported  wounded.  Cols. 
Means,  Marshall,  Baylor,  Neff,  and  Oad- 
berry,  killed.  About  7,000  prisoners 
hare  been  already  paroled,  about  the 
same  number  of  small  arms  collected 
from  the  field,  and  thirty  pieces  of  can- 
non captured,  besides  a  number  of  wag- 
ons, ambulances,  Ac  A  large  number 
of  arms  still  remain  on  the  ground.  For 
want  of  transportation,  TaTuable  stores 
bad  to  be  destroyed  as  soon  as  captured, 
while  the  enemy,  at  their  various  depots 
are  reported  to  have  burned  many  mil- 
lions of  property  in  their  retreat.  «   «   « 

Nothing  could  surpass  the  gallantry 
and  endurance  of  the  troops,  who  have 
cheerfully  borne  every  danger  and  hard- 
ship, both  on  the  battle-fieul  and  march. 

1  have  the  honor  to  be, 
Yerj  respectfully, 

'Your  most  ob't  sery't, 

R.  E.  LEE,  Gen'l. 


Monday,  16th. — Leaye  Jackson  at  7 
A.  M.  for  Mobile ;  a  seyere  storm  of 
wind  and  rain  rages  all  the  night  and 
the  cars  are  not  at  all  weather  proof. 
Got  through  safely  howeyer.  Pass  on 
the  road  an  embankment  said  to  be  of 
copperas,  dug  from  the  hill- sides.  Thus 
the  war  is  deyeloping  our  resources  in 
eyery  way. 

TuBSDAT.— Reach  Mobile  to  break- 
fast. Great  delight  in  reaching  a  seat 
of  comfort  and  civilization  after  endur- 
ing Jackson  for  nearly  three  months. 
The  Battle  House  is  a  perfect  luxury, 
ordinary  as  it  would  be  under  other 
circumstances.  Scarcity  reigns  every- 
where. Tea  is  worth  $10  to  $16  a 
pound;  coffee  $1.76  to  $2;  flour  $40 
per  barrel ;  candles  $2.60  per  pound ; 
soap  $1  per  pound ;  bacon  $1 :  sugar 
60  to  76c.,  &c„  Ac,  ic.  The  wonder  is 
how  the  people  liye,  and  yet  there 
seems  to  be  no  suffering. 

Storm  continues  all  day,  and  much 
to  our  disappointment;  are  unable  to 
get  any  fartner  on  the  way. 

Wednesday. — ^The  enemy  haye  stolen 
a  march  on  ub  and  destroyed  some  of  our 
cars  on  the  Jackson  and  New  Orleans 
Railroad  near  Pontchitoulas.  Per  contra, 
General  Price  has  taken  luka,  on  the 
Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  and 
with  it  an  immense  amount  of  stores 
and  200  prisoners.  Loring  has  de- 
feated the  Yankees  in  'Western  Vir- 
ginia, and  Jenkins  made  a  raid  into 
Ohio.  Eentuckians  are  flocking  to  our 
standard 

Enemy's  gunboats  repulsed  near  the 
mouth  of  St.  Johns'  river,  Florida; 
Bndl  has  returned  to  Nasbville  in 
force. 

Thtjrsday. — ^Yankee  papers  of  the 
18th  say  that  "  Stonewall  Jackson  left 
Baltimore  and  Washington  to  the  right, 
and  is  marching  on  HarrisburK.  His 
cavalry  adyanoe  is  on  eyery  road,  creat- 
ing consternation ;  it  not  being  known 
upon  what  point  be  will  make  a  demon- 
stration,  Goyemor  Curtln  called  on  the 
Mayor  of  Philadelphia  to  furnish  20,000 
men  in  twelve  hours  for  the  defence  of 
the  city." 

This  is  a  day  of  public  thanksgiving 
proclaimed  by  the  President  for  recent 
glorious  successes  to  our  arms. 

Leaye  at  2  P.  M.  for  Mont^^omery. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


Friday. — Should  have  reached  Mont- 
gomery at  daylight,  but  the  recent 
storm  which  delayed  us  at  Mobile 
carried  away  some  of  the  railroad 
bridges  and  we  do  not  reach  Mont- 
gomery until  night. 

General  Jackson  is  reported  to  have 
taken  Harper's  Ferry. 

Satubday. — Lcnve  at  7  A.  M.  Reach 
Atlanta  about  dark.  Jackson's  victory 
was  glorious.  Almost  without  a  blow,  he 
is  in  possession  <»f  Harper's  Ferry,  hav- 
ing captured  immense  stores,  16,000 
stand  of  arms,  nearly  12,000  prisoners, 
and  2000  negroe",  also  60  pieces  of  can- 
non. 

Cumberlnnd  Gap  is  evacuated,  bnt 
our  troops  are  in  full  pursuit  of  the 
enemy. 

Buell's  army  is  in  rapid  retreat  down 
the  Tennessee  river. 

ADDRSS8  OF  OBN.  LBB  TO  THB  PBOPLB  Or 
MARYLAND. 

The  followino:  address  of  Geo.  Lee  to 
the  people  of  Marvland,  has  been  issued 
from  bis  head-quarters  at  Frederick : 
Ubad-quartkrs  Army  of  Northbrn  ) 

YiBQiNiA,  Near  Frederick  Town,      >■ 
September  8, 1852. ) 

To  the  RopU  of  Maryland: 

It  is  right  that  jon  should  know  the 
purpose  that  has  brought  the  army  under 
my  command  within  the  limits  of  your 
State,  so  far  as  that  purpose  ooncema 
yourselves. 

The  people  of  the  Confederate  States 
hare  long  watchod,  with  the  deepest 
sympathy,  the  wrongs  and  outrages  that 
have  been  inflicted  upon  the  citizens  of 
a  Commonwealth  allied  to  the  States  of 
the  South  by  the  strongest  social,  politi- 
•cal  and  commercial  ties. 

They  hare  seen,  with  profound  indig- 
nation, their  sister  State  deprived  of 
.every  right,  and  reduced  to  the  condition 
of  a  conquered  province. 

Under  the  pretence  of  supporting  the 
Constitution,  nut  in  violation  of  its  most 
valuable  provisions,  your  citizens  have 
been  arrested  and  imprisoned  upon  no 
charge,  and  contrary  to  all  forms  of  law. 
The  faithful  and  manly  protest  against 
this  outrage,  made  bv  the  venerable  and 
illustrious  Marylanders,  to  whom,  in 
better  days,  no  citizen  appealed  for  right 
in  vain,  was  treated  with  scorn  and  con- 
tempt. The  government  of  your  chief 
city  has  been  usurped  by  armed  stran- 
gers:  your  Legislature  has  been  dissolv- 
ed by  the  unlawful  arrest  of  its  members; 
freedom  of  the  press  and  of  speech  hare 
been  suppressed^  words  have  been  de- 


clared offences  by  an  arbitrary  decree  of 
the  Federal  Executive,  and  citizeoi 
ordered  to  be  tried  by  a  military  com- 
mission for  what  they  may  dare  to  speak. 

Believing  that  the  people  of  Harjlaad 
possessed  a  spirit  too  lofty  to  submit  to 
such  a  government,  the  people  of  the 
South  have  long  wished  to  aid  jon  in 
throwing  off  this  foreign  yoke,  to  enable 
you  agam  to  enjoy  the  inalienable  rights 
of  freemen,  and  restore  independmce 
and  sovereignty  to  tout  State. 

In  obedience  to  this  wish  our  annj  has 
come  among  jou,  and  is  prepared  to  assist 
you  with  the  power  of  its  armn  in  regain- 
iug  the  rights  of  which  you  Lave  been 
despoiled. 

This,  citizens  of  Maryland,  is  our  mis- 
sion, so  far  as  you  are  concerned. 

No  constraint  upon  your  free  will  is  in- 
tended—no intimidation  will  be  allowed. 

Within  the  limits  of  this  army,  at 
least,  Marylanders  shall  once  more  enjoy 
their  ancient  freedom  of  thought  and 
speech. 

We  know  no  enemies  amon^  yon,  and 
will  protect  all,  of  every  opinion. 

It  is  for  you  to  decide  your  destiny, 
freely  and  without  constraint. 

This  army  will  respect  vour  choice, 
whatever  it  may  be,  and  while  the  South- 
ern  people  will  rejoice  to  welcome  you  to 
your  natural  position  among  tbem,  they 
will  only  welcome  you  when  you  come  of 
your  own  free  will. 

R.  £.  LEE,  Gen'l  Command'g. 

Sunday. — Kn  route  all  day  between 
Augusta,  Oa.,  which  we  leave  at  7  A 
M.  for  Winnsboro  S.  C,  which  we 
reach  at  8  1-2  P.  M. 

8,000  more  of  our  exchanged  prison- 
ers have  reached  Vicksburg.  They 
are  to  be  put  under  command  of  Gen- 
eral Tighlman. 

We  have  had  another  great  battle, 
and  upon  the  soil  of  Maryuind,  but  the 
facts  are  not  received.  It  is  only  known 
that  we  were  successful 

Monday.  —  Nothing  more  definite 
from  Maryland.  The  battle  referred 
to  yesterday  was  very  bloody,  and  im- 
mense forces  were  engaged.  The  Fed- 
erals seem  to  have  made  a  very  deter- 
mined stand.  It  is  a  life  and  death 
business  with  them  now,  and  not  a 
moment  is  to  be  lost  by  either  side. 
We  must  drive  them  to  the  wall  before 
their  new  levies  can  be  made  avwlable. 

Tuesday,  26th  Skpt. — As  usual,  the 
Yankee  papers  claim  an  overwhelming 
victory  in  the  recent  fight  at  Sharps- 
burg,  Maryland.  They  represent  im- 
mense losses  on  our  side,  including  the 


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capture  of  our  generals  and  forces.  As 
there  U  no  definite  news  from  Lee. 
mach  uneasiness  and  anxiety  are  bnt 
natural.  It  is  reported  that  our  troops 
have  recrossed  the  Potomac,  whioh 
would  seem  an  unfavorable  augury. 

The  following  will  further  exhibit 
the  Vandal  character  of  llie  enemy : 

Ox  Board  thr  U.  S.  Gon  boat  Essbx,  ) 
Off  Bayou  Sara,  Aug.  1 1 ,  1862.      f 

To  the  Mayor  of  Bayou  Sara,  La. : 

Sir — You  will  please  immediately  fur- 
nish teams  and  drivers  to  supply  my  two 
ships  with  coal,  and  the  coal  must  be 
brought  to  the  wharf  convenient  to  the 
ships.  If  you  don't  comply,  at  your 
hazard.  It  is  necessary,  or  I  will  be 
compelled  to  impose  a  heavy  penalty  on 
your  town.  Yours  very  respectfully,  and 
obedient  servant, 
(Signed;  W.  D.  PORTER, 

Com'dg  Div.  U.  S.  Flotilla. 

Mator's  Opficb,  Batou  Sara,  ) 
August  11, 1862.      S 
W.  /).  Ibrter,  Oom.  Div,  U,  S.  FlotiUa: 

Sir — Your  communication  of  this  date 
has  this  moment  been  received,  and  I 
hasten  to  reply.  You  must  be  aware  that 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Mayor  of  Bayou 
Sara  is  restricted  to  the  limits  of  the 
town  of  Bayou  Sara.  I  have  no  author- 
ity outside  ef  its  limits ;  and  inasmuch 
as  the  town  of  Bayou  Sara  is  at  the 
mercy  of  your  gunboats,  I  am,  from  a 
sense  of  humanity,  compelled  to  comply 
with  your  demand,  and  shall  consequent- 
ly order  out  all  the  carts  and  wagons 
within  the  limits  of  the  corporation. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  ser'vt, 
J.  C.  DOUGHERTY,  Mayor. 

Wkdnksdat. — Our  anxieties  are  now 
relieved.  The  battle  of  Sharpsbuig,  on 
the  17th,  was  one  of  the  fiercest  and 
hardest  contests  of  the  war,  and  the 
loss  of  life  on  both  sides  was  fii^htfiil. 
The  entire  strength  of  both  armies  ap- 
peared to  have  been  brought  to  bear. 
Several  of  our  Generals  were  killed  or 
wounded;  among  the  former,  Stark. 
Manning  and  Branch..  Only  a  portion 
of  our  forces  recrossed  the  Potomac, 
and  for  prudential  reasons,  and  the 
annjr  is  repre^^ented  as  in  the  best  of 
spirits  and  condition.  Lee  claims  the 
victory. 

•*  Stonewall "  Jackson,  on  the  20th, 
engaged  the  enemy  again  in  Virginia, 
and,  with  J»raall  loss  to  himself,  etfectu- 
ally  routed  them. 

Price,  on  the  19th,  had  a  fight  near 
luka,  Mil?.,  with  about  8,000  of  Rose- 


ncrans's  troop?,  whom  he  repulsed — 
though  in  much  greater  force  than  his 
own — and  took  nine  pieces  of  artillery 
and  60  prisoners.  He  then  drew  off 
with  hi*  captured  stores.  Confederate 
Gen.  Little  killed. 

From  Missouri  the  news  is,  that  the 
State  Guard,  50,000  men,  and  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor have  declared  for  the 
Confederate  cause. 

6**neral  Buford  addresses  the  people 
of  Kentucky : 

I  call  yon  to  srms.  Bally,  and  we  will  sas- 
taln  the  sacoesses  of  those  heroes  whose 
achievments  have  loosened  the  chains  of  op- 
pression which  have  been  riveted  upon  as 
since  March  4, 186L  Eeotackians,  your  fath- 
ers, brothers  and  sons  have  been  dragged  from 
their  homes,and  are  now  oonfloed  in  loathsome 
prisons  at  the  will  and  pleasure  of  those  des- 
potic Vandals,  whoso  fool  touch  will  never 
again  pollute  this  part  of  Kentucky's  fair  soil 

The  oavonet  of  the  invader  and  tyrant  was 
presented  to  your  breast  at  the  ballot-box  in 
Angast  last 

Ton  have  been  denied  the  freedom  of  the 
press  and  speech.  Yoa  have  been  robbed  (^ 
your  property,  and  your  slaves  run  off  by  the 
cowardly  enemy  on  his  route  from  the  capital 
of  the  mate  to  the  Ohio  B!  ver.  Then  can  von, 
in  a  moment  Mice  the  present,  forget  all  those 
wrongs  and  acts  of  oppression,  and  remain 
quiet  in  your  lethargy  ?  You  most  answer 
no  I 

I  can  equip,  with  the  best  of  arms,  thrown 
away  by  the  enemy  in  his  retreat  from  Bioh- 
mond,  20,000  men.  I  have  wagons,  mules  and 
horses  marked  Ui  &  sufficient  to  transport 
such  an  army.  1  have  in  twenty -four  hoars 
recruited  8,000  men,  and  still  thoy  come.  I 
have  all  the  cavalry  Gen.  Smith  has  author- 
ized mo  to  raise. 

lofkntry  is  the  strong  arm  of  the  service, 
and  it  is  as  Infantry  that  new  levies  of  troops 
can  bo  the  sooner  mode  efficient.  Then  rally 
as  infantry.  Seize  your  musket  iu  time  to 
take  a  hand  in  carrying  the  war  into  the  eiie- 
niy's  own  country. 

All  regiments  of  infantry  reported  to  me 
fh>m  any  part  of  the  country  will  be  mastered 
into  the  Confederate  service  for  three  years  or 
during  the  war. 

TuuRSDAT. — More  and  more  evidences 
that.  Federal  accounts  of  recent  fights 
in  Maryland  are  the  most  atrocious 
fabrications,  and  without  a  redeeming 
feature. 

Mumfordsviile,  Kentucky,  captured 
by  Gen.  Bragg,  with  6,400  prisoners. 

Guerrillas  captured  a  Federal  train 
in  the  vicinity  of  Nashv'dle.  City  not 
evacuated,  it  would  seem,  by  the 
enemy. 

The  Lynchburg  Viryininn  of  to-day 
(24th)  says,  the  Yankee  column  recent- 
ly routed  by  Jackson,  near  Sheperds- 
town,  was  commanded  by  Bumside. 
Four  brigades  of  the  enemy  rushed 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


across  the  rlrer,  when  Jackson  prscipi- 
Uted  bis  whole  force  upon  them.  The 
enemy  were  literally  mowed  down — bo 
many  were  killed  that  the  stream  was 
almost  Jammed  np  by  their  bodies. 
About  fifteen  hundred  prisoners  were 
taken,  and  of  the  whole  force,  estimated 
at  ten  thousand,  it  is  thought  that  not 
more  than  two  thousand  escaped.  The 
casualties  on  our  side  were  250  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing. 

Fbiday. — Our  advance  upon  Mary- 
land has  not  developed  the  Southern 
sentiment  which  was  anticipated,  but 
on  the  contrary  shows  that  the  sym- 
pathies of  the  main  body  of  the  people 
are  with  the  North.  On  this  account 
our  occupation  of  the  State  becomes 
donbtluL 

Yankee  loss  at  the  battle  of  Sharps- 
burg  estimated  at  10,600  ;  Confederate, 
5,000 ;  both  sides  had  many  general 
officers  killed  or  wounded. 

Federals  said  to  have  had  200,000  in 
the  fight. 

Twnrrr-six  PrromD  Battlh.— ^Last  rear 
onr  military  operations  were  ofaaracterized  by 
an  onaccoantable  lassitude.  There  were  only 
four  battles  of  Importance  daring  the  cam- 
paign—Manassas,  Oak  Hill,  Belmont  and  Lees- 
Durg.  This  year,  on  the  oootrary,  there  has 
been  a  rapid  saccesaion  of  battles,  which  we 
beUeve.  is  not  eonalled  in  history.  BInoe  the 
first  or  May,  there  have  been  twenty-six 
pltdied  battles,  to  say  nothing  of  the  naral 
attacks  on  Yleksbarg  and  Dmry^s  BlufTs,  and 
ihe  enooanter  between  the  Arkansas  and  the 
enemy's  fleet  on  the  MiBsiasippt  The  follow- 
ing is  the  series  of  battles: 

OomriDaBATi  Yictobiss.  —  Front  Royal, 
McDowell,  Strasbqrg, Winchester,  Cross  Kevs, 
Port  Bepablic,  Wiliiamsbnig,  Barhamsville, 
t*eTen  Fines,  Mechanlcsville,  Qalnes'  Mills, 
8aTage*8  Station,  White  Oak  swamp,  Malvern 
Hill,  Cedar  Bon,  Bfanassas  Junction,  (Auf^ust 
STth,)  Manassas  PUin^  (August  29tb,)  Man- 
asses  Plains,  (Augnst  SOihj  Murft^sboro, 
C^Jrntbiana,  Gallatin,  Tazewell,  Johnson's  De- 
feat Bichmond,  Ky. 

Yaivkrb  YioTuKiBS. — LswisbuTg,  Hanover 
Ooort  House. 

Besides  these,  there  have  been  a  grevt  manv 
skirmishes  and  combats,  in  almost  all  vi  which 
the  enemy  haye  been  defeated.— i^icAmoiuf 
VThiff. 

Satubdat. — ^Lincoln,  it  is  said,  has  is- 
sued a  proclamatioD,freeing  the  slaves  of 
rebel  masters  after  1st  of  January  next. 

Bragg  is  advancing  upon  Louisville, 
which  he  has  summonea  to  surrender. 
Summons  refuf»ed,  and  women  and 
children  ordered  out  of  the  city. 
(Proved  untrue.) 

Federals  admit  a  dreadful  slaughter 
on  their  side  in  the  battle  of  Sharps- 
burg. 


Our  guerillas  active  against  the  ene- 
my at  Nashville. 

Kirby  Smith  occupies  Frankfort. 
Georgetown,  Cynthia,  Falmouth,  and 
Williamstown,  Kentucky.  State  arous- 
ed ;  23,000  Keutuckians  already  repair- 
ed to  our  standard  (?)  Buell  in  the 
vicinity  of  Bowling  Green. 

Bragg  has  captured  Green  River 
Bridge,  Kentucky,  and -8,500  prisoners. 

Sunday. — ^No  telegrams. 

After  all,  we  have  i>een  deceived,  and 
it  is  almost  certain  that  onr  w  hole  army 
is  on  this  side  of  the  Potomac.  Fare- 
well to  Baltimore.  This  settles  forever 
the  question  of  aggpressive  war,  of  which 
so  much  ha^  been  said.  If  we  cannot 
invade  the  Yankee  land  now,  when  can 
we  ?    Never. 

They  b^in  to  concede  now  that  they 
gained  no  victory  at  Sharpsburg,  bat 
that  it  was  only  '*  a  drawn  battle." 

The  affair  at  Shepardstown  was 
gpreatly  exaggerated.  Believed  that 
only  8,000  or  4,000  of  the  enemy  were 
involved  in  the  disaster. 

There  has  been  fighting  near  Hdena,* 
Arkansas,  in  which  the  Yankees  suffer- 
ed severely,  and  lost  a  large  dumber 
of  prisoners. 

HsAiHkirABTiBS  Akht  or  KairnTCKT;  \ 
Bichmond,  Ky^  Aognst  80, 1861     ) 

Osneral  &  Coopsr,  Adjutant  and  Inspsetor^ 
Gentraly  C.  S.  Army^  Bichnumd^  Va. 

Bib  :  It  is  mv  great  pleasure  to  annoanee  to 
you  that  Qod  iim  thrtoe  blessed  onr  arms  to- 
day. After  a  forced  march,  almost  day  sad 
night,  for  three  days,  oyer  a  mountain  wilder- 
ness, destitute  alike  of  food  and  water,  I  found 
the  enemy  drawn  up  in  foree  to  oppose  us,  at 
a  point  eight  mites  from  this  place.  With  less 
than  half  my  force  I  attacked  and  csrried  a 
very  strons  position  at  Mount  Son  Cbnreh. 
after  a  hard  tight  of  two  hours.  A^in.  s  ^11 
better  position  at  White*a  Farm,  in  half  an 
hour,  and  finally,  In  thia  town,  Inst  before 
sunset,  our  indomitable  troops  deliberately 
walked  (they  were  too  tired  to  run)  op  to  s 
msfrniflcent  position,  manned  by  ten  tboosand 
of  the  enemv,  many  of  them  perfectly  fresh, 
and  carried  It  in  fifteen  minutes.  It  Is  im- 
possible for  me  now  to  giro  you  the  exact  re- 
sulu  of  these  glorious  battlen  Our  loss  Is 
oomparatlvcly  small:  that  of  the  enemy,  many 
hundred  killed  and  wounded,  aad  soTenl 
thousand  prisoners.  We  have  captured  artil- 
lery, smsll  arms  and  wagona.  Indeed,  every- 
thing indioutcs  the  almost  entire  snolhilatloa 
of  this  force  of  the  enemy.  In  the  first  two 
battles  they  were  commanded  by  Qeo.  Man- 
son  ;  in  the  last  by  Oen.  Nelson. 

e  e  e  e  e  We  haye  large  aambers  of 
adherenta  here.  ♦  ♦  ♦  I  am,  sin  respeet- 
ftiUy,  your  obedient  serrant, 

'  '  E.  KIEBT  SMITH, 

Mi^or-General  Commanding. 


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Monday. — Spend  day  in  Columbia,  S. 
C,  nothing  new  from  any  qnai  ter. 

Tuesday. — Even  duller  than  yester- 
day in  r^ard  to  news ;  it  never  rains 
but  it  pours,  and  vice  vema. 

Reported  that  Bragg  and  Kirby 
Smith  have  united  their  forces,  which 
ought  to  give  us  Louisville. 

Lincoln's  infamous  proclamation  is 
received.  Henceforth  the  war  assumes 
a  new  aspect,  and  mankind  will  be 
shocked  by  the  atrocities  which  it  in- 
vites. Nothing  in  history  will  furnish 
a  parallel.  We  have  indeed  fallen  upon 
fearful  times.  Our  trust  remains  in 
God  and  our  cause. 

BT  TEE  TVmXDMn  OP  TBI  UVITID  STATM     A 
PBOOLAMATIOH. 

WASHoroToir,  September  SS,  1M9. 

I,  Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  Oommander-in-Chief 
of  the  Armv  and  Navy  thereof  do  hereby 
proclaim  ana  declare  that  hereafter,  as  here- 
tofore, the  war  will  be  proseoated  for  the  ob- 
jeet  of  practically  restoring  the  constltational 
relation  between  the  United  States  and  the 
people  thereof  In  which  States  that  relation  is, 
or  may  be,  snspeoded  or  disturbed;  that  it  is 
my  purpose,  upon  the  next  meeting  of  Oon- 
gresa.  to  agun  recommend  the  adoption  of  a 
practical  measure  tendering  pecnniarv  aid  to 
the  free  acceptance  or  rejection  of  all  the  slave 
States,  so- called,  the  people  whereof  may  not 
then  be  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States, 
and  which  States  may  then  have  voluntarily 
adopted  or  thereafter  may  voluntarily  adopt 
the  Immediate  or  gradual  abolishment  of  slav- 
ery within  their  respective  limits ;  and  that 
the  efforta  to  colonize  persons  of  African  de- 
scent, with  their  consent,  upon  the  continent 
or  elaewbere,  with  the  previously  obtained 
consent  of  the  governments  existing  there, 
win  be  continued ;  that  on  the  first  day  of 
January,  In  the^year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
elffht  hundred  and  sixty-three,  all  persons 
held  as  slaves  within  any  State,  or  any  d<^8lg- 
nated  part  <rfa  State,  the  people  whereof  shall 
then  be  In  rebellion  against  the  United  States, 
thall  be  tAsnc^rward  and /oreeerfrM; 
and  the  executive  government  of  the  United 
Statea,  including  the  military  and  nava!  au- 
thority thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain 
the  freedom  or  such  persons,  and  will  do  no 
act  or  acts  to  repress  such  persons,  or  an  v  of 
them,  in  any  efTorts  they  rnfiy  make  for  their 
actual  freedom ;  that  the  executive  will,  on 
the  iSrat  day  of  January  aforesaid,  by  procla- 
matioii,  designate  the  States  and  parts  of 
Statea,  if  any.  In  which  the  people  thereof  re- 
spectively shall  then  be  In  rebellion  anilnst 
the  United  SUtes;  and  the  fact  that  any  Sute, 
or  the  people  thereof,  shall  on  that  day  be  In 
good  iMth  represented  in  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  bv  members  chosen  thereto  at 
elections  wherein  a  minority  of  the  qnaiifled 
voters  of  such  State  shall  nave  participated, 
shall,  in  the  absence  of  strong  countervailing 
testimony,  be  deemed  conclusive  evidence 
that  snch  State  and  the  people  thereof  have 
not  been  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States. 

And  I  do  hereby  enjoin  upon  and  order  all 


persons  engaged  in  the  military  and  naval  ser- 
vice  of  the  United  States  to  observe,  obey  and 
enforce  within  their  respective  spheres  of  ser- 
vice tiie  act  and  sections  above  recited. 

And  the  Executive  will  in  due  time  recom- 
mend that  all  citizens  of  the  United  States 
who  shall  have  remained  loyal  thereto  through- 
out the  rebellion  shall  (upon  the  restoration 
of  the  constitutional  relation  between  the 
United  States  and  their  respective  States  and 
people,  if  the  relation  shall  have  been  sns- 
pendea  or  disturbed)  be  compensated  for  all 
losses  by  acts  of  the  United  Stutes,  including 
the  loss  of  slaves. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my 
hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the  United  States 
to  be  affixed.  Absahak  Liroolk. 

Done  at  the  City  of  Washington,  this 
twenty-second  day  of  September,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  ene  thousana  eight  hundred  and 
sixty-two,  and  of  the  independence  of  the 
United  States,  the  eighty-seventh.  By  the 
President  Wv.  H.  SawAan. 

Secretary  of  6tate. 

"Wednesday,  October,  1,  1862. — 
Telegraphed  firom  Mobile  that  our  war 
steamer,  the  ''  No  290 "  so  called,  has 
captured  at  the  mouth  Of  the  Missis- 
sippi,  a  Yankee  yessel  with  General 
Phelps  and  Ck>mmodore  Porter  aboard. 
Too  good  to  be  true,  and  it  is  not 

Thuesdat,  Oct.  2. — News  very  unim- 
portant. Our  (urmy  rests  on  the  banks 
of  the  Potomac.  We  must  have  lost,  in 
killed,  wounded  and  prisoner?,  in  the. 
recent  invasion  of  Maryland,  10,000 
men,  and  the  Yankees  20,000. 

Bragg  has  not  yet  reached  Louis- 
ville. He  has  lost  his  opportunity, 
most  likely,  and  that  city  is  safe  to  the 
Federals. 

Feiday,  Oct.  8. — ^The  Yankee  army 
has  crossed  the  Potomac  again,  and 
Gen.  Lee  is  awaiting  their  advance. 
We  may  expect  another  great  battle  in 
a  few  days,  if  this  be  so. 

Enemy  has  occupied  War  ronton, 
Ya.,  and  taken  our  hospital.  Demon- 
strations again  expected  upon  the  James 
River. 

Our  guerrillas  operate  within  three 
miles  of  Nashville.  Bull  Nelson  has 
been  killed  at  Louisville. 

Satueday. — A  ppecial  dispatch  to 
xUe  Advertiser  aftd Kem»tei\  dated  Jack- 
son 2d,  says  Butler  has  i^ued  order 
No.  76,  requiring  all  persons  in  New 
Orleans,  male  or  female,  18  years  of 
age  or  upwards,  who  sympathize  with 
the  Confederacy,  to  report  themselves 
by  the  Ist  of  October,  with  descriptive 
lists  of  their  property,  real  and  person- 
al;  and  if  they  renew  their  allegiance 
they  are  to  be  recommended  for  par- 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


don  ;  if  not,  they  will  be  fined  and  im- 
prisoned, and  their  property  confiscat- 
ed. The  police  of  the  city  are  charged, 
with  the  duty  of  seeing  that  every 
householder  enrolls  his  property  in 
their  respective  districts^ 

Sunday.  —  More  mmors  of  foreign 
intervention,  and  of  an  expedition 
againsit  Savannah  or  Mobile. 

A  PATRIOTIC  SONG  FBON  ACROSS  THB  WATERS 

We  have  been  favored  wiih  a  copy  of 
the  following  beautiful,  soul-stirriog 
hues,  from  the  gifted  pen  of  Mrs.  Ellen 
K.  Blunt,  daughter  of  the  late  Francis 
Key,  the  well-known  author  of  the  *^  Star 
Spangled  Banner,"  to  whom  and  his  song 
a  touching  allusion  is  made  in  the  second 
stanxa.  Accompanying  the  lines  is  a 
model  of  a  national  flag,  in  which  thir- 
teen stars,  equal  to  the  number  of  the 
thirteen  States,  are  arranged  in  the  form 
of  a  cross  on  a  blue  ground,  the  red  and 
white  ban  being  disposed  as  at  present 

THV  SOTTTHSSK    0B088. 

In  the  name  of  God  I  Amen  I 

Stand  for  our  Sontbem  rights  I 
Over  ye,  Southern  men, 

The  God  of  Battles  fights  I 
FIf ng  the  invaders  hr^ 

TLvltX  back  their  work  of  woe : 
The  voice  is  the  voice  of  a  brotoer, 

But  the  hands  are  the  hands  of  a  foe. 
They  come  with  a  trampling  sfmy, 

Invadiog  our  native  sod. 
Stand,  Southerns  t  fight  and  conquer  I 

In  the  name  of  the  mighty  Qod  I 

Tbcv  are  singing  our  song  of  triumph, 

which  was  made  to  make  us  free, 
While  they're  breaking  away  the  heart>8tring6 

Of  our  nation^a  harmony. 
Sadly  it  floats th  from  us, 

Sighing  oVr  land  and  wave, 
Till  mnte  on  the  lips  of  the  poet, 

It  sleeps  in  his  Southern  grave. 
Spirit  and  song  departed  I 

Minstrel  and  minstrelsy  \ 
We  mourn  thee,  heavv-hearted. 

But  we  will,  we  shall  be  trcn  I 

They  are  waving  our  flag  above  ns 

With  a  despot's  tyrant  will. 
With  our  blood  they  have  stained  its  colors. 

And  call  it  holy  still. 
With  teorfal  eyes,  bnt  steady  hand. 

We'll  tear  its  stripes  apart. 
And  fling  them  like  broken  fetters 

That  may  not  bind  the  heart 
Bat  weMl  save  oar  stars  ot  eh>i7» 

In  Xhe  might  of  i  he  sacred  sign 
Of  him  who  has  fixed  furever 

Our  Southern  cross  to  shine. 

Stand,  Southerns  t  stand  and  conquer  t 

Solemn  and  strong  and  sure  t 
The  strife  shall  not  be  longer 

Than  Ood  shall  bid  endnre. 
By  the  life  whieh  only  yesterdav 

Came  with  the  infant's  breath  t 
By  the  feet  which  ere  the  rnorn  moy 

Tread  to  the  soldier's  death  t 


By  the  blood  which  cries  to  Heaven  r 

Crimson  upon  our  sod  I 
Stand,  Southerns,  stand  and  conqnerl 
In  the  name  of  the  mighty  God  I 

Pabis,  im. 

Monday.  —  No  news.  Some  more 
counterfeits  of  confederate  money  dis- 
covered. These  are  now  so  well  exe- 
cuted that  it  is  diflScult  to  distingui^ 
them  from  the  genuine.  Notes  to  the 
value  of  $  100,000,000  are  therefore  call- 
ed in  by  the  Government.  It  causes  mach 
uneasiness  and  embarrassment.  Our 
people,  however,  will  march  forward  in 
spite  of  all,  and  preserve  their  glorious 
liberties. 

Tuesday. — Van  Dorn  telegraphs  from 
Corinth,  Miss.,  that  he  has  driven  the 
enemy  from  every  position  there,  and 
that,  with  great  loss  on  both  sides,  he 
has  had  a  glorious  saccess. 

Northern  Missouri  is  almost  entirely 
in  possession  of  Soothem  adherents. 

Wednesday,  Bth  Oct. — Start  for  Mis- 
sissippi on  government  bnsinessi 

Van  Dorn  has  l>een  completely  de- 
ceived by  the  enemy,  who  have  fallen 
upon  him  with  overwhelming  force,  and, 
it  is  believed,  scattered  and  destroy^ 
a  lai^e  portion  of  his  army. 

He  is  either  very  unlucky  or  very 
incompetent  The  public  think  md 
latter. 

Thursday. —  Spend  day  in  Charles- 
ton. It  rains  hard,  and  see  but  little 
of  the  city.  Examine  the  gnu-boats, 
which  seem  nearly  completed,  and  visit 
the  old  battery.     City  very  deserted. 

News  from  Van  Dorn;  puts  every- 
body in  the  blues,  and  the  worst  fears 
are  held  fur  Mississippi 

GEN.  LEE  TO  HIS  TROOPS. 
Ubai>-qdartbbs  Army  of  Northrbk  I 
Virginia,  October  2d,  1862.     f 
General  Orders,  i 
No.  il«.      f 
In  reviewing  the  achievements  of  the 
army  during  the  present  campaign,  the 
Commanding  General    cannot  withhold 
the  expression  of  his  admiration  of  the 
indomitable  courage  it  has  displayed  in 
battle,  and  its  cheerful  endurance  of  pri- 
vation and  hardship  on  the  march. 

Since  your  great  victories  around  Rich- 
mond, vou  have  defeated  the  enemy  at 
Cedar  Mountain,  exnelled  him  from  the 
Rappahannock ;  and,  after  a  conflict  of 
three  davs,  utterly  repulsed  him  on  the 
plains  or  Mannasses,  and  forced  him  to 
take  shelter  withiu  the  fortifications 
aroiind  his  capital. 

Without  halting  for  repose  you  crossed 
the  Potomac,  stormed    the   heights  of 


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HarpePs  Ferrj.  made  prisoners  of  more 
than  eleven  thousand  men,  and  captured 
upwards  of  seventy  pieces  of  artillery, 
all  their  fimall  arms,  and  other  munitions 
of  war. 

While  one  corps  of  the  armj  was  thus 
engaged,  the  otner  insured  its  success 
by  arresting  at  Boonsboro'  the  combined 
armies  of  the  enemy,  advancing  under 
their  favorite  general,  to  the  relief  of 
their  belea^ner^  comrades. 

On  the  field  of  Sharpsburg,  with  less 
than  one-third  his  numbers,  you  resisted, 
from  daylight  until  dark,  the  whole  armv 
of  the  enemv,  and  repulsed  every  attack 
along  his  enlire  front,  of  more  than  four 
miles  in  extent 

The  whole  of  the  following  day  you 
stood  prepared  to  resume  the  conflict  on 
the  same  ground,  and  retired  next  morn- 
ing, without  molestation,  across  the 
Potomac. 

Two  attempts,  subsequently  made  by 
the  enemy,  to  follow  you  across  the  river, 
have  resulted  in  his  complete  discomfit- 
ure and  being  driven  back  with  loss. 

.Achievements  such  as  these  demanded 
much  valor  and  patriotism.  History  re- 
cords few  examples  of  greater  fortitude 
and  endurance  than  this  army  has  ex- 
hibited ;  and  I  am  commissioned  by  the 
President  to  thank  you  iq  the  name  of 
the  Confederate  States  foi^  the  undying 
fame  you  have  won  for  their  arms. 

Much  as  you  have  done,  much  more  re- 
mains to  be  accomplished.  The  enemy 
again  threatens  us  with  invasion,  and  to 
your  tried  valor  and  patriotism  the  coun- 
try looks  with  confidence  for  deliverance 
and  safetv ;  vour  past  exploits  give  as- 
surance that  this  confidence  is  not  mis- 
placed.  R.  E.  LEE, 

Genl  Commanding. 

Fmdat,  lOrn  Oct. — Travel  through 
Georgia  to  day  ;  cars  crowded  with 
sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  and  much 
of  the  time  cannot  obtain  a  seat. 

News  more  favorable  from  Corinth. 
Our  defeat  not  so  bad  as  anticipated. 
£nemy*8  force  twice  as  numerous  and 
strongly  fortified;  our  troops  fought 
with  desperate  valor. 

Saturday. — Part  of  the  day  In  Mont- 
gomery, Ala. 

Confederates  inaugurated  Richard 
Howes  as  Governor  of  Kentucky,  and 
he  is  installed  by  Bragg's  army  with 
great  eclat  at  Frankfort. 

Van  Dorn's  army  is  concentrating  at 
Holly  Springs,  and  with  its  re-enforce- 
ments will  soon  be  stronger  than  be- 
fore. It  is  believed  that  2,000  will 
cover  the  entire  list  of  killed,  wounded 
and  prisoners  on  our  side.  The  Yankee 
account  is  as  follows : 


Corinth,  Miss.,  October  4. 
7b  Major-Oeneral  U.  S.  Grant  : 

Your  dispatch  is  received,  telling  me  to 
follow  the  rebels. 

This  morning  Price  made  a  fierce  and 
determined  attack  on  our  right.  Van 
Dorn  and  Lovel  on  our  left.  The  contest 
lasted  until  half-past  eleven  o'clock,  and 
was  very  deadly  to  the  enemy.  They 
drove  in  our  center— some  of  them  pene- 
trated to  the  Corinth  House.  Hamilton, 
whose  left  wis  on  the  main  line  of  their 
attack,  maintained  his  ground  in  all  but 
one  spot,  and  making  an  adrance,  secur- 
ed the  center  •  with  two  first-rate  regi- 
ments. Col.  Sullivan  gave  us  time  to 
bring  batteries  into  action,  and  saved  the 
dav  on  that  side. 

Van  Dorn  and  Lovell  made  a  most  de- 
termined attack  on  the  extreme  right,  on 
the  Chewalla  road ;  they  were  led  to  the 
attack  through  the  abattis — two  of  them 
reached  the  ditch,  the  other  two  stopped 
not  fifty  paces  from  it.  All  that  grape 
and  canister  could  do  was  tried,  but 
when  it  reached  this  point  a  charge  waa 
ordered,  when  it  became  a  race  between 
the  27th  Ohio  and  the  11th  Missouri.  This 
was  too  much  for  the  staggered  columns 
—many  fell  down  and  held  up  their 
hands  for  mercy.  They  are  badly  beaten 
on  both  fronts— left  their  dead  and  wound- 
ed on  the  field,  and  are  in  full  retreat 

Our  loss,  though  severe,  especially  in 
otficerSj  is  nothing  like  that  of  the  enemy. 
Brigadier-General  Hackleman  fell  bravely 
fighting  at  the  head  of  his  brigade  yester- 
day, shot  through  4he  iugular  vein. 
Colonels  Kirby,  Smith,  Gilbert  and  Mow- 
er wounded,  not  mortally  ;  General 
Oglesby  dangerously.  The  number  killed 
I  cannot  tell.  Their  killed  and  wounded 
are  strewn  along  the  road  for  five  miles 
out,  where  they  had  a  hospital. 

We  have  between  seven  hundred  and 
one  thousand  prisoners,  not  counting 
wounded.  McPherson  has  reached  here 
with  his  force.  We  move  at  daylight  in 
the  morning. 

W.  S.  ROSECRANS. 

Major-General. 

Lincoln's  emancipation  proclamation 
has  induced  t^e  determination  to  resort 
to  extreme  measurt-s  of  retaliation,  and 
it  is  proposed  in  Congress  to  raise  the 
black  flag.  Various  rf>solutionB  are 
offered  looking  to  this  end. 

The  judiciary  committee,  to  which  was 
referred  a  resolution  in  reference  to  the 
question  of  retaliation  under  Lincoln's 
late  proclamation  of  emancipation,  pre- 
sented the  following  as  the  report  gene- 
rallv  concurred  in  by  the  committee : 

Whirea$y  These  States,  exercising  a 
right  consecrated  by  the  blood  of  our 
revolutionary  forefathers,  and  recognized 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


as  fuDdamentAl  io  the  Americftn  system 
of  goyernmeni,  which  is  based  on  the 
consent  of  the  governed,  dissolved  the 
compact  which  united  them  to  the  North- 
ern States,  and  withdrew  from  the  Union 
created  by  the  Federal  Constitution  ; 
and  whereas,  the  jBCovemment  of  the 
United  States,  repudiating  the  principle 
on  which  its  founders,  in  their  solemn 
appeal  to  the  civilized  world,  justified  the 
American    revolution,    commenced    the 

8 resent  war  to  subjugate  and  enslave 
lese^  States,  under  the  pretext  of  re- 
pressing rebellion  and  restoring  the 
Union ;  and  whereas,  in  the  prosecution 
of  the  war  for  the  past  seventeen  months 
the  rights  accorded  to  belligerents  bj 
the  usages  of  civilized  nations  have  been 
studiously  denied  to  the  citizens  of  these 
States  except  in  cases  where  the  same 
hare  been  extorted  by  the  apprehension 
of  retaliation  and  by  the  adverse  fortune 
of  the  war ;  and  whereas,  fh>m  the  com- 
mencement of  this  unholy  invasion  to 
the  present  moment  the  invaders  have  in- 
flicted inhuman  miseries  on  the  people  of 
these  States,  exacting  of  them  treasona- 
ble oaths,  subjecting  unarmed  citizens, 
women,  and  children,  to  confiscation, 
banishment  and  imprisonment ;  burning 
their  dwelling-houses,  ravaging  the  land, 
plundering  private  proper^,  murdering 
men  for  pretended  offences,  encouraging 
the  abduction  of  slaves  by  government 
ofScials  and  at  ^rovernment  expense,  pro- 
moting servile  msurrection  by  tampering 
with  slaves  and  protecting  them  io  resist- 
ing their  masters,  stealing  works  of  art 
and  destrojring  public  libraries,  encour- 
aging and  inviting  a  brutal  soldiery  to 
commit  outrages  on  women  by  the  un- 
rebuked  orders  of  military  commanders, 
and  attempting  to  ruin  cities  by  filling 
up  the  entrance  to  their  harbors  with 
stone ;  and  whereas,  in  the  same  spirit 
of  barbarous  ferocity,  the  government  of 
the  United  States  enacted  a  law  entitled 
"  An  act  to  suppress  insurrection  and  to 
prevent  treason  and  rebellion,  to  seize 
and  confiscate  the  property  of  rebels,  and 
for  other  purposes  :**  and  has  announced 
by  a  proclamation  issued  by  Abraham 
Lincoln,  the  President  thereof,  that  in 
pursuance  of  said  law,  '^  en  the  1st  day 
of  January,  1863,  all  persons  held  as 
slaves  within  any  State  or  designated 
part  of  a  State,  the  -people  whereof  shall 
be  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States, 
shall  be  thenceforward  and  forever  free," 
and  has  hereby  made  manifest  that  the 
conflict  has^ceased  to  be  a  war  as  recog- 
nized among  civilized  nations;  and  on 
the  part  of  the  enemy  has  become  an  in- 
vssioo  of  an  organized  horde  of  murder- 
ers and  plunderers,  breathing  hatred  and 
revenge  for  the  numerous  defeats  sus- 
tainea  on  legitimate  battle-fields,  and  de- 
termined it  possible  to  exterminate  the 
loyal  population  of  these  States,  to  trans- 


fer their  property  to  their  enemies,  and 
to  emancipate  their  slaves,  with  the 
atrocious  oesign  of  adding  servile  in- 
surrection and  the  massacre  of  families 
to  the  calamities  of  war ;  and  whereas, 
justice  and  humanity  require  this  gov- 
ernment to  endeavor  to  repress  the  law- 
less practice  and  designs  of  the  enemy 
by  inflicting  severe  retribution,  therefore, 

The  Oonortat  of  the  OonJedtraU  Stata 
do  enact.  That  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of 
January,  1868,  all  commissioned  and  non- 
commissioned officers  of  the  enemy,  ex- 
cept as  hereinafter  mentioned,  when  cap- 
tured, shall  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor, 
until  the  termination  of  the  war,  or  until 
the  repeal  of  the  act  of  the  United  States, 
hereinbefore  recited,  and  until  otherwise 
determined  by  the  President. 

2d.  Every  person  who  shall  act  as  a 
commissioned  or  non-commissioned  offi- 
cer, commanding  negroes  or  mulattoes 
against  the  Confederate  States,  or  who 
shall  arm,  organize,  train,  or  prepare 
negroes  or  mulattoes  for  military  ser- 
vice, or  aid  them  in  any  military  enter- 
prise^against  the  Confederate  States,  shall, 
if  captured,  suffer  death. 

8d.  Every  commissioned  or  non -com- 
missioned officer  of  the  enemy  who  shall 
incite  slaves  to  rebellion,  or  pretend  to 
give  them  freedom  under  the  aforemen- 
tioned act  of  Congress  and  proclamation, 
by  abducting  them^  or  causing  them  to  be 
abducted,  or  inducing  them  to  abscond, 
shall,  if  captured,  suffer  death. 

4th.  That  every  person  charged  with 
an  offense  under  this  act  shall  oe  tried 
by  such  military  court  as  the  President 
shall  direct,  and,  after  conviction,  the 
President  may  commote  the  punishment 
or  pardon  unconditionally  or  on  such 
terms  as  he  may  see  fit 

5.  That  the  President  is  hereby  au- 
thorized to  resort  to  such  other  retalia- 
tory measures  as  in  his  judgment  may 
be  best  calculated  to  repress  the  atrocities 
of  the  enemy. 

SoNDAT. — ^Tho  country  people  are 
making  excellent  cloth,  shoes,  blan- 
kets, hats,  and  almost  everything 
necessary,  but  are  doing  without  su- 
gar, tea,  coffee,  Ac.  It  is  wonderful 
what  a  spar  the  war  has  given 
to  their  Industry,  and  especially 
the  women,  who  are  now  all  workers. 
If  cotton  and  wool  cards  oonld  be  had, 
clothing  woald  be  abundant,  but  they 
are  very  scarce,  and  worth  $20  per 
pair. 

Monday.— Most  of  the  day  in  Mo- 
bile. Active  preparations  for  defense, 
and  early  attack  expected.  There  is 
to  be  no  surrender.  In  this  sentiment 
all  concur.  There  are  many  fortifica- 
tions in  the  bay  which  are  passed  by 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


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our  steamers.  City  healthy,  and  it  is 
remarkable  that  the  eotire  Sonth,  with 
the  exception  of  Wilmington,  has  es- 
caped yellow  fever  the  present  sum 
mer,  and  even  New  Orleans,  which  is 
loll  of  Yankee  soldiers. 

Federal  accounts  report  Bragg  as 
retreating  from  Kentucky,  pursued  by 
Buell 

ADDKXS8     or     TBK     GOVERNORS     TO     THK 
PRESIDENT. 

Address  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  Adopted  at  a  Meeting  of  the 
Governors  of  the  Loyal  States  to  Take 
Measures  for  the  More  Active  Support 
of  the  Government,  held  at  Aitoona, 
Peoosjlvania,  September  24, 1862. 

WAsmNQToy,  October  2, 1862. 
After  nearlv  one  jear  and  a  half  spent 
in  contest  with  an  armed  and  gigantic 
lebellion  against  the  national  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  the  duty  and 
purpose  of  the  loyal  States'  people  con- 
tinue, and  must  always  remain  as  they 
were  at  the  origin,  viz :  to  restore  and 
perpetuate  the  authority  of  this  Govern- 
ment and  the  life  of  the  nation,  no  mat- 
ter what  consequences  are  involved  in 
our  fidelity.  Nevertheless,  this  work  of 
restoring  the  Republic,  preserving  the 
institutions  of  democratic  liberty,  and 
justifying  the  hopes  and  toils  or  our 
fathers,  shall  not  fail  to  be  performed ; 
and  we  pledge,  without  hesitation,  to  the 
President  of  the  United  SUies,  the  most 
loyal  and  cordial  support,  hereafter  as 
herefotore,  in  the  exercise  of  the  functions 
of  his  (B^eat  office.  We  recognise  in  him 
the  Chief  Executive  Magistrate  of  the  na- 
tion, the  commander-in-cbief  of  the  army 
and  navy  of  the  United  States ;  their  re- 
sponsible and  constitutional  head,  whose 
rightful  authority  and  power,  as  well  as 
the  constitutional  power  of^  Congress, 
must  be  vigorouslv  and  religiously  jguard- 
ed  and  preservea,  as  the  condition  on 
which  alone  our  form  of  government  and 
the  constitutional  rights  and  liberties  of 
the  people  themselves  can  be  saved  fW>m 
the  wreck  of  anarchy  or  from  the  gulf  of 
despotism.  In  submission  to  the  laws 
which  may  have  been,  or  which  may  be 
duly  enacted,  and  to  the  lawful  orders  of 
the  President,  co-operating  always  in  our 
spheres  with  the  national  Goremment, 
we  mean  to  continue  in  the  most  vigorous 
exercise  of  all  our  lawful  and  proper 
powers,  ooniending  affainst  treason,  re- 
oellion  and  the  public  enemies,  and 
whether  in  public  life  or  in  private  sta- 
tion, supporting  the  arms  or  the  Union 
until  its  cause  shall  con<^uer,  until  final 
victory  shall  perch  upon  its  standard,  or 
the  rebel  foe  shall  yield  a  dutiful,  right- 
ful and  unconditional  submission;  and 
impressed  with  the  conviction  that  an 


army  of  reserve  ought,  until  the  war 
shall  end,  to  be  constantly  kept  on  foot, 
to  be  raised,  armed,  equipped  and 
trained  at  home,  and  ready  ror  emer- 
gencies, we  ask  the  President  to  call 
For  such  a  force  of  volunteers  for  one 
year's  service,  of  not  less  than  100,000  in 
the  a^^gregate,  the  quota  of  each  State  to 
be  raised  after  it  shall  have  filled  its  quo- 
tas of  the  requisitions  already  made  for 
volunteers  and  for  militis.  We  believe 
that  this  will  be  a  measure  of  nulitary 
prudence,  while  it  would  greatly  promote 
the  military  education  of  the  people. 

We  hail  with  heartfelt  gratitude  and 
encouraging  hope  the  proclamation  of 
the  President,  issued  on  the  22d  of  Sep- 
tember, declaring  emancipated  from  their 
bondage  all  persons  held  to  service  or 
labor  as  slaves  in  the  rebel  States  whose 
rebellion  shall,  last  until  the  first  day  of 
January. 

Tuesday, — Reach  Jackson  Miss.,  at 
4  P.M.  Trains,  as  usual,  crowded  with 
soldiers  and  citizens.  It  is  marvellous 
everywhere  how  many  people  are  trav- 
eling. Everybody  seems  to  be  in  mo- 
tion and  afloat.  Thousands  in  this 
way  no  doubt  escape  the  army.  Money 
is  abundant,  and  Uie  most  miraculous 
prices  are  paid  without  a  wry  face. 

On  the  route  in  many  parts  of  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia,  the  ladies  in 
large  numbers  come  down  to  the  cars 
with  baskets  of  refreshments  and  sub- 
stantial food,  wines  and  milk,  which 
are  supplied  to  the  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers.  It  is  a  beautifiil  charity,  and 
contrasts  strongly  with  the  brutal  ra- 
pacity with  which  others  prey  upon 
these  poor  creatures,  who  are  found 
everywhere  half-starved  and  naked, 
and  almost  in  a  perishing  condition  on 
the  way  to  their  sad  homes.  These  are 
among  the  terrible  realities  of  war, 
and  perhaps  there  are  no  means  of 
preventing  them 

The  women,  however,  are  angels  of 
mercy  everywhere. 

The  enemy's  dead  at  Corinth  said  to 
be  frequently  found  breast-plated. 

Bragg  reported  to  have  had  a  fight 
near  Perryville,  Kentucky,  and  the 
Yankees  admit  a  loss  of  2,000,  includ- 
ing several  generals  It  must  have 
been  a  great  Confederate  success,  Judg- 
ing from  the  rapid  rise  in  the  value  of 
gold  which  at  once  occurred  in  New 
York. 

Wbdnesdat. — Gen.  Stuart,  with  his 
renowned  cavalry  command,  has  made 
another  brilliant  raid  into  the  enemy's 


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J^OUBNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


country.  This  time  ho  penetrated 
Pennsylvania,  and  m«de  the  complete 
circuit  of  the  enemy's  lines. 

McClellan'a  army  has  not  crossed 
the  Potomac,  and  our  own  U  represent- 
ed in  excellent  condition,  waiting  such 
advaijice. 

Converse  with  many  persons  recently 
from  New  Orleans,  who  represent  a 
scene  of  terror  existing  there.  Citi- 
zens are  compelled  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  or  declare  themselves  ene- 
mies of  the  United  States,  and  surren- 
der the  whole  of  their  property.  Thou- 
sands have  been  driven  to  take  the  for- 
mer oath — 6,0(K)  to  10,000  said  to  have 
taken  the  latter.  Butler's  tyrannies 
excel  all  recorded  in  modem  history. 
Negro  regiments  are  raised  and  drilled, 
and  people  stand  in  constant  terror  of 
them. 

Thursday.— Great  victory  reported 
by  Bragg  over  Buell,  in  Kentucky,  but 
nothing  reliable. 

Enemy  said  to  have  lost  25,000  or  30,- 
000  men. 

Stuart  destroyed  valuable  stores  in 
Penosylvania,  and  returned  without 
loss.  It  was  a  brave  and  dashing  af- 
fair, and  equals  his  former  exploit. 

Feidat. — ^The  dispatches  from  Ken- 
tucky are  as  follows : 

Knoxvillb,  October  16.— The  KnoxtilU 
RegitUr  has  information,  from  which  we 
glean  the  following  particulars: 

The  fight  in  Kentucky  has  been  con- 
firmed by  the  arrival  of  two  couriers, 
who  state  that  it  commenced  at  Perry- 
viUe,  in  Bovle  county,  on  Monday  morn- 
ing, the  6th  inst.  General  Hardee  com- 
manding the  left.  General  Buckner  the 
center  and  Generals  Marshall  and  Morgan 
the  risht.  As  the  result  of  the  first 
day's  fight,  Hardee  captured  1,000  pris- 
oners, with  very  heavy  slaughter  to  the 
enemy. 

On  Tuesday  the  fi^ht  was  renewed 
with  still  greater  slaughter  to  the  enemy 
— Hardee  capturing  4,000  prisoners,  and 
Marshall  and  Morgan  capturing  8,200 
prisoners. 

The  enemy  were  driven  back  twelve 
miles  with  tremendous  slaughter. 

Our  loss  in  the  whole  engagement  was 
verv  small. 

We  are  not  posted  as  to  who  were  in 
command  of  the  Yankee  forces,  except 
Ottvt.  Thomas,  who  encountered  General 
Hardee. 

We  captured  40  pieces  of  cannon. 

Saturday,  Oct  18. — Said  that  Cor- 
inth and  Nashville  are  being  evacuated 


by  the  enemy,  and  telegraphed  that 
Bragg  is  in  the  rear  of  Buell,  and  has 
utterly  routed  his  army,  having  Louis- 
ville in  his  power. 

The  news  is  no  doubt  greatly  exag- 
gerated. 

John  Van  Buren,  In  New  York,  at  a 
Democratic  Convention,  proposes  a 
General  Convention,  or  peace  with  the 
South  if  that  cannot  be  had.  A  good 
sign  from  that  quarter. 

Sunday. — It  is  not  believed  that  any 
important  batfle  has  been  fought  in 
Kentucky,  and  we  are  compelled  re- 
luctantly to  give  up  the  Idea  which 
gfdned  ground  in  the  last  few  days  that 
the  State  was  in  our  bands. 

The  great  fight  is  yet  to  come  ofL 

QBN.  BRAQG's  ADDRBSS  TO   THE    PBOPLB    Of 
THE     NORTHWEST. 

The  responsibility  then  rests  with  you, 
the  people  of  the  Northwest,  of  continu- 
ing an  unjust  and  aggressive  warfare  oo 
the  people  of  the  Confederate  States.  And 
in  the  name  of  reason  and  humanity,  I  call 
upon  you  to  pause  and  reflect,  what 
cause  of  quarrel  so  bloody  have  you 
against  these  States,  and  what  are  you  to 
gain  by  it.  Nafure  has  set  her  seal  upon 
these  States,  and  marked  them  out  to  be 
your  friends  and  allies.  She  has  bound 
them  to  you  by  all  the  ties  of  geographi- 
cal contiguity  and  conformation,  and  the 
great  mutual  interests  of  commerce  and 
productions.  When  the  passions  of  ibis 
unnatural  war  shall  have  subsided,  and 
reason  resumes  her  sway,  a  community 
of  interest  will  force  commercial  and  so- 
cial coalition  between  the  great  grain  and 
stock-growing  States  of  the  Northwest, 
and  the  cotton,  tobacco  and  sugar  regions 
of  the  South.  The  Mississippi  nver.is 
the  grand  arterj  of  their  mutual  national 
lives,  which  men  cannot  sever,  and  which 
never  oueht  to  have  been  suflTered  to  be 
disturbed  by  the  antagonisms,  the  cupid- 
ity, and  the  bigotry  of  New  England  and 
the  East  It  is  from  the  East  that  have 
come  the  germs  of  this  bloody  and  most 
unnatural  strife.  It  is  from  the  meddle  • 
some,  grasping  and  fanatical  disposition 
of  the  same  people  who  have  imposed 
upon  you  and  us  alike  those  tariffs,  in- 
ternal improvements,  and  fi»hing  bounty 
laws,  whereby  we  have  been  Uxed  for 
their  aggrandizement.  It  is  from  the 
East  that  will  come  the  tax-gatherer  to 
collect  from  you  that  mighty  debt  which 
is  being  amassed  mountain  high  for  the 
purpose  of  ruiuing  your  best  customers 
and  natural  friends. 

When  this  war  ends,  the  same  antagon- 
isms of  interest,  policy  and  feeling  which 
have  been  pressed  upon  us  by  the  East 
and  forced  us  from   a  political  union, 


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where  we  bad  ceased  to  find  safety  for 
our  interests  or  respect  for  our  rights, 
will  bear  down  upon  you  and  separate 
you  from  a  people  whose  traditional  pol- 
icy it  is  to  live  oy  their  wits  upon  the  la- 
bor of  their  neighbors.  Meantime,  you 
are  being  used  by  them  to  fight  the  battle 
of  emancipation  a  battle  which,  if  success- 
ful, destroys  our  prosperity,  and  with  it 
your  best  markets  to  buy  and  sell.  Our 
mutual  dependence  is  the  work  of  the 
Creator.  With  our  peculiar  productions, 
convertible  into  gold,  we  should,  in  a 
state  of  peace,  draw  ft*om  you  largely 
the  products  of  your  labor.  In  us  of 
the  South  you  would  find  rich  and  willing 
customers;  in  the  East  you  must  con- 
front rivals  in  production  and  trade,  and 
the  tax-gatherer  in  all  the  forms  of  par- 
tial legislation.  You  are  blindljr  follow- 
ing at^litionism  to  this  end,  whilst  they 
are  nicely  calculating  the  gain  of  obtain- 
ing your  trade  on  terms  that  would  im- 
porerish  your  country.  You  say  you  are 
fighting  for  the  f^ee  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi.  It  is  yours  freely,  and  has 
always  oeen,  witKout  striking  a  blow. 
You  say  you  are  fighting  to  maintain  the 
Union.  That  Union  is  a  thing  of  the 
past.  A  union  of  consent  was  the  only 
union  ever  worth  a  drop  of  blood.  When 
force  came  to  be  substituted  for  consent, 
the  casket  was  broken,  and  the  constitu- 
tional jewel  of  your  patriotic  adoration 
was  forever  gone. 

I  come,  then,  to  you  with  the  olive 
branch  of  peace,  and  offer  it  to  your  ac- 
ceptance, in  the  name  of  the  memories  of 
the  past  and  the  ties  of  the  present  and 
future.  With  you  remains  the  responsi- 
bilitr  and  the  option  of  continuing  a 
cruH  and  wasting  war,  which  can  onlv 
end,  after  still  greater  sacrifices,  in  such 
treaty  of  peace  as  we  now  offer,  or  of 
preserring  the  blessings  of  peace  by  the 
simple  abandonment  of  the  design  of 
subiugating  a  people  over  whom  no  right 
of  dominion  has  been  conferred  on  you 
by  Qod  or  man. 

Braxton  Brago, 
General  C.  S.  Army. 

MoiTDAT,  Oct.  20.-:— There  is  much 
contraband  trade  between  Jackson, 
New  Orleans  and  Memphis,  and  peo- 
ple pass  in  and  out  every  day.  A 
French  etibject  offered  to  bring  out 
from  N.  O.  10,000  sacks  of  salt  if  1,000 
bales  of  cotton  would  be  allowed  to  go 
in.  This  would  be,  to  give  equal  to 
$600  for  each  bale :  but  Government 
has  stopped  the  exchange  as  contrary 
to  an  Act  of  Congress.  Great  distress 
prevails  on  account  of  salt,  and  crowds 
of  planters  are  flocking  to  Jackson, 
having  heard  that  cotton  would  bring 
salt    The  town  is  now  full  of  cotton. 


and  grievous  is  the  disappointment. 
Government  has,  however,  taken  pos- 
session of  a  salt  island  in  Louisiana, 
and  will  put  on  it  2,000  negroes  to  sup- 
\Ay  the  demand.  Without  salt  we 
shall  have  little  meat,  unless  Kentucky 
is  opened.  It  sells  in  certain  locations 
at  $100  per  sack. 

The  Confederacy  will  have  abundance 
of  all  breadstuff^,  including  potatoes, 
and  com  is  bought  in  Louisiana  in 
quantities  at  75c.  and  even  60c.  per 
bushel.  NeCToes  sell  at  old  rates 
despite  of  Xincoln's  proclamation  ; 
and  lands  have  not  risen  much 
in  value.  Everytliing  el?e  has  risen. 
Confederate  money  is  worth  about  40 
cents  in  the  dollar  for  gold,  and  Yan- 
kee money,  to  be  used  in  New  Orleans, 
is  worth  nearly  double  as  much  as  our 
own.  Gold  in  New  York  is  at  a  pre- 
mium of  86  per  cent.,  and  advancing. 

Most  people  think  that  we  can  only 
win  our  independence  through  foreign 
intervention,  or  a  division  among  the 
enemy  at  home.  Of  both  there  is  now 
slight  probability.  Northern  Demo- 
crats are,  however,  making  fierce  war 
upon  the  despotism  of  the  Lincoln 
Government,  and  if  they  could  carry 
New  York,  there  might  be  some  ray  of 
hope  of  peace. 

The  prospects  are  for  a  protracted 
and  desolating  war. 

People  are  removing  as  much  as 
possible  of  their  property  into  the  in- 
terior. The  enemy  plunder,  steal  or 
destroy  everything  in  their  way.  Cot- 
ton is  worth  to  10  to  12^  cents,  Con- 
federate currency,  m  Mississippi,  and 
16c.  to  1 7c.  in  Carolina;  in  New  Or- 
leans ^and  New  York,  60c.,  Federal 
currency.  Our  Government  is  pur- 
chasing several  hundred  thousand 
bales.  Planters,  fearing  the  torch  of 
the  enemy,  are  offering  freely  to  sell. 
About  half  a  million  l^les  have  been 
burnt.  The  new  crop  will  about  re- 
place it. 

No  news  to-day.  A  dreadful  acci- 
dent on  the  Central  Railroad  of  Miss., 
kills  and  maims  76  unfortunate  sol- 
diers. Our  railroads  are  becoming 
more  and  more  dangerous  to  life,  and 
no  chance  of  improvement  whilst  the 
war  la^ts. 

Tuesday. — Federals  are  crossing  the 
Potomoc  in  force,  and  we  ehull  goon 
have  exciting  times  in  that  quarter. 

Without  doubt,  Bragg  ha?  had  little 


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JOUBNAL  OF  THE  WAB. 


success  ID  EoDtacky,  and  is  retiring 
from  the  State.    It  is  aad  news. 

OUoy  lBdBeB%  mad  Fanosjimm 
bsfv  gone  for  the  Democrats^  and  many 
of  us  are  finding  a  source  of  conso 


lation  and  hope  in  the  adyent  of  that 
party  again  to  power  at  the  North. 
Any  di^ffe,  however,  must  be  for  the 
better,  ■»  w  aa  we  are  concerned. 
God  only  seee  the  cBidL 


EDITORIAL  NOTES,  ETC. 


Histories  of  the  war  are  becoming, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  everyday  more 
numerous,  and  we  may  expect  for  the 
next  quarter  of  a  century  that  its  inci- 
dents will  oonstltue  the  ground  work 
of  much  of  our  literature.  So  far,  the 
works  wliich  have  appeared  are  liable 
to  the  great  objection^  that  full  access 
to  material  on  both  sides  has  been  im- 
practicable, but  this  will  cease  to  be 
the  case.  Northern  writers  have  mon- 
opolized the  field,  though  in  good  time 
the  South  will  desire  to  be  heard.  We 
have  met  with  nothing  yet,  which  is  so 
fair  and  just' towards  u^  as  the  little 
volume  recently  published,  in  very 
handsome  style,  by  Van  Evrie,  Horton 
4fe  Co.,  entitled,  "  A  Youth's  Bistofyof 
the  Oreat  Civil  War**  It  traces  the 
war  to  its  true  causes,  and  does  full 
justice  to  the  actors  and  moving  spirits. 
It  shows  the  shock  which  our  institu- 
tions have  received,  and  from  which 
they  are  not  likely  soon  to  recover.  It 
tells  the  story  in  the  dmple language  of 
truth,  and  is  embellished  with  numer- 
ous engravings.  We  commend  the 
publication  to  the  Southern  public. 


Mr.  F.  B.  Carpenter,  who  had  the 
opportunity,  during  the  year  1864,  to 
become  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
domestic  life  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  publishes 
through  Hard  &  Houghton  a  little  vol- 
ume, with  the  title  Six  Month*  at  the 
White  ffoiue.  The  remiuidcences  cover 
a  wide  field,  and  ore  written  out  in  a 
spirit  of  enthusiasm  and  affection. 
*'  My  aim,"  he  8ays, "  has  been  through- 


out these  pages  to  portray  the  man  as 
he  was  revealed  to  me,  without  any 
attempt  at  idealization." 


Taxation — Its  Levy  and  Expenditure, 
Pott  and  Future,  being  an  Inquiry 
into  our  Financial  Policy,  by  Sir  S. 
Morton  Peto,  is  published  by  D.  Apple 
ton  <fc  Co.,  and  will  be  an  interesting 
work  for  politicians,  bankers  and  mer- 
chants. The  low  duty  or  free  trade 
principle  is  the  moving  one  with  the 
author,  and  he  examines  with  great 
fairness  and  ability,  the  whole  financial 
policy  of  the  British  Government 
Since  the  publication  of  Mr.  Porter's 
work  we  have  met  with  nothing  so 
comprehensive  on  the  subject 


From  the  same  publishers  we  re- 
ceive : 

1.  An  Introductory  Latin  Book,  By 
Albert  Harkness. 

2,  Brevity  in  Cheu,  By  Miron  I. 
Hazeltine. 

The  former  work  is  intended  as  an 
elementary  drill*book  on  the  inflections 
and  principles  <^  the  language,  and 
also  is  an  introduction  to  the  grammar, 
reader  and  compositions  by  the  same 
author,  who  is  professor  in  Brown 
University.  The  latter  work  is  from 
the  pen  of  a  gentleman  who  has  pub- 
lished a  great  deal  upon  the  subject  of 
chess.  In  this  instance  he  culls  from 
the  whole  range  of  chess  literature, 
and  furnishes  a  collection  of  games, 
ingeniously  contested,  and  ending  with 
scientific   problems    and    wood  •  cut». 


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IDITOBIAL  NOTES,  ETC. 


447 


HabituaUd  for  jean  to  chese  teaebiog, 
he  has  aimed  to  make  the  work  in- 
Btmctive  to  the  studeDt,  as  well  as 
amuBiog  to  the  eaaoal  amateur. 


Ten  Yearn  of  a  Li/etiine  is  a  very  read- 
able story,  brought  out  in  all  the  most 
eottly  and  elegant  style  of  the  publish- 
ers, from  the  pen  of  Margaret  Hosmer, 
author  of  "  The  Morrisons.*'  Messrs. 
Doolady  A  Co.,  of  New  York,  who 
send  us  this  beavtiful  volume,  are  the 
publishers  also  of  a  work  in  similar 
style,  entitled  "^j^oryo/  the  O^fftUa," 
a  production  from  the  pen  of  Walter 
Simson,  with  notes  and  disquisitions  on 
the  past,  present  and  ftiture  of  Gipsy* 
dom,  by  James  Simson.  We  have 
never  met  with  a  more  interesting, 
instructive  and  readable  work.  The 
specimens  of  Gipsy  literature  are  very 
curious.  The  author  brings  out  a  re- 
markable fact,  which  is  well  supported, 
and  will  be  new  to  our  readers,  to  wit: 
that  the  celebrated  John  Banyan  was 
of  Gipsy  origin. 


We  are  severely  called  to  account 
in  two  letters  from  anonymous  sources : 
FirH,  because  we  hare  not  corrected 
the  typographical  error,  made  In  June 
number,  by  means  of  which  some  of  the 
incidents  of  the  battles  of  Manassas  and 
Shiloh  were  jumbled  together.  Had 
the  writer  looked  into  the  July  num- 
ber, page  57,  note,  he  would  liave  seen 
the  correction.  Anonymtnis  No,  2 
bears  down  heavily  because  we  allowed 
certain  expresrions  in  Mr.  Atkinson's 
article  on  cotton,  in  a  late  number,  to 
go  out  without  protest  or  comment,  and 
rather  fears  that  we  are  not  so  strong 
in  the  faith  "  as  we  used  to  be."  This 
is  good.  A  palpable  hit !  But  let  our 
friend  judge  us  in  the  aggregate,  and 
not  in  detail ;  let  him  note  the  tone 
and  spirit  of  the  Review  from  January 
to  October,  including  our  "  Talk  with 


Radicals"  on  the  first  page  ot  the 
present  issue,  and  then  we  will  make  a 
wager  that  he  does  not  write  to  us 
again,  "  You  are  in  a  fSair  way,  Mr. 
Editor,  to  endear  both  yourself  and 
your  paper  to  Southern  men,  by  pub- 
lishing without  comment  such  arti- 
cles as  this  I"  Our  mle  for  twenty 
years  has  been,  thai  we  are  not  re- 
sponsible for  the  views  of  contributors 
when  their  names  are  given,  and  that 
it  is  a  good  thing  now  and  then  to  let 
our  enemies  speak  out  and  see  what 
they  have  to  pay  against  us,  and  that 
we  need  not  always  break  our  necks  in 
the  hurry  to  pitch  into  them  in  reply. 

Thomas  Reed,  Esq.,  of  Fayette,  Miss., 
who  has  just  returned  from  an  extensive 
tour  in  Texas,  writes  us  a  long  letter 
upon  the  subject,  not  intended  for  pub- 
lication. The  results  of  his  observa- 
tions are,  that  he  does  not  believe 
Texas  can  possibly  produce  more 
than  half  of  a  cotton  crop  the  present 
season.  Labor  was  scarce,  and  not 
more  than  a  third  of  the  usual  quan- 
tity of  land  was  cultivated.  The 
principle  cotton  region  is  in  south- 
western and  southern  Texas.  The 
worm  -has  ravaged,  and  the  slands  are 
not  good.  The  crops  on  the  swamp 
lands  of  Louisiana,  Mr.  Reed  thinks, 
will  also  be  comparatively  small. 


We  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Paul  F.  Eve, 
of  Nashville,  for  his  pamphlet  demon- 
stration of  the  PemieiofUB  Effects  of 
Whiiky  and  Tobacco,  being  the  sub- 
stance of  his  replies  to  questions  pro- 
pounded by  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission.  We  stand  up  to  the  Doctor 
heart  and  soul  in  "damning"  the 
whisky  (a  **  sin  **  we  are  "  not  inclined 
to,") ;  but  as  to  the  tobacco,  we  must 
"  compound  **  a  little  ;  and,  not  to  be 
too  rash,  at  all  events  give  us  time  to 
consider  Doctor ! 


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448 


EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


Messrs.  Morgan  As  McCIoud  send  a 
valuable  pamphlet  od  the  Reaources  of 
Jfinnesota,  from  the  pen  of  its  CommU- 
eioner  of  Statistics,  from  which  we 
ehail  make  up  aa  article  hereaAer. 


Mr.  O.  F.  Bledsoe,  of  Columbus,  Miss, 
very  eloquently  and  happily  discoursed 
upon  the  "Hopes  and  Duties  of  the 
Present  Hour,"  on  a  late  occasion  before 
the  "  Literary  Socieljes  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Missisf-ippi,"  and  sends  us  a 
pamphhdcopy  for  which  we  are  much 
obliged.  Want  of  space  prevents  an 
intended  extract  at  this  time. 


Two  other  pamphlets  -are  also  upon 
our  desk  ;  one  from  tlie  pen  of  John  D. 
Bichardson,  of  Perry,  Georgia,  being  a 
stirring  appeal  to  the  South  in  behalf 
of  the  destitute  families  of  deceased 
Confederate  soldiers,  acd  furnishing  a 
plan  of  rfelief  The  other  is  the  pro- 
duction of  Elizur  Wright,  and  is  some- 
thing about  "  A  Cariosity  of  Law," 
though  we  do  not  clearly  understand 
it,  and  are  not  in  the  secret  oi  what 
the  author  is  aiming  to  effect. 

BEVIEW  ADVERTISING  INDEX. 

All  advertisements  in  the  RsviBw  will 
be  regularly  noted  io  this  Index.  Our 
terms  are  the  same  as  before  the  war, 
and  considering  the  large  circnlation  of 
the  R'bvibw  in  every  part  of  the  Union, 
and  especially  lu  the  Southern  States, 
its  limits  should  be  occupied.  Merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  the  South,  and 
those  having  lands  for  sale,  would  do 
well  to  imitate  in  advertising  the  enter- 
prise of  Northern  cities.  Our  pages  are 
open  to  ail,  and  it  is  from  this  source 
only  that  the  Rbvibw  can  be  made  re- 
munerative. 

Agricaltnral  Iinp1emonl»^Machiiiery,  etq.— R.  H. 
Allen  ft  Co. ;  l>ani«l  Pratt ;  IMtkiu,  Wiard  & 
Cu.  Emery  Brothers. 

W,  O.  demons,  Brown  &  Co. 

Books.  Bibles,  etc  —James  Potts  ;  John  P.  Mor- 
ton fe  Co. 

BsMiB  and  Siiocs.— John  Slater. 


Bankers  and  Exchange.— Dnncan,  Sherman  li  Co. 

C.  W.  Purcell  &  Co. ;  E.  Q.  Bell ;  Lockwoud 

&Co.:  Connor  &  Wilson 
Brokers.— Gold  and  Silver,  Real  EsUte.  etc ;  Mcr- 

— in  nT!^!mir!.  Mnmhv  b  Cash. 
CI  ,         -     . 

Ci'  r. 

i  aui-.-  t:.ii.f;i  :iiiil  W .hk  .  Jno.  H.  Haskell. 
Con MTi  Fji(iMrv—(rt\v!..  Wilson,  Bradford  ft  Co. 
e  tc— Thomas  Gannon,  J. 


Coput'rtiiiithN.  l'jit:iii' 
. '     Wyatt  Held. 


Olothiiis,  Shirts,  Sic— S.N.  Moody  ; Homy  Moore 
in.  tioiiuiig. 

Ooilcclioii  aud  Commission  Merchants.— Taylor, 
McKwoiLQiid  Blew. 

Drv  GtMiUs.— Riitler,  Brocim  &  Clapp. 

Druf^pist— S.  Mansheld  &  Co.  Ja*.  Oone«i;al. 

Enn^raiioii  Companies.— John  Williams. 

Eii^riiverf!,  etc.— Ferd  Meyer  fc  Co;  J.  W.  Otr. 

Ej'  -,— Ur  Fo*.te. 

Exprc>s  Ouniii:iines.— S.fU'.liera. 

Ftriii,  J    .:.  -,  ;;8ese  It  Co. ;  Allfn  k 

Ntc^ii.,,  Ij:iuj;ii  x  Sons:  Graham,  Emleti 
fit  P.issmore  ;  Tasker  and  Clark. 

Fancy  Goods.— J.  M.  Bowen  &  Co. 

Firo.  Arms.— B.  Kitbridije  &  Co. 

Gard^tn  Seeds,  etc— D.  Laudreth  fc  Sons. 

Grocers.— Baskervi lie,  Sherman  &  Co. 

Hotels  -Exchange  Hotel,  Bamet  House 

Hardware,  etc.— G.  Wolfe  Bruce ;  C.  H.  Slocomb; 
Choate  &  Co. ;  Orgill,  Bros,  fit  Co. ;  E.  Bob- 
bins fib  Bradley. 

In^nrniice  Compauifs.- JEtna  ;  Accidental. 

In-ii  K;ii  luies,  tnc— Roljert  Wood  &  Co.;  W.  P, 
I  [..0,1. 

Inm  Saii-'S— Hurring  &  Co. 

Jeurirv.  tir.— Tiffany  &  Co.;  Ball,  Black  k  Co. 

La  .\ ',  ITS.— Ward  k  Jtmes. 

Liqiiurs-  L.  L.  Bunrell  &,  Co- 

LrOHu  Atroncy.— Deuartiiient  BitsJne^,  et*.— Na- 
tional Bank  of  Metropolis. 

Mucliniery,  Sloain  Entfines,  Saw  Mills.  Cardirur, 
Spmmn;^  and  Wcavmg,etc.— Kndt^hurg  Man- 
iifacturiiig  Company,  Jacob  B.Schenck ;  Poole 
&,  Hunt  :  Smith  &  Sayre ;  Jas.  A.  Rubinscn ; 
Geo.  Page  k  Co.  ;  Edmund  M.  Ivens ;  Lane  k 
Bod  ley  ;  JofCph  Hiirriyon,  Jr. ;  J,  E.  Stereo- 
son.    J.  H.  Duval ;  Wood  &  Maun. 

Mill  Ston«s.— J.  Bradford  &  Co. 

MiliuiryEquipmeiiis.— J,  M.  Mi^eod  feSon. 

Miiiirmes.  etc.— Bnindreth's  ;  Eh",  W.  R,  Mer- 
n  111 ;   Kadway  Sl  Co.  ;  Tarrant  &  Co. 

M"-.M  li  ln<.triuuiMit*;  — F.  Z.jgijaum  &  FairchiM  ; 

M  -H.T.  Hay  ward 

Nurserieti.— Ellwauger  fc  Barry. 

Organs— Parlor,  etc-4»eloubet,  Pelton  k  Co. 

Painty  etc.— Pecora  Lead  and  Color  Company. 

Patent  Limbs.— W.  Selpho  fit  Son. 

Pens— R.  Esterbrook  k  Co. 

Perfumen.— C.  T.  Lodge. 

Pianos.— W.  Knabe  fit  Co. 

Photographrrs.— Brady. 

RdfM.— J.  T.  Douglas. 

Scales.— Fairbanks  fit  Co. 

Straw  Goods.— Bostwick,  Safain  fc  Clark. 

Steamships.— James  Ct>nnoly  fit  Co. ;  Liviofston, 

Fox  fc  Co. 
Stationers.— Francis  fc  I.^utrel ;  E.  R.  Waffpner. 
Soap,  Starch.  etc^B.  T.  Babbit. 
Southern  Bitters,  etc.— C.  H.  EbUrt  fit  Co. 
Sewing  Machines.— Singer  &  Co;  Finkle  fi&  Lyon. 
Stecl.— Sanderson  Brothers  fc  Co. 
Silver  and   Plaled  Ware-— Wirnlle  fc  Co. :  Wa. 

Wilson  fc^n.  W.  Gale,  Jr.         . 
Tobacco  Dealers,  etc — ^Dohan,  Carroll  fc  Co. 
Tin  Ware.— &  J.  Ilare  &  Co. ;  J.  B-  Duval  fc  8<« 
Tailors.- Derby  fc  Co. ;    Harlem  fc  Co- 
UniTcrsities  and  Law  Schools. 
Wim  Work  Railings,  etc— M  Walker  fc  Sons. 
Washing  Machines  and  Wringers  and  Mangles-— 

R-  C.  Browning  ;  Jno.  Ward  fc  Co. ;  OaJcey  ft 

-Keating.   Bobt  Duncan. 


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DE  BOW'S   REVI-EW. 


ESTABLISHED   JANUARY,    1848. 


HOVEHBEB,   1866. 


ART.  I.-PROGRESS  OP  AMERICAN  COMMERCE. 

Part  V.— Our  Coiimbroe  Durinq  and  Subsequent  ^o  thb  War  or  1812-15,  and 
UNTIL  THB  Adoption  of  thb  Tariff  of  1882.* 

"  Commerce  is  King.** — Carlisle, 

We  have  in  previous  papers  discussed  the  origin,  influences 
and  history  of  commerce  from  the  earliest  times,  the  origin  of 
American  commerce  and  its  extent  during  the  Colonial  period, 
the  commerce  of  the  States  under  the  Confederation,  ana  again 
until  the  war  of  1812,  and  will  divide  what  remains  of  this 
subject  into  several  chapters,  which  will  treat,^r«/,  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  country  from  the  war  until  the  year  1832 ;  secondy 
from  that  period  to  the  peace  of  1865 ;  thirds  of  our  tariff  sys- 
tem ;  fourth^  fifths  &c.,  as  far  as  occasion  may  require,  of  our 
commerce  witn  the  several  great  powers  of  Europe,  interspers- 
ing the  whole  with  comparative  and  other  statistics  which  will 
show  the  relative  status  of  our  own  and  other  countries  in  re- 
gard to  commerce. 

It  cannot  bo  denied  that  commerce  is  the  great  civilizer  of 
Che  world,  and  the  great  power,  next  to  Christianity,  which  holds 
in  check  the  ambition  and  passions  of  nations.  It  develops 
agriculture  and  manufactures ;  stimulates  the  construction  of 
railroads  and  canals ;  increases  population  by  affording  it  em- 
ployment;  promotes  the  growth  of  great  cities ;  stimulates  the 
arts,  and  does  everything  to  promote  the  brotherhood  of  man- 
kind I  Without  it  our  great  forests  and  great  prairies  would 
have  remained  in  wilderness;  for  unless  the  products  of  man 

*  In  the  oonrse  of  tb»  present  series  of  papers,  the  author  has  sometlroes  adopted  the  Ian> 
goase  need  \>j  himself  on  previous  occasions,  and  vbile  discussiDg  other  qnesdons.  If  the 
reader  shall  dIsooTer  some  of  these  passages  In  the  Ojclopedla  of  Commerce,  bf  Bir.  Honians, 
be  will  take  notice  that  they  were  borrowed  firom  ns  by  that  editor,  who  makes  the  acknowl- 
edgment onee  for  all  in  his  prefoce. 

VOL.  n.— NO.  V.  29 

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450  PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMICERCS. 

and  man  be  brought  together  in  barter,  indigence,  barbarism 
and  social  declension  are  unavoidable.  Trade  is  an  instinct  of 
the  animal  man,  and,  unless  there  be  opportunity  for  its  indul- 
gence, he  sinks  to  the  level  of  the  other  animals.  Well  has  it 
then  been  said  to  be  the  "  Golden  Girdle  of  the  Globe ;"  an^ 
referring  tS  its  achievements,  the  poet  has  beautifully  declai«d : 

"  Her  danghtera  haye  their  dowen 
From  epoUs  of  nations,  and  the  ezbaniUess  East 
Poors  in  her  lap  idl  gena  in  sparkling  diowers." 

During  the  war,  the  foreign  exports  of  the  country  declined 
from  an  average  of  about  ^0,000,000  per  annum,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  century,  to  $38,627,236  in  l&ll;  27,855,997  in 
1813,  and  $6,927,441  in  1814.  The  exports  consisted  of  ashes, 
beef  and  pork,  flour,  fish,  Indian  corn,  flax-seed,  rice,  tobacco, 
tar,  pitch,  rosin,  turpentine  and  wheat  The  average  export 
between  1810  and  1814  was,  of 

Flour 1,089,092  bWs. 

Corn 1 ,461,920  bushela 

Wheat 115.865      do. 

Tobacco , 81,140  hhds. 

Beef  and  Pork 58,000  barrtlsi 

By  the  first  article  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace,  3d  July,  1815, 
reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce  was  agreed  upon  between  the 
territories  of  the  [Jnited  States  of  America  and  all  the  terri- 
tories of  his  Britannic  Majesty  in  Europe. 

The  first  steamship  sailed  from  the  United  States  for  Europe 
in  May,  1819.  Six  years  earlier,  the  first  steamer  was  enrolled 
and  licensed  on  the  Mississippi.  In  1822,  ninety-eight  such 
vessels  were  enrolled  at  New  Orleans,  of  an  aggregate  of  18,000 
tons.  The  Arkansas  River  had  already  been  ascended  more 
than  600  miles  by  steamers. 

On  the  1st  of  October,  1828,  the  whole  line  of  the  famous  De 
Witt  Clinton  Canal,  which  did  so  much  to  make  New  York 
what  she  is,  was  prepared  for  the  reception  of  water. 

The  value  of  dned  and  pickled  fish  exported  from  the 
United  States  ranged  from  about  half  a  million  to  a  million  of 
dollars  between  1812  and  1832.  In  whale  oil  and  candles  the 
increase  was  from  about  $200,000  to  $1,500,000. 

LmabM'.  Kftral  Stores.       Aihea.     FnrtftndSUna^    Glateng.  BarkADjrea 

1812.. 11,638,000  490,000        888,000         128,000         10,000  107,0«0 

1816..   1,886,000  466,000        866,000        409,000         10,000  886,000 

1820..  8,208^000  292,000        962,000        696,000      174,000  108,000 

1825..  1,717,671  468,897      1,992.881         629,692       144,699  98,809 

1882..  2,196,717  476,291         980,898        691,909        99,646  62,944 

Tlie  export  in  value  of  wheat  and  flour  averaged,  during  the 
war,  thirteen  millions  of  dollars  annually,  but  immediately 
afterwards  declined  one-half,  except  for  the  years  1817  and 


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PROGBESS  OF  AMERICAN  COHHERCE.  451 

1818,  when  it  reached  an  average  of  fourteen  millions.  From 
that  time  until  1888  the  average  was  about  $6,000,000.  The 
rice  trade,  on  the  other  hand,  remained  nearly  stationary,  the 
exports  of  1815  and  1888  being  the  same,  to  wit,  $2,774,418. 
The  export  of  Indian  corn  in  the  same  time  fell  off  on  the 
average  about  one-half,  viz.,  from  $2,000,000  to  less  than 
$1,000,000.    The  whole  agricultural  export  was : 

1812 |l'7,79'7.000 

1816 11,284,000 

1820 8,401.000 

1826 '7,626,'718 

1881   18,997,492 

1882 8,862,494 

The  exports,  prcJduce  of  animals  slaughtered,  rose  from 
$1,657,000  in  1812,  to  an  average  of  $2,500,000  from  1821  to 
1833.  The  tobacco  trade  showed  exports,  1812,  $1,514,108  ; 
1882,  $599,769.  In  the  same  time  cotton  rose  from  $3,080,086 
to  $36,191,185,  of  which  Great  Britain  took  $26,253,205;  our 
manufacturing  exports  rose  from  $1,855,000  to  $6,923,922. 

The  following  table  will  be  very  interesting,  in  comparison 
with  those  of  subsequent  years,  showing  as  it  does  the  articles 
in  detail  which  were  exported  in  1832 : 

Expont  UwrriD  STATsa,  1383. 

Softp  and  tallow  eandles $701,184  Bags,  and  all  manti&etarea  ot .. .      8,635 

Leather,  boots,  and  ahoea. 877^888    Wearing  apparel 80,808 

Honaebold  fomitore. 160,088    Oomba  and  battona 184i80b 

Ooaehea  and  other  earriagea. 46^877    Broahes 4,704 

Hats 810,918    Billiard  Ublee tSlO 

Saddlery 89,578    Umbrellas  and  paraaola 80,861 

Wax 68,444  Leather  and  morocco  aUna,  not  aold 

Spirlta  from  grain,  beer,  ale  4  porter  187,583  per  pound 48,565 

Bnnff  and  tobaoeo 295,771    Printing  preaaea  and  tjpe 88^558 

Load ~     4,488    MaslcaT  Inatmments 4958 

Linaeed  oil  and  aplriU  of  turpentine.    88,804    Bookaandmapa 99,898 

Oordage 18,868    Paper  and  other  statlonerj 64,847 

Iron,  pig,  bar,  and  nalli 65.979    Palnto  and  rarniah 84,611 

eaatlnm 26,689    Vinegar 4,677 

manaractnrea  of, 180,288    Earthen  and  atone  ware 6,888 

Splrlta  (h>m  molaaaes 83,8;fl    Plre-engtnea  and  apparatus 7,758 

8agar,reflned 74,678  Manaftustnres  of 

ChoooUte 8,265       Qlaaa 106,865 

Gunpowder 96,028       Tin 8,157 

Copper  and  brasa 105,774       Pewter  and  lead 938 

M^ldnal  druga. 180,288       Marble  and  stone 8,455 

Gold  and  sUrer,  and  gold  leaf! 658 

8,780,888    Odd  and  silver  eoln 1,410,941 

Cotton,  piece  goods:  Artificial  flowers  and  Jewelry. 14,658 

Printed  or  colored.. .$10i870  Molasses 8,498 

While 1,058,891  Trunks 5^14 

Nankeens 841  BriokandUme 8,508 

Twist,  jarn,  A  thread    18,618  Domesttcsalt 87,914 


All  other  manuTrs  of     58,854 


8,858,674 


1,889,574  Uncertain 4n,86T 

Flax  and  hemp :  

Cloth  and  thread 1,570  $6,461,774 

The  imports,  from  1815  to  1817  inclusive,  were  classed  as 
those  paying  duty  ad  valorem  at  7i  per  cent.,  16  per  cent.,  20 
per  cent.,  25  per  cent,,  30  per  cent.,  33i  per  cent.,  and  40  per 


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PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE. 


cent  Those  which  paid  15  per  cent,  in  1817  were  one-third 
of  the  whole ;  another  third  paid  25  per  cent.  The  import  of 
the  articles  named  was  as  follows : 


Ijfpont  iirro  thb  UvmD  SrtAJMB. 


Bpeolet  of  MerohandtM. 

1815. 

-mnes,  Madelrft, gallons  164.519 

Borgnndy.  &C. do  8,619 

Bberrr  and  8t  Lnoar do  29,606 

All  other do  1,088,819 

Spirits  from  grain do  M7,199 

Other  materials, do  8,612,718 

Teas,  Bob  ea . . , ponn  ds  1 1 6,196 

8oochong;&o. do  1,108,892 

Imperial,  &c do 

Hyson  and  Young  Hyson, do  1 61,040 

Hysonskln^&c do  997,804 

8agar,Brown do  41.881,226 

White ^.      do  8,606.260 

OoflTee do  19,596.677 

Molasses gallons  4,762,642 

Bait bushels  2,090,181 

All  ether  articles 


Quantity. 

1816. 

814,891 

1^926 

288.964 

S,020lO77 

607,712 

6,808,166 

419,156 

714,581 

26.279 

606,176 

1,484,618 

48,666,686 

^,276,590 

26,976,118 

8,494,248 

2,864.821 


1817. 
186,108 

a&ss 

89.8M 

1,461,408 

274,826 

4,418,129 

446,466 

2,148,667 

899,277 

2400,511 

1,986.486 

84,628,188 

8,879,791 

81,8ia.064 

11,480,948 

2,879,688 


For  the  year  1832,  the  following  table  will  show  the  detailed 
commerce  of  the  United  States  with  all  foreign  countries.  Our 
imports  from  Britain  and  her  colonies  and  dependencies  made 
up  nearly  one-half  of  the  whole  import.  Tne  table  will  be 
interesting  for  comparison  under  other  divisions  of  our  subject 


rALum  or  kxpokts. 


COUNTRIES. 


Prussia 

Sweden  snd  Norway 

Swedish  West  Indies.... 

Denmsrk. 

Danish  West  Indies 

Netherlands 

Dutch  West  Indies  and  American  Colonies.. 

Dutch  East  Indies 

England 

dootland 

Ireland 

Ouemsej,  Jersey,  etc 

Gibraltar. 

British  East  Indies 

BriUsh  West  Indies 

Newfoundland,  etc 

British  American  Ck>lonios 

'  Other  British  Ck>lonles 

Hsnse  Towns 

France  on  the  Atlantic 

France  on  the  Mediterranean 

French  West  Indies  and  American  Colonies. 

other  French  African  PorU 

Hayti 

Spain  on  the  Atlantic 

Spain  on  the  Mediterranean 

Teneriffe  and  the  other  Canaries 

Manilla,  and  the  Philippine  Islsnds 

Cuba 

Other  Snanish  West  Indies 

Portugal 

Madeira , 

Fayal,  and  the  other  Azores 

Cape  de  Verd  Islands 

0th  er  Portugese  African  Ports 

Italy .7. 


TALtn  or 

8,251,809 

«7,92T 

1,097,894 

68,410 

68848 

1,110,886 

1860,668 

*828,882 

668,974 

;84348,568 

1,580,818 

491,891 

584 

979,858 

9,588,988 

1,489,887 


Domestic 

produce. 

121,114 

11,116 

914,048 

141,249 

181,605 

1.898.490 

9,282.799 

857,520 

24,516 

26,682,068 

1,125.898 

159,918 

8,700 


Foreign 

produce. 

461,668 

109365 

7,478 

850,115 

282,841 

8,870,490 

46.644 

508,504  _     _ 

9,875,187      29,607,206 
9a864       1,146,769 


TotaL 

682,689 

11,116 

866,418 

148,797 

681,790 

1,675,881 

6408,289 

404,164 

6^080 


4,115 


180,218 
1,655,448 


185,074 
889,935 


157,0! 

8,700 

618,907 

688,468 

1,688,276 


1,229,526 

2,551 

9,865,096 

10,981  988 

1,248.775 

578,857 


2,058,886 

677,488 

740,701 

154.887 

882.280 

7,068,857 

1,S81»,169 

128.816 

22^S,818 

21,682 

87,706 

28,742 

1,619,795 


8.669,809 

46,088 

8,614.885 

7.840 

7,840 

9,485,549 

1,652.670 

4,088,212 

9,028,485 

1,686,771 

10.565,256 

914,091 

1,140,876 

2.054.467 

605,798 

19,189  . 

^    624975 

1,248.610 

426.498 

1,609*668 

802.684 

41681 

847,265 

166,864 

1.054 

187.918 

14.567 

7.851 

9i,418 

20,906 

118,414 

184320 

8,681,897 

1,680.764 

5,812,151 

822,669 

72..^52 

895111 

28,269 

800 

28,562 

145,667 

999 

146.696 

28,409 

11.863 

84,766 

66,858 

19,707 

66,295 

178,507         609,056  687,568 


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PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE. 


458 


Sicily 

Trieste,  and  other  Aastrian  Adrlfttio  Ports . 

Tarliej,  Lersnt,  Md  Egypt 

Moxi  CO 

Gentnil  Republic  of  America 

Colombia 

Houdoraa,  Campeachy,  etc 

Braail 

Argentine  Republic 

CIspIatine  Bepubllc 

Peru! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!![!!!!!!"  1 

South  America,  gcnentlly 

Cape  of  Qood  Hope 

China : 

Arabia. 


Asia,  eenerally 

East  Indies,  generally 

West  Indies,  generally 

Europe,  generally 

AfMca,  generally 

South  Seas 

Sandwich  Islands 

Nortb-Weit  Coast  of  America. . 
IJDoertain 


156.61T 

8,088 

8,068 

862,027 

199,911 

986,776 

1186;686 

928.629 

64,722 

681,886 

746,608 

4298,954 

845,777 

2,621,764 

8,467,641 

28S,816 

189.206 

196,101 

886,807 

1,489,182 

406,867 

710,167 

1,117,024 

84.162 

nv» 

17,897 

i  88,866 

8,890.845 

1,282,077 

622,717 

2,064,794 

1,660,171 

ilil 

458,408 

928,040 

8,826 

1,221,119 

6(VI,628 

641,749 

780>099 

10:884 

17.960 

41,802 

41,802 

12.015 





5,844,907 

24,025 

111,180 

886,162 

924,360 

1,260.622 

42,888 

469,489 

612,827 

12,t40 

606,446 

6,608 

662,954 

174,182 

7,411 

181JS98 

821,582 

267.422 

106,649 

868,971 

15,176 
920 

80,096 
**46;078 

12,888 

42,984 

96,604 

^028 

Total 101,029,266     68,187,470     24,089,478      &7,176.948 

"We  close  statistics  with  two  tables,  which  show  the  value  of 
the  entire  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  States  from  1812 
to  1833,  and  also  the  commerce  of  the  several  States  for  the 
same  period : 

Imposts.  Expobts. 


ToUL 

RetelDed  for 

Domestio. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

home  oonsamptlon. 

1818    . 

...    22,006,000 

....      19.167,166    .. 

..     2.\MU3, 1.^)2     .... 

.      2,847,846    .... 

87,866,997 

1814    . 

...    12,965,000 

....      12.819,881     .. 

..       6.782,272     .... 

.         146,168    .... 

6.927,441 

1815    . 

...  118,011,274 

....    106,467,925    .. 

..     4.5.974,4(18     .... 

,      6,688,850    .... 

62,567,768 

181«    . 

...  147,108,000 

....     129,964,444    .. 

..     61,781,896     .... 

.    17,188,666     .... 

81,926.462 

1817    . 

...    99,250,000 

....      79,891,981    .. 

..     68,818,500     .... 

19,856,069     .... 

87,671,668 

1818   . 

...  121,750,000 

....    102,828,804    .. 

..     78,854,437     .... 

,    19,486,696    .... 

98,2Sl|l88 

1819   . 

...     87,126,000 

....      67,959,817    .. 

..     50,976,883     .... 

19,165,688    .... 

70,142,681 

1820    . 

...     74,460.000 

....      66,441,971    .. 

..    6i,6s;i,&40    .... 

,    18,008,029     .... 

69,691,679 

1881    . 

...     62,585,724 

....      41.283.836    .. 

..     43,671, S94     .... 

,    21,802.488    .... 

64,974,862 

1822    . 

...     88.241,511 

....      60,965.809     .. 

..     49,^74.185     .... 

22,286,202     .... 

72,160,887 

1888    . 

...    77,679,267 

....      60,086,645    .. 

..     47.1.V>,40S     .... 

27,658,682    .... 

74,699,060 

1884    . 

...     80,649,007 

....      65.211,860    .. 

..     5O,649.&00     .... 

85,887,1M     .... 

7^98«,667 

1685    . 

...     96,84'»,075 

....      68,749,432     .. 

..     66,944,745     .... 

82,690,648    .... 

99.586,888 

1886    . 

...     84,974,477 

....      66,484,865     .. 

..    53,<>.\V10     .... 

,    81689,612     .... 

77,696,828 

182T    . 

...     79,4S4,06S 

....      66,078,982    .. 

..     f>S.931,69I     .... 

,    28,408,186     .... 

82.884,827 

1888    . 

...     8S.509.824 

....      66,914,807    .. 

..     51669G69     .... 

,    21,695,017     .... 

72,264,686 

1889    . 

...     74.492,627 

....      67.834,049     .. 

..    fM.700,193     .... 

16,658,478    .... 

72,868,671 

1880    . 

...     70,876,990 

....      66,489,441     .. 

..     59.462.029     .... 

14,887,479     .... 

78,849,508 

1881    . 

...  108.191,124 

....      88,157,593     .. 

..    61.277,057     .... 

,    20,088,526    .... 

61.810,588 

1888    . 

...  101029,266 

....      76.939,793     .. 

..    68,187,470     .... 

24,089,478    .... 

87,176,948 

FOREIGN  EXPORTS  OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES. 

Mara. 

N.Y. 

Teon. 

Md. 

1819?22 

NC.             Oa. 

La. 

1813      . 

1807923 

8184494 

S5nil7 

3787885 

2968484         1094596 

1045153 

1814      . 

1133799 

209670 

248434 

17581 

737899         2183121 

387191 

1915      . 

5280083 

10675373 

4593919 

5036601 

6676976 

6675129         4172319 

5102610 

1816      . 

10136439 

19690031 

7196246 

7338767 

8212860 

10849409          7511929 

5602948 

1817      . 

11927997 

18707433 

8735592 

9833930 

5621422 

10372763         8790714 

9024812 

1818      . 

11998156 

17872261 

8759402 

7570734 

7016246 

11440962        11132096 

12924809 

1819      . 

11390913 

13587378 

6293788 

5929216 

4392391 

82507f>0          63104ft4 
8882940         6594623 

9768753 

1820      . 

Un0892a 

13163244 

5743549 

6609364 

4557957 

7596157 

1821      . 

12481691 

13162917 

7391767 

3850394 

3079309 

7200511         6014310 

7272172 

1822      . 

12MM52S 

17I0O482 

9047802 

4536796 

3217389 

7260320          5484870 

7978645 

1823      . 

13683239 

19038990 

9617112 

5030228 

4U06788 

6898814         4293666 

7779072 

1824      . 

10434328 

22897134 

9364893 

4863233 

3277 i64 

8034082         4623982 

7928820 

1825      . 

11432087 

35imfil 

ll:!69981 

4501904 

4129520 

11056742         4223833 

12582 

1828      . 

10098862 

21947791 

8331722 

4010748 

4596732 

7554036         436frMl4 

10284380 

1827      . 

10421383 

23831137 

7575833 

4516406 

4657938 

8332561         4261555 

11728997 

1828      . 

9025785 

22777649 

6051480 

4334422 

3340185 

6550712         3104425 

11947400 

1829      . 

8854937 

20119011 

4089935 

4804465 

3787431 

817&586         4981376 

12386060 

1830      . 

7813194 

19697983 

42)1793 

3791482 

4791644 

7627031         5*36626 

15488698 

1831      . 

7733763 

25535144 

5513713 

4308647 

4150475 

6575201          39S9613 

16761988 

1832     . 

11993768 

28000945 

35160S6 

4493918 

4510650 

7752731         5515883 

16530930 

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454  PROOREISS  OF  AMERICAN  COMMERCE.    . 

The  average  exports  of  the  other  States  were,  North  Caro* 
liDa,  $493,270 ;  Connecticut,  $498,728 ;  Khode  Island,  $609,820, 
District  of  Columbia,  $816,310  ;  Delaware,  $61,117.  The  ex- 
ports of  Alabama,  which  were  in  1818  less  than  $100,000, 
m  1824  reached  $460,000;  in  1829,  $1,693,958;  in  1832, 
$2,736,387. 

rOBEIGN  IMPORTS  OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES. 

Maw.    N.  Y.    Pcnn.    Md.    Vinr.    8.  C.    0«o.      L» . 

1821  148S6732   23821»46    8158933   4070842   1078490   3007U3   1002648    3379717 

1822  18337320   3M4J628   11874170   4792486    864162   2283586    989391    3817238 

1823  .......  176U7I60   29421349   13696770   4946179    681810   2419101    670705    4283125 

1824  15378758  36113733  11865531  4551442  639787  2166185  551888  4539769 

1825  15848141  49639174  15041797  4751815  553562  1892297  343356  4290034 

1826  17063482  38115630  13551779  4928569  635438  1534483  330993  4167521 

,  1827  13370564  38719644  1121293S  4405708  431765  1434106  312609  4531645 

'  1828  15070444  41927792  12884408  5629694  375238  1242048  308669  6217881 

j  1829  12520744  34743307  10100152  4804135  3953.tt  1139618  SMS93  6857289 

1830  10453544   356S4070    8702122   4523866    405739   1054619    282346    7599083 

1831  14269056   57077417   12124083   4836577    488522   1238163    399940    9766693 

1883  18118900   53214403   10678358   4629303    553639   1313725    253417    8871653 

As  an  advance  in  the  discussion  of  the  subject  hereafter,  a 
good  deal  will  necessarily  be  said  upon  the  subject  of  the 
tariff  system  of  the  United  States,  and  of  its  effects  upon  the 
general  commerce  and  prosperity.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  say, 
m-  this  place,  that  the  onerous  and  restrictive  legislation  of 
Congress,  and  its  heavy  protective  duties,  produced  results 
which  in  1832  nearly  ended  in  civil  war.  The  protest  of  one 
of  the  States  (South  Carolina),  in  1830,  against  this  abuse  of 
power  may  well  be  kept  upon  record.     She  then  protested — 

1.  Because  the  sood  people  of  that  Common  wealth  helieve  that  the  powers 
of  Congress  were  delegated  to  it  in  trust  for  the  accomplishment  of  certain  spe- 
cified objects  which  limit  and  control  them,  and  that  every  exercise  of  them  for 
any  other  purposes  is  a  yiolation  of  the  Constitution  as  unwarrantable  as  the 
undisguised  assumption  of  substantiye  independent  powers  not  granted  or  ex- 
pressly  withheld. 

2.  Because  the  power  to  lay  duties  on  imports  is,  and  in  its  very  nature  can 
be,  only  a  means  of  effecting  the  objects  specified  by  the  Constitution  :  since  no 
free  government,  and  least  of  all  a  goveroment  of  enumerated  powers,  can  of 
right  impose  any  tax  (any  more  than  a  penalty)  which  is  not  at  once  justified 
by  public  necessity,  and  clearly  within  the  scope  and  purview  of  the  social 
compact,  and  since  the  right  of  confining  the  appropriations  of  the  public  money 
to  such  legitimate  and  constitutional  objects  is  as  essential  to  the  liberties  of 
the  people,  as  their  unquestionable  privilege  to  be  taxed  only  by  their  own 
consent. 

8.  Because  they  believe  that  the  Tariff  Law,  passed  by  Confess  at  its  last 
session,  and  all  other  acts  of  which  the  principal  object  is  the  protection  of 
manufactures,  or  any  other  branch  of  domestic  industry — if  they  be  considered 
as  the  exercise  of  a  supposed  power  in  Congress,  to  tax  the  people  at  its  own 
good  wiU  and  pleasure,  and  to  apply  the  money  raised  to  objects  not  specified 
in  the  Constitution — ^is  a  violation  of  these  fundamental  principles,  a  breach  of  a 
well-defined  trust,  and  a  perversion  of  the  high  powers  vested  in  the  Federal 
Government  for  Federal  purposes  only. 

4.  Because  such  acts,  considered  in  the  light  of  a  regulation  of  commerce,  are 
equally  liable  to  objection — since,  althoujjh  the  power  to  regulate  commerce  may, 
like  oUier  powers,  be  exercised  so  as  to  protect  domestic  manufieioturea,  yet  it 
is  clearly  distinguished  from  a  power  to  do  so,  eo  nomine,  both  in  the  nature  of 
the  thing  and  in  the  common  acceptation  of  the  terms ;  and  because  the  con- 
founding of  them  would  lead  to  toe  most  extravagant  results,  since  the  en- 


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IMMORTAL  FIOTIOKS.  455 

couragement  of  domestic  iodastrr  implies  an  absolate  control  orer  eXl  the 
interests,  resonrces  and  porsuits  of  a  people,  and  is  inconsistent  with  the  idea 
of  any  other  than  a  simple  coosolidated  goyernment 

6.  Because  from  the  contemporaneous  exposition  of  the  Constitution,  in  the 
numbers  of  the  FederalitU,  (which  is  cited  only  because  the  Supreme  Court  has 
recognised  its  authority,)  it  is  clear  that  the  power  to  regulate  commerce  was 
conMdered  by  the  conrention  as  only  incidentally  connected  with  the  encourage- 
ment of  agriculture  and  manufactures;  and  because  the  power  of  laying  impc^ts 
and  duties  on  imports  was  not  understood  to  justify  in  any  case  a  prohibition 
of  forei|^  commodities  except  as  a  means  of  extenmng  commerce  by  coercing 
foreign  nations  to  a  fiidr  reciprocity  in  their  intercourse  with  us,  or  for  some 
other  bona  fidt  commercial  purpose. 

6.  Because  whilst  the  power  to  protect  manufactures  is  nowhere  expressly 
CTanted  to  Congress,  nor  can  be  considered  as  necessary  and  proper  to  carry 
into  effect  any  specified  power,  it  seems  to  be  expressly  reseryed  to  the  States 
by  the  tenth  section  of  the  first  article  of  the  Constitution. 

7.  Because  eyen  admitting  Congress  to  haye  a  constitutional  right  to  protect 
manufactures  by  the  imposition  of  duties  or  by  regulations  of  commerce,  de- 
signed principally  for  that  purpose,  yet  a  Tariff  of  which  the  operation  is  grossly 
unequal  ^nd  oppressiye,  is  such  an  abuse  of  power,  as  is  incompatible  with  the 
principles  of  a  nree  government,  and  the  great  ends  of  ciyil  society,  justice  and 
equality  of  rights  and  protection. 

8.  Finally,  Decause  South  Carolina,  from  her  climate,  situation,  and  peculiar 
institutions,  is,  and  must  oyer  continue  to  be,  wholly  dependent  upon  agnculture 
and  commerce,  not  only  for  her  prosperity,  but  for  her  yerv;.  existence  as  a 
State — because  the  abundant  and  yaluable  products  of  her  soil— the  blessings 
by  which  Diyine  Providence  seems  to  have  designed  to  compensate  for  the 
g^reat  disadvantages  under  which  she  suffers  in  other  respects — are  among  the 
very  few  that  can  be  cultivated  with  any  profit  by  slave  labor — and  if  by  the 
loss  of  her  foreign  commerce,  these  products  should  be  confined  to  an  inadequate 
market,  the  fate  of  this  fertile  State  would  be  poverty  and  utter  desolation — her 
citizens  in  despair  would  emierate  to  more  fortunate  regions,  and  the  whole 
frame  and  constitution  of  her  civil  polity  be  impaired  and  deranged,  if  not  die- 
eolyed  entirely. 

Deeply  impressed  with  these  considerations,  the  Representatives  of  the  good 
people  of  this  Commonwealth,  anxiously  desiring  to  live  in  peace  with  their 
fellow  citizens,  and  to  do  all  that  in  them  lies  to  preserve  and  perpetuate  the 
union  of  the  States  and  the  liberties  of  which  it  is  the  surest  pledge — but  feeling 
it  to  be  their  bounden  duty  to  expose  and  to  resist  all  encroachments  upon  the 
true  spirit  of  the  Constitution,  lest  an  apparent  acquiescence  in  the  system  of 
protecting  duties  should  be  drawn  into  precedent,  do,  in  the  name  of  the  Com- 
monwealtk  of  South  Carolina,  claim  to  enter  upon  the  journals  of  the  Senate 
their  Protest  against  it,  as  unconstitutional,  oppressive,  and  unjust 


ART.  IL~IMMORTAL  FICTIONS. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  work  of  fiction  excites  more  than  a 
passing  interest,  or  exercises  a  more  profound  influence  than 
that  of  amusement.  Tlie  productions  of  Cervantes,  Le  Sage, 
Defoe  and  Walter  Scott  are  but  exceptions  that  establish  the 
rule ;  and  Don  Quixote  and  Gil  Bias  might  well  be  thrown 
out  of  the  list  of  purely  fictitious  works,  as  th^  not  only  in- 
culcate a  profound  moral,  but  reflect  the  true  features  of  cor- 
relative living  character.    The  morality  of  the  Waverley  novels 


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466  IMMORTAL  FICTIONS. 

being  of  a  negative  kind,  they — in  common  with  the  mass  of 
British  novelists — rest  for  their  success  upon  their  power  of 
exciting  the  passive  imagination,  and  of  amusing  the  surren- 
dered mind.  Ivanhoe,  Tom  Jones  and  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
are  of  too  recent  date  for  us  to  pronounce  dogmatically  upon 
their  immortality.  It  must  be  confessed  tliat  the  class  of 
which  the  two  last  mentioned  are  representatives  are  scarcely 
known  to  the  mass  of  readers,  and  are  esteemed  only  by  lit- 
erary connoisseurs.  These  were  publications  of  the  highest 
repute  fifty  years  ago ;  and  it  is  p<>ssible,  in  the  mutations  of 
style  and  social  life,  that,  like  them,  the  charming  creations  of 
*'  the  Wizard  of  the  North"  may  become  old-fashioned  and 
prosy. 

The  great  pictures  of  English  life,  exhibited  on  the  canvas 
of  Dickens,  !Bulwer  and  Thackeray,  however  vivid  and  cap- 
tivating, will  probably  fall  into  that  dark  and  sombre  tint,  laid 
on  by  time,  that  most  terrible  of  painters, — a  tint  so  much 
lauded  by  the  initiated  few,  and  so  utterly  unappreciated  by 
the  outside  millions.  Our  poeterity  of  the  25th  century  may 
have  a  scene  from  Vanity  Pair  onered  up  to  them  by  some 
learned  Academician,  as  a  literary  curiosity,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  a  bit  of  Perseus  or  Aristophanes  is  now  and  then 
popularly  interpreted  to  us.  Lord  Verisopht  may  be  plagia- 
rized into  some  modem  fop,  with  impunity,  by  the  novelist  of 
the  day,  and  Gentlemen  Waife  and  Pelham  may  serve  but  "  to 
point  a  moral  or  adorn  a  tale." 

But  the  fairy  tales  of  our  vouth,  even  the  most  juvenile,  of 
the  Cinderella  order,  and,  aa vancing  in  interest,  Robin  Hood, 
Robinson  Crusoe  and  the  Arabian  Nights,  will  no  doubt  live 
as  long  as  the  English  language  is  spoken.  Innoxious  emana- 
tions q{  fancy ^  and  addressing  the  young  thought  and  feeling 
yet  rambling  through  the  quasi  barbarous  period  of  adventure 
and  superstition,  they  exercise  the  same  fresh  power  upon  suc- 
cessive generations. 

But  is  there  a  work  of  imdgination — necessarily  representing 
the  moral  as  well  as  the  physical  life — that  we  can  confidently 
Ijronounce  immortal  ?  Outside  of  the  few  world-renowned 
fictions,  excepted  already,  it  would  be  premature  to  set  up 
such  a  claim,  even  for  the  most  acceptable  and  celebrated  pub- 
lications. We  have  no  reference  to  the  drama,  nor  to  fiction 
adorned  by  poetry.  But  we  simply  ask,  who  of  the  legion  of 
novelists — properly  so  called — who  have  deluged  the  reading 
public  with  their  lucubrations  for  the  major  part  of  this  cen- 
tury ;  who  of  the  more  select  band  of  ruffled  wortbies  tfiat 
delighted  the  good  people  from  the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  who 
of  these  prose  novelists  is  sure  of  immortality  ?    Prose  fiction 


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IMMOBTAL  FICTIONS.  467 

is  a  modern  fact,  and  at  the  present  day  the  sneers  before  in- 
dulged in  at  the  novel-reader  have  completely  died  away. 
The  wheel  of  literature  has  rolled  around.  Dialectics,  heavy 
Divinity,  the  French  Epigram,  the  Pedantic  Essay,  have  each 
had  its  day,  and  have  successively  sunk  beneath  the  horizon. 
The  literature  of  the  present  day  is  for  the  most  part  comprised 
of  Science  and  Fiction.  And  until  this  arc  of  fashion  rolls  out 
of  sight,  he  who  would  address  the  popular  ear  and  popular 
heart  will  succeed  most  readily  through  the  avenue  of  Fiction. 

Philosophy,  Eomance,  Narrative,  Science,  Poetry,  nay,  even 
Truth  itself,  have  been  compelled  to  don  the  fashionable  attire, 
or  else  sleep  in  the  hands  of  ancients,  or  on  the  booksellers 
shelf.  The  novel  has  become  a  household  and  daily  fact.  As 
such  it  must  be  accepted  and  treated.  He  who  would  dispute 
the  influence  of  this  fact,  would  now  declare  himself  an  idiot. 
Religion  itself,  fearing  to  find  in  Fiction  a  foe,  has  for  some 
time  worn  its  garb  to  popularize  the  Divine  truths  of  Chris- 
tianity. But  we  must  not  be  led  into  a  discussion  of  the 
character  and  influence  of  modern  fiction — ^the  temptation  is 
great,  but,  as  the  Gaul  tersely  but  inaccurately  remarked,  *^  We 
must  fry  some  fish  I " 

Prosaic  fiction,  before  the  days  of  Goldsmith  and  Fielding, 
was  but  an  abortion  of  the  mind,  but  vaguely  foreshadowing 
the  vigor  and  symmetry-  of  the  full  offspring  of  Genius.  Such 
abnormal  pictures  of  the  imagination  were  the  monstrous  ex- 
travaganzas of  the  Feudal  Chroniclers,  and  the  tiresome  hagi- 
ologv  of  the  Mediaeval  Monks. 

The  modern  novel  was  born  in  the  brain  of  Walter  Scott. 
The  publication  of  the  Waverley  Novels  marked  the  advent  of 
a  new  era,  the  result  of  a  wide-spread  education  produced  by 
the  influence  of  the  Printing  Press.  Then  was  inaugurated 
the  literary  revolt  of  JEsthetical  civilization,  from  the  bonds  of 
Scholasticism  on  the  one  hand,  and  Epigrammatic  frippery  oh 
the  other. 

Scott  was  a  literary  reformer ;  but  that  his  originality  con- 
sisted in  aught  but  the  form  of  thought,  we  are  not  prepared 
to  say.  Without  question,  he  opened  new  paths  of  thought 
and  feeling.  He  was  a  benefactor  to  his  race,  for  he  lit  up  the 
common  life  of  man  with  the  beautiful  lights  of  a  vivid  imag- 
ination ;  and  with  the  radiancy  of  a  fine  humor  he  flashed  an 
honest  glow  into  the  hearts  of  thousands. 

But  must  Walter  Scott  necessarily  become  immortal,  as 
Plato  or  Shakspeare  is  immortal?  Or  has  not  the  sturdy 
iconoclast  of  Chelsea  already  anticipated  the  verdict  of  a  re- 
mote and  refined  posterity,  in  the  insolent  fling — "  Pretty 
Story-telling  Walter  ?  "     We  will  not  venture  to  decide.    Per- 


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468  IMMORTAL  FICTIONS. 

Bonally,  we  fold  Ivanhoe  and  Quentin  Durward  to  our  hearts 
and  laugh,  in  advance,  at  the  hypercritical  airs  of  our  over- 
civilized  great-grandchildren!  But,  judicially,  we  admit  that 
those  enfanis  terrible  must  have  their  day,  and  that  our  boy- 
hood's delight  and  manhood's  solace  may  be  to  their  etherial- 
ized  taste  but  the  oaten  reed  of  Pan,  or  the  alphabet  of  a  fiir 
purer  and  higher  pictorial  genius. 

This  suspicion  on  our  part  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  the 
Waverley  Novels,  and  their  thousand  imitations,  are  mainly 
objective  in  their  pictures  of  life,  and  therefore  one-sided.  Men 
must  eat,  drink  and  deal  in  adventures,  from  fighting  before 
Troy  to  driving  a  bargain  on  the  Strand ;  but  thev  must  also 
think  and  feel — ^be  the  subjects  of  passion.    The  hero  of  the 

Eerfect  novel  should  not  only  act,  but  reflect ;  not  only  should 
e  look  out  upon  the  visible  and  pronounced  features  of  the 
world  around  him,  but  he  should  also  look  in  upon  the  invis- 
ible, vaguely-discerned  lineaments  of  the  spirit  within  him,  a 
spirit  which  chiefly  makes  him  Man.  The  combination  of 
these  two  counterpart  qualities,  in  one  person,  and  their  har- 
monious solution  m  the  grand  problem  of  life,  is  one  of  the 
foundation  principles  that  underlie  all  of  Shakspeare's  great 
conceptions,  and  which  invest  them  with  so  indescribable  an 
air. of  naturalness  and  life.  His  men  are  men,  not  abstractions. 
They  live  a  concrete  life  in  a  concrete  society, — not  moving 
like  unsphered  spirits  amidst  naked  thoughts  and  feelings,  nor 
like  brainless  gladiators  in  a  fool's  paradise.  Compare  lago 
with  Du  Bois  Gilbert,  one  of  Scott's  most  vigorous  characters, 
and  this  superior  naturalness  is  patent  Scott  tells  us — and 
graphically,  too — ^how  the  proud  Templar  felt  and  thought  and 
spoke:  lago,  in  the  hand  of  the  Great  Master,  shows  himself 
to  us,  even  as  our  personal  acquaintances  do,  without  the  help 
of  outside  comment,  or  the  intervention  of  any  accomplished 
accoucheur  of  thought  The  invention  of  the  one  is  carefully 
veiled,  but  covered  with  external  description  and  gaudily  la- 
beled—" Man,"  "  Hero,"  or  "  Villain  1"  In  the  conception  of 
the  other,  no  veil  obscures  the  actual  processes  of  thought, 
feeling  and  expression,  which  "give  the  world  assurance  of 
a  man  I" 

The  more  recent  school  of  English  novelists,  headed  by 
Bulwer,  Dickens  and  Thackeray,  have  advanced  beyond  the 
chronicles  of  Matthew  Paris  and  the  brilliant  narratives  of 
Scott  They  have  delighted  the  reading  world  by  presenta- 
tions of  men  "compounded  of  many  simples" — thinking, 
speaking  and  acting  as  we  find  them  in  lite.  Uniting  (we 
speak  in  gross)  the  analytic,  descriptive  and  dramatic  methods, 


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IMMORTAL  FICTIONS.  459 

they  have  approximated,  if  they  liave  not  achieved,  a  great 
and  lasting  success. 

Should  the  works  of  this  triad — now,  unquestionably,  the 
masters  of  modern  fiction — wane  in  interest  or  become  abso- 
lute in  the  course  of  time,  the  germs  of  such  decadence  appear 
to  us  to  lie  patent  upon  the  pages  of  their  finest  publications. 

Bulwer  may  fail  of  immortality,  in  the  same  proportion  as 
he  falls  below  the  stature  of  genius.  In  the  fine  arts  (and  De 
Quincey  proves  Literature  to  be  one  of  them),  genius  alone  has 
discovered  the  Fountain  of  Eternal  Youth.  Talent  does  the 
•work  of  to-day  and  to-morrow ;  and  the  day  after  returns  to 
the  dust  whence  it  came,  in  spite  of  all  its  energy.  Men  of 
talents  are  then  the  day-laborers  of  the  mind.  One  genius 
opens  the  mine  for  the  work  of  myriads  such  as  these.  The 
palaces,  temples  and  fields  of  his  imagination  are  transformed 
into  facts  of  wood,  stone  and  fruitful  earth  by  the  cunning- 
fingered  crowd  that  follow  his  steps  and  become  rich  upon  the 
overflow  of  his  beneficent  greatness  I  Bulwer,  in  spite  of  ex- 
traordinary cleverness,  is  not  a  genius.  The  lights  of  a  bril- 
liant intellect  flash  from  his  varied  page.  His  creations,  how- 
ever failiug  in  originality,  shine  with  all  the  polish  of  taste,  and 
are  splendid  with  the  grace  of  scholarship.  His  works,  the 
latter  especially,  please  and  instruct  in  an  eminent  degree,  but 
they  are,  nevertheless,  the  offspring  of  the  Lamp  and  the  File. 
If  Bulwer  be  read  flve  hundred  years  hence,  we  are  neither 

{)rophets  nor  sons  of  a  prophet,  and  genius  may  be  born  of 
abor.  If  after  that  interval  ne  will  have  become  forgotten,  it 
will  but  prove  our  thesis,  that  even  eminent  and  well-directed 
talent  may  not  aspire  to  the  crown  of  Immortality. 

Dickens,  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  child  of  nature.  He 
writes  as  the  birds  sin?  and  as  the  rivers  flow.  But  it  is  not 
every  bird  that  sings  the  song  of  the  nightingale,  nor  every 
stream  that  can  be  raised  from  the  mud  of  utility  into  the 
region  of  the  beautiful.  We  cannot  forget  that  the  author  of 
the  Pickwick  Papers  is  also  the  author  of  Bleak  House.  That 
he  is  the  Prince  of  Humor  does  not  incapacitate  him  from 
being  also  the  Prince  of  Dullness.  The  excessive  contrasts 
ever  presented  by  the  works  of  this  remarkable  man  prove 
undeniably  that  eccentricity  may  degenerate  into  affectation, 
humor  into  buffoonery,  and  pathos  into  bathos. 

The  son  of  a  God  may  possess  the  stature  and  strength  of 
the  Cyclop ;  but,  lacking  the  grace  and  symmetry  of  the  Apollo, 
he  is  doomed  to  thunder  on  his  anvil  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth. 
The  workshop  of  Mr.  Dickens  is  situated  certainly  too  low ;  for, 
though  he  sometimes  dazzles  our  eyes  by  a  piece  of  work  ex- 
quisite as  the  shield  of  Achilles,  he  is  too  often  tinkering  upon 


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460  IMMORTAL  FICTIONS, 

grotesque  pots  and  pans,  to  divert  our  attention  from  his  many 
monstrosities.  Should  Dickens  live  to  be  read  by  Americans 
lapsing  into  the  yellow  leaf  of  a  fading  civilization,  it  will  be 
to  the  accompaniment  of  many  a  laugh,  a  few  tears,  and  an 
unknown  quantity  of  disgust. 

He  has  held  the  mirror  up  to  nature ;  but  not  as  Shakspeare 
did — to  Kinffs  and  Beggars,  and  all  between,  in  a  large  and 
royal  style — but  up  to  quaint  heroes,  shabby  villains  and  ab- 
normal children  chieflv,  atoning  for  his  Puck  and  Caliban 
predilection,  now  and  then,  by  the  reflection  of  an  angelic  face, 
or  by  the  head  of  a  Prospero. 

Of  Thackeray  it  is  more  difficult  to  dispose.  Of  a  more 
reserved  and  classical  genius,  he  addresses  a  smaller  and  more 
discerning  audience.  The  author  of  Vanity  Fair  could  never 
have  become  popular  in  the  sense  that  I)icken8  is  popular. 
His  publications  are  too  intellectual  for  such  general  accepta- 
tion. The  kitchen  and  the  drawing-room  enjoy  Mr.  Weller 
in  common ;  but  the  simple  nobility  of  Col.  Newcome  can 
only  be  apjpreciated  by  the  refined.  Nor  could  Thackeray 
have  achieved  the  popularity  of  Bulwer;  for  with  equal  cul- 
ture and  superior  calibre  of  mind,  he  yet  continually  disturbs 
the  serenity  of  the  optimist,  and  offends  the  sensibility  of  that 
class  upon  whose  patronage  circulating  libraries  chiefly  depend. 
Choosing  satire  lor  his  theme,  he  at  once  strengthens  and 
weakens  himself — strengthens,  in  so  far  as  he  restricts  himself 
to  a  method  in  which  he  greatly  excels — to  a  weapon,  in  the 
fatal  play  of  which  both  the  generosity  and  the  terrible  power 
of  a  great  master  is  evidenced — weakens,  in  as  much  as  he 
violates,  by  this  contraction,  the  proprieties  of  a  life's  picture, 
and  maims  and  vitiates  what  should  have  been  a  healthy  and 
symmetrical  genius.  That  satire  is  successful,  affords  proof 
that  human  nature  is  a  legitimate  subject  for  its  exercise ;  but 
that  satire  should  form  the  chief  staple  of  fictitious  literature, 
is  no  more  proper  than  that  Major  Dobbins  and  Becky  Sharp 
are  true  pictures  of  average  men  and  women.  We  would  fain 
believe  that  Thackeray  possessed  power  to  have  written  an 
immortal  work ;  but  we  dare  not  pronounce  him  as  having 
done  so,  until,  llibernic6,  we  hear  from  posterity  I 

Turning  from  these  great  writers,  we  look  across  a  sea  of 
literary  aspirants,  but  although  recognizing  many  a  head  en- 
circled, with  its  proper  bays,  we  can  discern  none  that  are 
crowned  beforehand  (except  by  a  frantic  worshiper)  with  the 
amaranth  diadem.  But,  softly  I  Did  we  say  none  ?  Who, 
then,  are  those  Titans,  looming  grandly,  but  somewhat  mistily, 
across  the  ocean,  from  the  Continent  I 

Goethe  is  dead.    His  fame,  poetic,  artistic,  philosophical,  is 


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THE  TWO  ARISTOCRACIES  OF  AMERICA.  461 

the  pride  of  his  land.  He,  the  great  Critic  and  Interpreter  of 
Shakspeare,  could,  doubtless,  have  created  a  novel  upon  the 
plan  and  with  the  power  of  Shakspeare :  but  Faust  has  no 
counterpart  in  prose,  for  Wilhelm  Meister  is  no  more  a  great 
novel  than  it  is  a  great  steeple  I 

Victor  Huffo  is  yet  alive — and,  dissenting  vehemently^  as 
sons  of  Englisnmen  and  Conservatives,  from  his  frequent  here- 
sies, we  can  never  take  his  great  work,  Les  Mis^rables,  into 
our  hands  except  with  profound  deference  and  unaffected  emo- 
tion. Let  men  say  what  they  will  as  to  the  character  of  this 
extraordinary  book,  it  is  plainly  stamped  with  the  broad  seal 
of  genius.  Since  Shakspeare  wrote  his  Lear,  no  such  ^moving 
scenes  of  passionate  humanity  have  thrilled  the  hearts  of  men. 


ART.  III.-THE  TWO  ARISTOCRACIES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  term  Aristocracy  is  usually  considered  only  to  be  strict- 
ly applicable  to  an  hereditary  nobility.  To  a  class  of  men  en- 
titled to  govern,  not  because  of  superior  wisdom  or  merit  of 
any  kind,  nor  of  superior  wealth,  but  by  virtue  of  blood  or 
descent.  Yet  the  advocates  of  such  an  aristocracy  contend 
with  great  force  of  argument  and  powerful  array  of  facts  and 
authorities,  that  an  aristocracy  of  blood,  founded,  as  such  aris- 
tocracies always  are,  on  the  courage,  bearing,  wisdom,  and 
wealth  of  its  original  members,  will  furnish  better  and  far  safer 
rulers,  than  the  people  at  large  would  ever  select.  Practically, 
this^difiference  ot  opinion  between  the  Democratic  and  Aristo- 
cratic theories  of  government  seems  compromised  in  Europe, 
by  leaving  the  chief  executive  department  of  government  to  be 
filled  on  tne  principle  of  hereditary  aristocracy  of  Wood,  whilst 
most  of  the  mferior  offices,  especially  the  legislative,  shall  be 
selected  for  presumed  merit,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  by  the 
the  people. 

Such  an  aristocracy  as  this  has  never  existed  in  our  Amer- 
ica; and  no  institution  is  so  odious  to  us,  nor  so  little  under- 
stood by  us.  Yet,  in  the  metaphorical  sense,  we  have  thou- 
sands of  aristocracies  among  us,  none  the  less  real,  and  many 
of  them  far  more  insidious  and  dangerous  because  metaphon- 
cal.  All  wealth  is  hereditary,  all  a  special  privilege,  and  con- 
fers actual  power — power  of  the  most  odious  Kind — that  of  com- 
manding the  labor  of  the  working  classes,  without  paying  for 
it;  for  the  rich  retain  their  capital,  only  employing  it  as  a 
means  or  instrument  to  command  labor  without  paying  for  it. 
Wherever  this  process  is  seen,  and  can  be  understood  by  the 


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462  THE  TWO  ARISTOCRACIBS  OF  AHSBIOA. 

people,  it  becomes  extremely  unpopular,  as  in  the  case  of  do- 
mestic slavery  at  the  South — ^ana  is  dnbbed  in  derision  aristoc- 
racy. No  doubt  the  slaveholders  of  the  South  did  constitute 
an  aristocracy,  and  one  that  united  much  of  hereditary  merit, 
to  hereditary  descent.  They  generally  controlled  the  adminis- 
tration of  Federal  affairs,  except  when  pecuniary  advantages 
were  to  be  had,  on  which  occasions  the  North  predominated. 
The  splendid  career  of  the  Republic,  its  vast  expansion,  and  its 
rapid  increase  in  wealth  and  population,  attest  the  merit,  the 
energy,  and  the  wisdom  of  this  ruling  power,  the  slaveholding 
aristocracy  of  the  South.  A  more  honest  and  incorruptible 
set  of  men  never  directed  the  affairs  of  a  nation.  They  were 
jealous  guardians  of  the  treasury,  opponents  of  heavy  taxation, 
lavish  expenditure,  and  especially  of  all  partial  legislation. 
We  never  may  see  their  like  again.  They  did  not  tax,  ex- 
ploit, or  in  any  wav  make,  or  seeK  to  make  a  profit  out  of  the 
North,  but  were  her  best  customers,  buying  her  manufac- 
tures, with  forty  per  cent,  added  to  their  open  market  value  by 
protective  legislation,  and  selling  to  her,  cheap,  com,  wheat, 
rice,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  various  other  agricultural  products 
and  raw  materials,  cheap,  because  at  their  open  market  value, 
unprotected  by  partial  legislation.  Thus,  the  North  did  tax, 
exploit,  and  make  a  profit  out  of  the  slaveholding  aristocracy, 
Our  only  sin  was  that  we  did  t&x,  exploit,  and  make  a  profit 
out  of  the  labor  of  our  slaves,  commanding  their  labor,  not  as 
capitalists,  but  as  masters.  For  this  sin,  if  sin  it  were,  the 
South  has  suffered  most  grievously,  and,  if  Radical  rule  be 
continued,  must  in  the  future  suffer  still  more  grievously. 

Yet,  would  the  Freedmen  but  be  as  quiet,  patient,  and  sub- 
missive as  free  white  laborers  are  elsewhere,  we  would  tax, 
exploit,  and  make  a  larger  profit  out  of  their  labor  by  the  com- 
mand which  capital  gives  over  that  labor,  than  we  ever  did  by 
our  command  as  masters,  and  should,  therefgre,  find  "free 
labor  cheaper  than  slave  labor."  The  Radicals,  who  never 
dream  of  giving  white  laborers  more  than  the  market  value  of 
labor,  regulated  by  the  cruel,  exacting,  and  grossly  dishonest 
laws  of  free  competition  and  supply  and  demand,  have,  in  many 
instances,  compelled  employers  to  pay  for  negro  labor,  not  its 
market  price  or  value,  out  what  these  Radicals  considered  its 
real  value — thus  making  the  negroes  a  privileged  class. 
Gradually  and  surely,  however,  ne^ro  labc»r  must  be  brought 
down  to  an  equal  footing  with  white  labor ;  and  then,  if  we 
could  but  keep  the  negi-oes  quidt  and  at  work,  we  should  be 
greater  aristocrats  than  ever,  and  the  negroes  more  degradingly 
enslaved  than  ever.  But  the  negro's  instinct  will  reject  what 
the  white  man's  boasted  reason  tamely  and  passively  submits  to. 


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THE  TWO  ARISTOCRACIES  OF  AMERICA.  463 

He  does  not  understand  political  economy,  could  not  for  his 
life  pronounce  the  words,  but  feels  that  the  laws  of  free  compe- 
tition and  demand  and  supply  operate  as  a  bitter  mockery 
and  crying  injustice,  and  would  often  starve  him,  not  because 
his  labor  was  mtrinsically  less  valuable,  but  because  labor  was 
more  abundant.  When  labor  ceases  to  be  sufficiently  remune- 
rative, white  laborers  hold  meetings,  publish  windy  preambles 
and  resolutions,  enter  into  Trades'  Unions,  and  have  strikes. 
On  such  occasions  negroes  will  fight  outright,  seeing  no  other 
exodus  from  their  difficulties.  We  see  no  better  prospect  in 
the  future,  at  least  in  all  of  our  towns  and  cities,  than  a  perpet- 
ually recurring  war  of  the  races.  The  Southern  aristocracy  is 
asphyxiated,  if  not  defunct. 

Whilst  the  chivalry  of  the  North  and  of  Europe,  essentially 
aided  by  the  negroes,  were  scotching  the  Southern  Hydra,  a  - 
monster  ten  times  more  terrible  grew  up  at  the  North-East, 
more  rapidly  and  in  grander  proportion  than  *  Jack's  Bean.' 
The  moneyed  power, 

*^  Monstrum  horrendum,  informe  ingens,  coi  lumen  ademptum,*' 

appeared  upon  the  political  arena.  A  monster,  unprincipled, 
rapacious,  cruel,  exacting,  vulgar,  thievish,  omnipresent,  and 
almost  omnipotent.  Now  domestic  slavery  is  abolished,  and 
there  is  no  political  slavery  in  America — but  slavery  to  capital 
Buch  as  never  existed  anywhere  in  this  world  before,  is  grind- 
ing down  into  the  dust  every  laboring  man  in  America.  If 
you  doubt  it,  calculate  your  taxes,  and  compare  them  with  the 
taxe^  you  paid  before  the  war.  Are  they  not  ten  times  as 
creat  ?  Or  go  to  a  store  and  buy  the  necessaries  of  life,  do 
Siey  not  cost  twice  as  much  ?  If  you  be  a  laborer,  have  your 
wages  risen  proportionally  ?  Certainly  not  I  Fifty  per  cent., 
in  bad  money,  has  been  added,  perhaps,  to  your  wages,  and  a 
hundred  per  cent,  to  your  expenses.  And  for  whose  benefit  ? 
Certainly  not  for  that  of  the  Government,  or  of  the  people  at 
large,  and  as  certainly  for  the  benefit  of  the  vulgar,  vicious, 
parvenu  moneyed  aristocracy,  that,  mushroom-like,have  grown 
up  out  of  the  ruin  of  both  North  and  South.  The  Federal  Gov- 
ernment has  become  a  mere  agent  to  collect  interest  for  the 
Government  creditors,  and  to  enact  protective  tariffs  to  increase 
the  profits  of  North-Eastern  manufacturers.  Politically  we  are 
free,  but  the  moneyed  aristocracy  of  the  North-East  lords  it 
over  us  of  the  South  and  of  the  North- West,  and,  indeed,  of  the 
whole  agricultural  and  laboring  interest,  wherever  situated, 
with  ten  times  the  crnelty,  and  twenty  times  the  rapacity,  that 
ever  Imperial  Russia  lorded  it  over  abjectly  enslaved  Poland. 
This  new  aristocracy  that  has  arisen  on  the  ruins  of  the  slave 


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464  THE  TWO  ABISTOCRACIES  OP  AMERICA. 

aristocracy  knows  no  distinctions  of  race  or  color ;  it  tyran- 
nizes over  and  robs  them  all  alike.  The  National  debt  be- 
longs to  this  new  aristocracy  ;  most  of  the  State  and  Corpora- 
tion debtd  are  due  to  them  ;  the  Banks  all  over/the  Union,  in 
great  part,  are  owned  by  them  ^  so  are  the  Railroads  and  Ca- 
nals, and  the  factories  of  various  manufactures,  and  the  great 
mercantile  interest  is  theirs.  Through  all  these  agencies  they 
tax  the  agricultural  and  working  interests  of  the  nation.  They 
do  not  labor,  they  are  non-producers,  but  tax  the  whole  pro- 
ductive labor  of  the  nation  so  heavily  as  to  take  away  from  it 
more  than  half  its  products.  Are  men  thus  taxed  freemen  or 
slaves  ?  What  matters  it  whether  you  call  the  man  who  takes 
away,  under  the  forms  of  law,  without  compensation,  half  the 
proceeds  of  your  labor.  Master  or  Fellow-Citizen  ?  Does  not 
North-Eastern  capital  now  tax  white  labor  more  heavily  than 
ever  masters  taxed  negro  slaves  ?  Is  not  the  new  aristocracy 
of  capital  situated  mostly  at  the  North-East,  ten  times  as  ra- 
pacious and  exacting  as  ever  was  the  slave  aristocracy  ?  Is  not 
the  Federal  Government  in  their  hands,  and  do  they  not  em- 
ploy it  as  a  mere  engine  to  tax,  fleece,  rob,  and  exploit  the 
South  and  the  North- West  ?  Have  they  not  ten  times  the 
wealth  of  Croesus,  and  did  they  ever  labor,  did  they  ever  make 
an  honest  cent?  Is  not  all  their  wealth  the  result  of  the  mere 
tricks  of  trade  ?  Like  the  Faro  Banker,  they  cut,  shuffle,  and 
deal  the  cards,  and  rob  everybody's  pocket,  and  nobody  can 
understand  how. 

In  way  of  profits  of  trade,  interest  derived  from  National 
debt,  from  State  and  Corporate  debts,  and  dividends  on 
Stocks,  more  than  two  thousand  millions  of  dollars  a  year  is 
transferred  from  the  pockets  of  the  laboring  producers  of  the 
North- West  and  of  tne  South  to  the  capitalists,  the  idle  non- 
producers  of  the  North-East.  Such  is  the  aristocracy  that  has 
succeeded  to  the  slaveholding  aristocracy,  and  that  now  rules 
and  tyrannizes  over  the  nation.  We  are  the  most  heavily 
taxed  people  upon  the  face  of  the  earth,  and,  therefore,  the 
least  free.  We  begin  to  feel  it,  but  do  not  see  it  and  under- 
stand it. 

The  North- West  and  the  South,  the  whole  agricultural  and 
laboring  interests  of  the  nation,  must  combine  to  check  the  ag- 
gressions and  mitigate  the  cruel  exactions  of  North-Eastern 
jkiitiom  capital,  or  universal  bankruptcy  and  bloody  anarchy 
will  soon  ensue.  The  capital  that  oppresses  us  is  fictitious ;  it 
represents  no  real  values ;  it  has  not,  and  never  had,  a  real 
existence ;  'tis  the  mere  creature  of  legal  construction  and  of 
legislative  and  financial  legerdemain.  'Tis  a  mere  power  of 
taxation  conferred  by  law — not  property,  not  wealth,  nothing 


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THE  TWO  ABISTOCRACIES  OF  AMERICA.  466 

real,  substantial,  visible  or  tangible  whatever.  This  aristocracy 
have  no  money,  and  never  had  any.  The  law  has  made  thBir 
otherwise  worthless  credit  subserve  the  purposes  of  money. 
They  have  the  power  of  taxation — nothing  more.  The  real 
material  wealth,  the  actual  visible  and  tangible  capital,  and  all, 
or  almost  all,  the  productive  industry  of  tne  country,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Nortn-West  and  the  South,  but  all  the  profits  of 
this  wealth  and  this  industry  are  transferred  by  the  tricks  of 
trade,  by  legislative  contrivance,  and  financial  legerdemain,  to 
the  holders  of  fictitious  capital  in  the  North-East.  Aristoc- 
racy 1  why  the  world  has  never  seen  an  aristocracy  half  so 
powerful,  half  so  corrupt,  so  unprincipled,  and  rapacious,  nor 
one-tenth  so  vulgar  and  so  ignorant,  as  the  moneyed  aristocracy 
of  the  North-East. 

The  North- West  is  taxed,  cheated,  exploited,  enslaved  by 
it,  yet  continues  to  glorify  a  Union  that  has  built  up  and  sus- 
tains this  aristocracy,  and  to  abuse  and  fight  the  shaaes  of  de- 
funct slavery,  and  of  a  defunct  Southern  aristocracy.  Better 
chance  their  tactics,  unite  with  the  South,  always  their  best 
friends  and  customers,  and  make  war  upon  our  common  ene- 
mies, tlft  moneyed  aristocracy  of  the  North-East.  Nay :  the 
whole  agricultural  and  laboring  interests  of  the  nation  should 
unite,  and,  as  one  compact  party,  strenuously  endeavor  to  check 
the  aggressions  and  mitigate  the  tyranny  of  this  new  aristoc- 
racy. JFor  we  stake  our  honor  as  a  man,  and  our  reputation 
as  a  philosopher  and  political  economist,  to  the  trutn  of  the 
statement,  **  that  if  slavery  consist  in  the  fact  that  one  set  of 
men  labor,  whilst  another  set,  without  paying  an  equivalent, 
appropriate  great  part  of  the  results  or  products  of  that  labor," 
that  then  the  agriculturists,  we  mean  the  laboring  class  of 
them,  of  America,  are  at  this  day  and  hour  more  grievously, 
cruelly,  and  degradingly  enslaved,  than  ever  were  the  negroes 
of  the  South. 

None  but  a  fool  will  deny  the  proposition.  Everybody 
knows  that  the  white  agricultural  laborers,  the  men  who  own 
but  little  or  no  land,  ana  cannot  command  other  people's  labor, 
are  virtually  enslaved.  But  nobody  cares  for,  or  sympathizes 
with,  white  slavery.  It  is  unfashionable  to  deny  or  oppose 
such  slavery,  and  fashion  rules  and  regulates  our  sympathies, 
feelings,  and  opinions,  just  as  it  regulates  the  cut  and  color  of 
our  clothes.  All  common  laborers  stand  on  the  same  footing 
with  agricultural  laborers,  and  all  should  unite  to  oppose  and 
put  down  the  rule  of  the  North-Eastern  moneyed  anstocracy. 
VOL.  U.-NO.  v.  80 


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466  THAD.   STEVKNS'S  CONSCIENCE. 


ART.  IT.-THAD.  STEVENS'S  CONSCIENCE-THE  BUMP  PARLIA- 

Consciences,  in  the  general,  are  vague,  indeterminate,  illu- 
sory, half-developed,  capricious  and  unSefinable  things.  To 
catch,  cage,  and  analyze  a  conscience,  would  be  as  difficult  a 
task  as  to  arrest,  confine,  and  analyze  the  electric  spark.  We 
have  observed,  however,  that  the  most  ordinary  phenomenon 
of  a  good,  sound,  healthy  conscience,  is,  that  it  begets  a  feeling 
of  elation,  self-approval,  self-appreciation  and  happiness  when 
we  have  succeeded  in  our  undertakings,  and  on  the  other  hand 
depresses  our  spirits,  destroys  our  self-res|)ect,  makes  us  look 
mean  and  sheepish,  and  feel  penitent  and  remorseful,  when  we 
have  failed  in  those  undertakings,  without  the  slightest  regard, 
in  either  case,  to  the  objects  or  ends  in  view.  Much  has  been 
said,  and  with  some  truth,  of  a  clean  shirt  and  sound  stomach, 
as  promotives  of  cheerful  spirits  and  a  clear  conscience.  A 
dyspeptic  usually  looks  and  feels  mean  and  melancholy  ;  and 
his  conscience  is  reproachful  in  consequence  of  the  infirmity 
of  his  stomach.  So  a  man  in  a  dirty  shirt,  with  a  long  beard, 
uncombed  hair,  and  unbrushed  clothes,  hat  and  boots,  is  un- 
easy, uncomfortable,  and  a  little  conscience-smitten — Unless  he 
has  just  returned  a  large  winner  from  a  faro  bank.  In  that 
case,  no  matter  what  the  condition  of  his  stomach,  or  his  cloth- 
ing, he  is  gay  as  a  lark,  self-appreciative,  and  self-approving, 
ana  has  a  clear,  clean  conscience,  that  will  cheer  him  up  through 
life — or  at  least  until  he  spends  or  loses  his  winnings.  Until 
that  time,  too,  he  will  be  (seemingly  at  least)  respected  and 
admired  by  his  associates ;  and  few  men  care  for  public  opin- 
ion outside  of  their  ordinary  associations.  The  man  who  has 
lost  his  money  last  night,  and  half  ruined  himself,  in  vain 
moves  his  toilet,  has  his  boots  blacked,  his  hat  and  clothes 
brushed,  washes  his  face,  changes  his  linen,  shaves,  and  combs 
his  head.  Not "  all  the  means  and  appliances  to  boot,"  not 
brandy,  not  '*  Hock  and  soda  water,"  will  soothe  the  upbraid- 
ings  of  his  guilty  conscience.  He  is  self-reproachful,  miserable, 
penitent,  cowed,  despises  himself,  and  is  despised  by  his  ac- 
qaintances ;  not  because  he  gambled,  but  because  he  was  un- 
lucky. Oh  conscience,  what  a  miserable  jade  thou  art  I  You 
follow  and  fawn  on,  approve  and  flatter  the  rich,  powerful  and 
fortunate,  and  apply  the  scorpion's  lash  of  remorse  and  misery 
to  the  weak,  the  poor,  and  unfortunate.  Some  men  have  con- 
tinually unquiet  consciences  merely  because  they  are  afflicted 
with  bilious  temperaments ;  others  are  always  cheerful,  happy, 
and  elate,  for  no  other  reason  that  we  can  discern,  except  that 


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THiJ).  STEVKNS'S  CONSCIENCE.  467 

they  have    sound  digestion,  clean  skins,   and    ruddy  com- 
plexions. 

How  fallacious,  treacherous,  and  deceptive  a  guide  mere 
conscience  is,  we  see  most  conspicuously  displayed  in  the 
false  estimate  which  the  world  holds  of  successful  warriors  and 
great  conquerors,  and  in  the  false  concert  and  undue  self-ap- 
preciation which  their  successful  butcheries  engender  in  them- 
selves. Bonaparte  was,  without  comparison,  not  only  the 
greatest  of  human  homicides,  but  the  most  purposeless  and 
useless  one.  Caesar,  and  all  other  Koman  conquerors,  spread 
and  planted  Roman  civilization  in  the  track  of  their  conquests : 
a  civilization  that  generally  remains  to  the  present  day,  and 
which  probably  will  never  become  extinct.  Alexander  spread 
Greek  civilization  throughout  Western  Asia  and  part  of  Africa, 
and  even  Mahomet  and  his  successors  elevated  and  enlightened 
the  people  that  they  subdued.  But  Bonaparte  did  exactly  the 
reverse  of  all  this.  He  disgusted  all  sensible,  virtuous,  and 
conservative  people  with  French  politics,  French  manners  and 
customs,  French  thought,  morality  and  infidelity,  with  the 
French  language,  and  with  Frenchmen.  In  Germany,  Austria, 
Russia,  Italy,  throughout  Continental  Europe,  and  even  in 
England  and  America,  Bonaparte  found  French  thought,  man- 
ners and  customs  aped  and  imitated,  and  the  French  fiterature, 
language,  and  civilization  cultivated  among  all  the  higher  and 
more  enlightened  classes.  When  his  star  began  to  rise  above 
the  horizon,  all  Christendom  was  half  galvanized.  His  cruel, 
disorganizing,  bloody  career  of  conquest  and  of  carnage,  dis- 
gusted whatever  was  respectable  and  influential  in  the  world,, 
not  only  with  himself,  but  with  Frenchmen,  and  with  every- 
thing pertaining  or  peculiar  to  them.  Yet  so  long  as  he  waa 
successful,  the  world,  except  a  few  of  the  thoughtful,  admired. 
He  nationalized  every  petty  State  in  Europe  as  fast  as  Csesar 
and  Alexander  denationalized  whole  continents,  and  applauded 
him  as  never  was  man  admired  and  applauded  before.  The 
world's  conscience  then  was  where  it  will  always  be  found,  on 
the  side  of  the  successftil ;  and  Bonaparte's  conscience  became 
the  more  self-satisfied  and  self-approving,  just  in  proportion  as 
he  slaughtered  more  men,  devastated  more  countries,  and  in- 
flicted more  of  human  misery  in  every  form.  He  became  per- 
fectly beside  himself  with  arrogance,  pretension,  vanity,  and 
self-conceit,  and  issued  weekly  bulleti£»s,  more  pompous,  frothy, 
silly  and  absurd,  than  Alexander's  drunken  pretensions  to  dfi- 
vinity.  Measured  by  the  amount  of  human  misery  which  he 
wantonly  and  causelessly  inflicted,  and  he  was  the  worst  man 
that  ever  lived,  yet  so  long  as  he  was  successful  his  whole  con- 
duct and  behavior  showed  that  he  had  the  clearest  and  most 

proving  conscience  of  any  man  in  Christendom. 


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468  THAD.  Stevens's  conscience. 

When  luck  ran  against  him,  he  was  visited  with  the  most 
horrible  goadings  of  conscience,  and  stings  of  remorse.  Hence 
he  took  poison  on  his  retreat  to  Fontainebleau,  and  demeaned 
himself  like  a  restless,  angrj,  fretful,  snarling  beast  of  prey,  in 
his  cage  at  St.  Helena. 

Conscience,  when  not  properly  trained,  cultivated,  educated, 
and  directed,  is  a  mere  infidel  Bible. 

The  title  of  our  essay  is  paradoxical,  and  most  people,  with- 
out these  prefatory  remarks,  would  be  ready  to  exclaim, 
*'Why,  the  man  must  be  mad.  As  well  attempt  to  write  a 
dissertation  on  hen's  teeth,  or  marcs'  nests,  or  the  wool  of  a  bull- 
frog, as  on  Thad.  Stevens's  conscience.  He  never  was  suspected 
of  owning  such  an  inconvenient  thing  in  his  life."  Now,  we 
are  charged,  by  our  best  friends,  with  paradox  and  eccentricitjr, 
and  are  resolved  to  live  down  and  write  down  all  such  injuri- 
ous imputations.  Thad.  has  a  conscience — an  excellent,  healthy, 
sound,  capacious,  comprehensive,  adaptable,  plastic,  elastic. 
Protean,  chamelion-like,  powerful  conscience.  A  forty-horse 
power  conscience.  A  conscience  that,  with  its  horrid  congres- 
sional imprecations,  had  like  to  have  "  hurled  headlong  "  the 
whole  South, 

"  With  hideous  ruin  and  combustion,  down 
To  bottomless  perdition,  there  to  dwell 
In  adamantine  chains  and  penal  firea.^ 

Why,  the  man  was  as  terrific  in  his  conscience-comnelling 
wrath  as  Jupiter  Tonans  hurling  thunderbolts  from  Mount 
Olympus,  to  crush  the  Titans,  or  Jeffries  on  his  circuit,  or  Puri- 
tan John  Milton  cursing  kings,  lauding  regicides,  and  eulogiz- 
ing Cromwell,  or  the  Bostonians  when  burning  witches  and 
hanging  Quakers,  or  the  Puritan  parson,  who  but  the  other  day 
whipped  his  three-year-old  child  to  death,  because  it  would  not 
say  its  prayers.  Aye !  to  the  full,  as  conscientious,  as  wrong- 
headed,  and  as  black-hearted  as  any  of  them,  and  as  "  terribly 
in  earnest"  as  they,  llow  happy  and  self-approving  Thad.  must 
have  felt  with  his  "Rump''  and  "Barebone"  fanatics  over 
ready  to  follow  his  lead  and  obey  his  commands,  whether  he 
ordered  them  to  exclude  Southern  gentlemen  from  their  seats, 
or  to  apply  a  little  of  Pride's  Purge  to  the  Senate,  when  the 
number  of  Northern  gentlemen  and  conservatives  in  that  body 
threatened  to  become  dangerous !  How  happy  whilst  he  saw 
how  his  tyranny  and  his  persecutions  impoverished,  tortured 
and  tormented  the  South !  Such  conscience  as  his,  and  that  of 
the  crew  that  followed  at  his  heels,  delight  in  cruelty  and  in 
inflicting  pain  and  misery  ;  for  it  is  only  thus  that  they  can 
gratify  their  vulgar  ideas  and  appetite  for  power,  just  as  the 


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THAD.  Stevens's  conscience.  469 

Bang  of  Dahomy  or  the  Ertiperor  of  Hayti  has  a  few  hundred 
subjects  beheaded  to  celebrate  a  festival.  The  vulgar  are  al- 
ways cruel,  and  conscientiously  cruel.  Thad's  Congress,  with 
a  few  Democratic  and  Conservative  exceptions,  was  as  vulgar 
and  as  cruel  a  body  as  ever  convened  in  Europe  or  America. 
Nothing  saved  the  South  from  bloody  decimation  and  general 
confiscation  but  the  protecting  shield  of  the  President,  and  their 
apprehensions  of  that  sleeping  Lion,  the  Northern  army.  We 
would  advise  Thad.,  in  order  to  keep  in  practice  during  the 
recess,  to  compose  Anathema  Maranatha  for  the  Pope,  to  cor- 
respond with  Parson  Brownlow,  and  write  for  Forney's  paper. 
We  should  have  nothing  to  say  about  his  conscience,  if  he  and 
his  fanatic  Legislature  were  not  representative  men,  just  sam- 
pies  and  specimens  of  the  worst  phase  of  Puritanism.  Just 
such  men  as  emerge  from  the  Puritan  ranks  in  time  of  civil 
commotion  and  revolution,  and  take  the  lead  in  government. 
All  New  Englanders  are  not  Puritans,  and  all  Puritans  are  not 
vulgar,  ignorant,  and  half-demented  like  Thad.  and  his  Rump. 
A  majority  of  the  people  of  New  England  may  be  brought  to 
entertain  kind  feelings  towards  the  South,  and  to  mete  out 
something  like  justice  and  equality  to  us,  if  we  will  only  dis- 
criminate between  the  vile  outgrowths  of  Puritanism  that  are 
ever  disturbing  and  disgusting  society,  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  the  great  body  of  the  sect,  who  are  usually  moderate,  or- 
derly, conservative  people,  a  little  given  to  money-making  and 
self-righteousness.  Throughout  their  whole  history,  they  have 
had  the  most  accommodating,  elastic,  self-approving  consciences 
in  the  world,  and  hence  have  ever  been  the  most  conceited 
people  in  the  world.  But  they  have  played  quite  a  useful  and 
conspicuous  part  in  human  aifairs,  and  we  can  well  forgive 
their  self-conceit  except  when  they  put  their  meanest  upper- 
most, and  place  in  power  the  cruel,  the  vindictive,  the  intoler- 
ant, the  vulgar  and  the  ignorant,  such  as  the  Rump  and  Bare- 
bone  Parliaments  in  England,  and  Thad.  and  his  suit  here. 
Love  is  a  pleasanter  passion  than  hate,  and  we  have  been  hating 
so  intensely  for  the  last  six  years,  that  we  are  now  looking 
about  for  something  to  love.  The  search,  we  hope,  will  not  be 
vain,  even  in  New  England.  Indeed,  we  have  a  good  many 
valued  friends  there  already,  and  some  of  them,  strange  to  say, 
thorongh  abolitionists.  But  they  are  mere  monomaniacs,  sane 
on  all  other  subjects,  and  quite  interesting  and  amusing  even 
in  their  madness.  They  afrord  us  very  instructive  subjects  for 
philosophical  dissection,  analysis,  and  disquisition,  and  are, 
besides,  very  agreeable  companions.  Old  age,  too,  is  approach- 
ing, and  we  wish  to  have  as  few  causes  of  disquietude  as  pos- 
sible.   We  are  resolved  to  hate  no  one,  and  to  quarrel  with  no 


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470  THE  AMERICAN  FISHERIES. 

one.  No,  not  even  with  Thad.  Stevens  and  his  men.  They 
are  rather  subjects  for  contempt  and  ridicule,  than  for  serious 
aversion.  They  have  ceased  to  be  dangerous,  and  will  be 
placed  in  a  pitiable  plight  should  the  fall  elections  go  against 
them.  Then,  remorse  of  conscience  will  seize  upon  them  and 
torture  them,  and  we  will  try  to  condole  with  their  suflFerings. 
Besides,  we  know  that  they  are  still  terribly  afraid,  even  of  the 
conquered  South,  and  to  make  sure  work  of  her,  they  were  not 
content  to  give  her  a  few  extra  stabs,  as  FalstaflF  gave  the  dead 
Percy,  but  they  hewed  and  hacked  and  cut  her  to  pieces  just 
as  negroes  often  serve  the  victims  that  they  murder.  Fear  of 
a  resurrecting  South  may  account  for,  if  not  excuse,  the  seem- 
ingly superfluous  cruelties  of  Thad.  and  his  band  of  Radicals. 

Just  suppose  that  some  fifty  members  from  that  section, 
whom  Thaa.  was  daily  denouncing  as  rebels,  and  traitors,  and 
murderers,  should  be  suddenly  admitted  to  their  seats,  and 
brought  face  to  face  with  him.  Would  not  his  knees  tremble, 
his  hair  stand  on  end,  and  his  voice  fail  him  ?  Nay,  would  he 
not  faint,  or  swoon,  or  give  up  the  ghost  outright  f  That  the 
Radicals  should  be  afraid  to  admit  Southern  members  whom 
they  have  grossly  belied,  insulted,  and  abused,  is  quite  natural, 
and  altogether  in  character  with  men  who  are  habitually  men- 
dacious, scandalous,  impertinent,  and  insulting,  when  they  can 
escape  responsibility ;  conscientiously  so,  no  doubt,  deeming 
such  conduct  and  demeanor  part  of  the  prescriptive  morality 
of  the  most  saintly  class  of  ultra  Puritans,  such  as  Butler  has 
immortalized  in  his  Hudibras,  and  such  as  now  attend  negro 
abolition  gatherings. 

Our  purpose  in  writing  this  essay  was  to  show  that  mere 
conscience  is  a  treacherous  delusion  and  dangerous  moral 
guide,  and  in  taking  up  Thad's  for  dissection,  we  cared  no 
more  for  him  than  the  dissecting  anatomist  does  for  his  subject, 
and  now  cast  him  aside  with  equal  sang-froid  1 


ART.  V.-THE  AMERICAN  FISHERIES. 

GENBBAL  FACTS — COD,  HERRING,  ALKWIVES,  SHAD,  HACKEREL, 
SALMON,  WHITE  FISH,  HALIBUT,  STURGEON,  LOBSTERS,  OYS- 
TERS,  CLAMS,   WHALE   FISHERY,   ETC. 

We  introduced  this  subject  and  gave  some  of  the  earliest  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  it  in  our  article  upon  the  "  Progress  of  Ameri- 
can Commerce"  in  the  April  and  September  numbers  of  the  Review. 
Drawing  for  our  information  upon-  the  Reports  of  the  United  States 
Census,  we  append  the  following  : 


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THE  AMERICAN  FISHERIES.  471 

The  total  product  of  the  fisheries  of  the  United  States,  including 
the  whale  fishery  in  1860,  according  to  the  official  returns,  was  up- 
wards of  thirteen  millions  of  dollars,  ($13,664,805) — an  increase  of 
more  than  thirty  per  cent,  over  their  value  in  1850.  Considerably 
more  than  one-half  of  this  amount,  or  17,749,305,  was  the  proceeds 
of  whale  fishing,  and  $4,183,503,  or  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole, 
represented  the  value  of  cod,  mackerel,  and  herring,  &;c.,  taken  in 
that  year.  The  value  of  the  white  fish  taken  in  the  northern  lakes 
was  $464,47d ;  more  than  half  of  which  was  returned  from  Michigan. 
The  shad  fishery  yielded  a  product  of  $321,052 — North  Carolina 
being  the  largest  producer.  Of  oysters,  the  value  taken  was 
$756,350,  and  $51,500  was  the  value  of  salmon  caught,  principally 
in  the  rivers  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  statistics  of  ihe  deep-sea  and  river  fisheries,  exclusive  of  the 
whale  trade,  embrace  the  products  of  1,524  establishments,  and 
amounted  to  $5,915,500.  Of  these,  1,053  belonged  to  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  States,  and  employed  an  aggregate  capital  of  $3,898,606 
and  13,699  hands,  the  product  of  which  was  $4,756,766.  The  West- 
ern lake  States  returned  248  fishing  establishments,  with  a  capital 
of  $294,219,  which  employed  1,274  hands,  and  yielded  a  return  of 
$583,241.  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Florida^  Alabama,  and  Texas 
numbered  206  establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $252,002,  and  an 
aggregate  product  of  $400,666.  California,  Oregon,  and  Washing- 
ton Territory  reported  seventeen  concerns,  having  collectively  a 
capital  of  $70,420  and  244  hands  engaged  in  taking  fish  to  the  value 
of  $174,937.  Of  the  aggregate  returns,  $6,734,955,  the  product  o  f 
the  whaling  business,  and  $2,637,604,  the  value  of  other  branches, 
making  together  $9,163,842,  or  70  per  cent,  of  the  total  value,  was 
the  result  of  the  maritime  industry  of  Massachusetts  alone.  The 
latter  sum  was  the  product  of  169  fishing  establishments,  whose 
capital  amounted  to  $2,520,200 ;  the  raw  material  consumed  amount- 
ed to  $452,778,  and  the  hands  employed  to  7,642,  (twenty  of  them 
females,)  whose  labor  was  valued  at  $1,220,439. 

Cod  Fishert. — ^The  cod  fishery,  which  has  been  an  established 
industry  of  Massachusetts  for  more  than  two  hundred  years,  em- 
ployed annually,  from  1765  to  1775,  from  twenty-one  ports  in  that 
province,  including  Maine,  an  average  of  665  vessels,  a  tonnage  of 
25,630  tons  and  4,405  seamen.  The  annual  exportation  to  Europe 
in  that  time  was  178,800  quintals,  which  sold  for  $3  05  per  quintal, 
and  to  the  West  Indies  the  quantity  exported  was  172,500  quintals, 
worth  $2  06  per  quintal.  After  the  Revolution  fishing  was  again 
resumed,  and  from  1786  to  1790  the  number  of  vessels  annually 
employed  in  this  fishery  was  539,  the  tonnage  19,185,  the  number 
of  seamen  3,292,  and  the  exports  to  Europe  were  108,600  quintals, 
at  $3  each,  and  to  the  West  Indies  141,650,  at  $2  per  quintal. 
Marblehead  and  Gloucester  were  the  principal  fishing  ports.  A 
memorial  of  the  Marblehead  fishermen  to  Congress,  in  1790,  stated 
that  the  average  annual  earnings  of  e^ch  schooner  from  that  time 
had  fallen  from  $483  in  1787  to  $456  in  1788,  and  to  $283  in  1790. 


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472  THE  AMERICAN  FISHERIES. 

The  average  annual  expenses,  including  insurance,  was  $416,  showing 
a  loss  in  the  latter  year  of  $143.  A  report  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  on  this  and  similar  petitions,  advised  a  with- 
drawal from  the  fisheries  of  all  support  from  the  treasury.  Congress, 
however,  granted  a  bounty  on  the  exportation  of  salted  fish  by  way 
of  drawback  of  the  duty  on  imported  salt,  and  an  allowance  in 
money  was  afterwards  made  to  vessels  employed  for  a  certain  num- 
ber of  months  in  this  fishery.  Thus  encouraged  and  stimulated  by 
the  revival  of  trade  and  commerce  under  the  ne^y  organized 
government,  the  New  England  fisheries  again  entered  upon  a  season 
of  prosperity.  In  1807  four  vessels  were  fitted  out  at  Newbury  port 
for  the  Labrador  cod  fishery,  and  were  the  first  vessels  from  the 
United  States  that  made  their  fares  in  the  Esquimaux  bay.  From 
1-790  until  the  embargo  and  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  the 
export  trade  in  fish  steadily  increased  and  reached  its  greatest  pros- 
perity. The  heaviest  exportations  were  in  1804,  when  they  amount- 
ed to  567,828  quintals  of  dried  fish,  worth  $2,400,000,  and  89,482 
barrels  and  13,045  kegs  of  pickled  fish,  worth  $640,000.  The  pro- 
duct of  the  cod  fishery  has  never  since  been  as  great,  and  in  1814 
fell  to  31,310  quintals  of  dry  fish,  valued  at  $128,000,  and  8,436 
barrels  of  pickled  fish,  worth  $50,000.  The  lowest  average  price 
obtained  for  dried  and  smoked  fish  from  1806  to  1823  was  $3  25 
in  1809,  and  the  highest  price  $4  80  in  1815,  towards  the  end  of 
the  war. 

The  principal  markets  for  American  codfish  were  the  French, 
Spanish,  Danish,  Swedish,  and  Dutch  West  Indies,  the  Brazils,  and 
the  Catholic  States  of  Europe.  Hayti  and  the  Spanish  and  Danish 
West  Indies  were  the  largest  foreign  consumers  of  pickled  fish,  but 
the  greater  part  of  the  pickled  fish  of  the  United  States  is  consumed 
at  home.*  An  active  trade,  which  commenced  in  1791,  is  carried 
on  from  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  with  Surinam  or  Dutch  Guiana, 
and  in  1856  employed  14  ships,  barks,  and  brigs.  About  the  year 
1845,  a  prosperous  trade  was  commenced  between  that  town  and 
the  British  American  provinces,  from  which,  in  1856,  upward  of 
200  vessels  arrived  annually.  Gloucester,  in  that  year,  had  em- 
ployed in  the  fisheries  a  fleet  of  304  vessels,  averaging  70  tons  each, 
or  21,000  tons  of  shipping.  The  capital  invested  was  $1,089,250, 
and  the  men  employed  in  it  3,040.  The  town  exported  72,000 
barrels  of  mackerel,  worth  $500,000,  and  98,000  quintals  of  codfish, 
worth  $300,000,  660  barrels  of  oil,  and  210  tons  of  smoked  halibut, 
and  consumed  250,000  bushels  of  salt.  This  was  exclusive  of  the 
boat  and  shore  fishery  of  the  place.  Boston,  as  the  leading  fish 
emporium,  had,  at  the  same  date,  about  thirty  houses  engaged  in 
the  fish  trade,  whose  aggregate  capital  was  $1,100,000,  and  their 
sales  for  that  year  were  nearly  $6,P00,000.f  Massachusetts,  in 
1853,  employed  51,425  tons  of  shipping  in  the  cod  fishery. 

An  important  branch  of  the  domestic  fishery,  carried  on  in  the 

*  HcGreeor's  Statistics  of  America. 

t  Third  AnQual  Report  of  Boston  Board  of  Trade,  for  1857. 


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THE  AMEKIOAN  FISHERIES.  473 

bays,  harbors  and  rivers  of  New  England — the  value  of  which  is 
usually  omitted  in  the  published  statistics  of  this  industry — is  the 
trade  in  fresh  fish  for  the  daily  markets  of  the  seaport  and  inland 
cities  of  the  Union.  This  trade  is  of  two  kinds :  one  of  these  con- 
sists in  supplying  the  several  maritime  towns  with  fresh  fish  of 
various  kinds,  brought  in  boats  from  the  local  fisheries  in  the  neigh- 
boring waters ;  the  other  is  for  the  supply  of  more  distant  markets. 
Boston  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  latter  business,  which  was  com- 
menced there  upwards  of  twenty  years  ago.  In  1844,  several  firms 
in  that  city  were  engaged  in  furnishing  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Albany,  Troy,  and  other  cities,  between  the  first  of  December  and 
the  first  of  May,  in  each  year,  with  large  quantities  of  fresh  codfish, 
haddock,  and  halibut,  to  the  amount  of  1,734,000  pounds.  Of  this 
amount  one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  firms  alone  sent  off  934,000 
pounds  of  halibut,  and  386,000  pounds  of  cod  and  haddock.  The 
trade  employed  at  that  time  about  60  vessels,  of  3,000  tons,  and 
400  men,  one-half  engaged  in  the  halibut,  and  the  other  in  the  cod 
and  haddock  fishery.  They  were  chiefly  owned  at  Cape  Ann  and 
Cape  Cod,  and  varied  from  six  to  fourteen  days  in  the  length  of 
their  voyages.  The  fish  are  brought  to  the  wharves  alive,  by  a  pe- 
culiar construction  of  the  vessels,  which  admits  the  water  into  a 
part  of  the  hold,  and  when  landed  they  are  packed  in  ice  and  shipped 
to  their  destination.  This  business  is  conducted  independently  of 
that  which  supplies  the  city  market.  The  latter  trade,  in  1836,  era- 
ployed  in  Boston  15  or  20  small  schooners  and  a  large  number  of 
boats  in  catching  fresh  codfish  for  market.  A  single  vessel  of  25 
tons  with  six  men,  during  five  months,  took  194,125  pounds  of 
fresh  cod,  worth  $3,026,  exclusive  of  the  oil  made  from  the  livers, 
which  sold  for  $15  per  barrel.  The  price  varied  from  five  to  twelve 
shillings  per  hundred.  Large  quantities  of  haddock  were,  in  the 
same  way,  brought  to  market  and  sold  for  a  few  cents  each.  Lynn, 
in  the  same  season,  was  supplied  with  4,680,000  pounds  of  fresh 
fish.  Duxbury  had  ten  market  boats  and  forty  men  employed, 
which  took  thirty-eight  to  forty  thousand  fresh  fish.  Provincetown 
bad  the  same  number  of  boats  in  the  business.  Rockport,  in  Essex 
County,  in  1855,  sold  1,050,000  pounds  of  fresh  fish,  worth  $15,750. 
The  sale  of  fresh  codfish  and  halibut  in  Boston  in  1856  was  esti- 
mated at  $300,000.  The  fish  were  shipped  in  a  frozen  state  to  all 
the  neighboring  States. 

Herring. — On  the  coast  of  Newfoundland,  where  immense  schools 
of  herring  appear  early  in  the  spring  and  furnish  food  for  the  cod, 
which  pursue  them  close  into  the  shore,  they  are  chiefly  caught  by 
the  resident  fishermen  for  sale  to  the  "  bankers*'  and  shore  fishermen 
as  bait  for  codfish.  On  the  southern  and  western  coasts  of  the 
island  hundreds  of  barrels  of  live  herring,  of  good  quality,  are  often 
turned  out  of  the  seines  in  which  they  are  taken,  the  people  not 
deeming  them  worthy  the  salt  and  labor  of  curing.  From  this 
fishery,  which  is  not  pursued  as  a  distinct  branch  of  business,  but 
might  be  made  very  profitable,  our  fishermen  are  excluded  by  the 


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474:  THE  AME&ICAN  FISHBBIES. 

great  quantity  of  ice  in  the  Gulf  until  the  season  Is  past  In  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  herring  are  also  found  so  soon  as  the  ice  dis- 
appears, and  here,  particularly  at  the  Magdalen  islands,  the  Ameri- 
cans have  long  carried  on  a  profitable  herring  fishery.  The  herring 
arrive  there  in  April  to  spawn,  and  during  their  stay,  which  lasts 
about  ten  days,  the  waters  are  nearly  solid  with  them,  while  the 
beach,  when  the  wind  blows  on  shore,  is  in  many  places  covered  two 
or  three  feet  deep  with  their  spawn.  During  their  sojourn  any 
quantity  can  be  taken,  but  they  are  at  that  season  generally  poor. 
Their  offspring,  which  inhabit  the  bays  and  harbors,  become  quite 
fat,  being  protected  from  the  larger  fish  by  the  shallow  water,  while 
they  become  the  tyrants  of  the  small.  These  herring,  being  poor, 
are  easily  preserved  by  being  smoked  or  "  dry-salted,"  and  will  keep 
in  hot  weather.  They  are  not  much  used  where  the  better  qualities 
can  be  obtained,  and  are  never  compressed  for  their  oil.     They  are 

{•rincipally  sold  in  the  West  Indies  or  in  South  American  markets, 
n  1839  Captain  Fair,  of  the  royal  navy,  found  at  the  Magdalen 
islands,  chiefly  at  Amherst  and  House  harbors,  on  the  1 9th  of  Ma/, 
about  ]  46  sail  of  American  fishing  schooners,  of  from  60  to  80  tons, 
and  each  carrying  seven  or  eight  men.  Among  them  were  only 
about  seven  belonging  to  the  British  possessions,  chiefly  from  Ari- 
chat.  Cape  Breton.  The  American  schooners  were  computed  to 
average  nearly  700  barrels  each,-  or  in  all  about  100,000  barrels, 
valued  at  $100,000,  as  the  product  of  {10,000  tons  of  shipping  and 
1,000  men,  several  of  which  by  the  27th  had  completed  their  cargoes 
and  sailed. 

The  best  quality  of  herrings  are  taken  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and 
Passamaquoddy  bay,  the  waters  of  which  in  the  spring  are  literally 
alive  with  young  herring,  which  feed  and  fatten  on  the  shrimps 
brought  in  by  the  full  tides.  The  spring  herring  are  of  large  size 
and  full  of  spawn,  which  abound  in  the  harbors  of  Nova  Scotia  and 
neighboring  provinces  in  May,  are  lean,  and  less  esteemed  than  the 
fat  fall  herring.  A  small  variety,  very  fat  and  delicious,  enter  the 
Digby  gut  about  the  end  of  May,  and  are  caught  in  great  quantity 
on  the  shore  of  Clements,  in  Annapolis  basin.  They  are  smoked 
and  cured  as  red  herring,  and  packed  in  boxes  of  half  a  bushel  each, 
containing  about  200  in  number.  Of  these,  100,000  boxes  have  been 
export*  d  in  some  years,  but  are  now  less  plentiful  than  formerly. 
Many  herring  are  taken  in  St.  Mary's  bay  and  the  basin  of  Minas. 
In  1805  and  two  following  years  an  average  of  10,410  boxes  of 
smoked  fish  were  exported  from  Nova  Scotia.  The  provincial  laws 
respecting  the  inspection  of  fish  have  given  them  a  reputation  in 
foreign  markets.  Of  the  several  species  of  this  fish  taken  in  the 
waters  of  the  United  States,  the  principal  is  the  Clupea  elongata^  the 
representative  of  the  common  herring,  (C  karengus,) 

By  the  Dutch  and  English,  herring  arei  principally  caught  in  drift 
nets,  which  the  former  make  of  coarse  Persian  silk,  as  being  stronger 
than  hemp,  and  500  to  600  fiithoms  in  length.  These  are  blackened 
by  smoke  to  disguise  them,  and  in  the  evening  are  set,  being  buoyed 


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THE  AMEBICAN  FISHERIES.  476 

up  by  empty  barrels  and  stretched  by  weights,  so  that  the  upper 
margin  floats  just  at  the  surface.  The  darkest  nights,  and  when  the 
surface  is  rippled  by  a  breeze,  are  considered  the  most  favorable. 
Fishing  by  day  with  these  gill-nets  is  prohibited  in  England.  The 
fish  are  sometimes  attracted  towards  them  by  lanterns,  and  in  the 
morning  the  nets  are  drawn  in  by  a  windlass.  Great  quantities  are 
sometimes  meshed  in  this  manner. 

In  American  waters  herring  are  at  present  principally  taken  in 
weirs,  but  formerly  by  "  torching,"  or  driving,  which  was  as  happy 
a  union  of  business  and  pleasure  as  can  well  be  imagined. 

The  principal  seat  of  the  herring  fishery  of  Maine  is  in  Washing- 
ton county,  and  the  neighborhoods  of  Lubec,  Eastport,  and  Machias. 
The  total  catch  of  the  State  in  1860  was  reported  at  525,974  boxes 
of  smoked  herring,  valued  at  about  $118,000,  in  addition  to  a  few 
thousand  barrelt  of  pickled  herring.  Of  the  whole  quantity,  398,174 
boxes  were  returned  by  Washington  county,  which  reported  $301,517 
as  the  value  of  all  kinds  of  fishes  taken  by  its  fishermen.  Sagadahoc 
returned  90,000  boxes,  and  Knox  county  7,000  boxes.  The  average 
value  was  less  than  twenty-five  cents  a  box.  In  the  State  in  1850 
there  were  returns  of  29,685  boxes  of  herring  taken.  The  total 
value  of  the  smoked  and  pickled  herring  taken  in  the  waters  of 
Maine  does  not  probably  fall  short  of  $200,000  annually.  This  is 
the  value  estimated  by  Mr.  Hallowell,  who  includes  also  the  value 
of  oil  made  from  the  herring  by  compression.  The  annual  catch  in 
Passamaquoddy  bay  is  computed  to  be  equal  to  75,000  barrels,  the 
market  value  of  which  is  $170,000.  The  quantity  of  herring  taken 
being  much  in  excess  of  the  demand,  about  two-thirds  of  the  catch, 
or  50,000  barrels,  are  now  converted  into  oil,  which  sells  at  $20  to 
$25  per  barrel  at  the  manufactory.  This  manufacture  of  herring 
oil  is  of  recent  origin.  The  first  press  was  introduced  at  Passama- 
quoddy in  1862  by  U.  S.  Treat,  Esq.  At  the  present  time  almost 
every  man  engaged  in  the  herring  fishery  has  them.  The  market 
value  of  the  oil  has  almost  doubled  in  price  since  the  first  year.  It 
is  thought  that  fully  60  per  cent  of  the  fish  taken  in  future  will  be 
compressed  for  oil,  which  will  cause  a  falling  off  in  the  number  of 
boxes  of  smoked  fish  prepared  for  market.  When  herring  are  to 
be  compressed  they  are  red-salted  in  the  same  way  as  for  smoking, 
but  witnout  being  scaled,  and  are  allowed  to  lie  three  or  four  days. 
The  apparatus,  including  two  presses,  two  screws,  a  kettle  holding 
70  gallons,  &;c.,  costs  $50.  With  this,  two  men  will  make  from  35 
to  40,  or,  if  the  herring  be  very  fat,  about  70  gallons  of  oil  in  a  day. 
Fourteen  presses,  of  five  gallons  each,  is,  however,  an  unusual  day's 
work ;  three  gallons  each  being  the  average  of  a  season.  The 
pomace  or  refuse  of  the  press  is  used  for  manure,  and  sells  for  $4 
per  ton.  The  poggy  is  preferred  for  the  manufacture  of  oil,  and 
considerable  quantities  of  poggy  oil  are  made  in  Maine,  but  that  fish 
is  now  much  less  plentiful  than  formerly. 

Alewivbs. — ^The  alewife,  {Clupea  vernales^)  belonging  to  the  same 
&mily  with  the  common  herring,  and  forming  a  link  between  it  and 


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476  THE  AMEBICAK  FISHERIES. 

the  shad,  though  less  valuable  than  either,  ascends  our  eastern  rivers 
in  great  abundance  in  the  spring.  Unlike  the  herring,  it  deposits  its 
spawn  in  fresh  water.  In  former  years  more  of  this  fish  were  taken 
and  packed  in  Massachusetts  than  of  any  species  of  the  same  family. 
The  quantity  inspected  in  1832  was  1,730  barrels;  in  1833,  2,266 
barrels,  and  in  1836,  5,600  barrels.  Many  were  taken  in  the  Charles 
river,  at  Watertown ;  the  inspections  in  ten  years  preceding  1836 
averaging  700  barrels  annually."  They  were  first  pickled,  then 
salted,  barreled,  and  sent  to  the  West  Indies,  where  they  sold  for 
$1  50  to  $2  per  barrel.  Twenty-five  years  before  they  were  so 
abundant  there  as  to  be  sold  for  twenty  cents  the  hundred,  and  were 
shipped  in  greater  quantities.  The  building  of  dams  and  factories 
on  the  rivers  caused  their  partial  disappearance.  In  1854  Massa- 
chusetts employed  485  men  in  taking  alewives,  shad,  and  salmon  to 
the  amount  of  52,278  barrels  and  4,802,472  in  number,  the  total 
value  of  which  was  173,156.  They  were  principally  taken  at  Water- 
town,  Cambridge,  Medford,  Middlebury,  Tisbury,  Berkeley,  Dlgh- 
ton,  Gloucester,  and  Lynn.  Upwards  of  half  a  million  alewives 
were  returned  in  1860  by  Sagadohoc  county,  in  Maine,  chiefly  by 
Bowdoinham.  Many  of  ^hese  fish  from  our  eastern  ports^  are  sold 
in  Baltimore  for  more  southern  markets,  where  they  are  in  demand 
on  account  of  their  cheapness!' being  sold  at  $8  50  to  $4  50  per  bar- 
rel in  ordinary  seasons.  But  on  account  of  their  inferior  value  as  a 
commercial  article,  much  of  the  catch  of  these  fish  is  not  reported. 
Many  ajewives  are  also  taken  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  St 
Mary's  county  employing  in  1860  eighty  hands  and  eight  seines, 
which  cau^t  about  16,000,  valued,  in  the  fresh  or  green  state,  at 
$4,000.  The  season  begins  in  September  and  lasts  about  two 
months. 

Shad. — ^In  the  rivers  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  where 
many  fine  shad  are  taken,  the  gill-nets  are  sometimes  made  station- 
ary and  placed  transversely  to  the  stream,  on  a  flat  or  bar,  over 
which  the  tide  flows  many  feet  in  depth.  The  shad  are  always 
meshed  in  the  ebb  of  the  tide.  In  the  deep,  narrow  rivers  at  the 
head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  where  the  tide  ebbs  and  flows  fifty  or 
more  feet  in  depth,  seines  are  sometimes  extended  entirely  across 
the  channel  from  bank  to  bank.  During  the  influx  of  the  tide,  they 
lie  flat  upon  the  bottom  of  the  river,  the  upper  margin  directed  up 
stream,  and  on  the  turn  of  the  tide,  at  high  water,  they  are  sprung 
to  a  vertical  position  by  means  of  boats  and  buoys,  thu^  intercepting 
the  return  of  nearly  all  the  fish  in  the  stream.  Many  thousands  are 
thus  taken  in  a  single  tide,  although  the  sturgeon  often  opens  vast 
rents  in  the  seine,  admitting  a  pretty  general  escape.  Many  shad 
are  also  taken  in  weirs,  in  Penobscot  bay.  The  town  of  Richmond, 
in  1860,  returned  32,000  as  having  been  taken  in  four  weirs.  Large 
numbers  of  these  fish  were  formerly  taken  in  the  Charles  river,  at 
Watertown,  Massachusetts,  and  sold  in  Boston  market  for  twenty- 
five  cents  each.  Many  were  also  caught  at  Taunton,  where  they 
were  sometimes  sold  from  the  seines  as  low  as  fifty  cents  a  hundred. 


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THE  AMERICAN  FISHERIES.  477 

Large  numbers  of  shad  and  manure  fish  are  taken  in  the  harbors 
and  rivers  of  Long  Island  sound,  by  the  fishermen  of  Connecticut, 
and  in  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  rivers.  In  1 850,  Connecticut 
returned  248,448  as  the  number  of  shad,  exclusive  of  white  fish  used 
as  fertilizers,  caught  in  the  State.  North  Carolina  returned  the  same 
year  56,482  barrels  of  shad  and  herring. 

The  total  value  of  shad  fishery  of  the  United  States  in  1860  was 
$433,671.  Of  this  amount  North  Carolina  produced  upwards  of 
one-fourtd,  or  $117,259;  Florida,  $68,952;  New  Hampshire, 
$64,500;  New  Jersey,  $38,755;  and  Virginia,  $68,210.  The 
average  value  returned  in  many  places  was  about  $12  per  barrel, 
and  $7  per  hundred  for  fresh  shad. 

Of  the  alosa  menhaden,  an  inferior  species,  known  by  the  several 
local  or  popular  names  of  mossbunker,  pauhagen,  hardbead,  white 
fish,  and  bony  fish,  large  numbers  are  caught  for  mackerel  bait,  and 
still  larger  quantities  for  manure.  •  In  former  years  they  have  been 
sold  as  bait  to  Massachusetts  fishermen  at  $2  to  $4  per  barrel. 
Many  of  them  are  also  packed  and  sold  as  food.  For  that  purpose 
1,448  barrels  were  inspected  in  Massachusetts  in  1836.  As  fertil- 
izers these  fish  have  been  caught  and  hauled  upon  the  land  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Cape  Cod  for  upwards  of  twenty  years.  A  single 
fish  of  medium  size  has  been  considered  equal,  as  a  fertilizer,  to  a 
shovel-full  of  barn-yard  manure.  Their  use  for  this  purpose  is  now 
very  extensive  on  the  seaboard,  especially  in  Connecticut,  along  the 
sound.  In  1850,  Connecticut  returned  nearly  87,000,000  of  white 
fish,  caught  chiefly  for  that  purpose,  and  Rhode  Island  reported 
187,000  barrels  of  menhaden  taken.  In  1860,  Middlesex,  New 
Haven,  and  New  London  Counties,  Connecticut,  together  returned 
about  27,000,000  of  white  and  manure  fish  taken,  valued  at  $288,589, 
in  addition  to  fish  converted  into  $31,500  worth  of  oil  and  fertilizers 
in  New  London  county.  At  the  average  reported  value  of  one  dol- 
lar per  thousand,  these  would  make  an  aggregate  of  about  60,000,000 
of  mossbunkers  taken  in  the  State  in  the  year,  but  the  actual  value 
is  nearly  $2  per  thousand.  Vast  numbers  of  these  are  taken  at  Sag 
Harbor  and  the  shores  of  Long  Island.  In  1849  an  attempt  was 
made  at  New  BLaven,  by  Mr.  Lewis,  to  manufacture  a  portable 
manure  from  the  white  fish,  and  a  quantity  of  the  fertilizer,  contain- 
ing, according  to  the  analysis  of  Professor  Norton,  of  Yale  CoU^e, 
an  equivalent  of  12.42  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  was  put  into  the  mar- 
ket. For  some  reason  the  enterprise  was  abandoned.  In  1861  or 
1852  a  second  effort  was  made  by  a  Frenchman,  named  De  Molen, 
who  had,  in  1856,  an  establishment  near  the  Straits  of  Bellisle,  em- 
ploying 15ft  m^n  in  manufacturing  taugrum^  or  fish  manure,  from 
herrings  or  herring  refuse,  large  quantities  of  which  were  shipped  to 
France.  Pettit  <fc  Green,  in  England,  also  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  fish  manure,  by  a  patent  process,  involving  the  use  of  sul- 
phuric acid.  By  the  more  simple  process  of  De  Molen,  and  we 
believe  of  Lewis,  the  fish  were  boiled  or  steamed  into  a  pasty  mass, 
from  which  oil  was  then  expressed  and  economized,  and  the  cake  or 


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478  THE   iJCEBICAN  FISHERIES. 

pomace,  after  being  dried  in  a  current  of  hot  air,  was  finally  ground 
into  powder.  Fish  manure  has  been  somewhat  extensively  manu- 
&ctured  at  Concarneau,  in  France,  from  the  refuse  of  sardines  and 
other  fish ;  at  Christiana,  in  Norway,  and  at  Oldenburg,  on  the 
North  Sea ;  the  last  principally  from  crabs,  dried  and  ground,  and 
thence  called  granet  guuno.  More  recently,  commercial  fish  manure 
has  been  made  in  New  Jersey  from  crabs,  and  called  cancerine^  and 
also  by  the  Narragansett  Company,  in  Rhode  Island.  The  last  of 
these  made  two  manures,  "  fish  guano,"  and  **  fish  compost ;"  the 
former  a  concentrated  article,  made  by  "  chemically  treating,  cook- 
ing, drying,  and  then  grinding  the  fish  to  a  powder ;"  the  latter  con- 
sisting of  the  cooked  and  dried  fish  mixed  with  equal  quantities  of 
street  sweepings,  and  sold  at  $2  per  barrel  of  200  pounds.  Each 
barrel  of  the  latter  contained  the  desiccated  organic  matter  of  two 
barrels  of  fi^h,  with  a  variable  amount  of  the  fertilizing  salts  of  am- 
monia, potash,  lime,  or  their  elements.  In  1860  New  London 
County,  Connecticut,  returned  31,000  bushels  of  fish  guano,  made 
at  an  average  price  of  eighteen  cents  per  bushel,  and  2,120  barrels 
of  oil  from  the  same  source,  valued  at  about  $12  25  per  barrel,  or 
$31,000  for  the  two  articles. 

Mackkrbl. — ^The  mackerel  fishery  has  long  been  carried  on  from 
the  seaports  of  Massachusetts.  In  1770  the  town  of  Scituate  had 
upwards  of  30  sail  engaged  in  it.  In  May,  1828,  Congress  author- 
ized special  licenses  to  be  granted  to  vessels  in  the  mackerel  fishery, 
in  order  to  keep  them  separate  from  those  in  the  cod  fishery.  When 
not  otherwise  employed,  they  were  allowed  to  fish  for  cod,  but 
could  not  claim  the  bounty  allowed  to  cod  fishermen.  But  the  law 
has  not  been  rigidly  enforced.  The  first  separate  returns  were  not 
made  until  1830,  when  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  employed 
in  the  mackerel  fishery  of  the  United  States  was  39,973  tons,  from 
which  it  had  declined  in  1841  to  11,321  tons.  In  1850  this  branch 
employed  58,111  tons  of  shipping,  nearly  one-half  of  which,  or 
26,327  tons,  belonged  to  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts.  That 
county  in  1836  had  206  vessels  in  the  mackerel  fishery,  98  of  which 
belonged  to  Provincetown.  The  State  in  1855  had  engaged  in  the 
cod  and  mackerel  fisheries  1,145  vessels,  measuring  77,936  tons, 
and  employing  10,551  men  and  a  capital  of  $3,696,436. 

The  quantity  of  pickled  fish,  chiefly  mackerel  and  herring,  exported 
from  the  United  States  in  1790  was  36,804  barrels,  valued  at 
$113,165.  In  1831  the  quantity  so  exported  was- 91,787  barrels, 
8,594  kegs,  worth  altogether  $304,441.  The  mackerel  fishery  of 
Massachusetts  reached  its  maximum  productiveness  in  the  year  last 
mentioned,  when  the  number  of  barrels  inspected  in  the  State  was 
383,559.  During  the  next  ten  years  it  regularly  declined  to  50,99^ 
barrels  in  1840,  which  was  the  lowest  production  of  any  one  year. 
The  total  product  of  pickled  fish  in  the  United  States  in  that  year 
was  472,359i  barrels,  and  the  quantities  exported  were  42,274  bar- 
rels and  2,252  kegs,  worth  $179,106.  By  the  census  of  1850  Mas- 
sachusetts return^  236,468  barrels  of  mackerel  taken,  Maine  12,681, 


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THE  AMERICAN  FISHSBIES.  479 

aDd  New  Hampshire  1,096  barrels,  of  which  the  total  exports  were 
22,551  barrels,  valued  at  $83,759.  This  branch  of  the  fishery  is 
subject  to  great  fluctuations,  and  we  consequently  find  the  product 
of  the  mackerel  fishery  in  Massachusetts  in  1860  only  reached 
111,375  barrels,  chiefly  produced  in  Essex  and  Barnstable  counties. 
The  returns  for  Maine  in  that  year  footed  up  23,653  barrels.  Bris- 
tol County,  Rhode  Island,  returned  1 5,000  barrels  of  mackerel. 

Thb  Salmon  Fishbrt. — The  waters  of  North  America  contain  a 
greater  number  of  species  of  the  trout  family  {Salmonides)  than 
those  of  any  other  country.*  They  are  all  esteemed  for  their  delicacy 
of  flesh,  and  are  found  in  nearly  all  of  our  northern  rivers  and  lakes. 
The  lar^^est  and  most  valuable  of  the  several  genera  is  the  common 
or  true  salmon,  {Salmo  salar.)  This  beautiful  fish,  which  is  the  de- 
light of  the  angler,  lives  ten  or  twelve  years,  and  in  Europe  often 
attains  great  size — the  largest  specimen  on  record  having  weighed 
83  pounds.  The  largest  salmon  taken  in  our  rivers  have  not  ex- 
ceeded 70  pounds — the  average  weight  being  considerably  less,  or 
from  12  to  20  pounds.  A  British  author  has  ranked  the  salmon 
fishery  next  to  agriculture  as  a  source  of  food — an  estimate  less  ap- 
plicable to  our  country  than  to  Scotland,  the  rivers  of  which  alone 
have  been  computed  to  furnish  salmon  to  the  annual  value  of 
1750,000.  This  fish  never  enters  the  Mediterranean,  but  is  found 
on  the  coast  of  Europe,  from  the  Bay  of  Biscay  to  Spitzbergen. 
The  salmon  is  taken  in  most  of  the  rivers  and  estuaries  of  North 
America,  from  Greenland  to  the  Kennebec,  in  Maine,  on  the  eastern 
coast,  and  from  the  Columbia  river  northward,  on  the  Pacific  sea- 
board. It  is  found  in  all  the  tributaries  of  Lake  Ontario,  its  further 
progress  being  arrested  by  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  It  is  very  abun- 
dant in  the  Restigouche  and  the  numerous  other  streanTs  falling  into 
the  Bay  de  Chaleur,  in  the  Saguenay,  and  all  t^e  rivers  on  the  north 
of  the  St  Lawrence  eastward  to  Labrador,  and  in  the  St.  John's 
river  and  its  tributaries  below  the  grand  falls.  The  St.  John's  fur- 
nishes nearly  one-half  of  all  the  salmon  brought  to  our  markets,  and 
its  principal  branch — the  Aroostook — is  the  richest  salmon  fishery 
on  the  Atlantic  coast.  About  40,000  salmon  were  caught  in  the 
harbor  of  St  John  in  1850,  and  shipped  fresh  in  ice  to  Boston. 
From  the  British  provinces  the  imports  of  pickled  salmon  in  the 
same  year  were  8,287  barrels,  valued  at  $78,989,  in»addition  to  con- 
siderable quantities  of  smoked  salmon.  The  cold  and  limpid  waters 
of  many  of  the  streams  of  British  America,  and  the  absence  on  most 
of  them  of  dams,  mills,  steamboats,  and  other  improvements,  invite 
the  presence  of  the  salmon,  which  is  a  timid  fish,  and  quickly  for- 
sakes its  accustomed  haunts  when  disturbed.  For  this  reason  these 
fish  have  now  nearly  forsaken  the  Merrimack,  the  Cumberland,  the 
Thames,  the  Hudson,  the  Susquehanna,  the  Delaware,  and  other 
Atlantic  rivers  of  the  United  States  in  which  they  were  formerly 
found  and  taken  in  considerable  numbers.  Few  are  now  caught 
seuth  of  the  Kennebec.    In  1818,  2,381  barrels  of  salmon  were  in- 


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480  THE  A1££RICAN  FISHERIES. 

spected  in  Massachusetts.  They  were  formerly  so  abundant  in  the 
Connecticut  that  it  is  said  one  shad  was  considered  equal  in  value 
to  three  salmon,  and  the  day  laborer  stipulated  that  salmon  should 
be  served  to  him  only  four  days  in  the  week ! 

The  domestic  salmon  fishery  of  the  United  States  is  at  present 
confined  principally  to  the  rivers  of  Maine  and  those  of  the  Pacific 
States. 

The  total  value  of  the  salmon  caught  in  Maine  at  the  present  time 
is  estimated  by  one  of  the  principal  dealers  at  $16,000  per  annum, 
about  thriee-fourths  of  which  is  supposed  to  be  taken  in  the  Penob- 
scot, chiefly  in  weirs,  and  from  April  to  August,  inclusive.  Bangor 
and  Bucksport  are  the  principal  seats  of  this  fishery.  The  average 
size  of  the  salmon  is  13  pounds,  and  the  average  price  20  to  25  cents 
per  pound.  Fresh  salmon,  in  our  eastern  markets,  have  often  been 
sold  in  the  first  of  the  season  as  high  as  $1  per  pound,  and  when 
plentiful,  at  other  seasons,  sometimes  as  low  as  8  or  10  cents  per 
pound. 

The  salmon  fisheries  of  California  are  principally  carried  on  upon 
the  Sacramento  and  Eel  rivers,  though  other  rivers  of  the  State 
abound  in  salmon.  On  the  Sacramento,  for  a  distance  of  fifty  miles, 
extending  south,  from  a  point  ten  miles  north  of  Sacramento  city, 
during  five  months,  from  February  to  April,  and  from  October  to 
JTovember,  inclusive,  in*  1857,  the  catch  was  estimated  at  200,000 
salmon,  of  the  average  weight  of  17  pounds,  or  an  aggregate  of 
3,400,000  pounds,  worth,  at  five  cents  per  pound,  $170,000.  The 
amount  of  salmon  packed  in  the  same  season,  exclusive  of  fresh  and 
smoked  sent  to  market,  was  1,500  barrels.  The  Eel  river  fishery, 
which  yields  salmon  of  superior  quality  and  size,  weighing  60  to  70 
pounds,  produced  in  September  and  October  of  that  year  2,000  bar- 
rels of  cured  fish,  besides  50,000  pounds  smoked  for  home  consump- 
tion, principally  in  the  northern  mines.  These  fish  are  shipped  to 
Australia,  China,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  to  New  York,  and  sold 
at  remunerative  prices.  The  exports  from  the  State  in  1857  con- 
sisted of  77  hogsheads,  1,745  barrels,  and  608  packages.*  The  State 
returns  of  1860  were  from  seven  establishments,  averaging  ten  hands 
each,  and  together  employing  a  capital  of  $17,500,  the  annual  pro- 
duct being  $18,940,  an  amount  probably  below  the  actual  value  of 
this  fishery. 

White  Fish. — ^The  celebrated  white  fish  of  the  Northern  lakes 
belongs  to  a  genus  (  Coregonwi)  of  the  salmonidse,  in  which  are  in- 
cluded many  species  found  in  our  own  lakes  and  those  further  north, 
as  well  as  in  Northern  Europe.  One  of  these  (C.  Otsego)  is  caught 
in  the  lakes  of  New  York,  where  it  is  called  Otsego  bass.  Ine 
white  fish  has  been  prized  for  its  excellence  since  the  ewrly  explorar 
tions  of  the  French  in  the  lake  regions  of  the  northwest  Michigan, 
on  account  of  the  extent  of  the  lake  shore  of  its  two  peninsulas,  en- 
joys a  valuable  source  of  wealth  in  her  white  fishery,  which  has 
grown  rapidly,  but  is  still  in  its  infancy.    The  American  Fur  Com- 

*  California  State  Begister  for  1S57. 


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THE  STATE  OP  MISSOURI.  481 

pany  many  years  ago  engaged  in  the  fish  trade  in  this  region.  The 
quantities  of  fish  shipped  from  the  upper  lakes  in  1836  were  12,200 
harrels;  in  1837, 14,100  barrels  ;  and  in  1840,  32,005  barrels,  prin- 
cipally white  fish.  At  the  average  price  offish  ($8  per  barrel)  dur- 
ing the  preceding  five  years  at  Detroit,  the  value  in  the  latter  year 
was  $246,040,  added  to  the  wealth  of  Michigan  from  this  source. 
The  census  returns  of  1850,  which  were  doubtless  defective,  showed 
a  catch  in  that  State  of  15,451  barrels  of  white  fish.  In  1860  the 
marshals  reported  186  fishing  establishments  in  Michigan — a  greater 
number  than  any  other  State  except  Maine.  Their  united  capital 
was  $209,769,  and  they  employed  629  male  and  63  female  hands, 
the  product  of  whose  labor  was  67,444  barrels  of  white  fish,  valued 
at  $456,1 17.  In  Wisconsin,  the  same  year,  13,235  barrels  of  white 
fish  and  trout  were  taken  by  twelve  fishing  establishments,  princi- 
pally in  Door  County,  and  valued  at  $93,374.  New  York  reported 
white  fish  caught  to  the  value  of  $36,000,  and  Indiana  to  the  value 
of  $22,500,  making  the  total  value  of  this  fishery  in  the  United 
States  to  be  $662,991.  Many  of  these  fish  are  also  taken  in  the 
Pacific  States.  In  addition  to  siskawits,  Mackinaw  trout,  white 
fish,  muskelunge,  and'  pickerel,  which  are  the  most  valuable,  and  are 
chiefly  caught  fi)r  pickling,  the  northern  lakes  abound  in  other  fish, 
which  are  taken  in  less  quantities.  Among  these  are  the  pike  or  gar 
fish,  roach,  rock  bass,  white  and  black  bass,  mullet,  bill  fish,  cat- 
fish, &;c. 

In  consequence  of  the  length  of  this  paper,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
defer  its  conclusion  to  our  next. 


ART.  YI.-THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 

IMMIGRANTS MINERAL    WEALTH COAL,     SOIL,     PRODUCTIONS,     PUBLIC 

LANDS,  TOBACCO,  HEMP,  VINEYARDS,  TIMBER,  QRASSES,   ETC.,    ETC. 

The  State  of  Missourl — Missouri  already  begins  to  feel  the 
generous  impulses  of  freedom.  A  new  life  is  invigorating  the  body 
politic.  Enterprise,  commerce,  and  manufactures  are  stimulated. 
Capital  is  flowing  into  the  State.  Corporations  are  forming  for  the 
development  of  our  internal  resources,  and  fiiotories  are  rising  for 
the  fabrication  of  domestic  materials.  The  unsunned  wealth  of  our 
mines  is  coming  to  the  light  in  larger  quantities.  The  pleased  earth 
is  yielding  to  the  hand  of  free  labor  a  richer  store  of  golden  grain. 

Twenty-five  Thousand  Immigrants  in  two  Months. — Prooes- 
sions  of  immigrant  wagons  are  moving  along  all  our  bighwavs.  It 
is  estimated  that  there  was  during  last  August  and  September  an 
accession  of  25,000  people  to  the  population  of  the  State.  There  is 
a  fresh  viMlity  in  the  very  air  of  Missouri. 

The  domain  which  the  Ordinance  of  Emancipation  has  restored  to 
freedom  is  imperial.  Missouri  contains  more  than  67,000  square 
VOL,  n.— NO.  7.  31 


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482  THB  STATE  OP  MISSOURI. 

miles.  It  is  half  as  large  again  as  Kew  York,  and  more  than  eight 
times  the  size  of  Massachusetts.  It  would  make  a  score  of  German 
principalities.  Larger  than  England  and  Wales,  or  Scotland  and 
Ireland,  it  is  equal  to  one-third  of  the  area  of  France.  The  State  b 
818  miles  long  by  280  broad.  Of  its  43,000,000  acres,  at  least 
35,000,000  are  valuable  for  the  purpose  of  agriculture  or  mining. 

The  geographical  advantages  of  Missouri  are  peerless.  The  State 
lies  not  only  in  the  centre  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  but  near  the 
heart  of  the  continent.  Its  metropolis,  lying  upon  the  Pacific  Rail- 
road, will  be  the  half-way  station  between  the  oceans,  and  the  great 
central  emporium  for  the  distribution  of  the  productions  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley.  This  destiny  is  inevitable.  It  is  the  glorious  ne- 
cessity of  physical  geography. 

Dblightpul  Climate. — Missouri  lies  between  the  parallels  of  36 
des.  30  min.  and  40  deg.  36  min.  north  latitude.  The  climate  is  the 
goMen  mean  of  the  temperate  zone.  Its  salubrity  is  proverbial. 
The  summers  are  long  and  warm.  The  winters  are  generally  short 
and  mild.  On  the  parallel  of  St  Louis  the  fall  of  snow  is  seldom 
more  than  two  or  three  inches  deep,  and  rarely  remains  on  the 
ground  a  week.  Sleigh-rides  are  un frequent  and  unsatisfactory. 
They  illustrate  the  pursuit  of  pleasure  under  difficulty.  The  balmy 
airs  of  the  Indian  summer  temper  to  delightful  soilness  the  tardy 
approach  of  winter.  The  average  temperature  of  November,  1865, 
was  46  deg.  39  min.  Semi-tropic  fruits  mature  in  Southern  Missouri, 
while  the  productions  of  higher  latitudes  flourish  in  the  Northern  por- 
tions of  the  State.  The  soil  of  the  river-bottoms  and  rolling  prairie  is 
inexhaustibly  fertile,  and  even  the  mining  regions  are  capable  of  sup- 
porting a  large  agricultural  population.  The  surface  of  Missouri  is 
varied  and  imdulating.  Hills  and  mountains  diversify  and  intersect 
the  State.  The  copious  streams  which  flow  from  these  elevations 
fertilize  the  valleys,  and  afford  a  motive  power  which  the  level 
prairie  can  never  supply.  Missouri  invites  manufacturers  to  her 
borders,  with  the  offer  of  rare  facilities.  If  natural  adaptation  is  any 
index  of  destiny,  then  this  State  will  ultimately  become  the  work- 
shop of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Missouri  is  heavily  wooded.  Her  forests  contain  fuel  and  timber 
amply  sufficient  to  meet  the  wants  of  a  population  of  10,000,000. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  the  State  is  illimitable.  Probably  no  equal 
area  on  the  face  of  the  globe  surpasses  Missouri  in  the  richness  and 
variety  of  her  minerals.  Her  vaults  are  stored  with  almost  every 
kind  of  ore  which  the  arts  of  men  require.  The  key  to  all  this 
wealth  is  a  spade.  The  lock  which  secures  this  treasure  is  earth — 
any  man  can  pick  it. 

The  State,  though  rent  and  scarred  by  convulsions,  is  restored  to 
sanity  and  health.  It  is  now  ready  to  commence  an  unobstructed 
career  of  development.  The  motives  of  freedom,  fertility  of  soil, 
salubrity  of  climate,  wealth  of  minerals,  facilities  for  commerce  and 
manufactures,  and  ease  of  railroad  and  river  transportation,  are  the 
material  advantages  which  invite  the  capitalist,  the  tradesman,  and 


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THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI.  483 

the  artisan  of  every  clime  and  nationality,  to  a  home  in  Missouri,  to 
a  co-operation  in  the  development  of  its  measureless  resources,  and 
to  an  enriching  participation  in  its  prosperity. 

One  Hundred  Thousand  Million  Tons  of  Coal  in  Missouri. — 
Coal  underlies  a  large  portion  of  Missouri.  It  has  already  been 
discovered  in  30  counties.  Beds  of  cannel  coal,  45  feet  thick,  have 
been  found.  There  are  160  square  miles  of  coal  in  St.  Louis  county. 
The  amount  of  coal  in  Cooper  county  has  been  estimated  at  60,000,- 
000  tons.  Under  every  acre  of  Boone  county  there  is  supposed  to 
be  at  least  $1,000  worth  of  coal.  The  deposits  in  the  vicinity  of 
Booneville  cover  an  area  of  2,000  square  miles.  The  strata  have  a 
mean  thickness  of  three  feet,  and  are  calculated  to  contain  60,000,- 
000  tons  of  coal. 

The  following  estimates  are  based  upon  the  survey  of  Professor 
Swallow  : 

CouDtiefl.    Square  MilesL  Mean  Thicbness.  Tons  of  Goal. 

Andrew, 
Atchison, 
Buchanan, 
Holt. 
Platte, 
Chariton, 
Linn, 

livingston, 
Macon, 
State  of 
Miseonri, 


-  2,000.  j  10  feet,  20,000,000,000 

lif.    '    - 


.  1,600. 


only  2  feet,  4,000,000,000 


j  12  feet,  18,000,000,000 

I  if  only  4  feet,  6,000,000,000 


Oft  ftft^  3  8  feet  thick,  200,000,000,000 

:  ^  '^^  '•  ( if  only  4  feet,  100,000,000,000 

Upon  this  lowest  estimate — which  is  more  than  34,400,000,000 
tons  below  the  calculation  of  Professor  Swallow — it  would  take,  at 
100,000  tons  a  day,  more  than  3,000  years,  at  300  working  days 
each,  to  exhaust  the  coal  deposits  of  Missouri. 

Iron  abounds  in  different  portions  of  Missouri,  but  the  stupendous 
masses  of  almost  solid  iron  found  in  St.  Francois,  Iron  and  Reynolds 
counties,  dwarf  the  discoveries  of  other  localities  into  insignificance. 
Before  the  blomaries  of  Ironton,  the  furnaces  in  other  sections  of 
the  State  must  pale  their  ineffectual  fires.  The  results  of  Dr.  Lit- 
ton's  investigations  have  been  often  published,  but  perhaps  the  use 
for  which  this  article  is  designed  will  justifv  their  reproduction. 

Shepherd  Mountain  is  660  feet  high.  The  ore,  which  is  magnetic 
and  specular,  contains  a  large  per  centage  of  pure  iron.  The  height 
of  Pilot  Knob  above  the  Mississippi  River  is  1,118  feet."  Its  base, 
581  feet  from  the  summit,  is  360  acres.  The  iron  is  known  to  extend 
440  feet  below  the  surface.  The  upper  section  of  141  feet  is  judged 
to  contain  14,000,000  tons  of  ore. 

AoRiouLTURAL  Rbsourobs  OF  MISSOURI. — ^Missourl  presents  to 
the  farmer  those  conditions  of  climate  which  are  most  favorable  to 
husbandry.  The  cold  of  the  Northern  latitudeiis  restricts  the  variety 
of  production,  and  blockades  communioation  with  icy  barriers.  The 
heat  of  the  South  enervates  enei^y  and  invites  to  indolence.  Mis- 
souri enjoys  the  genial  mean  which  permits  the  widest  range  of  pro- 


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484  THE  STATE  OP  MISSOUBI. 

ducts  and  the  full  exercise  of  physical  powers.  The  therraometrical 
record,  kept  at  Jefferson  Barracks — latitude  38  deg.  28  min.,  eleva- 
tion 472  feet — shows  that  the  mean  annual  temperature  for  twenty- 
six  years  is  55.46  deg.  The  highest  monthly  average  is  85.80  deg., 
and  the  lowest  18.54  deg.  The  mean  annual  rain-fall  is  37.83  inches. 
The  thermal  and  hydrul  averages  of  the  seasons  are : 

Spring,     B6.16  degrees 10.66  inohef. 

Summer,  76.19        "     12.88      *' 

Autumn,66.63         "     8.02      " 

Winter.    88.85        "     6.87      " 

It  seems  as  though  it  would  only  be  necessary  to  advertise  these 
advantages  of  climate  to  induce  agricultural   emigrants  to  avail 
•  themselves  of  such  a  genial  co-operation  of  nature. 

Soil  Six  Feet  Deep.— Of  the  35,000,000  acres  of  arable  land 
in  Missouri,  2,000,000  are  the  alluvial  margins  of  rivers,  and  20,000,- 
000  high  rolling  prairie.  The  richness  of  this  soil  is  practically  in- 
exhaustible. In  bottoms  the  mold  is  sometimes  6  feet  deep.  Some 
farms,  after  bearing,  without  artificial  fertilization,  twenty-five  suc- 
cessive crops,  have  yet  &iled  to  show  any  very  material  decrease  in 
productiveness.  The  strength  of  the  land  and  the  length  of  the  sea- 
son permit  two  harvests  to  be  gathered  from  the  same  field  every 
year.  Winter  wheat  or  oats  can  always  be  succeeded  by  a  crop  of 
corn-fodder  or  Hungarian  grass  from  the  same  ground.  This  is  an 
advantage  of  material  importance  to  small  farmers.  The  composi- 
tion of  the  soil  varies  with  the  geological  formation.  But  the  main 
elements — clay,  lime,  sand  and  vegetable  mold — commixed  in  differ- 
ent proportions,  form  a  rich  marl  or  loam,  which  the  facts  of  harvest 
prove  to  be  highly  fruitful  The  following  statistics,  which  are  given 
by  Parker,  may,  in  some  instances,  largely  exceed  the  average  yield, 
but  still  they  illustrate  the  possible  productiveness  of  the  soil : 

Pettis  Lafayette  Howard  Holt  Saline 

CJo.  Co.  Co.  Co.  Co. 

Wheat,  bush,  per  acre 50  25  40  —  40 

Corn,         "           "         100  100  100  126  100 

OaU,           "           "         50  —  —  40  50 

Potatoes,    "           "         160  —  —  —  800 

Turnips,     "           "         —  —  —  —  400 

Grapes,      "           "         100  —  —  —  — 

Hemp,    lbs.          *•         1,200  2,200  1,600  1,600  1,800 

Tobacco,    "           '•         800  800  2,000  —  1,200 

Flax,          "           " 200  -.  —  —  — 

Hay,     tons,         "         2  or  8  2  or  8  —  —  » 

These  counties  are  not  selected  on  account  of  superior  fertility ; 
they  are  taken  as  samples  for  the  simple  reason  that  I  have  not  been 
able  to  procure  recent  returns  from  other  counties.  In  some  of 
these  products  the  figures  indicate  a  productiveness  which  is  below 
the  average  of  the  richest  districts.     The  table  refers  to  special  har- 

*  Hmotby,  8;  Clorer,  4;  Hungarian  Grass,  5. 


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THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI.  485 

vests  and  farms,  and  does  not  aim  to  express  the  mean  fertility  of 
the  several  counties  or  of  other  years. 

The  average  yield  of  wheat  in  Missouri  is  from  fifleen  to  twenty- 
five  bushels.  Little  facts  are  often  suggestive  of  the  fruitfulness  of 
the  soil.  Sweet  potatoes  have  been  raised  in  Missouri  which  weighed 
ten  pounds  apiece.  Apples  and  turnips  have  been  exhibited  at  our 
fairs  which  measured  respectively  six  and  eight  inches  in  diameter. 
Melons  and  pumpkins  have  been  produced  which  attained  the  rela- 
tive weights  of  forty  and  one  hundred  pounds.  Corn  sometimes 
reaches  the  height  of  sixteen  feet,  and  sorghum  eighteen  feet.  In 
good  seasons,  farmers  occasionally  cut  four  tons  of  hay  to  the  acre. 
Of  course  the  average  in  all  these  cases  is  much  below  these  figures. 
These  exceptional  instances  are  cited  to  show  what  vegetable  mon- 
sters the  richness  of  the  soil  sometimes  brings  forth. 

Six  Million  Acres  of  Land  Subject  to  Entry  in  Missouri. 
—  Yet,  notwithstanding  this  wonderful  wealth  of  soil,  more  than 
25,000,000  acres  of  land  in  Missouri  are  suffered  to  lie  fallow.  There 
are  to-day  6,000,000  acres  of  unentered  land  in  this  fipaje.  Nearly 
all  this  land  is  rich  in  agricultural  or  mineral  resources.  Under  the 
Homestead  Law,  160  acres  can  be  bought  for  $18.  Improved  farms 
can  be  bought  at  from  $5  to  $30  an  acre.  In  the  interior  agricul- 
tural labor  commands  from  $15  to  $25  a  month. 

The  water  of  Missouri  is  abundant  and  healthful.  Perennial 
springs  and  copious  streams  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  State. 
The  alluvium  which  the  Mississippi  holds  in  solution  does  not  impair 
the  salutary  quality  of  its  waters.  The  undulating  surface  of  Mis- 
souri affords  advantages  of  drainage  and  water  power  which  are  de- 
nied to  level  prairies.  This  is  an  important  consideration.  The 
necessity  of  thorough  drainage  to  highly  successful  husbandry  has 
heen  established,  and  the  emigrant  who  would  prefer  the  plains  of 
other  States  to  the  gentle  inequalities  of  Missouri  would  betray  a 
costly  ignorance  of  his  own  interests. 

The  products  which  thrive  in  Missouri  are  too  numerous  for  sep- 
arate enumeration.  The  list  would  be  an  inventory  of  the  produc- 
tions of  the  temperate  zone.  All  the  cereals  grow  with  rank  luxuri- 
ance. The  soil  is  rich  in  the  chemical  elements  of  which  the  differ- 
ent grains  are  composed. 

CJoTTON,  Hemp,  Tobacco. — Cotton  is  produced  in  the  Southern 
portion  of  the  State.  The  amount  per  acre  varies  from  200  to  400 
lbs.     During  the  war  it  has  been  a  very  profitable  crop. 

Sorghum  and  Imphee  are  developing  into  a  large  interest.  The 
main  yield  is  from  120  to  350  gallons  of  juice  per  acre.  By  recent 
improvements  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  the  saccharine  matter 
can  be  economically  crystallized  or  granulated.  In  a  few  years  our 
demand  for  sugar  and  syrup  will  be  largely  met  with  articles  of  do- 
mestic production.  No  portion  of  these  important  vegetables  is 
worthless.  The  leaves  make  excellent  fodder,  and  the  fibre  of  the 
stalk  is  manufactured  into  paper. 


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486  THE  STATE  OP  MISSOURI. 

Hemp  and  tobacco  are  two  of  the  main  staples  of  Missouri.  Equal 
to  the  best  growth  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  they  are  a  vast  source 
of  wealth  to  the  State.  Few  crops  yield  a  larfjer  profit.  Missouri 
produces  more  than  45  per  cent,  of  the  hemp  of  the  United  States. 

Fruit  Cultubb. — Missouri  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  culture 
of  fruit.  Apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  currants,  straw- 
berries, blackberries,  quinces,  apricots,  and  nectarines  reach  a  rare 
size  and  delicacy  of  flavor.  Trees  and  vines  grow  rapidly  and  bear 
largely.  In  Southern  Missouri  the  winters  are  so  mild  that  fruit- 
trees  are  seldom  injured  by  the  inclemency  of  the  weather.  The 
season,  which,  even  in  Northern  Missouri,  permits  plowing  by  the 
middle  of  March,  cannot  be  very  severe  or  protracted.  In  open 
winter,  farmers  have  not  unfrequently  done  their  plowing  in  Decem- 
ber and  January.  In  the  genial  climate  of  Missouri,  th^  farmer  may 
enjoy  from  May  to  November  an  uninterrupted  succession  of  fresh 
fruits.  Apples  can  be  produced  in  illimitable  quantities.  The  trees 
mature  at  least  five  years  earlier  than  they  do  in  New  England. 
Peach  trees  continue  to  bear  from  15  to  20  years,  and  apple-trees 
from  25  to  30  years.  Two  thousand  bushels  of  peaches  have  been 
gathered  from  a  single  acre.  Fruit  culture  is  one  of  the  most  lucra- 
tive branches  of  husbandry  in  Missouri. 

Missouri  the  Vinkyard  of  Ambrica. — Unless  the  prophecies 
of  scientific  men  are  false,  and  the  obvious  intentions  of  nature  are 
thwarted,  Missouri  is ,  destined  to  be  the  vineyard  of  America. 
There  has  been  no  elaborate  investigation  since  the  geological  sur- 
vey of  Professor  Swallow.  But  the  familiarity  of  the  facts  which 
his  researches  developed  does  not  diminish  their  truthfulness.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  are  in  Southern  Missouri  15,000,000  acres 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  grape.  This  land  is  situated  1,000  or 
1,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Nature  has  in  many  locali- 
ties molded  the  surface  into  terraces,  as  if  on  purpose  to  facilitate 
the  labors  of  the  vine-dresser.  The  composition  of  the  soil  is  re- 
markably like  that  of  the  celebrated  vinelands  of  Germany  and 
France.  Chemical  analysis  shows  that  the  soil  abounds  in  lime, 
soda,  potash,  magnesia,  and  phosphoric  acid,  and  these  are  the  prin- 
cipal elements  which  enter  into  the  structure  of  the  vine.  The  soil 
is  dry  and  light,  the  air  equable  and  comparatively  vaporless,  the 
water  abundant  and  pure.  These  are  the  identical  conditions  under 
which  the  luscious  vintages  of  the  Old  World  attain  their  perfec- 
tion. 

The  original  cost  of  preparing  a  vineyard  is  $350  per  acre. 

The  annual  cost  of  cultivating  a  vineyard  is  $100  per  acre. 

The  main  yield  of  an  acre  is  250  gallons. 

The  value,  at  $2  per  gallon,  $500. 

These  figures  exhibit  a  profit  which  is  certainly  ample  enough  to 
satisfy  any  reasonable  expectation  of  gain.  If  we  may  be  guided  in 
our  estimates  by  European  statistics,  the  vinelands  of  Missouri  are 
able  to  afford  a  pleasant  and  remunerative  occupation  to  a  popula- 


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THB  STATE  OP  MISSOUBI.  487 

tion  triple  the  present  census  of  the  State,  and  to  yield  at  least 
1,000,000,000  gallons  of  wine.  The  physical  structure  of  Southern 
Missouri  is  a  prophecy  of.  rich  and  delicious  vintages,  which  the  sa- 
gacious enterprise  of  our  citizens  should  speedily  fulfill. 

Abundant  and  Valuablb  Timber. — Almost  all  the  valuable  va- 
rieties of  forest  trees  abound  in  Missouri.  The  pine,  oak,  ash,  elm, 
walnut,  hickory,  maple,  gum,  overcup,  cottonwood,  cypress,  chest- 
nut, sycamore,  linn,  beech,  catalpa  and  tupelo  are  found  in  different 
portions  of  the  State.  The  following  table,  taken  from  N.  H.  Par- 
ker's suggestive  volume,  shows  the  magnitude  which  some  of  these 
trees  occasionally  reach : 

COUNTT.  TBEE.  CIBOUH.  IN  FEET.  BEIGIIT. 

Howard White  Oak 28 100 

Stoddard Beech 18 120 

Stoddard Tupelo 80 120 

Dunklin Catalpa. 10 90 

Pemiscot Elm 22 100 

Pemiscot Cypres**.  ./L 29 126 

Cape  Girardeau 8weet  GuiJ^. 16 180 

Cape  Girardeau White  Ash 18 110 

Mi^'sisslppi Spanish  Oak 28 110 

Mississippi Sycamore. 48 

The  magnitude  of  these  statements  excites  distrust.  But  I  have 
no  means  of  verifying  them.  If  there  is  no  error  in  the  figures,  the 
existence  of  such  vegetable  giants  demonstrates  a  marvelous  opu- 
lence of  soil.  Largo  districts  of  Southern  Missouri  are  heavily 
covered  with  timber.  For  the  purposes  of  ship-building,  the  live 
oak  of  this  State  is  unsurpassed  by  any  that  grows  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  In  the  Southern  counties  there  are  millions  of  acres  of  val- 
uable yellow  pine  which  the  hand  of  man  has  not  touched.  Some 
of  these  are  four  feet  in  diameter,  and  shoot  up,  "  straight  as  an  ar- 
row," to  the  height  of  ninety  feet.  Energy  might  easily  coin  this 
timber  into  a  fortune.  Last  year  about  $50,000  worth  of  tar,  rosin, 
and  turpentine  was  brought  to  St.  Louis  from  these  pineries,  and  sold 
at  a  large  advance  upon  the  cost  of  manufacture. 

Richness  of  Herbage — Cattle  Graze  all  Winter  in  Mis- 
souri.— The  cultivation  of  grass  brings  the  farmer  liberal  profits. 
Clover,  timothy,  redtop,  Hungarian,  and  herdsgrass  grow  with  spon- 
taneous exuberance.  The  yield  varies  from  one  and  a  half  to  three 
tons  an  acre.  The  present  price  is  $15  a  ton.  In  the  culture  of 
this  crop,  improved  machinery  enables  the  farmer  to  secure  large 
returns  for  a  slight  outlay  of  labor.  The  richness  of  the  herbage  is 
favorable  to  stock-raising.  Cattle  occasionally  graze  all  winter.  It 
is  seldom  necessary  to  feed  them  more  than  two  months  and  a  half. 
The  luxuriant  verdure  of  our  alluvial  bottoms  and  loamy  uplands 
could  fatten  enough  cattle  to  supply  the  market  of  the  country. 
The  farmer  has  the  advantage  of  the  open  prairie — his  herds  can  feed 
at  will  upon  its  verdant  pasturage.  The  stock-raiser  adjacent  to  a 
prairie  can  make  a  profitable  use  of  its  vast  commons.    The  hilly 


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488  THE  STATE  OP  MISSOURI. 

region  of  Southern  Missouri  is  admirably  adapted  to  sheep-grazing. 
A  moderate  use  of  Missouri's  ability  to  raise  sheep  would  remove 
the  necessity  of  importing  into  this  country  100,000,000  pounds  an- 
nually. 

The  mulberry-tree  grows  wild  in  Missouri ;  it  is  hardy  and  rank. 
With  cultivation,  it  would  answer  every  want  of  the  silk-grower. 
The  Chinese  si  Ik- worm,  which  has  been  imported  from  France  and 
naturalized  in  this  country,  would  find  in  the  abundant  folinge  of  the 
aiianthus-tree  rich  material  for  its  glossy  fabric.  The  softness  of  the 
climate  is  peculiarly  favotable  to  the  health  and  industry  of  this  little 
manufacturer. 

Profit  of  Raising  the  Castor  Bean. — ^The  castor  bean  richly 
repays  the  labor  of  cultivation.  An  acre  will  yield  from  15  to  25 
bushels.  During  the  last  four  years  the  price  has  varied,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  activity  of  competition,  from  $2.50  to  $5.50  a  bushel. 
The  oil  factories  of  St.  Louis  alone  are  able  to  express  200,000 
bushels  of  castor  beans  annually.  At  the  present  price  of  castor  oil, 
the  manufacturers  can  afford  to  pay  from  $2.50  to  $3  a  bushel. 

Flax  is  a  quick  crop.  In  three  months  from  the  time  of  sowing, 
the  farmer  can  receive  the  profits  of  his  industry.  The  yield  of  an 
acre  is  from  15  to  22  bushels  of  flaxseed,  or,  when  flax  and  barley 
are  sown  together,  from  10  to  15  bushels  of  flaxseed,  and  from  16  to 
22  bushels  of  barley.  The  average  weight  of  straw  to  the  acre  is 
from  I J  to  two  tons.  The  crop  is  unfailing.  Its  certainty  is  a 
strong  recommendation.  The  annual  capacity  of  our  St.  Louis  mills 
.  for  the  manufacture  of  linseed  oil  is  250,000  bushels.  For  the  last 
three  years,  the  seed  has  been  worth  about  $2.50  a  bushel. 

The  millions  of  dollars  which  this  country  is  now  paying  for  im- 
ported castor  and  linseed  oil  ought  to  enrich  American  producers. 
The  culture  of  flaxseed  and  the  castor  bean  challenges  the  favorable 
attention  of  the  farmers  of  Missouri. 

The  cultivation  of  the  beet  may  yet  expand  into  an  important 
branch  of  Western  agriculture.     The  enormous  productiveness  of, 
this  vegetable  may  enable  it  to  enter  into  a  profitable  competition 
with  cane  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar. 

Minerals  of  Missouri. — Missouri  may  safely  challenge  the 
world  to  produce  its  equal  in  the  number,  extent  and  value  of  its 
minerals.  The  immensity  of  its  mineral  wealth  subjects  even  a 
truthful  exposition  to  a  suspicion  of  exaggeration.  The  sober  calcu- 
lations of  geology  seem  to  be  mere  figures  of  rhetoric.  The  imper- 
fect explorations  which  have  been  made  have  disclosed  the  superior- 
ity, but  not  the  full  magnitude,  of  the  metallic  resources  Of  Missouri. 
Some  of  the  vaults  of  nature's  bank  have  been  opened,  but  the  trea- 
sure is  too  vast  to  be  eounted.  The  earth  has  hoarded  in  its  cofiers 
an  unminted  and  incalculable  wealth.  The  inventory  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  Missouri  enumerates  springs  whose  waters  are  impreg- 
nated with  salt,  sulphur,  iron  and  petroleum,  jasper,  agate,  chalce- 
dony, vitreous  sand,  granite,  marble,  plastic  and  fire  clays,  metallic 


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THE  PREEDMEN.  489 

paints,  hydraulic  cement,  lithographic  stone,  limestone,  mill  and 
grind  stone,  fire-rock,  kaolin,  eniory,  plumbago,  nickel,  cobalt,  zinc, 
copper,  silver,  gold,  lead,  coal  and  iron.  Most  of  the.se  minerals 
occur  in  quantities  that  are  literally  inexhaustible.  In  case  of  many 
of  these  articles,  the  mines  and  quarries  of  Missouri  could  easily 
supply  the  market  of  the  world.  If  an  incomplete  geologic  survey, 
and  the  rude  efforts  of  unscientific  miners,  who  have  as  yet  scarcely 
touched  the  vast  deposits  of  the  State,  have  disclosed  such  results, 
we  may  justly  expect  far  richer  developments  when  an  exhaustive 
investigation  has  been  made,  and  systematic  mining  been  extensively 
prosecuted.* 


ART,  VII.-THE  FREEDMEN. 

[We  do  not  agree  with  Mr.  Fitzhugh  either  as  to  the  value  of  white  foreign 
labor  at  the  South,  or  as  to  any  possible  danjeer  to  the  Freedmen  after  the  re- 
moval of  the  troops  and  negro  Bureaux.  Mr.  Fitzhugh  has  remained  in  Virginia, 
"whilst  we  have  traveled  over  the  entire  South.  In  sections  of  country  where 
there  are  and  have  been  no  troops,  our  experience  invariably  i^  that  the  negro 
is  happier  and  better,  and  tiuHiavia  the  moat  amicable  relatione  with  the  whites. 
Still  it  would  be  well  to  make  our  police  system  perfect  for  whites  and  blacks. 
The  idea  of  negroes  going  to  the  North  is  more  fanciful  than  real.  Its  climate, 
as  statistics  show,  is  in  the  long  run  fatal  to  him.  Let  the  negro,  however,  be 
guarded  in  all  things.  Everybody  at  the  Sonth  favors  and  our  interests  dictate 
this. — Editor.] 

Light  and  hope  are  breaking  in  upon  us  from  several  sources.  The 
-wise,  cautious,  and  conciliatory  proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Con- 
vention ;  the  consummate  statesmanship,  the  wonderful  prudence, 
sagacity,  and  whole-souled  nationality,  the  courage  and  the  magna- 
nimity displayed  by  the  President,  and  the  movement  by  a  large  and 
respectable  portion  of  Northern  officers  and  soldiers  to  hold  a  Con- 
vention, one  of  whose  objects  will  be  to  urge  the  speedy  restoration  of 
the  Union,  gives  us  of  the  South  the  assurance  that  at  no  distant  day 
the  disabilities  to  which  we  are  subjected  will  be  removed,  and  that 
the  cruel  and  tyrannical  rule  of  radicalism  will  cease,  by  the  expul- 
sion of  radicals  from  office.  But  our  social  and  industrial  difficulties 
are  of  more  serious  and  vital  consequence  than  our  political  disabili- 
ties, and  out  of  these  difficulties  we  begin  to  see  our  only  exodus ; 
one  which,  if  not  satisfactory,  may  by  pradence,  foresight,  and  rigid, 
yet  just  and  humane  rule,  be  rendered  endurable.  We  cannot  pro- 
cure white  laborers  from  Europe,  and  if  we  could,  they  would  be  a 
nuisance  rather  than  advantage  to  us.  The  experiments  made  within 
the  last  year  with  this  sort  of  labor  prove  that  it  is  wholly  unre- 
liable, infinitely  more  worthless,  than  that  of  Freedmen.  The  native 
whites  of  the  South  are  either  landowners  Or  tenants,  or  engaged  in 
some  occupation  more  respectable  and  more  profitable  than  that  of 
liired  field  hands.     They  very  rarely  hire  themselves  for  such  labor, 

•  Tbd  aboTO  was  prepared  bjr  Mr.  Watertumse  for  Brsditreet's  admirable  St  Lools  Trada 
Clrealar. 


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490  THE  FREEDMEK. 

and  then  only  for  a  few  days  or  weeks.  No  crop  whatever  can  be 
made,  gathered  and  sent  to  market  with  such  laborers.  Our  sole 
reliance  hereafler,  as  heretofore,  for  farm  hands,  must  be  on  the  ne- 
groes. The  two  races  at  the  South  now  understand  fully  their  rela- 
tions to  each  other,  and  must  make  the  most  of  those  relations.  They 
are  mutually  dependent.  The  Freedmen  cannot  live  without  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  land,  and  can,  in  general,  only  procure  those  products 
by  laboring  for  white  landowners,  for  Freedmen  own  very  little 
land.  But  lands  are  wholly  unproductive  without  labor,  and  hence 
landowners  (at  least  the  owners  of  large  tracts,  such  as  usually  con- 
stitute farms  in  the  South)  are  as  dependent  on  the  Freedmen  for 
their  labor  as  they  are  on  the  landowners  for  employment,  either  as 
tenants  or  hired  hands.  Both  the  Whites  and  the  Freedmen  seeing 
this  state  of  things,  should,  and  probably  will,  with  a  view  to  their 
mutual  interest,  cultivate  kindly  and  amicable  relations,  and  frown 
down  all  attempts  to  excite  antipathy  and  hostility  of  race  between 
them.  Dependent  as  we  are,  and  shall  continue  to  be,  on  negro  la- 
bor, we  should  by  kind  and  humane  treatment,  coupled  with  exact 
and  rigid  discipline,  do  all  in  our  power  to  keep  them  among  us,  to 
improve  their  morals  and  their  intelligence,  and  to  multiply  their 
numbers.  Some  of  them  will  acquire  independent  properties,  and 
become  useful,  moral,  intelligent,  and  respectable  citizens;  for  the 
avenues  to  wealth  are  equally  open  to  them  as  to  the  whites.  The 
example  of  such  will  be  an  incentive  to  all  to  diligent  industry  and 
provident  habits.  On  the  other  hand,  severe  penal  laws,  rigidly  en- 
forced, applying  equally  to  blicks  and  whites,  will  deter  most  of 
them  from  crime.  More  of  the  whites  than  formerly  will  be  de- 
moralized by  association  with  the  vicious  portion  of  the  Freedmen, 
and  the  Freedmen,  having  no  masters  to  enforce  morality  among 
them,  will,  unless  checked  by  many  and  severe  penal  laws,  become 
much  more  immoral  and  vicious  than  when  in  a  state  of  slavery. 
Our  criminal  codes,  applying  equally  to  blacks  and  whites,  must  be 
revised,  increased  in  severity,  and  rigidly  and  inexorably  enforced 
by  our  courts  and  juries.  Vagrant  laws  deserve  especial  atten- 
tion, revisal  and  enforcement.  Funish  the  Freedmen  in  all  cases 
for  criminal  conduct,  and  encourage  them  by  kind,  humane,  attentive 
and  liberal  treatmeno  when  they  behave  well,  and  it  is  quite  possible 
we  may  make  them  as  good  laborers  as  the  white  workingmen  of 
Europe  or  the  North.  When  the  Federal  troops  and  the  Freed- 
men's  Bureau  are  withdrawn  from  the  South,  the  m^groes  will  be 
left  in  a  state  of  great  apprehension  and  alarm.  Many  of  them, 
trusting  to  the  protection  of  those  troops  and  of  that  Bureau,  have 
been  guilty  of  great  insolence  and  wrongs  to  our  white  citizens,  and 
they  fear  that  when  they  are  removed  the  whites  will  visit  indiscrim- 
inate punishment  and  revenge  on  the  whole  race.  It  will  be  our 
first  and  most  imperative  duty  to  let  "  by-gones  be  by-gones,"  to  rec- 
ollect that  under  the  exultation  of  newly -acquired  liberty,  with  Fed- 
eral armies,  and  a  Federal  press  and  Congress  to  back  and  uphold 
them,  boastful  insolence  and  insubordination  on  their  parts  wero 


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THE  FREEDMEK.  491 

quite  natural.      White  Freedmen,  similarly  circumstanced,  would 
have  acted  much  worse.     The  negroes  are,  even  now,  behaving  far 
better  than  the  liberated  serfs  of  England  behaved  for  centuries  after 
their  manumission.     Most  of  them  were  nomadic  banditti,  hordes  of 
vagabonds,  beggars,  thieves,  robbers,  and  murderers,  up  to  the  time 
of  the  Tudors.     There  is  quite  a  large  area  of  land  in  grain  and  cot- 
ton now  in  the  South.      The  crops  look  well,  and  have  been  cultivated 
chiefly  by  Freedmen.     They  will  work  better  in  the  future  if  we  treat 
them  properly.     The  collisions  between  the  races,  for  the  last  year, 
have  been  brought  on  in  all  instances  by  vicious  and  turbulent^ne- 
groes.     Such  will  not  be  the  case  after  the  Federal  troops  are*  re- 
moved.    The  danger  then  of  collisions  and  massacre  will  arise  from 
vicious  whites,  who  will  attack  the  negroes  because  they  think  them 
defenceless,  or  from  whites  who  suffered  injury  and  insult  from  the 
blacks  during  the  occupation  of  the  country  by  the  Federals.     We 
must  have  a  strong  police  force  of  prudent,  discreet  men,  in  the 
towns  and  in  the  country,  to  take  the  place  of  the  Federal  troops  so 
soon  as  they  are  withdrawn ;  and  it  must  be  the  especial  duty  of 
this  police  to  prevent  the  whites  from  wreaking  vengeance,  however 
deserved,  on  the  blacks ;  for  by  so  doing,  the  negroes  might  be 
driven  to  desperation,  and  a  war  of  races  might  arise  more  terrible 
than  the  war  through  which  we  have  just  passed.     The  laborers  of  a 
country  are  its  only  valuable  property,  for  nothing  possesses  value 
except  labor,  and  its  results.     Take  away  labor,  and  houses  and 
lands,  and  everything  else,  cease  to  have  exchangeable  value.     In 
very   truth,  the  laborers   of  a  country  are  its  only  real  capital, 
for   that   which  has  no   value  is   not  capital.     It   makes   no   dif- 
ference  whether  the  laborers   be  (so-called)  free,  or  slaves.     All 
laborers  are  alike  slaves.     The  free,  slaves  to  skill  and  capital ; 
the  slaves,  to  individual  masters.     Now  we  have  few  laborers  at 
the   South   except  the   Freedmen.     If  we    exterminate    them,   or 
drive  them  off  by  bad  treatment,  most  of  our  lands  would  not  be 
worth  a  rush.     We  take  good  care  of  other  live  stock,  and  human 
laborers  are  the  most  valuable  of  all  live  stock.     We  should  take 
the  best  care  of  them,  and  endeavor  to  increase  their  numbers.     Mr. 
Greeley  says,  "  Every  imported  white  laborer  is  worth  a  thousand 
dollars  to  the  North."     In  the  South,  one  negro  laborer,  be  he  free 
or  pot,  18  worth  three  white  laborers.     We  must  not  only  have  a 
strong  police,  and  jails,  6cc.,  to  punish  the  vagrant  and  vicious  ne- 
groes, but  we  must  also  have  charitable  institutions,  and  good  poor- 
houses,  to  take  care  of  the  weak,  aged  and  infirm  negroes.     We 
must  dismiss  at  once  all  hatred  of  a  race  which,  if  well  treated,  will 
go  far  to  support  us  all.     In  the  Island  of  Barbadoes,  where  all  the 
lands  are  arable,  and  all  owned  by  the  whites,  the  liberated  negroes 
were  compelled  to  work  harder,  and  to  produce  more,  after  libera- 
tion  than  when  slaves.     They  are  now  more  valuable  to  the  land- 
owners as  (so-called)  free  laborers  than  they  were  as  slaves.     Such 
is  the  case  now  in  the  Cotton  States  with  those  who,  before  the  war, 
relied  on  hired  negro  labor.     Negroes  hire  now  for, much  less  than 


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492  THE  FREEDMEN'. 

before  the  war,  although  cotton  sells  for  almost  three  times  as  mucb 
now  as  then.  If  the  negroes  behave  well,  the  profits  to  the  land- 
owner •cannot  be  less  than  double  the  profits  made  from  hired  labor 
before  the  war.  If  so,  lands  in  the  Cotton  States  will,  in  time,  be 
worth  double  as  much  as  before  the  war,  and  will  continue  at  that  value 
so  long  as  negroes  hire  as  low  as  now,  and  cotton  commands  its  pres- 
ent price.  Indeed,  we  learned  from  a  gentleman  from  Red  River  that 
lands  have  rented  there  as  high  as  fifleen  to  twenty  dollars  per  acre. 
With  negro  hire  at  fifleen  dollars  per  month,  and  cotton  at  thirty 
cents  a  pound,  good  land  there  should  rent  for  more  than  that  amount 

In  England  they  fully  understand  the  value  of  workingmen,  and 
undertook  at  once  to  give  a  liberal  support  to  some  half  million  of 
them,  thrown  out  of  employment  by  the  American  war,  and  conse- 
quent dearth  of  cotton.  Emigration  to  America  and  Australia  is 
rendering  labor  scarce  and  high  in  England,  and  emigration  to  the 
North-west  is  having  the  same  effect  at  the  North-east.  Negroes 
have,  few  of  them,  means  or  intelligence  sufficient  to  enable  them 
to  emigrate,  but  contractors  and  other  employers  are  carrying  off 
large  nutnbers  of  them  to  New  York  and  other  Northern  States. 
They  are  far  more  reliable,  tractable,  docile,  and  eflicient  laborers 
on  canals  and  railroads,  in  coal  and  iron  mines,  and  for  all  coarse 
common  labor  than  whites,  and  may  readily  be  hired  for  a  third 
less  than  whites.  If  we  do  not  speedily  enact  such  laws  and 
make  such  other  provisions  as  shall  satisfy  tha  Freed  men  that 
after  the  withdrawal  of  the  Federal  forces  they  will  be  safe,  se- 
cure, and  well  treated  here,  there  will  be  a  panic  and  stampede 
among  them,  and  they  will  go  off  to  the  North  with  the  Federal 
troops.  Northern  capitalists  will  readily  pay  their  passage.  They 
want  cheap,  obedient,  tractable  labor ;  and,  we  have  no  doubt,  will 
extend  to  them  the  (nominal)  right  of  suffrage,  in  order  to  allure 
them  northwards.  Like  all  laborers,  they  will  have  to  vote  as 
their  bosses  and  landlords  require.  They  stand  the  climate  of  the 
North  quite  as  well  as  white  men.  Man  is  an  ubiquitous  animal. 
Indians,  Mongolians,  Whites,  and  Negroes  are  equally  healthy  under 
the  Equator  and  within  the  Arctic  circle.  The  Yankees  set  our  ne- 
groes free,  and  are  now  stealing  them.  We  must  look  to  this  and 
guard  against  it. 

We  know  from  frequent  conversations  with  many  of  the  Frbed- 
men  that  they  are  in  great  dread  of  cruel  persecution,  and  even  of 
massacre  from  the  whites,  so  soon  as  the  Federal  forces  are  re- 
moved. They  know  many  are  angry  with  them  merely  on  ao 
count  of  their  emancipation ;  many  more,  because  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  them  bore  arms  against  their  masters ;  and  still  more, 
because  of  the  insolence  of  many  of  the  Freedmen  since  our  coun- 
try has  been  occupied  by  the  Federals.  They  know  that  they 
have  given  many  and  heavy  causes  of  offence,  and  tremble  at  the 
thought  of  a  terrible  retribution.  As  Christians,  as  civilized  and 
humane  men,  as  chivalrous  and  magnanimous  Southrons,  let  us 
freely  and  cordially  forgive  the  poor  ignorant  creatures  for  all  the 


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THE  AGE  OF  BEASON  AND  BADICALISM.  493 

past.  They  knew  not  what  they  did,  and  were  mere  puppets  in 
the  hands  of  our  cruel,  savage  enemies.  They  were  continually 
urged  to  servile  insurrection  and  massacre  of  their  masters,  yet 
wonderful  to  tell,  no  attempts  of  the  kind  were  made  by  them. 
They  were  satisfied,  contented,  and  happy,  and  had  liberty  forced 
upon  them  by  men  who  hated  alike  the  blacks  and  the  whites  of 
the  South.  If  considerations  of  Christianity,  honor,  and  humanity 
did  not  suffice  to  induce  us  to  guarantee  to  them  forgiveness, 
protection,  and  kind  treatment,  then,  looking  to  mere  selfish  inter- 
ests and  pecuniary  considerations,  and  we  shall  find  abundant  reasons 
for  at  once  adopting  such  measures  as  shall  make  them  feel  safe  and 
secure  in  the  future.  The  danger  we  shall  have  to  apprehend  after 
the  withdrawal  of  the  F.ederal  troops  will  arise  from  the  ruined,  in- 
sulted, and  exasperated  whites,  not  directly  at  least  from  the  Freed- 
men  ;  but  an  efficient  police  and  well-organized  militia  will  remove 
all  cause  of  danger  arising  from  the  misconduct  of  either  race. 

The  Freedmen  are  with  us,  and  will  remain  with  us  if  we  treat 
them  with  justice  and  humanity.  If  we  frighten  them  off  we  shall 
be  without  labor,  and  our  ruin  will  then  be  complete. 


ART.  V1II.-THE  AGE  OF  REASON  AND  RADICALISM. 

HuMB  was  not  only  the  boldest,  but  the  ablest  and  most  ingenious 
reasoner  of  modern  times.  If  he  believed  his  own  speculative  rea- 
soning, he  was  less  of  the  philosopher  than  any  sane  man  who  ever 
lived,  except,  perhaps,  his  compeer.  Bishop  Berkeley  ;  less  of  a  phi- 
losopher, because  he  excluded  all  faith  or  belief  not  founded  on  rea- 
son. The  result  was,  that  he  and  the  Bishop,  by  the  most  unanswer- 
able ratiocination,  demonstrated  that  there  is  no  material  world,  no 
earth,  no  moon,  no  sun,  no  stars,  no  bodily  existence.  Employing 
reason  untrammeled  and  unrestricted  by  faith,  they  very  logically 
r^uced  all  existence,  the  univ^se  itself,  to  a  parcel  of  vagrant,  urt- 
definable,  incomprehensible  ideas.  Nobody  ever  did,  nor,  from  the 
nature  of  our  being,  ever  possibly  can,  believe  in  the  conclusions  at 
which  they  so  logically  arrived ;  for  belief  in  our  own  physical  ex- 
istence, and  of  an  extraneous  material  world,  is  intuitive,  instinctive, 
necessitous,  and  was  never  doubted  for  a  moment  by  cither  Hume 
or  Berkeley,  any  more  than  by  the  rest  of  mankind. 

It  is  no  objection  whatever  to  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  material 
world  that  such  belief  is  contrary  to  reason.  Hume  would  tell  us 
so  if  he  were  living.  Nor  can  it  be  any  objection  to  belief  in 
miracles,  that  such  faith  or  belief  is  contrary  to  reason.  Hume 
having  demonstrated  that  reason  is  an  utterly  deceptive,  false  and 
fidlacious  guide  in  the  pursuit  of  truth,  has  thereby  amply  refuted 
his  reasoning,  to  show  that  ail  miracles  are  incredible.  Grant  that 
he  has  shown  that  miracles  are  contrary  to  reason,  he  has  not  thereby 
advanced  an  inch  in  proving  that  they  are  untrue  or  unworthy  of 


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494  THE  COTTON  SUPPLY. 

belief,  any  more  than  he  has  induced  douht  of  the  existence  of  a  ma^ 
teria]  world,  by  demonstrating  that  such  a  world  is  unreasonable,  and 
therefore  false. 

We  do  not  write  this  essay  to  prove  the  truth  of  the  Christian 
miracles ;  that  has  often  been  done  by  abler  pens  than  ours.  Our 
object  is  to  show  the  danger  of  relying  too  much  on  reason  in  the 
pursuit  of  truth.  To  reason  is  part  of  our  moral  and  intellectual 
nature ;  but  our  reasoning,  our  speculations,  our  theories,  should  al- 
ways be  limited  and  restricted  in  some  degree  by  faith,  authority, 
precedent,  prescription,  experience,  and  common  sense.  Reason  not 
thus  limited,  balanced,  and  counterpoised,  always  leads  to  false,  and 
oflen  to  dangerous,  conclusions.  Whatever  is  purely  and  only  rea- 
sonable is  false.  To  arrive  at  correct  practical  conclusions,  we  musfc 
combine  faith  with  reason.  But  reason  restricted  by  faith  ceases  to 
be  mere  reason.  We  therefore  repeat  what  we  have  often  before 
maintained,  "  that  whatever  is  reasonable  is  false."  All  the  sages 
and  poilosophers,  from  the  days  of  Socrates  and  Solomon  to  those 
of  Hume,  had  seen,  felt,  and  lamented  that  reason  would  not  conduct 
to  truth.  Hume  has  demonstrated  by  the  "  reductio  ad  absurdum  " 
what  other  philosophers  only  saw  and  felt. 

Faith  and  reason  are  the  two  great  antinomes  that,  by  their  op- 
posing and  concurrent  forces,  control  and  govern  the  moral  world. 
Excess  of  either  is  noxious  and  dangerous.  But  we  live  in  the  age 
of  reason,  of  bold  and  rash  speculation.  Every  bloody  revolution 
in  Christendom,  as  well  in  (Jhurch  as  in  State,  for  the  last  three 
hundred  years,  has  been  brought  about  by  following  the  too  often 
deceptive  guide  of  reason.  And  reason  now,  except  in  the  South, 
is  everywhere  busily  at  work  in  undermining  and  upsetting  all 
laws,  governments,  faiths  and  institutions,  with  no  visible  results 
except  the  shedding  of  blood,  and  the  rapid  and  vast  increase  of 
pauperism. 

The  banner  of  faith  went  down  when  the  South  was  conquered, 
and  we  expect,  ere  long,  we  shall  t^e  a  Reign  of  Terror  and  a 
Goddess  of  Reason  throughout  Christendom. 


ART.  IX.-THE  COnON  SUPPLY. 

Next  to  the  political  questions  growing  out  of  our  late  war  and 
the  conflicting  feelings  and  interests  of  sections  and  parties,  the  un- 
settled condition  of  which  have  placed  us  in  a  lamentable  state  of 
uncertainty  and  apprehension  for  the  future,  we  know  of  no  one  sub- 
ject upon  which  so  many  of  our  countrymen  are  at  this  time  inter- 
ested as  upon  that  of  the  immediate  future  of  the  supply  of  what  was 
the  great  Southern  product,  and  yet  it  is  the  only  hope  of  its  plant- 
ers to  fill  their  depleted  pockets,  besides  being  a  matter  of  deep  in- 
terest as  well  to  those  whose  spindles  and  looms  are  hoarding  wealUi 
for  their  owners  by  its  manufacture,  as  to  those  whose  business  it  is 


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THE   COTTON  SUPPLr.  495 

to  carry  their  products  into  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  globe  for 
sale  and  consumption.  We  therefore  propose  to  give  some  statisti- 
cal information  as  well  as  some  suggestions  upon  this  question  which 
have  occurred  to  us  upon  a  tolerably  close  investigation,  and  which 
we  hope  may  be  of  interest.  And  we  are  the  more  readily  induced 
to  do  this  from  the  fact,  that  either  from  the  want  of  access  to  its 
sources,  or  from  the  indisposition  to  undertake  the  labor  of  the  task, 
but  comparatively  few  persons,  even  among  those  interested,  are  as 
well  informed  upon  the  subject  as  they  would  desire,  or  as  their  in- 
terests should  prompt  them  to  be.  Of  course  no  one  can  recur  to 
the  question  without  at  once  seeing  its  difficulties ;  and  we  must  pre- 
mise our  statements  by  saving  that  accuracy  in  most  cases  is  impos- 
sible, and  that  we  only  pretend  to  as  great  an  approximation  to  the 
facts  as  is  possible  from  the  past  history  iind  the  present  uncertainty 
of  our  subject. 

Demand  and  supply  being  relative  terms,  the  first  inquiry  to  be 
settled  must  be  in  reference  to  the  former.  We  propose,  then,  first 
to  arrive  at  the  probable  amount  of  cotton  which  will  be  required 
to  supply  the  demand  of  the  manufacturers  of  our  own  country  and 
of  Europe,  leaving  out  of  question  those  of  other  countries,  as  they 
are  comparatively  unimportant,  and  cannot  affect  the  question.  Of 
course  this  can  only  be  done  by  approximation,  though  we  think  that 
the  statistics  of  former  years  give  us  data  from  which  this  approxi- 
mation may  be  very  closely  made.  It  seems  to  us  that  the  fairest 
mode  of  making  this  estimate  will  be  to  take  the  quantity  required 
to  supply  this  demand  for  manufacturing  purposes  during  some  year 
immediately  preceding  our  civil  war,  and  add  thereto  such  an  amount 
as  the  increased  requirements  of  trade,  from  the  increase  in  the 
wealth  and  population  of  the  world,  will  reasonably  warrant.  We 
shall  therefore  tiike  such  statistical  information  from  the  reports  of 
the  year  1859  as  will  show  the  quantity  of  the  raw  material  required 
and  consumed  by  these  manufacturers  during  that  year.  We  take 
this  year  in  preference  to  1860,  because  the  information  for  that 
year  to  be  gathered  from  the  statistics  of  Great  Britain,  as  well  as 
of  other  countries,  upon  this  subject  seem  to  us  fuller  and  more 
reliable.  At  least  we  have  been  able  to  meet  with  none  for  the  year 
1860  which  seem  so  satisfactory. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  amount  of  cotton  from  our 
Southern  States  for  consumption  by  the  various  countries  of  Europe 
during  the  year  1859  : 

Great  Britain, 2,086,841  bales. 

France, 462,000  " 

Beleium, 88,000  " 

Holland, 62.000  " 

Germany, 146,000  " 

Trieste. 8 1,000  " 

Genoa, 41,000  " 

Spain 109,000  " 

Total.^ 2,966,841 

Besides  this  amount  from  the  United  States,  there  were  imported 


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496  THE  COTTON  SUPPLY. 

from  other  countries — East  Indies,  Brazil,  Egypt,  &c. — ^771,000 
bales. 

During  the  same  period  the  manufacturers  of  the  Northern  States 
took  of  the  South  730,000  bales,  to  which  roust  be  added  120,000 
bales  retained  by  the  South  for  home  consumption,  making  nn  ag- 
gregate of  4,586,341  bales,  of  which,  as  will  be  seen,  our  Southern 
States  furnished  3,815,341.  Of  the  amount  of  stocks  remaining  on 
hand  at  the  beginning  of  this  year  of  the  importations  previously 
made  we  have  no  definite  information ;  but  we  may  fairly  presume 
that  the  stocks  on  hand  unconsumed  and  remaining  over  of  the  im- 
portations of  '58  and  '59  were  so  nearly  equal  as  to  authorize  the 
estimate,  from  the  foregoing  figures,  of  the  actual  consumption  in 
Europe  and  America  during  the  year  1859  at  least  four  and  one- 
half  millions  of  bales. 

This  estimate,  however,  of  the  amount  required  to  supply  the  de- 
mand of  1859  is  of  course  far  from  being  equal  to  what  would  have 
been  the  present  consumption  had  nothing  in  the  mean  time  occurred 
to  lessen  the  production  and  increase  the  price,  both  of  the  raw  ma- 
terial and  its  manufactured  products.  It  is  a  matter  of  astonishment 
with  what  rapidity  this  demand  for  and  consumption  of  cotton  and 
cotton  goods  steadily  increased  with  each  year  during  the  half  centu- 
ry and  more  immediately  preceding  the  year  1861,  more  than  doub- 
ling during  some-^f  the  decennial  periods  of  that  time,  and  keeping 
full  pace  with  the  supply  ;  the  imports  of  Great  Britain,  for  instance^ 
in  1860  more  than  doubling  those  of  1850,  while  the  actual  amount 
used  in  manufacturing  in  that  kingdom  had  also  increased  one  hun- 
dred per  cent.  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  imports  from  all  quar- 
ters of  the  same  country  were  very  nearly  fifteen  times  as  great  in 
1860  as  in  1821.  From  this  we  may  infer  that,  had  nothing  occur- 
red from  1860  to  the  present  time  to  diminish  the  supply,  and  con- 
sequently increase  its  price,  the  consumption  in  1870  would  be 
nearly  or  quite  double  that  of  1860.  We  have  no  reason  for 
supposing  that  the  increased  demand  would  not  have  continued  dur- 
ing these  latter  ten  years  with  the  same  rapidity  as  during  those 
from  1850  to  1860,  there  having  been  no  other  period  of  equal 
length  in  the  history  of  the  world  in  which  both  population  and 
wealth  have  more  rapidly  increased  than  from  1860  to  the  present 
time.  This  rapid  increase  in  the  demand  is  well  illustrated  also  by 
the  census  of  the  Southern  States  compared  with  that  of  1860,  the 
production  of  the  latter  year  having  been  nearly  twice  that  of  the 
former,  and  the  market  value  of  cotton  higher,  showing  that  the  sup- 
ply, although  so  greatly  increased,  had  not  kept  pace  with  the  de- 
mand. 

;  This  increase  in  the  demand  for  any  series  of  years  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century  will  be  found,  upon  investigation,  to  have  been 
nearly  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent,  from  year  to  year ;  and,  as  before 
stated,  as  we  have  no  statement  of  the  whole  amount  required  for 
1860,  so  reliable  as  that  for  1859,  we  prefer  making  the  estimate 
for  the  European  demand,  from  that  before  given ^r  the  last-men- 


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THE  COTTON  SUPPLY.  497 

tioned  year  by  this  mode  of  calculation,  making  the  amount  required 
for  1860  upwards  of  four  millions  bales.  The  correctness  of  this 
method  of  calculation,  and  its  results,  is  confirmed  by  the  fact  that 
the  total  imports  of  Great  Britain  in  1860  were  very  nearly  one- 
tenth  more  than  in  1850,  and  corresponds  with  a  recent  statement 
which  we  have  seen,  giving  the  number  of  pounds  taken  by  the  whole 
of  Europe  in  that  year  at  1,797,400,  or  about  4,000,000  bales — the 
whole  importation  for  1859,  as  before  seen,  having  been  3,736,341 
bales.  It  is  also  shown  that  the  production  in  the  Southern  States, 
then  the  almost  sole  producers  of  the  staple,  was  correspondingly  in- 
creased, the  market  price  remaining  about  the  same. 

Had  the  demand  and  supply  continued  to  increase  from  1860  as 
in  former  years,  which  doubtless  would  have  been  the  case  but  for 
the  intervention  of  our  war,  the  total  consumption  by  the  European 
and  American  manufacturers  alone  would  have  amounted  in  1867  to 
very  nearly  eight  millions  bales,  purchased  probably  at  a  higher 
price  than  in  1860. 

This  then  is  the  amount,  we  take  it,  which  would  have  been  re- 
quired for  the  manufacturers  of  these  countries  .had  the  supply  in- 
creased correspondingly  with  the  population  and  wealth  of  the  world, 
and  had  no  civil  troubles  occurred  in  our  Union,  but  for  which  latter 
cause  this  increased  supply,  and  perhaps  more,  would  have  been" 
produced.  It  is  well  known,  however,  that  the  increase  of  the  price 
of  any  article  of  commerce  will  diminish  its  consumption,  and  nei- 
ther cotton  nor  cotton  goods  are  an  exception  to  this  rule.  But  what 
ratio  this  decrease  in  the  consumption  will  bear  to  the  increase  of 
price  can  be  fixed  by  no  certain  rule.  We  know  that  the  consump- 
tion of  the  necessaries  of  life  will  be  less  affected  by  such  increase  in 
price  than  that  of  such  commodities  with  the  use  of  which  we  can 
more  easily  dispense.  Among  the  former  class  we  must  now,  be- 
yond doubt,  class  cotton  goods,  which  have  become  almost  as  indis- 
pensable to  the  human  family  as  the  very  food  which  sustains  life. 
Be  this  as  it  may,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  the  increase  of  price  will, 
to  some  extent,  diminish  the  inclination  as  well  as  the  ability  to  buy 
and  consume  cotton  goods,  and  will  to  that  extent  diminish  the  de- 
mand for  the  raw  material. 

Assuming,  as  before  stated,  that  the  increase  of  the  wealth  and 
population  of  the  world  would  have  required,  all  other  Aings  being 
equal,  a  much  larger  amount  of  cotton  goods  now  than  formerly,  and 
having,  from  the  experience  of  former  years,  shown  that  had  nothing 
intervened  to  lessen  the  demand,  it  would  have  required  the  manu- 
facture of  something  like  eight  millions  of  bales ;  if  we  further  as- 
sume that  the  increased  price  will  diminish  the  demand  25  per  cent., 
which  we  think  is  a  liberal  allowance,  we  shall  have  between  five  and 
six  millions  of  bales  as  the  probable  number  which  will  be  required 
by  the  looms  of  Europe  and  America  for  the  present  cotton  year, 
beginning  the  Ist  of  September,  1866.  In  round  numbers  we  will 
suppose  this  number  to  be  five  and  one-half  millions,  of  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  opinions,  of  manufacturers,  the  Northern  States  will 
TOL.  n.-N0.  7.  82 


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4:98  THE  COTTON  SUPPLY. 

take  1,250,000;  and  from  the  present' indications  of  enterprise  and 
improvement  in  the  Southern  States  in  the  direction  of  cotton  facto- 
ries, that  section  will  probably  require  some  250,000 ;  leaving  a  bal- 
ance for  Europe  of  4,000,000,  which,  as  before  shown,  was  about  the 
amount  of  consumption  there  in  1860  ;*  Great  Britain  alone  taking 
for  actual  consumption  over  two  and  a  half  millions  bales. 

Having  thus  settled  as  satisfactorily  as  possible  the  demand  which 
is  likely  to  exist,  which  we  have  only  pretended  to  do,  as  before  stated^ 
by  approximation,  the  question  which  next  arises  is,  from  whence 
and  to  what  extent  this  demand  is  likely  to  be  supplied  ;  and  here, 
again,  we  are  lefl  in  a  great  measure  to  conjecture.  Fortunately, 
however,  we  are  not  without  information  upon  this  point,  upon  which 
to  base,  as  we  think,  a  very  satisfactory  opinion. 

Tliough  our  Southern  States,  by  reason  of  the  ordeal  through 
which  they  have  recently  passed,  do  not,  as  formerly,  enjoy  the  al- 
most exclusive  monopoly  of  furnishing  to  the  world  the  supply  of 
the  raw  material  required  for  manufacture  and  commerce,  yet  it  is 
well  known  that  even  now  this  whole  question  of  demand  and  supply 
depends  upon  their  success  or  failure  in  the  crop  which  is  now  being 
gathered  for  market.  The  experiment  which  is  now  being  made  un- 
der the  new  and  changed  condition  of  things  to  raise  this  essential 
staple  of  commerce  is,  as  we  know,  being  watched  with  the  greatest 
interest  in  almost  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  and.  the  importance 
attached  to  the  result  in  the  commercial  world  is  shown  by  the  ex- 
treme sensitiveness  evinced  in  the  fluctuations  in  its  price,  as  the  re- 
ports in  regard  to  its  success  have  been  more  or  less  favorable. 
These  reports,  in  most  cases,  though  professing  to  be  entirely  relia- 
ble, though  generally  made  by  interested  parties,  and  in  many  cases 
without  one  particle  of  information  on  which  to  base  them,  have 
been  as  numerous  and  as  varied  as  the  days  of  the  year,  ranging 
from  800,000  to  as  much  as  5,000,000  bales.  Men  have  been  pwd 
to  travel,  and  men  who  have  not  traveled  have  been  paid  to  write 
up  the  number  of  bales  which  the  South  would  certainly  raise ;  and 
though  some  of  them  had  never  seen  a  cotton-field,  hardly  knew 
whether  cotton  grew  on  trees  or  on  stalks,  and  seem  to  have  had  a 
confused  idea  that  an  acre  of  Arkansas  mud  was  as  prolific  of  cotton 
bales  as  an  acre  of  Georgia  sand  of  pea-nuts,  have  enlightened  the 
world  b/  profound  calculations  and  suggestions  on  the  subject; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  others  form  opposite  motives,  though  we 
believe  in  many  instances  from  honest  mistake,  have  gone  to  the 
other  extreme. 

Between  these  extremes  we  think  it  not  very  diflicult,  at  the  pres- 
ent advance  of  the  season,  to  strike  tlie  proper  mean  and  to  arrive  at 
conclusions  as  to  the  amount  likely  to  be  produced  with  tolerable 
accuracy.  Such  have  been  the  unfavorable  circumstances  from  the 
commencement  of  the  season  that  we  believe  now  all  extravagant 

*  We  have  seen,  since  writing  this,  the  statement  of  a  Liverpool  correspond- 
ent of  a  commercial  house  in  this  country,  which  is,  that  80,000  bales  per  week 
will  be  required  by  Europe  for  the  next  twelve  months. 


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THE  COTTON  SUPPLY.  499 

estimates  have  been  abandoned,  and  the  number  of  those  who  6gure 
largely  upon  this  question  Kavo  grown  to  a  very  few.  None,  who 
are  well  informed,  will  now  be  found  who  will  fix  the  amount  to  be 
expected  at  above  two  and  a  half  millions  of  bales ;  while  most  of 
them  write  down  a  much  smaller  number  as  the  probable  yield.  The 
latest  estimate  which  we  have  seen  is  from  the  Commercial  Ckronu 
cle,  of  Sfept.  8th,  which  makes,  as  is  stated,  upon  a  '*  very  careful  ex- 
amination," and  '^  with  unusual  facilities  for  making  inquiries,''  the 
following  table : — 

Texas, 460.000  Bales. 

Alabaraa, 400,000 

Louisiana, 2«0,000  " 

Mislsaippi, 460,000  " 

Qeorgia, 260,000  . " 

Arkansas 190,000  " 

South  Carolina, 1 80,000  " 

North  Carolina, 70,000  " 

Tennessee 120,000  " 

Florida, 46,000      " 

Total, 2,866,000  Bales. 

This  is  almost  equal  to  the  whole  crop  of  1850,  and  to  one-half  of 
the  crop  of  1859-'60,  which  latter  was  by  far  the  most  propitious 
season,  all  circumstancos  considered,  which  the  South  has  ever  had. 

Though  wc  regard  these  figures  as  more  nearly  correct  than  some 
others  we  have  seen  in  Northern  journals,  which,  of  course,  largely 
overshoot  the  mark,  we  cannot  believe  that  the  crop  of  the  present 
season  can  possibly  amount  to  even  as  much  as  is  here  stated.  Ad- 
mitting, as  is  generally  stated,  that  three-fifths  of  the  cotton-lands  in 
cultivation  in  '59-'60  have  been  put  in  cotton  in  1860,  we  cannot  be- 
lieve the  yield  will  be  as  much  as  one-half  of , that  of  the  former 
season,  and  we  shall  be  greatly  surprised  should  such  be  the  result 
The  reasons  for  this  opinion  are  too  well  known  and  too  often  urged 
to  need  any  repetition  here.  The  thousand  and  one  misfortunes  and 
difficulties  which  have  unfortunately  beset  the  planter  from  the  very 
beginning  in  the  inauguration  of  the  "  new  system"  have  nearly 
driven  him  mad,  and  have  induced  many  to  abandon  the  enterprise 
in  utter  disgust,  and  in  some  instances  with  utter  ruin. 

"We  do  not  pretend  to  any  uncommon  facilities  for  knowing,  or 
to  any  superior  information,  either  from  our  own  observation  or  that 
of  others,  though,  having  devoted  careful  attention  to  the  subject 
from  the  beginning  of  the  season,  we  have  formed  a  positive  opinion, 
based  upon  such  facts  as  have  come  to  our  knowledge  from  reliable 
sources,  as  well  as  from  our  own  travels  and  personal  observation  in 
some  few  of  the  principal  cotton  States ;  and  this  opinion,  we  may  as 
well  state,  has  been  formed  without  any  interest  whatever  to  bias  it, 
except  that  which  we  feel  as  the  citizen  of  a  Southern  State,  in  having 
the  exaggerated  ideas  upon  the  subject  set  right  With  the  facts  be- 
fore u«y»we  are  constrained  to  differ  in  our  estimate  from  even  the 
most  moderate  of  those  made  by  Northern    manufacturers   and 


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600  THE  COTTON  SUPPLY. 

Northern  journals,  and  which  have  been  so  sedulously  transferred 
and  pressed  upon  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  We  cannot  believe, 
for  instance,  as  in  the  statement  just  referred  to,  that  the  crop  of 
Texas  will  amount  to  500,000  bales,  for  we  know  that  though  the 
season  in  that  State  has  been  comparatively  propitious,  the  over- 
flows in  the  early  part  of  the  season  of  the  principal  streams,  besides 
other  contingencies  of  less  consequence,  have  greatly  curtailed  the 
prospect  there,  and  we  cannot  believe  that  the  crop  of  this  year  will 
exceed  that  of  1860,  which  was  only  405,000  bales.  Besides,  we  see 
that  the  newspapers  of  that  State  give  the  yield  at  300,000,  and  not 
more.  We  cannot  believe  that  the  crop  of  Mississippi  can  amount 
to  450,000  bales — nearly  one-half  the  crop  of '59-'60,  and  very  nearly 
equal  to  the  crop  of  1850,  because  we  are  satisfied  that  only  about 
one-half,  or  three-fiflhs,  at  the  farthest,  of  the  cotton  lands  of  '59-'60 
were  this  year  planted  ;  and  we  know  that  from  excessive  rain,  drouj^ht, 
overflow  and  almost  every  other  drawback  imaginable,  she  has 
suffered  more,  perhaps,  than  any  other  State.  We  would  sooner  believe 
that  her  crop  will  not  exceed  250,000  bales,  but  do  not  believe  it  will 
reach  even  that.  In  Arkansas,  we  are  satisfied,  from  the  best  of  infor- 
mation as  well  as  from  personal  observation,  that  not  more  than 
150,000  bales,  at  the  outside,  can  be  realized.  Nor  can  we  believe 
that  in  Louisiana,  in  which  eight  of  the  principal  parishes  were 
during  several  of  the  most  important  months  of  the  season  sub- 
merged, and  in  all  of  which  the  same  difficulties  have  had  to  be  en- 
countered as  in  the  other  States,  250,000  bales,  one-third  more  than 
the  crop  of  1850,  will  be  secured.  Satisfied  as  we  are  of  the  errors 
in  regard  to  these  four  States,  we  can  but  believe  that  they  are  equally 
as  great  as  to  the  rest.  Our  candid  judgment  is,  that  not  more 
than  one  and  a  half  million  bales,  at  the  farthest,  can  be  depended 
upon  from  the  South,  even  with  a  good  season  for  the  rest  of  the 
year  and  a  late  frost — the  common  opinion  among  the  cotton-raisers 
themselves  being  that  it  will  be  a  great  deal  less.  But  for  fear  that 
we  may  be  as  greatly  mistaken  as  our  Northern  neighbors,  we  will 
assume  that  the  production  will  amount  to  two  millions  of  bales. 

During  the  year  1865  the  East  Indies  shipped  to  Great  Britain 
1,287,000  bales  (amounting  in  weight  to  less  than  1,000,000  Ameri- 
can bales)  of  her  short,  rough,  dirty  staple.  This,  however  was,  the 
largest  amount  ever  received  from  this  quarter,  being  the  effect  of 
the  stimulus  given  to  its  cultivation  by  the  extraordinary  prices  pre- 
vailing. Even  of  this  inferior  article  India,  has  accordingto  all  ac- 
counts, reached  the  extreme  limit  of  her  production.  The  India 
Times  of  June  1 1  th  says,  **  Not  only  is  our  crop  certain  to  be  smaller 
this  year  than  last,  but  the  supply  from  China  and  Bengal  besides, 
from  many  of  the  experimental  cotton  grounds,  stimulated  by  high 
prices,  will  be  almost  wholly  withheld  from  the  European  market." 
This  decline  seems  to  be  attributable  mainly  to  the  necessity  for  a 
rotation  of  crops  required  by  the  India  soil,  which,  unlike  ours,  is  unfit 
for  raising  cotton  for  more  than  one  or  two  years  in  s«0ce8sioD, 
iind  having  been  widely  cultivated  for  the  past  few  years  in  that 


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THE  COTTON  SUPPLY.  601 

staple,  has  b^un  to  refuse  to  make  itsacoustomed  yield.  With  our 
competition,  India  at  once  goes  back  to  her  former  insigni6cance.  In- 
deed, no  matter  what  its  production,  such  is  the  character  of  the  staple 
that  it  will  contribute  but  little  to  supply  the  demand,  being  only 
fit,  as  we  understand,  to  mix  in  small  proportions  with  American, 
and  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  coarse  yarns.  Its  v^lue  for 
manufacturing  purposes  may  be  known  from  the  fact  that  whilst 
American  cotton  is  bringing  in  the  Liverpool  market  from  lid.  to 
17c?.,  the  India  staple  is  quoted  at  from  6r/.  to  llrf.  From  this  quar- 
ter Great  Britain  will  probably  receive  during  the  twelve  months 
from  the  1st  Sept.,  186G,  some  600,000  bales,  most  of  which  was  at 
that  date,  as  we  see  from  recent  English  Cotton  Circulars,  at  sea 
and  likely  to  reach  its  destination  before  the  beginning  of  the  next 
year. 

.  A  recent  writer  for  this  Review,  who  seems  to  have  given  atten- 
tion to  the  subject  of  cotton  production  in  the  various  countries 
where  its  culture  has  been  attempted,  estimates  that  we  may  depend 
upon  Brazil  for  130,000  bales,  and  upon  Egypt  for  (probably) 
300,000.  In  all  other  portions  of  the  world  where  any  attempt  will 
he  made  to  raise  this  crop  the  quantities  produced  will  be  so  insig- 
nificant as  to  produce  no  effect  upon  the  market,  and  so  we  leave  out 
all  conjectures  in  regard  to  them. 

We  may  therefore  sura  up  the  quantity  of  the  raw  material  of 
this  year's  growth,  and  which  may  be  thrown  into  the  market  within 
the  existing  cotton  year,  as  follows  : — 

Southern  States  of  America, 2^000,000  Bales. 

Eastlodies, 600,000      " 

Brazil 130,000      " 

Egypt, 300,000     " 

ToUl, , 8,030,000  Bales. 

To  this  it  would  at  first  sight  appear  that  there  should  be  added 
the  stocks  on  hand  on  the  first  of  September,  1866,  the  beginning  of 
the  cotton  year,  which  might  be  put  down  at  250,000  bales,  at  all 
ports  and  in  manufacturers'  hands  in  the  United  States,  and  in  Great 
Britain  at  800,000  bales,  of  which  about  one-half  is  India  cotton. 
But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  we  are  only  including  the  proba- 
ble amount  which  will  be  consumed  between  the  1st  September,  '66, 
and  the  1st  September,  '67.  It  would  of  course  be  erroneous  not  to 
allow  in  the  calculation  an  amount  of  stock  necessary  to  supply  the 
wants  of  manuflicturers  from  the  1st  September,  '67,  to  the  beginning 
of  the  year  1868  ;  as  it  is  well  known  that  the  crop  of  the  Southern 
States  does  not  generally  begin  to  reach  the  markets,  and  especially 
the  European,  until  the  beginning  of  the  year.  The  India  crop  de- 
creasing from  year  to  year,  and  being,  as  before  stated,  of  so  infe- 
rior quality  as  to  be  almost  entirely  useless  for  cotton  goods,  can  do 
but  little  towards  supplying  this  want,  and  we  may  therefore  take  it 
for  granted  that  there  must  necessarily  be  held  on  hand  on  the  1st 
September,  1867  very  nearly,  the  amount  now  shown.     Otherwise 


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602  THE  COTTON  SUPPLY. 

the  cotton-mills  would  be  idle  from  that  time  to  the  end  of  the  year, 
for  want  of  the  raw  material.  The  present  stock  on  hand  (ex- 
cluding that  at  sea,  of  course),  amounting  to  about  one  million  bales, 
may  consequently,  with  propriety,  be  excluded  from  the  amount  of 
supply  for  the  current  cotton  year.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that,  ac- 
cording to  these  estimates,  the  supply  for  the  year  just  commenced 
will  be  some  two  million  bales  below  the  actual  requirements  of  man- 
ufacturers, even  upon  the  supposition  that  the  product  of  our  South- 
ern States  will  amount  to  two  million  bales. 

That  our. figures  are  accurate  we  do  not  pretend,  of  course;  but 
that  they  approach  as  near  the. truth  as  they  can  be  made  to  do,  we 
believe.  This  question  of  supply  must  of  course  remain  somewhat 
uncertain  for  some  months  to  come.  When  the  true  state  of  facts  is 
known,  we  feel  convinced  that  it  will  be  found  that  a  great  mistake 
has  been  made  by  those  who  so  confidently  predict  large  crops  and  a 
full  supply,  and  who  are  holding  back  for  a  decline  in  the  price.  If 
our  premises  are  nearly  correct,  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  foresee  that 
so  far  from  a  decline,  there  must  necessarily  be  an  advance  ;  to  what 
extent  it  is  of  course  impossible  to  tell.  One  thing,  however,  should 
be  borne  in  mind,  upon  which,  from  our  observation,  even  business 
men  are  sometimes  liable  to  be  mistaken ;  and  that  is,  that  the  price  of 
an  article  of  consumption  only  advances  in  proportion  as  the  supply 
diminishes.  This,  of  course,  is  an  egregious  error.  No  one  would 
contend  for  an  instant  that  if  the  supply  of  flour  should  diminish  to 
one-half  the  effect  would  be  only  to  double  its  market  value.  With- 
out any  certain  rule  by  which  to  work  in  such  case,  we  might  fairly 
presume  that  it  would,  instead,  be  quadrupled  in  value,  and,  mu- 
tatis mvrtandia^  the  same  principle  will  hold  good  in  other  cases. 

The  causes  which  are  depressing  the  price  in  the  foreign  market, 
and  of  course  in  our  own,  are  explained  in  the  recent  circulars  of 
Liverpool  brokers.  They  are  the  stock  on  hand,  amounting,  as  be- 
fore stated,  on  the  1st  September,  to  800,000  bales ;  the  amount 
(nearly  500,000  bales)  of  India  cotton  now  at  sea  for  the  British 
market;  the  expected  receipt  of  several  hundred  thousand  bales  dur- 
ing the  Fall  months  from  America ;  and  lastly,  and  principally,  the 
fact,  that  large  amounts  of  cotton  have  been  hypothecated  to  English 
bankers  to  secure  advances  during  the  recent  stringency  in  the  finan- 
ces of  that  country,  which  are  being  forced  upon  the  market  to  sat- 
isfy these  advances,  added  to  reports  from  America  of  large  crops 
expected.  The  intimations  in  these  circulars  are  plain,  that  these 
causes  of  depression  will  be  merely  temporary.  The  stock  on  hand 
will  soon  be  consumed  by  the  home  and  export  demand,  amounting 
now  to  some  70,000  bales  per  week.  No  more  cotton  is  to  be  ship- 
ped from  India  for  six  months  to  come.  The  bankers  will  soon  be 
satisfied,  and  there  will  be  no  further  reason  for  urgent  sales  ;  added 
to  which,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  English  money  market 
will  soon  become  easy  again,  when  the  speculative  demand  will  be 
revived.  It  is  a  significant  fact,  too,  that  on  the  1st  September 
there  were  at  sea  for  the  English  market  only  23,000  bales,  and  that 


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^  THE  COTTON  SUPPLY.  503 

the  whole  number  in  transit,  principally  fi'om  India,  was  smaller 
than  bad  been  known  for  months  before,  being  less  than  half  a  mil- 
lion. 

The  policy  which  should,  under  these  circumstances,  govern  the 
course  of  Southern  planters  is  plain.  Where  it  is  possible,  let 
them  by  all  means  hold  on  to  their  crops  until  these  causes  of  tem- 
porary depression  have  been  removed,  and  especially  until  the  ex- 
travagant reports  of  the  large  crops  to  be  raisea  by  them  during  this 
season  have  been  corrected  abroad.  These  reports  have  been  indus- 
triously started  and  industriously  propagated,  from  motives  which 
are  easily  seen  and  understood.  The  game  is  being  adroitly  and 
systematically  played,  with  many  odds  against  the  producer,  whose 
toil  and  vexation  entitle  him  to  the  stakes,  and  unless  he  is  wary 
they  will  be  snatched  from  him.  Where  stern  necessity  does  not 
compel,  let  him  rather  prefer  to  count  his  bales  than  his  greenbacks, 
until  the  propitious  time  shall  come,  and  as  sure  as  he  lives  he  will 
reap  a  high  reward  for  his  labors.  But  if  haste  and  hurry  are  to 
rule  the  market,  it  will  become  glutted,  and  he  will  get  a  mere 
pittance. 

We  think  one  thing,  at  least,  will  be  conceded  by  all  those  who 
have  had  any  experience  in  the  cultivation  of  cotton  ;  and  that  is,  that 
unless  those  who  make  it  can  receive  more  remunerating  prices 
than  are  now  being  paid,  the  production  must  rapidly  decline ;  and 
none  will  be  more  ready  to  admit  this  than  those  who,  having  no 
knowledge  of  the  mode  of  its  cultivation,  have  blindly  rushed  into 
the  field  with  visions  of  the  golden  harvest  they  were  to  reap.  After 
deducting  the  three  cents  per  pound  tax,  which  of  course  must  come 
out  of  the  pockets  of  the  producer,  and  other  expenses  incident  to 
the  shipment  and  sale  of  his  cotton,  but  little  is  left  to  the  planter  as 
net  gains  at  30  cents  per  pound,  which,  by  the  way,  is  rather  more 
than  he  can  expect  with  the  present  market.  The  average  quality 
will  not  be  higher  than  what  is  styled  in  the  market ''  low  middling'' 
or  "  good  ordinary,"  for  which,  at  the  present  rates,  he  could  not  ex- 
pect more  than  S?7  or  28  cents  per  pound,  or  about  20  cents  net, 
which  can  be  but  barely  more  than  the  cost  of  production. 

As  was  proposed,  we  have  confined  ourselves  strictly  to  the  ques- 
tion of  demand  and  supply  for  the  year  commencing  on  the  Ist 
September,  1866.  It  was  not  our  intention  to  notice,  in  any  way, 
the  opinions  prevailing  in  certain  quarters,  that  a  new  and  glorious 
era  had  been  opened  by  recent  events  to  cotton  production  in  the 
South,  and  that  the  time  is  fast  approaching  when  that  section  will 
send  twetity  bales  to  market  where  it  now  sends  one ;  that  in  the 
place  of  the  '*  wastefiil"  and  *'  iniquitous"  system  of  labor  which  has 
heretofore  prevailed,  we  are  to  have  the  enlightened  systems  of  the 
North  and  of  Europe  put  in  practice  by  thrifty,  honest,  intelligent 
and  good-looking  emigrants  from  those  countries  who  are  to  swarm 
upon  our  hitherto  half  til  led  cotton-fields,  and  make  our  prairies,  our 
hills  and  our  forests  alive  with  labor  and  white  with  expanding  bolls ; 
that,  in  short,  the  South  is  now  to  become  the  land  where  all  the 


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504  SKETCHES  or  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

weary  and  oppressed  of  the  earth  are  to  come  to  get  rich  and  be 
happy  by  growing  dollars  where  only  cents  grew  before.  These  are 
visions  of  ignorance  and  diseased  imagination.  It  is  useless  to  at- 
tempt to  combat  them  by  argument  or  reason.  Experience  and 
time,  the  greatest  and  dearest  of  teachers,  must  do  that.  We  will 
only  remark  in  closing  this  short  article,  that  unless  some  new  system 
does  take  the  place  of  the  one  now  existing,  the  production  of  the 
country  must  greatly  decrease,  and  that  some  of  us  may  yet  live  to 
see  the  day  when  a  pound  of  Southern  cotton  will  be  worth  its  weight 
in  paper  money,  which,  indeed,  would  be  no  new  sight 


ART.  X.-SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGU  TRAVEL. 

No.  6. 

London,  October  Ist,  1866. 

Dear  Kevibw  : — Next  to  Westminster  Abbey,  the  most  inter- 
esting object  in  London,  to  your  correspondent,  is  "  The  Tower,^^ 
Blot  out  the  Tower  from  the  records  of  the  past,  and  English  history 
would  be  lamentably  incomplete,  for  in  its  traditions  are  the  mate- 
rials which  go  largely  towards  making  up  that  history. 

There  is  an  immense  mass  of  buildings  which  go  generally  by 
the  name  of  "  The  Tower^^'*  but  the  chief  feature  of  the  pile,  and  that 
which  stands  godfather  to  the  balance,  is  a  great  square  structure 
about  four  stories  high,  with  walls  of  solid  stone  fourteen  feet  thick, 
and  massive  towers  shooting  up  at  each  of  its  four  corners.  It  was 
built,  we  are  informed,  by  William  the  Conquerer^  in  the  year  1079, 
as  a  place  of  retreat  in  case  the  rebellious  Saxons  outdoors  should 
grow  too  contumacious  and  strong.  It  is  distinctively  called  the 
*'  Wliite  Toxoer^^  and  is  now  used  as  an  arsenal,  and  a  store-house 
for  every  curious  species  of  arm  and  armor  peculiar  to  different 
ages  and  countries.  There  may  be  seen  every  weapon  of  offence  or 
defence  employed  by  every  nation  of  the  known  world  from  the  re- 
motest to  the  present  time. 

On  the  ground  floor,  as  we  go  in,  are  arranged  about  fifty  horse- 
men, clothed  in  impenetrable  panoply  of  chain  armor  and  solid  steel, 
and  bristling  pugnaciously  with  the  different  weapons  peculiar  to 
their  several  centuries.  The  coup  cToeil  is  positively  startling.  The 
eflSgies  of  the  horses  are  so  instinct  with  life,  and  the  vizored  figures 
astride  so  accurately  personify  the  knightly  images  kindled  in  our 
minds  by  romance,  that  we  are  lifted,  for  the  moment,  out  of  our 
Consciousness  of  the  present,  and  transported  into  the  life  of  dead 
centuries.  But  that  history  is  aflame  with  the  feats  of  arms  and 
daring  courage  of  those  iron-clad  riders,  one  would  conclude  they 
were  rather  a  timid  set,  for  their  chief  aim  was  obviously  to  keep 
from  being  hurt  In  looking  at  those  steel  fortresses,  frowning 
down  from  their  horses,  the  spectator  is  puzzled  to  imagine  how  any- 
body could  have  been  killed,     A  "  monitor'*  does  not  seem  more 


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SKETCHES  OP  FOREIGN  TfUVEL.  505 

impervious  to  successful  attack.  And  yet,  recent  experience  has 
shown,  that  even  a  ^^  monitor"  is  not  improvable  to  an  assailing 
prow,  and  this  teaches  us  to  realize  how  those  grim  warriors  suc- 
cumbed to  the  fierce  impact  of  a  battle-axe. 

Along  the  staircase  and  first  landing  of  the  second  story  large 
collections  of  arms  of  foreign  pattern  are  stored,  and  it  is  instructive 
to  observe  what  admirable  ingenuity  man,  even  in  his  primitive  con- 
dition, has  exhibited  for  the  effective  taking  off  of  his  fellow-man. 
The  same  mechanical  genius,  in  our  worthy  predecessors,  directed 
in  more  peaceful  channels,  would  have  sensibly  abridged  that  histor- 
ical epoch  known  as  the  Dark  Ages. 

The  most  noticeable  object  in  this  armory  is  a  cannon,  carved  by 
hand  out  of  solid  metal,  and  heavily  ornamented  with  a  variety  of 
delicately  wrought  figures  in  bas90  relievo.  It  is  the  work  of  an 
Italian,  who  is  said  to  have  been  thirty  ye^rs  engaged  at  it.  The 
immense  amount  of  labor  obviously  expended  upon  it  makes  it 
seem  possible  that  even  an  industrious  man  might  have  required  a 
hundred  years  to  accomplish  it.  The  cannon  is  about  the  size  of  our 
modern  six-pounder,  and  does  not  materially  differ  from  it  in 
pattern. 

Up  another  flight  of  stairs,  and  we  enter  a  long  room  which  is 
garnished  with  a  small  door  let  into  the  wall,  about  midway  on  the 
right-hand  side.  This  door  opens  into  a  scowling  little  cell,  just  eight 
feet  square.  In  t^is  pent-up  Utica  of  Cimmerian  gloom  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  was  confined  for  fourteen  years,  by  Elizabeth,  that  illustri- 
ous slip  of  decayed  virginity.  Save  her  own  sister,  of  bloody  mem- 
ory, there  is  no  other  woman  in  English  history  who  had  such  a 
cultivated  taste  for  dabbling  in  noble  blood,  as  that  same  carroty- 
headed  vestal.  Her  affections  were  something  like  boils,  for  they 
generally  ended  by  coming  to  a  head. 

While  cribbed  in  the  dungeon  described,  Sir  Walter  is  said  to 
have  written  his  "  History  of  the  World."  It  was  rather  a  droll 
ambition,  on  the  whole,  for  a  man  who  held  by  very  uncertain  tenure 
only  eight  feet  square  of  the  world. 

The  large  room  into  which  the  cell  opens  is  used,  at  present,  as  a 
magazine,  in  which  are  kept  the  various  instruments  of  torture  which 
plagued  our  venerable  ancestors.  There  are  the  thumb-screws, 
the  racks,  the  pincers,  the  boot,  and  the  "  scavenger's  daughter ;" 
the  last  of  which  is  as  unwholesome  a  looking  contrivance  as  its 
name  would  imply.  There  also,  in  perfect  keeping,  is  the  block  on 
which  Anne  Boelyn,  Kate  Howard,  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  were  beheaded.  The  axe,  too,  which  served  on  those  occa- 
sions, is  there,  in  thorough  preservation.  The  block  is  dark  with 
age,  and  polished  with  much  handling.  It  retains  very  legible  im- 
pressions of  the  strokes  of  the  axe  for  the  last  three  occasions  on 
which  it  was  used.  There  may  be  sermons  in  stones  surely,  for  that 
stupid  and  senseless  block  is  eloquent  of  many  sermons. 

*'  The  Jewel  Tower,"  which  is  reached  by  crossing  the  court-yard 
from  the  White  Tower,  is  the  place  where  the  crown  jewels  are 


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506  SKETCHES  OP  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

kept.  There,  exposed  in  a  glass  case,  the  republican  eye  may  view 
with  modest  awe  the  great  diamonds  from  which  royalty,  on  State 
occasions,  is  wont  to  borrow  one  of  its  stunning  effects.  About  mid- 
way that  part  of  the  court-yard,  east  of  the  White  Tower,  is  the  spot 
where  the  scaffolds  were  erected  on  which  the  executions  took  place. 
No  sign  of  its  murderous  antecedents  now  remains,  and  it  looks  as 
serene  and  pacific  as  if  it  had  never  known  what  it  was  to  suck  up 
innocent  blood. 

Some  fifly  yards  from  this,  proceeding  in  an  easterly  direction, 
we  approach  the  tower  in  which  Anne  Bolcyn,  Kate  Howard,  and 
Lady  Jane  Grey  were  at  different  times  confined.  The  room  is  a 
small  octagonal  structure,  with  little  recesses  let  into  the  solid  stone- 
work. These  recesses  were  designed  for  sleeping-places,  and  very 
appropriate  they  were,  for  the  hard  fates  they  temporarily  accommo* 
dated.  Various  inscriptions  are  carved  on  the  walls  by  the  many 
poor  devils  who  only  left  them  to  ascend  the  scaffold  outside.  Some 
of  the  inscriptions  are  quotations  from  favorite  authors,  and  others 
are  original.  Most  of  the  latter  are  commonplace  enough,  but  a 
few  of  them  are  full  of  touching  pathos. 

In  another  lofly  tower  which  surmounts  the  immense  gateway 
leading  into  the  court-yard,  I  observed  a  woman  with  three  little 
children  pLiying  around  her.  The  spectacle  was  so  thoroughly 
peaceful,  tender,  domestic,  that  1  instinctively  singled  out  the  spot  as 
one,  at  least,  about  which  clung  no  butcherly  memories.  Imagine 
my  shock  of  surprise  when  informed  that  this  was,  par  excellence^ 
the  "  Bloody  Tower^'^  the  place  where  the  infant  sons  oi  Edward  IV. 
were  murdered  by  order  of  Gloster.  The  sight  of  the  spot  brought 
irresistibly  to  mind  those  beautiful  lines  in  Richard  111.,  in  which  the 
assassin  pictures  the  sleeping  aspect  of  the  doomed  children. 

"  The  tyrannous  and  bloody  act  is  done ; 
Tlie  most  arch  deed  of  piteous  massacre, 
That  pver  yet  this  land  was  guilty  of. 
Dighlon  and  Forrest,  whom  I  did  suborn 
To  do  this  piece  of  ruthless  butchery, 
Albeit  they  were  flesh'd  villains,  bloody  dogs. 
Melting  with  tenderness  and  mild  compassion, 
Wept  like  two  children,  in  their  deathV  sad  story. 
O  timtt,  quoth  Dighton,  lay  the  qentle  babes, — 
Thwi^  thiie,  quoth  Forrest,  girdling  one  another 
Within  their  alabaster  innocent  arms : 
Their  lips  icere  four  red  roses  on  a  stalk,       ^ 
}Vhich,  in  their  summer  beauty,  kissed  each  other. 

We  smothered 
The  most  replenislted  sweet  work  of  nature 
TJiat,from  the  prime  creation,  e*er  she  framed." 

Another  spot  to  M'hich  the  guide  specially  invoked  my  attention 
was  the  "Devcreux  Tower."  It  is  so  called  from  the  fact  that 
Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of  Essex,  a  favorite  of  Elizabeth,  was  con- 
fined there  up  to  the  time  of  his  tendering  her  his  head.  In  nothing 
else  did  Elizabeth  so  satisfactorily  vindicate  her  paternity,  as  in  the 
ugly  trick  she  fell  into,  of  rewarding  with  the  axe  whoever  had  the 


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SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL.  607 

iDisfortane  to  excite  her  tenderness.  A  queen's  love  is  doubtless  a 
valuable  commodity,  but  to  pay  for  it  with  your  head  makes  its  pro- 
prietorship expensive. 

Every  inch  of  this  venerable  pile  is  historic,  and  to  the  student 
of  English  annals,  few  other  places  appeal  so  eloquently  as  "  The 
Tower." 

Zoological  Gardens. — ^To  one  who  has  a  taste  for  ornithology 
and  zoology,  these  gardens  hold  out  irresistible  attractions.  There 
are  collected  together,  it  is  said,  the  most  complete  assortment  of 
quadrupeds  and  birds  that  is  to  be  seen  anywhere  else  in  the  world. 
Asia,  Africa,  Europe,  America,  Japan,  and  all  the  discovered  islands 
of  the  universe,  have  been  put  under  contribution  to  supply  this 
mammoth  menagerie.  The  gardens  in  which  it  is  lodged  are  very 
handsomely  improved,  and  all  the  arrangements  for  the  domicilia- 
tion of  the  beasts  and  birds  seem  to  be  governed  by  an  admirable 
regard  to  taste  and  the  comfort  of  the  inhabitants. 

Most  of  the  animals  were  familiar  to  me,  but  some  of  them  I  had 
never  enjoyed  the  honor  of  meeting  before.  Of  the  latter  was  a 
white  peacock.  Its  general  configuration  seemed  identical  with  that 
of  the  ordinary  species  which  we  have  domesticated,  but  not  a  colored 
feather  illustrated  its  body.  Fr^m  the  nib  of  his  beak  to  the  tip  of 
his  tail  he  was  as  white  as  new-fallen  snow.  This  modesty  of  plu- 
ro^e  probably  rendered  his  personal  bearing  comparatively  unaf- 
fected, which  contributed  still  further  to  disguise  the  fact  that  he  was 
a  peacock. 

Among  the  new  acquaintances  I  formed  there  were  two  varieties 
of  fox.  For  the  sake  of  an  attenuated  brother  of  mine,  to  whose  ear 
the  cry  of  a  full  pack  by  moonlight  is  the  most  tuneful  orchestra  in 
the  world,  I  made  a  special  note  of  the  foxes.  One  is  of  a  deep  red 
color,  as  to  the  nether  part  of  his  person,  with  a  vivid  gray  rim  en- 
circling his  back.  In  size  he  is  much  larger  than  the  red  fox  of 
America,  but  defers  humbly  to  the  latter  in  that  crowning  glory  of 
the  fox,  the  tail. 

The  other  variety  is  of  a  uniform  mouse  color,  and  remarkably 
small ;  not  larger,  I  should  say,  than  an  ordinary  poodle.  He  has  a 
splendid  reddish-looking  brush,  and  his  ears,  curious  to  relate,  are 
larger  than  those  of  the  white  rabbit.  He  is  called  the  ^^fennec  fox^'* 
and  is  a  native  of  Egypt.  But  for  the  caudal  appendage,  of  which 
the  veritable  "  molly  hare'*  is  inde<jorously  deficient,  one  would 
rather  infer  it  was  a  rabbit  than  a  fox. 

The  queerest-looking  animal  in  the  collection  is  a  creature  stand- 
ing perilously  on  two  legs,  and  called  the  "  weak-headed  stork.*' 
A  misnomer,  it  occurred  to  me,  for  his  head  was  the  only  substan- 
tial thing  about  him.  He  is,  perhaps,  four  feet  high,  with  a  huge 
bill  in  the  shape  of  an  alligator's  jaws,  and  a  head  so  preposterously 
large,  that  it  is  a  standing  miracle  for  his  pipe-stem  legs  to  uphold 
it.  He  seems  to  have  a  perfect  confidence  in  the  permanency  of  the 
miracle,  for  he  stands  his  ground  with  as  unfaltering  a  faith  in  the 
integrity  of  his  legs,  as  if  he  had  purchased  a  policy  from  a  "  limb- 


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508  SKETCHES  OP  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

assuring^'  company.  I  commend  him  to  the  tender  consideration  of 
your  radical  friends,  for  he  is  brought,  I  am  informed,  from  the  Ul- 
terior of  Africa. 

The  Crtstal  Palacb. — ^To  attempt  to  give  anything  like  a  fair 
notion  of  the  Crystal  Palace  under  a  shorter  dispensation  than  twenty 
reams  of  foolscap,  would  be  a  supreme  exploit  of  madness.  It  isonie 
of  those  wonderful  repositories  which  have  to  be  seen,  and  seen 
often,  to  acquire  adequate  conceptions  of.  I  have  devoted  three  days 
to  it,  and  find  that  I  have  seen  just  enough  to  put  me  in  a  state  of  in- 
structive confusion.  The  universe  appears  to  have  come  forward 
voluntarily  from  the  remotest  antiquity,  and  deposited  its  choicest 
possessions  there. 

That  which  attracted  me  most  in  the  Palace  was  the  reproduction, 
in  incarnate  forms,  of  the  various  types  of  architecture  which  pre- 
vailed in  the  olden  times.  The  half  of  one  entire  side  of  the  im- 
mense structure  is  devoted  to  illustrations  of  the  Egyptian,  the 
Greek,  the  Moorish,  the  Assyrian,  the  Roman  and  the  Byzantine 
architecture.  These  illustrations  are  expressed  in  what  the  Direc- 
tors of  the  Palace  denominate  the  Egyptian,  the  Greek,  the  Assyrian, 
the  Roman,  and  the  Byzantine  courts,  and  the  court  of  Alhambra. 
To  the  Alhambra,  or  Moorish  court,  I  confess  that  all  of  my  pre- 
ferences award  the  palm.  It  so  far  surpasses  in  magnificence  every 
rival  style,  and  is  so  lacking  in  every  principle  of  analogy  with  any 
other,  that  if  you  invite  me  to  describe  it,  **  I  treat  it  as  a  conun- 
drum, and  give  it  up." 

Aflber  wandering  for  hours  through  the  mammoth  repertoire,  I 
strayed  out  into  the  surrounding  gardens,  actually  to  escape  from  the 
throng  of  curious  things  which  solicited  my  tired  eyes,  and  the  army 
of  novel  impressions  which  attacked  my  worried  consciousness. 
The  gardens  occupy  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  ground, 
and  in  them  I  again  found  food  for  that  mental  dissatisfaction 
flowing  from  the  contemplation  of  objects  which  soar  above  all  efforts 
at  description.  I  lay  down  on  the  green-sward,  and  looked  at  those 
fairy  gardens,  abreath  with  fountains,  and  lakes,  and  flowers,  until 
my  heart  and  eyes  fairly  ached  with  a  sense  of  the  beautiful. 

Trusting  that  your  heart  nor  eyes  may  ever  ache  from  a  more  dis- 
tressing cause,  I  remain  truly  yours.  Carte  Blanche. 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON.  509 


ART.  IX.-EMANCIPATION  AND  COnON-THE  TRIUMPH  OF  BRIT- 
ISH POLICY.* 

[The  author  of  Uie  present  paper  sends  ns  a  copj,  with  the  request  to  publidi  it  in  the  pa^es 
of  the  Sktizw.  We  beliere  that  its  careful  perusal  will  effect  good  In  the  present  war&re 
against  Badlcal  policy  and  measures,  and  commend  it  to  the  carefhl  study  of  Conservative  men 
North  and  South.    It  is  lh>m  the  pen  of  Prof.  David  Cueistt,  author  of  **■  Ck)tton  is  Eing.^] 

EABLT   MOVEMENTB   OF   GREAT   BRITAIN   TO  RETRIEVE    HER    LOSSES    CONSEQUENT    UPON 
WEST   INDIA   EMANCIPATION. 

The  death-blow  to  cotton  cultivation  in  tlie  West  Indies  was  given  by  the  act 
abolishinj^  the  slave-trade.  At  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  the  ex- 
ports of  cotton  from  these  islands  nearly  equaled  that  from  the  Uniteo  States — 
the  one  exporting  17,000,000  pounds,  the  other  17,780,000  pounds.  But  urjon 
the  prohibition  of  the  slave-trade,  1808,  and  the  consequent  diminution  of  laoor 
in  the  islands,  its  cultivation  began  to  decline,  so  that  by  1834,  when  the  Eman- 
cipation Act  WQfit  into  operation,  it  had  diminished  to  2,296,525  pounds.  This 
enormous  decline  in  cotton  culture  in  the  West  Indies  was  a  source  of  great 
alarm  to  British  manufacturers. 

Emancipation  was  expected  to  remedy  this  great  misfortune,  on  the  theory 
held  by  the  philanthropists,  that  the  labor  of  the  negroes,  when  free,  would  be 
much  more  productive  than  it  had  been  while  they  were  slaves.  Upon  this  the- 
ory Parliament  based  its  act  for  the  abolition  of  West  India  slavery;  and,  as  a 
consequence  of  this  act,  the  English  people  confidently  anticipated  an  enlarged 
production  of  all  the  commodities  usually  cultivated  in  tlie  islands. 

Even  as  late  as  1889  this  theory  was  still  held  as  true,  as  appears  from  an  ad- 
dress delivered  in  Boston  by  Mr.  Scoble,  a  gentleman  who  had  been  Secretary  of 
the  British  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  Society,  which  was  reported  in  Th^  Chris- 
tian Watchman  of  that  year.  Mr.  Scoble  had  recently  visited  the  West  Indies, 
and  professed  to  speak  from  actual  observation.  He  represented  the  prosperity 
of  the  islands  as  on  the  increase,  and  this  he  "  accounted  for  by  saying  that  one 
freeman  would  do  more  than  two  slaves." 

All  this,  it  is  now  well  understood,  was  mere  bunkum,  designed  to  influence 
the  people  of  the  United  States  to  follow  the  example  of  England  in  abolishing 
slavery.  jtEsop  would  have  illustrated  the  designs  of  Mr.  Scoble  by  his  fable 
of  tiie  fox  that  nad  lost  his  tail  in  the  trap,  and  who  urged  upon  a  convention  of 
foxes  the  great  convenience  he  experienced  in  having  that  bushy  appendage  out 
of  the  way. 

*  The  astute  policy  of  France,  equally  with  that  of  England,  is  marked  in  its  cmanoIi>atIon 
of  slavery. 

Lacroix,  in  closing  a  speech  in  the  National  Convention  of  France,  1791,  in  seconding  the 
proposition  of  Lavasseur,  that  the  decree  should  at  once  be  proclaimed  abolishing  slavery  all 
over  the  territory  oi  the  Republic,  thus  gave  utterance  to  the  sentiments  which  governed  the 
members  in  adopting  that  measure: 

♦'Let  this  great  example  to  the  universe,  let  this  principle,  solemnly  consecrated,  re-echo  in 
the  hearts  of  the  Africans  in  chains  under  English  dominion;  let  them  feel  all  the  dignity  of 
their  being;  let  them  arm  themselves  and  come  to  augment  the  number  of  our  brothers  and 
votaries  or  universal  liberty  I** 

The  President  having  pronounced  the  abolition  of  sn^ery,  Danton  rose,  amid  the  shouts  of 
exultation  that  followed,  and  addressed  the  Gonventlon.    In  closing  he  said : 

**■  Citizens,  to-day  the  Englishman  is  dead  I  [Loud  appbuso.]  Pitt  and  his  plots  are  foiled ! 
The  English  behold  their  commerce  annihilated!  France,  which  to  this  day,  as  it  were,  trun- 
cated her  glory,  at  length  resumes,  in  the  eyes  of  astonished  and  submissive  Europe,  the  pre- 
ponderance wnioh  is  due  her  through  her  principles,  her  energy,  her  soil,  and  her  population. 
Activity,  energy,  generosity— but  generosity  directed  by  the  torch  of  reason,  and  steered  by 
the  compass  of  prinoiplea— will  insure  you  forever  the  gratitude  of  posterity." 

And  why  this  denundatton  of  EngUad,  and  this  sadden  sympathv  for  the  negro  by  these 
French  orators  and  phllanthropisU?  It  is  explained  by  the  writer  from  whom  we  quote,  M. 
Cochin,  of  France.  It  had  just  been  announced  to  the  Convention  that  the  English,  then  at 
war  witn  France,  had  possessed  themselves  of  Martinico  and  Gnadaloupe,  two  of  the  French 
West  India  slave-holding  colonies.  The  decree  of  emancipation,  it  was  believed,  would  ren- 
der the  islands  vahieless  to  the  English ;  and  not  this  only,  but  that  the  slaves  In  the  other 
British  isUnds,  acting  under  the  new  impulse,  would  throw  off  their  chains,  and  thus  deprive 
Qreat  Britain  of  the  basis  of  her  prosperous  commerce. 


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510  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

The  year  1839,  in  which  Mr.  Scoble  came  over  to  instroct  as  as  to  the  benefits 
of  emancipation,  found  the  West  Indies  exporting  bat  928,425  pounds  of  cotton, 
and  the  year  1840  but  427,629  pounds,  as  against  17,000,000  pounds  exported  in 
1800.  Cotton  cultivation  was  about  at  an  end  in  the  British  West  Indies.  The 
labor  necessary  for  ils  production  could  not  be  commanded;  and,  even  if  it  had 
been  in  sufficient  abundance,  prices  had  so  fallen,  in  consequence  of  the  immense 
production  of  the  United  States,  then  equaling,  for  export  alone,  748,941,000 
pounds  that  year,  1840,  that  attractive  wages,  it  was  said,  could  not  be  offered 
to  the  newly  emancipated  blacks. 

The  American  planter  had  the  monopoly  of  the  supply  of  cotton  to  the  mar- 
kets of  the  Christian  world  ;  and  the  West  India  planter,  as  far  as  he  could  com- 
mand labor,  chose  to  employ  it  in  the  production  of  sugar  rather  than  upon  cot- 
ton. This  left  the  British  manufacturer  at  the  mercy  of  the  slave-holder  of  the 
United  States  for  his  supplies  of  this  commodity — a  position  that  he  chose  not 
to  occupy  A  moment  longer  than  it  could  be  avoided.  We  find,  accordingly,  that 
at  the  same  time  that  Mr.  Scoble  was  telling  the  American  people  about  the  in- 
creasing  prosperity  of  the  West  Indies,  and  the  greater  efficiency  of  the  free 
negro  over  the  slave,  a  movement  was  set  on  foot  in  England  to  transfer  the  seat 
of  cotton  cultivation  to  the  East  Indies.  George  Thompson,  Esq.,  the  Abolition- 
ist, was  placed  in  the  foreground  in  this  movement,  and  during  1839,  in  a  course 
of  lectures,  undertook  to  prove  that  all  the  elements  of  sncces^ul  cotton  cultiva- 
tion existed  in  India,  and  that  the  English  people  might  soon  obtain  their  sup- 
plies of  cotton  from  that  country,  and  thus  be  enabled  to  repudiate  that  of  the 
United  States.  The  appeal  was  made  to  Parliament  to  extend  a  helping  hand 
to  cotton  culture  in  the  East  Indies ;  and  the  object  to  be  ^ined  by  the  measure 
proposed  was  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves  of  the  Unitea  States,  by  destroying 
the  markets  for  cotton  of  their  production.  In  one  of  his  lectures  Mr.  Ihomp- 
son  exclaims : 

"  The  battle-^rroand  lor  the  tre^dom  of  the  world  is  on  the  plains  of  Ilindostan.  Yes,  mj 
friends,  do  Justice  to  India;  wave  there  the  sceptre  of  Justice,  and  the  rt^I  or  oppression  fklls 
from  the  hands  of  the  slave-holder  in  Aroerica ;  and  the  slave,  swelling  beyond  the  measure  of 
his  chains,  stMids  disenthralled,  a  fbeemaa  and  an  acknowledged  brother."^ 

The  introduction  to  the  American  edition  of  the  lectures  delivered  by  Mr. 
Thompson  on  that  occasion,  which  was  written  by  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  con- 
tains the  following  sentences.  They  sufficiently  indicate  what  were  the  antici- 
pations of  the  advocates  of  that  measure: 

**  If  Enghind  can  raise  her  own  cotton  in  India  at  the  paltry  rate  of  a  pennj  a  pound,  what 
inducement  can  she  have  ta  obtain  her  supplies  from  a  rival  nation,  at  a  rate  of  six  or  eight 
times  higher?  It  is  stated  that  the  East  India  tree  labor  costs  three  pence  a  dav — African  slave 
labor  two  shillings;  that  upward  of  800,000  bales  of  cotton  are  exported  from  the  United  States 
annually  to  England,  and  that  the  cotton  trade  of  the  United  States  with  England  amonnts  to 
the  enormous  sum  of  $40,000,000  annual!  v.  Let  that  market  be  closed  to  this  slave-holding  re- 
public, and  its  slave  system  must  inevitably  perish  of  starvation.** 

In  pursuance  of  this  policy,  cotton-seed  from  the  United  States  was  sent  to 
India,  and  experienced  planters  from  Mississippi,  at  high  salaries,  were  employed 
to  superintend  its  cultivation:  but  the  enterprise  was  not  successful,  and  the 
Mississippians,  after  several  years'  experimenting,  returned  home  to  their  own 
plantations.  # 

The  public  are  so  fully  informed  on  this  subject,  that  the  history  of  the  enter- 
prise need  not  be  traced  at  large.  Towards  the  close  of  the  experiment  the  Lon- 
don TitneSf  under  the  head  of  **  Cotton  in  India,"  said : 

**Tho  one  great  element  of  American  snceese— of  American  enterprise— can  never,  at  least 
for  manv  generations,  be  Imparted  to  India,  it  is  impossible  to  expect  of  Hindoos  all  that  is 
achieved  by  clllxens  of  the  states.  During  the  experimcnta  to  which  we  have  allnded,  an  Bo- 
glisb  plo^  was  introduced  Into  one  of  the  provinces,  and  the  natives  were  taaght  its  snperlor- 
ity  over  their  own  clumsy  machinery.  They  were  at  first  astonished  and  d^ghted  at  its  ef- 
fects, but  as  soon  as  the  agents  back  was  turned,  they  took  it,  painted  it  red,  set  it  up  on  end 
and  worshiped  it** 

But  this  attempt  of  Great  Britain  to  secure  her  supplies  of  cotton  from  other 
sources  than  the  United  States  does  not  stand  alone.  Seeing,  as  if  by  prophetic 
forecast,  that  the  attempt  to  cultivate  the  better  qualities  of  cotton  in  India 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON.  511 

would  prove  a  failare,  a  nearly  simultaneons  effort  was*  made  to  extend  its  enl- 
tivation  to  Africa.  Tlie  West  Todies,  as  a  field  of  cotton  supply,  seemed  to  be 
closed  forever  as  a  consequence  of  emancipation.  It  was  the  expectation  of  the 
British  that  the  United  States  could  be  made  to  share  the  same  &te  by  the  suc- 
cess of  Abolitionism,  and  tiiat  the  monopoly  of  the  American  planter  being  thus 
destroyed,  the  price  of  cotton  would  necessarily  rise,  so  that  it  could  be  grown 
and  exported  at  a  profit  from  moro  distant  fields,  but  especially  from  her  own 
tropical  possessions. 

The  circumstances  which  gave  rise  to  the  attempt  to  make  Africa  a  field  of 
cotton  production  are  of  very  great  interest.  1  he  slave-trade  had  long  been 
prosecuted  with  tlie  utmost  vigor.  Great  Britain,  at  the  Assiento  Treaty,  1718, 
had  secured  its  monopoly  to  lierself ;  anti,  on  surrendering  that  monopoly,  four 
years  before  its  termination,  had  received,  as  a  consideration  from  Spain,  the 
Bum  of  half  a  million  of  dollars  !  In  1798,  the  exports  of  slaves,  chiefly  to  Bra- 
zil and  Cuba,  were  85,000  annually,  and  the  number  increased  regularly  until 
1840,  when  the  exports  were  135,800.  One  exception  exists.  From  1880  to 
1885  the  annual  exports  were  only  78,500. 

England  alone  had  expended  nearly  ninety  millions  of  dollars  in  an  attempt, 
without  succe<>s,  to  suppress  the  trafiic  in  slaves.  The  rapid  increase  of  the  cul- 
tivation of  cotton  in  the  United  States,  and  the  equally  rapid  increase  of  the  ex- 
ports of  coffee  from  Brazil,  and  of  sugar  from  Cuba,  were  truly  alarming  to  her 
statesmen.  The  remedy  proposed  was  to  make  all  Africa  a  dependency  of  the 
British  Crown,  and  to  secure  the  deliverance  of  Africa  by  calling  forth  her  own 
resources.  The  African  Civilization  Society  was  formed  as  the  agent  for  ac- 
complishing this  work,  and  the  Government,  to  promote  the  enterprise,  fitted  out 
three  lai-ge  iron  steamers,  at  an  expense  of  $300,0(>0,  for  the  use  of  the  company. 

The  ablest  writers  in  the  kingdom  brought  the  wiiole  weight  of  their  influence 
to  bear  upon  the  question,  so  as  to  secure  its  success.  Mr.  McQueen,  in  speaking 
of  the  great  things  that  England  had  already  accomplished,  and  what  she  could 
yet  achieve,  exclaimed : 

^Unfold  tbo  map  of  the  world.  We  command  the  Gan^s.  Forttfled  at  Bombay,  the  Indus 
Is  our  own.  Possessed  of  the  islands  in  the  mouth  of  the  Persian  Gnlf,  we  command  the  oat- 
lets  of  Persia  and  the  mouths  of  the  Euphrates,  and,  consequently,  of  countries  the  cradle  of 
the  human  race.  We  command  at  the  C^pe  of  Good  Hope.  Gibraltar  and  Malta  belonging  to 
us,  we  control  the  Mediterranean.  Let  us  plant  the  British  standard  on  the  island  of  Socatoro 
— upon  the  island  of  Fernando  Po,  and  inland  upon  the  banks  uf  the  Niger,  and  then  we  may 
flay  Asia  and  Africa,  for  all  their  productions  and  all  their  wants,  are  under  our  control.  It  Is 
in  our  power.    Nothing  can  prevent  ua.'^ 

But  the  magnificent  scheme  of  the  African  Civilization  Society  proved  an  ut- 
ter failure,  and  Britain  saw  no  prospect  of  escaping  from  her  position  of  depend- 
ence upon  the  United  States  for  her  supplies  of  cotton.  The  year  1844  rolled 
round,  with  no  improvement  in  the  conoition  of  things ;  and  Mr.  McQueen  again 
sounded  the  note  of  alarm,  by  reminding  the  English  people  of  what  they  bad 
been,  and  the  changed  circumstances  in  which  they  were  now  placed.     He  said : 

**  During  the  fearful  struggle  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  for  her  existence  as  a  nation,  against 
the  power  and  resources  of  Kurope,  directed  by  the  most  intelligent  but  remorseless  military 
ambition  against  her,  the  command  of  the  productions  of  the  torrid  zone,  and  the  adTantageous 
commerce  which  that  afforded,  gave  to  Great  Britain  the  power  and  resources  which  enabled 
her  to  meet,  to  combat,  and  to  overcome  hor  nhmerous  and  reckless  enemies  in  every  battle- 
field, whether  by  sea  or  land,  throughout  the  world.  In  her  the  world  saw  realized  the  fttbled 
^iant  of  antiquity.  With  her  hundred  hands  she  grasped  her  fees  In  every  region  imder  heav- 
en, and  crushed  them  with  resistless  energy." 

Now,  if  the  possession  and  control  of  tropical  production  gave  to  England 
such  Immense  resources,  and  secured  to  her  such  superiority  and  such  power  in 
the  last  century,  then  she  wooid  not  3rield  them  in  the  present  but  in  a  death- 
struggle  for  their  maintenancer  That  struggle  had  commenced  when  Mr.  McQueen 
came  forward  with  his  appeal  to  the  nation  to  resort  to  Africa  for  the  remedy. 
British  philanthropy  had  wrought  out  its  results  in  the  West  Indies,  and  demon- 
strated the  futility  of  the  schemes  it  had  pursued.  British  tropical  cultivation 
and  the  commerce  it  sustained  both  lay  in  ruins,  while  the  slave-trade  and  slav- 
ery laughed  the  nation  to  ecopn.     It  became  necessary,  therefore,  to  arouse  the 


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512  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

country  to  a  eense  of  its  dnnjrer,  and  facts  wore  at  hand  upon  which  to  base  the 
most  profound  arguments  for  immediate  action.  He  showed  that "  the  increased 
cultivation  and  prosperity  of  foreign  tropical  possessions  had  become  so  great, 
and  was  adTnncmg  so  rapidly  the  power  and  resources  of  other  nations,  that 
these  were  embarra^sinc^  England  in  all  her  commercial  relations,  in  her  pecuni- 
ary resources,  and  in  all  her  political  relations  and  nei^tiation"*." 

In  proof  of  his  assertions  Mr.  McQueen  presented  the  official  returns  of  the 
exports  from  the  British  tropical  possessions,  as  compared  with  those  of  a  few 
only  of  those  of  other  nations,  in  three  article*  alone  of  tropical  product?.  The 
following  are  the  results : 

r Articles.                                                                    British  PossMwiont.  Other  f^iuntrt 

Fugar,  1S4«. Iba  441,802.858  Ibft.  14W,044,T84 

Ck)ffee,1842 21,898.003  887,482,840 

Cotton,1840. 187,448,44«  »81,20«,903 

The  British  possessions  referred  to  include  the  East  Indies,  West  Indies,  and 
Mauritius;  the  foreign  countries,  the  United  States,  Cuba,  Brazil,  Jara,  and 
Venezuela. 

This  exhibition  of  figures  is  full  of  meaning.  Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  these  foreign  countries  had  been  created  within  thirty  years  of  the  date 
of  the  appeal  of  Mr.  McQueen ;  and,  aside  from  the  United  States,  Java,  and 
Venezuela,  all  were  dependent  upon  the  slaTC-trade  for  the  succiissful  prosecution 
of  their  cultivation.     Mr.  M.  therefore  proceeded  to  say : 

**  If  the  foreiflro  Blave-trade  be  not  extlngalsbed,  and  tho  tropical  territories  of  other  powers 
•ppoaed  and  checked  by  Brltiah  tropical  caltivailon,  then  the  intemts  and  power  of  anch 
Suites  will  rise  into  a  preponderanoo  oyer  those  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  power  and  tho  infla- 
enoe  of  the  latter  will  cease  to  be  felt,  feared,  and  respected  among  the  civilized  and  powerfnl 
nations  of  the  world.^ 

From  these  facts  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that  the  slave-trade  had  been  very  sen- 
sibly and  very  Feriou«ly  afflicting  the  interests  of  the  British  Government;  that 
it  had  been  an  engine,  since  1 808,  in  the  hands  of  otht'r  nations,  by  which  they 
had  thrown  England  into  the  background  in  the  production  of  those  articles  of 
which  she  formerly  had  the  monopoly,  and  which  had  given  to  her  such  power 
and  influence ;  and  that  she  must  either  crush  the  slave-trade,  or  it  would  con- 
tinue to  paralyze  her.  Here  is  the  true  secret  of  her  movements  in  reference  to 
the  slave-trade  and  slavery.  Her  first  step — the  prohibition  of  the  slave-trade 
to  her  colonies — gave  to  Spain,  Portugal,  and  France  all  the  advantages  of  that 
traffic ;  and  the  cheaper  and  more  abundant  labor  thus  secured  gave  a  powerful 
stimulus  to  the  production  of  tropical  commodities  in  their  colonies,  and  soon 
enabled  them  to  rival  and  greatly  surpass  England  in  the  amount  of  her  produc- 
tion of  these  articles.  It  was  considered  absolutely  necessary,  therefore,  to  the 
prosperity  of  Great  BritaiA  that  she  should  regain  the  advantageous  position 
whicn  she  had  occupied  in  being  the  chief  producer  of  tropical  commodities,  or, 
at  least,  that  she  should  lessen  her  dependence  upon  other  countries  by  their  cul- 
tivation in  her  own  colonies. 

But  the  Government  and  its  advisers  now  found  themselves  in  the  mortifying 
position  of  having  blundered  miserably  in  their  emancipation  scheme,  and  of 
having  landed  themselves  in  a  dilemma  of  singular  perplexity.  The  prohibition 
of  the  slave-trade,  and  the  abolition  of^slavery  in  the  West  Indies,  resulted  so  fa- 
vorably  to  the  interests  of  those  countries  employing  slave  labor,  by  enUrging 
the  markets  for  slave-grown  products,  that  the  difioculty  of  inducing  them  to 
cease  from  it  was  increased  a  hundred  fold. 

In  relation  to  these  embarrassments  Mr.  McQueen  said : 

**  Instead  of  supplying  her  own  wants  with  tropical  prodaotlonB,and  next  nearly  all  Europe, 
as  she  formei  iy  did,  the  British  nation  had  scareely  e^nRgh  of  some  of  the  most  Importaot  ar- 
ticles for  her  own  oonsanipUon,  while  her  colonies  were  mostly  sappllcd  with  foroign  slare 

produce In  the  mean  time,  tropical  produclions  had  increased  teom  the  valoe  of 

t7fi,000,000  annually  to  $800,000,000  annually.    The  English  capital  Invested  In  tropieal 
.^  ..  _    «    .       .  «  _.  ,_,.._  ^  .  t     _  . 'onlnU     '  ^ *       * 

relffn  m 
iy  dopei 
sUvee.**    The  odds,  therefore,  in  agricultural  and  commercial  capital  and  Interest,  and  conse- 
Iy  In  political  power  and  influence,  arrayed  against  the  British  tropical-posseislons  **  were 
i^fliz  to  one." 


$70,000,000  annually  to  $800,000,000  annuallv.  The  English  capital  Invested  In  tropieal  pro- 
ductions In  the  East  and  Weat  Indies  had  been,  by  emancipation  in  the  latter,  reduced  from 
$750,000,000  to  $650,000,000;  while,  since  1806,  on  the  part  of  foreign  nations,  $4,000,000,000  of 
flzed  capiul  had  been  created  in  slaves  and  in  cultivation  wholly  dependent  upon  the  labor  of 

sUves!*^-       "     '       -       •    •       '       •  ..        ..<      ...t^-       . 

qnently 
narftd— 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  CX)TTON.  518 

This,  then,  was  the  position  of  Eoffland  from  1840  to  1844,  and  thea^^the 
forces  marshaled  against  her,  and  which  ehe  must  meet  and  comhat  In  all  her 
moTements  hitherto  site  had  only  added  to  the  strength  of  her  rivals.  Her  first 
step,  the  prohibition  of  the  slave-trade,  had  diminished  her  West  India  laborers 
100,000  in  twenty  years,  and  reduced  her  production  thirty-three  per  cent,  giv- 
ing all  the  benefits  arisine  from  this  and  the  slave-trade  to  rival  nations,  who 
but  too  well  improved  their  advantage?.  Her  second  step,  emancipation,  re- 
duced her  production  to  abont  one-fourth  of  what  it  had  been  previous  to  1808. 

But,  besides  her  commercial  sacrifices,  she  had  expended  $100,000,000  to  re- 
munerate the  planters  for  the  slaves  emancipated,  and  another  $100,000,000  for 
an  armed  repression  of  the  slave-trade.  And  yet,  in  all  this  enormous  expendi- 
ture, resulting  only  in  loss  to  England,  Africa  had  received  no  advantage  what- 
ever. On  the  contrary,  she  had  been  robbed,  since  1808,  of  at  least  8,500,000 
slaves,  wlio  had  been  exported  to  Cuba  and  Brazil  from  her  coast,  making  a  total 
loss  to  Africa,  by  the  rule  of  Buxton,  of  11,666,000  human  beings  I 

Now,  it  was  abundantly  evident  that  Great  Britain  was  impelled  by  an  over- 
powering necessity,  by  the  instinct  of  eelf-preservation,  to  effect  the  suppression 
of  the  slave-trade.  The  measures  to  be  adopted  to  insure  success  were  also  be- 
coming more  apparent  Few  other  nations  are  guided  by  statesmen  more  quick 
to  perceive  tlie  best  course  to  adopt  io  an  emergency,  and  none  more  readily 
al>andon  a  scheme  as  soon  as  it  proves  impracticable.  Great  Britain  stood 
pledged  to  her  own  citizens  and  to  the  world  for  the  suppre^on  of  the  slave- 
trade.  She  stood  equally  pledged  to  demonstrate  that  free  labor  could  be  made 
more  productive  than  slave  labor,  even  in  the  cultivation  of  tropical  commodi- 
ties. These  pledges  she  could  not  deviate  from  nor  revoke.  But  she  could 
only  demonstrate  the  greater  productiveness  of  free  labor  over  slave  labor  by  op- 
posmg  the  one  to  the  other,  in  their  practical  operations,  on  a  scale  coextensive 
with  each  other.  She  must  produce  tropical  commodities  so  cheaply  and  so 
abundantly  by  free  labor  that  bhe  could  undersell  slavo-gcown  products  to  such 
an  extent,  and  glut  the  markets  of  the  world  so  fully,  as  to  render  it  unprofitable 
any  longer  to  employ  slaves  in  tropical  production.  Such  an  enterprise  success- 
fully carried  out,  she  conceived,  would  be  a  death-blow  to.  the  ilave-trade  and 
slavery. 

**  But  there  remained  no  portion  of  the  tropical  world  where  labor  could  be  had  on  the  spot* 
and  whereon  Great  Britain  could  conyenlentiy  and  safely  plant  her  foot  In  order  to  aooompliah 
this  desirable  object — ezteoslve  tropical  cultivation— but  In  tropical  Africa.  Bvery  other  part 
was  occupied  bv  Independent  nations,  or  by  people  that  might  and  would  soon  become  Inde- 
pendent.^ Africa,  therefore,  was  the  field  upon  which  Great  Britain  was  compelled  to  enter 
and  make  her  second  grand  experiment. 

But  lo !  even  this  field  was  not  now  as  fully  open  as  it  had  been  when  the 
Niger  expedition  was  fitted  out  The  failure  of  that  enterprise  occurred  while 
the  Government  was  engaged  in  adjusting  its  first  difficulty  with  China,  which 
grew  ont  of  the  "  opium  question,"  and  in  conducting  its  war  with  the  Sikhs  in 
India.  When,  therefore,  attention  was  now  turned  to  Africa,  it  was  found  that 
much  of  its  territory  also  had  been  occupied  by  other  nations,  and  that  England 
no  longer  had  it  in  her  power  "  to  make  all  Africa  a  dependency  of  the  British 
Crown." 

Let  us  state  the  &cts  on  this  point.  France,  fully  alive  to  the  importance  of 
the  commerce  with  Africa,  had,  within  a  short  period,  securely  placed  herself 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal  and  at  Goree,  extending  her  influence  eastward  and 
southward  from  both  places.  She  had  a  settlement  at  Albreda,  on  the  Gambia, 
a  short  distance  above  St.  MarVs,  and  which  commands  that  river.  She  had 
formed  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gaboon,  and  another  at  the  chief  mouth 
of  the  Niger.  She  had  fixed  herself  at  Massuah  and  Bure,  on  the  west  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea,  commanding  the  inlets  into  Abyssinia.  She  had  endeavored  to  fix 
her  flag  at  Brava  and  tMimouth  of  the  Jub,  and  had  taken  permanent  possession 
of  the  important  islampQi  Johanna,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  Mozambique 
Channel,  by  which  she  acquired  its  command.  Her  active  a^nts  were  placed 
in  Southern  Abyssinia,  and  employed  in  traversing  the  borders  of  the  Great 
White  Nile ;  while  Algiers,  on  the  northern  shores  of  Africa,  wasspeedily  to 

VOL.  IL-NO.  V.  33 


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614  ^  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

become  her  own.  Spain  had  planted  herself,  smce  the  Ni^er  expedition,  in  the 
island  of  Fernando  Po,  which  commands  all  the  outlets  of  the  Niger  and  the  lif- 
ers from  Cameroons  to  the  equator.  Portugal,  witnessing  these  movements,  had 
taken  measures  to  revive  her  once  fine  and  still  Important  colonies  in  tropical 
Africa.  They  included  seventeen  degrees  of  latitude  on  the  east  coast,  from  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn  to  Zanzibar,  and  nearly  nineteen  degrees  on  the  west  coast, 
from  the  twentieth  degree  of  south  latitude  northward  to  Cape  Lopez.  The  Imaam 
of  Muscat  laid  claim  to  the  sovereignty  on  the  east  coast  from  Zanzibar  to  Ba- 
belmand^,  with  the  exception  of  the  station  of  the  French  at  Brava.  From  the 
Senegal  northward  to  Algeria  was  in  the  possession  of  the  independent  Moorish 

Srinces.  Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  Egypt  were  north  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  in- 
ependent  tributaries  of  Turkey. 

Here,  then,  all  the  eastern  and  northern  coasts  of  Africa,  and  also  the  west 
eoast,  from  the  Gambia  northward,  were  found  to  be  in  the  actual  posseasioii  of 
independent  sovereignties,  Who,  of  course,  would  not  yield  the  right  to  England. 
Sontnem  Africa,  below  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn,  already  belonguig  to  England, 
though  only  the  same  distance  south  of  the  equator  that  Cuba  and  Florida  are 
north  of  it,  is  highly  elevated  above  the  sea  level,  and  not  adapted  to  tropical 
productions.  The  claims  of  Portugal  on  the  west  coast,  before  noticed,  extend- 
ing from  near  the  British  South  African  line  to  Cape  Lopez,  excluded  England 
from  that  district  From  Cape  Lopez  to  the  mouth  of  the  Niger,  including  the 
Gaboon  and  Fernando  Po,  as  alreaay  stated,  was  under  the  control  of  the  French 
and  Spanish. 

The  only  new  African  territory,  therefore,  not  claimed  by  civilized  countries, 
w^ch  could  be  made  avcdlable  to  England  anywhere  along  the  coast  for  her 
great  scheme  of  tropical  cultivation,  was  that  between  the  Niger  and  Liberia, 
embracing  nearly  fourteen  degrees  of  longitude.  There  she  began  her  work, 
making  I^igos  and  Abbeokuta  ner  principal  points.  In  the  mean  time  Dr.  liv- 
ingstone,  penetrating  the  interior  from  the  south,  gave  great  promises  as  to  the 
prospects  of  a  large  supply  of  cotton  from  the  regions  he  traversed. 

Pardon  these  details.  They  are  necessary  to  the  proper  understanding  of  the 
course  pursued  by  England  to  retrieve  her  losses  consequent  upon  her  schemes 
for  the  elevation  of  the  negro  race. 

ooNornoN  of  thk  cotton  question  in  1850. 

Before  attempting  to  show  the  result  of  the  British  efforts  in  Africa  and  else- 
where towards  mcreaslng  the  supplies  of  cotton  to  the  English  manufacturers 
the  exact  condition  of  this  question  in  1860  must  be  given,  as  it  will  afford  a 
starting-point  from  which  to  estimate  the  true  progress  made  by  England  in 
her  efforts  to  become  independent  of  the  United  States  for  her  supplies  of  cot- 
ton. The  year  1888  brought  about  emancipation,  and  1840  convinced  the  Eng- 
lish people  that,  economically  at  least,  it  would  be  a  failure.  Hence  the  efforts 
we  have  enumerated  to  relieve  themselves  from  the  fatal  consequences  that  were 
likely  to  follow.  And  what  had  the  ten  years  of  laborious  exertion  produced  ? 
Let  the  London  Econoiniit  answer : 

*-'  1.  That  oar  sopply  of  eotton  from  all  qaarters  (exdading  the  United  States)  baa  for  maof 
yean  been  decidedly,  tbongb  irregalarly,  decreaalng. 

**2.  That  oar  aapply  of  cotton  h'om  aU  qoartera  (ladadlng  tho  United  StateaX  available  for 
home  oonaomptioB,  bas  of  late  yean  been  nlliog  off  at  the  rate  of  400,000  poonda  a  week,  while 
our  oonanmpUon  has  been  increaatng  daring  the  Bame  period  at  the  rate  of  1,4401,000  ponoda 
per  week. 

**8.  That  the  Unltad  States  is  the  only  comitry  where  the  growth  of  cotton  is  on  the 
Increase ;  and  that  there,  CTen,  the  Increase  does  not,  on  an  average,  exceed  three  per  oeot, 
or  88,0M,000  ponnda  annaally.  which  ia  barely  sofflcient  to  aapply  the  Increasing  demand  for 
tta  own  conaompUon  and  for  the  Continent  of  Borope. 

**4.  That  no  stimalns  of  price  can  materially  aogment  thfa  annual  increase,  aa  the  plantera 
always  grow  aa  mach  cotton  aa  the  negro  popalation  can  pick. 

'*a  That  oonaeqaently,  If  the  cotton  manaflictare  of  weat  jIMtaln  Is  to  increase  at  all— on 
Ita  present  footing— it  can  only  be  enabled  to  do  so  by  ^yplytng  a  great  atimnlaa  to  the  growth 
of  cotton  in  other  coantries  adapted  for  the  cnltare." 

This  condition  of  things  was  forced  upon  the  British  manufacturers,  becsoae 
the  British  free  labor  system  could  not  compete  with  our  slave  labor  system. 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON.  515 

We  coold  Bopplj  tbe  markets  so  mach  cheaper  than  the  English  colonies  were 
able  to  do,  that  our  cotton  drove  theirs  from  the  British  market.  From  188(i 
to  1848  the  fall  in  the  price  of  cotton,  other  than  that  from  the  United  States, 
was  from  86  per  cent  to  48  per  cent.  This  included  the  importations  irom  all 
the  miscellaneous  source?.  In  the  last  century  the  West  Indies  and  Smyrna 
had  supplidd  the  demand.  Brazil  had  diminished  her  exports  to  one-half  of 
the  former  amount.  "E^ypt  had  diminished  her  exports  to  less  than  one-third 
of  what  it  had  been.  India  had  also  diminished  her  exports.  All  this  was  the 
result  of  the  fall  in  the  price  of  cotton,  consequent  upon  the  more  efficient  labor 
system  of  the  United  States. 

The  opening  of  1850  showed  that  the  total  consumption  of  cotton,  for  the 
preceding  year,  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  had  been  near  1,180,000,000 
pounds,  of  which  only  73,689,000  pounds  were  from  free  labor  countries.  The 
Indebtedness  of  the  Christian  world  to  »laye  labor,  at  that  moment,  for  the  arti- 
cle of  cotton,  was  near  1,101,000,000  pounds.  Great  Britain,  during  1869,  con- 
sumed 624,000,000  pounds,  of  which  a  little  'imder  71,600,000  pounds  were  of 
free  labor  origin. 

Here,  now,  we  find  that  the  ten  years'  struggle  of  Great  Britain,  to  escape 
from  her  dependence  upon  the  United  States  for  cotton,  had  been  a  complete 
failure.  She  was  more  dependent  upon  us  for  that  article  than  ever  before. 
She,  therefore,  renewed  her  struggles  for  another  ten  years. 

PROGRESS   OF    KTBNTS    OONNZOTED    WITH    COTTON   CULTUBB   AFTER   1860,   AND  THEIR 
RESULTS   AT  THE  OPBlHirQ   OF    1860. 

The  great  leading  interest  of  England — her  principal  dependence  for  the 
maintenance  of  her  power  and  influence — is  her  manufactures.  Out  of  this  in- 
terest grows  her  immense  commerce,  and  from  her  commerce  arises  her  ability 
to  sustain  her  vast  navy,  giving  to  her  such  a  controlling  influence  in  the  affairs 
of  the  world.  It  is  asserted  that  Manchester  and  Glasgow  could,  in  a  few  years, 
prepare  themselves  for  furnishing  muslin  and  cotton  goods  to  the  whole  world — 
that  with  England  the  great  difficulty  felt  is,  not  to  get  hands  to  keep  pace  with 
the  consumers,  but  to  get  a  demand  to  keep  pace  with  the  hands  employed  in 
the  production.    This  is  her  position. 

But,  to  proceed.  From  1840  to  1849,  the  average  price  of  cotton  was  7  91-100 
cents  per  pound.  This  low  price  was  the  principal  cause  of  the  decreas^of  its 
production  in  countries  other  than  the  United  States ;  and  an  increase  of  price 
was  essential  to  the  encouragement  of  extended  cultivation  in  the  countries 
which  had  been  supplying  it.  as  well  as  in  new  fields  where  its  growth  might 
be  introduced.  But  no  permanent  increase  of  price  occurred  until  1867,  when 
it  rose  to  12  66-100  cents  per  pound.  This,  however,  was  in  consequence  of 
the  short  crop  of  our  planters,  wno  exported  that  year  808,000,000  pounds  less 
than  in  the  preceding  year.  The  years  1860  and  1861  had  also  been  unfavora- 
ble—the former  supplying  for  export  891,000,000  pounds  less  than  the  exports 
of  1849,  and  the  latter  near  100,000,000  pounds  lees  than  those  of  that  year — 
the  average  price  per,'pound  for  the  two  years  being  11  7-10  cents.  The  five 
years  succeeding  1861  furnished  abundant  crops  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
price  averaged  only  9  12-100  cents  per  pound.  No  increased  production 
abroad^could  be  secured  under  these  prices.  While  the  rise  of  price  in  1867 
had  brought  from  India  the  unprecedented  amount  of  260,800,000  pounds,  the 
fidl  in  price  afterwards  reduced  the  exports  down  nearly  to  the  former  standard. 

But,  though  the  crops  of  1868  and  1869,  in  the  United  States,  were  large— 
that  of  the  fiU;ter  year  allowing  an  export  of  1,872,000,000  pounds-^yet,  owing 
to  the  increasing  consnn^tion  on  the  continent  and  in  the  United  states,  the 
supply  of  England  was  not  equal  to  her  wants ;  and  the  anxiety  in  relation  to 
her  cotton  supplies  continued  to  engage  attention. 

The  year  1869,  like  1849,  supplies  a  point  from  wldch  we  can  survey  the  re* 
suits  of  the  British  efforts  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  their  own 
possessions,  and  in  countries  other  than  the  United  States.  In  that  year,  1869,. 
the  imports  of  cotton  into  Great  Britain,  firom  all  sources,  was  1,216,900,000) 


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616  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

pounds,  of  whioh  1,164,000,000  pounds  were  from  the  United  States  and  the 
East  Indies,  leaving  but  61,900,000  pounds  from  all  other  countries,  or  an  in- 
crease of  only  T60,000  pounds  durini?  the  year !  Her  efforts,  then,  in  other 
countries,  had  been  almost  a  failure.  From  1867  the  prices  remained  more  than 
two  cents  higher  per  pound  than  during  the  five  preceding  years,  and  thus  a 
^at  stimulus  was  afforded  to  the  American  planter  to  increase  his  cultivation. 
But  while  lie  prices  richly  remunerated  him,  they  were  at  Iwist  one  cent  per 
pound  too  low  to  allow  of  any  serious  competition  from  India.  At  12  65-100 
cents  per  pound,  in  1867,  the  Eust  Indies  sent  to  England  260,800,000  pounds; 
but  in  1868,  at  11  72-100  cents  per  pound,  only  138,200,000  pounds  were  for- 
warded from  that  Quarter.  It  became  plain,  therefore,  that  if  the  American 
planter  could  keep  the  price  of  cotton  below  al^put  eleven  cents  a  pound,  he 
could  retain  the  monopoly  of  the  markets  of  Europe,  by  preventing  an  increased 
supply  from  India.  But  here,  at  this  very  point,  a  diffculty  presented  itself. 
The  increase  of  the  demand  for  cotton,  as  has  been  estimated,  would  equal  five 
per  cent,  per  annum,  were  it  practicable  to  augment  the  pixxluction  to  tliat  ex- 
tent, and  the  American  planter  could  only  increase  it  in  the  ratio  of  three  per 
cent. 

Thus,  an  important  question  arose,  as  to  who  should  supply  this  demand. 
The  American  planter  could  not  do  it,  except  by  extending  the  area  of  slave 
labor ;  and  the  British  people  dare  not  attempt  it,  while  cotton  maintiuned  the 
low  prices  which  had  prevailed.  The  English  introduced  the  coolie  system  of 
labor,  to  revive  their  lost  fortunes  in  their  tropical  colonies ;  and,^  fearing  the 
Americans  would  renew  the  slave-trade,  they  again  commenced  their  efforts  to 
prevent  such  a  result  It  was  readily  perceived,  by  English  manufacturers 
and  statesmen,  that  if  the  slave-trade  should  be  renewed  by  the  United  States — 
an  opinion  for  which  there  never  was  any  iust  foundation — all  their  hopes  of 
regaining  the  monopoly  of  tropical  cultivation,  as  well  as  their  expectations  of 
divorcing  themselves  from  the  cotton  planters  of  the  United  States,  would  be  at 
an  end.  It  was  of  the  utmost  importance,  therefore,  that  such  a  calamity  to 
England,  as  the  renewal  of  the  slave-trade  by  the  United  States,  should  be 
averted  at  all  hazards.  It  was  almost  equally  important,  also,  that  American 
slavery  should  be  kept  within  the  limits  where  it  then  existed,  and  prevented 
from  extending  to  new  and  more  productive  fields  of  cultivation.  Ajid  why  ? 
Becauee,  after  all  the  efforts  itiade  by  Great  Britain  to  promote  cotton  culture 
throughout  the  world,  there  had  been  no  contdderable  increase,  in  the  aggregate, 
excepting  in  the  United  States  and  the  East  Indies.  What  was  the  fact  at  that 
moment  ¥  These  "  other  countries,"  in  1800,  supplied  48,000,000  Iba.  of  cotton ; 
and  in  1869  nearly  62,000,000  lbs.,  presenting  an  increase  in  69  years  of  about 
14,000,000  lbs.  only. 

These  were  startling  results,  truly,  to  those  who  liad  been  flattering  them- 
selves that  British  capital  and  enterprise  could  force  the  cultivation  of  cotton 
in  now  fields  of  production,  or  augment  it  in  old  ones  from  which  the  original 
supplies  had  been  obtained.  There  is,  therefore,  no  cUsguising  the  £eu:t  that»  at 
the  opening  of  1860,  the  East  Indies  and  the  United  States  were  the  only 
countries  from  which  increasing  quantities  of  cotton  had  been  obtained  to  any 
extent,  and  that  it  could  not  be  greatiy  increased  in  the  East  Indies  until  prices 
should  rise  to  at  least  the  standard  of  1867. 

In  1860,  then,  the  United  States  and  British  India  were  the  only  prominent 
rivals  in  the  great  cotton  markets  of  the  world.  The  American  planter  had  the 
decided  advantage  in  the  contest  for  supremacy  in  very  many  respects,  but  still 
he  had  obstacles  to  overcome  of  a  very  stubborn  nature,  among  which,  as  al- 
ready stated,  were  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  extension  of  slave  labOT. 
To  retain  his  monopoly  of  the  cotton  markets,  he  must  not  only  increase  his 
production,  but,  at  the  same  time,  keep  the  prices  depressed  below  the  rates  at 
which  it  could  be  supplied  from  India.  To  allow  any  measures  to  be  adopted 
which  would  greatly  diminish  the  production  of  American  cotton,  and  so  en- 
hance its  prirse,  would  be  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  East  India  jplantera, 
and  enable  them  successfully  to  rival  those  of  the  United  States.  That  the 
dave-trade  should  not  supply  additional  labor  to  the  American  planter,  was 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON.  517 

provided  against  by  the  Brltisb  mea-of-war  craising  on  the  African  coast;  and 
that  the  extension  of  American  davery  should  not  be  permitted,  the  American 
allies  of  Great  Britain,  the  Abolitionists,  by  the  aid  of  British  gold,  went 
zealously  to  work  to  prevent  that  result 

With  these  facts  before  ns,  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that  Great  Britain  has  lone 
been  deeply  interested  in  the  promotion  of  whatever  policy  would  tend  to  di- 
minish the  production  of  American  cotton  and  enhance  the  price  of  that  com- 
modity, so  as  to  stimulate  its  cultivation  in  her  own  provinces.  And  it  is 
equally  as  plain  that  those  citizens  of  the  United  States  who  co-operated  with 
her  in  the  execution  of  her  echemes,  or  who  are  now  resorting  to  all  possible 
means  to  ^vent  the  renewal  of  our  cotton  cultivation  by  embarrassing  the 
South,  and  leaving  her  in  uncertainty  as  to  the  future,  are  doing  the  work  of 
the  enemies  of  our  Republic,  and  deserve,  and  ere  long  will  receive,  the  execra- 
tions of  the  American  people. 

Now,  on  arriving  at  this  point  in  these  investigations,  it  is  very  easy  fo  com- 
prehend why  the  people  of  Great  Britain  have  made  such  extensive  and  perso- 
vering  e£fbrts  to  promote  the'  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United  States.  Emanci- 
pation, they  very  well  knew,  would  at  once  embarrass  our  planters  and  greatly 
diminish  the  prioduction  of  cotton  on  their  estates.  It  is  also  very  obvous 
why  the  English  abolitionists,  on  falling  in  their  schemes  in  reference  to  the 
immediate  abolitioa  of  slavery  iu  this  country,  should  have,  with  such  perfect 
unanimity,  approved  of  the  proposition  of  the  American  abolitionists  to  confine 
slavery  withm  the  limits  of  the  States  where  it  exittted,  because,  to  prevent  the 
extension  of  Southern  slavery,  would  be  to  diminish  the  production  of  our  great 
commercial  staple,  and  to  allow  the  monopoly  of  the  cotton  supplies,  ultimately, 
to  pass  from  the  hands  of  our  citizens  into  those  of  the  subjects  of  Great 
Britain. 

The  primary  movers  in  these  measures,  beyond  a  doubt,  knew  that  eman- 
cipation everywhere,  without  exception,  had  been  disastrous  to  the  production 
of  tropical  commodities.  The  great  mass  of  freedmen  would  not  work  volun- 
tarily, to  any  useful  extent,  beyond  what  was  needed  to  supply  their  absolute 
necessities.  The  blacks  of  the  United  States,  they  felt  assured,  would  form  no 
exception  to  the  general  rule,  and  emancipation  would  accomplish  all  they 
desired. 

And,  through  the  *'  war  power,"  their  purpose  has  been  accomplished.  Eman- 
cipation has  been  effected ;  and  not  that  alone,  but  the  war  has  reduced  the 
amount  of  blacks  in  the  South  at  least  one  million,  by  death,  thus  destroying 
not  only  the  labor  system  that  offered  such  an  "  unequal  competition  "  to  Uieir 
labor  system,  but  reducing  our  laboring  population,  of  the  same  color  with  their 
own,  at  least  one-fourth.  The  English  cotton  philanthropists  may  well  rejoice 
at  such  a  result. 

.  A  remark  here.  The  American  abolitionists  have  always  insisted  that  South- 
ern slavery  was  worse  than  any  other  in  the  world.  It  would  be  easy  to  prove 
that  this  was  a  vile  slander,  and  our  only  hope  that  the  utter  prostration  of 
cotton  culture  in  the  South  will  not  follow  emancipation  there,  as  it  has  in  the 
English  West  India  Colonies,  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  our  black  population, 
in  industry  and  intelligence,  in  morality  and  civilization,  are  immensely  in  ad- 
vance of  the  West  India  negroes.  Lest  the  culture  of  cotton  should  assume 
something  like  its  furmer  proportions  in  the  South,  and  prices  fall  too  low  to 
allow  of  its  production  in  the  British  possessions,  the  conspirators  against  our 
national  prosperity  have  just  assessed  an  export  tax  upon  American  cotton. 

THE  VAST  SOUKOES  OF   WEALTH   WHICH  THE   ABOLITIONISTS    WERE  WILLING  TO 

DE8TB0T. 

We  have  spoken,  in  the  preceding  sections,  of  the  persistent  efforts  of  the 
Abolitionists  to  ruin  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States,  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  labor  system  which  supplied  the  principal  basis  upon  which  it 
rested.  Is  this  assertion  not  sustained  by  the  facts  ?  Look  for  a  moment  at  the 
condition  of  that  commerce,  and  see  what  were  the  commodities  it  bore  abroad 
from  our  shores. 


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518  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

^  The  Oongresuonal  reports  for^  1860  give  the  total  exports  of  the  country 
siDce  1821,  stating  the  valne  of  each  class  of  commodities  separately.  The 
following  are  the  results : 

Breadstuff*  and  provisions $L00S^15,285 

Rice 87,854,511 

Tobacco 8S6,181067 

*       Cotton «,eT4,884,091 

Here  the  value  of  the  cotton  crop,  during  the  last  89  years,  stands  out  in  its 
true  proportions.  And  if  to  the  cotton  we  add  that  of  tobacco  and  rice,  the 
exports  of  the  Southern  States,  in  these  three  products  alone,  reachj»  value  of 
nearly  $3,000,000,000,  or  thrice  the  amount  of  the  whole  value  of  all  the  other 
products  of  the  soil  from  both  North  and  South. 

Nor  will  the  results  be  materially  different  by  taking  the  exports  of  the  three 
years  immediately  preceding  the  war,  giving  each  year  separately,  except  that 
the  value  of  the  cotton  was  increasing  at  a  rapid  rate  over  that  of  the  other 
products  of  the  soil : , 

ProdttoU,                              1808.  1850.  18«0. 

BreadBtoffH  and  Provisions $5«,638.«85  $88,806,991  $45,«7t650 

.     Tob«3CO lT,(M)9,7fiT  11,074,088  15.906,547 

*     Rice 1,870,578  2.207.148  2.667.899 

Ootton 181,886,661  161,484,928  191,806,555 

The  term  "  Cotton  is  King,"  at  the  dates  referred  to,  was  no  unmeaning 
phrase.  It  had  its  origin  in  the  title  of  a  book,  bearing  that  name,  of  which 
the  writer  of  these  articles  was  the  author.  In  adopting  that  name,  the  object 
was  to  convey  the  idea  that  cotton  was  the  leading  article  in  the  commerce  and 
manufactures  of  the  world ;  and,  especially  was  it  designed,  by  the  work,  to 
demonstrate  that  in  the  foreigu  commerce  of  the  United  States—in  that  which 
had  built  us  up  and  given  us  our  greatness  as  a  nation — cotton  occupied  a 
royal  position.  But  it  went  further,  and  from  an  investigation  of  the  extent 
and  character  of  cotton  culture  throughout  the  world,  it  showed  that  the  cot- 
ton planters  in  the  United  States  had  the  ascendency  in  the  foreign  markets  for 
,  that  staple,  and  would  be  able  to  retain  that  pre-eminence,  so  long  as  no  dis- 
turbing agency  arose  to  interrupt  their  system  of  labor. 

But  this  was  not  all  that  the  author  had  in  view.  There  were  fanatical  men 
at  the  North  who  clamored  'for  a  dissolution  of  the  Union.  The  book  demon- 
strated that,  so  long  as  the  North  held  the  reins  of  commerce,  and  the  South 
supplied  two-thirds  of  the  basis  of  that  commerce,  dissolution  would  be  ruin, 
especially  to  the  North ;  and  that  from  the  disastrous  consequences  of  emanci- 
pation in  the  British  West  Indies,  it  was  fair  to  infer,  that  ♦he  liberation  of  onr 
slaves  must  be  followed  by  similar  results,  and  the  North  and  South,  both,  must 
equally  suffer  from  the  overthrow  of  our  labor  system. 

Staggered  at  considerations  such  as  these,  it  became  apparent  to  the  agents 
of  Great  Britain,  that  the  people  of  the  United  States  would  not  assent  to  either 
dissolulion  or  emancipation,  if  the  result  must  be  followed  by  the  prostration 
of  our  foreign  commerco.  To  disparage  the  importance  of  our  cotton  crop,  and 
to  induce  the  belief  that  we  could  not,  at  any  rate,  retain  the  monopoly  of  the 
cotton  markets,  was  the  policy  adopted  to  reconcile  the  people  to  the  measures 
of  the  Abolitionists.  Two  lines  of  argument,  therefore,  were  pursued.  FLmi^ 
Exaggerated  statements  as  to  the  greater  value,  over  the  cotton  crop,  of  certain 
other  product,  of  agriculture.  Second,  The  certainty  that  other  countries  were 
progressing  so  rapidly  in  the  production  of  cotton,  that  our  planters  would 
soon  be  shut  out  of  the  foreign  markets,  and  the  growing  of  cotton  become 
almost  valueless  to  us  as  an  article  of  export.  One  example  only,  under  the 
first  head,  need  be  given. 

The  story  of  the  hay  crop — not  a  pound  of  which  was  exported — as  being 
of  more  value  than  the  cotton  crop,  nearly  $200,000,000  worth  of  which  were 
exported  during  a  single  year  just  before  the  war,  is  still  fresh  in  the  memory 
of  the  intelligent  reader.     Because,  forsooth,  we  had  $800,000,000   worth  of 


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EMANCIPATION'  InD  COTTON.  519 

hay — all  of  which  was  consumed  by  our  own  live  stock — we  could  do  rery 
well  without  the  $200,000,000  worth  of  cotton,  which  went  abroad  to  pay  for 
'  our  importations !    Such  was  abolition  logic   A  few  facts  will  set  this  question 
in  its  true  light : 

Hay,  instead  of  bein^  a  standard  of  wealth,  is  but  the  indication  of  severity 
of  climate  and  prolonged  winters.  This  proposition  may  be  illustrated  by  ex- 
amples taken  from  a  few  of  the  Northern  States  which  save  large  quantities  of 
bay,  as  compared  with  the  same  number  in  the  South  which  save  but  little  hay ; 
and  yet  the  Southern  States  are  able  to  subsist  a  much  larger  amount  of  live 
stock,  from  the  fact  that  their  climate  is  so  favorable  as  to  afford  more  or  less 
pasturage  through  the  winter. 

Statbs.                             H«y.  toiM.  Hokm,  cuttU,  ate.    Sbem.  Hogs.       ^ 

New  Hampshire M^a'M  802,163  884,766  88,^ 

Yermont 866,168  410,128  1,014,199  66,906 

Ulaine T66,889  8£>6.115  461,677  §4,608 

Oonnectloat 616,181  889,608  174,181  76,479 

MIchiMD 404,948  888,078  746,486  206,847 

Georglft 28,449  1.806.288  660,485  2,168,617 

Alabama 82,686  916,911  871,880  1,904,640 

Mississippi 19.604  908,977  804990  1,689,784 

Booth  Carolina 20,925  912,840  985,661  1,065,606 

Arkansas 8,976  864,466  91,256  886,727 

I  use  the  census  tables  of  1850,  those  of  1860,  though  equally  favorable  to 
my  purpose,  not  being  at  hand. 

Here  is  Georgia,  on  less  than  24,000  tons  of  hay,  supporting  more  than 
1,300,000  head  of  horses  and  cattle,  while  Vermont,  with  866,000  tons,  is  able 
to  support  only  410,000  head  of  similar  stock.  Georgia,  too,  supported,  in  ad- 
dition, on  the  same  hay  crop,  more  than  half  as  many  sheep  as  Vermont  fed, 
besides  growing  nearly  200,000,000  of  pounds  of  ginned  cotton. 

But  I  cannot  dwell  upon  the  absurdiUes  of  these  ruinous  theories,  gotten  up 
to  familiarize  the  public  mind  with  the  idea  that,  economically,  the  Union  was 
of  but  little  value  to  the  North.  Reader,  look  at  the  tabular  statement  aboye, 
presenting  the  value  of  the  cotton  exported,  as  compared  with  the  value  of  the 
other  products  of  the  soil  exported,  and  you  can  judge  what  would  have  been 
the  condition  of  our  foreign  commerce,  had  no  cotton  entered  into  our  exports 
for  the  last  89  years.    But  enough  of  this. 

Under  the  second  head,  still  bolder  attempts  at  imposition  were  practiced. 
The  senior  editor  of  a  religious  newspaper,  in  New  York  city,  who  had  always 
opposed  Abolitionism,  but  who  had  been  "  coerced  **  into  the  support  of  the 
war  policy,  in  the  fore  part  of  the  summer  of  1861,  thus  wrote: 

**Ten  jears  hence  India  will  ftimish  as  moch  eotton  within  a  trifle  as  America  will  even 
if  the  rate  of  increase  oontiniies  in  this  conntr  j  as  rapidly  in  the  next  10  years  as  it  has  in  the 
last  decade  of  jears."^ 

This  opinion  of  the  editor  was  bused  upon  statements  made  in  an  article  in 
the  North  Briliah  Review,  which  contained  the  estimates  of  the  increase  only 
in  the  British  supplies  of  cotton,  from  the  several  cotton-growing  countries, 
from  1860  to  1857.    The  Retiievo  said  : 

^  Daring  that  period  the  increase  of  800,000,000  poands,  in  round  nambers,  in  our  imports 
of  cotton,  was  ftirnished  by  the  following  countries : 

Pounds. 

United  States 161,604,906 

Egypt 5,910,780 

West  Indies 1,184,667 

Eastlndies 181,465.402 

Africa  and  others 6,895,462 

The  deception  practiced  by  the  Review  was  in  the  selection  of  the  seven  years 
ending  with  1867.  The  year  1867,  as  already  stated,  gave  a  short  crop 
in  the  United  States,  and  a  corresponding  increassd  importation  from  India, 
because  of  the  increased  prices.  Had  the  contrast  been  made  between  the 
three  years  1868,  1869  and  1860,  the  Increase  would  have  been  as  follows — 
leading  to  a  very  different  conclusion  from  that  indorsed  by  the  editor  to  whom 
reference  has  been  made : 


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520  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

Poands. 

United  States, Increiae 888.488,168 

Eaat  Indies.  Increase 65,887,808 

West  Indies,  etc.,  decrease 196,3M 

Egypt,  increase 9,©77,2«4 

Bradl,  increase 820,064 

These  statUtics  tell  a  very  different  story  as  to  the  coDdltion  of  the  cotton 
BuppHes  at  the  time  the  Review  prepared  its  article  from  that  which  the  fignres 
of  1860  and  ISSY  afford. 

But  the  Reviev)^  lest  its  statement  as  to  the  increase  of  the  cotton  sunplica 
should  fail  in  the  effect  inten<jed  to  be  produced,  went  still  further  in  its  decep- 
tive course,  and,  instead  of  the  actual  importations,  presented  the  increased 
shipoMnts  to  England  in  per  cents,  of  increase,  from  1843  to  1857,  being  14 
years,  thus:    * 

United  States,  per  cent,  of  increase 16 

Egypt,  per  cent,  of  increase 140 

Brazil,  per  cent  of  increase 54 

East  Indies,  per  cent  of  increase 988 

Africa,  per  cent,  of  increase 800 

Now,  what  were  the  facts  ?  The  year  1843  gave  only  65,709,729  pounds  of 
cotton  from  India — a  much  less  quantity  than  in  the  two  preceding  years ;  while 
1867  gave  260,381,144  pound?* — a  great  increase  over  that  of  any  previous 
year.  The  premeditated  deception  here  practiced  is  apparent,  when  it  is  further 
stated  that,  owing  to  our  short  crop,  England  received  126,281,978  pounds  less 
from  us  in  1857  t£an  she  had  the  previous  year,  and  461,182,560  pounds  less 
than  in  1860.  Had  the  contrast  been  drawn  between  1857  and  1860,  the  result, 
instead  of  showing  an  increase  from  India,  would  have  presented  a  decrease  of 
28  per  cent  The  increase  from  Africa  may  have  been  at  the  rate  of  300  per 
cent,  but  then  the  whole  imports  from  the  favored  African  districts  of  Lagos 
and  Abbeokuta,  in  1857,  were  only  35,000  pounds  I 

And  now,  as  to  the  estimates  of  the  future,  as  quoted  with  approbation  by 
the  editor : 

**  If  we  tales  the  imports  of  1S57  as  the  basis,  and  Assume  the  increase  of  the  fbnrteen  sno- 
oeedlng  years  to  be  In  the  same  ratio,  the  rate  of  increase  in  1857  will  be  as  follows : 

^  Pounds. 

United  States 758,911,764 

East  Indies 720,978,808 

Brazil 46,464,464 

Egypt 8t,n6,849 

Africa  and  others 28,758,460 

It  is  only  necessary,  in  noticing  this  formidable  array  of  -figures,  to  sAy,  that 
the  imports  of  cotton  into  Great  Britain  from  the  United  States,  for  1860,  were 
1,116,890,608  lbs.,  or  362,297,864  lbs.  in  excess  of  what  it  was  to  be,  according 
to  the  editor,  in  1871 ;  and  that  the  supplies  from  India,  in  1860,  instead  of 
haying  increased  at  the  rate  of  280  per  cent,  were  actually  decreased  below 
those  of  1857  to  the  amount  of  45,196,076  lbs.  I  Brazil,  too,  instead  of  having 
had  an  increase  between  1857  and  1860,  supplied  less  in  the  latter  year  than  in 
the  former  by  12,623,968. 

As  the  Review  and  the  editor  both  wrote  their  articles  in  1861,  when  the 
foregoing  facts  had  been  officially  published,  their  conduct  is  inexcusable,  the 
one  for  misleading,  the  other  for  being  misled. 

But  the  editor,  above  quoted,  was  not  alone  in  falling  into  the  trap  laid  by 
the  ReviewiQ  influence  public  opinion  in  the  United  States  so  as  to  promote  the 
work  of  emancipation  by  the  8woi<4.  In  the  New  York  ludependefU,  September 
6,  1861,  the  following  very  positive  opinion  is  expressed  : 

**lfe  predict  Uiat  within  five  years  the  wants  of  the  world  can  be  supplied  with  cotton 
elsewhere  than  here.  While  this  great  staple  was  abundant  at  eight  or  nine  cents  a  pound, 
public  attention  in  other  countries  was  not  called  to  its  production ;  but  now,  at  double  former 
-  prices,  the  matter  is  commanding  almost  universal  attention.** 

The  secular  press,  too,  fell  into  the  same  train  of  writing  : 

The  Boston  Post  said,  in  relation  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  Southern  Illinois:  ^'It  la 

believed  that  there  are  at  least  500,000  acres  of  land  in  the  State  adapted  to  the  growth  of 

ootton.** 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON.  621 

The  Railroad  JUcord,  'Jane  5,  1862,  said : 

"Memben  of  OongreM  fh>m  IIUdoIs  stato  that  cotton  will  be  extensively  caltlvated  In 
tbeir  State  this  jear.  The  Illlnoli  Central  Ballroad  Compon j  have  prepared  2,000  acres  for 
this  pnipoee." 

The  same  joaraal,  Nov.  20,  1862,  said  : 

**Bat  that  cotton  can  be  profitably  grown  as  C&r  north  as  the  40th  degree  of  north  latitude 
mj  the  line  of  the  old  National  Rom,  Is  manifest  ttom  the  result  of  experiments  daring;  the 
present  season.  No  donbt  large  quantities  of  cotton  will  be  grown  In  fhtnre  In  Southern  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois  and  Kansaa,  as  well  as  in  the  bottom  lands  of  Kentucky.*" 

Eztensiye  quotations  might  be  made  of  a  similar  character,  attempting  to 
give  currency  to  the  idea  that  there  need  be  no  dread  of  any  ill  consequences 
fW>m  emancipation,  as  any  deficiencies  in  the  production  of  cotton  in  the  South 
could  l>e  made  up  from  sources  outside  of  the  slave  States. 

Lord  Palmerston  gave  the  whole  weight  of  his  influence  to  sustain  this  view. 
At  the  Lord  Mayor's  dinner  in  London,  1861,  the  American  Minister,  Mr. 
Adams,  being  present,  his  lordship,  in  alluding  to  the  want  of  cotton  from 
America,  said: 

*That  temporary  evil  will  be  productive  of  permanent  good  roheersi,  and  we  should  find 
in  various  quarters  of  the  globe  sure  and  certain  and  ample  supplies,  which  will  render  us  no 
longer  dependent  upon  one  source  of  production  for  that  which  is  so  necessary  for  the  industry 
and  wel&re  of  the  country.^ 

As  early  as  1858,  this  same  distinguished  statesman.  Lord  Palmerslon,  during 
the  debate  in  Parliament,  July  18,  said  : 

**  I  venture  to  sav  that  yon  will  find  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa  a  most  valuable  supply  of 
eotton,  so  essential  to  the  manufactures  of  this  country.  It  has  every  advantage  for  the 
nawth  of  that  article.  The  cotton  districts  of  Africa  are  more  extensive  than  those  of  India. 
The  access  to  them  is  more  easy  than  to  the  Indian  cotton  districts,  and  I  venture  to  say  that 
your  commerce  with  the  western  coast  of  Africa  in  the  article  of  cotton  will  In  a  few  years 
prove  to  be  fSur  more  valuable  than  that  of  any  portion  of  the  world,  the  United  States 
excepted.** 

But  why  should  his  lordship  speak  so  favorably  of  Afrioa  as  a  field  of  cotton 
growing  for  England  ?  It  is  known  to  every  one  finmiliar  with  the  civil  con- 
dition of  Africa,  that  slavery  everywhere  prevails  throughout  its  territory,  in- 
habited by  the  negro  race.  To  cultivate  cotton  in  Africa,  therefore,  is  to 
establish  slavery  on  a  profitable  basis,  in  a  new  field  of  tropical  production. 
But  to  do  so,  it  was  argued,  was  justifiable  on  the  gpround  of  philanthropy,  as 
it  would  tend  to  paralyze  the  slave-trade,  and  prevent  its  renewal  in  America ; 
that  is  to  say.  Englishmen  assented  to  the  encouragement  of  slavery  in  Africa, 
provided  its  success  there  would  destroy  it  in  the  United  States.  On  this  topic 
the  London  Economist,  in  1859,  said: 

**  Onoe  let  the  African  chiefs  find  out,  as  in  many  instances  thev  have  already  found  out, 
that  the  sale  of  the  lab<Mrer  can  be  onlv  a  source  of  proiBt  once,  while  his  labor  may  be  a  source 
of  constant  and  increasing  profit,  and  we  shall  hear  no  more  of  their  killing  the  hen  which 
may  lay  so  numy  golden  eggs,  for  the  sake  of  a  solitary  and  final  prize.** 

But  why  should  neither  his  Lordship  nor  the  JCcanomist  say  nothing  of  the 
sinfulness  of  slavery  t  Simply  because  the  theory  that  slavery  is  sinful,  was 
never  adopted  as  a  rule  of  action  by  the  British  people.  That  theory  was  de- 
signed for  American  use,  and  as  a  maxim  that  might  overthrow  American 
slavery. 

But'has  success  attended  the  efforts  of  Great  Britain  to  gain  adequate  sup- 
plies of  cotton  from  other  sources  ?  Not  at  all.  Very  briefly  it  may  be  said 
that  the  promises  of  a  considerable  supply  from  Africa,  founded  on  the  en* 
ooarageroents  held  out  by  Dr.  Livingstone,  and  the  adaptation  of  Southern 
Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  to  its  cultivation,  were  all  urged  in  support  of  the 
theory  presented  for  public  acceptance.  Time  has  brought  out  the  results. 
The  increased  imports  from  Brazil,  Egypt,  and  India  have  fallen  far  short  of 
what  was  expected  from  these  principal  sources  of  supply.  Dr.  Livingstone's 
promises,  in  relation  to  Africa,  have  utterly  failed,  and  his  Vhole  expedition 
come  to  grief.  From  the  region  where  the  British  agent  had  expected  a  large 
amount  of  cotton,  not  a  pound  was  afforded — the  wars  among  the  native  A^i- 
cans  having  driven  away  the  population,  and  the  crops  thus  left  to  destmc- 


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522  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

tioD.  Nor  has  the  expectation  as  to  Southern  Ulinoif  been  realised.  Forty 
yeare'  experimenting,  by  South  Carolina  emigrants,  had  proved  the  climate  nn- 
nivorable,  and  shown  that  not  oftener  than  once  in  ten  years  could  a  paying 
crop  be  expected.  Illinois  can  never  adopt  cotton  as  a  staple  article  of  cultiya- 
tion. 

The  vast  sources  of  wealth  which  the  Abolitionists  were  willing  to  destroy, 
may  now  be  comprehended  by  maldng  an  additional  statement.  The  value  of 
the  exports  of  raw  cotton  in  1860,  the  year  before  the  war,  was  nearly 
$192,000,000,  while  the  value  of  the  same  article,  exported  in  1862,  when  we 
were  in  the  midst  of  our  strug^gle,  was  only  $1,180,000.  And  yet,  our  impor- 
tations of  foreign  goods  have  continued  to  be  enormous.  But  how  have  these 
goods  been  paid  for  ?  We  answer :  In  our  bonds  now  held  abroad,  to  the 
amount  of  nearly  $1,600,000,000,  and  upon  which  the  interest  has  to  be  paid. 

But  let  us  take  a  glance  at  the  prospects  for  restoring  our  cotton  cultivation. 

THE  RESULTS  OF  EMAXOIPATION  IN  THR  COLONIES  OF  FRANOB,  AS  ILLVSTRATIVS  OT 
THE  8T8TEM  OF  PENAL  AND  OONTBACT  LABOR  IN  THEIB  OPERATIONS  UPON  LIBER- 
ATED NEGROES. 

The  circumstances  under  which  emancipation  was  effected  in  the  coloniea  of 
France  have  been  briefly  referred  to  in  the  introductory  portion  of  these  arti- 
cles. The  results  of  that  measure  are  exceedingly  interesting,  and  should  be 
studied  in  detail  in  the  work  of  M.  Cochin,  taken  in  connection  with  the  facts 
on  the  general  subject  of  emancipation  as  embraced  in  "  Cotton  is  King "  and 
"Pulpit  Politics." 

At  present  a  reference  can  be  made  to  a  few  of  the  prominent  facte  only,  as 
illuetrative  of  the  InextKcable  confusion  into  which  both  the  French  and  En- 
elish  have  thrown  the  labor  systems  of  their  tropical  possessions,  by  their  ^- 
lorts,  under  the  professed  name  of  philanthropy,  in  favor  of  the  African  race. 
Designing  great  brevity,  we  proceed  at  once  to  the  subject. 

Witli  emancipation,  as  carried  out  at  Guadeloupe,  came  "the  institution  of 
cantonal  iuries  and  the  establisment  of  pend  labor." 

As  applied  to  Bourbon,  this  system  of  penal  labor  ran  thus: 

"That  before  the  90th  of  December,  the  end  of  the  delay  aooorded  by  the  decrees,  every 
slave  should  hire  himself  to  labor  for  two  yean  on  a  sugar  plantation,  or  for  one  year  as  a 
domestic,  under  penalty  of  being  regarded  and  punished  as  a  vagrant.^ 

That  the  planters  should  not  be  too  much  in  the  power  of  the  liberated  ne- 
groes, 

**More  than  80,000  East  Indians,  and  some  100  Africans,  were  introdaoed  daring  the  first 
vears;  an  addition  nnftiTorable  to  good  order,  morala^  and  even  to  wealth— einoe  the  coolies 
kept  their  wages  to  carry  back  to  their  own  oonntry,  instead  of  settling  in  the  colony  like  the 
negroes— bat  most  valoable  in  making  np  for  the  desertion  of  the  largo  plantations.** 

The  great  falling  off  in  the  cultivation  of  the  French  islands,  after  emancipa- 
tion, is  thus  explained  by  M.  Cochin,  as  a  very  natural  consequence  of  that 
measure : 

**To  the  law  that  said,  *Tbe  laborer  is  fi-ee;*  regalations  have  added,  *The  labor  is  com* 
pnlsory.*  It  will  be  admitted  that  the  shade  of  difference  was  not  easy  of  oomprebeasion  to 
the  newly  freedmen.  Escaped  trom  constraint  they  distrusted  all  that  resembled  it**  .  .  . 
**■  This  was  natural.  What  prisoner  does  not  escape  when  his  prison  door  is  broken  ?  What 
bird  does  not  take  flight  when  its  cage  is  opened  7  What  I  we  expect  of  an  ignorant,  wretdied 
being,  less  intelligent  than  a  gamin  of  Paris,  less  virtuous  than  a  Kegulus,  what  none  of  those 
who  speak  or  write  on  these  subjects  would  assuredly  have  done  I  We  expect  of  him  to  mak« 
'•    •      •  *  '  •  itrei     -    "    •  -  ..... 


his  freedom  consist  in  resuming,  under  another  title  purely  ideal,  the  same  tool,  in  the  f 
place,  under  the  same  authority,  to  content  himself  with  changing  name,  without  chanains 
condition,  and  to  receive  this  precious  boon,  freedom,  without  endeavoring  to  make  use  of Itl^ 

This  French  system  of  penal  labor,  by  means  of  which  the  newly-emancipated 
negroes  were  controlled,  and  forbidden  to  lead  the  life  of  vagrants,  has  been 
lauded  as  a  vast  improTement  upon  the  involuntary  servitude  required  under 
American  slavery.  But  the  twenty-seven  degrees  and  orders  of  1848  were  not 
long-lived.  The  fourth,  relative  to  juries,  was  abrogated  by  article  eleven  of  the 
decree  of  1852,  on  bound  labor,  which  also  replaced  the  seventh  decree  on  va- 


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KMANCIPATIOK  AND  COTTON.  523 

grancy,  and  the  eighth,  which  iostilnted  a  system  of  penal  labor.  The  exact 
regalatioos  now  preyalling,  or  the  difference  between  bound  labor  and  the  penal 
labor  which  it  superseded,  are  not  stated.  It  would  seem  that  those  in  author- 
ity dnce  1848,  attaching  bnt  little  importance  to  the  old  class  of  negroes,  pur- 
sued a  liberal  policy  towards  the  freedmen,  so  that  portions  of  them  have  been 
allowed  to  squat  upon  vacant  lands,  or  purchase  small  tracts  for  cultivation, 
while  others  have  gone  to  the  towns — ^the  whole  being  considered  as  unreliable 
for  plantation  labor. 

As  a  system  of  control  over  the  emancipated  negroes  of  the  South,  somewhat 
allied  to  the  French  system,  appears  to  be  the  policy  of  Congress  at  Washing- 
ton, it  may  be  well  to  examine  it  more  fully,  and  see  wherein  it  will  be  more 
advantageous  to  the  blacks  than  their  original  slavery.  For,  as  Cochin  well  ob- 
serves, it  must  be  very  difficult  for  the  negro  to  comprehend  the  nice  distinction 
between  the  two  systems.  The  one  makes  him  the  slave  of  the  master,  the  oth. 
er  the  slave  of  the  law.  The  one  compels  him  to  perform  his  task  as  a  slave ; 
the  other  forces  him^to  contract  to  perform  a  task,  equally  arduous,  as  a  free- 
man.   In  either  case,  neglect  brings  upon  him  the  penalty  due  to  his  idleness. 

The  remedy  for  the  di^ndination  of  the  negro  to  work,  Cochin  declares,  is  in 
immigration,  as  a  means  of  developing  production  and  diminishing  expense ;  as 
a  means  of  lowering  wages  by  the  competition  of  labor,  and  of  diminishing  the 
costs  of  mmufaoture  by  manufacturing  on  a  large  scale. 

**  We  repeat  It,  luinds  are  demanded  less  to  replace  the  former  workmen  than  to  stimalate 
them,  to  lower  wages  and  to  develop  caltares;  not  sabstitates,  bat  competitors  are  aoaghk" 

The  importation  of  immigrants  from  Africa  into  the  French  colonies  was  au- 
thorized in  1852.  Previous  to  that  the  supply  had  come  from  India  and  China. 
It  was  found  necessary  to  impose  strict  regulations  upon  this  immigration  in  one 
important  particular.  In  the  English  coolie  traffic  for  supply  of  the  island  of 
Mauritius,  from  1884  to  1889,  of  25,468  coolies  introduced,  there  were  only  727 
women,  or  1  woman  to  85  men.'  Of  the  40,818  introduced  from  1842  to  1844, 
463  were  women,  or  1  woman  to  89  men.  Of  the  5,092  introduced  in  1845,  the 
women  numbered  but  646 ;  and  in  all,  of  96,004  coolies  from  India,  13,284  were 
women,  or  about  1  woman  to  7  men. 

In  view  of  such  facts  as  these,  the  French  Government,  in  article  three  of  its 
African  immigration  regulations,  imposed  npon  importers  of  laborers  the  condi- 
tion that  at  least  one  in  five  of  the  immigrants  should  be  women,  and  that  they 
should  not  be  more  than  one-half  1 

After  enumerating  the  disadvantages  connected  with  the  employment  of  Chi- 
namen and  coolies,  owin^  to  the  revolting  immoralities  attending  their  condi- 
tion, M.  Cochin  declares  that  the  African  race  is  still  uniyersally  preferred.  He 
says: 

**I8  it  not  carions  to  see  the  colonies  rotarn  hy  preference  to  the  AfHcin  race  J^ 

And  again : 

**  Bnt  what!  is  not  this  a  most  remarkable  fact  ftt>m  the  stand  point  we  take  ?  It  is  from 
the  African  race  that  laborers  are  borrowed,  destined  to  replace  other  Africans  who  are  accused 
of  caring  onlj  for  Idleness.'' 

It  was  predicted,  when  the  Asiatic  emigration  had  been  tried  for  a  time,  that 
it  would  totally  crowd  out  the  block  race  from  amon^  the  whites,  in  the  coun- 
tries where  they  had  the  sovereignty  ;  but,  instead  of  this  result,  the  contrary 
is  realized.    M.  Cochin,  on  this  point,  says : 


^  These  higher  fimllles  bow  less  willingly  to  toll,  and  open  themselves  less  reodilvto 
i;nriBtianit7  than  this  always  despised  race ;  and  after  having  carefully  sought  how  to  replace 
the  freed  negroes,  we  have  been  forced  to  conclude  that  It  must  bo  by  other  freed  negroes.'* 


After  considerable  additional  discussion  as  to  the  necessity  of  an  increased 
snpply  of  labor  for  the  colonies,  and  the  dangers  to  the  future  of  colonial  soci- 
ety from  a  large  increase  of  Caffres  and  Malgaches,  Hindoos  and  Chinamen — 
yast  factories  where  workman  and  master  will  be  eager  only  to  make  the  most 
of  each  other  and  flee — ^M.  Cochin  proceeds : 

**It  is  demonstrated  that  the  best  Immigrants  are  AfHcans;"  and  then  asked  this  qoestlon 
and  answers  it : 
^^  **If  the  Africans  are  the  race  of  all  others  easiest  assimilated  to  oar  manners  and  Iklth, 


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624  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

If  it  Is  to  tbia  robast  and  rigorous  race  that  we  always  retvrn  after  so  many  trlali,  wby  then 
go  afar  to  seek  AfHeans  more  brutish  and  ignorant  than  the  former  slaves?  Beoanae  thete  is 
obtained  of  the  new-comers  engagements,  a  livret^  forced  services—in  a  word,  what  may  be 
called  provisional  slavery.^ 

M.  Cochin  seems  never  to  weary  of  speaking  kindly,  as  well  be  may,  of  th« 
African  race.  In  closing  his  resume  of  the  chapters  relating  to  the  French  isl- 
ands, be  thus  draws  the  portrait  of  the  negro : 

**The  negro  race  is  so  gentle,  that  under  the  yoke  it  makes  no  resistance;  free  firom  the 
yoke  it  commits  no  abuses.  Liberty  has  not  the  Virtue  of  restoring  to  it  the  fticnltiee  denied 
it  by  the  Creator ;  alone,  deprived,  as  at  St  Domingo,  of  the  Intellect  of  the  whites,  it  will  re- 
turn to  a  slothftil  life,  and  give  birth  to  a  very  inferior  state  of  society.  But,  after  all,  under 
this  climate,  which  enervates  the  whites,  after  essaying  all  the  races  one  after  another  to  re- 
place the  negro  race,  we  are  forced  to  return  again  to  the  latter ;  we  find  none  more'  vigorous 
or  submissive,  more  capable  of  devotion,  more  accessible  to  Christianity,  more  happy  to  escape 
its  native  degradation.  This  race  of  men,  like  all  the  human  species,  is  divided  into  two 
classes,  the  diligent  and  the  Idle ;  fireedom  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  second,  while  it  draws 
from  the  labor  of  the  first  a  better  yield  than  servitude.^ 

M.  Cochin  has  much  to  say  in  relation  to  the  success  of  emancipation.  Like 
most  European  writers,  he  urges  it  as  a  duty  alike  incumbent  upon  all  nations. 
But  scarcely, a  single  one  of  the  results  of  slavery — adduced  to  prove  the  neces- 
sity of  emancipation  in  the  French  islands,  and  upon  which  his  arguments  for 
the  universal  abolition  of  slavery  are  based — ^have  ever  had  an  existence  in  the 
United  States.  His  fireneral  assertions  on  the  subject  correspond  to  the  clums 
of  the  English  Abolitionists  as  to  the  results  in  the  islands  of  Great  Britain. 
Emancipation  is  a  success,  they  all  say,  because  "slavery  was  bearing 'the  isl- 
ands down  to  fioancial  ruin"  in  various  ways,  but  especially  on  account  of  the 
continued  decrease  of  population  after  the  slave-trade  ceased  to  keep  up  the  la- 
bor forces  to  the  needed  extent  Under  the  reign  of  slavery,  free  labor  could 
not  be  introduced  to  restore  new  laborers  to  the  plantations ;  but  with  emanci- 
pation came  the  introduction  of  coolie  labor,  and  with  it  a  revival  of  cultiva- 
tion, which  has  prevented  the  financial  destruction  of  the  islands.  The  results 
in  the  French  islands  are  thus  referred  to : 

*(  Donbtless  production  has  been  reduced,  but  has  never  been  annihilated :  labor  has  been 
diminished,  but  has  never  wholly  ceased.  Oast  the  blame  of  it  above  all,  on  slavery.  Whence 
comes,  then,  this  abhorrence  by  the  former  slaves  of  their  former  labor?  Freedom  is  the  occa- 
sion of  it,  but  servitude  the  cause.  A  man  visited  an  abandoned  plantation,  about  which  the 
fireed  slaves  were  lazily  sleeping.  *  See  what  freedom  has  made  <^  labor,*  laid  his  oompaniooa. 
'  See  what  servitude  has  made  of  laborers,*  was  the  reply.** 

The  view  that  slavery  is  the  cause  of  the  idleness  of  the  nesroes  is  the  one 
usually  urged  by  the  Abolitionists  in  apologizing  for  their  indolence;  but  it  is 
not  in  accordance  with  the  facts.  Slavery  nas  not  degraded  the  negro  and  re- 
duced him  to  habits  of  idleness.  In  his  native  land  he  is  universally  an  idler ; 
*and  all  the  industry  acquired  bv  the  race,  at  aU  approximating  the  standard 
ruling  among  civilized  men,  has  been  in  consequence  of  its  reduction  to  slavery ; 
and,  as  M.  Cochin  justly  remarks,  in  referring  to  the  results  of  emancipation  in 
Hayti,  whenever  the  blacks  are  deprived  of  the  superintending  intellect  of  the 
whites,  they  necessarily  retrograde  towards  their  original  barbaroua  condition 
of  indolence  and  degradation. 

The  remedy  for  this  tendency  to  idleness,  proposed  by  the  French  philanthro- 
pists, is  the  same  as  that  attempted  by  mo^t  of  the  British  islands — the  intro- 
duction of  immigrant  labor  to  such  an  extent  as  *'  to  compel  the  freedmen  to 
work  or  starve." 

In  summing  up  the  results  of  emancipation  in  the  British  islands,  M.  Cochin 
■ays: 

**Tbe  harm  produced  by  emancipation  Is  reduced  to  the  incontestable  rain  of  a  certain 
number  of  colonists,  and  the  momentary  and  inevitable  suffering  of  all.  It  is  worthy  of  not^ 
that  the  colony  which  resisted  most— Jamaica— suffered  most  The  colony  which  most 
promptly  resigned  it»elf,  and  made  efforts  to  renew  the  methods,  stock  and  peraonnsi  of  manu- 
uctnre— Mauritius— scarcely  suffered  at  all,  and  its  wealth  Is  to-day  doubled,  nearly  tripled.** 

Now,  pray,  how  was  it  that  Mauritius  resigned  herself  to  the  emancipation 
policy,  and  thereby  not  only  escaped  suffering,  but  has  been  able  to  triple  her 
exports  ?    The  story  is  soon  told.    No  table  is  given  of  the  number  of  slaves  in 


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EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON.  525 

this  island  at  the  time  of  emancipation :  bat  the  number  pdseessed^by  the  plant- 
ers about  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  ia  stated  at  156,618.*  At  the  time 
of  emancipation  the  effective  field  laborers  numbered  about  23,000.  The  method 
adopted  to  meet  the  changed  circumstances  of  the  island  was  the  immediate  im- 
portation of  coolies  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  planters.  Up  to  1849  the  island 
nad  received  106,638  coolie  laborers;  and  from  1849  to  1865  it  had  received  an 
addition  of  76,842— making  a  total  of  182.980,  or  about  eight  times  as  many 
imported  laborers  as  the  inland  had  lost  of  its  field  laborei-s  by  emancipation  I 
Well  may  Mauritius  boast  of  having  tripled  her  exports  since  emancipation  1 
But,  then,  the  world  should  be  distinctly  told  that  all  this  multiplied  prosperity 
is  not  due  to  the  increased  industry  of  the  emancipated  negroes,  but  to  the  mul-  ^ 
ti  plication  of  coolie  laborers. 

Although  the  inefficiency  of  the  freed  neffroes  in  the  British  West  Indies,  as 
a  laboring  class,  is  well  understood  by  the  public  generally,  the  following  addi- 
tional testimony  is  here  submitted.  It  is  copied  from  a  synopsis  of  the  reports 
of  the  governors  on  the  industrial  condition  of  the  islands,  as  given  in  a  British 
periodicaL 

Of  Jamaica  it  is  said : 

''It  Is  the  stronffly-expressed  opinion  of  Gov.  Darling  that,  on  an  average  of  seabona,  the 
export  of  sugar  will  rarely  exceed  80,000  tons,  unless  imnilgrant  contract  labor  be  more  largely 
employed,  and  this  leads  to  the  subject  of  negro  Industry.  The  governor  sees  no  prospect  *of 
an  augmentation  of  the  effective  strength  of  that  portion  of  the  native  population  who  work 
for  hire  on  the  larger  plantations,^  because  he  doabts  whether  siifBclent  wages  can  be  given  for 
sugar  cultivation  to  stimnlAte  the  negro,  who  Is  fonder  of  his  ease  than  of  money.^* 

Of  Trinidad  it  is  said : 

**  The  most  interesting  part  of  this  report  refers  to  Immigration.  It  Is  known  that  most  of 
the  colonies  mast  have  perished,  or  returned  to  a  state  of  weeds  and  Jungle,  had  not  laborers 
been  procured  tvom  India  and  China  after  the  Negro  Emancipation  Act  bad  been  passed."^ 

Of  Grenada  it  is  said  : 

**  Within  the  last  three  years  agriculture  has  made  considerable  progress,  and  It  has  been 
ascribed  to  the  introduction  of  Indian  laborers.  By  their  industry  seven  large  estates  have 
been  reclaimed  In  the  last  three  years,  these  having  been  abandoned  when  the  negro  revised 
to  work  after  his  emancipation.    They  are  now  in  a  flourishing  condition." 

Of  Antigua  it  is  said : 

^Morality  seems  to  have  been  almost  exiled  from  A.ntlgua.  Out  of  4,184  births  registered 
In  three  years,  2,201  were  illegitimate.  This  proof  of  vice,  it  Is  said,  wonld  be  strengthened  If 
the  number  of  al>ortions  and  premature  births  could  be  ascertained.  Here  children  are  deemed 
an  Incumbrance  to  the  mother;  they  are  badly  nursed  and  badly  fed,  and  are  deprived  of 
proper  medical  attendance.  These  are  among  the  causes  of  a  declining  population.  Under 
slavery  these  evils  did  not  occur;  the  planter  provided  the  slave  with  everything  needftil.  *  *  * 
On  the  whole,  the  condition  and  prospects  of  the  colony  are  considered  by  Gov.  Eyre  as  on- 
satlsfiActory.    What  Is  chiefly  wanted  is  a  large  influx  of  the  industrious  coolies." 

Bat  we  need  not  dwell  longer  upon  the  results  of  emancipation,  in  its^bear* 
in^s  upon  the  economical  interests  of  the  Colonies  of  England  and  France. 
With  all  the  explanations  and  apologies  that  have  been  oflfered,  no  other  conclu- 
sion can  be  drawn,  th.in  that  the  freedom  of  the  negroes  has  rendered  them,  as 
a  class,  wholly  unreliable  in  conducting  the  cultivation  of  the  estates.  And 
more  than  this,  it  is  as  good  as  confessed,  that  the  coolie  system,  though  an  im- 
provement upon  the  free  negro  labor,  is  also  unable  to  compete  with  the  slave 
labor  of  Brazil,  Cuba  and  the  United  States  as  heretofore  existing ;  and  that  a 
return  to  Africa  for  laborers  will  soon  become  an  economical  necessity,  equally 
as  imperious  in  its  requirements  as  any  military  necessity  can  be  in  its 
demands  for  a  disregard  of  treaties,  laws  or  constitutions.  And,  further  still,  it 
will  be  required  that  this  imported  labor,  to  render  it  efficient,  shall  be  subjected 
to  a  plan  of  control  which  M.  Cochin  characterizes  as  a  system  of  "  provisional 
slavery." 

In  dosinfi^  our  remarks  upon  the  questions  under  consideration,  attention  ii 
acain  called  to  the  language  of  M.  Cochin,  immediately  before  our  slavery  was 
abolished.  *'  The  slavery  of  Spain  and  the  United  States,"  he  says,  "  threatens 
by  unequal  competition,  the  prosperity  of  our  colonies ;  *  *  *  it  exposes  Europe, 
through  the  reaction  of  the  crises  wmoh  it  excites,  to  formidable  misfortunes." 


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526  EMANCIPATION  AND  COTTON. 

Here  standi  confesesd  the  true  secret  of  the  policy  pursued  by  European  €h>v- 
erments  towards  American  slavery.  Our  slave  lal>or  system  liad  been  a  power 
with  which  their  tropical  free  labor  systems  could  not  compete ;  and  it  expoeed 
them  to  "  formidable  misfortunes  I"  And  what  course  have  these  European  Gov- 
ernments heretofore  pursued  under  similar  circumstances  ?  Have  they  not  al- 
ways, when  in  their  power,  remorselessly  stricken  down  every  obstacle  in  the 
way  of  the  execution  of  their  purposes  of  ambition  ?  And  is  it  strange  that 
they  should  have  contributed  their  aid  towards  sweeping  away  the  whole  sj-s- 
tem  of  American  slavery,  not  caring  but  that  it  might  destroy  the  existence 
of  the  American  Republic  itself  ?    Has  not  the  doctrine  held  by  us,  that  the  pco- 

Sle  are  capable  of  self-government  and  need  not  the  aid  of  kingfs  to  rule  them, 
one  as  much  to  brjng  upon  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe  some  of  their  "  formi- 
dable misfortunes,''  as  any  effect  that  may  have  been  produced  by  the  cheapness 
or  scarcity  of  slave  labor  cotton  ?  What  but  American  sentiments  produced  the 
formidable  revolutionary  movements  of  1848  thoughout  Europe,  which  came 
so  near  overturning  half  their  thrones?  And  have  ihey  forgotten  the  terrors 
of  that  period,  or  forgiven  us  as  the  exciting  cause  of  the  calamities  which  came 
upon  them  like  a  whirlwind  ? 

The  hope  long  indulged  by  the  EngUsh  people,  that  the  culture  of  cotton 
could  be  developed  elsewhere,  so  as  to  relieve  them  from  their  dependence  upon 
the  United  States  for  that  great  staple,  can  have  no  immediate  realization. 
The  American  production  of  that  article,  therefore,  must  be  continued,  or  their 
manufactures  must  greatly  diminish  their  operations.  They  are  thus  placed  in 
a  dilemma.  The  American  supply  oP  cotton,  greatly  reduced,  would  not  only 
diminish  their  foreign  commerce  to  a  ruinous  extent,  but  would  perpetuate  the 
present  hiffh  prices  of  cotton  fabrics,  and  thus  inevitably  force  tne  world  back 
again  to  the  old  system  of  household  manufacturing,  to  the  detiiment  of  the 
great  manufacturing  and  commet*cial  interests  of  the  world. 

But  the  difficulties  increase  the  further  we  extend  our  examinations  into  this 
subject.  Should  our  freedmen,  following  the  example  of  those  of  England  and 
France,  become  inefficient  laborers,  how  are  we  to  replace  the  labor  lost  by  emanci- 
pation, so  as  to  restore  our  cotton  monopoly  ?  We  shall  then  be  in  precisely  the 
same  condition  in  which  England  and  France  would  have  been  placed,  had  no 
coolie  labor  been  available  to  their  planters.  But  where  are  our  planters  to  find  a 
substitute  for  the  liberated  slaves  ?  How  are  they  to  secure  Chinese,  coolies,  or 
native  Africans,  as  immigrant  contract  laborers  ?  Chinese  emigration,  it  is  stated, 
has  been  forbidden,  and  doubtless,  through  British  Interference,  coolies  from  India 
cannot  be  had  except  by  British  and  French  consent,  which  will  not  be  granted 
unless  the  Increase  of  our  cotton  culture  becomes  necessary  to  them.  Immigrants 
from  Africa  we  cannot  obtain,  because  we  have  no  territory,  like  England  and 
France,  upon  the  African  coast  Portugal  may  sell  us  her  African  subjects,  as 
she  originally  eold  slaves  to  the  Europeans.  How,  then,  are  we  to  renew  our 
cotton  monopoly  ?  We  are  In  the  power  of  our  foreign  enemies — the  enemies  of 
democratic  principles. 

And  this  is  the  point  towards  which,  for  thirty  years,  we  have  been  drifting ; 
the  condition  to  which  the  superior  strategy  of  European  stateemanshslp  lonj^ 
since  doomed  us ;  when  the  proud  Republic  of  America,  hitherto  dreaming  of  uni- 
versal dominion,  should  lie  prostrate  at  the  footstool  of  the  European  monarchies  1 


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DKPARTMENT  OP  COMMERCE.  527 

DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

I.— THE  SOUTHERN  COTTON  TRADE  AND  THE  EXCISE  LAWS. 

Tbs  merchants  of  New  Orleans  have  memorialized  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury in  regard  to  the  oppressireness  of  the  system  for  collecting  the  Direct  Tax 
npon  Cotton,  and  sent  a  Commission  to  Wasnington  upon  the  snbject. 

The  Memorial  assigns  the  reasons,  and  proposes  the  chaofi^es  given  below,  and 
was  prepared  by  tha  following  named  gentlemen :  John  Watt,  W.  M.  Pinkard, 
A.  H.  May,  S.  B.  Buckner,  F.  S.  Herron,  R.  Nugent,  C.  Fellowes,  and  A.  Mllten- 
berger. 

1.  The  cost  of  weighing  will  be  greater  to  the  planter  in  the  country  than  at 
the  point  of  sale.  He  must  either  hnul  bis  cotton,  at  a  heavy  expense,  to  a  point 
designated  for  weighing,  or  he  must  pay  the  expenses  of  the  assessor  to  his  plan- 
tation in  addition  to  other  costs  of  weighing. 

2.  Before  moving  h!s  cotton  he  must  await  the  convenience  and  the  pleasure 
of  the  assessor,  when  oftentimes  he  may  thus  lose  the  opportunity  of  shipping 
his  crop.  On  many  of  the  tributaries  of  the  main  rivers  the  season  of  naviga- 
tion continues  but  a  short  time,  and  the  opportunity  of  shipment  once  lost,  it  does  . 
not  return  for  a  year.  The  sickness  or  neglect  of  an  assessor  might  thus  re- 
sult disastrously  to  an  entire  district.  It  is  the  interest  of  the  planter,  as  well 
to  realize  on  his  crop  as  to  avoid  the  risk  of  its  destruction,  to  ship  it  to  market  as 
rapidly  as  it  is  packed  and  baled.  In  this  way  he  might  realize  on  much  of  his 
crop  as  early  as  October  or  November.  Under  the  present  system  he  may  be  com- 
pelled to  await  until  January  the  bailing  of  his  entire  crop,  thus  incurring  the  risk 
of  its  destruction  by  fire — or  he  must  submit  to  paying  the  expenses  of  repeated 
journeys  of  the  assessor  to  weigh,  mark,  and  bond  bis  crop  for  separate  shipments 
of  different  portions.  And  it  will  often  happen  that  even  where  the  planter  and 
assessor  will  agree  in  all  respects  in  reference  to  compensation,  the  numerous 
calls  upon  the  latter  from  different  planters  in  widely  separated  localities  will 
necessarily  occasion  delay  which  may  prove  fatal  to  the  interests  of  the  planter. 

8.  Though  there  are  very  many  districts,  they  are  still  of  such  extent,  and  the 
communications  are  so  difficult,  that  it  will  be  impracticable  for  the  assessors  to 
visit  the  numerous  plantations  and  attend  to  the  weighing  of  cotton,  without  so 
multiplying  the  number  of  assessors  as  to  defeat  the  objects  of  the  revenue  law. 
Cotton  which  might  already  have  been  in  the  market  is,  we  are  assured,  now 
awaiting  at  various  points,  and  in  an  exposed  condition,  the  pleasure  or  conve- 
nience of  the  weighers. 

4.  The  difficulties  thuEf  Interposed  in  the  way  of  executing  their  duty  will  be 
a  strong  temptation  to  Government  agents  to  certify  to  constructive  weights,  in 
order  to  overcome  the  impracticabilities  of  the  regulations,  or  to  avoid  difficult  and 
unpleasant  journeys ;  and  may  thus  lead  to  extensive  frauds  upon  the  revenue, 
injurious  alike  to  {he.  planter  and  to  the  Government. 

5.  Many  of  the  points  designated  for  weighing  cotton  are  so  inconvenient  and 
80  inaccessible  to  a  majority  of  the  planters,  that  the  cost  of  taking  their  cotton 
to  the  place  appointed  would  be  double  that  of  taking  it  to  New  Orleans,  or 
Memphis,  or  Mobile.  Some  of  these  points  seem  to  have  been  selected  without 
any  reference  to  the  convenience  of  the  planter,  and  some  of  them  are  practi- 
caUy  inaccessible  at  some  periods  of  the  year. 

6.  The  majority  of  the  points  where  cotton  is  usually  shipped  by  plant- 
ers have  not  been  designated  as  weighing  points. 

7.  On  the  navigable  streams  the  majority  of  planters  have  shipping  points  on 
their  own  places,  or  very  convenient  to  their  plantations.  It  is  an  unnecessary 
hardship  to  require  them,  at  great  cost,  to  ship  from  another  point  especially 
dedgnated  for  weighing  cotton,  when  the  Government  can  derive  no  possible 
advantage  from  imposing  such  a  hardship  and  expense. 

8.  The  majority  of  plantem  must  depend  upon  the  sale  of  their  cotton  to 
enable  them  to  pay  their  tax.  They  must  therefore,  either  sacrifice  their  cotton 
by  selling  to  those  who  wish  to  speculate  upon  the  necessities,  or  they  must 


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528  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

giro  bond  for  the  payment  of  tlie  tax  before  the  cotton  vill  be  permitted  to 
leave  the  district.  Ih's  bond  is  a  needless  hardship,  when  the  cotton  is  itself 
sufficient  security. 

9.  Most  of  the  planters  hare  received  advances  from  merchants  on  the  pledge 
of  shipping  tlieir  cotton  to  the  merchant  who  advances.  The  requiring  of  toe 
bond,  by  placing  the  cotton  under  the  control  of  Treasury  officers,  on  its  arrival 
at  llie  port,  interferes  with  this  arrangement  between  the  aierchant  and  the  plan- 
ter. It  enables  the  collector  to  send  it  to  such  bonded  warehouse  as  be  may 
designate,  before  transferring  it  to  the  merchant,  and  thus  to  accumulate  unnec- 
essary cost  to  the  merchant  and  the  planter. 

10.  The  bonding  system  may  seriously  interfere  with  the  discharging  of 
cargoes  by  steamers.  A  vessel  arriving  after  Custom-hou(>e  office  hours  on 
Saturday  cannot  claim  the  right,  under  existing  regulations,  to  discharge  cotton 
from  another  district,  until  office  hours  the  following  Monday.  This  will  seri- 
ously interfere  with  the  interests  of  navigation,  and  must  enhance  the  price  of 
freights  to  compensate  for  the  costs  of  detention  to  vessels. 

11.  Though  existing  regulations  authorise  the  collector  to  receive  the  tax  on 
constructive  delivery  of  the  cotton  on  the  levee,  and  then  to  relinquish  it  to  the 
merchant,  it  imposes  no  obligation  on  him  to  do  so,  but  leaves  it  optional  with 
him  to  retain  it  as  long  as  may  suit  his  convenience,  thus  accumulating  unneces- 
sary charges  for  the  custody  of  cotton.  This  might  materially  interfere  with 
advantageous  sales,  and  result  in  serious  loss  both  to  the  planter  and  the 
merchant 

12.  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  Memphis',  Savannah,  Galveston,  Charleston,  Wil- 
mington, Apalachicola,  and  several  other  ports,  are  the  chief  points  in  the  cot- 
ton districts  for  the  reception  and  sale  of  cotton.  The  planter  who  produces 
cotton  in  the  district  v^ithin  which  either  of  these  points  is  situated,  is  author- 
ized to  ship  his  cotton  without  weighing,  bonding  or  paying  the  tax,  and  in 
such  proportion  as  he  may  choose,  to  the  point  of  sale  within  his  district  But 
a  planter  who  may  be  only  fifty  vards  beyond^the  line  of  this  district  must  first 
have  his  cotton  weighed,  marked  and  bonded,  or  else  must  pay  his  tax  before 
he  is  permitted  to  remove  it  The  law  is  thus  made  to  bear  upon  him  with  un- 
necessary and  unequal  severity,  and  he  is  deprived  of  the  advantages  which 
would  result  from  an  early  shipment  and  sale  of  his  crop. 

13.  The  Government  would  have  as  good  security  for  collecting  the  tax  on 
the  unassessed  cotton  brought  to  the  point  of  sale  firom  places  fifty  yards,  or 
fifty  miles,  or  five  hundred  miles  beyond  the  limits  of  the  district,  as  it  would 
have  for  collecting  the  tax  on  the  unassessed  cotton  shipped  from  within  the 
limits  of  the  district  The  same  regulations  which  secure  the  payment  of  the 
tax  dn  the  last  named  class  of  cotton  will  also  secure  it  on  the  first,  and,  if  pre- 
scribed, will  avoid  the  complications  of  different  systems.  The  weighing  and 
marking  and  bonding  in  the  country  is  therefore  unnecessary  to  the  collector  of 
the  revenue ;  and  the  restrictions  imposed  by  the  present  system  are  conse- 
quently needlessly  oppressive. 

14.  The  inconvenience  of  this  system  will  be  perceived,  by  supposing  a  tax 
imposed  upon  grain  in  the  grain-growing  districts  of  the  North,  as  it  now  is 
upon  cotton  in  the  cotton-growing  regions  of  the  South  ;  and  by  the  further 
hypothesis  that  each  one  of  those  States  should  be  subdivided  into  numerous 
collection  districts,  beyond  which  the  farmer  could  not  ship  his  grain  until  it 
was  weighed  and  bonded.  Every  obstacle  interposed  to  delay  the  grain  on  its 
way  to  the  final  market  in  New  York  would  be  a  posidve  injury  to  the  fanner 
ana  a  detriment  to  the  Government,  and  every  enlargement  of  the  districts,  by 
giving  greater  freedom  to  the  movement  of  the  grain,  would  be  a  positive  ad- 
vantf^e  to  all  parties ;  until,  by  making  the  entire  grain-growing  res;ion  a  single 
collection  district  for  the  tax  on  grain,  the  crop  would  be  free  to  seek  its  proper 
market  without  restriction,  and  the  grain  in  the  hands  of  the  merchants  would 
be  under  proper  regulation,  the  best  security  for  the  collection  of  the  tax.  The 
same  rule  is  equally  applicable  to  the  actual  tax  on  cotton,  or  on  sugar,  or  other 
staples. 


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DEPJIRTMENT  OF  COMUBRCB. 


529 


16.  The  roAtrictions  at  preseDt  imposed  to  moving  the  cotton,  in  addition  to 
the  heavy  tax  assessed  upon  it,  will  tend  serious^no  discourage  further  pro- 
duction of  that  staple,  and  will  thus  act  injuriously  upon  the  entire  financial 
condition  of  the  country.  If  the  planter  cannot  ship  bis  crop  to  market  with- 
out being  compelled  to  sacrifice  a  laige  part  of  it  to  the  rigors  imposed  by 
onerous  regulations,  he  will  naturally  turn  his  attention  to  a  dfierent  system  of 
agriculture. 

In  consideration  of  the  above-mentioned,  and  of  many  other  inconveniences 
of  the  present  system. 

Your  memorialists  would  beg  leave  to  suggest  such  modifications  of  the  ex- 
isting regulations  as  will  secure  an  object  which  is  desirable  to  all  the  parties 
interested :    To  the  Government,  to  the  planter,  and  to  the  merchant 

Having  reference  to  the  cottc»n  tax  only,  we  therefore  recommend  thai  all  the 
cotton  gi  owing  Slates  be  arranged  into  a  single  cotton  collection  district  for  tlie  pur- 
pose  of  cdUcting  the  tax  on  cotton.  The  authority  for  such  a  change  af  organiza- 
tion exists  in  section  seven  of  the  act  to  provide  internal  revenue,  etc,  approved 
June  30,  1864.  (See  BoutwelVs  edition  Internal  Revenue  Laws,  page  4.)  The 
act  alhided  to,  in  connection  with  that  to  which  it  refers,  authorizes  the  Presi- 
dent *'  to  alter  the  respective  collection  districts 

as  the   public  interests  may  require,"  without  limiting  the  number  of  States 
which  may  be  included  in  one  district 

Your  memorialists,  therefore,  are  convinced  that  the  authority  exists  to 
establish  a  single  cotton  collection  district  which  may  embrace  every  cotton- 
growing  State. 

That  the  establishing  of  such  a  district  would  be  to  permit  all  the  cotton  in 
the  possession  of  the  planters  to  be  shipped  without  being  shackled  by  oppres- 
sive regulations,  to  the  best  and  most  convenient  markets  to  be  found  within 
the  district 

That  such  an  arrangement,  by  effectually  removing  the  existing  embargo, 
would  afford  instantaneous  relief  to  the  planter,  as  well  as  to  the  commercial 
community,  and  permit  the  cotton  to  come  forward  to  market 

Thai  it  would  result  greatly  to  the  benefit  of  the  Government,  by  securiog  a 
more  speedy  and  economical  collection  of  the  tax,  and  .would  greatly  diminish 
the  chances  of  oppressing  the  planter,  of  injuring  the  merchant,  and  of  de* 
frauding  the  revenue.  . 

The  following  named  factors  and  merchants  have  already  signed  the  Memo- 
rial to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  : 


Butler,  Terry  &  Co. 

ChiWers,  IVrleton  &  Ca 

Aikou  Sc  Raiiicy 

A.  Heudersoo,  Peale&  Co. 

Martia  &  Butts 

K,  L.  Walker 

PmckarU  &  Steele 

Fellows,  Furguson  &  Hervey 

N.  C.  Gulldtt 

Payne,  Huutington  fc  Co. 

Bradley.  Wilsun  &  Co. 

Coucer  k,  Seixas 

ThomhJli  Ife  Kicbardaoa 

Lacey,  Terry  &  Co. 

Jurey  It  Hams 

T.  H.  k.  J.  M.  Allen  fc  Co. 

H.  Allitwn  fe  Co. 

Foster  &  Ct». 

J.  R.  Powell 

J.  J.  Mtciiic  fc  Co. 

6tepboD9on  &  May 

Walker  &  Vauirht 

Carroll.  Hoyt  &  Co. 

Wulfe  &  Tliunipson 

J.  P.  HiKgios  fc  Cou 

Johnsou,  Denegre  &  Penn 

C.  Fellowes 

Win.  Follows,  Jr. 

Perkiua,  Swenson  fc  Co. 

FolRer  k  Co. 

BUke  &  Tower 

J.  G.  Landry 


VOL.  II.— NO,  V. 


Beggi.  Wolfley  &  Co. 
Monroe  &  Reddiugtun 
John  L.  Lee  &  Co, 
Duval  &  Smith 
W.  Co<iper 
W.  J.  Fnerson  &  Co. 
Kearney,  Blois  &  Co. 
Stewart  &  Brother 
T.  k  S.  HendHrwink 
0.  A.  Oreen  ft  Co. 
F.  J.  UaSilva 
A.  B.  Charprntier 
Chsmhers  k  Latting 
C.  N.  Wtirthiugton 
Kluuche  ft  Wiltz 
J.  ft  O.  Cromwell 
Voisiu  &  Drouet 
J.  R.  Anderson 
W.  H.  Bunnell 
Hewm,  Norton  ft  Co. 
Oliver  P.  Janksou 
Hunt  ft  Macaulny 
Wurren.  Crawioru  ft  Co. 
Price,  liiiie  ft  Tupper 
R.C  Mor»e 
Randall  ft  Co. 
Johu  Phelps  ft  Co. 
8.  B.  Newnian  ft  Co. 
H.  W.  FarUy  ft  Co. 
W.  T.  Bartl.y 
M.  J.  ZnuU  ft  Co. 
6t;ale,  Culomb  ft  Co. 


34 


Ober.  AtwateiC*  Co. 

BoseoyACo. 

H   Ware4Son 

Richard  Flower  *  Maes 

Darby,  Muoltou  *  Co. 

SutherliUjWarren  A  Co. 

Ethell  A  Thomas 

Lee.  Crandall  A  Co. 

H  VonPhol.Jr.  *Co. 

Van  Oruom  *  Truant 

Kirkpatrick,  Nevius  *  KelUi 

Hamilton  4  Dunnica 

&  O.  ft  T.  A.  Nelson 

Creevy,  Nickerson  ft  Co. 

George  W.  West 

Wm.  Edwards  A  C<»- 

BUikeuiore,  WooldridgeA  Co. 

Stauard  A  Slaytiack 

Walthall  A  Co. 

Gold,  Roach  A  Co. 

John  8.  Wallis 

ParhnmA  Blunt 

A  Levi 

Boyd.  Coleman  A  Graham 

James  Rainy 

JaoMrs  N.  Putnam 

Wm.  J  Britton 

JunasA  Enlestnn 

Edw.  A.  YorkeACo. 

Topp,  Dinkensim,  Hill  A  Co. 

B.  S.  Harper  A  Co. 

E.  B.  Fuqua  A  Co. 

{Oitntinued  on  next  page.) 


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530  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

u  m  T^^^^la  Brooks,  MacxlonaW  4  Oa. 

J.  B.  OribWo                                     JjJL  L^;*?;^*  John  Challe  A  Bro 

Briitr,  Brother  &  Scover                  x^'^A^unmrimr  Winston,  Morris<m  *  Co. 

F.  H.  Foley           .  „  _                      Ri\S!&  BuSnS  Briltou.  Moore  h  Bragg 

Moses  Greenwood  &  Son                SRf?:!„  *  t SetLi  H    l^jUy  *  < -« • 

BJittlo  &  Noble                                 JrSV  SAl^n  F.J    Him.n 

Seymour.  Yarborouph  &  Co.           JLS;  t^^-?^  W.  C.  I.tpKC^n.b  k  Co. 

Cummuips.  Brown  U  to.                 S?t  *k- *  i^)l«r,l.n«  Snykei  A  Sandidgo 

Wm.  B.  Tulh.  ^  ^  .                        S?«h.u  J^R^ShTro  Speed.  Kuniuif r.  A  Co. 
Violett.  Black  t  CO,                        ?*J'S!i/,;Pr  Pres?  Sin  In.  Co.W    B.  Tlu)mp«>n 
Meter.  Deutsch  k  Weisa                8.  B. B"ckner  Prest  Com.  in». ^"' j^^    ii«nkcl  *  Co. 

Esilm&Co                                     ^T^MJ-J^rro  Wnght.  Allen  A  Co. 

Hamilton  &  Banka                          J-  C.  Huey  « to.  j,j,j^  ^  Chamlwrlain 

Calvin  Hoberis                                J«vy,  Derter  &  Co.  ^  j    Shiff  A  Co. 

Campbell  Si  Strong                          Thomas  M.  Scott  k  Co.  ^       ^  ^^^ 
StewWt.  Hyde  ai  Co.                      Fulkorson,  McLaarln  k  Co.          gtowart,  Galbrealh  A  Fixer 

Logan,  Soniat  &  Claiborne             A.  I^ne  j^^  MiUenbcrcer 

T.  J.  Bonnabel                                   JM-  A.  White  Oporto  S.  Monde vlUe 

J.  M.  Urqultait                                  ^^^^  ™®   u„..«  Byrne.  Vance  A  C-o. 

Sam.  Do  Bnw  &  Co.                           Charles  p.  Johnspa  Summers  A  Branums 

Bower  &  Garner                               OiYon.  Watta  &  Co.  RenthcU  A  Prather 

Buiilmuv  &  Esclapon                      Wm.  C.  Cook  Waddy.  Thomiwun  A  Cot 

R.  K/WalkRf  &  Co.                         Sl"')^,S92^  S.  B.  jVlrContiic 

Harlow  J.  Phelps  ft  Co.                 M.  OilHs  fc  Co.  Roman  A  Olivier 

Alcus  &  Shcrk                                W.  8.  Wheeler  Miirtni,  Hawthorn  4  Co. 

Webator  fc  Co.                                John  Watts  fc  Co.  A.  D  Kellv  A  Kemper 

I/JIlgsrtrf^et,  Owen  b  Co.                 Walters,  Cooper  k  Elder  ^.  ^-^^^  j^j,,^,  Cotica  Prose 

R.  H.  FrasoT                ^                   8.  W.  B.  Brady  w.  J.  Wl,eii«.  A  Co. 

Watte.  Hawthorne  k  Ca                J.  P.  Manico/k Co.  Barrett  A  U»assier 

J.  W.  nurbridge  &Co.                     O.  BroussanJ  k  CO.  Hut;li  MrColl 

J.  P.  Harrison  Ik  Sous                       9<>i*«' *  f*"*?* "  «  ChuUm  A  Rirhards 

Nnllc,  Day  &  Co.                               i,*^-.^*.^^?*'  *^  9**A  C   L  Walmsley  4  Co. 

Rcutt,  Case  &  Co.                            Woods.  Mathews  4  Co.  i.(,we  4  Blrnoa 

Hosnn  Ik  Patton                                8.  Whitehead  4  d  Gilmor.  Hopkine  4  0>. 

Bois^r,  Pruthro  &  Co.                     Montisomenr  4  Bro.  Blorh  BnAlwira 

James  D  Btair  k  Co.                       D.  R.  Carrol  4  Co.  e.  W.  Kodd 

Rawlins  k  Murrell                         J.  W.  Gillespie  4  Co.  Merntt,    Dunham,    McKin- 

Thomas  K.  Price                            J.  B.  Munson  4  Co.  twU  A  Co. 

Lew  k  Haas                                     S.  H.  Kennedy  ACo.  j.  \v.  Clinmplin 

R.  rthnkcly  k  Co.                           Horrel,  Qayle  4  Co.  Klliott  A  McK^'ever 

A.  Milt«ulierBcrkCo.                    Lewis,  Cominjrore  4  West  M.   Muiwon,  Prest.  Factors    aod 

W .  S.  Dounell                                   Tunstall,  Chnssing  4  Co.  Traders'  Ins.  Co- 

Kahn.  Adler  k  Co.                          McLean  4  Tarltoa  j  ?>    \'i\uu 
Wm.  R.  Graeue  k  Bros. 

2.-OR0WTH  OF  MEMPHIS,  1866. 

The  assessed  value  of  property  in  Memphis  has  increased  from  ^,600,000  in 
1861  to  $17,996,000  in  1866;  and  for  1867  the  assessment  is  put  at  $30,819,298. 
The  amount  of  business  done  Is  thus  estimated  in  the  Appeal: 

The  estimated  total  transactions  of  1865-66  is  f  92,095,000,  which,  against 

f  45,686,397  in  1860-61,  would  give  an^ncrease  of  $39,870,760,  as  follows: 

1800-61.  1866-66.                  Ineivase. 

Value  of  Cotton  receipts. $17,568,167  $33,643,000        $16,O85,0«)0 

Groceries  and  Produce 12,380,000  24,160,000           11,780.000 

Dry  Goods 4,700,000  7,980,000            8,190,000 

Manufactured  artlclea 5,019.740  9,000,000            8,980,260 

Boots,  Shoes,  Hats,  &  Clothing      2,327,000  4,872,000            2,645.000 

Hardware  and  Cutlery 1,600,000  2,600,000            1,000.000 

Jewelry 672,000  642,000          .       70,000 

Furniture 617,500  1,080,000               462,500 

Hides  and  Peltries 800,000  400,000               100,000 

Coal 442,000  1,000.000               658,000 

Ice 120,000  240,000                120,000 

Total $45,686,397  $92,095,000        $89,870,760 


DEPARTMEST  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

l._PROSPECTS  OF  THE  COTTON  CROP. 

Toe  Cotton  Planters'  Association  of  Mississippi  have  published  an  interesting 
circular  upon  this  subject.     We  extract  as  follows : 

To  this  date  only  328  planters  of  the  counties  of  Hindp,  Madison,  Carroll, 
Copiah,  Claiborne  and  Scott  have  reported.     This  number  in  1860  employed 


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DEPAETMENT  OF  AGBIOULTURB.  631 

7)624  hands,  cultivated  84,811  acred  in  cotton  and  produced  46,681  bales  of 
cotton.  In  1866  they  employed  8.495  hands  and  planted  82,222  acres  of  cot- 
ton. Of  the  number  of  acres  planted  this  year  a  considerable  amount  has 
been  thrown  out  in  consequence  of  the  continual  rains,  during  the  cultivatinfi^ 
season  ;  of  the  above  number  of  planters  about  oue-fifih  report  good  stands  ana 
the  percentage  of  work  per  hand  as  compared  with  1860  does  not  exceed  two- 
thirds  or  66  per  cent.  From  the  best  and  most  reliable  information  in  our 
possession,  we  feel  safe  in  stating  that  the  crop  of  Mit^sissippi  will  be  less  by 
one-half  than  was  anticipated  two  months  since,  in  consequence  of  a  most  un- 
precedented drought,  by  which  the  greater  portion  of  the  State  has  suffered. 

Of  the  many  false  reports  sent  to  New  York,  and  from  thence,  of  course, 
across  the  water,  to  which  our  attention  has  been  called,  is  one  forwarded  from 
Mobile  a  few  days  since,  estimating  the  cotton  crop  of  this  year  at  2,600,000 
bales,  putting  Mississippi  down  for  600,000  bales,  about  one-half  as  much  as  she 
produced  in  18G\),  when  we  cultivated  nearly  three  times  the  number  of  acres 
m  cotton'  we  are  cultivating  this  year. 

For  the  benefit  of  our  planting  friends,  we  publish  the  following  calcula- 
tions, based  upon  information  which  we  deem  reliable,  and  which  we  think 
proves  most  conclusively  that  by  the  firpt  of  January,  1867,  the  supply  now  on 
hand  in  Europe,  including  all  afloat,  will  be  exhausted — and  further,  that  the 
supply  for  the  year  1867  will  fall  very  far  short  of  the  demand. 

July  18,  1866,  Mr.  S.  G.  Laughland,  of  Liverpool,  reports  the  following 
which  is  published  in  the  New  Orleans  Price  Current  of  the  11th  inst: 

Stock  on  hand 880,000  baits. 

American  afloat 85,000      " 

All  other  descriptions  afloat. 646,000     " 

Number  of  bales, 1,561,000  bales. 

In  the  New  Orleans  Picayune,  of  the  12th  inst.,  under  the  head  of  "  Dissipa- 
tion of  Another  Delusion,*'  we  find  the  following:  In  1850  the  weekly  con- 
sumption of  England  was  29,125  bales;  in  I860  it  was  increased  to  48,268 
bales;  and  in  the  same  ratio,  we  add,  in  1866  the  consumption  will  increase  to 
59,717  bales  per  week.  Add  to  this  (which  we  find  in  the  Liverpool  Cotton 
Brokers'  Association  Weekly  Circular,  May  8l8t,  1866,)  17,124,  the  actual 
weekly  export,  makes  the  quantity  required  weekly  by  England  76,831  bales. 
Multiply  that  amount  by  20  (which  is  the  number  of  weeks  from  the  18th  of 
July  to  the  6th  of  December,)  and  it  will  amount  to  1,586,620,  leaving  a  balance 
on  band  on  the  5th  of  December,  '66,  of  the  above  stock,  as  reported  by  Mr. 
Laughland,  of  24,880  bales. 

To  continue  the  calculation,  if  England  requires  76,831  bales  per  week  for 
consumption  and  export,  she  will  require  for  the  year  1867,  without  any  increase 
of  machinery,  3,995,212  bales.  We  have  seen  various  estimates  of  the  quantity 
of  cotton  which  England  will  receive  the  present  year,  from  the  Indias,  Brazil 
and  all  other  countries,  other  than  America.  These  estimates  vary  from  1,800,- 
000  to  2,800,000  bales.  Suppose  she  receives  the  largest  of  these  estimates  in 
1867 — 2,800,0<^0  bales;  deduct  it  from  the  amount  required  (3,995,212  bales) 
and  it  leaves  a  deficiency  of  1,295,212  bales,  a  larger  amount,  we  honestly  be- 
lievC  than  will  be  made  in  the  United  States  in  1866.  ^ 

In  order  to  prove  that  we  do  not  over-estimate  the  quantity  which  Europe 
will  require  in  1867,  we  annex  the  following  figures  taken  from  a  reliable  source : 
<*In  1860  the  total  supply  in  Europe  was  1,797,400,000  pounds,  equal  to  4,498,- 
500  bales  of  400  pounds  each.  Having  no  reliable  data  oy  which  we  can  ascer- 
tain the  stock  on  hand  on  the  1st  of  January,  '61,  we  suppose  it  to  have  been 
650,000  bales,  which  deducted  from  the  above,  leaves  8,848,500  as  the  amount 
consumed  in  1860,  and  varying  but  little  from  our  estimates  for  1867. 

2.— THE  GRAIN  CROPS  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

A  writer  in  one  of  the  Western  papers  calculates  that,  as  a  bushel  of  com  con- 
tains sixty  solid  pounds  of  grain,  the  crop  of  the  current  year,  even  if  it  should 


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•582     DEPARTMENT  OP  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT. 

Dot  exceed  80,000,000  ba^hek,  will  amount  to  foar  thousand  eight  hundred  mil- 
lion (4,800.000,000)  pounds  of  grain,  besides  an  equal  weight  in  fodder.  The 
Talue  to  the  country  of  such  an  aggregate  of  agricultural  wealth,  springing 
from  a  single  crop,  is  not  easily  ccmceiv^  Though  wheat  reiilizes  a  higher 
price  per  bushel  in  the  market,  its  positiye  ralue  as  a  life^ustaiDing  product  is 
much  inferiur  to  that  of  maize,  since  the  former  averages  but  little  more  tbaxk 
one  third  as  much  to  the  acre  in  the  quantity  grown.  The  statistics  of  the 
production  of  corn  in  the  United  States  fur  the  last  twenty  five  years  are  as  fol- 
Iow8»  vii. : 

JSusheU. 

In  1840,  total  crop 877,681  ^75 

In  1850,  total  crop 692,671,104 

In  1860,  totol  crop 880.461.707 

In  1866,  total  crop  (estimated) 1, 089,0* )0,00o 

The  writer  whose  calculations  we  have  noticed  remarks  upon  this  showing 
as  follows: — "  The  increase  being  at  the  rate  of  four  per  cent,  per  annum,  the 
agglregate  crop  of  1866  will  be  over  one  thousand  millions  of  bushels!  Esti- 
mate this  at  sixty  cents  per  bushel,  and  conceive,  if  you  can,  the  feeding  power 
of  this  enormous  quantity  of  Indian  com." 

No  wonder  that  the  farmers  in  the  West  exult  in  the  prospects  afforded  by 
their  luxuriant  fields.  They  have  surely  been  disappointed,  as  no  staple  of 
agriculture  seems  so  well  adapted  to  resist  the  changes  of  our  climate.  Taking 
the  last  twenty  years  together,  the  average  yield  per  acre  in  the  Buckeye  Slate 
is  not  far  from  thirty-three  bushels.  Com  is  a  commodity  whieh  should  not  be 
despised. 

8.— CROPS  IN  THE  PRAIRIE  LANDS  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

A  planter  neor  Oolnmbus,  Miss.,  writes  as  follows : 

"The  attempt  to  raise  a  very  large  crop  of  cotton  has  resulted  in  the  failure 
of  both  corn  and  cotton.  The  negroes  will  not  work  as  they  did  formerly,  and 
those  who  plant  with  that  expectation  will  always  be  disappointed.  Eight 
acres  to  the  hand  is  as  much  as  the  best  hands  will  make  and  save;  for  one  of 
the  difficulties  of  cotton-planting  is  the  saving  of  the  cotton  after  it  has  opened. 

"  I  have  given  you  these  facts,  and  you  may  rely  upon  them.  This  region, 
which  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  South,  and  sustained  less  loss  from  the  war,  both 
in  labor  and  capital,  will  not  rouke  more  than  one-fourth  or  one-third  of  the 
amount  of  cotton  raised  in  these  counties  U>  I860;  and  if  it  is  so  here,  it  must 
be  much  worse  in  other  parts  of  the  South.  If  we  have  a  bad,  wet  fall,  there 
will  not  be  orie^ixth  as  much  cotton  saved  as  was  in  1860.  1  hope  our  planters 
will  learn  wisdom  from  the  sad  experience  of  this  year,  and  will  plant  less  cot- 
ton and  more  corn  to  the  hand,  and  thus  be  enabled  to  work  both  better,  and 
to  save  more  of  each." 


DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT. 

1.— NORFOLK  AND  THE  GREAT  WEST. 

Mb.  Jeffbrson  always  maintained  that  Norfolk  would  eventually  become  a 
greater  commmercial  mart  than  Nu'w  York.  Colonel  Hughes,  who  made  a  re- 
port upon  its  connections  with  the  We^t,  ffave  at  large  the  basis  of  this  opinion: 

Norfolk  is,  beyond  dispute,  the  most  admirable  seaport  on  the  Atlantic  sea- 
coa^t;  and  Cairo,  in  the  same  latitude,  is  the  ereat  trade  centre  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley.  A  study  of  the  map  will  »how  that  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers  is  the  grand  converging  point  of  the  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Mis- 
souri, Des  Moines,  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Cnmberhind  and  Tennex«see  rivers 
— the  geographical  centre  of  their  trade,  and  the  converging  and  diverging 
point  of  full  five   thousand   miles  of  inland  steamboat  navigation — a  vastly 


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DEPARTMENT  OP  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT.     533 

greater  amoant  of  navigation  than  concentrates  at  any  other  gathering-point  in 
the  world.  So,  likewise,  Norfolk  is  the  great  central  seaport  of  the  Atlantic; 
midway  between  the  Canadas  and  the  West  Indies ;  on  the  finest,  most  conven- 
nient,  safe,  and  capacioua  harbor  on  this  continent;  open  at  all  periods  of  the 
year;  accessible  from  any  point  with  any  wind;  and  better  caloul.tted  for  a 
mighty  trade  than  any  harbor  in  the  world.  Of  this  city  and  harbor  Lieute- 
nant Maury,  the  highest  authority  on  these  subjects,  thus  wrote  long  ago : 

"As  to  the  natural  adrontages  of  position,  depth  of  water,  and  accessibility 
by  land  and  sea,  Norfolk  has  no  competitor  among  the  seaport  towns  of  the  At- 
lantic Midway  the  Atlantic  coast  line  of  the  United  States,  Norfolk  is  the 
roodt  convenient,  because  the  most  central  point,  where  the  produce  of  the  inte- 
rior may  be  collected,  and  whence  it  may  be  distributed,  North  and  South, 
right  and  left,  among  the  markets  of  the  seaboard. 

''  Its  climate  is  delightful.  It  is  exactly  of  that  happy  middle  temperature, 
where  the  frosts  of  the  North  bite  not,  and  where  the  pestilence  of  the  South 
walketh  not.  Its  harbor  ifl  commodious,  and  as  safe  as  can  be.  It  is  never 
blocked  up  with  ice,  and  as  to  the  egress  and  ingress  between  it  and  the  eea,  it 
possesses  all  the  facilities  that  the 'mariner  himself  could  desire.  It  has  the 
oouble  advantage  of  an  outer  and  inner  harbor.  The  Inner  harbor  is  as  smooth 
as  any  mill-pond ;  in  it  vessels  lie  with  the  most  perfect  security,  where  every 
natural  facility  imaginable  \a  offered  for  lading  and  unladiag.  Being  ready  for 
sea,  the  outward- bound  trader,  dropping  down  from  his  snug  mooring,  and  ap- 
proaching the  sea,  finds  a  storm  raging  from  the  outside.  The  outer  harbor 
then  afifords  a  shtiUer  until  the  fury  of  the  gale  is  spent,  when  the  white-winded 
messenger  trips  her  anchor,  trims  to  the  breeze,  and  goes  forth,  rejoicing  on  her 
way,  to  the  haven  where  she  would  be.  Moreover,  the  prevailing  winds  in 
the  parallel  of  Norfolk  are  westerly  winds,  which  are  fair  for  coasting,  and 
for  going  seaward  in  any  direction.  A  little  to  the  South  of  that  parallel,  you 
find  the  northeast  trades,  which  are  fair  winds  for  the  inward-bound  Noriolk 
vessel  Then,  there  is  the  Gulf  Stream-^that  mighty  river  in  the  ocean — ^upbn 
the  verge  of  which  Norfolk  standsb  It  flows  up  with  a  current,  which,  without 
the  help  of  sweeps,  sails,  or  steam,  will  carry  the  European-bound  vessel  out  of 
Norfolk  at  the  rate  of  nearly  one  hundred  miles  a  day,  directly  on  her  course. 
Then,  at  the  sides  of  thif«,  and  counter  to  it,  are  eddies  which  favor  the  same 
vessel  on  her  return  to  Norfolk.  These  hawse  her  along  and  shorten  her  voy- 
age by  many  a  mile,  such  are  the  natural  advantages  of  Norfolk,  seaward.**  ' 

But  these  are  not  all  the  advantages  of  Not  folk,  or  of  the  eastern  harbors  of 
Virginia,  as  receptacles  of  a  eontinental  commerce.  The  trade  of  the  West  is 
growing  into  such  immense  proportions  as  imperatively  to  require  the  opening 
of  the  shortest  and  most  direct  lines  of  transit.  In  the  infancy  of  the  West, 
and  during  the  sparsity  of  settlemenis  and  the  scarcity  of  capital,  its  trade  was 
susceptible  of  control,  and  could  be  diverted  from  its  natural  and  most  direct 
channels  by  artificial  means.  But  the  case  is  now  changed.  The  ehurtest  lines 
of  transit  must  be  sought,  and  will  be  preferred ;  and  this,  not  only  with  refer- 
ence to  the  land  transit,  but  to  the  ocean  passage. 

In  regard  to  the  passages  of  the  ocean,  it  is  to  bo  observed  that  the  old  routes 
of  steam  navigation  have  been  modifieJ  with  the  progress  of  improvement  in 
steam  naval  architecture.  At  first,  the  narrowest  passages  of  the  Atlantic  were 
sought;  and,  as  both  Liverpool  and  Halifax  were  British  ports,  British  steam- 
ers enjoyed  almost  a  monopoly  of  the  ocean  steam  navigation.  But  of  late 
years,  this  state  of  things  has  changed.  Steam  naval-architecture  has  been 
carried  to  such  perfection  that  the  g^eat  vessels  no  longer  hug  the  shore  of 
either  continent  until  reaching  the  narrowest  passages,  before  staking  out  upon 
the  main,  but  boldly  ste^m  forth  directly  into  mid-ocean,  regardless  of  the 
breadth  of  the  passai^e,  pursuing  the  mo»t  direct  lines  of  transit  The  direct 
passage  from  New  York  is  preferred  to  the  circuitous-  one  which  took  Halifax 
lA  the  way,  and  the  broad  passage  from  Norfolk  to  Liverpool  or  St.  Nazal  re. 
inspirt-s  no  more  awe  than  the  narrow  one  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Irish 
Clifis.  Already  a  direct  line  of  ocean  steamers  is  established  between  Norfolk 
And  St,  Nazuire. 


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534     DEPARTMENT  OF  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT^ 

Bat  the  case  does  not  coDtlone  the  same  with  respect  to  seaports  south  of 
Norfolk.  Indeed,  the  general  course  of  the  ocean  winds  and  currents  renders 
a  northward  curve  even  in  the  passage  from  Norfolk  to  Europe  desirable,  and 
sometimes  necessary,  for  both  sailing  ressels  and  sieamers.  In  the  admirable 
charts  of  navigation  prepared  by  Lieut  Maury,  and  published  in  his  *'  Sailing 
Directions,"  the  tmtb  of  this  observation  is  plainly  presented  to  the  eye,  and  it 
is  made  obvious  titat  the  trade  of  all  ports  of  the  United  States,  south  of  Nor- 
folk, must  coast  the  continent  until  it  reaches  the  latitude  of  that  city,  before 
striking  out  aross  the  main.  Even  if  the  trade  of  the  MissisMppi  YaUey 
could  reach  seaports  south  of  Norfolk  by  a  shorter  overiand  route  than  the 
Norfolk  route,  it  would  gain  nothing  by  going  to  these  southern  ports,  for 
the  reason,  that  ader  embarking  npoD  the  ocean,  it  would  still  have  virtually 
to  pass  Norfolk  on  its  passafe  to  Europe.  Norfolk,  therefore,  possesses  over 
all  Northern  seaports  the  advantage  of  being  nearer  by  overland  route  to 
the  centres  of  Western  trade  ;  and  possesses,  orer  all  Southern  seaports,  the 
advantage  of  being  nearer  by  the  ocean  routes  to  all  Enropean  ports. 

What  is  here  said  of  Norfolk,  holds  true  of  any  point  on  the  waters  adjacent 
to  Hampton  Roads ;  and  applies  as  well  to  I4ewport  News,  West  Point,  City 
Point,  and  Hampton.  I  speak  of  Norfolk  alone  simply  becaose  it  is  more  prom- 
inently before  the  public  mind. 

Cairo  being  the  centre  of  the  Western  trade,  and  Norfolk  the  most  eligible 
seaport  for  its  shipment  abroad,  the  one  connected  with  the  system  of  railroads 
in  Kentucky,  and  the  other  with  the  system  in  Virginia,  I  can  conceive  of  no 
work  more  important,  both  in  its  continental  and  local  relations,  than  the  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky  railroads.  A  comparison  of  the  distance  between  Cairo  and 
Uie  Eastern  cities  will  still  further  display  the  importance  of  this  route,  direct 
from  Cairo  to  Norfolk,  and  of  the  Bristol  and  Cumberland  Gap  link  of  it  The 
distance  of  Norfolk  fi^nn  Cairo  in  an  air  line  is  660  miles.  The  distance  on  a 
railroad  line,  passing  through  Danville,  Kentucky,  Cumberland  Gap,  Bristol, 
Lynchburg  and  Petersburg,  is  810  miles,  and  could  be  reduced  to  750,  on  straight 
line.  The  distance  fW>m  Cairo  to  New  York  is  1,200  miles,  and  to  Baltimore, 
by  the  shortest  route,  885  miles.  The  distance  from  Cairo  to  the  mouth  of  the- 
Mississippi  River  is,  by  the  curve  of  the  river,  1,119  miles,  and  by  rHilroad  via 
New  Orleans  and  the  lower  river,  665  miles.  But  the  trade  which  takes  this 
route  must,  after  reaching  the  mouth,  skirt  the  Gulf  and  Atlantic  coasts,  a  dis- 
tance of  more  than  fifteen  hundred  miles,  before  reaching  a  point  in  the  Gulf 
Stream  opposite  Norfolk  on  its  route  to  fkirope ;  and  must  encounter,  moreover, 
the  damaging  effects  of  the  Gulf  climate.  Placing  them  in  tabular  form,  these 
dbtances  are  as  follows : 


From  Cairo  to  Norfol  k. 8 1 0  or  7 05 

"      New  York 1 ,200 

"      BalUmore 885 

"        "      To  the  month  of  the  Mississippi  by  water 1,119 

"        "      To  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river  by  land 665 

The  time  is  not  tar  dl&tant  when  the  immense  trade  which  converges  at  Cairo 
will  refuse  to  traverse  a  distance  of  1,200  miles  to  reach  New  York,  or  of  835 
miles  to  reach  Baltimore,  or  of  more  tlmn  2,0ii0  miles  in  making  the  tour  of  the 
Gulf,  and  will  prefer  to  move  directly  to  Norfolk,  or  the  deep  waters  of  the 
Lower  James  river,  over  a  distance  of  760  miles. 

The  case  is  nearly  as  strong  in  favor  of  this  direct  lino  to  Norfolk,  if  we  take 
Louisville  as  the  starting-point ;  and  is  not  materially  weaker  if  we  take  Cin- 
cinnati. The  di:<tances  by  actually  constructed  and  projeoted  railroads  from 
Louisville  to  various  points  on  tide-water  are  as  follows ; 

To  New  York 1,065  milea. 

To  Balitmore ,.    730      " 

To  Norfolk ,....    675      « 

To  ship  navigation  at  City  Point,  Va 600      " 


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••    DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 


635 


The  distances  by  railroad  from  CiDcinDatl  to  tlie  same  points  are  as  follows  : 

ToNewYork 926  miles. 

To  Baltimore 690      " 

To  Norfolk,  via  Bristol 702      " 

To  aty  Poi.:t,  via  Bristol 68i      " 

This  distance  in  favor  of  Baltimore  is  neutralized  by  the  fnct  that  trade,  after 
reaching  that  city,  must  still  move  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  before  reaching 
the  ocean,  which  it  enters  in  the  vicinity  of  Norfolk.  The  distance  via  Bal£ 
more  to  the  Capes  from  Cincinnati  is,  in  met,  760  miles,  or  60  miles  further  than 
to  Norfolk. 

Whether,  therefore,  we  assnme  Cincinnati,  or  Louisville,  or  Cairo,  as  the 
point  of  departure  for  the  trade  of  the  West,  the  route  through  Cumberland 
Gap,  with  a  single  exception,  offers  the  shortest  transit  to  the  seaboard.  The 
only  route  that  competes  with  our  own  in  point  of  distance,  and  competes  only 
with  reference  to  Cincinnati,  is  that  through  West  Virginia  over  the  projected 
Coving^n  and  Ohio  railroad.  The  intervention  of  a  new  State  on  that  line, 
politically  antagonistic  to  Virginia,  has  clouded  the  prospects  of  that  great  im- 
provement,  and  cannut  fail  to  engender  dii^ord  in  its  management.  At  my 
present  writing  nothing  has  been  definitely  accomplished  or  settled  towards  in- 
suring the  completion  of  that  great  improvement,  ^y  means  of  the  road  which 
we  have  in  charge,  Virginia  may  reach  the  railroad  systems  of  the  West  rimply 
by  extending  her  own  chain  of  roads,  on  her  own  soil,  to  her  own  western 
border. 

2,— SOUTHERN  RAILROAD  ROUTE  TO  THE  PACIFIC. 

The  proposed  railroad  from  Knoxville  to  Memphis  will  be  an  important  link 
in  this  line  of  communication,  as  we  shall  show  nereafter.  The  route  west  of 
Texas  it  is  said  will  be  provided  for  by  Northern  c^italists,  at  the  he^d  of 
whom  is  John  C.  Fremont 

The  plan  is  to  connect  the  line  of  railroads  running  through  the  Southern 
part  of  Texas,  thence  to  Monterey,  with  Guayamas,  now  in  Mexico,  but  wliich 
IS  soon  expected  to  be  in  the  United  States. 

The  eultlvatable  and  inhabitable  region  is  to  be  traversed,  and  not  the  arid 
"plains,  and  a  mining  country  is  to  be  pierced  through  by  it  during  its  whole 
extension  through  what  is  now  Mexico.  This  is  part  and  parcel  of  the  scheme 
of  a  '*  liberal  loan,"  which  is  to  be  repaid  with  concessions  of  territory.  This 
or  a  permitted  protectorate  over  American  interests  in  Mexico,  is  to  make  this 
railroad  enterprise  safe  at  first  and  very  profitable  afterward.  With  Fremont 
at  the  head  of  it,  it  will  be  sure  to  have  congressional  sanction  and  assistance. 
Will  New  Orleans  see  that  its  connection  with  this  line  of  railroad  is  speedily 
made? 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 


1.  UicTVEBsmr  of  Virginia.  Wo  are 
glad  to  a^ertain  that  the  number  of 
students  will  reach  between  five  and  six 
hundred  the  present  year,  which  is  a 
degree  of  prosperity  scarcely  ever  en- 
joyed bffore. 

The  Medical  Dcpahtmsnt  consists 
of  Drs.  Howard,  Cabell,  Davis,  Maupin 
and  Chancellor;  at  the  head  of  the 
Law  School  is  John  B.  Minor,  LL.  D. ; 
William  Werlenbaker  is  Secretary  of 
the  Faeulty,  and  Reverend  I.  S.  Lindsay, 
Chaplain.  There  is  a  teacher  of  Gym- 
nasties.  Messrs.  Toy,  Garnett,  Lanza, 
and  Smead,  are  teachers  of  the  Lart- 
guages  and  Mathematics, 


The  fees  in  the  Literary  department, 
room-rent  and  board,  amount  to  $360 
per  annum ;  in  the  Law,  |365 ;  in  the 
Medical,  $390. 

LnVRABT  AVD  SCIBimnC  80B00LS. 

Basil  L.  Oilderaleeve,  Ph.  D^  Profossor  of 
Ancient  LangnagM. 

M.  Scheie  De  Vera,  LL.  D.,  Profesaor  of 
Moslem  LnngtiageB. 

Gbarles  H.  Yen&ble,  Professor  of  Math«< 
matios. 

Francis  H.  Smith,  A  M.,  Professor  of  Notor- 
ft]  Philosophy. 

8.  Maupin,  U.  D^  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

Wm.  H.  McGoifey,  P.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor 
of  Moral  Philosophy. 

Qeo.  Fred.  Uolmes,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of 
BlUory  and  General  Uteratore. 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION.** 


2.  William  an©  Mart  Colleob.  This 
yeteraa  institution  at  Willianisbarg.Va., 
is  again  revised,  aod  we  find  the  follow- 
ing reference  to  it  in  a  recent  Exchange : 

WlllUm  and  Mary  alone  has  bmn  anew  her 
career  ander  cireamstances  pecollarlir  nnrav- 
orable  and  depr**6slng.  AJmoet  witbnat  a 
**  local  habitation.*'  because  of  the  randftllc  de- 
stractloD  of  a  portion  ot  the  collese  boildings 
and  desecration  of  Uiose  remaining  hj  the 
Federal  soldiery,  she  again  lifts  her  proud  face 
for  the  third  time  in  her  history,  from  the  dust 
and  ashes  of  her  (Ulen  temples,  and  eloqaeoUy, 

{et,  MTith  all  her  ancient  dtgnit/,  pleads  that 
er  past  glorr,  her  noble  services  and  great 
sacrifices  uialf  not  be  forgotten.  For  the  third 
time  since  its  foondatiottf  the  College  is  now 
in  ruins,  each  time  having  perished  bv  the  de- 
Touring  elemoat.  The  original  building  was 
burned  In  1705,  the  second  In  February.  1859, 
and  the  third,  completed  a  few  months  before 
the  beginning  of  the  late  war,  was  destrored 
by  the  Federal  soldiery  in  September,  1862, 
upon  their  compulsory  evacuation  of  Williams- 
burg in  consequence  of  the  approach  of  a  Con- 
federate force.  It  is  a  notable  oircutnstanoe, 
and  one  that  will  live  as  an  inefbceable  stigma 
upon  the  military  annals  of  the  North,  that 
this  Gollece  survived  the  revolutionary  stmg- 
gle,  and  although  several  times  in  the  hands  of 
the  Biitish  escaped  nnli^nred ;  iu  occupation 
as  quarters  by  the  forces  of  Gornwallis  on  their 
march  to  York  town,  and  remained  to  be  of- 
fered among  other  noble  sacrifices  to  Yankee 
malignity;  iU  cmmbUng  walls  and  moulder- 
ing ashes,  mute,  but  eloquent,  commentaries 
npon  the  boasted  civilization  and  heroism  of 
those  who  call  themselves,  par  eoooelUnoe^  the 
9avan4  and  heroes  of  the  age. 

5.  Unitbrsitt  or  Georgia,  at  Athens. — 
From  a  recent  publication,  we  insert  as 
follows : 

The  action  of  the  Board  of  Tm8tee^  in  en- 
larging the  fseillties  for  education  in  the  Uni- 
Tersity,  was  promptly  and  most  wisely  con- 
formed to  this  new  era  in  the  history  of  the 
University.  They  did  just  what  was  wanted. 
They  did  It  exactly  at  the  time  and  In  the  way 
that  it  was  wanted.  Fonr  new  Professors — 
men  of  mind  and  mark — have  been  elected  to 
Professorships  that  are  virtually  connected 
with  the  kind  of  education  now  needed  in  this 
State;  nor  can  we  doubt  that  the  foresight 
evinced  In  this  action,  will  have  a  most  sain- 
taiy  effect  in  binding  the  confidence  of  the 
people  still  more  sirungly  to  the  institution. 
Taken  in  this  oonnection,  the  establishment 
of  a  School  of  Engineers,  which  48  designed  to 
prepare  young  uien  for  the  prof«*8sional  busi- 
ness of  enalneering.  is  a  most  auspicious  move- 
ment In  the  right  direction. 

While  the  professorships  have  been  so  filled 
as  to  meet  the  approval  of  the  well-wishers  of 
the  University,  we  feel  that  the  friends  of  Agri- 
cultural progress  have  special  reasons  to  con- 
gratulate themselves  on  the  election  of  Dr. 
Jones  to  the  Terrell  Professorship  of  Agricul- 
ture. On  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Lee,  it  at  once 
occurred  to  us,  that  of  all  our  scientific  acquain- 
tance Dr.  Jones  was  the  man  whose  knowledge 
of  practical  agrlanltiire.  obtained  in  this  climate 
in  the  managementof  hisown  plantation,  com- 
bined with  his  th<troagh  attainments  In  Nat- 
oral  History,  Physicsl,  Chemical,  and  Agricul- 
tural Science,  best  qualified  him  to  be  useful 


in  this  position.  It  is  a  selecUon  mbeC  credit- 
able to  the  Trustees,  and  will  give  wide  and 
Increasing  satisfluldKm  to  all  interested  in  tbe 
Agrlcnltnral  Department  of  the  Inatttatton. 

4.  College  of  CHARLBim)N,  S.  C. — 
Our  noble  old  Alma  Mnter  issues  tbe  fol- 
lowing pros^nirae  fur  tbe  future,  and 
e1evAt<>a  as  bas  been  ber  mission  in  the 
past,  tbere  are  indtcAtiona  that  in  fa- 
tute  it  will  be  more  elevated  still : 

The  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Charleston 
would  respectAiIly  inform  parents  and  guar- 
dians of  young  gentlemen  oestrons  of  obtain- 
ing a  oollesiate  education,  that  this  Institnticui 
has  been  re-opened  under  verr  favorable  aus- 
pices, and  at  a  greatly  redue«>d  rate  of  tuition, 
the  terms  of  which  are  only  Fifty  Dollars  per 
annum,  payable  quarterly.  Students  fh>m  the 
interior  can  obtain  board  at  reasonable  rates 
in  respectable  private  families  residing  in  the 
dty. 

Admission.— Candidates  for  admission  into 
the  Freshman  Class  must  be  able  to  translate 
into  English  the  whole  of  Otesar^s  Gommenta- 
riea.  Vincll,  Cicero's  Select  Oratlona  and  Sal- 
lust,  They  must  also  possess  an  accurate  and 
minute  knowledge  of  tne  Latin  Orammar  and 
Prosody. 

In  Greek,  they  will  be  expected  to  possess 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  Valpy's  Greek  Gram- 
mar, Anthonys  Edition,  and  be  able  to  trans- 
late and  parse  with  readiness  any  portion  of 
Jacobs*  Greek  Reader,  the  first  two  books  of 
Xenophon*s  Anabasis,  and  the  first  book  of 
Homer's  Iliad. 

In  Mathematics,  their  knowledge  will  be  ex- 
pected to  Include  arithmetic  (Inclnding  frac- 
tions, vulgar  and  decimal,)  extraction  of  Squars 
and  Cul>e  Boots,  Toung's  Algebra  throngli 
Simple  Equations,  and  the  first  three  books  of 
L^ndre's  Geometrv. 

Geography,  both  Andent  and  Modem,  wtll 
be  the  snhlect  of  a  Haid  examination. 

N.  B.— Students  will  be  sdmitted  to  a  par- 
tial course  upon  special  application. 

pACirLTT.— N.  K.  Middleton.  LU  D.,  Proai- 
dent.  Professor  of  Logic.  Political  Economy, 
and  the  Evidences  of  Ohristianity.  snd  Hony 
Professor  of  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy. 

Rev.  James  W.  Miles,  A.  M.,  Professor  of 
the  Latin  and  Greek  Languages  and  Literatare, 
and  of  B«>roan  and  Greek  Antiquities. 

Lewis  R.  Gibbes,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Aa- 
tronomy.  Physics  and  Chemistry. 

John  McChady,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Matlie- 
matlcs. 

F.  A.  Porcber,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Historj, 
Ancient  and  Modi-m,  Uhrturic  Belles-Lettres, 
English  Composition  and  Elocution. 

F.  S.  Holme^  A.  M..  Professor  of  Geoloer, 
Paleontology  and  Zoology,  and  Curator  of  uie 
Museum. 

5.  University  of  Tehnrsbeb  on  Cdm- 
BBRLAND  Uniykrsitt. — Its  circular  ap- 
pears in  our  advertising  culumna.  Its 
annual  attendance  of  sludenta  nnmber- 
od  from  60o  to  ftOO  before  tbe  war.  Tbe 
cost  of  instruction  and  board  ia  very 
moderate.  TheXavSc/ioo/ bas  ever  been 
regarded  one  of  tbe  best  in  Amt- rica^ 

LrrsBAaT  Faoultt.— T.  C.  Anderson,  D.  D. 
President. 


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•    JOUBNAL  OF  THE  WAK. 


537 


B.  Beftrd,  D.  D^  ProfMSor  Andent  Lftngiu- 
ges  and  Theology. 
B.  W.  McDonnold,  D.D.,  Prof.  Mathematlos. 
Jalius  Elan,  Profeaeor  Modern  Langaagea. 
J.  W.  Bojd,  A.  M.,  Principal  Preparatory. 

6.  LouisfANA  Stat*  Seminary,  near 
Alexandria. 

W«  have  recelred  the  •*  OfBdal  Beglster  of 
the  Officers  and  Cadets  of  the  Lonletana  State 
Bemioary  of  Learning  and  Military  Academy.^ 
sear  Alexandria,  for  the  session  ending  June 
80th,  1866.  From  the  Beglster  we  loam  that 
there  were  108  stadents  In  attendance  mostly 
Arom  Louisiana,  bat  sereral  fmm  Texas,  Ar- 
kanraa  and  Mississippi  It  is  expected  there 
will  be  at  least  200  stadents  present  the  next 
session,  which  began  the  first  Monday  in  Sep- 
tember. The  Beglster,  we  mar  remark,  is 
very  neatly  printed,  and  creditable  to  tho  ty- 
pography of  the  AUwnndria  Dtmoorai  office, 
m>m  which  it  was  Issaed. 

7.  H1LL8BOEO      MlLlTAftT     AOADEMT, 

Hillsboro,  North  Cai»liDa. 

Qen.  Colston  has  taken  obarjre  of  the  HIIIs- 
boro  Mllitanr  Academy,  founded  by  the  gallant 
Colonel  C.  C.  Tew,  who  fell  at  Sharpsburg. 

The  buildings  are  new  and  comfortable, 
consisting  of  handsome  barracks  erected  in 
1890,  for  the  special  parpoaes  of  a  Military 
School,  and  saffldent  to  accommodate  150  Ca- 
dets; together  with  mess  hall,  hospital  aad 
all  other  necessary  bnlldlngs.  The  sltoation 
Is  about  a  mile  from  the  town  of  Hillsboroogh, 
within  a  feiv  hundred  yards  of  the  North  Car- 
olina Central  Railroad,  and  in  a  region  ansnr- 
paased  for  health.  It  offers  special  induce- 
ments  to  the  stadents  from  the  Sonthem 
States,  being  ft*oro  four  to  six  hundred  miles 
nearer  to  them  than  the  great  schools  of  Ylr^ 
glnia  and  Maryland. 

Ckneral  CoUton^s  object  will  be  to  make 
this  Academy  the  great  PolyUohMo  School 
of  the  State  of  N.  C.  and  one  to  which  all, 
from  every  State,  may  resort  with  advantage. 

8.  Thb  Medical  Colleocs  of  South 
Carolina  and  Qborola  are  anin  in 
sneceBsful  operation.  In  regard  to  the 
latter,  located  at  Angusta,  it  may  be 
said : 

The  character  of  the  old  members  of  the 
Faculty  is  too  well  known  to  require  any  alln- 
slon  on  our  part    In  the  chair  of  Obstetrics 


we  find  a  gentleman  whose  rcpatation  is  wide 
as  the  country,  and  whose  attainments  in  that 
particniar  branch  of  the  pn>f«*ffsl'»n,  gives  him 
a  position  second  to  none  in  this  or  any  other 
country.  80,  too,  of  the  Professor  of  Snigery, 
and  the  Practice  of  Medicine.  These  two  dls- 
tingalsbed  practitioners  have  been  connected 
with  the  College  we  believe  since  its  organi- 
zation. They  are  ftilly  identified  with  its  his- 
tory, and  are  Jealons  of  its  fiame.  Their  suo- 
cesa  not  only  in  private  practice,  but  also  as 
accomplished  ana  saccessful  lecturers,  gives 
the  strongest  proof  of  their  fitness  for  the  po- 
sitions they  occupy. 

9.  New  Orleans  Medical  School. — 
Its  circular  appears  in  our  advertising 
department. 

The  faculty  comprises  young,  active 
and  able  men.  The  eleventh  annual 
course  opens  on  the  12th  of  November, 
Dr.  D.  Warren  Brickie  is  Dean.  The 
fees  are  as  follows : 

All  Tickets $140 

Matriculation  (once).  5 

Practical  Anatomy 10 

Diploma  in  Medicine 80 

Diploma  in  Pharmacy 15 

Medical  Department  —  University 
OP  Nashville.  —  Lectures  begin  first 
Mouday  of  November.  The  Museum 
and  building  are  in  fine  condition. 

Profbssors.  — Joseph  Jones,  M.  D^  Hate 
Professor  of  Cliemistry  in  the  Medical  CoUege 
of  Georgia)  Professor  of  Pathology. 

W.  K.  Bowling  M.  D.,  Prot  of  Institute  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,  and  Dean  of  Uie  Fkcal^. 

Thoe  R.  Jennings.  M.  Dm  Prot  of  Anatomy. 

J.  Berrien  Lindsley,  M.  D^  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Pharmacy. 

C.  K.  Winston,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Medical  Jori*prodenco. 

Wm.  T.  Brlen.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Saigtoal 
Anjttomy  and  Physiology. 

John  M.  Watson,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstet- 
rics and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children. 

Paal  P.  Eve,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery. 

T.  B.  Buchanan,  M.  D^  Oarator  of  Museum, 
and  Prosector  to  the  Chairs  of  Anatomy  and 
Suigerv. 

V.  8.  Lindsley,  M.  D.,  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy. 


JOURNAL  OF  TOE  WAR. 

Repbesknting  the  views  and    ortNTONs  which  obtained,  and  the  condition 
of  things  which  existed  at  the  date  of  each  day*s  entry,  vx  thb  ck)nfedebxte  ' 
States,  or    in    portions  op  thkm;    the  original  entries,  with  subsequent 
X0TE8,  etc. — {Continued.)      by  the  editor. — 1862. 

'*  Oh.  who  that  shared  them  ever  shall  forget 
Tb  emotions  of  the  spirit-rousing  time ''  ? 

Scott's  Lord  op  thb  Isles. 
"  Now  Civil  Wounds  are  stopped— Peace  lives  again.*' 

Richard  In.,  Act  V.,  Sc.  IV. 

Jackson,  Miss.,  Wednesday,  22d  Oot^,  now  superseded  perhaps  by  Gen.  Pem- 

1866. — Converged  last  ni^ht  with  Oen.  berton.      Gen.   Sparrow,   Senator  for 

Bng:gles  at  his  quarters.    lie  has  been  Louisiana,  and  Duncan  -Kenner,  mem- 

mifitary  commander  of  this  district,  ber  of  the  lower  House  of  Congress, 


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JOITRNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


present.  Keimer  says  the  Yankees 
stole  his  yalaable  plate  and  horses  and 
sacked  hU  place. 

Bragg^  has  reported  to  Richmond  the 
particulars  ^f  the  Perryville  fight 
we  took,  it  seems,  16  pieces  of  artil- 
lery and  about  4.000  prisoners.  The 
fight  was  by  Polk's  mvision  chiefly, 
and  our  loss  in  killed,  wounded  and 
missing  was  2,000.  The  enemy  was 
driven  back  two  miles. 

No  doubt  that  Bra^^cg  is  retreating 
towards  Cumberland  Gap.  pressed  by 
overwhelming  numbers.  So  much  for 
Kentucky. 

Tlie  following  is  but  one  of  a  thou* 
eand  instances  which  the  war  furnishes 
of  Vandalism  on  the  part  of  the  enemy. 
They  remove  Washington'*  statue  from 
the  State  House  of  Louisiana  to  New 
York,  and  take  a  large  part  of  the 
State  Library.  They  liberate  the  con- 
Ticts  from  the  Penitentiary. 

The  Plukderbrs  in  Louisiana.— The 
MbrUpelier  <  Vt.)  Journal  contaids  a  letter 
from  a  Yermout  soldier  in  Louisiana, 
describiog    the    manner    in  which    the 

81aDtaiioa  of  General  Richard  Ta/Ior,  of 
le  C.  S.  A.,  a  son  of  old  Zac,  was  "  con- 
fiscated." After  mentioning  that  the 
slaves,  150  in  number,  were  carried  off, 
the  Yankee  warrior  adds : 

"  It  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  planta- 
tions that  I  ever  saw.  Tnere  are  on  it 
700  acres  of  suffar-cane.  which  must  rot 
upon  the  ground  if  the  Government  does 
not  harvest  it.  I  wish  yon  could  have 
seen  the  soldiers  plunder  this  plantation. 
After  the  stock  was  driven  off,  the  boys 
began  by  orderioff  the  slaves  to  bring 
out  everything  there  was  to  eat  and 
drink.  Ihej  orongbt  out  hundreds  of 
bottles  of  wines,  eggs,  preserved  figs  and 
peaches,  turkeys,  diickens,  and  honey  in 
any  quantity.  I  brought  away  a  large 
camp-kettle  and  frying-pans  that  belonged 
to  old  General  Taylor,  and  also  many  of 
his  private  papers.  I  have  one  letter  of 
bis  own  bana-writing,  and  many  from 
Secretary  Marcy  —  some  from  General 
Scott,  and  some  from  the  traitor  Floyd. 
J  brought  to  camp  four  bottles  of  claret 

wine.     Lieut. brought  away  half  a 

barrel  of  the  best  syrup  from  the  suffar- 
bouse,  and  a  large  can  of  honey.  The 
camp-kettle  and  pans  I  intend  to  send 
home.  They  are  made  of  heavy  tin, 
covered  with  copper.  I  think  I  will  send 
home  the  private  papers  by  mail,  if  I  do 
not  let  any  one  have  them.  The  camp  is 
loaded  down  with  plunder— all  kinds  of 
clothing,  rings,  watches,  guns,  pistols, 
f words,  and  some  of  General  Taylor's 
old  bats  and  coats,  belt  swords— and,  in 


fact,  every  old  relic  he  had  is  worn  about 
the  camp. 

"  You  and  every  one  may  be  thankful 
that  you  are  out  of  the  reach  of  plunder- 
ing armies.  Here  are  whole  families  of 
women  and  children  running  in  the 
woods  —  lar^e  plantations  entirely  de- 
serted—notbmg  left  except  slaves  too  old 
to  run  awajr— all  kinds  of  the  best  ma- 
hogany furniture  broken  to  pieces.  Noth- 
ing is  respected." 

TouBSDAT. — Our  pickets  have  again 
driven  the.  enemy  into  Nashville,  and 
the  condition  of  its  citizens  is  repre- 
sented as  deplorable.  Some  prospects 
of  its  evaouation. 

Yankees  fail  in  an  attempt  upon  the 
Charleston  and  Savannah  railroad  at 
Coosanbaichie  and  Pocotalico  —  are 
handsomely  repulsed. 

Under  our  Conscription  Act,  all  able- 
bodied  men  under  40  are  to  be  enrolled. 
Those  between  40  and  45  are  the  re- 
serve. 

Gen.  Winfield  Seott,  Oommanderin- 
Chief  of  TJ.  S.  Army  when  the  war 
broke  out,  wrote  the  followiDg  letter, 
which  has  just  made  its  appearance  .in 
print: 

Washixgton,  March  8,  1861.  —  "It 
seems  to  me  that  I  am  guilty  of  no 
arrogance  in  limiting  the  Presideafs 
field  of  selection  to  one  of  the  four  plans 
of  prooedure  subjoined. 

Firsts  throw  off  the  old  and  assume  a 
new  desi^atton — the  Union  party — adopt 
the  conciliatory  measures  proposed  by 
Mr.  Crittenden,  or  the  Peace  Conference, 
and  my  life  upon  it,  we  shall  hare  no 
new  cases  of  secession,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, an  early  return  of  many,  if  not  all, 
of  the  States  which  have  broken  off  from 
the  Union.  Without  some  equally  benign 
measure^  the  remaining  slaveholdiog 
States  will  probably  join  the  Montgomery 
Confederacy  in  less  than  sixty  days, 
when  this  city,  being  included  in  a 
foreign  country,  would  requi^  a  perma- 
nent garrison  of  at  least  thirty-five  thou- 
sand troops  to  protect  the  government 
within  it. 

Seoondf  oollect  the  duties  on  foreign 
goods  outside  the  porta  of  which  the 
government  has  the  command,  or  close 
such  ports  by  acts  of  Congress,  and 
blockade  them. 

Third,  conquer  the  seceded  States  by 
invadins^  ariyies.  No  doubt  this  could 
be  done  m  two  or  three  years  by  a  young 
and  able  general— a  Wolfe,  a  Dessaix,  or 
a  Hoche— with  800,000  disciplined  men, 
estimating  a  third  for  garrisons  and  a 
loss  of  a  yet  greater  number  by  skir- 
mishes,  sieges,    battles    and    Southern 


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ferers.  The  destrnctioo  of  life  and 
property  on  the  other  side  wonld  be 
frigntful»  however  perfect  the  moral  and 
discipline  of  the  invaders.  The  conquest 
completed  at  that  enormoas  waste  of 
human  life  to  the  North  and  Northwest, 
with  at  least  $250,000,000  added  thereto, 
and  eui  bono  f  Fifteen  devastated  prov- 
inces, not  to  be  brought  into  harmony 
with  their  conouerors,  to  be  held  for 
generations  by  heavy  garrisons,  at  an 
expense  quadruple  the  net  duties  or  taxes 
which  it  would  oe  possible  to  extort  fh>m 
them,  followed  by  a  Protector  or  an 
Eoaperor. 

Fourthy  say  to  the  seceded  States, 
"wayward  sisters,  depart  in  peace/'  In 
haste,  I  remain  very  truly  yours, 

WiNPiBLD  Scott. 
To  Hon.  W.  H.  Seward. 

Friday. — ^Negro  officers  at  James- 
town, Ya.,  cause  several  promioent 
citizens  to  be  shot 

An  immense  naval  expedition  the 
Yankee  papers  say  will  soon  proceed 
against  a  Southern  Fort  —  the  most 
irresistible  in  modem  history. 

The  enemy  in  Soath  Carolina  are 
again  driven  to  their  gan-boats. 

Thb  Battle  or  PBBRTvibi.B— Gbnbral 
Bragq*s  Opfxcial  RKPORT.-The  following 
is  a  copy  of  Major-Oeneral  Bragg's  offi- 
cial report  of  the  battle  of  Perryville, 
Kentucky : 

Hkadquartbrs  Dbpartmbnt  No.  8,  [ 
Bbtantsvillb,  Ky.,  Oct  12th.      ) 

Sir  :  Finding  the  enemy  pressing 
heavily  in  his  rear,  near  Perryville,  Maj.- 
Oenefal  Hardee,  of  Polk's  command,  was 
obliged  to  halt  and  check  him  at  that 
point.  Having  arrived  at  Harrodsburg 
from  Frankfort,  I  determined  to  give 
him  battle  there,  and  accordingly  con- 
centrated three  divisions  of  my  old  com- 
mand—the  army  of  the  Mississippi— now 
under  Major-General  Polk— Cheatham's. 
Buckner's  and  Anderson's— and  directed 
General  Polk  to  take  the  command  on 
the  7th,  and  attack  the  enemy  next  morn- 
ing. Withers'  division  had  ffooe  the 
day  before  to  support  Smith,  llearin^, 
on  the  night  of  the  7th,  that  the  force  in 
front  of  Smith  had  rapidly  retreated,  I 
moved  early  next  morning  to  be  present 
at  the  operations  of  Polk'f  forces. 

The  two  armies  were  formed  confront- 
ing each  other,  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
town  of  Perryville.  After  consulting  the 
General  and  reconnoiterin^  the  ground 
and  examining  his  dispositions,  I  de- 
clined to  assume  the  command,  but  sug« 
geated  some  changes  and  modifications 
of  his  arrangements,  which  he  promptly 
adopted.  The  action  opened  at  12  1-2 
p.  M.,  between  the  skirmishers  and  ar- 
tillery ou  both  sides.  Finding  the  enemy 


indisposed  to  advance  upon  us,  and 
knowing  be  was  receiving  heavy  rein- 
forcements, I  deemed  it  best  to  assail  him 
vifforonsly,  and  so  directed. 

The  engagement  became  general  soon 
thereafter,  and  was  continued  furiously 
from  that  time  to  dark^  our  troops  never 
falterine  and  never  failing  in  their  efforts. 

For  the  time  engaged  it  was  the  sever- 
est and  most  desperately  contested  en- 
ngement  within  my  knowledge.  Fear- 
fully outnumbered,  'our  troops  did  not 
hesitate  to  engage-^^at  any  odds,  and 
though  checkea  at  tiroes,  they  eventu- 
ally carried  every  position,  and  drove 
the  enem^  about  two  miles.  But  for  the 
intervention  of  night^we  should  have 
completed  the  work.  We  had  captured 
fifteen  pieces  of  artillery  by  the  most 
daring  charges,  killed  one  and  wounded 
two  Brigadier  (Generals  and  a  verv  large 
number  of  inferior  officers  and  men, 
estimated  at  no  less  than  4,000,  and  cap- 
tured 400  prisoners,  including  three 
staff  officers,  with  servants,  carriage  and 
baggage  of  Major-General  McCook. 

The  ground  was  literally  covered  with 
his  dead  and  wounded.  In  such  a  con- 
test our  own  loss  was  neoessarilv  severe, 
probablvnot  less  than  twenty-five  hun- 
dred killed,  wounded  and  missing.  In- 
cluded in  the  wounded  are  Brincadier- 
Generals  Wood,  Clebum  and  Brown, 
gallant  and  noble  soldiers,  whose  loss 
will  be  severely  felt  by  their  commands. 
To  Major  General  PoIk,  commanding  the 
forces,  Major-Gkneral  Hardee,  command- 
ing the  left  wing,  two  divisions,  and 
Major-Generals  Cheatham,  Buckner  and 
Anderson,  commanding  divisions,  is 
mainly  due  the  brilliant  achievements  of 
this  memorable  field.  Nobler  troops 
were  never  more  gallantly  led.  Tne 
country  owes  them  a  debt  of  gratitude, 
which  I  am  sure  i^ill  be  acknowledged. 

Ascertaining  that  the  enem^  was 
heavily  reinforced  during  the  night,  I 
withdrew  my  force  early  the  next  room- 
ing to  Harrodsburg  and  thence  to  this 
point.  Major-General  Smith  arrived  at 
Harrodsburg  with  most  of  his  forces  and 
Withers'  division  the  next  day,  10th,  and 
yesterday  I  withdrew  the  whole  to  this 
point,  the  enemy  following  slowly,  but 
not  pressing  ua.  I  am,  air,  very  reapect- 
fuUy,  your  obedient  servant, 
(Signed,)  Braxton  Braqo, 

Oen.  Commanding, 
To  Adjutant-General,  Richmond,  Ya. 

SATuaDAT.--^Yi»it  the  plantation  near 
Clinton,  Miss.,  of  my  friend  Mr.  J — — . 
Weather  intensely  cold  and  bleak.  A 
retreat  from  Jackson  to  the  repose  of 
the  conntrv  is  delightful. 

The  deraat  of  the  enemy  on  the 
Charleston  and  Savannah  Kailroad  is 
reported  as  very  oomplete. 


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JOURNAL  OF  THK  WAR. 


Engliflb  presB  loud  in  its  denunciation 
of  the  Emnncipation  Proclamation  of 
Lincoln,  and  re^rdn  the  Yankee  Gov- 
ernment as  having  reached  tlie  lowest 
8tas:e  of  degradation. 

Sunday. — Weather  colder,  and  thiclc 
ice.  Am  ont  of  the  reach  of  any  news. 
In  these  times  a  day  is  an  age. 

Monday. — Bragg  has  gone  to  Rich- 
mond. Our  Army  of  the  Weat  is  in 
the  vicinity  of  Knoxville.  We  gained 
little  from  Kentucky  except  in  supplies ; 
the«e  represented  very  large.  Jackson 
said  to  have  made  a  second  dash  across 
the  Potomac 

Tuesday. — No  telegraphs. 

Wednesday. — Emancipation  Procla- 
mation  denounced  at  large  and  enthu^ 
elastic  meetinsjs  in  New  York, 

BAVAinf  An,  Oct  28.— The  Abolitionists  at- 
tacked, in  force,  Pbcotaligo  and  Coosawatchie 
yeaterdaj.  They  were  gallantiv  repulsed  to 
their  gnnboats  at  Bfaolcey'a  Point  and  Bee^s 
Creek  Landtoff  bj  Colonel  W.  &  Walker,  com- 
manding the  diatrict,  and  Colonel  G.  P.  Harri- 
son, comnianding  tbo  trtops  sent  from  here. 
The  cnoray  iiad  come  in  thirteen  transports 
and  gunboats. 

Tbe  Charleston  and  Savannah  Railroad  Is 
uninjured. 

The  AboIitionistA  left  their  dead  and  woond« 
ed  on  the  flold,  and  our  cavftlry  Is  in  hot  par- 
soit  G.  T.  BBAUaaoABD. 

Tna  following  verses  are  firom  an  English 
lonmal,  depictlBg  the  anfftfrlnga  amoag  the  fluo- 
torj  operatives  in  that  eoont^  for  the  want  of 
cotton: 

Dead— dead->dend ! 

She  was  starv«d  to  death,  I  say, 
Because  of  the  fierce  and  crnel  strife 

*M!d  our  kinsmen  far  away. 
Man,  look  on  her  face,  so  worn  and  pale. 

On  her  hands,  so  white  and  thin : 
Here  was  a  spirit  that  wonld  not  qnall 

From  strlVing  her  bread  to  win ; 
But  yonder,  closed,  is  the  Citotorygate, 

The  ongloe  Is  red  with  rnst; 
And  what  could  we  do  but  storro  and  wait 

Till  poaoe  shoold  bring  us  a  crust? 

Pead— dead— dead  I 

With  her  brother  lying  ill. 
And  her  father  shirking  on  the  step 

That  leads  to  the  silent  mill. 
Alone,  I  kneel  In  mv  blinding  tears; 

Alone,  In  my  black  despair; 
My  heart  overburdened  with  gloomy  fears, 

Yet  far  too  bitter  for  pmyer! 
Whv  do  yon  prate  how  the  world  still  grows 

More  kind  and  morti  wise  each  day? 
War^s  bloody  flame  atlU  glitters  and  glows; 

The  olives  of  peace  decay  I 

THURSDAY. — News  unimportant 
Converse  with  persons  from  New  Or- 
leans, who  represent  Butler's  tyrannies 
as  beyond  comparison  in  modem  times. 
Major  WilllamB,  an  aid  of  General 
Polk,  who  was  in  the  battle  of  Perry- 


yille,  Kentucky,  gives  us  an  account  of 
the  fight  It  was  not  a  defeat,  and 
scarcely  a  victory;  our  retreat  was 
rendered  necessary  by  the  enemy's 
large  re-enforcements,  and  was  conduct- 
ed in  good  order;  we  took  cannon,  but 
did  not  bring  them  off.  and  loet  a  large 
amount  of  arms.  Did  not  bring  any 
considerable  amount  of  supplies  from 
Kentucky,  and  made  very  little,  it 
would  seem,  by  this  movement 

Faro  AY,  ifrov.  1. — Ck)n  verse  fully  with 
Governor  Pettus,  Joe  Davis  (the  brother 
of  the  President),  and  John  Perkins, 
Member  of  Congress,  on  the  progress 
and  conduct  of  the  war.  Things  are 
in  a  bad  way,  and  the  future  is  not 
very  bright 

The  old  story  of  foreign  intervention 
is  started  as^ain,  but  hardly  deceives 
anybody.  If  anything,  however,  will 
force  the  Powers  to  act.  it  will  be  the 
atrocities  contemplated  by  the  Eman- 
cipation Proclanution.  Here  is  the 
dispatch : 

Biomc oiTB.  Oct  80l— Tbe  New  York  Emprem 
says  Information  has  been  received  from  semi- 
official sonrceain  Europe  that  Franee  and  En- 
gland are  In  accord  as  to  America. 

Lord  Lyons  was  to  have~  sailed  in  the  Am9- 
tralasian^  bnt  was  detained  at  the  last  nM>- 
ment  by  an  order  fN>m  Lord  J«>hn  RnaselU  to 
a^ait  further  inahractions,  io  oonseqaence  of 
Lineoln*a  Abolition  Prodamatioa. 

Saturday. — The  story  of  foreign  in- 
tervention again  repeated,  on  the  au- 
thority  of  the  London  Atm^  OazetU ; 
and  it  is  said  that  France.  England,  and 
Russia  are  in  accord.  We  have  heard 
"  Wolf  cried  so  often  that  when  he 
comes,  no  one  will  be  prepared. 

A  dismal  rumor  comes  up  by  passen- 
gers from  Louisiana,  this  evening,  that 
our  forcw  on  the  Lafourche  have  been 
cut  up  entirely  or  captured.  Bad  newa 
we  generally  find  to  be  true.  A  repe- 
tition, probably,  of  the  Corinth  affair. 

Tut  "Nine  Hukdrbd  TffoiJSAHn''  Ccming. — 
Under  this  heading,  the  New  York  Eatprevt  of 
the  l^th  Inst  has  the  annexed  capital  political 
sqnib: 

*'  It  Is  with  feelings  cX  the  sapremest  aatlafke- 
tion  that  we  are  enabled  t**  Miaonnfe  that  Uie 
If  too  Hundred  Thousand  Men  whom  the  Tri^ 
ufu  promised  would  be  forthcoming  to  swell 
the  grand  armies  of  the  Union  as  soon  as  the 
PrtfSidenOs  Abolition  Proclamation  was  iaaned, 
will  arrive  In  this  elty  (over  the  left)  fhmi  Cen- 
tral New  Turk.  New  England,  etc.  some  time 
la  the  oonrse  of  next  week,  la  the  following 

oaoBa  or  paocsssioir. 

Provost-marshal,  with  Aids,  In  Lincoln  Green. 

Senator  Sumner,  of  Bfasaachusetta,  escorted 

by  Ohasseors  d^AfHqae. 


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541 


ProTOtt*nutrsbaI. 

GoTernor  ADdnrw.  of  MAMAcbnsetta,  wiUi  tbe 

Kidghto  of  AltooDa. 

Bund. 

Oontra-Bands, 

Managers  of  the  Undtrgroand  Batlroad,  two 

abreast. 

PrOTost-niarsbaL 

Joshua  R.  GiddlnffS,  Frederick  Donglass 

(bteek  man),  and  Abbv  Kellf  Foetar,  repre* 

sentiug  tbe  Three  Graces. 

StrtKtg-mlnded  Women. 

Eev.  Henry  Ward  Screecher. 

6ergt  Fitzgerald,  of  tbe  Corcoran  Legion. 

Band  — "List,  oh  List" 

More  Contra-Band^i. 

Sopt;  of  the  Kegro  Schools  at  Port  BoyaL 

Provost- marshal. 

Shoddy  €k>ntractors. 

The  LIbelers  of  Qen'l  McClellan  blUng  a  File. 

Aunty  Slavery,  led  by  Uncle  Tom. 

Fremont. 

More  Shoddy  Contractors. 

Tbe  Ghost  of  Magna  Charta. 

Goddess  of  Liberty,  with  a  broken  Gonstitatlon. 

Knights  of  ibe  Order  of  Furt  Lafayette. 

PruTost-marsbal. 

The  mortal  remains  of  the  late 

Habeas  Corpus,  Esq. 

Pall  bearers. 

Monmers.  etc,  etc 

ProToet-marshaU 

Army  8peculator& 

Field-mambal  Horace  Greelev  and  Staff,  with 

A»sl6tant8  bearing  Pondora^s  Box. 

Tablean.— Kenresenting  Servile  Insnrreciion — 

Young  St.  Domingo— Apotheosis  of  Toos- 

saini  rOnvorture,  etc. 

Provost-marshal. 

The  Genins  of  I>isnnlon. 

Banner,  with  the  inscription,  '*Let  the  Union 

Slide.'' 

Band. 

Air— "John  Brown's  Body  Lies  a-MiiraMering 

in  the  ChTtve,"  etc 

Provost-  marsbaL 

Ker.  Dr.  Cheevfr,  with  a  Man  and  a  Brother. 

i>elegate8  from  Kxeter  Hall. 

Postage-stamps.; 

Wide  Awakes. 

Contra- Bands. 

Provost-marshal. 

More  Wide  Awakes. 

Nine  Hundred  and  Ninety-nine  Thousand 

Substitutes. 

'*The  route  of  tbe  Procession  will  be  along 
tbe  Underground  Itailroad,  through  the  Bealms 
of  Imagination,  until  It  reaches  the  Limbo  of 
Vanity  and  Paradise  of  Fools,  when  the  crowd 
will  be  dismissed  until  next  Election  liay." 

Sunday. — No  rumora  or  dispatches. 

The  Yankees  wiU  do  doubt  succeed 
in  breakiug  up  our  salt  works  on  the 
Teche,  in  Louisiana,  -which  will  be  a 
serious  blow. 

Unless  salt  can  be  obtained,  little 
m^at  will  be  saved  in  tJ]ie«Soutliwedt. 
People  are  nearly  mad  on  the  subject. 

A  large  trade  bas  been  tolerated  l>e- 
twee&  here  and  New  Orleans;  but  the 
Govmimeut  has  come  down  upon  ir, 
and  seizes  all  the  vei^els  and  their  car- 
goes on  the  Lake  Shore.   It  was  a  source 


of  great  corruption  and  abuse,  or  be- 
lieved to  be  so.  The  Yanket-s  were  bo- 
f^inning  to  get  a  good  deal  of  cotton. 
They  will  give  anything  for  it,  even 
arms. 

A  KoKTuxsK  Opiviox  of  SoxmncBiv  Soarrr. 
—Among  the  most  striking  episodes  In  the 
proceedings  of  the  Unitarian  Autumnal  CoU' 
Tention  which  opened  its  session  in  New  York 
last  week,  is  the  peculiar  feeling  excited  by 
the  remarks  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bellows,  in  eulogy  of 
Southern  social  life  and  the  influences  proceed- 
ing from  it  The  opinion  so  fWnkly  expressed 
by  the  reverend  gentleman  has  elicited  the 
most  bitter  comment  among  the  members  of 
tbe  Convention. 

No  candid  mind  will  deny  tbe  peculiar  charm 
of  Southern  young  men  at  college,  or  Southern 
young  women  in  sitcletv.  How  far  race  and 
climate,  independent  of  servile  in&titutiuns, 
may  have  produced  the  Southern  cliivalric 
spirit  and  manner,  I  will  hot  here  consider. 
Bnt  one  may  as  well  denv  the  small  feet  and 
hands  of  that  people  as  deny  a  certain  inbred 
habit  of  command;  a  contempt  of  life  in  de- 
fence of  honor  or  class:  a  talent  for  political 
life,  and  an  easy  control  of  inferiors.  Nor  is 
this  merely  an  external  and  flashy  heroism. 
It  is  real  It  showed  itself  in  Congress  early 
and  always,  by  tbe  courage,  eloquence,  skill, 
and  success  with  which  it  oontroUed  m^ori- 
ties.  It  showed  itself  in  the  social  life  of 
Washington,  by  the  grace,  fascination  and  ease, 
the  free  and  charming  hospitality  by  which  it 
governed  society.    It  now  shows  Itself  in  En- 

f;land  and  France,  by  the  succees  with  which 
t  manaeres  the  courts  and  the  circles  of  litera- 
ture and  fiishions  in  botli  countries.  It  shows 
itself  In  this  war  in  the  orders  and  proclama- 
tions of  its  generals,  in  the  messages  of  the 
rebel  Congress,  and  in  the  essential  fcoodbreed- 
ing  and  humanity  (contrary  to  a  diligently  en- 
couraged public  Impresalon)  with  which  it  not 
seldom  divides  Its  medical  st<ires,  and  gives 
our  sick  and  wounded  as  favorable  care  as  it  is 
able  to  extend  to  Its  own.  It  exceeds  us  at 
this  moment  in  the  possession  of  an  ambulance 
corps. 

I  think  tbe  war  must  have  increased  the  re- 
spect felt  by  the  North  for  tbe  South.  Its  ml- 
racnlons  resources;  tbe  bravery  of  Its  troops, 
their  patience  under  hardships,  their  unshrink- 
ing firmness  iu  tbe  desperate  position  thev 
have  assumed;  the  wonderful  success  with 
which  they  have  exteroporked  manufactures 
and  munitions  of  war,  and  kept  themsclyes  In 
relation  with  the  world  in  spite  of  our  mag- 
nificent blockade;  the  elasticity  with  which 
they  have  risen  from  defeat ;  an«l  the  courage 
they  have  shown  In  threatening  again  and 
again  our  capital,  and  even  our  Interior,  can- 
not fkil  to  extort  an  unwilling  ndmi ration  and 
respect  Well  is  General  McClellan  reported 
to  nave  snid  (privately),  as  ho  watched  their 
obstinate  fighting  at  Aniietam,  and  saw  them 
retiring  In  perfect  order  in  the  midst  of  the 
most  Irlghtful  carnage.  "*  What  terrible  neigh- 
bors these  would  bo !  We  must  conquer  them, 
or  they  will  conquer  us  I  ^ 

MoicDAT.  —  A  Ini^e  numi  er  of  the 
river  planters  are  removing  iheir  ne- 
groes to  Texas,  and  many  from  the  in- 
terior of  Mirtissippi  are  doing  the  same. 
They  thus  protect  them  from  the  Yan- 


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kees.  Land  can  be  bought  cheap  io 
Texas,  and  the  emigration  thither  will 
be  immense.  Go^emraent  is  purchas- 
ing the  cotton  crop  very  generally, 
which  enables  the  planters  to  be  put  in 
control  of  funds  for  purposes  of  remov- 
al. It  is  a  good  move.  As  the  cotton 
is  bought  low,  no  doubt  enough  will  be 
saved  from  the  enemy  and  the  torch  to 
realize  a  round  profit ;  and  if  it  can  be 
made  the  basis  of  credit  in  Europe,  it 
will  be  a  grand  move.  If,  however, 
the  war  lasts  very  long,  the  scheme 
may  not  be  advantageous.  The  cotton 
ought  to  have  been  taken  a  year  ago, 
when  it  could  have  been  had  for  eight 
cents. 

No  news  from  any  quarter  to-day, 
Hopes  expressed  that  reports  from  Lou- 
isiana are  unfounded. 

Wednesday. — A  calamitous  day  at 
Jackson. 

In  the  afternoon  the  Arsenal  blew 
up,  destroying  some  80  or  40  lives.  It 
was  a  shocking  sight  to  see  tlie  arms, 
legs,  heads,  and  mutilated  bodies  of 
men,  women,  and  children  scattered  in 
every  direction.  Some  were  thrown 
great  distances,  and  lodged  in  the  trees 
around. 

At  night  a  fire  raged,  which  de- 
stroyed many  valuable  storehouses  and 
the  splendid  depot  and  warehouses  of 
the  Yicksburg  Railroad.  An  immense 
and  irreparable  loss  in  these  disastrous 
times. 

Mb.  Gladston b  on  thb  Oonfbdxbact.— The 
following  is  that  portion  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Speech  on  American  Aifidrs,  recently  delivered 
At  Newcastle,  which  has  created  so  mach  sen- 
sation In  England: 

^  We  may  have  oor  own  opinions  ahont  slav- 
ery ;  we  may  be  for  or  antnst  the  South ;  bat 
there  is  no  doubt  that  Jetterson  Davis  and  oth- 
er leaders  of  the  South  have  made  an  army. 
Tboy  are  making,  It  appears,  a  navy ;  and  they 
have  made  what  Is  more  than  either— they 
have  made  a  nation.  [Loud  cheers.]  I  cannot 
sav  that  I  have  viewed  with  any  regret  their 
failure  to  establish  themselves  in  Maryland. 
It  appears  to  me  too  probable  that,  If  they  had 
been  able  to  establish  themselves  there,  the 
consequence  of  their  military  success  In  that 
aggressive  movement  would  have  obtained 
power  in  that  State;  that  they  would  have 
contracted  actual  or  virtual  engagements  with 
that  political  party,  and  that  ue  existence  of 
those  engagements,  hampering  them  in  their 
future  mgotiations  with  the  Northern  States, 
might  have  created  a  now  obstacle  to  peace. 
[Hear.]  Now,  from  the  bottom  of  our  hearts, 
wo  should  desire  that  no  new  obstacle  to  peace 
should  start  up.  We  may  anticipate  with  cer- 
tainty the  success  of  the  Southern  States,  so 
for  08  regards  their  separation  from  the  North. 
[Qear,  hoar.]    I  cannot  but  believe  that  that 


event  Is  as  certain  as  any  event  yet  future  and 
contingent  can  be.  [Hear,  hear.]  Bat  It  la 
from  a  decided  feeling  that  that  great  event  Is 
likely  to  happen,  and  that  the  North  will  have 
to  suffer  that  mortiflcatlon,  that  I  earnestly 
hope  that  ShigUshmen  will  do  nothtng  to  In- 
flict additional  shame,  sorrow,  or  pain  npon 
those  who  have  already  suffered  much,  and 
who  will  probably  have  to  suffer  more.  [Hear.] 
It  may  be  that  a  time  might  arrive  when  It 
would  be  the  doty  of  Europe  to  offer  the  word 
of  expostulation  or  friendly  aid  toward  com- 
posing the  quurel.  If  It  be  even  possible  that 
such  a  time  should  arrive,  how  important  that 
when  that  word  Is  spoken  it  should  address  It- 
self to  minds  not  embittered  by  the  recollec- 
tions that  unkind  thln^  have  been  said  and 
done  toward  them  In  Europe,  and  above  all. 
In  EngUnd,  the  countrv  which,  however  they 
may  £id  fault  with  It  from  time  to  time,  has, 


we  know,  the  highest  pUK)e  in  their  admiration 
and  esteem.''    [Cheers.] 

Thursday. — Melancholy  funerals  of 
the  victims  of  yesterday's  tragedy. 
Many  of  tbe  bodies  could  not  be  iden- 
tified for  their  mutilation.  It  is  too  hor- 
rible to  think  oC 

Tlie  loss  of  ammunition  was  quite 
small,  which  is  exceedingly  fortunate. 

Many  thousand  pounds  were  stored 
in  the  vicinity,  and  were  for  a  time  in 
great  danger.  No  due  to  the  cause  of 
the  disaster.  ^ 

No  telegraphic  dispatches  for  several 
daysb  Reported  that  the  Yankees  aro 
advancing  in  North  Mississippi  and 
that  our  array  is  falling  back,  pressed 
by  overwhelming  numbers.  The  State 
is  really  in  great  danger. 

The  disaster  to  our  arms  spoken  of 
a  few  days  ngo,  in  Louisiana,  proves 
too  true.  The  enemv  largely  outnum- 
bered us^  and  after  hard  fighting  and 
much  loss  on  both  sides,  took  scyeral 
hundred  of  our  troops  prisoners.  No- 
thing but  rumors  on  one  side,  and  the 
report  of  the  Yankee  "  Delta  **  on  the 
other. 

Friday. — ^The  enemy  are  concentrat- 
ing large  forces  with  the  view  of  de- 
monstrating upon  Uolly  Springs  and 
Jackson  by  the  Central  Road.  This 
would  be  a  very  hazardous  movement, 
notwithstanding  his  great  superiority 
of  numbers.  No  later  news,  however, 
from  that  quarter.  It  is  said  that  we 
are  crossing  over  troops  from  Arkansas. 

Thb  Nigro'M  a  Frbbnak.— The  con- 
dition of  the  *^  contrabands''  wherever 
they  have  collected  during  the  war  ap- 
pears to  be  tbe  same — and  sad  enoush  it 
18.  A  correspondent  of  tbe  Indian4K>Iia 
StaU  Journal f  writing  from  Cairo,  gives 
this  account  of  the  negroes  (or  menage- 
rie, as  he  says)  there  collected : 


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JOURNAL  Of  THE  WAR. 


543 


WiehiDg  to  get  into  the  notions  of  the 
darkies,  I  passed  among  thera  as  an  Illi- 
nois fanner,  my  army  bat  answering. a 
capital  purpose' in  the  game.  I  proposed 
to  hire  a  roan.  "  Dun  no,  sab.  Where 
you  want  me  to  go  ?  What  you  gim,  'ee?" 
Going  up  to  the  dirtiest  woman  I  saw,  I 
proposed  to  her.  "  OanH  go,  sab  !  Fs 
got  four  babies !"  "  Well,  I'll  take  your 
babies."  "But  Fs  got  a  husband/' 
''Well,  FIl  take  your  husband,  too." 
"But  dar's  old  granny;  I  can't  leave 
her."  **  Why,  canH  you  go,  too.  granny?" 
'*  0,  master,  Fs  in  hopes  some  clays  it  will 
please  de  good  Lord  to  eive  me  back  to 
old  master."  I  tried  a  dozen  or  more, 
and  found  underlying  the  hopes  of  most 
of  them  was  an  ultimate  return  to  their 
natire  land.    The  one  refrain  was : 

"  O,  carry  me  back  T 

Their  local  attachment  is  unconquera- 
ble, and  they  seem  utterly  unreconciled 
to  separatins  the  families.  An  orer-san- 
guine  friend  of  mine,  a  physician,  spoke 
to  me  tbe  other  day  to  procure  a  suitable 
boT  for  him,  who,  after  serving  a  reason- 
able time  as  a  hostler,  could  be  put  to  the 
science  of  physicking.  I  concluded  to 
get  the  boy  here ;  but  you  ought  to  have 
seen  the  whites  of  their  eyes  and  their 
ivory  when  I  suggested  studying  to  be  a 
doctor.  The  burstins  of  a  bombshell 
would  hardly  have  produced  greater  con- 
sternation. The  facts  here  and  tbe  facts 
everywhere  bid  us  look  the  subject  fairly 
in  the  face.  Until  the  time  comes  when 
these  can  return  to  their  homes  in  peace 
and  freedom,  they  must  be  managed  here, 
and  to  do  this  some  system  of  apprentice- 
ship must  be  adopted.  These  creatures 
have  neither  tbe  mtelligence  nor  the  in- 
tegrity necessary  to  contracting  yrisely 
for  their  own  labor.  One  man  asked  $15 
per  month  the  year  round,  atiotber  $20, 
and  another  $5. 

And  yet  philanthropists—so  called — 
desire  to  turn  free,  and  thus  to  deprive 
them  of  their  natural  protection  and  shel- 
ter, four  millions  of  just  such  beings— 
brioffiog  desolation  upon  both  whites 
and  blacks. 

Saturday,  Sth  Nov. — Weather  very 
cold.  Our  troops  will  suffer  severely 
everywhere  this  winter.  Nearly  im- 
possible to  furnish  them  woolens  and 
blankets.  Several  hundred  at  Jaok- 
Eon  are  camping  out,  and  moet  of  them 
are  without  olaoketo  or  overcoats.  Men 
who  are  cheerful,  and  hopeful,  and, 
brave  aoHd  such  trials  and  sufferinga, 
can  never  be  enslaved. 

if  the  war  lasts  mnch  longer  our  suf- 
ferings will  be  great.  Nobody,  however, 
complains,  but  all  are  for  fighting  to 
the  bitter  end;  though  not  so  hope- 


ful as  in  the  past  The  combinations 
against  us  are  so  powerful  I  W^ithout 
'the  expectation  of  European  aid  it 
would  have  been  difficult  to  brin^ 
about  the  revolution,  and  tliat  has  fail- 
ed signally. 

Commodities  grow  scarcer  and  scar- 
cer. Shoes  here  sell  at  25  to  30  dollars 
the  pair,  and  boots  40  to  60  dollars ; 
hats  15  to  20,  and  other  tltines  in  pro- 
portion. Coffee  now  commands  $4  per 
pound,  and  tea  $26.     Salt  $75  to  $100 

git  sack.  Whiskey  $15  per  gallon, 
randy  $80  to  $50,  Ac,  Ac. 

The  news  from  the  North  to-day  is 
that  the  Democratic  party  have  carried 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Illinois, 
and  thus  have  the  control  in  the  Uni- 
ted States.  Many  see  in  this  an  augu- 
ry of  peace,  or  at  least  find  something 
for  congratulation — but  northern  dem- 
ocrats have  equaled  republicans  in 
their  hostilitv  and  deception. 

Snows  in  Virginia  which  may  inter- 
rupt the  campaign  there. 

The  Yankees  whilst  Rome  is  on  fire 
are  fiddling  and  dancing  right  merrily. 

The  Gaibtt  or  Washington  City. — 
The  Washington  correspondent  of  the 
Chicago  'litMi  thus  speaks  of  the  gaiety 
of  that  city : 

Washinffton  is  iust  now  lively  beyond 
all  precec^nt.    Three  theatres,  two  cir- 


cuses, and  two  hybrid  places  of  amuse- 
ments known  respectively  as  Canterburv 
and  Olympic  Hall,  besides  a  dozen  small- 


er places  of  enjoyment,  are  in  full  blast, 
ana  are  nightly  jammed  to  repletion. 
Hacks  by  the  hundred,  filled  witn  pleas- 
ure-seeking parties,  are  incessantlv  dash- 
ing hither  and  thither;  gaily  dressed 
equestrians  canter  about  the  avenues, 
and  dense  crowds  of  happy,  richly-dress- 
ed pedestrians  throng  the  sidewalks  at 
all  hours.  The  skeleton  in  our  national 
closet  isn't  suspected  of  existence  in  this 
section ;  the  gigantic  war  affects  people 
as  little  as  if  it  were  being  waged  between 
the  Hottentots  and  Senegambians. 

The  irrepressible  Barnum  is  also  here 
lecturing  on    Sundays,  in    the   Capital 

grounds,  upon  temperance,  and  on  other 
ays  exchanging  views  of  Commodore 
Nutt,  Tom  Thumb,  grizzly  bears,  etc.,  for 
the  quarters  and  halves  of  the  citizens,  in 
which  transaction  he,  as  usual,  gets  much 
the  best  of  the  bargain.  Just  now  there 
is  a  more  interesting  newspaper  war  rag- 
ing between  bios  and  Nixon,  the  proprie- 
tor of  a  rival  circoH,  in  which  Barnum  is, 
as  usual,  ahead,  and  has  shown  that,  in 
the  use  of  abuse,  be  is  by  far  the  biggest 
blackguard  of  the  two, 
Maggie  Mitchell,  at  Ford's  theatre,  on 


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Tenth  Street,  has  dravrn  crowded  houses 
for  six  consecutive  weeks,  and  in  addi- 
tion, has  turned  the  heads  of  half  the 
spoon V  shoulder-strapa  in  Washington. 
Iiiigbtly  the  stage  is  flooded  with  bou- 
(^uets,  and  frequently  with  more  substan* 
tial  evidences  of  admiration,  until  the 
green-houses  of  Washington  and  the 
pockets  of  her  admirers  are  about  equally 
empty.  And  thus  we  go,  a  gay  and  fbs- 
tive  community. 

Sunday. — A  day  without  pumops. 

Some  females  haye  lately  come  out 
from  New  Orleans  under  circumstances 
that  lead  to  the  sn£>pieion  that  they  are 
spies,  and  they  will  not  be  allowed  to 
return.  The  authorities  should  be  on 
the  alert  Our  most  important  move- 
ments are  generally  known  to  the  en- 
emy in  advance,  and  the  intelligence  is 
carried  frequently  by  women,  who  are 
allowed  to  pa?s  and  repass.  Recently, 
a  notorious  profligate  came  oat  from 
Memphis  to  Holly  Springs,  and,  after 
having  dalliance  for  a  while  with  our 
officera,  returned  and  carried  with  her 
the  most  minute  iiiformution  desired 
by  the  enemy. 

The  Indies  of  South  Carolina  partici- 
pate in  the  gloiious  purpose  of  the  State 
— to  suffer  extermination  rather  than 
conquest — as  the  following,  which  tells 
but  the  truth,  will  ^ow.  If  we  fail  in 
the  number  of  our  men,  let  us  enlist 
and  drill  our  women,  who  would  a 
thousand  times  rather  brave  the  field 
than  submit.  They  have  faith,  cour- 
age, and  endurance,  and  could  soon  be 
learned  the  use  of  arms.  Every  South- 
ern eirl  and  mother  should  be  taught  to 
handle  the  pistol  and  the  rifle — thou- 
sands have  already  been  taught — and 
few  would  shrink  in  tlie  hour  of  trial. 
We  have  half  a  million  of  females  be- 
tween the  ages  of  eighteen  and  thirty 
who  would  not  back  down. 

Patri»tio  Womsx  to  thb  Eescui.— Afew 
davs  since,  says  the  Savannah  Jfews^  we  pob- 
llfthed  the  appeal  or  the  venerablu  Chrlstupber 
Gadsden  to  the  pcnplo  of  Charleston,  oatltog 
npon  all,  old  and  yonng,  to  organize  fur  the 
defence  of  the  city.  In  ihe  Mercury  we  find 
the  following  res^ionse  from  the  ladles  of  Co- 
lumliia: 

•*The  voice  from  the  grave  toachca  the 
chorda  of  oar  heart-strings.  la  the  daUKbters 
of  Carolina  there  are  kindred  fplrlts  to  the 
*Maid  of  ^'a^lg<•ss.'l.* 

•*  If  the  tlino  for  ns  to  act  has  come,  we  are 
ready.  Wo  at»k  for  the  best  method  of  action 
— whether  to  be  formed  Int*)  companies  and 
reginsents.  or  to  wait  and  fill  the  plact-s  of  our 
beloved  S'lldiers  who  fall  ?  8ave  <»ur  coantry, 
ourS'MUhcru  sunuv  h<ime8.from  Yankee  thral* 
dom,  men  and  fathers.    Tour  daughters  hush 


their  ttmid  fearlngs,  and  would  die  for  tbelr 
conntry^s  freedom.^ 

Monday. — Oar  army  has  fiillen  back 
beyond  the  Tallahatchie,  which  leaves 
the  northern  counties  of  Mississippi  to 
the  enemy. 

The  Yankees  have  made  a  demon 
stration  into  Virginia,  which  presages 
an  early  fight,  and  we  may  expect  stir- 
ring news  in  a  few  days.  Onr  army  is 
said  to  be  in  condition,  and  well  pre- 
pared. 

Dkpabtxbbt  or  8tati.     ) 
Waahiogton,  Sept.  28, 1809.  f 

OsirrLKXBif,— Ton  will  receive  by  the  mail 
which  will  carry  yen  ibis  dispatcbu  evideaoe 
which  will  eonvlDce  yon  that  the  a^p^asive 
movement  of  the  rebels  asalnat  the  ~tat^  re- 
maining faithfkil  to  the  Union  la  arrested,  and 
that  the  forces  of  the  Union,  strengthened  and 
reanimated,  are  again  ready  to  undertake  a 
campaign  on  a  vast  scale. 

If  yon  consult  the  newppapera,  yon  win 
easllv  perceive  that  the  flnanetal  resources  of 
the  InBurreetlon  deollae  rapidly,  and  that  tba 
means  of  raising  truopa  have  been  exhaosted. 
On  the  other  side,  you  will  see  that  the  flnaa- 
clal  situation  of  tne  oonntry  is  good,  and  tbat 
the  call  for  fresh  troops,  without  which  the 
material  force  of  the  nation  would  be  »erionsly 
crippled.  Is  l>elnir  promptly  responded  ta 

I  have  already  Informed  our  representattves 
abroad  of  the  approach  of  a  ohani;e  In  the  so- 
cial organization  of  the  r«>bel  States.  This 
change  continues  to  make  itself  each  day  more 
and  more  apparent 

In  the  opinion  of  the  President,  the  nooment 
has  come  to  place  the  great  fact  more  deariy 
before  the  people  of  the  rebel  States,  and  to 
make  them  understand  that  if  these  States 
persist  In  Imposing  npon  the  ooantry  the 
choice  between  the  dissolution  of  tbIsQovera- 
ment,  at  once  neeesfeary  and  beneficial,  and 
the  abolition  of  slavery,  it  is  the  Union  and 
not  slavery  that  mast  be  maintained  and 
saved.  With  this  objeet  the  President  is  aboot 
to  publish  a  proclaiiMtlon,  In  which  he  an- 
nounces tbat  slavery  will  no  longer  be  reoor- 
nlsed  in  any  of  the  SUtes  which  shall  be  u 
rel>elllon  on  the  first  of  January  next.  While 
all  the  good  and  wise  mea  of  all  countries  will 
recognize  ihls  measure  as  a  Just  and  proper 
military  act.  intended  to  release  the  country 
from  a  terrible  civil  war,  they  will  recognize  at 
the  same  time  the  moderation  and  magnanim- 
ity with  which  the  Oovernmeni  proceeds  in  a 
matter  so  solemn  and  Important 

I  am,  gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 
Wm.  H.  Sbwako. 

Tuesday  and  Wednesday.  —  Enemy 
driven  back  in  their  advance  npon 
Gordon^ville,  Va.  lliey  are  ad  va  Do- 
ing, it  is  said,  npon  Mi8ndsii>pi  from 
Corinth,  Grand  Junction,  and  Memphis. 

frroK iwALL  Jackson — wuat  tub  ABOunesr 
Papers  sat  of  Him.— A  Harper's  Ferry  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  JTeeain^  Po«t^  wbo 
was  present  when  Stonewall  Jackbon-oaptnred 
it  "ays : 

**  While  the  officers  were  dashing  down  tho 
road,  and  the  half  naked  privates  bexging  at 
every  door,  General  Jaokson  was  sunning  htm- 


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9oH  and  talking  with  a  group  of  soldiers  at  the 
pamp  across  the  street— a  plain  man.  In  plain 
elothevwlth  an  Iron  face  and  Iron-gray  hair. 
Onlj  bi^lils  bearing  oonid  he  be  dlstingnlshed 
from  his  men.  He  stood  as  If  the  commonest 
of  all,  marked  only  by  the  mysterions  Insignia 
of  Indlvldnal  presence  by  which  we  know,  In- 
tuitlTely,  the  genius  from  the  clown.  No  gold- 
en token  of  mnk  gleamed  on  his  rusty  clothes; 
of  the  shining  symbols  of  which,  alas,  too  many 
of  onr  officers  are  so  rldicnlnnsly  fond  .that  they 
seem  onconsdous  how  disgraceful  is  this  gilt- 
ter  of  vanity  1  They  were  nowhere  visible  on 
old  Stonewall's  person.  When  Oeneral  Jack- 
son had  drank  at  the  pnmV  and  talked  at  his 
leisore,  he  mounted  nls  flame-colored  horse 
and  rode  down  the  street  at  the  Jog  of  a  com- 
fortable fkrmer  carrying  a  bag  of  meal. 

**Ashe  passed,  I  could  bnt  wonder  how  many 
times  he  bad  prayed  on  Satnrday  night  before 
commencing  bis  hellish  Sabbath  work.  His 
old  servant  says  that  *  When  massa  pravs  four 
times  In  de  night,  he  knows  the  devil  i!  be  to 
pay  de  next  day.^  And  I  am  verv  sure  that 
there  were  a  large  number  of  devils  at  work 
above  Harper's  Ferry  on  Sunday,  September 
14,1862.  M.aA." 

Thursday, — ^Yellow  fever  said  to  be 
raging  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina 
among  the  Yankees;  their  General 
Mitchell  is  dead  of  it. 

They  are  thought  to  be  advancing 
upon  Weldon ;  and  it  is  also  believed 
that  McCIellan's  army  is  being  with- 
drawn from  the  Potomac  to  operate 
upon  Richmond  from  the  south. 

Other  rumors  are,  that  there  has 
been  a  fight  near  the  Potomac,  and  the 
old  story,  that  France  has  intervened, 
comes,  it  is  said,  in  a  dif>pntch.  Nobody 
believes  anything  on  that  subject,  even 
if  one  from  the  dead  should  ?peak. 

A  member  of  General  Bragg's  staff 
gives  the  following  as  the  advantages 
gained  in  the  advance  upon  Kentucky : 

Bat  was  nothing  gsinedT 

1st.  Buell,  who  had  been  threatening  Chatta- 
nooga, and  even  Atlanta,  was  forced  to  evac- 
uate £ast  Tennessee  in  *'  double-quick." 

2d.  North  Alabama  was  thereby  relieved 
fhun  Federal  occupation. 

8d.  We  got  possession  of  Gnmberland  Oap, 
the  doorway  tnrough  that  mountain  to  Knoz- 
vtile  and  theVlrfflnla  and  Tennessee  Ballroad. 

4th.  We  took  from  18.000  to  20,000  prisoners 
at  Richmond,  MurofordsvlUe,  and  other  places. 

6th.  We  brought  off  a  fiir  greater  amount  of 
arms  and  ammunition  than  we  carried  into 
SLentucky. 

6.  Jeans  enongfa  to  clothe  the  Army  of  the 
Mississippi  were  bronebt  oft,  besides  what 
Oeneral  Smith  obtained.  I  know  not  what 
this  amounts  to,  but  I  understand  it  Is,  as  It 
ought  to  be,  from  his  longer  stay  in  the  State, 
much  larger. 

7th.  We  beat  the  enemy  In  three  considera- 
ble battles,  at  Richmond,  Hunifordsvllle,  and 
Perryville,  and  onr  cavalry  whipped  them  in 
twenty  smaller  ones^ 

8th.  And  last,  we  have  paid  a  debt  of  honor 
4ne  by  the  Ck^ofederate  States  to  Eentuckv. 
We  have  offered  her  an  army  to  help  her  Hb- 

VOL.  II.-NO.  V. 


eration,  and  her  exclnsion  wonld  be  no  longer 
an  obstacle  in  honor  or  on  principle  to  a  treaty 
of  peace  with  the  United  SUtes. 

The  onlv  real  mistakes  of  the  campaign  are, 
in  my  judgment,  first,  that  from  the  m^t  ad- 
vance of  General  Smith,  in  July,  the  rich  sup- 
plies of  Kentucky  were  not  gathere<rand  sent 
oack  to  the  South ;  and,  second,  that  prominent 
Unionist  hostages  were  not  brought  away  to 
guarantee  the  good  treatment  of  onrfHends  In 
the  State. 

Friday,  Nov,  14.  —  McClellan  has 
been  removed  from  the  command  of 
the  Federal  army.  It  leads  to  much 
excitement,  and  the  Democrats  are 
boieterou?.  He  did  not  suit  the  Aboli- 
tion dynasty,  and  Bumside  takes  com- 
mand. The  cry  again  is,  "  On  to  Rich- 
mond  r 

Saturday. — McClellan,  it  eeeras,  was 
not  willing  to  advance  as  fast  as  his 
masters  required,  and  persistently  re- 
fused to  make  the  cause  of  the  Union 
second  to  that  of  negro  emancipation. 
We  are  not  inclined  to  credit  the  latter 
report.  Thouffh  the  ablest  of  the  Yan- 
kee generals,  he  has  proved  himself  a 
tool  and  braggart  The  South  gains 
by  his  removal. 

General  Joseph  Johnson  is  to  have 
command  in  the  West.  It  is  hailed  as 
a  favorable  augury.  Bragg  is  under  a 
cloud,  and  Pemberton  is,  to  say  the 
least,  untried.  Van  Dorn  and  Lovell 
are  below  par.  Time  only  can  vindi- 
cate them.  They  are  doubtless  brave 
men,  but  unfortitnate  commanders. 

The  Cincinnati  Inquirer  has  the  fol- 
lowing: 

We  have  no  doubt  that  the  following,  from 
the  Washington  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  B^raidy  Is  substantially  true.  He  sayii 
**  As  soon  as  the  result  of  the  election  was 
definitely  known,  a  meeting  of  the  Cabinet 
was  held,  at  which.  It  is  understood.  President 
Lincoln  announced  to  the  assembled  members 
that,  in  bis  opinion,  the  result  was  a  verdict 
against  the  radical  policy,  and  especially  against 
the  Emancipation  Prochunatlon,  and  that  Mr. 
SewarU,  Mr.  Blair,  and  Mr.  Smlih  echoed  his 
words  and  his  arguments.  It  is  said  that,  aft- 
er the  conservatives  in  the  Cabinet  bad  ex- 
firessed  their  views,  Mr.  Chase  calmly  and  de- 
iberately  told  Mr.  Lincoln  that  there  were  two 
oonrses  open  for  him.  If  he  withdrew  the 
proclamation,  and  discarded  the  policy  he  bad 
Deen  pursuing  sioce  It  was  Issued,  the  war 
would  be  promptly  stopped,  assuring  him  at 
the  same  time  that,  nnon  the  opening  of  Con- 
gress, Mr.  Sumner  and  Mr.  Wade,  In  the  Sen- 
ate, and  Mr.  Stevens  and  Mr.  Lovejoy,  in  the 
House,  were  ready  to  make  a  proposition  for 
peace  with  the  Southern  Confederacy;  that 
not  another  life  should  be  lost,  nor  another 
dollar  spent  if  this  war  was  to  be  a  war  for  the 
restorauon  of  slavery ;  that  as  these  ge  n  tie  men 
ccmtrolled  a  noajority  in  the  Congress  which  Is 
to  govern  the  country,  so  Cu*  as  the  appropria- 
tions go,  for  another  year,  they  were  in  a  po- 

85 


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Bition  to  dictate  the  oovrse  of  the  Administnt- 
tloD.  Not  onlj  most  he  adhere  to  the  procla- 
mation as  issued,  and  to  all  its  radical  feaiarea, 
bnt  he  mast,  moreoTer.  give  it  to  the  benefit  or 
generals  in  tbe  field  wno  believe  In  it. 

**The  story  goes  on  to  relate  that  letters 
were  reoelTM  rlrom  Senators  Sumner,  Wade, 
Wilson.  Fessenden,  and  the  other  radi(»I  load- 
ers in  the  Senate,  and  flrom  Sterens,  Lovejoy, 
Boscoe  Gonkllng,  and  other  radicals  In  the 
House,  stating  tfe^t,  if  the  Emancipatioo  Proo- 
lamntion  should  be  withdrawn,  the  war  must 
be  stopped  and  would  be  stopped. 

'*That  tbe  President  has  yielded  to  some 
such  pressure  as  this  we  do  not  doubt ;  nor 
the  rumor  that  ho  will,  after  the  opening  of 
Oonffress,  modify  bis  Cabinet  by  msRlng  it  an 
Abolition  unit,  and  supersede  tbe  generals  In 
the  field  with  Abolition  chieftains.'' 

Sunday. — Lord  Lyons,  the  British 
Minister,  annoances  in  conversation, 
that  his  £^yernment  does  not  contem- 
plate any  interference  with  the  Ameri- 
can quarrel,  but  Northern  accounts 
represent  their  relations  with  France 
and  Spain  to  be  unfavorable. 

The  Soath,  however,  is  satisfied  in 
that  respect.  She  expects  nothing  from 
the  selfish  and  narrow  sighted  pulicy 
of  the  courts,  and  experience  has 
proved  that  the  Yankees  will  make 
any  humiliating  concessions  to  avert  a 
conflict  with  them.  If  a  reunion  with 
the  North  ever  takes  place,  the  South 
would  be  heartily  prepared  to  join  in  a 
war  that  might  be  undertaken  against 
these  powers.  They  are  afraid  of  the 
Yankees  tiow,  and  will  have  good 
reason  (o  be  afraid  of  them  t/teu. 

The  enemy  in  North  Mississippi  are 
still  advancing.  ITiey  outnumber  us 
very  heavily,  and  the  prospect  is  one 
of  gloom.  Mississippi,  unless  Hercu- 
lean efforts  are  made,  will  be  overrun, 
and  that  speedily.  The  greatest  ex- 
citement prevails,  and  people  are  re- 
moving to  Texas,  Louisiana,  and  Ala- 
bama, with  their  stock  and  neeroes. 

Corn  is  worth  but  75  cts.  a  bushel  in 
Mississippi,  but  flour  $50  per  barrel.  In 
Carolina  com  is  worth  $1.50  to  $2.00. 
Salt,  $1.00  per  bushel;  bticon,  75c.  to 
$1.00  per  pound.  Coarse  country  wool- 
ens bring  $6  to  $8  per  yard,  and  wool 
$4.00  per  pound.  Negro  shoes,  $8.00 ; 
ladies*  shoes,  $12.00  to  $15.00,  etc. 

NAsnviLLB. — One  of  the  ediiors  of  the 
Chattanooga  Rebel  has  receired  a  letter 
from  a  young  lady  of  Nashville,  from 
which  the  following  paragraphs  are  ex- 
tracted : 

^*  Nashville  is  not  what  it  was,  believe 
me.  You  may  walk  a  whole  morning 
and  never  meet  a  familiar  face.  The 
ladies  never  go  in    tbe   streets  except  j 


accompanied  by  some  escort  or  in  carria- 
ges. How  many  of  them  are  in  black  I 
How  many  bouses  are  in  mourning!  Yon 
do  not  know,  you  cannot  know  tfti*  men- 
tal suffering  we  experience  every  day. 
The  old  haunts,  which  used  to  be  so 
lively,  are  now  deserted  and  dark;  no 
lights  at  night,  nor  music,  nor  notes  of 
laughter  I  Why,  I  haven't  smiled  in  a 
month.  Whenever  the  strings  of  my 
heart  vibrate,  the  face  is  not  wreathed 
with  dimples— the  eyes  are  full  of  tears." 
♦        ♦       ♦ 

"  Many  of  our  young  ladies  have  gone, 
like  tbe  last  rose  of  summer.  But  still 
many  yet  are  here.  They,  without  an 
exception,  detest  everything  that  ever 
looked  like  a  Yankee.  Some  reports  got 
out,  I  hear,  about  one  or  two  having  re- 
ceived the  Federal  officers.  It  is  posi- 
tively not  so,  except  those  of  Union 
families,  who  are  now  few  and  far  be- 
tween. These  latter  we  svstematically 
cut.  One  of  them  was  lately  married  to 
a  Tennessee  Federal  office-bolder,  which 

§reatlv  shocked  her  friends  of  '  Lang 
yne.*^  Bnt  we  consider  her  dead  ;  have 
buried  her,  mourned  over  her,  and  are 
fast  forgetting  her.  The  Yankee  officers 
have  at  last  discovered  that  there's  no 
use  *  knocking  at  the  door,'  and  have 
collapsed  into  a  magnificent  indifference, 
whicn  is  as  amusing  as  acceptable."  *    * 

MoNOAT,  17th. — Leave  for  South 
Carolina  on  a  visit  to  my  family,  and 
afterwards  to  Richmond. 

Thb  Gborgia  Lbqislators. — The  Legis- 
lature of  Georgia  on  tbe  6th  inst.  paMed 
tbe  following  preamble  and  resolutions 
unanimously  in  both  Houses : 

Whereas,  It  is  evident  that  the  theatre 
of  war  must  soon  be  transferred  from  tbe 
battle-fields  of  Virginia  to  the  seaport 
towns  of  the  cotton  states ;  and  whereas, 
emulating  the  devoted  heroism  of  the 
people  of  Vicksborg,  we  desire  for 
Georgia  that  her  seaport  citv  should  be 
defended  to  the  last  extremity,  at  what- 
ever cost  of  life  or  property  : 

Jiesohsd,  That  in  tbe  opinion  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  the  city  of 
Savannah  should  never  be  surrendered, 
that  it  should  be  defended  street  by  street, 
and  house  by  bouse,  until,  if  taken,  the 
victor's  spoils  alone  should  be  a  heap  of 
ashes. 

Resolved,  If  the  House  concur,  that  the 
Joint  Committee  on  Finance  be  instrocted 
to  report  forthwith  a  bill  appropriating 
such  sum  as  may  be  necessary  for  tbe 
removal  of  the  helpless  women  and  chtt- 
dren  in  Savannah  to  a  place  of  safety. 

Retolvtd,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolu- 
tions be  forwarded  by  the  Governor  to 
the  General  commanding,  with  the  as- 
surance that  the  people  of  Georgia  will 
accept  any  calamity  rather  than  suffer 


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ber  soil  to  be  polluted  bjr  the  hand  of 
AboHtioD  iDvaders. 

Atbogitibs  or  tbb  Enbmt.  —  *'  The 
troops  under  General  Hamilton  com- 
mitted the  most  inexcusable  derastations 
on  their  march  from  Corinth  to  Grand 
Junction,  and  it  will  take  u  long  list  of 
valorous  deeds  to  atone  for  the  acts  of 
these  three  days.  Fences  were  fired' 
maliciously,  and  the  whole  line  of  march 
lighted  by  cohflagrations.  Houses  were 
entered  and  pillaged  by  bands  of  strag* 

flers,  and  almost  every  conceivable  in- 
ignity  heaped  on  the  families  without 
regard  to  age  or  sex.  A  large  church, 
well  finished  inside,  was  set  fire  to  and 
consumed.  Houses  and  barns  shared  the 
same  fate.  Property  of  no  earthly  use 
to  a  soldier  was  often  taken,  and  some- 
times, if  not  taken,  destroyed  through 
pure  vindictiveness.  In  one  case  a  squad 
of  soldiers  entered  a  house  where  the 
matron  was  enceinUj  and  were  guilty,  in 
addition  to  other  things,  uf  oreaking 
open  her  drawers  and  trunks,  and  carry- 
ing away  and  destroying  the  clothes  pre- 
pared for  her  unborn  child.  My  heart 
sickens  at  such  recitals,  and  I  had  well- 
nigh  determined  at  one  time  to  pass  them 
by  in  silence :  but  the  people  at  home 
should  know  that  such  acts  are  perpe- 
trated." ^ 

Tuesday. — Rosencrans  is  at  Naeb- 
Tille  with  five  divisions  of  Yankee 
troops.  He  declares  his  determination 
to  snbdae  the  Southern  people  as  he 
proceeds  south.  The  alternative  will 
be  offered,  be  says,  of  allegiance  to  the 
Union,  or  they  will  be  forced  within 
the  rebel  lines.  He  will  apply  the 
same  law  to  women  and  children.  His 
idea  is  to  throw  an  immense  population 
on  the  South,  in  order  to  consume 
what  he  considers  onr  limited  supplies, 
and  thus  starve  ns  into  sabiectiun. 

Randolph,  for  alleged  disagreement 
with  the  President,  has  resigned  his 
post  of  Secretary  of  War,  and  General 
G.  W.  Smith  holds  the  office  ad  interim, 

New  York  is  being  fortified,  in  appre- 
hension of  an  attack  from  Confederate 
war  steamers  sidd  to  be  expected  from 
Europe.  It  is  an  old  story  and  few 
have  much  faith  in  it — though  it  is 
difilcnlt  to  understand  why  such  vessels 
have  not  been  long  since  provided. 
The  rumor  is  plausibly  supported,  and 
may  have  some  foundation  in  fact — at 
least  everybody  is  hopeful. 

Enemy  tiave  appeared  opposite  Fred- 
ericksburg, Virginia,  but  have  been  held 
in  check  thns  far. 

Col.  Adam  Johnson's  cavalry  made  a 


dash  into  Madisonville,  Ev.,  last  week, 
killing40  and  wounding  112  Abolition- 
ists. The  Abolitionists  fled  to  the  Ohio 
River,  but  were  pressed  hard.  We  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  three  steamboats, 
and  brought  back  40  wagon-loads  of 
army  supplies. 

Wednesday. — People  of  Mobile  hope- 
ful, and  defences  actively  urged.  Two 
new  gunboats  building  at  Selma  are 
expected  down,  and  an  early  attack 
upon  the  city  is  feared.  Conversed 
with  General  McCowan,  who  is  to  have 
command  of  the  post. 

A  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Times  says  the  French  Government  has 
demanded  full  and  immediate  indemnity 
for  all  injuries  inflicted  upon  French 
citizens  by  General  Butler,  and  that  the 
State  Depirtment  is  ready  to  back  down 
to  any  extent  from  Butlers  acts ;  that  the 
Spanish  Minister  has  demanded  an 
apolojgy  for  the  burning  of  vessels  in 
Spanish  waters  by  one  of  the  ships  of 
Farragut's  fleet. 

Thursday. — Fredericksburg  is  being 
evacuated,  and  a  battle  is  expectea 
before  many  days. 

New  York  7nbnn«  repeats  the  story 
that  three  immense  iron-clad  rams,  the 
most  powerful  in  the  world,  are  being 
constructed  for  the  Confederates  in 
Great  Britain. 

Friday,  21st  Nov. — John  A.  Seddon 
has  been  appointed  Secretary  of  War. 
He  is  an  aole  statesman,  but  of  too 
feeble  health  for  that  position. 

Burnside's  army  reported  demoral- 
ized by  McCiellan  s  removal,  and  whole 
regiments  have  thrown  down  their 
arms.  General  Halleck  pacified  the 
malcontents. 

The  Yankees  abandon  the  Piedmont 
region  of  Virginia,  and  intend  an  ad- 
vance upon  Richmond  by  the  Rappa- 
hannock and  Fredericksburg. 

Several  regiments  of  troops  are  on 
their  way  from  Goergia  to  Mississippi 
Cars  are  crowded  everywhere.  Never 
in  peace  times  was  the  travel  CTeater. 
It  is  impossible  to  believe  otherwise 
than  that  thousands  manage  to  evade 
the  Conscript  Act  by  continued  passa^ 
from  place  to  place.  The  authorities 
are  much  in  fault.  Thousands  are 
greedy  speculators,  and  fatten  on  the 
public  misfortunes. 

Saturday  to  Monday.  —  Engaged 
without  a  moment's  relaxation  prepar- 
ing report  of  cotton  operations  to  be 
taken  to  Richmond.    It  is  practicable 


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to  extend  these  operations  very  mnch 
in  Mis^^issippi,  and  perhaps  generally 
by  a  more  liberal  policy  upon  the  part 
of  Government  A  million  of  bales 
should  be  purchased  and  pledged  in 
Europe  for  arms,  ships  and  supplies. 
It  cnn  be  done.  If  much  of  this  cot- 
ton is  burnt  or  stolen  by  the  Yankees, 
what  is  left  will  amply  reimburse. 

News  unimportant. 

Tuesday,  26th  Nov. — Leave  for  South 
Carolina.  Persons  from  Fredericks- 
burg to-day  say  that  all  is  quiet,  and 
no  demonstration  on  either  side.  It  is 
the  impression  that  the  enemy  hns 
moved  tlie  bulk  of  his  forces  towards 
Acquia  Creek,  though  his  pickets  ex- 
tend to  the  Rappahannock  River.  Some 
refujB^ees  have  returced.  Passengers 
by  the  evening  train  report  all  quiet  at 
Fredericksburg.  Not  a  gun  was  fired. 
The  enemy  is  perceptibly  falling  back. 
Iheir  camp-fires  extend  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Acquia  Creek,  and  it  is  believed 
the  enemy  is  moving  in  that  direction. 

Wbdnksday.  —  Yankees  advancing 
upon  Btaunton,  Virginia,  by  the  way 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  mass- 
ing their  forces  in  Suffolk,  with 
the  view  of  an  attack  upon  Peters- 
burg  or  Weldon,  in  order  to  isolate 
Richmond  from  the  South. 

Thursday. — The  Lincoln  Goyemment 
has  again  backed  down.  The  Diario  de 
la  Marina  savs  that  as  soon  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  Her  Migestj  at  Washington, 
Sefior  Ta«sara.  received  the  details  of  the 
case,  he  hastened  and  read  to  Mr.  Seward 
the  dispatch  of  the  Captain  General  of 
Cuba,  in  which  the  facts  of  the  case  are 
stated  and  the  necessary  reclamation 
made.  Mr.  Seward  assured  the  Spanish 
representative  in  the  most  ^tegorical 
manner,  that  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment felt  bishly  disappointed  with  the 
conduct  of  the  naval  officers  who  vio- 
lated our  lawf  and  territorv,  and  was 
willing  to  give  complete  satisfaction  to 
the  government  of  Spain. 

The  London  Star^  in  an  editorial  on  the 
escape  of  the  Alabama,  says :  "  It  is 
known  that  as  many  as  nine  other  ships 
are  being  built  or  equipped  in  British 
harbors  for  the  service  of  the  Confede- 
rate States.  If  they  were  to  serve  simply 
and  strictly  as  vessels  of  war;  if  they 
were  to  be  employed  in  an  attempt  to 
break  the  blockade ;  to  recover  New 
Orleans  ;  to  fight  the  Federals  in  South- 
ern rivers,  or  other  legitimate  acts  of 
warfare,  they  would  be  subject  to  arrest 
and  detention." 

Fbiday.— "  A  letter  in  the  Mobile  Ad- 


vertisfr  and  Jt^^ister,  dated  Headquarters 
Cavitlry  Division,  ten  miles  south  of  Holly 
Springs,  Miss.,  Nov.  28d,  says  that  there 
is  no  doubt  that  the  enemy  intend  ad- 
vancing  in  this  direction  soon.  Fifty  to 
sixty  thousand  Abolitionists  are  in  front, 
at  Grand  Junction,  Davis'  Mills,  and  La 
Grange,  and  reinforcements  are  joining 
them  daily  from  Memphis  and  Jackson, 
Tenn.  Toe  enemy  are  rapidly  prepar- 
ing the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad 
to  Grand  Junction,  as  also  the  Mississip* 
pi  Central  railroad  towards  Holly  Springs. 
All  the  stations  and  bridges  on  these 
roads  are  heavily  guarded.  Their  armed 
foraging  parties  are  composed  of  the  vi- 
lest robbers  and  murderers  on  the  face  of 
the  earth,  and  ratage  the  country  around 
for  miles  on  every  side.  From  Davis' 
Mills  to  Moscow  seems  to  be  their  base  of 
operations." 

Saturday,  November  29. — ^Reached 
Winnsboro,  S.  C,  after  a  passage  of  five 
days  from  Jackson,  Missw  Trip  without 
incident,  which  is  remarkable. 

President  Davis  has  demanded  that 
Gen.  McNeil,  who  hung  ten  of  our  guer- 
rillas in  Missouri,  should  be  given  up, 
and  in  failure  has  ordered  Gen'l  Holmes 
to  execute  the  first  ten  Yankee  offi- 
cers that  he  may  capture.  This  is  de- 
manded by  public  opinion,  and  sad  as 
may  be  the  necessity,  will  be  justified 
by  the  whole  civilized  world.  In  no 
other  way  can  such  enormities  be 
checked.  The  result  is  awaited  witb 
anxiety. 

Sunday.  —  Yankee  transports  and 
guu-bonts  are  at  Port  Royal  on  the 
Rappahannock.  This  evinces  a  pur- 
pose to  cross  the  river.  They  have  ad- 
vanced in  force  from  Nashville  towards 
Franklin. 

The  "  wolf*  cry  of  *'  mediation*  and 
"  recognition**  seems,  after  all,  to  have 
something  in  it,  however  contemptibly 
i n signifies Qt  as  the  following  will  show. 
The  smallest  favors  of  that  sort  roust, 
we  suppose,  in  our  condition  be  thank- 
fully received.  More  may  happen  by 
and  by,  and  perhaps  in  good  enough 
season. 

The  Examiner  has  received  the  New 
York  //eraid  of  the  27th :  Mr.  Drooyn 
De  L*Huys,  French  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  addressed  a  dispatch  to  the  Am- 
bassadors of  France  at  London  and  St. 
Petersburg,  dated  Paris,  Oct.  80th.  He 
refers  to  the  painful  interest  with  which 
Europe  has  watched  the  struggle  raging 
in  America.  *'  Europe/*  he  says,  **  baa 
suffered  from  the  consequences  of  the 
crisis  which  has  dried  up  one  of  the  moat 


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549 


fruitfal  sources  of  public  wealth.  The 
neutraiitjr  maintaineid  by  France  and  the 
other  powers  ought  to  make  tbem  of  ser- 
Tice  to  the  two  parties  by  helping  them 
out  of  a  position  which  seems  to  have  no 
issue.  At  last  accounts  the  two  armies 
were  in  a  condition  that  would  not  allow 
either  party  any  decided  advantage  to 
accelerate  the  conclusion  of  peace.  All 
these  circumstances  point  to  the  oppor- 
tunity of  an  armistice.  The  Emperor 
has,  therefore,  thought  that  the  occasion 
has  presented  itself  of  oft'ering  to  the  bel- 
ligerents the  good  offices  of  the  maritime 
powers.  He  therefore  proposes  that 
England,  Russia  and  France  should  pro- 
pose an  armistice  for  six  months,  during 
which  every  act  of  hostility,  direct  or  in- 
direct, should  cease  at  sea,  as  well  as  on 
land.  This  armistice  might,Jf  necessary, 
be  renewed  for  a  further  period.  This 
proposal  would  not  imply  any  pressure 
of  negotiations  for  peace,  which  it  is 
hopea  would  take  place  auring  the  ar- 
mistice." 

Earl  Russell,  in  his  reply,  says !  *^  Her 
Majesty's  Oovemment  reco^izes,  with 
pleasure^  the  design  of  arresting  the  pro- 
gress of  the  war  by  friendly  measures, 
but  asks,  is  the  end  proposed  attainable 
at  the  present  moment  by  the  course  sug- 
ffested  by  the  Oovemment  of  France? 
After  weighing  all  the  information  which 
has  been  received  from  America,  Her 
Majesty's  Government  are  led  to  the  con- 
clusion that  there  is  no  ground  at  the 
present  moment  to  hope  that  the  Federal 
Government  would  accept  the  proposal 
suggested,  and  a  refusal  from  Washing- 
ton at  the  present  time  would  prevent 
anjr  speedy  renewal  of  the  offer.  Her 
Majesty's  Government  thinks^  therefore, 
that  it  would  be  better  to  awsit  the  time 
when  the  three  Courts  may  offer  their 
iHendly  counsel  with  a  greater  prospect 
than  now  exists  of  its  being  aooeptea  by 
the  two  contending  parties/' 

Monday,  December  1, 1862.— The  Her- 
ald says  the  Union  army  of  Virginia  is 
stronger  and  better  prepared  now  for  the 
work  of  a  triumphant  campaign  than 
ever  heretofore,  or  likely  to  be  hereafter. 
The  HtralSi  plan  for  the  capture  of 
Richmond  is  as  follows  :  let  Washington 
be  rendered  perfectly  safe,  without  re- 
quiring Burnside  to  keep  a  sharp  eye  in 
tnat  direction,  while  advancing  upon 
Richmond ;  let  him  be  assisted  with  the 
oo-operation  of  the  land  and  naval  force 
by  the  James  and  York  rivers,  and  hif 
advance  upon  the  rebel  capital  will  be  the 
deathblow  to  the  rebellion,  as  the  army 
of  I.iec,  if  not  captured  or  destroyed  at 
Richmond,  will  be  enveloped,  as  tiie  for- 
ces are  sufficient  to  capture  or  scatter  it 
to  the  winds. 

A  dispatch  from  Cairo,  dated  the  21st, 
•ays  paiseogers  from  Lagrange  report 


the  main  body  of  the  Federals  still  there. 
None  but  the  cavalrr  have  been  to  Holly 
Springs.  The  railroad  bridge,  three 
miles  south  of  Lagrange,  which  was 
burned  by  the  rebels,  is  being  rebuilt. 

Tuesday. — Weather  very  cold.  Snow 
and  rain  would  break  up  the  military 
operations  in  Yire^inia  and  Northern 
Mississippi.  It  isTiard  to  say  whether 
or  not  we  should  desire  such  results  in 
Virginia.  Perhaps  we  shall  never  be 
better  prepared  than  now  in  that  quar- 
ter, and  the  Yankees  will  gain  in  point 
of  both  discipline  and  numbers.  A 
great  victory  on  our  side  would  beget 
results  very  different  from  former  ones, 
taking  into  consideration  the  division 
of  parties  at  the  North,  and  the  bitter- 
ness of  feeling  which  has  been  engen- 
dered. But  as  for  peace,  nothing  seems 
to  promise  that  for  many  a  long  day  to 
come. 

Wbdkksday,  Richmond,  Decembers. — 
A  special  New  Orleans  correspondent  of 
the  New  York  Tinue  censures  Reverdy 
Johnson  for  advising  the  Government  to 
pay  back  to  the  French  Consul  the  specie 
seized  by  Butler.  He  says  the  money, 
four  hundred  and  five  thousand  dollars, 
released  on  Johnson's  recommendation, 
was  actually  sent  to  Havana  within  the 
last  forty  days  by  a  Spanish  war  steamer. 
It  was  borrowed  from  the  Bank  of  New 
Orleans  by  J.  D.  B.  De  Bow,  agent  of  the 
Richmond  Government,  to  pay  for  cloth- 
ing in  Havana  waiting  to  run  the  block- 
ade. The  Bank  of  New  Orleans  was 
seized  and  closed  by  Butler  for  sending 
specie  to  the  rebels. 

Thursday. — ^The  Federal  Excise  Tax. 
it  is  paid,  will  produce  f  360,000.000, 
instead  of  $160,000,000.  as  was  intend- 
ed. This  will  exceed  the  entire  in- 
come of  the  British  Government  Thus 
far  the  South  has  paid  little  or  nothing 
in  taxes.  This  cannot  and  should  not 
last.  Our  war  tMX  did  not  realize  more 
than  $15,000,000.  We  have,  however, 
contributed  Toluntarily  in  support  of 
the  war  as  a  people  eight  or  ten  tim^ 
that  amount,  which  is  not  the  case  at 
the  North. 

The  New  York  World  says  that  Lin- 
coln will  yield  to  the  conservative 
pressure,  and  modify  or  withhold  his 
emancipation  proclamation.  They  will 
find  some  way  to  get  out  of  the  ecrape. 

A  member  of  Congress  intimated  to 
us  last  night,  in  confidence,  that  onr 
cause  was  lott,  and  said  that  the  opin- 
ion was  gaining  ground  at  Richmond. 
Democratic  successes  talk  of  recoiistruc- 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR. 


tion,  and  the  perils  and  sufferings  of 
the  war  are  oyerooming  many  who 
were  the  staoncheat  and  boldest  in  onr 
ranks. 

The  prospect  is  dark  enough  to  the 
stoutest,  bravest  and  most  hopeful 
among  us.  When  will  morning  come  ? 
God  only  can  determine  the  end,  and 
we  are  in  his  hands. 

LATBSt  FROM  YicKSBURO.  —  We  Icacn 
from  a  friend  just  teom  Yicskburg  that 
the  most  formidable  preparations  have 
been  made  for  giving  the  enemy  a  warm 
reception  in  case  of  another  attack.  The 
woods,  which  in  a  measure  last  winter 
aerred  to  conceal  the  movements  of  the 
Yankee  gun-boats,  have  been  entirely 
cleared  awav^  so  that  no  vessel  can  take 
shelter  within  range  of  the  city.  Our 
batteries  command  the  grand  Yankee 
aqueduct  made  by  the  enemy  last  winter. 
Breastworks  have  been  thrown  up  in  the 
streets  of  the  city.  The  people  are  very 
sanguine  of  their  ability  to  hold  the  city. 
No  apprehension  is  felt  of  an  immediate 
attack,  there  being  no  perceptible  rise  in 
the  river. 

Fridat. — The  season  of  foul  weath- 
er has  apparently  set  in.  Rain  all  last 
night  and  to-day.  Imagine  the  suffer- 
ings of  our  half-olothed  soldiers  in  Vir- 
ginia particularly,  and  contrast  it  with 
that  of  the  Yankee  invaders,  who  are 
supplied  sumptuously  in  all  things.  It 
may  be  doubted  if  our  revolutionary 
fathers  suffered  more.  Every  effort  is 
being  made  to  supply  the  army,  and 
scarcely  a  family  that  is  not  contribut- 
ing woolens  and  blankets,  and  if  the 
war  continues,  every  household  will 
soon  be  stripped.  Shoes  are  most  diffi- 
cult to  supply.  They  are  worth  from 
|16  to  $30,  and  boots  as  high  as  (40 
and  $50.  Soldiers  tell  us  they  have 
stood  guard  bare-footed  in  the  snow, 
and  we  have  seen  thertk  sleeping  out 
on  icy-cold  nights,  without  tent,  olan- 
ket  or  overcoat,  and  by  a  scanty  fire. 

Such  are  the  sufferings  of  a  patriot 
soldiery.  "Did  the  world  ever  wit- 
ness such  heroism  V*  Nothing  addi- 
tional from  Fredericksburg,  but  gage 
of  battle  hourly  expeotod.  We  are 
moving  the  army  stores  from  Middle 
Tenne^rsee  to  Chattanoo^n.  Pierre 
Soul^  of  New  Orleans,  andother  polit- 
ical prisoners  at  Fort  Lafayette,  are 
liberated. 

Joint  RaaoLUTioxs  in  rblation  to  the 
War  Dkbt  or  the  Ookfbobratk  Statks. 
— Whereas,  the  Government  of  the  Con- 
federate States  is  involved  in  a  war  for 


the  independence  of  each  of  the  States  of 
the  Confederacy,  as  well  as  foi  its  own 
existence ;  and  whereas  the  destiny  of 
each  State  of  the  Confederacy  is  indisso- 
lubly  connected  with  that  of  the  Confed- 
erate Government;  and  whereas  the  Con- 
federate Government  cannot  successfully 
prosecute  the  war  to  a  speedy  and  hon- 
orable peace,  without  ample  means  of 
credit ;  .Be  it  therefore 

Befolved  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  State  of  Alabama  %n 
General  Assembly  convened^  That  in  the 
opinion  of  this  General  Assembly,  it  is 
the  duty  of  each  State  of  the  Confederacy, 
for  the  purpose  of  sustaining  the  credit 
of  the  Confederate  Government,  to  guar- 
antee the  debt  of  that  Government  in  pro- 
portion to  its  representation  in  the  Con- 
gress of  that  Government. 

Resolvedjurther,  That  the  SUte  of  Al- 
abama hereby  proposes  to  oar  sister 
States  of  the  Confederacy,  to  guarantee 
said  debt  on  said  basis,  provided  that 
each  of  said  States  shall  accept  the  prop- 
osition, and  adopt  suitable  legislation  to 
carry  it  into  effect,  iu  which  event  these 
resolutions  shall  stand  as  the  guarantee 
of  this  State  for  the  aforesaid  proposition 
of  the  debt  of  said  Confederate  Govern- 
ment 

Resolved  furthery  That  his  Excellency 
the  Governor  be,  and  is  hereby,  request- 
ed to  transmit  a  copy  of  these  resolutions 
to  the  Governor  of  each  State  of  the  Con- 
federacy and  to  the  President  of  the  Con- 
federate States. 

Saturday. — Banks*  fleet  has  sailed 
from  New  York,  perhaps  for  Texas. 
Bumside  is  delayed  in  crossing  the 
Rappahanfiock,  forwarding  Pontoon 
Bridges.  Thayer  is  preparing  to  colo- 
nize Florida  with  Yankees.  Army  said 
by  Lincoln  not  to  be  stronger  than 
when  the  last  levy  of  800,000  was 
made.  Onr  army  reported  as  retreat- 
ing upon  Hichmund. 

Federal  Congress  has  met  Lincoln's 
message  the  most  trashy  and  contempt- 
ible that  ever  emanated  from  public 
officer. 

He  proposes : 

"Article  1.— Bvcry  State  wberels  alaveij 
exists  which  shall  abolish  the  same  before  the 
first  of  January,  ItOO,  shall  be  comp«'iisaled  bj 
the  United  States,  with  bond  bearing  interest 
at  the  rate  of  —  per  cent,  per  aannm,  to  the 
amoant  of— for  each  alave  ahowa  to  have 
been  therein  bv  the  eighth  oensoa  of  the  Un- 
ited States.  Any  State  having  rooelved  the 
bonds  as  aforesaid,  and  shall  aftorwards  rein- 
troduce and  tolerate  slavery,  shall  refhind  the 
bonds.  Article  8.— All  slaves  who,  by  the 
chances  of  war,  have  enjoyed  froedom  daring 
the  rebellion  shall  bo  forever  fk«e,  but  the  loy- 
al owners  shall  be  oompenaated  at  the  rates 
provided  for  the  Stat^.    Article  8.— Congresa 


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may  approprfato  money  and  otherwiM  provide 
for  the  cofonlzatioii  of  free  persons  of  color, 
with  their  own  consent,  at  a  place  without  the 
United  States.'' 

Sunday. — Gunboat  affair  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Port  Royal,  Va.,  in  which 
they  are  repulsed  by  land  batteries. 

Weather  intensely  cold. 

RiouiiOND,  December  6.— The  London  TimM 
comments  at  lensth  on  the  French  pruposiUon 
for  uedlatton.  ft  regards  France  as  standing 
alone,  and  sees  in  the  French  proposition  not 
only  medlatiOB  bnt  interrentlon,  forcible  re- 
moval of  the  blockade,  and  war.  The  Times 
agrees  with  Mr.  Cobden,  that  England  had  bet- 
ter not  plnnge  into  a  desperate  war  with  the 
Northern  States  of  America— war  with  all  Eu- 
rope at  our  backs,  and  donbts  if  Virginia  be- 
longed U*  France  as  Oanada  belongs  to  Eng- 
land, if  the  Emperor  of  the  French  would  be  so 
active  in  beating  np  recruits  in  this  American 
medlatluB  leagoe. 

Monday. — ^Visit  Columbia,  S.  C.  Le- 
gislature  in  session,  and  active  can- 
vass for  Governor.  Forty  candidates. 
Among  the  rest,  Preston'  Manning, 
Boyce,  Miles,  Eeitt,  and  Bonham.  The 
last  is  late  in  the  fit- Id  and  will  prob- 
ably win  in  the  race,  though  Manning 
stands  very  high  on  the  list. 

Columbia  is  filled  with  refugees  for 
Charleston.  Prices  enormously  high. 
Board  $4  60  per  day  at  Hotels.  Shops 
scantily  supplied.  Paid  $4  25  per 
yard  for  flannels,  and  about  the  same 
for  alpacas,  worth  in  ordinary  times 
26  cents.  Yet  we  save  by  the  war  in 
buying  very  little,  and  cutting  off  all 
luxuries.  We  save,  too,  the  immense 
tribute  formerly  paid  to  the  Yankees 


lotion  shall  sneceed  or  whether  it  shall  faiU 
Their  constitutions,  and  laws  and  customs, 
habiu  and  instituiions,  in  either  case  will  re- 
main the  same.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  add 
to  this  iRcojcTBSTABLK  STATEMENT  (!)  the  fur- 
ther fsct  that  the  new  President,  as  well  as 
the  citizens  throaffh  whose  suffrages  he  has 
come  into  the  administration,  has  always  re- 

f>Qdiated  all  designs  whatever  and  wherever 
mputed  to  him  and  them,  of  dinturhing  the 
Mt$Um  o/ slavery  as  it  is  soHsting  under  the 
Oonsiitution  and  laws.  The  case,  however, 
would  not  be  fully  presented  were'  I  to  omit 
to  say  that  any  such  effort  on  his  part  would 
be  vnoonsUtuUonal^  and  all  his  acts  in  that 
direction  would  be  prevented  by  the  Judicial 
AVTHOETTT,  cvca  though  they  were  assented 
to  by  Oi.ngress  and  the  people."^ 

8o  wrote  Mr.  Be  ward.  Secretary  of  State, 
**  by  the  direcUon ."  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  Pre- 
sident, little  more  than  a  month  after  his  in- 
stallment into  office.  What  will  European 
Governments  now  think  of  the  **  4noontevtal>le 
sUUemsaUs  ^  of  the  Yankee  President  and  his 
Premier?— and  will  they  not  reasonably  ask 
why  the  ^Judicial  atUhority^  so  reveien- 
tially  M>oken  of  by  the  Premier,  has  not  mani- 
fested itself  ? 

Tuesday. — Return  to  Winnsboro. 
Cars,  as  usual,  crowded  with  soldiers. 
War  has  engendered  in  this  class 
shocking  and  eross  profanity,  and  the 
traveler  must  be  content  to  hear  the 
vilest  language,  go  where  he  may. 
There  is  no  escaping  it.  Thus  war 
demoralixes.  When  ahall  we  recover 
from  its  effects  ? 

Rbtubmbd  PMSoaBBS.— The  Tankee  tran- 
sport Metropolitan  arrived  above  the  point 
yesterday  with  about  one  thousand  Confede- 
rate prisoners  to  bo  exchanged  here.  As  us- 
ual, the  treatment  of  these  men  by  the  Yan- 
kees was  brutal  and  inhuman  in  the  highest 
d^ree.  At  Louisville  they  were  confined  lu 
a  filthy  prison  infested  with  vermin,  and  from 


for  their  notions,  and  m  other  ways. !  there  they  were  sent  to  Cairo,  where  they 
Economy  and  frugality  are  the  order  J^^  placed  in  a  prison  which  had  been  occu 
of  the  day,  and  domestic  industry.  Fa- 
milies who  lived  in  opulence,  now  dri- 
ven from  their  homes  in  many  cases. 


pied  by  negroes.  On  their  way  down  they 
were  kept  on  a  crowded  boat  fifteen  days 
without  any  comforts,  or  any  means  of  cook- 
ing er  providing  for  their  wants.    In  addition 


are  huddled  together  in  comfortless  i  ^  ^'>*^  the  Dutch  Yankee  guards  on  the  boat 
quarter.,  and  ch^rfnlly  put  up  with  the  -*^"  »»««»^»°»^  «^d  abusivcand  «»:uallvUv- 
greatest  privation*. 

The  wheels  of  revolution  roll  on. 

Col.  Beall,  dth  Virginia  cavalry, 
made  a  splendid  dash  into  Westmore- 
land County  and  captured  40  to  60 
picketa.  Enemy  have  occupied  Fair- 
mz  and  Warrenton. 


Iif  Sewanfs  official  letter  of  instructions  for 
Dayton,  the  Yankee  French  MinUter,  dated 
April  22d,  1861,  and  which  Mr.  Seward  says  is 
written  ••  by  the  direction  of  the  President,** 
referring  to  the  rebellion,  occurs  the  following 


•"2^.= 


^Tne  condition  of  slavery  in  the  several 
States  will  remain  Just  the  same,  whether  it 
sneceed  or  fail.  The  rights  ol  the  Sutes  and 
the  condition  of  every  human  being  in  them 
will  remain  subject  to  exactly  the  same  laws 


were  insulting  and  abusive,  and  actually  bay- 
oneted some  of  the  prisoners  and  knocked 
down  several  with  their  muskets.  This  expo- 
sure caused  much  sickness  among  our  men, 
end  a  number  died  during  the  passage.—- 
ViOcsburg  OUistn. 

Wednesday,  10th  Dec. — Enemy's 
train  captured  near  Corinih. 

Banks'  expedition  helieved  to  have 
gone  a^inst  Brunswick,  Georgia. 

Yankee  War  Office  Reports  &x,  their 
present  army  at  800,000  men,  which, 
when  the  quotas  are  filled,  will  reach 
l,OuO,000.  Against  this  we  cannut  set 
off  more  than  600,000  as  things  look  at 
preeent,  though  the  Conscript  Acts 
should  have  given  us  a  million,  or  near 
it.     These  Acts  are  feebly  enforced. 


and  form  of  admialstration,  whether  the  rero- 1  and  are  easily  evaded.    Probubly,  how- 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


ever,  the  Yankees  OTer-estimate  their 
nnmbers. 

RiCHMOHD,  December  9.— An  offlclal  dis- 
patch has  been  reoeired  from  General  Bragg. 
at  the  Adjatant-OeDerars  office,  announcing 
the  gratifying  inteliiganoe  that  Qen.  Jack 
Morgan  attacked  an  ontpoat  of  the  enemy  at 
Hartsville,  on  the  Cumberland,  capturinc 
about  1«80()  of  the  enemy,  two  pieces  of  artlH 
lery,  2.000  small  arms,  and  a  qaantlty  of  stores, 
besides  killing  and  wounding  800  of  the  ene 
my.    The  Confederate  Ims  was  not  over  125. 

A  SPECIAL  diflpatch  to  the  Adverti»9r  and 
MUgitter^  dated  Mnrfreesboro,  Stb,  says  Mor- 
gan's  command  surprised  a  portion  of  Rous- 
seau's division,  vesterdar,  near  Uarris?iUc, 
fifteen  miles  north-east  of  Lebanon,  and  after 
a  sharp  oonfliot,  captured  1,400  of  the  AboU- 
tionista,  six  pleoas  of  artillery,  1,600  stand  of 
anna,  their  wagon  train  and  camp  equipments. 
A  large  number  of  the  enemy  were  killed  and 
wounded.    Our  loss  was  oonsiderable. 

The  wtather  is  dear,  and  Areccing  bard. 

Obm .  LovKU.  has  defeated  and  driven  back 
the  enemy  at  Coffee vllle,  killlug  and  wound- 
ing a  large  number,  and  capturing  tbirty-flve 
prisoners.  Our  loss  was  eight  killed  and  forty- 
two  wounded.  Lovell  brought  the  entire  train 
and  his  corps  safely  to  Grenada.  The  Adoer- 
ti«er  savs  the  adranoe  of  the  enemy  South,  on 
both  sides  of  AbbevHIe.  has  been  made  neces- 
sary, for  Pemberton  will  withdraw  his  whole 
force  to  Grenada,  thus  preventing  the  Yankees 
fi*om  gaining  his  flank  and  rear.  Lovell  was 
left  to  check  the  advance  of  the  enemy's  ool- 


Batov  Kouoi,  November  29.— Testerday 
evening,  about  4  o'clock,  the  steamer  Lune 
Star,  an  Abolition  boat  fh>m  New  Orleans, 
landed  about  two  miles  below  Plaqnemlne,  for 
sugar.  Our  cavalry  attacked  her,  when  she 
crossed  the  river  to  this  side,  and  was  again 
attacked  by  Captain  Btockdale's  cavaU^,  who 
captured  her  and  her  crew,  and  burned  the 
boat  The  prisoners,  ten  in  number,  are  now 
hero. 

Thurbdav. — RuiDored  that  French 
bearers  of  dispatches  have  reached 
Richmond,  and  also  that  the  new  Yan- 
kee Ram,  on  the  plan  of  the  Monitor, 
and  on  which  ko  much  was  counted,  is 
an  entire  failure,  and  nearly  foundered 
at  sea.     She  is  named  the  Passaic. 

Legislature  of  Alabama  has  ossumed 
the  Slate's  ratio  of  the  public  debt. 
The  parne  was  agreed  upon  in  the 
South  Cnrolinn  Assembly,  and  it  is  be 
lieved  will  be  adopted  by  ail  ihe  States. 
This  will  c^ive  higher  cnaracter  to  our 
securities,  even  in  Europe.  They  are 
said  to  be  rising  erery  day  there. 
Our  war  debt  already  reaches  at  least 
$600,000,000. 

Friday.— The  fight  has  at  last  open- 
ed upon  the  Rappahannock,  and  was 
progressing  at  the  last  report  The 
enemy,  in  iheir  attempt  to  cross,  was 
repulsed  at  two  points,  but  was  proba 


bly  snccessfol  at  the  third.  We  may 
expect  to  hear  of  a  general  action. 

News  from  Nassan  that  Yankees 
have  sent  from  the  South  cargoes  of 
negroes  to  Cuba  for  sale. 

The  New  York  Herald  thus,  for  the 
hundredth  time,  speaks  confidently  of 
Federal  successes  in  prospective.  It 
says: 

The  guB-boat  flotina  of  Admiral  Porter,  with 
the  cooperating  army  of  McClemand,  will 
move  down  the  Mississippi  river  tugetber,  and 
will  follow  the  rebel  forces  of  Bragg,  Pemberton 
and  others,  and  as  Ihe  powerful  and  victorious 
armies  of  Rosenoranx  and  Grant  will  advance, 
we  may  e3q>eet  to  hear  of  the  rout  and  disper- 
sion of  the  last  remaining  rebel  armies  of  the 
West  at  anv  moment^nd  the  capture  of  Vicka- 
bnrg  and  Mobile.  With  these  grand  results 
achieved.  East  and  West,  the  conquest  of  the 
remaining  strongholds  of  the  rebellion  wtll  be 
so  easy  that,  excepting  Charleston,  we  may 
expect  them  to  &1I  without  serious  result 

Saturday. — ^Yankees  shelled  Port 
Roval,  Va.,"  without  notice  to  women 
and  children,  who  were  diiven  to  the 
woods. 

At  six  last  evening  they  were  re- 
ported as  crossing  the  Rappahannock. 
They  will  not  long  enjoy  the  protection 
given  by  their  gunboats,  and  a  general 
engagement  may  be  momentarily  ex> 
pected. 

Gallant  action  of  North  Carolina 
troops  at  Plymouth,  N.  C.  Said  that 
McCook  will  supersede  Rosencranz  in 
the  West 

President  Dayis  is  on  a  visit  to  the 
West,  and  was  serenaded  at  Chatta- 
noo^  Purport  of  the  visit  not  known. 
Evidence  that  Richmond  is  not  regard- 
ed in  danger. 

Thi  DsspoT.—The  editor  of  the  Chieaga 
Poti  reeently  visited  Washington.  He  thus 
writes  to  his  Journnl  of  the  protection  of  Lin- 
coin  from  the  danger  of  assassination : 

'*  We  saw  him  leave  the  building  once,  and 
though  the  sight  may  be  witi;essed  evwy  day. 
It  was  of  a  character  too  wretched  to  Invite  a 
s^coDd  visit.  We  saw  him  leave  on  Sunday 
afternoon,  and  the  manner  was  as  follows : 

**  About  half-past  five  in  the  mtltmoon  a 
mounted  guard  numbering  some  thirty  or 
more  troopers,  all  armed  with  drawn  aabrte, 
extensive  spears,  dangling  and  rattlinsr  sa^ 
bards,  fierce  beards,  and  revolvers  sinck  la 
their  holsters,  dashed  ftiriously  through  the 
streets  and  entered  the  ground  north  of  the 
Pre8i<lent*s  honse.  At  the  steps  In  fW>nt  of 
the  door,  and  under  the  archway,  was  a  car- 
ringe.  The  officer,  or  one  of  the  officers  of  the 
mounted  gnard,allghU*dand  entered  the  house. 
In  about  ten  minutes  he  appeared  at  the  door, 
and  giving  the  signal,  the  carriage  door  was 
opened,  the  guardii  pat  themselves  In  martial 
attitudes,  commands  were  given,  and  the  Presi- 
dent appeared  with  a  portfolio  under  bis  arm, 
and,  with  one  or  more  soldiers  at  each  side, 


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JOURNAL  07  THE  WAB. 


5S8 


wftlked  npldir  to  the  carrtago  uid  entered  It 
Two  officers  jamped  in  also,  the  door  was 
slammed,  the  gnard  galloped  Into  position, 
and  the  carriage,  containing  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  drnren,  preceded  by 
troopers,  followed  by  troopers.  At  a  very 
rapid  pace  the  party  left  the  ground,  and  npon 
reaching  the  aTcnne  proceeded  at  a  hard  gal- 
lop ont  at  fourteenth  street 

Sunday. — ^Though  numbers  of  the 
enemy  were  killed  or  cantnred  In  cross- 
ing the  Rappahannock,  tne  passage  was 
finally  effected  and  Fredericksburg  oc- 
cupied. Citizens  evacnated  the  town, 
and  many  houses  and  public  buildings 
were  destroyed  by  the  enemy. 

Skirmishing  was  going  on  at  the 
latest  intelligence. 

Fords  of  the  Blackwater  river  (Va.) 
carried  by  the  enemy,  and  a  general  at- 
tack al9ng  the  whole  line  of  Ihe  riyer 
is  momentarily  expected. 

1,500  bales  of  cotton  belonging  to  the 
Yankees  was  bnmed  by  our  scouts 
near  Corinth,  Miss. 

Our  forces  under  Kirby  Smith,  Har- 
dee, Morgan,  etc.,  advancing  upon 
Nashville.  The  city,  it  is  thought, 
will  be  invested  on  all  side?,  in  the 
hope  of  drawing  ont  Rosencranz  from 
its  intrenchments. 

The  New  York  Tims$  pabllshes  several 
columns  of  dispatches  fhun  deward  to  Minis- 
ter Adams,  sent  at  different  perluds  daring  the 
Tear.  In  several  of  tbese  dispatches,  intended 
for  foreign  effect,  he  argues  to  show  that  the 
Admlnifttratlon  is  hostUe  to  the  institnUon  of 
slavery. 

In  a  dispatch  dated  July  23th,  he  says:  **  We 
will  iodace  or  oblige  oar  slavebolding  citizens 
to  sapply  Europe  with  cotton,  if  we  can,  and 
the  PresideDt  has  given  respectfdl  considera- 
tion to  the  desire  infonnally  expressed  to  me 
bv  the  Governments  of  Great  Britain  and 
iraoce  for  some  farther  relaxations  of  the 
blockade  in  fiivor  of  the  cotton  trade.  An  a:n- 
swer  will  be  reasonably  given.^ 

He  closes  by  saying:  ''That  this  Govern- 
ment relies  upon  the  respect  of  our  sover- 
eignty by  foreign  powers,  and  if  this  reliance 
fkfls  this  civil  war  will,  without  our  faalt,  be- 
•ome  a  war  of  continents,  a  war  of  the  world, 
and  whatever  else  may  survive,  the  cotton 
trade,  built  upon  slave  labor  in  this  countiy, 
will  be  irredeemai'lv  wrecked  on  the  abrupt 
cessation  of  haman  bondage  withlu  Uie  terri- 
tories of  the  United  SUtes."* 

Monday,  December  15, 1862. — ^Having 
made  all  arrangements,  leave  Winns- 
boro  with  family  at  2  p.  m.  We  have 
been  treated  with  gpreat  courtesy  and 
kindness  here. 

Cars  much  crowded,  and  in  the  hur- 
ry of  changing  them,  all  of  our  baggage 
is  left. 

Many  trains  filled  with  soldiers  pass 


ns  on  their  way  from  Charleston  to 
North  Carolina. 

Much  anxiety  in  regard  to  affairs  on 
the  Rappahannock. 

Tuesday^ — Reach  Charleston  at  8a.  m. 
Thousands  of  people  are  returning  to 
the  city,  in  the  full  faith  that  it  can- 
not be  taken.  Families  b^in  to  re- 
occupy  their  houses. 

Federal  headquarters  advanced  to 
Oxford,  Misd. 

Gens.  Lee  and  Evans  telegraph  as 
follows : 

**  7b  Oen,  &  Ck>opsr  .-—At  nine  o'clock  Satur- 
day morning  the  enemy  attacked  our  right 
wing,  and  as  the  fog  lift«-d  tbe  battle  ran  along 
the  Tine,  fh>m  right  to  left,  until  six  p.  m.,  the 
enemy  being  repulsed  at  all  points— thanks  be 
to  God.  As  usual  we  have  to  mourn  tbe  loss 
of  many  brave  men.  I  expect  the  battle  to  bo 
renewed  to-morrow  morning. 

(Signed)  S:  B.  Lai.'' 

**  7b  G«n.  &  Ooop&r  .'—Gen.  Foster  attacked 
Kinston  yesterday  with  fifteen  thousand  men 
and  nine  gunboats.  I  fought  him  for  ten 
hour*,  and  nave  driven  him  oack  to  his  gun- 
boats.   Bis  army  is  still  in  mv  front 

(Signed)  N.  G.  Evans.** 

Our  loss  at  the  Rappahannock  esti- 
mated at  2,000  killed  and  wounded — 
the  enemy's  being  many  times  greater. 
Gens.  Gregg  and  T.  R.  Cobb  were  kill- 
ed— ^the  former  a  heavy  loss  to  the 
Confederacy. 

Affairs  in  Mis^isHppL—li  appears  bv  a 
correspondent  of  the  Jackson  MmiaHppian 
that  our  forces  under  the  veteran  General 
Price  have  (alien  back  flrom  Abbeville,  as  he 
speaks  of  the  army  being  in  Grenada  on  the 
5th.  The  men  were  weH  dad,  well  shod,  and 
in  fine  spirits— making  the  welkin  ring  with 
**  Missouri  lAud."*  There  was  a  brisk  fight  at 
Oakland,  on  the  Mississippi  and  Tennes- 
see Bailroad,  on  the  8d  instant,  in  which 
the  Texas  troops  displayed  their  characteristic 
bravery,  driving  hack  the  enemy  and  captur- 
ing two  pieces  of  artillery,  although  opposed  by 
a  large  force.  Oxford  was  the  scune  of  a  fierce 
cavalry  combat  on  the  4th,  in  which  Ballon- 
tine*s  cavalrv  did  noble  service.  They  held  a 
portion  six  hours,  fighting  as  infiintry,  against 
an  infantry  force  sent  to  support  the  Yankee 
cavalry,  losing  some  fifty  In  killed  and  wound- 
ed in  ihe  affttir.  The  affair  at  GoflTeeville  was 
a  brilliant  Confederate  victory.  The  enemy 
was  whipped  and  driven  back  four  miles,  and 
their  battery  and  about  thirty  prisoners  cap- 
tured. 

Wednesday. — Remain  in  Charleston. 
Visit  the  South  Bay  (Battery)  fortifica- 
tions,  which  will  be  formidable,  but 
which  are  yet  without  guns.  Vbit  also 
one  of  the  iron-clad«(.  She  is  an  excel- 
lent vessel,  under  good  management, 
and  mounts  five  or  six  3fery  heavy 
guns.  Her  speed,  however,  is  insufii- 
cient.     There  is  another  similar  vea- 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 


Bel  already  finished,  and  two  or  three 
more  on  the  stocks.  They  will  con- 
tribute larf^ly  to  the  defence  of  the  city. 

The  fortifications  in  the  harbor,  which 
we  examine  through  a  glass,  are  com- 
plete and  formidable,  and  will  present 
an  almost  impassable  barrier  to  the  in- 
vader. It  is  an  experiment,  however, 
after  all,  as  we  cannot  tell  the  strength 
and  capscities  of  the  eea  monster 
which  the  Yankees  are  preparing  for 
this  enterprise. 

General  Evans  having  fonght  the 
Yankees,  who  outnumbered  him  three 
to  one  all  day,  fell  back  from  Kinston, 
N.  C,  which  was  immediately  occupied, 
the  town  having  been  furiously  shelled 
during  the  engagement 

But  a  small  part  of  Fredericksburg 
was  injured  by  the  bombardment.  The 
Yankees  are  said  to  have  lost  six  thou- 
sand killed  and  wounded,  and  1.600 
taken  prisoners.  Burnside's  army  is 
reported  mutinous,  and  officers  and 
men  to  have  refused  a  renewed  attack 
upon  oar  batteries.  He  is  believed  to 
have  fallen  back. 

General  Hindman  reported  to  have 
defeated  the  Yankees  in  a  severe  battle 
near  Fayetteville,  Ark. 

ThuesdAy. — Visit  the  salt  works 
which  are  to  be  found  on  nearly  all  the 
wharves  in  Charleston. 

Yankee  cavalry  raid  on  the  Wilming- 
ton and  Weldon  railroad,  which  they 
somewhat  damage.  It  produces  intense 
excitement. 

Our  army  heavily  reinforced  at 
Golddboro,  and  Gen.  Gustavus  Smith 
has  taken  command. 

Abolition  raid  on  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  Railroad.  Much  damage  done  at 
Tupilo.  Saltillo  and  Okolona.  We 
evacuate  the  road  as  far  South  as 
Egypt. 

A  Yankee  ram  was  destroyed  on  the 
Yazoo  river  by  one  of  our  torpedoes. 
It  is  a  glorious  and  significant  fact. 

Feidat,  December  19th. — Have  an 
interview  with  General  Beauregard. 
He  is  very  hopeful  and  enthusiastic 
'  Can  hold  Charleston  against  all  odds, 
but  has  not  much  confidence  in  the  ob- 
structions. The  vessels  may  pass  in, 
but  he  will  be  well  prepared  fur  them, 
and  the  ciiy  will  never  surrender.  The 
General  does  not  e'kpect  to  be  attacked 
before  the  1st  of  February,  and  is  mak- 
ing active  preparations. 


Yankee  newspapers  are  in  despair 
over  their  repulse  at  Fredericksburg. 
They  have  retired  after  pillaging  the 
town.  They  admit  a  Ibss  of  from  ten 
to  twenty  thousand,  which  is  mtTe 
than  our  highest  hopes.  They  had 
several  Generals  killea  and  wounded. 

Our  people  wear  brighter  faces  eve- 
rywhere, and  hopes  of  peace  grow 
stronger  every  day. 

Two  steamers  with  arms,  ammuni- 
tion and  supplies  have  reached  Charles- 
ton and  Wilmington  within  the  last 
48  hours,  and  others  are  hourly  ex- 
pected. Many  heavy  and  swift  steam- 
ships are  prepared  to  run  the  blockade, 
and  we  smU  soon  have  every  military 
want  supplied. 

Satukdat. — ^Leave  at  daylight  with 
family  for  the  West,  having  been  de- 
tained several  days  at  Charleston,  wait- 
ing the  arrival  of  baggage. 

Reported  that  the  Yankees  are  evac- 
uating Nashville. 

The  damage  on  the  Wilmington  ^nd 
Weldon  road  proves  to  be  very  slight^ 
and  will  only  interrupt  communication 
a  few  days.  The  Yankees  have  retired 
in  great  fright.  Nearly  all  who  were 
concerned  in  destroying  the  bridges 
are  said  to  have  been  killed. 

A  NoaTHBRN  Protest  Against  thb 
Atbocitibs  op  thb  Lincoln  Govbbk- 
MBNT.— Says  the  Chicago  TUnei,  **  The 
New  York  Tribune  has  recently  given 
the  public  a  detailed  account  of  an  expe- 
dition of  negroes  in  Georgia  and  Florida, 
commanded  by  officers  ot  the  navy  and 
armv.  whose  acts  of  pillage  and  'arson 
would  compare  very  favorablv  with  the 
atrocities  of  the  Indians  in  Minnesota. 
The  account  has  been  generally  copied 
hy  the  Abolition  press,  and  accompanied 
with  comments  seeking  to  prove  the 
viUue  of  negroes  as  soldiers.  The  report 
made  by  the  correspondent  acoompany- 
ing  the  expedition  is  sufficient  to  makn 
infamous  everv  person,  except  the  ne- 
groes, who  bad  anjr  command  or  respon- 
sibility in  the  busi&ess.  It  was  such  a 
foray  as  was  made  by  Scottish  clans  in 
English  borders  before  the  days  of  Wal- 
lace and  Bruce.  It  was  an  expedition 
such  as  has  characterized  the  marches  of 
English  armies  in  India.  It  wua  similar 
in  character  to  the  robberies  and  devas- 
tation which  have  followed  the  march  of 
guerrillas  in  Missouri.  It  was  an  expedi- 
tion of  slaves  enticed  from  their  roasten^ 
and  incited  to  rob  and  burn.  There  can 
be  no  justification  iu  such  warfare.  Thn 
administration  which  permits  it,  and  the 
officers  who  conduct  it^  are  earning  a  de- 


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testable  notoriety.  Nefpx>e8  were  stoleo, 
houses  were  plundered,  plantations  were 
reduced  to  ruin,  and  the  pious  priest  who 
joined  the  foray  and  details  its  enormi- 
ties rejoices  in  the  destruction.  One  of 
the  female  philanthropists  located  at 
Port  Roral,  impressed  with  the  idea  that 
the  priest  was  incapable  of  doing  the 
subject  justice,  takes  the  pencil  to  polish 
the  picture.  French,  the  schoolmaster 
of  negroes  and  abolition  stipendiarT,  and 
his  female  associate,  bare  ezhaustea  their 
descriptive  powers  in  accounts  of  this 
raid  upon  peaceable  inhabitants,  made 
bj  stolen  negroes,  and  commanded  by 
Cforemment  officers.  If  we  are  a  Chris- 
tian nation  and  amenable  to  the  laws  rec- 
ognized by  enligbtened  and  Christian 
governments,  it  is  nearly  time  that  rob- 
bery, murder,  and  arson  should  cease  in 
the  conduct  of  this  war. 

Sunday,  21. — Pass  several  cars  on 
the  road  which  were  desti-oyed  last 
night,  and  learn  that  many  soldiers 
were  seriously  wonnded.  Railroad  ac- 
cidents are  now  of  daily  occurrence.  It 
is  frightfully  insecure  to  travel.  Track, 
engines  and  cars  are  all  dilapidated, 
and  no  time  for  repairs,  and  no  materi- 
al to  repair  with.  One  is  safer  on  the 
battle-field.  /We  may  expect  to  hear 
of  frightful  disasters  frequently.  Not 
running  stock,  in  sound  condition,  to 
supply  half  the  demand.  Cars,  too,  in 
dreamul  condition,  always  crowded  to 
suffocation.  No  through  tickets,  and 
frequently  no  schedules.  Confusion  all 
the  time.  Thieves  ever  on  the  alert, 
and  are  off  with  your  baggage  in  a 
moment.  Carpet-bag  broken  open, 
and  a  valuable  pistol  stolen.  Com- 
plaints general.  Thus  war  demoral- 
izes and  diaorgaoizes.    Pandemonium. 

Monday,  22.— Most  of  the  day  at 
Montgomery.  Place  crowded,  ana  can 
obtain  no  accommodations.  Leave  at 
6  F.  M.,  on  steamer  for  Selma. 

Our  loss  in  the  recent  battle  in  Ar- 
kansas is  given  at  760.  We  took  80 
wagons  loaded  with  clothing,  4  stand 
of  colors  and  800  prisoners.  General 
Greene  and  Cols.  Clarke  and  Pleasants 
killed.  Yankee  loss  over  1000.  1500 
of  their  cavalry  are  cut  off  from  the 
inain  body  and  may  be  captured. 

Northern  journals  express  the  great- 
est wonder  and  astonishment  over 
their  defeat  at  Fredericksburg.  They 
cannot  comprehend  it. 

Gbnbhal  Lbb's  OrriciAL  Report.— 
The  official  report  of  General  Lee  was  re- 
ceived in  Richmond  on  Tuesday : 


Hbadquartbrs  Army  Northbrn  Ya.,  ) 

December  Uth,  1862.      ) 

7b  tht  Hon,  Secretary  of  }Var,  Richmond^ 

Va,: 

Sir— On  the  night  of  the  10th  inst.  the 
enemy  commenced  to  throw  three  bridg- 
es over  the  Rappahannock— two  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, and  the  third  about  a  mile 
and  a  quarter  .below,  near  the  mouth  of 
Deep  llun. 

The  plain  on  which  Fredericksburg 
stands  is  so  completely  commanded  by 
the  hills  of  Stafford,  in  possession  of  the 
enemv,  that  no  effectual  opposition  could 
be  offered  to  the  construction  of  the 
bridges  or  the  passage  of  the  river,  with- 
out exposing  our  troops  to  the  destruc- 
tive fire  of  his  numerous  batteries.  Po- 
sitions were,  therefore,  selected  to  op- 
pose his  advance  after  crossing.  The 
narrowness  of  the  Rappahannock,  its 
winding  course,  and  deep  bed,  afforded 
opportunity  for  the  construction  of 
bridges  at  points  beyond  the  reach  of  our 
artillerv,  and  the  banks  had  to  be  watch- 
ed by  skirmishers.  The  latter,  sheltering 
themselves  behind  the  houses,  drove 
back  the  working  parties  of  the  enemy 
at  the  bridges  opposite  the  city,  but  at 
the  lowest  point  of  crossing,  where  no 
shelter  coula  be  had,  our  sharp-shooters 
were  themselves  driven  off,  and  the  com- 
pletion of  the  bridge  was  effected  about 
noon  on  the  11th. 

In  the  afternoon  of  that  day  the  enemy's 
batteries  opened  upon  the  city,  and  by 
dark  had  so  demolisbeA  the  houses  on  the 
river  bank  as  to  deprive  our  skirmishers 
of  shelter — and,  under  cover  of  his  guns, 
he  effected  a  lodgment  in  the  town. 

The  troops  which  had  so  gallantlv  held 
their  position  in  the  city,  under  tlie  se- 
vere cannonade  during  the  day,  resisting 
the  advance  of  the  enemy  at  every  step, 
were  withdrawn  during  the  night,  as 
were  also  those  who,  with  equal  tenacity, 
had  maintained  their  post  at  the  lowest 
bridge.  Under  cover  of  darkness  and  of 
a  dense  fog^  on  the  12th,  a  large  force 
passed  the  nver  and  took  position  on  the 
right  bank,  protected  by  their  heavy  guns 
on  the  left. 

The  morning  of  the  18th,  his  arrange^ 
ments  for  attack  being  completed,  about 
9  o'clock — the  movement  veiled  by  a  fog 
— he  advanced  boldly  in  large  force 
against  our  right  wins.  Gen.  Jackson's 
corps  occupied  the  right  of  our  line, 
which  rested  on  the  railroad  ;  Gen.  Long- 
street's  the  left,  extending  along  the 
heights  to  the  Rappahannock  above  Fred- 
ericksburg. Gen.  Stuart,  with  two  brig- 
ades of  cavalry,  was  posted  in  the  exten- 
sive plain  on  our  extreme  right. 

As  ."^oon  as  the  advance  of  the  enemy 
was  discovered  through  the  fog,  Gen. 
Stuart,   with    bis  accustomed   prompt- 


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JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAB. 


ness,  moved  up  a  section  of  his  horse  ar* 
tillerj,  which  opened  with  effict  upon  his 
flank,  and  drew  upon  the  gallant  Pelbam 
a  heavy  fire,  whico  he  sustained  unflinch- 
ingly for  about  two  hours.  In  the  mean 
time  the  enemy  was  fiercel;^  encountered 
by  General  A.  P.  Hill's  division,  form- 
ing Gen.  Jackson's  right ;  and,  after  an 
obstinate  combat,  repulsed.  During  this 
attack,  which  was  protracted  and  notly 
contested,  two  of  General  Hill's  brigades 
were  driven  back  upon  our  second  Tine. 

Oen.  Early,  with  part  of  his  division, 
being  ordered  to  his  support,  drove  the 
enemy  back  from  the  point  of  woods  he 
had  seized,  and  pursued  him  into  the 
plain  until  arrested  by  bis  artillery.  The 
right  of  the  enemy's  column  extending 
beyond  Hill's  front,  encountered  the  right 
of  General  Hood,  of  Lonj^treet's  corps. 
The  enemy  took  possession  of  a  small 
copse  in  front  of  Hood,  but  were  quickly 
dispossessed  and  repulsed  with  loss. 

During  the  attack  on  our  right  the  en- 
emy was  crossing  troops  over  bis  bridges 
at  Fredericksburg,  ana  massing  them  in 
front  of  Longstreet's  lines.  Soon  after 
his  repulse  on  our  right  he  commenced 
a  series  of  attacks  on  our  left,  with  a  view 
of  obtaining  possessiou  of  the  heights  im- 
mediately overlouking  the  town.  These 
repeated  attacks  were  repulsed  in  gallant 
style  bv  the  Washington  Artillery,  under 
Col.  Walton,  and  a  portion  of  ilcLaw^s 
division,  uUich  occupied  these  heights. 

The  last  assault  was  made  after  dark, 
when  Col.  Alexander's  battalion  had  re- 
lieved the  Washington  Artillery,  (whose 
ammunition  had  been  exhausted,)  and 
ended  the  contest  for  the  day.  The  ene- 
my was  supported  in  his  attacks  by  the 
flre  of  strong  batteries  of  artillery  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  river,  as  well  as  by  the 
numerous  heavy  batteries  on  the  Stafford 
heights. 

Our  loss  during  the  operations,  since 
the  movements  of  the  enemy  began, 
amounts  to  about  1,800  killed  and  wound- 
ed. Among  the  former  I  regret  to  report 
the  death  of  the  patriotic  soldier  and 
statesman,  Brigadier-General  Thomas  R. 
R.  Cobb,  who  fell  upon  our  left;  and 
among  the  latter,  that  brave  soldier  and 
accomplished  gentleman,  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Maxey  Gre^g,  who  was  very  seri- 
ously, and,  it  is  Teared,  mortally  wound- 
ed, during  the  attack  on  our  right. 

The  enemy  to-day  has  been  apparently 
engaged  in  caring  for  his  wounded  and 
burying  bis  dead.  His  troops  are  visible 
in  their  first  position  in  line  of  battle, 
but,  with  the  exception  of  some  desulto- 
ry cannonading  and  firing  between  skir- 
mishers, he  has  not  attempted  to  renew 
the  attack.  About  five  hundred  and  fifty 
prisoners  were  taken  during  the  engage- 


ment, but  the  full  extent  of  his  lost  is 
unknown. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be. 

Very  respectfully, 

Tour  obedient  servant, 
[Official  ]  B.  E.  Lbb,  GeneraL 

Cbarlm  Mabshall,  Miy.  and  A.  O.  C. 


PRODUCE  LOAN  OFFICE.— Now. 

It  has  been  deemed  best  to  postpone 
our  voluminous  notes  npon  the  Journal 
until  its  close,  when  they  will  be  given 
chapter  by  chapter,  so  as  not  to  disturb 
the  order  of  the  original  record,  or  to 
impede  its  early  publication.  There  is 
one  point,  however,  in  reference  to  oar 
connection  with  the  Prodnce  Loan  Of- 
fice, adverted  to  in  the  September 
number,  which  might  as  well  be  made 
here.  Mr.  Jones  in  his  "  Diary  of  a 
Rebel  War  Clerk,"  makes  a  note  that 
we  were  "offered  a  clerkship  bv  Mr. 
Memminger  and  spumed  it,"  and  that 
our  "  Produce  Loan  Office  was  taken 
away  for  alleged  irregularities  of 
some  sort.*'  He  is  in  error  io  both  in- 
stances. There  was  no  cUrlahip  of- 
fered. The  position  tendered  woi  ac- 
cepted and  held  for  half  a  ywir  without 
salary.  Mr.  Memminger  did  not  **  offer," 
because  he  said  he  knew  that  we 
**  could  not  accept  a  clerkship,**  bat  in- 
dicated thai  the  "  Assistant  Secretary- 
ship or  Treasurership  **  were  appropri- 
ate. Nor  was  our  office  "  taken  away  •* 
at  any  time  or  for  any  reason.  Near 
the  dose  of  the  war  its  duties  were 
divided,  as  they  had  been  divided  in 
other  States,  and  those  which  pertained 
to  the  questions  of  tithe,  and  the  cus- 
tody and  sale  of  Bonds,  involves  the 
most  confidential  trusts,  and  many 
millions  of  dollars  were  left  in  our 
hands.  The  Secretary  in  making  the 
change  said  in  his  fetter  of  July  18, 
1864,  "  ht)  had  oonoluded  to  make  a 
division  of  the  duties  of  the  office,"  and 
Au^.  23,  the  new  Secretary,  Mr.  Tren- 
holm,  wrote  '*  the  confideoce  hitherto 
reposed  in  you  by  the  Department  is 
unchan^d,"  and  Nov.  17  sent  as  a  com- 
mission in  addition  to  our  other  duties, 
to  "  visit  the  several  States  and  report 
upon  the  condition  of  Government  cot- 
ton, and  the  best  mode  of  preserving 
it."  After  the  war  was  over,  Oct.  8, 
1866,  Mr.  Roane,  who  was  at  the  head 
of  the  Department  at  Richmond,  wrote 
that  "  all  of  our  reports  and  voachers 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,  ETC. 


567 


bad  passed  throci|^h  his  hands,  and 
evinced  a  fair  and  just  administration 
of  the  office,  and  that  we  enjoyed  the 
confidence  of  the  President  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  to  the  very  last." 
Mr.  Clapp,  who  took  charge  of  a  por- 
tion of  our  duties,  when  the  division 
was  made,  was  instructed  to  carry  ont 
the  identical  policy  we  had  been  pftrtni- 
ififf,  and  against  which  some  complaints 
had  been  made  by  the  people  of  Missis- 
sippi, and  after  haying  turned  over  to 
him  all  the  papers  and  documents 
which  related  to  those  matters,  it  af- 
fords us  great  pleasure  to  receive  a  let- 
ter from  him,  Nov.  11,  1865,  in  which 
he  acknowledges  that  not  in  the  min- 
utest particular  was  there  any  irregu- 
larity discovered.  Col.  Baskerville, 
who  had  been  onr  chief  assistant  and 
manager,  was  retained  by  Mr.  Clapp  in 
the  most  important  relatiens. 

Having  said  this  much  for  Mr.  Jones' 
remarks — more  than  we  had  intended 
at  first,  or  their  nature  ought  to  have 
warranted — ^we  will  add  that  it  was  na- 
tural that  imputations  should  have 
been  cast  upon  our  office,  charged  with 


such  indefinite  and  delicate  duties,  al- 
though these  imputations  were  only 
against  subordinates  employed  at  dis- 
tant points.  Mr.  Trenholm  appreci- 
ated this  when  he  snid  in  his  letter  of 
Aug.  23,  (acknowledging  the  receipt  of 
a  large  amount  in  sterling),  "it  is  easy 
to  perceive  how  the  negotiations  by 
which  this  has  been  effected  may  have 
eawxed  popular  dissatitfaetion  and  ex- 
posed the  agenU  of  the  Oovenime^it  to 
unmerited  reproach^  We  replied  to 
him,  Sept.  1 3,  reviewing  some  of  the 
allegations  which  had  come  from  the 
War  Department,  in  regard  to  one  of 
our  mibordinates,  which  was  in  exact 
keeping  with  every  similar  allegation. 
"  Only  to  think  of  it  Mr.  Secretary. 
The  Domine  Samson  allies  ttiat  he 
has  stolen  4,000  bales  of  cotton,  when 
the  records  of  this  office  show  that  at 
the  time  of  his  appointment  there  were 
not  500  bales  of  Government  cotton  in 
the  whole  sphere  of  his  operations, 
which  might  have  been  spirited  away, 
and  of  these,  two-thirds  of  that  quan- 
tity are  now  known  to  be  there.  Pro- 
digious I  **  , 


EDITORIAL  NOTES,  ETC. 


Wb  are  indebted  to  Habpbr  A  Bboth- 
BRS,  New  York,  for  a  very  handsomely 
printed  and  bound  volume,  entitled  Bat- 
tie  Pieces  and  Aspects  of  the  H'aTf  embrac- 
ing a  collection  of  fugitive  pieces  written 
during  the  conflict,  by  Herman  Mellville. 
The  writer,  though  be  gave  in  to  the  gen- 
eral sentiment  of  the  North  in  regard  to 
the  necessity  of  "  crushing  out  the  rebel- 
lion "  by  any  and  all  means,  seems  often 
to  hare  had  a  secret  misgiving,  as  to 
whether  much  that  was  done,  was  in  re- 
ality justified  by  the  laws  of  hnmanity 
which  rise  higher  than  those  of  war. 
Hence,  when  the  conflict  is  over  he  ranges 
himself  on  the  side  of  the  Conservatives 
and  peace.  The  lines  entitled  *'  Lee  in 
the  Capital,"  evidence  this  mind.  He 
makes  the  hero  say  without  disapproval : 

♦♦These  noble  spirits  nre  yet  yours  to  win. 
Shall  the  great  North  go  Sjlla's  way? 
Proscrilw— prolong  the  evil  day? 
OonArm  the  onrse  ?    Infix  the  hate  f 


In  Union^B  natne  forever  alienate? 

.    .    .    Unless  yon  shun 
To  copy  Europe  in  her  worst  estate— 
Affoia  the  tyranny  you  reprobate.** 

The  same  publishers  send  us  ** English 
Travelers  and  Italian  Brigands"  which 
is  a  narrative  of  captivity  and  capture, 
and  is  illustrated  with  maps.  The  au- 
thor, on  a  visit  to  Southern  Italy  in  the 
Spring  of  1865,  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  brigands  who  infest  the  country,  and 
held  during  a  long  time  by  them  in  ex- 
pectation of  ransom.  He  furnishes  the 
most  interesting  material  in  regard  to 
the  mode  of  life,  manners,  institutions, 
etc.,  of  that  extraordinary  brotherhood— 
a  brotherhood  who  defy  the  law  and  its 
ministers,  and  keep  up  many  of  the  forms 
of  government  among  themselves.  The 
work  is  exceedingly  interesting:,  and  ap- 
proaches to  the  nature  almost  of  romance. 


From  D.  Applvton  k  Co.,  we  receive— 


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558 


EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC. 


1.  The  Office  of  i^e  Holy  Communion  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer^  *  series  of 
lectures  by  the  Rer.  E.  M.  Goalburn, 
B.  D.  The  author,  who  is  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  chaplains,  endeavors  to  main- 
tain "that  oar  Lord's  body  and  blood 
are  verily  and  indeed,  and  not  merely  a 
igwe  taken  aad  received  by  the  faithful 
in  the  Lord's  Supper,  though  after  a 
heavenly  and  spiritual  manner."  He  has 
written  several  other  works  publbhed  by 
the  same  house,  viz.,  **  Thoughts  on  Per- 
sonal Religion,"  **  An  Introduction  to  the 
Devotional  Study  of  the  Scriptures," 
"An  Idle  Word,"  "Sermons  Preached 
on  Various  Occasions,"  etc. 

2.  A  Grammatical  Analyzer,  by  W.  I. 
Tenney,  This  is  one  of  Appleton's  ex- 
cellent series  of  school  books.  The  ob- 
ject of  the  author  is  to  make  students  ac- 
quainted with  the  principles  upon  which 
our  language  is  formed,  render  them 
ready  in  the  use  of  words,  and  familiar 
with  their  signification  and  grammatical 
classification  and  adepts  in  spelling. 

8.  Frederick  the  Great  and  hit  Court; 
an  Historical  Romance,  by  L.  Mulbach. 
Translated  from  the  German  by  Mrs. 
Chapman  and  her  daughters. 

Those  who  have  read  the  admirable 
novel  of  "  Joseph  II.  and  his  Court,"  and 
the  number  is  very  great,  will  be  the  first 
to  seize  upon  this  new  work  from  the 
same  author  and  read  it  with  avidity.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  produc- 
tions of  the  day. 


uable  one,  and  should  be  in  every  South- 
em  household. 

It  is  sold  only  by  subscription,  eon- 
tains  many  illustrations,  and  is  hand- 
somely published. 


The  publishers,  E.  B.  Tbbat  A  Co., 
New  York,  deposit  upon  our  desk  a  copy 
of  Mr.  Pollard's  well  known  work  enti- 
tled The  Lost  Catue.  This  is  a  new  edi- 
tion in  one  large  volume,  brought  down 
to  the  date  of  the  suriender,  and  embrac- 
ing much  recent  material.  The  original 
edition  was  published  from  year  to  year 
during  the  conflict,  and  gave  the  South- 
ern view  of  it  from  records  only  accessi- 
ble to  our  own  people.  Mr.  Pollard  had 
many  advantages  in  this  respect,  and  al- 
though we  do  not  agree  with  him  in  many 
of  his  strictures  upon  men  and  measures, 
his  work  is  undoubtedly  an  able  and  val- 


Diutumity  ;  or,  the  comparative  age  of 
the  world ;  showing  that  the  human  race 
is  in  the  infancy  of  its  being,  and  demona- 
trating  a  raasonable  and  rational  world 
and  its  immense  ftitara  duration.  Thia 
little  volume  is  from  the  pen  of  the  Rev. 
R.  Abbey,  and  is  published  by  Applegale 
k  Co.,  of  Cincinnati.  The  author  is  well 
known  to  the  Methodist  world,  and  proves 
himself  to  be  a  profound  and  original 
thinker.  We  have  not  the  opportunitj 
now  to  examine  his  views,  but  shall  do  so 
hereafter.  It  is  a  strong  testimony  io 
their  favor  that  the  New  York  MdhodiH 
says : 

"  The  author  of  this  work  and  Sir  Charles 
Lyell,  stand  at  the  opposite  poles  <^  thought — 
one  maintaining  for  man  an  Immense  anti- 
quity, the  other  that  he  Is  in  the  infancy  of  hia 
belDK.  On  the  hypothesis  that  the  human  moe 
Ib  in  Its  infkncy,  Mr.  Abbey,  by  a  fine  course 
of  analogical  reasoning,  proceeds  to  demons- 
trate that  there  is  an  Immense  earthly  careei^ 
before  It 

^In  setting  forth  his  views,  new  In  manj 
respects,  no  ordinary  ability  la  displayed.  The 
author  is  evidently  a  thinker,  and  his  book  la 
calculated  to  awaken  reflection.  It  commeneea 
well  the  great  battle  that  most  be  fought 
against  the  extravagant  theories  of  the  anti- 
quity of  man  and  the  globe.  To  those  holding 
the  good  old  Biblical  views  upon  the  anbjeet, 
this  book  will  be  hailed  with  real  pleaaure. 
Its  blows  are  heavy  from  their  side  of  the 
question.  In  the  former  part  of  the  treatise, 
one  is  reminded  of  the  cogent  reasoning  or 
Butler  in  his  immortal  Analogy.  The  argu- 
ment for  the  inAmey  of  the  woifd  is  based  upoa 
the  infinite  wisdom  and  goodness  of  the  Crea- 
tor. His  purpoaee,  ende,  deHons,  have  as  yet 
been  but  meagerly  Ailfllied.  The  author  enters 
upon  an  extensive  induction  of  nature  to  prove 
this.  There  Is,  he  maintains,  *  a  vast  amount 
of  undiscovered  nature.'  t^denoe  is  yet  infkn- 
tlle;  the  »go  of  discovery  has  hardly  com- 
menced. In  medicine,  in  agriculture,  in  me- 
chanic arta,  Jurisprudence,  government,  educa- 
tion, etc,  all  are  in  a  crude  beginning  state. 
This  process  of  reasoning  is  applied  to  the 
intellcctoal  aspects  of  the  world,  and  then  in 
turn  to  its  religious  phases.  Religion  as  yet  has 
hardly  had  a  commencement  Keligloufi  pro- 
gress has  been  marked,  so  fur,  by  irregularity. 
There  have  l>eeu  remarkable  saocessea,  but  also 
great  fellures.  In  a  dlutumity  view,  ihls  la 
not  irrational,  since  a  day  has  hardly  yet  passed 
in  the  great  lifetime  of  our  world.'' 


The  author,  Edward  McPherson.Wash. 
ington  City,  sends  us  '' A  IblilicalJfan- 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,  ETC. 


559 


tiflZ/or  1866/*  182  pages,  price  $1,  free 

of  postage.    He  sajs  * 

I  have,  at  the  request  of  ffontlemen  of 
crrerv  shade  of  oplnloii  who  feel  the  need  of  a 
reliable  Yolame  containing  the  more  important 
Political  data  of  this  Period,  prepared  for  ase 
in  the  campaign,  a  roliUcal  Manual  for  18661, 
beginning  wttb  President  Johnson's  accession, 
April  15, 1S65.  and  extending  to  Julv  4, 1866. 
It  contains  the  action  of  persons  and  parties, 
on  pending  qnestlons,  COMPILED  FROM 
OFFICIAL  SOURCES;  and  includes  Mes- 
sages, Proclamations,  Orders,  Telegrams,  Bills, 
Speeche^  Propositions,  Votes,  Laws,  Statisti- 
cal Tables,  and  other  facts  necessary  to  make 
the  Record  complete. 

Wb  hare  receiyed  from  A.  B,  Demarest, 
Esq.,  119  Broadway,  of  New  York,  three 
exquisitely  finished  works  of  art,  ia  eb- 
ony oval  frames,  representing  JeffersoD 
Davis,  Robert  E.  Lee  and  Stonewall  Jack- 
son. We  have  seea  sotbing  to  compare 
with  them  in  flsiah  and  beauty.  They 
are  in  medalion  style,  raised  from  the 
surface,  and  are  fabricated  from  some 
cooiposition  of  silvery  whiteness,  and  are 
^tirely  new  in  the  field  of  art.  We  have 
seen  nothing  to  compare  with  them,  and 
as  they  are  furnished  at  a  moderate  price, 
we  hope  to  see  them  before  long  adorning 
all  the  parlors  of  the  South. 

Magnificent  manufacturing  establish- 
ments have  recently  been  opened  in  New 
York  on  Broadway  and  under  the  Metro- 
politan Hotel  by  Messrs.  Wm.  Gale,  Jr., 
and  Brown  A  Spanlding.  The  first  named 
in  sterling  silver  and  plated-ware,  and 
the  latter  in  jewelry,  parlor  statuary  and 
bronzes.  These  two  houses,  we  are  sure, 
can  exhibit  some  of  the  most  beautifully 
manufactured  articles  to  be  found  in  the 
United  States.  Such  establishments  are 
truly  embellishments  to  the  great  metrO' 
polis. 

Now  that  it  is  evident  enough  that  the 
South  has  little  or  nothing  to  expect  from 
the  tender  dealings  of  the  radicals  of  the 
North,  and  that  no  reaction  is  promised 
from  that  quarter,  it  would  be  as  well  for 
u^to  abandon  all  interest  in  politics  and 
l^etake  ourselves  to  the  development  of 
the  wealth  and  resources  of  the  country. 
Had  we  arrived  at  this  conclusion  long 
ago,  what  a  magnificent  region  would 


have  been  ours  ?    What  precious  intellect 
and  energy  have  been  spent  unavailingly 
upon  State  matters,  which,  if  given  to  en- 
terprise and  development,  would   have 
made  our  country  the  most  prosperous 
and  wealthy  in  the  worid.     Now  is  the 
time  to  strike!    What  a  field  opens  for 
mining,  manufactures,  foreign  commerce, 
internal    improvements  and  arts.     We 
may  people  our  country,  and  gain  strength 
for   the   future.     This  was  the  advice 
given  by  Dr.  Franklin,  long  before  the 
old  war,  whe»  it  was  discovered  that  no 
hope  rmnained  from  the  English  ministry. 
**  Light  up  the  torches  of  industry  "  said 
he.     W6  repeat  ttu  words.    And  just  here, 
let  us  make  a  remark  which  is  in  a  small 
degree  personal.    We  are  toiling  in  this 
field  against  a  thousand  difficulties  and 
embarrassments,  and  yet,  how  few  of  the 
many  thousand  Southerners,  who  are  so 
deeply  interested,  gives  us  that  tangible 
welcome  which  comes  in  the  shape  of 
greenbacks  to  reimburse  our  heavy  outlay. 
Of  the  thousands  of  dollars  due  us  on  old 
acco\int,  bow  paltry  are  the  remittunces. 
The  expenses  of  the  Rbvibw,  are  three 
times  what  they  were  in  former  days! 
Even  the  most  trifling  sums  are  gratefully 
received.    We  know,  and  make  all  allow- 
ance for  the  necessities  of  the  oountrj, 
but  there  are  numbers  who  by  a  very 
small  effort,  or  sacrifice,  might  aid  us  in 
this  contiufijency.     Will  they  not  do  so? 
Send  anything  on,  the  old  or  new  aooovnt^ 
and  make  an  efort  to  forward  un  a  dub  of 
new  eubecribers.   We  solicit,  too,  th^ kindly 
oflSces  of  the  press.    Our  Exchange  list  is 
heavy,  and  we  hope  to  make  it  the  basis 
of  circulation.    A  word  from  any  of  these 
editors,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a 
number,  referring  to  the  title  of  its  ar- 
ticles, etc.,  is  a  service  highly  prized  and 
pregnant  with  benefit ;  and  yet  how  often 
is  it  overlooked  in  the  crowd  of  other 
matters ?    We  do  not  complain.    It  would 
be  unreasonable  in  us  to  do  so,  in  view 
of  the  innumerable  favors  we  have  re- 
ceived in  the  past.    We  are  all  alike  in- 
terested in  the  development  of  our  great^ 
but  now  afflicted  South.     Ovr  pagee  are 
•open  to  every  enterprise^  and  through  them, 
all  may  find  a  ready  utterance. 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,  ETC. 


We  thank  Mr.  Gribble  of  New  Orleans, 
for  a  copy  of  his  cotton  circular,  and  will 
make  use  of  it  in  our  next  It  is  worthy 
of  note,  that  all  of  the  recent  estimates 
of  the  coming  crop  are  greatly  reduced 
from  earlier  figures,  and  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  the  crop  will  be  very 
much  under  1,500,000  bales,  which  has 
hitherto  been  our  estimate. 


An  interesting  paper  will  appear  in  our 
next  from  the  pen  of  Major  Jj.  Dubois,  of 
Charleston,  on  claims  of  the  modem  lan- 
guages to  be  introduced  into  our  colleges 
and  nnirersities.  We  entirely  concur  in 
the  reasonings  of  the  writer,  and  would 
like  to  see  the  reform  he  urges  iotroduoed 
at  an  early  day. 

REVIEW  ADVERTISING  INDEX. 

All  adrertisemeDts  in  the  Rbvibw  will 
be  regularly  noted  in  this  Index.  Our 
terms  are  the  same  as  before  the  war, 
and  considering  the  large  circulation  of 
the  Rbvibw  in  every  part  of  the  Union, 
and  especially  in  the  Southern  States, 
its  limits  should  be  occupied.  Merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  the  South,  and 
those  having  lands  for  sale,  woald  do 
well  to  imitate  in  advertising  the  enter- 
prise of  Northern  cities.  Our  pages  are 
open  to  all,  and  it  is  from  this  scarce 
only  that  the  Rkvibw  can  be  made  re- 
munerative. 

Agricaltural  Irapleiflmts-^Mschiaeiyt  eto.— R.  H. 
Allen  lb  Co. ;  OaoHl  PraU  ;  PiUOn,  Wiaid  k 
Co. ;  Emery  Brotheni ;  W.  O.  Gleiaons,  Brown 
fc  Co. ;  E.  G  Blalherwick. 

Books,  Biblos,  etc  —James  Fotts  ;  John  P.  Mor- 
ton &  Co.  ;  Richardson  k  Co. 

Boots  Olid  Sfaues.>~Jolin  Slater- 

BonkerH  and  Exchanfe.— Duncan,  Sherman  k  Co 
C.  W.  Parccll&Co.  ;  E.  Q.  Bell;  Lockwood 
k  Co. :  Connor  k  Wil«on ;  Bruce  k  Co. 

BrokerB.>-Oold  and  Silver,  Real  Estate,  etc ;  Mor- 
gan McCloud.  M^rphj  k  Cash. 

Charleston,  S.  C  ,  Directory. 

Cincinnattl,  Ohio,  Directory 

Cards.— Cotton  and  Wool ;  Jiio.  H.  Haskell. 

Cotton  Pactors.-<;rBWB.  Wilson,  Bndford  k  Go. 

Copperamiths,  Engineen,  etc.— Thomas  Gannon.  J. 
Wyait  Reid. 

Clothing,  Shirts.  kc.—S.  N.  Moody  ;  Honry  Moore 
ItQeiiang. 

Collection  and  Commission  Merchants.— Tuy lor, 
McEwen  and  Blew. 


^  Dry  Goods,— Bailer,  Broom  k  Clapp. 

Dmggist— 8.  Mansfield  fct!o.  Jas.  GonegaL 

Emigration  Companies.— John  Williams. 

Eagravers,  etc.— Ferd  Meyer  k  Co ;  J.  W.  OfT. 

l^es,— Dr  Foota. 

Express  Companies.— Sonthem. 

Fertilisers,  etc.— John  8.  Reese  k  Co. :  Allen  k 
Needles;  Baogfa  k  Sons;  Gnham,  Emien 
k  Passmore ;  Tasker  and  Clark. 

Fancy  Goods.-J.  M.  Bowen  k  Co. 

Fire  Arnis^B.  Kitbridge  It  Co. 

Fire  Bricks— Maurer  A  Weber. 

Garden  Seeds,  ctc—D.  Landreih  It  Sons. 

Grocers.— Baskervflle,  Sherman  k  Co. 

Hotels  —Exchange  Hotel,  Bamet  House 

Hardware,  etc.— O.  Wolfe  Bruce ;  C.  H.  Slocomb; 
Choate  It  Co. ;  OrgUl,  Bros,  fc  Co. ;  E.  Bob- 
bins It  Bradley. 

Insarance  Companies.— £tna ;  Accidental ;  State, 
NatOaville. 

Iron  Railings,  etc— Robert  Wood  k  Co.;  W.  P, 
Hood. 

Imo  Safes.— Herring  fc  Co. 

Jewelry,  etc.— Tilbny  fc  Co. ;  Ball,  Black  fc  Co. 

Lawyers.— Ward  fc  Jones ;  H.  C-  Myers. 

Liquore.-  L-  L.  Burrell  fc  Co- 
Loan  Agency.— Department  Business,  etc.- Na- 
tional Bank  of  Metropolis. 

Machinery,  Steam  Engines,  Saw  MilU*  Oardiag, 
Spiuuiug  and  Weuvmg,  etc— Brtdosbui^  Man- 
ufirtunng  Curapany,  Jacob  B.Schmick :  Poole 
k  Hunt :  Smith  k  Si^re :  Jas.  A.  Robinson ; 
Geo.  Page  fc  Co. :  Edmund  M.  Ivens  ;  I,Ane  fc 
Bodley ;  Joseph  Harrison,  Jr. ;  J.  E.  Steven- 
son.   J.  H.  Duval ;  Wood  fc  Maun. 

Mill  8Conra.-J,  Brsdfbtd  fc  Co. 

Military  Equipmcnts.-^J.  M.  Migeod  fc  Son. 

Medicines,  etc.- Brandreth's  :  Dr.  W.  R.  Mer- 
wm ;  Radway  &  Co. ;  Tarrant  fc  Co. 

Musical  Instrunienu.- F.  Zogbanm  fc  Fairchlld  ; 
Sonntagg  fc  Beggs. 

Masonic  Emblems — B.  T.  Hayward  j 

Nurserier.- Ellwauger  fc  Barry. 

Organs— Parlor,  etc.— Peloubet,  Pelton  fc  Co. 

Paint,  etc —Pecora  Lead  and  Color  Compaaay. 

Patent  Limbs.— W.  Selpho  fc  Son. 

Pens— R.  Esterbrook  fc  Co. ;  Stimpson. 

Perfumers.— C.  T.  Lodge. 

Pian«s.-W.  Kuabe  fc  Co. ;  Stodanl. 

Photographers.— Brady ;  HalL 

Rope.— J.  T.  Douglas. 

Scales— Fairbanks  fc  Co. 

Straw  Goods.— Boetwiok,  Sabin  fc  Clark. 

SteaiMshifie.^-Jaaaea  Connoly  fc  Co. ;  Livingston, 
FoxfcCo. 

Stationers.— Francis  fc  Loutrel ;  E.  R.  Wagnier. 

Soap,  Starch,  etc.— B,  T.  Babbit. 

Southern  Bitten,  etc.— C.  H.  Ebbcrt  fc  Co. 

Sewing  Macbinoa.— Singer  fc  Co;  Finkle  fc  Lyon. 

Steeli— Sanderson  Brothere  fc  Co. 

Silver  and  Plated  Ware— Windle  fc  Co. ;  Wm. 
Wilson  fc  Son.  W.  Gale,  Jr. 

Tobacco  Dealers,  etc — Dohan,  Carroll  fc  Co. 

Tin  Wure—S.  J.  Hare  fc  Co. ;  J.  B-  Dnval  fc  Sen. 

Tailors.— Derby  fc  Co.;   Harlem  fc  Co. 

Universities  and  Law  Schools. 

Wire  Work  Railings,  etc—M  Walker  fc  Sons. 

Washing  Machinea  and  Wringers  and  Mangles.— 
R.  C.  Browning ;  Jno.  Waxd  fc  Co. ;  Oakey  fc 
Keating.  Robt  Duncan. 


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DE  BOW'S   REVIEW. 


ESTABLISHED   JANUARY,    184C. 


DBCBMBEB,    1866. 


ART.  I -THE  IMPENDING  FATE  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

THE  RADICAL  AND  CONSERVATIVE  WAR. 

Radicalism,  or  to  speak  more  accurately,  "  Rationalism"  and 
Conservatism  are  as  old  as  mankind.  The  bold,  the  enter- 
prising, the  men  of  genius,  energy  and  industry  have  always 
relied  on  the  dictates  of  their  own  reason,  regardless  of  the 
lessons,  the  experience  and  the  admonitions  of  the  past — al- 
ways inventive  and  progressive,  they  are  frequently  rash,  pre- 
cipitate and  inconsiderate.  They  constitute  a  necessary  ele- 
ment in  the  organism  of  society,  but  unless  restricted,  checked, 
balanced  and  counterpoised  by  the  conservative  element,  which 
is  their  opposite  or  antinome,  they  speedily  become  the  aixshi- 
tects  of  ruin,  of  anarchy,  of  agrarianism,  of  licentiousness, 
and  of  universal  infidelity  and  moral  depravity.  Want  of 
faith,  religious,  political,  moral  and  social,  and  implicit  reliance 
on  the  suggestions  of  their  own  re^ason,  however  unenlightened 
by  study  or  experience,  have  been  at  all  times  the  distihguish- 
ingcharacteristics  of  this  party,  or  part  of  mankind. 

Their  necessary  opposiDff  and  balancing  force  or  antinome, 
the  Conservatives,  are  studious  observers  of  the  history  and 
experience  of  the  past,  and  treasure  up  and  heed  the  lessons 
which  it  teaches,  because  they  believe  that,  human  nature  never 
materially  changing,  the  religion,  the  laws,  and  the  political 
institutions  adapted  to  it  in  the  past  will  be  equally  well 
adapted  to  it  in  the  future.  They  nght  under  the  banner  of 
faith,  wholly  rejecting  reason  when  it  conflicts  with  faith  in  the 
experience,  the  lessons,  and  the  authority  of  the  past.  They 
oppose  all  innovation,  all  change,  all  revolution,  all  progress, 
almost  all  improvement*  Theirs  is  the  stand-still  policy ;  which 
is  sure  to  become  retrogressive,  when  not  dragged  along  by 
their  antinomes,  the  Rationalists. 

Conservatives  are  too  timid,  too  cautious,  rely  too  much  on 
vol.  II.-NO,  VL  36 


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662      THE  IMPENDING  FATE  OF  THE  COUNTBT. 

the  promptings  of  blind  bigot  faith,  too  little  on  the  sugges- 
tions. Tney  have  more  learning  than  the  Rationalists/bat 
often  less  practical  wisdom.  They  are,  left  to  themselves,  as 
danfferous  guides  or  nilers  as  the  Kationalists;  for  by  opposing 
moderate  reforms,  rendered  necessary  by  change  of  times  and 
circumstances,  they  beget  desperation,  and  the  pent  up  passions 
of  men  burst  out  in  bloody  revolution,  as  in  England  under 
the  too  conservative  Stuarts,  and  in  France  under  the  obtuse, 
obstinate,  stupid  Bourbons. 

Conservatism  and  Eadicalism,  being  e<jually  necessary,  are 
equally  meritorious  when  justly  proportionea,  opposed  and 
balanced,  and  equally  ruinous  and  destructive  wnen  either 

5 arty  acquires  an  undue  and  prolonged  ascendancy.  Light  and 
arkness,  dryness  and  moisture,  heat  and  cold,  action  and  rest, 
sleep  and  wakefulness,  nay,  everything  in  the  moral  and  phy- 
sical, is  equally  good  when  duly  alternated  or  balanced,  equally 
evil  when  not  counterpoised  or  balanced  by  its  opposite  or  an- 
tinome.  No  doubt,  everything  if  we  knew  its  peculiar  quali- 
ties and  effects  would  be  good  and  valuable  in  a  properly 
compounded  concrete,  as  everything  is  known  to  be  evil  ia 
the  abstract,  because  it  exists  there  in  the  greatest  possible 
excess. 

We  make  these  prefatory  remarks,  because  we  are  about  to 
endeavor  to  show  that  there  has  ever  been  too  much  Eational- 
ism  or  Eadicalism  in  the  North,  checked,  balanced,  and  suffi- 
ciently counterpoised  hitherto  by  the  excessive  Conservatism  of 
the  South ;  but  that  now,  the  South  being  powerless.  Northern 
Badicalism  will  have  full  swing  and  dominion,  and,  unless  the 
South  is  speedily  restored  to  the  Union,  will,  by  rash  innova- 
tions and  radical  changes,  destroy  our  present  form  ot  govern- 
ment. 

We  have  said,  that  in  all  societies,  and  all  times,  the  parties 
of  Faith  and  Beagon,  of  Conservatism  and  Eadicalism,  have 
existed.  Indeed,  we  should  go  farther,  and  say  that  the  prin- 
ciples of  Faith  and  Eeason  are  each  more  or  less  developed  in 
the  mind  of  every  individual,  and  that  sometimes  the  one,  and 
sometimes  the  other,  controls  individual  conduct.  The  rash, 
and  inconsiderate  rely  too  little  on  authority,  experience  and 
faith ;  the  timid,  too  much. 

Faith  became  a  moral  epidemic  in  the  dark  ages,  as  we  see 
evidenced  by  the  Crusades,  by  the  despotic  power  exercised  by 
the  Catholic  priesthood,  and  by  the  implicit  obedience  yield^ 
to  tyrannical  rulers,  who  were  believed  to  govern  by  JDivine 
right,  wholly  irrespective  of  the  will  or  the  wish  of  the  peo- 
ple. It  would  be  as  fruitless  to  inquire  into  the  causes  and 
origin  of  this  moral,  social  and  political  epidemic  as  to  attempt 


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THB  IMPENDING  FATE  OP  THE  COUNTBY-  66S 

to  detect  the  causes  of  cholera,  plague,  or  other  physical  epi- 
demics or  contagions.  Indeed,  as  moral  causes  are  more  subtle 
and  comi)lex  than  physical  ones,  the  search  would  be  more 
hopeless  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter  case.  Yet  all  the 
while  that  unreasoning,  blind,  bigot  Faith  sat  like  an  incubus 
upon  a  benighted  world.  Reason  lurked  beneath,  and  was  vainly 
struggling  to  assert  her  equal  and  legitimate  dominion.  The 
Waldenses  in  Switzerland  and  Italy,  and  the  WicklifBtes  in 
England,  in  the  midst  of  the  dark  ages,  boldly,  but  rashly  and 
prematurely,  upraised  the  banner  of  Keasou.  Force,  not  argu- 
ment, put  them  down.  Men's  wills  were  constrained,  their 
tongues  silenced,  but  their  reasons  not  convinced.  The  infec- 
tion spread  slowly,  stealthily,  continuously  and  steadily,  like  a 
great  subterranean  fire,  until,  some  centuries  after,  it  broke 
K>rth  from  its  concealment  with  brilliant  light,  in  vast  propor- 
tions, and  with  irresistible  strength. 

Now  began  the  Reformation,  a  reformation  in  its  purposes, 
iu  it3  origin  and  in  its  action,  quite  as  much  political  as  reli- 
gious. It  was  the  assertion  of  the  unrestricted  right  to  reason, 
and  the  right  to  act  on  the  convictions  of  reason.  It  was,  in 
manv  countries,  the  temporary  triumph  of  Reason  over  Faith, 
Authority  and  Conservatism.  But  the  triumph  was  very  ephem- 
eral. The  leaders  of  the  movement,  those  among  the  first 
who  caught  the  contagious  infection,  and  who  were  boldest  and 
most  active  in  spreading  it  among  the  people;  those  who  at 
first  most  loudly  and  vehemently  assertea  the  right  of  private 
judgment,  were  the  very  first  to  fall  back  upon  conservative 

f  rounds,  and  to  deny  that  right  Such  were  Luther,  Calvin, 
Irasmus,  Melancthon  and  Henry  the  Eighth.  From  that  dav 
to  this,  men  have  found  it  necessary  to  appoint  the  few  to  think 
and  act  for  the  many,  as  well  in  religious  as  in  political  matters. 
In  fine,  to  assert,  and  maintain  in  practice,  the  Catholic  doc- 
trine of  infallibility.  Not  the  infallibility  of  a  Pope  and  his 
council,  but  of  a  king,  a  religious  convention,  a  synod  or  gen- 
eral assembly,  who  settle  and  prescribe  articles  of  faith,  and 
CLxpel  recreant  church  members  who  dare  fjo  assert  the  right 
of  private  judgment,  and  think  for  themselves.  In  political 
matters,  there  is  in  all  countries  a  tribunal  which  is  deemed 
infallible  in  its  judgments,  and  from  whose^  decisions  there  is 
no  appeal. 

When  we  practised  law,  country  justices,  sitting  singly, 
were  deemed  infallible  in  their  decisions  when  the  amount  in 
controversy  did  not  exceed  ten  dollars.  Individual  libertjr  is 
a  very  pretty  thing  to  theori25e  about,  but  is  wholly  inconsist- 
ent with  all  government  and  all  social  existence.  Radicals 
in  power  always  become  the  icost  cruel  Conservatives,  like 


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564  THE  IMPENDING  PATE  OP  THE  COUNTRY. 

Cromwell  and  the  Puritan  Fathers,  because  thej  have  wit- 
nessed more  of  the  evils  of  unbridled  liberty. 

Every  tyro  in  history  knows  that  Protestant  intolerance, 
that  began  in  the  days  of  Luther,  was  rendered  necessary  by 
the  monstrous  and  iniquitous  doctrines  and  practices  of  the 
Anabaptists  and  other  German  sects,  and  afterwards  in  England, 
by  the  dark  plots  and  conspiracies  of  the  Catholics,  and  the 
levelling  and  agrarian  doctrines  of  the  Independents  and  other 
Dissenters.  Luther  has  been  called  the  Apostle  of  Reason, 
with  little  justice^  for*  although  among  the  first  to  raise  her 
banner,  he  was  first  and  foremosb  in  deserting  it,  in  assuming 
all  the  powers  of  the  Pope  and  his  council,  and  in  excommuni- 
cating all  who  dared  to  think  for  themselves.  Calvin  and 
Henry  VIIL  asserted  the  same  religious  supremacy,  and  main- 
tained it  far  more  cruelly.  We  censure  neither  of  them,  nor 
do  we  censure  the  Puritan  Fathers  of  New  England.  Their 
seemingly  cruel  measures  were  necessary  to  restrain  within 
proper  limits  the  outbursts  of  political  and  religious  fanaticism 
that  threatened  Protestant  Europe  with  universal  anarchy. 
That  demon,  human  reason,  had  been  unshackled  and  uncaged, 
and  her  diabolical  doings  rendered  it  necessary  to  shackle  and 
cage  her  again.  It  was  but  Radicalism  falling  back  upon  Con- 
servatism. 

The  worship  of  reason  is  the  negation  of  God.  All  Ration- 
alists or  Radicals,  to  be  consistent,  should  be  infidels — infidels 
in  religion,  which  is  sure  to  carry  along  with  it  infidelity  in 
law,  government,  and  all  old  established  usages,  customs  and 
institutions  of  society.  The  French  thoroughly  understood 
this,  and  when  in  their  Revolution  of  1789  they  resolved  to 
cut  loose  entirely  from  the  past,  and  erect  institutions  founded 
on  pure  reason,  they  formally  dethroned  the  Christian  God, 
and  set  up  in  His  stead  the  Goddess  of  Reason,  impersonated 
by  a  prostitute.  (Tom  Paine  would  have  answered  just  as 
well,  but  probably  he  was  not  then  in  Paris.)  The  reign  of 
Reason  in  France  was  the  reign  of  Terror.  The  elder  Napo- 
leon put  an  end  to  it,  and  restored  conservative  rule  just  as 
Cromwell  had  done  in  England.  And  just  as  the  present  Na- 
poleon did,  when  he  expelled  Lamartine  and  his  crazy  social- 
istic associates  from  power,  and  ver^  properly,  wisely,  and 
vigorously,  assumed  the  reins  of  Empire  himself. 

But  the  snake  is  scotched,  not  killed.  We  live  in  the  days 
of  reformation  run-mad.  There  is  not  a  country  in  Europe, 
Russia  excepted,  where  a  majority  of  the  people,  and  most  of 
the  men  of  genius  and  talent,  are  not  radicals,  socialists,  and 
revolutionists.  Immense  standing  armies  are  kept  up,  not  for 
foreign  war,  but  to  keep  down  domestic  insurrection.    We 


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THE  IMPENDING  PATE  OF  THE  COUNTRY.  565 

need  a  history  of  the  Reformation  in  its  political  phases  and 
consequences.  Certain  it  is  that  it  has  kept  Europe  most  of 
the  time,  since  it  broke  out,  involved  in  civil  discord  or  open 
war.  And  the  radical,  disorganizing  and  revolutionary  spirit 
which  it  begat,  so  far  from  subsiding,  is  more  general  and  more 
intense  in  our  day  than  at  any  former  period.  In  America  it 
has  just  ended  the  bloodiest  civil  war  recorded  in  history.  It 
fully  achieved  its  professed  object.  It  emancipated  all  of  the 
negroes.  Yet,  so  far  from  being  satisfied,  it  threatens  and  pre- 
pares for  war  again,  iu  order  to  compel  the  whites  North  and 
South  to  admit  the  brutal  negro  to  political  and  social  equal- 
ity. When  will  all  this  war  against  human  inequality  end? 
Why,  only  by  the  attempt  to  equalize  properties,  which  beget 
the  only  real  inequalities  of  condition — the  men  of  property 
being,  in  all  save  the  name,  the  owners  and  masters  of  those 
without  property.^  Agrarianism,  openly  avowed  by  some,  is 
the  ultimate  aim  and  object  of  all  honest  advocates  of  human 
equality.  Conservatives  at  the  North  see  this,  but  are  afraid 
to  charge  it  home  upon  the  Radicals,  lest  they  should  precipi- 
tate the  dreaded  event  by  making  the  accusation,  just  as  Cicero 
hurried  Catiline  into  civil  war,  by  charging  him  with  the  in- 
tention to  make  war.  • 

Despite  of  all  the  evils,  religious,  social,  and  political,  that 
the  Reformation  has  visited  upon  mankind,  we  still  think  that, 
on  the  whole,  it  has,  so  far,  been  productive  of  much  more  of 
good  than  of  evil.  'Tis  the  future  that  we  dread.  Socialism, 
the  exact  counterpart  of  that  which  now  pervades  Christendom, 
fastened  upon  Greece  in  the  days  of  Socrates  and  Plato.  So- 
cialism, that  sapped  the  foundations  of  every  law,  custom,  and 
institution  of  society,  by  subjecting  them  to  the  crucible  of 
dialectic  and  analytical  logic.  It  was  the  advice  of  Socrates  to 
his  scholars  to  test  every  thing  by  reason,  and  reject  what  was 
unreasonable.  Thus  he  made  them  sceptics  or  infidels  in  every 
thing;  for  every  thing  in  the  physicc\l  and  in  the  moral  world 
Is  incomprehensible  to  human  reason,  super-reasonable,  and, 
therefore,  unreasonable.  Soon  throughout  Greece  there  was 
faith  and  conviction  about  nothing.  Men  had  no  aims  in  life, 
because  too  inquisitive  reason  had  satisfied  them  of  the  vanity 
and  insanity  of  all  human  pursuits  and  human  attainments.  In 
two  generations  thereafter  Greece  fell,  to  rise  no  more.  The 
fall  of  the  Roman  Republic  was  preceded  and  occasioned  by  a 
like  sceptical  and  infidel  philosophy.  Now,  in  our  day,  this 
want  of  faith  and  conviction  about  everything  is  the  great 
distinguishing  feature  of  society  throughout  Chistendom,  save 
in  the  Southern  States  of  the  Union — and  they  are  under  the 
ban  of  public  opinion,  because  they  appeal  to  the  usages  of  the 


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666      THE  IMPEKPIKG  FATE  OF  THE  COUNTRY, 

{)ast  to  jnstifv  the  ways  of  the  present    The  state  of  **  diaso- 
ution  and  thaw,"  or  transition,  revolution,  and  chaotic  an- 
archy, which  afflicts,  or  threatens,  all  other  Christian  society 
than  ours,  is  thus  well  portrayed  by  a  distinguished  Northern 
socialist  and  abolitionist:    "Hitherto  the  strug^  between 
conservatism  and  progress  has  seemed  doubtful.     >nctory  has 
kissed  the  banner  alternately  of  either  host.     At  lencth  the 
serried  ranks  of  conservatism  falters.    Reform,  so-called,  is  be- 
coming confessedly  more  potent  than  its  antagonist    The  ad- 
mission is  reluctantly  forced  from  pallid  lips,  that  revolutions, 
pdUicdl^  social  and  religious^  constitute  the  programme  of  the 
coming  age.     Eeform,  so-called,  for  weal  or  woe,  but  yet  re- 
form, must  rule  the  hour.    The  older  constitutions  of  society 
have  outlived  their  day.    No  truth  conmiends  itself  more  uni- 
versally to  the  minds  of  men  now  than  that  thus  set  forth  by 
Mr.  Carlyle:    'There  must  be  a  new  w%rld,  if  there  is  to 
be  any  world  at  all.     That  human  things  in  our  Europe 
can  ever  return  to  the  old  sorry  routine,  and  proceed  with  any 
steadiness  or  continuance  there — this  small  hope  is  not  now  a 
tenable  one.    These  days  of  universal  death  must  be  days  of 
universal  new  birth,  if  the  ruin  is  not  to  be  total  and  final  I 
It  is  time  to  make  the  dulled  man  consider  and  ask  himself^ 
Whence  he  came?    Whither  he  is  bound  ?    A  veritable  "New 
Era"  to  the  foolish  as  well  as  to  the  wise.'  ^    Nor  is  this  state 
of  things  confined  to  Europe.     The  agitations  in  America  may 
be  more  peaceful,  but  they  are  not  less  profound.    The  foun- 
dations of  beliefs  and  habits  of  thought  are  breaking  up.     Ths 
old  guarantees  of  order  are  foM  fiilling  axjoay.    A  veritable 
"New  Era,"  with  us  too,  is  alike  impending  and  inevitable.  A 
little  further  on  Mr.  Stephen  Pearl  Andrews  asserts  (for  it  is 
from  him  we  quote) :  "  All  ffovernment,  in  the  sense  of  invol- 
untary restraint  upon  the  individual,  or  substantially  all,  must 
finally  cease,  and  along  with  it,  the  whole  complicated  parapher- 
nalia and  trumpery  of  Kings,  Emperors,  Presiaents,  legislatures 
and  Judiciary.   I  assert  that  the  indicia  of  this  result  abound  in 
existing  society."    Well,  Mr.  Stephens  is  at  least  somewhat  of 
a  prophet     Four  millions  of  negroes  have  been  remitted  from 
slavery  to  the  largest  liberty  since  he  wrote.     "  All  involun- 
tary restraint  upon  the  individual "  has,  so  far  as  the  negro  is 
concerned,  been  removed,  and  a  Congress,  professedly  Rad- 
ical, is  daily  violating  the  constitution,  disregarding  all  old  laws, 
usages,  and  practices,  usurping  all  the  powers  of  government, 
and  threatenmg  to  impeach  and  behead  the  President,  unless 
the  South  be  restored  to  the  Union,  and  thus  a  Conservative 
balance  be  riven  to  our  institutions,  by  a  union  of  the  Conser- 
vatives of  the  North  with  the  entire  Conservative  South.   The 


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THE  IMPENDING  FATE  OF  THE  COUNTRY.  567 

fanatical  and  destructive  Badical  majority  in  Congress  will, 
like  their  prototypes  and  predecessors,  the  Long  Parliament  in 
England,  and  the  National  Assembly  in  France,  soon  inaugur ' 
rate  anarchy,  speedily  to  be  wound  up  by  military  despotism. 

Looking  to  the  blood,  the  ancestry,  and  the  anteceaents  of 
the  New  England  people  (who  rule  the  North  with  a  rod  of 
iron)  and  to  that  of  the  Southern  people,  and  we  find  the  for- 
mer fanatics,  radicals,  and  destructives  by  inheritance,  jnst  the 
same  people  now  as  in  the  days  of  Cromwell's  Independents, 
and  of  the  witch-burners  and  Quaker  hangers  two  centuries 
ago ;  whilst  we  find  the  Southern  people  by  inheritance,  and 
continuous  usage,  the  most  conservative  people  in  the  Christian 
world — we  might  say  without  far  departing  from  truth — the 
^nly  conservative  people  in  the  civilized  world.  If  a  conser- 
vative reaction  can  be  inaugurated,  if  that  social  chaos,  reli- 
gious scepticism  and  infidelity,  political  anarchy,  agrarianism, 
Free  Love,  and  contemplated  destruction  of  all  the  old  institu- 
tions, can  be  warded  off  and  averted,  it  can  only  be  effected  by 
tlie  untrammelled  aid  of  the  South.  Men  who  have  a  stake  in 
Bociety  at  the  North  begin  to  see  all  this ;  but.  we  fear,  they 
have  discovered  it  too  late.  The  masses  mav  have  been  too 
deeply  imbued  with  destructive  principles  and  practices,  taught 
by  their  leaders,  now  to  be  witneld  from  their  long-expected 
prey.  Yet  the  experiment  is  worth  trying.  Southern  aid 
alone  can  save  the  North  from  universal  ruin.  Will  that  aid 
be  called  in  ? 

The  people  of  the  entire  South  are  mostly  descended  from 
the  early  settlers  of  Virginia  and  Marylandf.  Those  settlers 
were  high-toned  Monarchists,  Legitimatists,  Cavaliers,  Tories 
of  the  English  stamp  and  descent,  Jacobites,  Catholics,  Church 
of  England  men,  and  scions  of  the  English  gentry  and  nobil- 
ity. 

In  England  society  was  divided  pretty  equally  into  Liberals 
and  Conservatives ;  but  in  early  Virginia  and  Maryland  all 
were  Conservatives.  Hence  their  hatred  of  Cromwell  and  his 
revolutionists,  and  their  attachment  to  the  Stuarts.  Originally 
conservative,  the  champion  of  faith  rather  than  the  follower 
of  reason,  attached  to  the  Past,  its  customs,  habits,  usages,  pre- 
scriptions, laws,  and  institutions,  confiding  in  experience,  and 
distrusting  experiments,  opposed  to  innovation  and  change, 
the  South  was  happy,  peaceful,  and  contented,  until  assailed 
by  Northern  abolition.  That  unjust  assault  intensified  her 
conservatism ;  for  to  justify  the  institution  of  slavery  she  could 
not  rely  on  mere  abstract  reasoning,  but  was  <5ompelled  to  cite 
as  her  defence  and  justification,  the  almost  universal  usages  of 
mankind,  and  the  authority  of  Holy  Writ,    When  she  seceded 


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668  THE  IMPENDING  FATE  OF  THE  COUNTBY. 

from  the  North,  and  set  up  an  independent  government  of  her 
own,  in  the  true  spirit  of  conservatism,  she  modelled  her  Con- 
stitution after  that  of  the  Unidn,  because  that  Constitution, 
save  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  had  worked  well  in  practice. 
Since  her  councils  and  influence  have  been  wanting  to  the 
Union,  that  Constitution,  which  she  respected,  has  been  ne- 
glected, oft  violated,  changed,  and  almost  obliterated  by  the 
Radicals,  who  pretended  to  wage  war,  merely  for  its  preserva- 
tion ;  yet  with  all  her  conservatism,  there  was  not  so  happy, 
moral,  religious,  and  prosperous  a  people  on  earth  as  the 
South,  when  the  late  war  began.  Even  now  we  think  her  sit- 
uation preferable  to  that  of  any  other  people,  because  she  is 
moral,  religious,  and  conservative ;  breeds  no  isms,  supersti- 
tions, nor  infidelities;  is  not  threatened  with  social  revolution 
and  anarchy ;  and,  more  than  all,  has  abundance  of  good  land, 
and  no  fears  of  plethora  of  population,  the  most  common  and 
the  most  appalling  of  all  the  evils  that  now  afflict,  or  impend 
over,  most  other  societies. 

Such  is  a  faint,  hastily-drawn  picture  of  the  conservative 
South,  in  the  past  and  in  the  present.  Let  us  now  turn  to  the 
radical  North,  its  history,  its  antecedents,  its  settlement,  its 
present  condition  and  future  prospects.  Our  object  being  con- 
ciliation, peace,  and  amicable  union,  we  shall  bo  as  little  censo- 
rious as  is  consistent  with  a  decent  regard  to  truth.  The  Pu- 
ritan Fathers  were  sincere,  earnest,  conscientious  men,  but  big- 
oted, fanatical,  intolerant,  narrow-minded,  and  cruel  in  the 
extreme.  Yet,  we  believe,  their  cruelty  and  intolerance  were 
inatters  of  necessity.  They  had,  in  Europe,  indoctrinated  their 
flocks  in  the  theories  of  the  Right  of  Private  Judgment,  of 
Human  Equality,  and  of  all  kinds  of  social,  political,  and  reli- 
gious levelling  and  destructiveness.  In  America,  surrounded 
by  bloodthirsty  savages,  and  in  danger  of  daily  attack,  it  was 
imperatively  necessary  that  all  should  think  alike,  in  order  to 
preserve  harmony  and  ready  concert  of  action.  Yet  none  but 
the  most  rigid  and  cruel  measures  could  begei  harmony  of  ac- 
tion among  colonists  accustomed  hitherto  each  to  thmk  and 
act  for  himself.  Like  Cromwell  and  the  two  Naf>oleons,  the 
Puritan  Priesthood  began  life  as  demagogues,  agitators  and 
destructives,  and  ended  it  as  usurpers  and  tyrants.  Yet  they 
were  tyrants  from  necessity ;  it  was  but  the  price  of  a  healthful 
and  much  needed  conservatism.  But  the  spasmodic  conserva- 
tism of  usurpers  is  of  short  duration.  It  is  sustained  by  no 
prescription,  no  old  faith,  no  prestige,  no  venerable  institutions, 
and  ends  with  the  lives  or  deposition  of  the  strong-armed  and 
strong-willed  usurpers  who  institute  it.  We  admire  New  Eng- 
land under  the  early  Puritan  Fathers.     Then  she  wasiruly 


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THE  IMPENDING  FATE  OP  THE  COUNTKT.      669 

"  a  land  of  steady  habits."  But  as  they  passed  pflf  the  stage, 
and  Church  government  became  relaxed,  men  with  no  rever- 
ence for  authority,  no  respect  for,  or  faith  in,  the  past,  began 
each  to  reason  out  a  religion  for  himself,  and  as  no  two  men^s 
reasons  led  to  exactly  the  same  conclusions,  there  are  now  al- 
most as  many  religions,  isms,  infidelities,  and  superstitions  in 
New  England  as  there  are  men — we  should  rather  say  than 
men  and  women  combined,  for  the  women  are  quite  as  prolific 
of  creeds,  social,  religious,  and  political,  as  the  men.  The 
destructive  doctrines  of  New  Hftgland  have  been  sown  broad- 
cast throughout  the  North ;  have  everywhere  taken  deep  root 
and  are  bearing  bitter  fruits.  An  immense  immigration  of 
German  infidelity  has  but  served  to  give  a  more  loathsome  and 
disgusting  character  to  Yankee  isms.  Protestant  Germany  is 
infidel,  agrarious,  and  destructive. 

True  to  her  destructive  instincts,  her  early  associations,  her 
blood,  and  her  descent,  New  England  took  zealous  part  with 
the  fanatical  and  foolish  Independents  who  murdered  that  mild 
ruler,  that  Christian  gentleman  and  accomplished  scholar, 
Charles  the  First,  and  admired  and  approved  the  brutal  Crom- 
well, quite  as  much  when  he  plaved  usurper  and  military  des- 
Sot  as  when,  in  his  earlier  days,  he  played  canting  hypocrite, 
emagogue,  and  destructive. 

Then,  as  now.  New  England  Eadicals  were  equally  ready  for 
anarchy  or  military  despotism.  These  Radicals,  with  their 
tools,  the  German  infidels,  rule  this  nation,  and  if  undisturbed 
in  power,  will  soon  ruin  it.  We  believe  that  men,  at  heart 
conservative,  are  in  a  majority  in  many  parts  of  the  North, 
but  they  are  deceived  by  misrepresentations  of  the  feeling  and 
intentions  of  the  people  of  the  South,  industriously  spread  by 
the  more  active,  cunning,  designing,  and  unprincipled  Radi- 
cals. We  have  little  hope  for  the  future,  yet  we  will  work  on 
to  detect  crime  and  falsehood,  although  we  may  be  able  to  do 
nothing  to  re-establish  truth  and  rectitude.  The  American 
Republic  is  near  its  end.  Affairs  will,  probably,  wind  up  with 
civil  war  and  military  despotism  at  the  North,  in  which  the 
South  will  be  reluctantly  involved ;  and  then  for  ages  to  come, 
the  nation  will  be  involved  in  continual  civil  war,  for  we  are 
not  prepared  for  hereditary  monarchy,  and  have  no  materials 
out  of  which  to  construct  an  Established  Church  and  a  here- 
ditary aristocracy,  as  props  and  stays  to  such  a  monarchy. 

We  will  conclude  by  remarking  that  this  balance  of  power 
between  Conservatives  and  Rationalists,  which  we  advocate,  has 
been  practised  successfully  in  England  for  more  than  a  hun- 
dred and  seventy  years.  Since  the  days  of  William  and  Mary, 
the  Whigs  and  Tories  have  kept  watch  and  guard  over  each 


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570  TIMES  IN  THE  OOyFEDERACY. 

other,  and  over  the  nation,  and  participated  equally  in  rule. 
Tlie  Tories  are  conservative,  for  the  most  part,  agreeing  with 
Sir  Robert  Filmer,  that  all  officers  of  government  hold  and 
exercise  their  offices  by  Diyime  right  The  Whigs  are  progres- 
sive,  rationalistic,  radical,  and  agree  with  Locke  in  his  absurd 
doctrines  of  human  equality  and  the  social  contract.  These 
are  the  antinomes  or  opposing  forces  that  so  admirably  sustain 
the  English  Government.  Tne  North  and  the  South  would 
pretty  well  supply  the  places,  or  act  the  part,  of  these  forces  in 
America.  * 


ART.  II.-TIMES  m  THE  CONFEDERACY. 

[The  reader  may,  if  he  pleases,  suppose  the  pages  which  foUow  to  be  written 
by  some  yenerable  person  a  g^neratiea  keaee.  Ihey  farm  part  af  a  little 
work,  basad  upon  that  idea,  whifh  will  soon  be  issued  from  the  press.— 
£dito£.] 

CQAPTBB  xnc — soABorrr — mosNioirs  connmvAHCEs,  btc.,        "> 

OF  TMB  FBOFLB.  * 

It  must  not  be  concluded  from  what  has  been  said  that 
there  was  anything  like  a  general  distribution  throughout  the 
interior  of  the  country  of  the  articles  which  were  so  abun- 
dantly run  through  the  blockade,  nor  that  they  came  into  the 
general  use  of  the  people.  Large  as  were  the  quantities,  they 
went  but  a  small  way  in  satisfying  the  general  want,  and  the 
extravagant  prices  which  were  asked,  and  the  diflSculties,  at 
times  impossibility,  of  transportation  excluded  all  but  the 
wealthier  classes,  or  those  who  were  making  money  out  of 
the  war,  or  those  who  dwelt  in  the  larger  towns  and  cities, 
from  their  consumption.  The  people  of  the  country  generally 
were  reduced  to  great  extremities,  so  far  as  everything  but 
mere  crude  provisions  was  concerned,  and  of  this  often  there 
was  a  deficiency.  The  stock  of  shoes,  clothing,  household 
utensils,  blankets,  and  articles  of  every  sort  indispensable  to 
comfort,  and  previously  introduced  from  other  quarters,  ran 
very  low,  and  could  not  be  replaced  without  a  resort  often  to 
the  most  ingenious  contrivances.  Even  calicoes  were  imprac- 
ticable, and  home-spuns — sometimes,  however,  of  very  beauti- 
ful finish  and  patterns — from  native  looms,  took  their  place.  The 
industry  of  the  women  knew  no  limit ;  socks  and  woollens,  for 
home  use  and  for  the  soldiers,  were  fabricated  in  immense 
quantities.  Sometimes  we  contrived  to  make  a  sort  of  blanket 
and  a  substitute  for  the  carpet  when  these  were  all  gone  to  the 
hospitals.  The  tin  cup  and  the  tin  plate  took  the  place  of 
the  glass  and  china ;  even  the  tin  teapot,  lamp  ana  wash- 
basin.   Old  barrels  were  sawed  into  tubs,  and  ordinary  dry 


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TIMES  IN  THE  CONPEDEBACY.  571 

goods  boxes,  among' the  scarcest  of  articles,  answered  for  very 
good  trunks.  Candles  and  soap  we  made  well  enough  from 
pine  gum- and  sometimes  myrtle  wax,  for  tallow  was  a  very 

{)recious  commodity.  Thousands  contrived  to  do  without  other 
ights  than  blazing  slips  of  pine  wood.  Ladies'  bonnets  were 
turned  and  twisted  in  a  variety  of  ways,  and  every  old  piece 
of  ribbon  found  its  use.  Rice  and  wheat,  straw  and  palmetto, 
were  worked  up  into  pretty  hats  by  the  ladies  for  tneir  hus- 
bands, sons,  sweethearts,  and  for  themselves.  "We  even  made 
very  eood  cloth  shoes,  and  such  was  the  scarcity  of  leather 
and  shoemakers,  that  shoes  and  boots  were  an  extravagant 
luxury.  The  children  went  without  them,  and  it  was 
whispered  that  even  many  of  the  young  ladies  dispensed  with 
their  service  about  the  house^  A  silk  dress  or  a  broad  cloth 
suit  were  a  fortune,  and  those  who  chanced  to  have  them  in 
good  condition  felt  a  little  ashamed  to  become  conspicuous  by 
their  use.  The  old  articles  were  burnished  up  in  a  sort  of  way 
and  held  out  very  well. 

We  extemporized  pots,  kettles,  ovens,  frying  pans,  water 
buckets,  brooms,  Ac,  and  every  household  was  in  some 
respect  a  curiosity  shop.  The  Yankees  themselves  were  not 
more  ingenious.  We  made  very  good  beer  from  persimmons, 
good  wine  from  native  grapes,  and,  in  the  way  of  ostentation, 
would  sometimes  make  a  fruit. cake,  in  which  dried  apples 
would  substitute  citron.  It  was  a  day  of  substitutes.  The 
sorghum  supplied  the  place  of  molasses  and  even  sugar  I  Rye, 
wheat,  potatoes,  pea-nuts,  Indian  meal,  according  to  fancy, 
found  their  place  in  the  drink  which  we  called  coflfee.  We 
ceased  to  malce  odd  faces  over  it  at  last,  even  when  sweetened 
with  molasses  and  taken  without  milk.  The  dried  leaves  of 
the  raspberry  and  blackberry  answered  very  well  for  tea. 
Bacon  could  be  cured  with  ashes  without  salt.  Corn  and 
wheat  could  be  ground  in  coffee  mills,  when  Sherman  de- 
stroyed our  steam  mills.  We  split  boards  from  the  trees,  and 
even  at  last  began  to  make  cotton  cards.  The  deficiency  of 
these  was  the  greatest  difficulty  we  had  to  contend  with  in 
supplying  doth  after  our  manufacturing  establishments  were 
all  destroyed  by  the  enemy.  These  he  never  spared.  Bird 
shot  was  readily  made  by  the  boys  when  powder  could  be 
had.  Domestic  ink  proved  to  be  a  good  article,  and  as  to 
writing  paper,  the  blank  leaves  of  every  old  ledger  were  taken 
out ;  every  old  memorandum  book  or  merchant's  record  was 
cup  up,  and  envelopes  were  turned  and  turned  until  there  was 
no  place  left  to  write  upon.  The  old  goose  quill  again  had 
its  day,  and  as  for  schoolbooks,  every  repository  was  ransacked, 
and  the  mutilated  remnants  of  previous  generations  of  boys 


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572  TIMES  IN  THE  CONFEDERACY. 

and  girls  carae  forth.  A  friend  of  mine  gave  fifty  dollars  for 
a  grammar.  The  negroes  made  excellent  brooms,  baskets  and 
mats,  which  they  peddled  around.  We  used  the  native  roots 
and  herbs  for  medicines,  and  our  physicians  found  substitutes 
for  quinine,  calomel  and  opium.  One  of  them  wrote  an  ex- 
cellent work  to  teach  the  use  of  the  fields  and  forests.  Even 
ice  was  artificially  produced  for  the  use  of  the  government 
money  presses  and  for  the  hospitals. 

The'norses  were  in  the  army.  So  we  walked  to  church,  to 
which  no  bells  summoned,  and  in  which  no  cushioned  seats  or 
carpeted  aisles  awaited  us.  Ox  carts  were  in  fashion,  and 
sometimes  oxen  were  yoked  to  carriages.  Women  ploughed 
in  the  field.  The  umbrella  disappeared,  and  no  one  regarded 
heat  or  rain,  nor  cared  where  he  slept  or  in  what  unfavored 
climes  the  chances  of  the  war  threw  him.  Window  glass, 
locks,  nails,  were  all  out  of  the  question,  though  it  must  be  said 
in  the  scarcity  of  everything  pilfering  came  to  be  a  very 
common  vice,  and  nothing  was  safe  that  was  not  actually 
under  the  eye.  No  one  repaired  anything.  Houses,  gates, 
fences,  when  they  grew  dilapidated,  remained  so;  and  how  could 
it  be  otherwise,  when  the  men  were  all  in  the  army,  and  the 
shops  of  the  artisans  were  all  closed,  and  in  the  struggle  for  ex- 
istence who  could  stop  to  think  of  such  things?  Thread, 
needles,  pins,  buttons,  became  articles  of  luxury.  There  were 
no  segars,  and  the  pipe  was  an  elegant  accomplishment,  and 
in  the  absence  of  brandies  and  wines,  the  vilest  drinks  were 
elaborated,  under  the  names  of  whiskey  and  rum,  from  the 
sorghum,  and  even,  as  it  was  believed,  from  pine  knpts  and 
china  berries  I  This  was  often,  sold  at  from  $50  to  $76  a 
quart,  and  the  wonder  was  how  so  many  found  means  to  buy 
it.  Drinking  grew  to  be  a  common  vice,  and  did  great  harm 
to  the  cause.  Meats  were  always  scarce,  and  few  persons 
could  enjoy  the  luxury  of  their  use  more  than  once  a  day,  and 
many  did  without  them  entirely.     The  same  of  butter. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  I  am  only  speaking  of  the 
interior  of  the  country.  In  the  large  cities,  such  as  Richmond, 
Mobile,  and  at  times  Charleston  and  Wilmington,  all  the 
luxuries  of  Europe  were  to  be  found,  and  many  people  lived 
as  well  nearly  as  in  the  days  of  profoundest  peace. 

With  us  in  the  country  there  were  no  stores,  or  if  a  solitary 
shop  contrived  to  keep  open,  within  was  a  beggarly  accountof 
ghastly  and  empty  shelves  and  counters,  with  a  few  odds  and 
ends  of  utility  scattered  here  and  there.  Household  traded 
with  household,  and  what  was  called  barter  came  to  be  univer- 
sal. We  gave  our  cloth  for  bacon  and  chickens,  or  obtained 
them  as  equivalent  for  clothing,  which  we  could  not  use. 


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^  TIMES  IN  THE  CONFBDEKACY.  573 

Nothing  was  without  a  value.  Nothing  was  wasted.  Economy 
and  retrenchment  were  the  order  of  the  day,  and  everything 
was  turned  to  account. 

Well  do  I  recollect  the  day  when  the  armies  had  been  dis- 
banded, and  the  first  arrival  of  merchandise  was  announced. 
A  wagon  loaded  reached  our  little  village,  and  how  people 
flocked  to  the  lone  shop  that  opened  I  What  monarch  ever 
enjoyed  banquet  more  than  we  did  the  coarse  herring  and 
mackerel  we  had  once  despised,  and  what  a  treat  did  the 
cheese,  the  soda  crackers,  and  the  genuine  tea  and  coffee  offer, 
and  with  what  wondering  eyes  did  everybody  look  upon  the 
piles  of  bleached  cloth  and  calico,  and  bright  shining  shoes, 
and  perfumed  soap,  and  star  candles  I  It  was  not  known  that 
there  was  so  much  left  in  the  world.  How  the  stock  dis- 
appeared and  how  new  arrival  after  arrival  was  so  greedily 
absorbed,  and  people  marvelled  that  so  much  gold  and  silver 
came  out  of  its  retreats  and  went  into  circulation  again  I 

In  all  their  trials  and  sufferings — and  these  which  we  have 
been  describing,  though  very  great,  were  among  the  least — the 
people  of  the  Confederacy  kept  up  a  cheerful  and  hopeful 
spirit,  and  felt  the  utmost  confidence  of  eventual  triumph. 

CHAFTEB  XVIIL^-CONFEDERATB  MONBY — QOLD  AITD  PRICES, 

There  were  two  reasons  for  the  rapid  and  almost  marvellous 
rise  in  the  prices  of  almost  every  article  which  was  used  in 
the  Confederacy,  and  these  were  their  scarcity,  as  previously 
explained,  and  the  depreciation  in  the  value  of  the  currency 
as  compared  with  gold.  In  reference  to  such  articles  as  cotton, 
naval  stores  and  tobacco,  land,  negroes,  etc.,  to  which  the  first 
reason  was  inapplicable,  the  question  of  the  currency  was 
alone  involved. 

And  now  I  will  explain  a  little  as  to  what  is  meant  by  this 
question  of  the  currency. 

At  the  beginning  oi  the  war  gold  and  silver  were  every- 
where in  use  among  the  people,  and  for  the  sake  of  convenience 
the  notes  of  local  banks,  which  could  always  be  exchanged  for 
specie,  were  preferred  to  the  specie  itself.  In  times  of  public 
trouble,  gold,  an  article  of  great  value  in  small  bulk,  generally 
disappears  from  cii'culation,  and  is  hoarded  or  buried  to  pro- 
vide against  possible  contingencies.  This  immediately  happened 
in  the  Confederacy,  and  bank  notes  came  to  be  the  only  money. 
These  the  government  borrowed  or  received  in  collecting  its 
dues  or  in  exchange  for  its  bonds,  (or  future  promises  to  pay,) 
though  the  first  of  its  "  loans"  was  a  strictly  gold  loan,  and 
was  granted  with  hearty  good  will  by  the  people.     After  that 


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574  TIMES  IN  THE  CONFEDERAOT. 

government  found  it  necessary  to  issue  bonds  in  immense 
amounts,  to  be  exchanged  for  products  in  the  market,  or  to  be 
used  in  the  absorption  of  its  own  issues,  which  were  in  the 
nature  of  bank  notes  or  promises  to  pay  amount  represented 
at  a  future  date.  This  time  for  payment  was  in  general 
fixed  at  "  six  months  after  the  ratification  of  a  treaty  of  peace 
with  the  United  States"  recognizing  the  Confederacy,  and  if 
there  was  no  such  recognition,  of  course,  the  notes  were  only  so 
much  waste  paper. 

When  the  issues  commenced  people  were  greedy  to  receive 
them,  and  it  was  not  until  some  months  had  passed  before  a 
dollar  in  gold  represented  more  than  its  equivalent  in  Con- 
federate money.  This  state  of  things,  as  mignt  Aaturally  have 
been  expectea,  could  not  last,  when  the  government  was 
rapidly  expending  the  most  enormous  sums  and  making  no 
adequate  provision  in  the  way  of  taxes,  to  meet  the  expendi- 
ture. Politicians  proved  uneq^ual  to  the  crisis.  They  seemed 
to  shrink  from  the  responsibility  of  increasing  the  burden  of 
taxation,  and  feared  to  meet  the  people  squarely  upon  this 
issue  until  it  was  too  late.  It  was  an  error,  for  such  was  the 
popularity  of  the  cause  that  almost  any  sacrifices  would  from 
the  beginning  have  been  cheerfully  encountered. 

There  were  other  causes  which  had  much  to  do  with  the 
regular  and  rapid  decline  in  the  value  of  Confederate  notes, 
and  these  were  the  facility  with  which  they  were  counterfeited 
by  the  enemy ;  the  allied  bad  faith  at  times  of  the  author- 
ities in  practically  repudiating,  by  taxing,  the  issues,  and  finally, 
and  what,  no  doubt,  was  of  greater  consequence  than  either, 
though  I  admit  it  sadljr,  the  general  spirit  of  trading  which 
came  into  vogue,  requiring  feoferal  money,  or  gold,  for  its  pur- 
poses«  Distrust  of  the  eventual  success  of  the  cause  operated 
upon  'some,  and  even  those  who  regarded  that  success  inevitable 
when  the  debt  assumed  colossal  proportions,  believed  that  the 
resources  of  the  country  could  never  be  adequate  to  meet  it. 
This  was  undoubtedly  a  mistake,  as  the  experience  of  the 
United  States  afterwards  proved ;  but  the  fact  was,  our  people 
had  no  idea  of  the  prodigious  energies  of  taxation,  or  of  how 
much  the  national  industry  could  bear. 

It  must  be  observed,  however,  that  the  prices  of  articles  of 
home  make  never  did  rise  among  us  in  proportion  to  the  rise 
in  the  value  of  gold  as  compared  with  Confederate  money. 
Thus,  when  a  dollar  of  the  former  was  held  as  an  equivalent 
for  one  hundred  of  the  latter,  corn  and  wheat,  instead  of  being 
one  hundred  times  higher  than  before  the  war,  were  not  more 
than  five  and  ten  times,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  as 
in  portions  of  Mississippi,  Were  not  more  than  two  or  three  times. 
Blockade  goods,  on  the  contrary,  kept  a  close  relation  with  gold. 


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TDCES  m  THE  C0KFEDERAC7.  575 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  actual  amount  of  bonds  and 
notes  issued  b^  the  Confederate  government,  but  it  could  not 
have  reached,  m  all,  much  less  than  two  thousand  millions  of 
dollars,  and  had  the  war  continued  after  1865,  it  would  have 
been  necessarj  to  resort  to  some  other  expedient  to  maintain 
the  finances.  Paper  issues,  upon  the  old  basis,  were  no  longer 
practicable,  and  hence  it  began  to  be  proposed  to  issue  notes 
redeemable  in  future  in  cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  etc.,  which  the 

fpvemment  wordd  collect  in  the  way  of  tithes  from  the  people, 
t  is  quite  certain  that  every  scheme  of  finance  which  was 
adopted,  however  plausibly  advocated  and  abljr  maintained, 
only  seemed  to  maKe  matters  worse — and  in  this  department 
of  our  administration  the  historian  will  find  one  of  the  causes 
of  the  eventual  downfall  of  the  cause. 

The  machinery  by  means  of  which  these  immense  issues  of 
money  were  kept  up  is  worthy  of  some  remark.  At  first  the 
plates,  the  paper,  etc.,  were  made  at  the  North ;  but  afterwards 
they  were  run  through  the  blockade  from  England,  and  with 
them  came  the  presses  and  the  workmen.  After  a  while  we 
made  very  good  note  paper  ourselves.  The  "bonds  and  notes 
were  issued  from  Richmond  and  from  Columbia,  S.  C,  and 
finally  an  office  was  established  on  the  trans-Mississippi.  The 
two  former  offices  were  immense  establishments,  employing 
many,  hundred  women,  who  clipped  the  edges  or  affixed  the 
signatures.  Every  day  or  two  an  a^ent  left  the  office  in  Col- 
umbia for  Richmond,  having  in  chaige  huge  boxes  of  this 
money.  Ladies,  who  had  been  among  the  wealthiest  and  most 
aristocratic  in  the  country,  were  glad  to  obtain  situations  in 
these  offices.  The  notes,  at  first,  were  very  rude,  and  the 
Northern  counterfeiters  could  not  make  them  so  badly,  and 
thus  they  exposed  their  hands ;  but  afterwards  our  notes  and 
bonds  were  nearly  as  handsome  as  their  own  greenbacks. 

Referring  to  the  extravagant  prices  which  prevailed,  a  writ- 
er of  the  day  said : 

"  One  of  the  most  difficult  things  which  our  children  will  find  to'understand 
in  reference  to  the  existing  war,  will  be  that  which  puzzled  the  present  gen- 
eration not  a  little,  with  reference  to  the  times  of  the  old  Revolution — viz:  the 
aimoet  fabulous  prices  which  obtained  for  the  Indispensable  articles  of  life,  and, 
the  wonder  wiU  be  how  it  was  that  people  were  ever  enabled  to  pay  them. 
Let  it  be  put  upon  record  for  the  benefit  of  these  children  that  their 
fathers  and  mothers  paid  nut  seldom  for  a  bushel  of  corn  trom  $20  to  $75; 
a  barrel  of  flour  $250  to  $400;  a  ham  or  shoulder  of  bacon  $70  to  $100;  a 
pound  of  sugar  or  butter  $8  to  $16;  a  pair  of  ladies'  shoes  $160;  a  pair  of 

§entlemen's  boots  $260  to  $400;  a  felt  hat  $125;  a  yard  of  calico  $15;  ofunbleach- 
omestics  $7 ;  a  shirt  $75 ;  a  lady's  bonnet  $250 ;  a  suit  of  clothes  for  a  gen- 
tleman, or  a  lady's  silk  dress,  $2,000 ;  board  at  the  hotels  $20  to  $60  per 
day ;  a  sinele  meal  or  bed  $10 ;  a  gallon  of  whiskey  $160 ;  a  Spanish  segar  or 
drink  at  a  bar-room  $8.  Tct  people  drink  and  smoke  and  dress,  and  the  ladies 
look  as  neat  and  as  pretty  as  ever,  and  nobody  seems  to  apprehend  starvation* 


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576 


TIMEa  IN  THE  OONFEDKRAOT. 


The  following  table  will  show  the  fluctuating  value  of  Coa- 

federate  money,  as  compared  with  gold.  It  brings  to  mind  the 
experiences  of  the  old  American  Ifevolution. 

January,  1862,  $100  gold  equals  $120  currency. 

March,         "              "  150  " 

August,       "              "  200  " 

Dec^ber,       "              *'  300  " 

March,   1863,            "  400  " 

July,         **                "  700  " 

October,    '*                "  1,000  " 

Dec'ber,     "                "  1,700  " 

March,  1864,              "  2,000 

Sept'ber  "                 **  3,000  " 

Jan'y,  1865,              "  8,400  " 

March,    "                  "  6,000  " 

April,       "                 "  Exit. 

PRICES  OF  PROVISIONS. 

This  Price-Current  was  copied  from  a  Mobile  paper.    Proviuonfl  rose  fally 
fifty  per  cent,  from  /anaary,  1865,  until  the  cXoie  of  the  war. 

Artlolea.                Jan'j,  19et.  Jaii*j,18<8.  Jan*j,  tSM.    JaayiSttk 

Flour,  extra,  bbl $11.26  |57.00  $100.40  $800.00 

"      superfine,  bbl..     10.00  53.00  100.30  275.00 

"      fine,  bbl 8.00  50.00  100.10  260.00 

Corn  meal,  bush 1.00  8.00          7.00 

Com,  sack 88  S.OO  4.50  8.60 

Coffee,  Rio  lb. 60  8.26  11.60  60.00 

Sugar,  brown,  lb 07  85  8.00  12.00 

"       refined,  lb.   ...          28  1.00  4.00  

Butter,  country,  lb. . . .          50  1.00  8.60  8.00 

Egg8,dos 20  1.00  2.00  

Bacon,  lb 21  80  8.26  8.76 

Lard,  lb 19  68  8.00  8.00 

Fresh  Beef,  lb 08  15  66  1.26 

Fresh  Pork,  lb 14  80  1.26  1.60 

Coal,  Shelby,  ton 15.00  160.00  200.00 

Candles,  Sperm,  lb 75  2.00  12.00  

Salt^  Liverpool,  sack..     10.00  ....             88.00 

Soap,  hard,  lb 12  50  80  2.50 

Tallow,  lb 18  80  1.50  6.00    ' 

Potatoes, sweet,  bush..       1.10  2.60  5.00  12.00 

"      Irish,  bbl 10.00  60.00  80.00 

Onions,  bbl 8.00  100.25 

Chickens,  doz 8.60  7.00  26.00  75.00 

Turkeys,  doz. 10.00  80.00  75.00  100.44 

Rice,  lb 07  12  22  2.00 

Cow  peas,  bush. 1.00  2.75  6.00  14.00 

Molasses,  N.O.,  gal...          60  2.50  14.00  20.00 

Apples,  dried,  lb 07  28  60  2.00 

Peaches,  dried,  lb. . . .          17  88  90  8.00 

Beeswax,  lb 80  90  1.75  6.00 

Wheat,  bush 1.50  7.00  28.00 

W(ol,  Oak,  cord 8.50  16.00  80.00  70.00 


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SKETCHES  OF  FOBEIGN  TRAVEL.  577 


ART.  III.-SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

LoNDOK,  November  Sd^  1866. 

Dear  Review, — ^In  no  other  country  in  Europe,  perhaps,  are 
there  as  many  of  those  vast  repositories,  so  interesting  to  the 
student  of  science,  the  antiquarian,  and  the  lover  of  the  curious, 
as  in  England.  The  hardy  and  adventurous  character  of  thp 
English  people,  the  immense  wealth  amassed  in  the  hands 
of  English  capitalists,  and  the  generous  succor  they  have  ha- 
bitually extended  to  the  embelhshment  of  their  country,  have 
conspired  to  make  England  a  storehouse,  which  every  other 
nation  of  the  world  has  contributed  to  endow.  Chief  among 
those  great  magazines,  to  which  the  Englishman  appeals  with 
.reasonable  pride,  is 

The  British  Museum.— The  Museum,  like  the  Crystal 
Palace,  belongs  to  that  imperial  family  of  the  wonderful,  which 
exact  the  respectful  study  of  whole  days,  and  which  treat  with 
crushing  contempt  any  effort  at  a  description  on  the  hither  side 
of  an  octavo.  England  has  remorselessly  ransacked  every  con- 
tinent, and  every  Known  bit  of  land  and  water ;  and  all  their 
curiosities  in  botany,  geology,  anatomy,  zoology,  sculpture, 
carving,  architecture,  and  literature,  have  been  bought,  taken, 
or  stolen,  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 

The  grand  halls  on  the  ground  floor  are  devoted  to  anti- 
quities, and  there  Greece  and  Rome  respond  to  the  incantation 
of  art,  and  live  again,  in  the  immortal  beauty  of  their  discolor- 
ed and  broken  statues.  There,  from  Julius  Ctesar  back  to 
Homer,  Greece  and  Rome  are  reproduced,  in  the  marble  but 
speaking  faces  of  their  great  warriors,  poets,  and  statesmen. 
There,  Sardanapalus  in  the  hunt,  in  the  battle,  in  the  revel,  and 
very  much  in  drink,  is  wrought  in  everlasting  stone.  There  is 
Effypt,  in  colossal  statues  of  lions,  winged  and  man-headed, 
which  are  covered  with  inscriptions  that  address  us  with  in- 
scrutable eloquence,  in  the  essentially  dei^d  language  of  hiero- 
glyphics. There  are  Nimrod  and  feabylon,  handed  down  to 
us  portably,  in  the  gew-  gaws  and  jewels  with  which  their 
famous  beauties  upset  the  emotional  economy  of  the  Babylon- 
ish male.  A  pretty  English  girl,  with  carnation  cheeks  and 
an  interrogative  nose,  who  happened  to  be  sharing  my  inspec- 
tion of  the  jewels,  wondered,  with  feminine  horror,  how 
women  could  have  deformed  themselves  with  such  ornamental 
eye-sores.  Keeping  her  nose  steadily  in  mind,  I  temperately 
suggested  that  the  fiashion  of  to-day  was  always  the  text  of  to- 
morrow's surprise.  She  left  me  abruptly,  with  the  evident 
conviction  that  I  was  endeavoring  to  pave  the  way  for  a  conun- 

YOL.  II.-N0.  VI.  87 


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578  SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL. 

drum.  Arranged  in  the  same  case  with  the  condemned  jewels 
are  a  number  of  copper  dishes,  off  of  some  of  which  it  is  en- 
tirely within  the  sphere  of  speculation  that  that  Daniel-ridden 
person,  Belshazzar  himself,  might  have  dined. 

An  entire  room  in  the  Museum  is  consigned  to  the  hospitable 
entertainment  of  mummies.  There,  in  coarse-looking  rags  and 
wooden  fibers,  are  conserved  the  mouldy  bones,  which  were 
swathed  in  tissue,  and  tenanted  with  souls,  at  a  period  where- 
linto  it  strains  the  imagination  to  reach.  Among  the  human 
relics,  and  also  preserved  by  the  mummy  process,  are  cats,  and 
dogs,  and  crocodiles,  and  other  animals  sacred  to  the  Egyp- 
tians. My  fingers  itched  with  curiosity  to  unloose  the  band- 
ages, and  see  how  our  ancient  friends  stood  the  wear  and  tear 
of  a  long  sedentary  existence.  But  hands  off  is  the  despotic 
law  of  the  domicil,  and  this  leaves  to  the  spectator,  in  the 
matter  pf  mummies,  but  the  dry  inspection  of  an  oblong  and 
shapeless  mass,  with  no  exterior  savor  of  humanity. 

In  the  room  adjoining  the  mummies,  anatomy  holds  high 
carnival.  I  was  shown  there,  amid  an  army  of  other  things 
too  multitudinous  to  mention,  a  skeleton  of  the  megatherium, 
the  mastodon  of  Buenos  Ay  res,  and  one  of  the  great  Amer- 
ican mastodon.  Just  in  the  rear  of  the  American  mastodon 
is  a  curiosity  which  attracted  me  more  than  any  other  object 
of  interest  in  the  collection.  It  is  the  skeleton  of  a  human 
being,  embedded  in  rock,  and  every  part  is  present  nece^ary 
to  establish  its  identity.  It  is  of  South  American  origin, 
having  been  discovered  in  a  limestone  quarry  of  Guadaloupe. 
By  the  side  of  this,  it  may  be  that  even  the  Egyptian  mum- 
mies sink  into  comparative  infancy.  To  attempt  to  reckon 
back  to  the  time  at  which  this  skeleton,  now  immured  in  rock, 
was  clothed  in  flesh,  and  animated  with  spirit,  puts  the  mind 
in  one  of  those  mazes  where  darkness  glowers  irom  all  direc- 
tions, unless,  indeed,  our  geologists  can  throw  upon  the  inquiry 
a  ray  of  negative  light.  What  a  measureless  field  for  vague 
romance  is  opened  by  these  poor  bones,  sealed  up  in  their 
stony  crypt  I  Mr.  Wilkie  Collins  is  amicably  invited  to  con- 
sider it.  He  has  evinced  such  signal  capacitv  for  moral 
anatomy,  he  would  probably  find  it  a  congenial  theme. 

In  the  department  of  ornithology,  I  saw  a  real  specimen  of 
the  bird  of  paradise.  The  body  and  wings  are  of  a  nut 
brown,  and  the  neck  and  head  of  a  light  golden  color. 
The  tail,  as  with  the  peacock,  is  the  great  feature  of  ornament. 
It  spreads  out  into  drooping  and  gorgeous  plumes,  of  a  deep 
safiron  hue  near  the  body,  but  passes  by  imperceptible  tran- 
sitions to  pale  golden  as  it  leaves  the  body,  and  ends  in  a 
delicate  purple.     The  effect  is  indescribably  filmy,  unreal, 


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SKETCHES  OP  FOKEIGK  TRAVEL.  579 

floss-like,  and  graceful.  The  bird  is  brought  from  New 
Guinea,  and  is  about  the  size  of  a  sparrow-hawk. 

In  the  section  devoted  to  shells,  the  most  interesting  speci- 
men on  deposit  to  me,  was  the  pearl  oyster.  It  is  nearly- 
identical  with  the  common  oyster  as  to  shape  and  size,  but  its 
interior  surface  is  much  whiter  and  more  glossy.  The  natural 
pearl  is  found  cemented  to  this  inner  surface  in  the  form  of 
globules,  of  greater  or  less  size.  The  Chinese  use  artificial 
means  to  stimulate  their  pearl  muscles  to  secrete  the  precious 
bauble.  They  introduce  small  leaden  figures  into  the  shell, 
and  these,  in  the  course  of  time,  become  en^usted  with  what 
is  termed  pearly  macre.  The  macre  is  then,  by  chemical 
process,  converted  into  the  merchantable  pearl. 

To  not  a  few,  probably,  the  Library  attached  to  the  Museum 
would  prove  its  most  attractive  feature.  It  contains  ninety 
thousand  volumes,  and  all  of  them  in  splendid  binding.  It  is 
full,  moreover,  of  curiosities.  It  possesses  the  autographs  of 
an  immense  number  of  famous  people ;  many  specimens  on 
vellum  of  the  illuminated  printing  of  the  middle  ages,  and 
various  other  literary  oddities,  of  which  only  the  librarian  and 
his  catalogue  can  provide  the  explanation. 

Hampton  Court. — ^I  have  just  returned  from  a  delightful 
carriage  drive,  and  a  yet  more  delightful  day^s  experience  at 
Hampton  Court.  It  is  only  a  few  miles  from  the  city,  and  the 
route  to  it  travels  through  one  of  the  most  charming  suburban 
dependencies  of  London.  The  road  is  so  smooth,  the  journey 
so  short,  and  the  town  melts  by  such  insensible  gradations  into 
the  country,  that  you  do  not  fairly  realize  you  have  left  London 
until  you  reach  Hampton  Court.  A  carriage  drive  beyond  the 
city  limits  is  always  gratefully  enlivened  by  troops  of  juvenile 
beggars,  who  throng  your  pathway,  and  turn  amazing  somer- 
saults with  great  fluency  for  your-entertainment.  They  employ 
a  touchstone  of  character,  which  seems  to  afford  them  entire 
satisfaction.  If  you  reward  them  with  a  penny,  they  herald 
you  as  a  gentleman  ;  if  you  hold  on  to  the  penny,  they  inform 
you  with  perfect  frankness  that  you  are  a  blackguard.  I  have 
practiced  both  of  the  experiments,  and  had  myself  duly 
classified. 

The  famous  palace  of  Hampton  Court  first  grew  into  obser- 
vation under  the  proprietorship  of  that  pious  politician,  Car- 
dinal Wolsey,  who  purchased,  and  made  it  his  chief  place  of 
residence.  There  it  was  tliat  he  maintained  the  immense  reti- 
nue of  dependents,  and  other  appliances  of  regal  state,  which 
eclipsed  the  Court  of  Henry  VIIL,  and  festered  in  the  heart 
of  that  amiable  marrying  man.  In  consequence  of  the  jeal- 
ousy which  its  overshadowing  splendor  aroused  in  the  king, 


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680  SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TBAVEL, 

the  good  cardinal  made  a  virtue  of  necessity,  and  presented 
him  with  it.  From  that  period  it  has  continued  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Crown.  An  addition  was  made  to  it  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  which  so  enlarged  its  di- 
mensions that  it  now  occupies  eleven  acres  of  ground.  As  a 
place  of  residence,  it  has  not  been  used  by  the  English  sove- 
reigns since  the  time  of  William  IV.  It,  with  the  immense 
park  attached  to  it,  now- serves  community  purposes,  being 
thrown  open  every  day  for  the  inspection  of  promiscuous 
visitors. 

The  palace  proper  is  converted  into  a  splendid  gallery  of  art, 
infinitely  surpassing  in  the  range  and  rareness  of  its  collections 
the  "National  Gallery"  in  London.  Correggio,  Guido,  Angelo, 
Raphael,  Lely,  West,  Bordoune,  and  a  host  of  lesser  lights, 
irradiate  its  walls,  until  they  glow  in  their  luminous  trans- 
figuration. Some  of  the  rooms  are  monopolized  by  the  works 
of  a  single  master.  Sir  Peter  Lely,  for  example,  has  a 
separate  room  assigned  him,  in  which  he  has  gathered  a  rich 
bouquet  of  the  court  beauties  who  shone  contemporaneously 
with  him.  A  more  gorgeous  congress  of  full-blown  loveliness 
never  solicited  the  masculine  eye.  If  Sir  Peter  only  painted 
what  he  saw,  he  must  have  been  admirably  qualified  on  some 
points  of  female  anatomy,  for  no  man  ever  had  a  less  encura- 
oered  opportunity  of  inspecting  the  female  figure  from  the 
waist  up. 

Other  rooms  in  the  palace  are  illustrated  by  many  artists  in 
common,  some  of  them  with  their  walls  broken  up  into  a 
hundred  gleaming  squares,  by  miniatures  and  portraits  of 
small  size,  while  others  again  are  under  the  solemn  dominion 
of  a  few  massive  specimens,  stretching  from  floor  to  ceiling. 
You  gaze  there,  until  the  functions  of  sight  are  worried  out, 
and  the  brain  fairly  reels  before  the  great  mob  of  impressions 
which  beset  it  for  record. 

A  visitor  at  the  gallery  is  expected,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
to  fling  himself  into  a  voiceless  ecstasy  over  the  celebrated 
cartoons  of  Raphael. '  As  a  further  stimulus  towards  the  con- 
ventional ecstasy,  the  spectator  is  intrusted  with  the  stunning 
item,  that  five  millions  of  dollars  apiece  for  these  cartoons  have  • 
been  offered  to,' and  refused  by,  the  English  government.  Not- 
withstanding the  natural  instinct  in  every  independent  mind 
to  rebel,  at  a  demand  made  upon  its  admiration  by  a 
tyranny  so  imperious  as  the  reputation  of  Raphael,  and  not- 
withstanding the  suspicion  which  may  arise  in  such  cases,  of 
admiring  what  it  is  fashionable  to  admire,  I  concede  that  I 
have  never  been  so  utterly  engrossed  and  tmnsported  out  of 
myself  by  a  work  of  art  as  by  these  cartoons.    I  believe  I  may 


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SKETCHES  OF  FOREIGN  TRAVEL.  581 

honestly  entertain  the  innocent  vanity,  that  in  my  enjoyment 
of  works  coming  from  the  brush  and  the  chisel  I  am  not  gov- 
erned  by  conventional  estimate,  for  in  the  majority  of  speci- 
mens I  have  yet  seen,  held  as  achievements  by  the  many,  I 
have  experienced  more  or  less  disappointment  In  the  car- 
toons of  Eaphael,  on  the  contrary,  I  surrendered  myself  at 
discretion,  to  a  sense  of  simple  and  unquestioning  enjoyment. 
Everything  about  them  is  so  obviously  true,  propriety  of 
arrangement  is  so  eloquent  in  all  their  details,  ana  they  radiate 
upon  you  such  a  stillmg  sense  of  divine  power,  that  one  sits 
under  them  in.a  ffreat  tranquillity,  with  a  bit  of  awe  stealing 
into  his  heart,  and  enjoys  them  as  he  has  enjoyed  nothing  else, 
since  the  time  he  looked  upon  mysterious  things  with  a  won- 
dering, wide  open,  child's  eye. 

The  one  among  them  which  above  all  others  riveted  my 
attention,  was  the  picture  of  the  two  Apostles  at  the  gates  of 
the  city,  healing  the  cripple.  I  cannot  conceive  that  it  lies 
within  the  possibilities  of  art  to  construct  a  more  triumphant 
illusion.  The  agony  of  supplication  which  rends  the  cripple's 
fece,  the  aspect  of  God-lifee  benignity  which  glorifies  the 
countenance  of  the  healer,  and  the  massive  columns  of  the 
sculptured  gates,  are  wrought  with  a  fidelity  to  nature,  and  a 
depth  of  passionate  vigor,  which  subdue  the  critical  beholder 
into  abject  worship.  The  incarnating  genius  of  the  synthetic 
towers  above  the  abstract  genius  of  the  analytic,  and  subjects 
it  to  vassalage. 

The  cartoons  are  seven  in  number,  and  so  called  from  their 
being  painted  upon  paper. 

The  park  surroundmg  the  palace,  a  very  extensive  one,  is 
covered  with  a  smooth,  green  sward,  tastefully  disposed  into 
terraces  and  flower  gardens,  animated  with  fountains  and  orna- 
mental fish  ponds,  and  picturesquely  alive  with  large  droves 
of  deer.  Five  or  six  avenues  extend  from  the  palace  at 
regular  intervals,  and  reach  to  the  confines  of  the  park. 
These  avenues  are  skirted  by  the  noblest  trees  I  have  seen  in 
England,  all  handsome  representatives  of  the  ancient  families 
of  the  lime  and  the  horse-chestnut.  They  hedge  the  avenues, 
four  rows  deep  on  either  side.  Their  limbs  shoot  out  courage- 
ously from  the  trunk,  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  ground,  and 
soar  up  ambitiously,  in  a  conical  shape,  to  a  very  considerable 
height.  They  maintain  such  intimate  social  relations  that  their 
branches  interlace,  and,  seen  from  the  palace,  they  produce  the 
pleasant  illusion  of  steep,  solid,  and  continuous  embankments 
of  emerald. 

Just  in  the  rear  of  the  palace,  the  woods  thicken  into  an 
impenetrable  forest.      There,  except  that  pretty  gravel  walks 


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682  napoleon's  life  of  o.bsar. 

serpentine  in  all  directions,  every  thing  is  in  the  unpruned  and 
tangled  luxuriance  which  betokens  nature  under  primitive 
conditions.  There  the  wild  birds  sing  with  frantic  exuberance 
and  relish ;  there  the  leaves  fall  and  decay  untouched,  and 
there  the  ground-moss,  which  never  colonizes  where  the  sun 
peeps,  monopolizes  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

But  for  the  laughing  crowd  and  fluttering  ribbons  which 
circulated  about  me,  and  the  vivid  absence  of  mosquitoes,  I 
could  have  fancied  myself  in  the  bowels  of  a  Louisiana  swamp. 
What  a  startling  coptrast !  this  little  patch  of  wild  and  un- 
licensed nature,  dumped  irrelevantly  in  the  very  penetralia  of 
artificial  civilization.  After  a  visit  to  Hampton  Court  one  is 
prepared  to  accept  the  two  propositions,  that  extremes  may 
meet,  and  that  they  cannot  meet  anywhere  else  under  aus- 
pices more  seductive  to  the  eye  and  to  the  imagination. 

Truly  youre, 

Oabte  Blanche. 


ART.  IV.-NAPOLEON'S  LIFE  OF  CAESAR.    VOL.  IL 

The  old  adage,  that  it.  takes  a  thief  to  catch  a  thief,  contains  a 
principle  of  universal  application.  We  may  as  well  say  it  takes  a 
hero  to  enter  into  the  aspirations,  to  comprehend  the  designs,  to  ap- 
preciate the  trials,  and  to  sympathize  with  the  sufferings  of  an  heroic 
spirit 

Says  Carlyle,  "  The  Poet  who  could  merely  sit  in  a  chair,  and 
write  stans^as,  would  never  make  a  stanza  worth  much.  He  could 
not  sing  the  heroic  warrior  unless  he  were  at  least  an  heroic  warrior 
too."  We  like  our  lii?es,  and  we  seeit  the  companionship  of  kindred 
spirits,  not  only  in  the  social  circle,  and  in  the  active  oonoerns  of 
life,  hut  as  well  amongst  the  fictitious  characters  of  romance  and  the 
real  characters  of  history.  The  commonplace  wisdom  of  another 
adage,  ^*  Birds  of  a  feather  flock  together,"  is  only  a  variation  of  the 
same  idea,  and  the  magpies  of  history,  as  well  as  those  of  the  farm- 
yard, cannot  conceal  their  lineage  under  the  peacock's  plumage. 
N'apoleon  cries  out,  *'  Hail  fellow,  well  met! "  to  CsBsar,  across  the 
chasm  of  eighteen  centuries,  and  the  hero  of  the  coup  tPetat  of  A. 
D.  1852,  is  at  home  with  him  who  crossed  the  Guhicou  in  49  B.  C. 

As  little  a  man  as  Boswell,  it  Is  true,  wrote  one  of  the  best  bio- 
graphies that  has  ever  been  written,  and  of  one  of.  the  greatest  men 
that  has  ever  been  written  about;  but  it  is  a  good  biography,  not 
because  it  gives  us  hi«  idea  of  Johnson,  but  because  it  tells  us  all 
about  him,  and  leaves  us  to  form  our  own.  No  more  talent  was 
required  to  do  the  work  that  Boswell  did  than  is  required  in  the  ap* 

trentice  of  a  photographer,  who  has  had  the  instrument  furnished 
im,  the  chemicals  mixed,  the  appliances  placed  at  his  hand,  the 


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napoleon's  life  of  c^sar.  683 

principal  living,  and  in  attitnde  before  him,  and  must  himself  mere- 
ly go  through  a  few  mechanical  motions  to  produce  a  picture.  But 
to  perform  the  task  undertaken  by  Napoleon,  there  was  required  a 
combination  of  the  genius  of  a  Cuvier,  as  an  anatomist,  with  that  of 
a  Benjamin  West  as  a  portrait  painter.  There  were  found  in  the 
quarries  of  Montraartre  a  few  bones  of  some  great  animal  of  a  by- 
gone ase,  and  of  whose  species  there  was  not  even  an  existing  skele- 
ton. From  these  "  disjecta  membra ''  Cuvier  constructed  the  en- 
tire figure,  and  assigned  it  to  its  appropriate  rank  in  the  order  of 
animal  creation.  In  his  Life  of  Csesar,  Napoleon  has  not  only  con- 
structed a  skeleton  of  his  colossal  prototype  from  the  dry  bones  of 
history,  but  he  has  clothed  it  with  flesh,  and  breathed  into  it  the 
breath  of  life,  and  then,  like  the  artist  who  waits  for  the  happy  mo- 
ment, he  has  caught  the  most  favorable  expression  of  countenance, 
and  transferred  it  to  canvas,  with  a  hue  on  the  cheek,  and  a  flush  in 
the  eye. 

The  American  Republic  has  not  been  very  long  in  possession  of 
the  second  volume  of  this  work,  which  the  readers  of  the  first  will 
remember  commences  with  Ceesar's  military  career.  Before  enter- 
ing  upon  a  discussion  of  its  merits,  let  us  speak  a  word  of  the  mere 
mechanism  of  the  book.  The  part  of  the  publisher  has  been  well 
performed.  The  binding  is  neat,  durable,  and  attractive,  and  looks 
quite  imperial  with  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Napoleon  dynasty  im- 
pressed upon  it.  The  typography  is  large  and  distinct,  and  does  not 
enter  into  conspiracy  against  our  eye-sight.  The  volumes  are  divid>&d 
into  books,  chapters,  and  paragraphs,  and  there  are  side-notes  to  each 
of  these  latter  divisions,  descriptive  of  their  subject  matter.  This  is 
well  enough,  but  in  addition  to  these  arrangements,  there  ought  to  be 
figures  at  the  tops  of  the  pages  indicating  the  books  and  chapters. 
This  remark  may  appear  hypercritical,  but  it  will  be  appreciated  by 
those  who  use  their  libraries  for  practical  purposes,  and  have  to  make 
frequent  references.  A  book  is  a  cabinet  of  knowledge,  and  it  is 
just  as  necessary  to  the  scholar  that  there  should  be  sign-posts  by 
which  die  Indices  can  direct  him  to  any  particular  facts  he  may  seek, 
as  it  is  to  the  druggist  to  have  his  vials  well  labelled  and  shelved  ; 
as  it  is  to  the  surgeon  to  have  his  instruments  in  their  appropriate 
cases,  and  the  cases  in  their  appropriate  places.  Book-making  is  a 
science  as  well  as  book-writing,  although  an  inferior  one,  and  a  well 
planned  book  is  as  much  a  labor-saving  machine  as  a  patent  churn, 
or  wheat  reaper.  What  is  worth  doing  at  all  is  not  only  worth 
doing  well,  but  in  the  best  possible  manner.  The  Napoleonic  eye 
that  scrutinizes  at  a  glance  the  organization  of  an  army,  that  marks 
the  slightest  inaccuracy  in  the  movement  of  a  corps,  and  the  slight- 
est defect  in  the  spoke  of  a  cannon  wheel,  ought  not  to  have  per- 
mitted even  this  petty  defect  in  the  organization  of  his  favorite  vol- 
ume. 

The  first  Napoleon  used  to  say  that  it  was  by  **  the  five  minutes  " 
he  saved  that  he  won  his  battles,  and  it  is  certain  that  nobody,  in 
the  short  span  of  human  existence,  has  five  minutes  that  he  can  af- 


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584  napoleon's  life  of  cssar. 

ford  to  throw  away.  There  is  one  other  thing  about  this  book  to  be 
objected  to — its  high  price.  A  work  ©f  this  character,  published  for 
readers  all  over  the  country,  and  selling  readily,  ought  not  to  cost 
three  dollars  and  a  half  per  volume.  But  for  this  we  have  to  thank 
the  patriots  of  Congress,  who  consider  that  the  high  tariff  charged  on 
imported  literature  is  only  a  merited  gratuity  from  the  whole  Amer- 
ican people  to  the  printers  of  New  England.  But  probably  this  is 
treason.  We  desist.  In  a  previous  paper,  while  alluding  to  this 
Life  of  CsBsar  as  a  political  work  in  the  guise  of  history,  we  ventured 
the  prediction  that  the  Emperor  would  soon  be  assailed  by  writers 
who,  adopting  his  own  tactics,  would  conceal  their  daggers  under  the 
folds  of  some  classic  toga.  As  is  generally  the  case  in  prophecies 
(but  really  unawares  to  us),  it  had  been  fulfilled  before  it  was  made, 
and  thereby  hangs  a  tale.  It  seems  that  M.  Rogeard,  an  ex-Profes- 
sor, who  had  resigned  his  office  in  preference  to  taking  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  Emperor,  concluded  that  he  would  fight  the  devil 
with  fire.  So  he  wrote  a-  pamphlet  called  "  Propos  de  Labienus,'^ 
apparently  as  innocent  a  little  essay  as  ever  came  from  a  scholar's 
closet.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Rome,  and  in  the  31st  year  of  the  rdgn 
of  Augustus.  Labienus  is  a  stanch  old  Republican  who  hates  Roy- 
alty. He  meets  with  Julius  Gallanus,  a  Roman  youth,  in  an  even- 
ing stroll,  and  they  have  a  talk  together,  in  which  he  soundly  berates 
Caesar,  and  all  that  is  Cflesarean,  and  sheds  tears  over  old  times — 
over  the  good  old  days  of  the  Republic,  "  when  none  were  for  a 
painty,  when  all  were  for  the  State." 

'^  Ah !  Gallanus,  we  are  degenerate.  We  are  Romans  of  Uie  de- 
cline, fallen  from  Cassar  to  Augustus ;  thrown  from  Chary bdis  against 
Scylla ;  from  strength  to  trickery  ;  from  the  uncle  to  the  nephew," 
et  csBtera,  for  about  twenty  pages,  very  melancholy,  very  witty,  very 
caustic,  and  very  interesting  withal  to  those  who  would  like  to  see 
the  Emperor's  serenity  ruffled.  Well,  the  bookseller  did  not  see 
the  dagger's  point,  or  the  cloven  foot,  protruding  from  under  the 
classic  garment.  The  pamphlet  was  printed.  Twelve  hundred  copies 
were  carried  off  in  a  lew  hours.  This  excited  his  suspicion.-  Five 
thousand  more  were  called  for.  This  said  plainly,  "  latet  anguis  in 
herba."  He  rushed  tremblin  j:  to  the  Prefecture  of  the  Police  to  de- 
clare his  innocence.  The  police  were  already  looking  for  him.  His 
ignorance  of  the  nature  of  the  publication  saved  him  from  punish- 
ment ;  but  M.  Rogeard,  appreciating  the  fact  that  ''  it  is  not  advis- 
able to  argue  with  one  who  has  thirty  legions,"  quickly  disguised 
himself  in  the  garb  of  a  priest,  and  while  the  "gens  d'armes"  were 
striking  their  bayonets  through  bis  bed  at  home,  he  was  whirling  away 
on  the  express  train  to  Brussels,  where,  at  last  accounts,  he  remains 
in  exile.  The  pamphlet  was  suppressed  ;  but  this  was  a  miserable 
"  faire  pas  "  of  Napoleon — utterly  un-Napol conic.  His  seeking  to 
punish  the  author  made  him  a  martyr.  His  warfare  against  the  of- 
fending print  placed  it  in  the  centre  table  of  every  parlor  in  Paris. 
Had  he  noticed  neither,  no  one  else  would  have  noticed  them,  save 
while  attracted  by  their  novelty.     It  is  lamentable  to  witness  such 


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napoleon's  life  of  CffiSAB.  585 

weakness  in  one  who  can  so  well  afford  to  be  strong;  but  let  it  be 
said,  in  palliation  of  the  act,  that  M.  Rogeard  not  only  attacked 
the  politics  and  policy  of  his  administration,  but  uttered  the  most  in- 
decent scandals  against  his  private  character,  and  made  imputations 
against  the  honor  of  the  Empress,  weli  calculated  to  exasperate  the 
most  forbearing. 

It  requires  no  profound  investigation  to  disclose  the  fact  that  every 
source  of  information,  literary  and  scientific,  was  explored  in  the 
collection  of  material  for  the  production  of  this  volume.  It  is  prob- 
able that  there  has  never  been  published  a  book  for  which  there  was 
as  full  and  as  elaborate  preparation.  The  most  skillful  philosophers 
made  astronomical  observations  to  ascertain  and  verify  dates ;  the 
most  accomplished  engineers  made  surveys  and  excavations  to  give 
the  locations  of  camps  and  batUe^elds,  and  to  discover  the  tracks  of 
military  manoeuvres ;  the  most  learned  archceolocists  accompanied 
them  to  derive  what  light  they  could  from  the  relics  found  in  their 
explorations ;  the  best  draftsmen  prepared  the  maps,  and  we  have 
no  doubt  that  the  best  scholars  traversed  the  whole  field  of  letters, 
in  order  that  no  fact  or  opinion  bearing  on  the  subject  might  escape 
the  attention  of  the  Imperial  historian.  This  immense  mass  has 
been  fused  together,  and  moulded  into  shape  by  a  master  hand. 
From  this  ^^  rudis  indigestaque  moles  "  has  come  forth  a  symmetri- 
cal and  orderly  creation. 

CeBsar's  own  memoirs  of  his  campaigns  in  Gaul,  and  his  «5pe^i- 
tions  to  Britain,  form  the  groundwork  of  the  second  volume.  These 
commentaries  were  not  intended  as  more  than  notes  by  which  the 
future  historian  should  be  guided  in  writing  a  more  elaborate  work. 
Napoleon  says,  **  We  have  adopted  the  narrative  of  Caesar,  though 
sometimes  changing  the  order  of^the  matter ;  we  have  abridged  pas- 
sages where  there  was  a  prodigality  of  details,  and  developed  these 
which  required  elucidation."  Of  the  value  of  Caesar's  memoirs  it  is 
scarcely  necessary  to  speak.  From  the  school-boy  seeking  to  ac- 
quire the  rudiments  of  the  noble  language  in  which  they  are  embod- 
ied, to  the  historian  seeking  a  model  for  his  most  ambitious  efforts — 
the  world  acknowledges  their  pre-eminent  merit.  The  best  critics 
of  all  countries,  and  of  all  subsequent  times,  have  differed  only  in 
the  language  of  expressing  praise — ^never  as  to  awarding  the  fullest 
measure. 

"Ceesar,"  said  Cicero,  '^has  written  memoirs  worthy  of  great 
praise.  Deprived  of  all  oratorical  art,  his  style,  like  a  handsome 
body  stripped  of  clothing,  presents  itself  naked,  upright,  and  grace- 
ful. In  his  desire  to  furnish  materials  to  future  historians,  he  has, 
perhaps,  done  a  thing  agreeable  to  little  minds,  who  will  be  tempted 
to  load  these  natural  graces  with  frivolous  ornaments  ;  but  he  has 
forever  deprived  men  of  sense  of  the  desire  of  writing,  for  nothing 
is  more  agreeable  in  history  than  a  correct  and  luminous  brevity." 
Hirtius  says  of  them,  '*  These  memoirs  enjoy  an  approval  so  gen- 
eral, that  Ceesar  has  much  more  taken  from  others,  than  given  to 
them,  the  power  of  writing  the  history  of  the  events  which  they  re- 


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586  napoleon's  life  of  cesar. 

count.  We  have  still  more  reasons  than  all  others  for  admiring  it, 
for  others  know  only  how  correct  and  accurate  this  book  is ;  we 
know  the  facility  and  rapidity  with  which  it  is  comprised."* 

We  think  that  Schlegel,  in  his  History  of  Literature,  has  given  the 
most  comprehensive  summing  up  of  the  merits  of  Caesar  as  an  author 
that  we  have  seen,  and  it  is  worthy  of  quotation  in  an  article  even  as 
brief  as  this.    Says  he : 

"  We  have  the  first  specimen  of  a  perfect  equality  of  expression  in  Oesar.  ^  In 
his  writings  he  displays  the  same  character  which  distiDgmshed  him  in  action ; 
all  is  directed  to  one  end,  and  everything  is  better  adapt^  to  the  attainment  of 
that  end  than  anything  that  could  have  been  submitted  in  its  room.  He  pos- 
sesses in  perfection  two  qualities  which,  next  to  liveliness,  are  the  most  necessary 
in  historical  compositions— clearness  and  simplicity.  And  yet  how  widely  dif> 
ferent  are  the  distinctness  and  brevity  of  Oesar  from  that  open-hearted  ^ileless- 
ness,  and  almost  Homer-like  loquacity  and  clearness  which  we  admire  in  Hero- 
dotus. As  a  general  arranges  his  troops  where  they  can  act  the  most  efficiently, 
and  the  most  securely,  and  is  careful  to  make  use  of  every  advantage  against 
his  enemy,  even  so  does  Csesar  arrange  every  word  and  expression,  with  a  view 
to  its  ultimate  effect — and  even  so  steadily  does  he  pursue  his  object  without 
being  ever  tempted  to  turn  to  the  right  hand  or  to  the  left.  Among  these  an- 
cient generals  who,  like  him,  have  described  their  own  achievements,  Xenophon* 
with  Si  the  perfection  of  his  Attic  taste,  occupies  as  a  commander  too  insi^^nifi- 
cant  a  place  to  be  for  a  moment  put  in  comparison  with  Qoesar.  Several  of  Al- 
exander's generals,  and  Hannibal  himself,  wrote  accounts  of  the  remarkable 
campaigns  in  which  they  had  been  engaged,  but  unfortunately  their  composi- 
tions have  entirely  perished.  The  Roman,  even  as  a  writer,  when  we  compare 
him  with  those  who,  in  similar  situations,  have  made  similar  attempts,  is  atiU 
Ciesar — the  unrivalled,  and  the  unconquered.^f 

The  great  quality  of  CsBsar — a  quality  which  is  conspicuous  in 
every  act  of  his  life,  was  that  which  has  been  portrayed  so  graphi- 
cally by  Schlegel  as  characteristic  of  his  writings — the  concentration 
of  every  energy  upon  the  accomplishment  of  one  fixed  object.  All 
writers  on  military  affairs  tell  us,  and  the  experience  of  every  intel- 
ligent soldier  will  sustain  their  teaching,  that  the  gist  of  the  science 
of  war  consists  in  the  rapid  concentration  of  forces  upon  a  single 
siven  point.  The  ability  to  do  that  is  military  genius.  But  let  us 
bear  in  mind  that  this  underlying  principle  of  military  science  is  not 
peculiar  to  that  science  alone.  It  is  simply  the  essence  of  universal 
wisdom  applied  to  the  matter  of  war.  To  bring  all  the  energies  and 
resources  that  can  be  summoned  up  to  bear  upon  a  single  well  con- 
ceived object  should  be  the  abiding  thought  of  life.  Any  man  who 
has  the  will  to  force  his  ideas  into  one  channel  will  soon  find  the  cur- 
rent grown  so  swift  and  strong  that  ho  obstacle  can  resist  it ;  and 
when  that  volume  is  guided  and  propelled  by  genius,  one  might  as 
well  build  a  dam,  or  hoist  an  umbrella,  to  stay  the  deluge,  as  to 
stand  against  it.  One  Poet  tells  us,  ^'  Life  is  war — eternal  war  with 
woe."  Another  says,  *'  Man  is  born  on  a  battlefield."  The  com- 
mon expression  for  human  existence  is,  '^  The  battle  of  life."  These 
are  not  figures  of  speech.     Every  object  to  be  attained  is  a  fortress 

•  These  comments  are  quoted  in  Vol.  II.  p.  18. 
t  Schlegel's  History  of  Lit.  p.  88. 


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napoleon's  life  of  cbsab.  687 

to  be  approached  with  gap  and  mine,  or  a  battery  to  be  stormed  at 
the  bayonet's  point,  or  a  line  to  be  broken.  Sometimes  we  need  the 
calculating  genius  of  a  Yauban,  sometimes  the  headlong  dash  of  a 
Ney,  sometimes  the  stubborn  pluck  of  a  McDonald  ;  but  the  same 
general  principles  that  our  engineers  and  tacticians  lay  down  for  con- 
ducting sieges,  and  manoeuvring  battalions,  apply  as  well  to  the  bat- 
tles that  are  to  be  fought  with  pen,  tongue,  spade,  scalpel,  trowel, 
yardstick,  paint  brush,  chisel,  or  what  not,  as  to  those  which  are  to 
be  fought  with  bullet  and  blade.  There  is  an  old  Latin  proverb  that 
tells  us,  "  Cave  ab  homine  unius  libri "  (Beware  of  the  man  of  one 
book).  Alexander,  resting  at  night  with  Homer  in  a  golden  casket 
under  his  pillow,  and  enacting  in  the  daytime  deeds  &t  vied  with 
those  of  the  poet's  heroes  ;  Demosthenes,  copying  Thucydides  eight 
times,  and  then  thrilling  the  Greeks  with  the  majestic  melody  of 
their  matchless  tongue^— these  are  familiar  illustrations ;  but  let  us 
extend  the  warning.  "  Beware  of  the  man  of  one  idea."  The  oracle 
says,  '^  Enlarge  not  thy  destiny ;  endeavor  not  to  do  more  than  is 
given  thee  in  charge."  Says  Emerson,  "  There  are  twenty  ways  of 
going  to  a  point,  and  one  is  the  shortest ;  but  set  out  on  one  at  once." 
Poets  and  philosophers  have  exhausted  the  powers  of  essay  and  verse 
in  condemning  the  idlers  and  drones  who  lounge  through  life  with 
**no  whither"  to  their  journey;  but  these  **  do-nothings  "  are  not 
half  as  dangerous  as  the  "  do-every things."  The  former,  sluggish 
and  inactive  generally,  possess  not  even  enough  fascination  to  give 
influence  tq  bad  example,  and  soon  pass  away  from  obscurity  to  ob- 
livion. But  the  latter,  always  impatient  for  "  some  new  thing,"  in- 
dulge in  daring  and  brilliant  experiments,  and  attract  thousands  to 
share  with  them  a  splendid  ruin.  The  pathways  of  fame  are  filled 
with  the  bones  of  such  men — men  who,  with  the  genius  to  do  any 
one  thing,  fritter  away  existence  attempting  all  things,  and  accom- 
plishing nothing.  Alfred  Vargrave,  described  by  Owen  Meredith  in 
liucile,  is  a  fair  type : — 

"  Alfred  Vargrave  was  one  of  these  men  who  achieve 
So  little,  because  of  the  much  they  conceive, 
A  redundantly  sensuous  nature,  each  pore, 
Ever  patent  to  beauty,  had  yet  left  huh  sore, 
With  a  sense  of  impossible  power. 

He  knocked  at  each  one 
Of  the  doorways  of  life  and  abided  in  none. 
His  course  by  each  star  that  would  cross  it  was  set. 
And  whatever  he  did  he  was  sure  to  regret. 
That  target  discussed  by  the  travellers  of  old, 
Which  to  one  appeared  argent,  to  one  appeared  gold. 
To  him,  ever  lingering  on  Doubt's  dizzy  margent, 
Appeared  in  one  moment  both  golden  and  argent. 
Tlie  man  who  seeks  one  thing  in  life,  and  bat  one. 
May  hope  to  achieve  it  before  life  is  done ; 
But  he  who  seeks  all  things,  wherever  he  goes. 
Only  reaps  from  the  hopes  which  around  mm  he  sows, 
A  harvest  of  barren  regrets." 

Napoleons  and  C»sars  are  made  of  no  such  stuff.  They  have,inde€d, 


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588  napoleon's  life  op  cjssxr. 

the  poet's  keen  susceptibilities — the  fertility  of  conception  that  brings 
forth  a  thousand  brilliant  dreams ;  but  these  various  talents  are 
bound  together  with  the  bands  of  an  iron  will.  They  do  not  *'  knock 
at  each  one  of  the  doorways  of  life,''  but  fire  their  eyes  upon  the 
glittering  door  of  the  highest  temple,  and  if  it  does  not  open  to  their 
gentle  "  open  sesame,"  thev  batter  it  down  *'  vi  et  armis."  Their 
course  i^  not  set  ''  by  each  star  that  would  cross  it,''  but  by  one 
fixed  star,  and  that  is  their  '^  Star  of  Destiny," 

Throughout  his  work  we  never  lose  sight  of  the  one  purpose  that 
actuated  Napoleon  in  its  composition.  No  opportunity  passes  unim- 
proved to  show  a  coincidence  in  the  actions  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Na- 
poleon L,  or  to  impress  the  idea  that  they  were  great  "people's 
men."  We  remember  in  the  Arabian  Nights  that  whatever  else 
Aladdin  invoked  with  his  wonderful  lamp,  he  was  sure  to  include  a 
supply  of  golden  and  silver  treasure.  Whatever  other  lesson  Napo- 
leon seeks  to  inculcate,  he  always  includes  the  doctrine  that  France 
owes  the  establishment  of  her  glory  to  his  unde,  and  that  he  himself 
alone  can  preserve  it. 

Thus  he  says  in  his  reflections  on  the  state  of  parties  in  Rome, 
when  the  factions  of  Csesar  and  Pompey  were  becoming  embittered 
towards  each  other,  and  their  hostility  was  approaching  a  crisis : 

**  The  fact  is,  that  in  civil  commotions  each  class  of  society  divines,  as  by  in- 
stinct, the  cause  which  responds  to  its  aspirations,  and  feels  itself  attracted  to  it 
by  a  secret  affinitv.  Men  Dom  in  the  superior  classes,  or  brought  to  their  level 
by  honors  and  riches,  are  always  drawn  towards  the  aristocracy ;  whilst  men 
kept  by  fortune  in  the  inferior  ranks  remain  the  firm  supports  of  the  popular 
cause.  Thus  at  the  return  from  the  isle  of  Elba,  most  ot  the  Generals  of  the 
Emperor  Napoleon,  loaded  with  wealth  like  the  Lieutenants  of  Ctesar,  marched 
openly  against  him ;  but  in  the  army  all  up  to  the  rank  of  Colonel  said,  after  the 
example  of  the  Roman  centurion,  pointing  to  their  weapons,  "  Thb  will  place 
him  on  the  throne  ag^in  1 " 

Again  he  is  discussing  the  question  of  right  between  Caesar  and 
the  Senate — Caesar  insisting  that  his  command  should  continue  until 
the  year  706,  the  Senate  declaring  that  it  should  cease  in  704.  After 
advocating  the  justice  and  legality  of  Caesar*s  claims,  he  t'lkes  occa- 
sion, in  a  note,  to  vindicate  his  own.  ^'  At  all  times  the  Assemblies 
have  been  striving  to  shorten  the  duration  of  the  powers  given  by 
the  people  to  a  man  whose  sympathies  were  not  with  them.  Here 
is  an  example :  The  Constitution  of  1848  decided  that  the  President 
of  the  French  Republic  should  be  named  for  four  years.  The  Prince 
Louis  Napoleon  was  elected  on  the  10th  of  December,  1848,  and 
proclaimed  on  the  20th  of  the  same  month.  His  powers  ought  to 
have  ended  on  the  20th  of  December,  1852.  Now  the  constituent 
Assembly,  which  foresaw  the  election  of  Prince  Louis  Napoleon, 
fixed  the  termination  of  the  Presidency  to  the  second  Sunday  of  the 
month  of  May,  1852,  thus  robbing  him  of  seven  months." 

Thus  history  repeats  itself.  The  Roman  Senate,  in  its  passionate 
warfare  against  a  great,  popular  man,  endeavored  to  deprive  him  of 
two  years  of  office.  It  only  resulted  in  making  him  an  Emperor, 
with  an  indefinite  tenure  of  office.    The  French  Assembly  with  si- 


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napoleon's  life  of  CiESAR.  689 

milar  folly  sought  to  rob  the  President  of  seven  months,  and  that 
man  is  now  their  master,  dictating  to  them  from  a  throne,  and  him- 
self picturing  their  rashness  for  their  contemplation.  Are  we  ap- 
proaching this  act  in  the  drama  of  American  politics  ?  The  United 
States  Congress,  clinging  to  the  ideas  of  the  past,  and  seeking  to 
perpetuate  in  peace  the  institutions  and  practices  which  were  barely 
tolerable  in  war,  has  set  its  hand  against  the  President,  who,  with 
faith  in  the  people,  seeks  to  place  again  in  their  hands  the  liberties 
that  were  wrung  from  them  at  the  bayonet's  point ;  and  so  bitter  is 
their  enmity  that  several  members  have  gone  so  far  as  to  propose 
the  abolition  of  the  office  he  holds,  in  order  to  concentrate  power  into 
their  own  hands.  If  they  persist  what  will  be  the  issue?  The  past 
points  to  the  Cssars  and  the  Napoleons,  the  future  points  to — who  ? 

We  have  no  doubt  that  these  frequent  allusions  of  Napoleon  to 
his  own  dynasty  will  be  severely  animadverted  on  by  many  critics ; 
but  we  regard  them  as  manly  and  liberal  arguments  in  defence  of 
the  family  of  which  he  is  the  reigning  representative.  He  stands 
behind  the  bulwarks  of  history.  His  weapons  are  facts  and  ideas. 
Let  those  who  difier  with  him  answer  his  arguments  if  they  can,  and 
not  accuse  him  of  egotism  in  advancing  them.  An  obscure,  pen- 
niless exile,  who  has  made  himself  the  greatest  of  living  monarchs;^ 
has  a  right  to  a  high  opinion  of  himself.  If  it  is  undeserved,  let 
those  who  think  so  show  why. 

He  has  not  been  guilty  of  the  poor  device  of  denying  or  attempt- 
ing to  conceal  the  faults  or  crimes  with  which  Cajsar  is  charged,  but 
candidly  confesses  them,  and  regrets  them  as  disfiguring  a  character 
otherwise  as  stainless  as  it  was  ^eat.  Ceesar  was  no  vulgar  tyrant 
like  Attila,  or  Alaric.  The  sight  and  sound  of  pain  were  never  to 
him  otherwise  than  painful.  He  well  merited  the  tribute  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  who  said  of  him  at  St.  Helena,  **  He  is  one  of  the  most 
amiable  characters  in  history."  But  at  times  he  was  guilty  of  acts 
which,  measured  by  our  views  of  humanity  and  interiAtional  law, 
are  inexcusable  cruelties ;  which,  measured  by  any  standard,  are  dark 
blots  on  his  escutcheon.  After  the  battle  with  the  Veneti,  in  which  he 
had  annihilated  their  army,  he  caused  their  whole  Senate  to  be  put 
to  death,  and  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  to  be  sold  into  slavery.  It 
was  true  that  he  was  exasperated  by  the  fact  that  the  Veneti  had 
violated  their  oaths  of  allegiance,  and  had  murdered  the  messengers 
sent  to  negotiate  with  them  ;  but  their  overthrow  was  of  itself  suffi- 
cient punishment,  and  the  warmest  advocate  of  the  '*  lex  talionis," 
could  not  justify  this  excessive  retribution.  Napoleon  very  proper- 
ly  remarks,  '*  Caesar  has  been  justly  reproached  for  this  cruel  chas- 
tisement; yet  this  great  man  gave  such  frequent  proofs  of  his 
clemency  towards  the  vanquished  that  he  must  have  yielded  to  very 
powerful  political  motives  to  order  an  execution  so  contrary  to  his 
habits  and  temper."  We  find  Csesar,  too,  very  disingenuous  in 
sometimes  endeavoring  to  varnish  over  his  defeats,  by  calling  them 
(as  has  been  the  fashion  in  later  times)  "  reconnoissances  in  force." 
Napoleon  does  not  try  to  hide  his  lack  of  candor.     He  remarks 


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590  napoleon's  life  op  cjbsxu. 

about  his  notes  on  the  siege  of  Gergovia,  "  In  the  foregoing  ac- 
count Qesar  skillfully  disguises  a  defeat  It  is  evident  that  he  hoped 
to  take  Gergovia  by  a  sudden  assault,  before  the  Gauls,  drawn  by  a 
false  attack  to  the  west  of  the  town,  had  time  to  come  back  to  its 
defence.  This  could  not  have  been  the  case,  for  what  use  could  it 
be  to  him  to  take  camps  almost  without  troops  in  them,  if  the  con- 
sequence was  not  to  be  the  surrender  of  the  town  itself?" 

Sudi  is  the  impartial  spirit  which  characterizes  this  book.  The 
account  of  Csssar^s  campaigns  is  so  minute^  and  every  omission  in  the 
text  of  the  Commentaries  has  been  so  completely  supplied,  that  as  a 
military  history  it  is  the  most  consummate  that  has  ever  been  written. 
We  find  Csesar  entering  military  life  as  a  commander  at  the  age  of 
forty  years,  and  at  once  directing  the  details  of  marches,  and  the  dis- 
positions of  lines  in  the  field,  with  as  much  ease  as  if  war  had  been 
the  daily  occupation  of  his  life-time. 

He  had  held  at  this  period  various  public  oOices,  but  his  prepara- 
tion for  the  exalted  position  of  a  General  consisted  in  his  experience 
as  a  practical  public  man,  often  placed  in  situations  that  required 
self-possession,  decision,  and  address,  rather  than  any  special 
acquaintance  with  military  affairs.  His  services  as  a  soldier  had 
]^een  limited  to  one  campaign  in  the  Mithridatic  War,  in  which  he 
had  won  a  civic  crown  for  saving  the  life  of  a  fellow-soldier,  but  had 
had  no  opportunity  of  displaying,  and  had  given  no  earnest  of,  those 
rare  powers  for  managing  the  delicate  and  complicated  machinery  of 
war,  which  shine  so  brilliantly  in  his  subsequent  career.  But  his 
varied  accomplishments,  and  the  ready  tact  with  which  he  employed 
them  under  all  circumstances,  were  tremendous  agencies  in  military 
as  in  civil  life.  He  had  led  a  luxurious,  and  occasionally  an  indolent 
life,  but  when  he  studied  it  was  with  his  whole  soul  intent  on  his 
subject,  and  he  posaessessed  a  mind  that  was  not  only  "  marble  to 
receive,"  but  also  "  marble  to  retain."  He  had  studied  oratory  and 
rhetoric  under  Appolonius^who  was  also  the  tutor  of  Cicero,  and 
with  such  success  that,  as  Plutarch  says,  **  he  was  the  second  orator 
in  Rome,  and  might  have  been  the  l^rst  had  he  not  rather  chosen 
the  pre-eminence  in  arms."  Cicero  termed  him  "  Splendidus."  His 
style  as  a  speaker  was  less  ornate  than  that  of  Cicero,  but  equally 
fervid  and  forcible.  Terse,  nervous,  and  laconic,  his  speeches,  as 
well^s  his  writings  and  his  battles,  wear  the  lineaments  of  his  mar- 
tial character.  Besides  these  natural  and  acquired  advantages,  he 
was  extremely  popular  with  the  people  and  the  army,  and  was  sure 
that  the  soldiers  would  heartily  second  him  in  the  6eld,  and  a  strong 
party  sustain  him  at  Rome.  What  were  his  emotions  and  aspira- 
tions as  he  departed  from  Rome  to  commence  the  perilous  and  un> 
tried  life  of  a  military  adventurer,  are  indicated  by  these  incidents 
for  which  we  are  indebted  to  our  famous  old  story  teller  Plutarch. 
When  he  came  to  a  little  town  in  passing  the  Alps,  one  of  his 
retinue  remarked,  **  Can  there  be  here  any  disputes  for  offices,  and 
contentions  for  precedency,  or  such  envy  and  ambition  as  we  see 
among  the  great  1"    To  which  Caesar  very  gravely  answered,  "  I  as- 


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KAPOLEOK^S  LIFE  OF  CJCSAfi.  691 

sure  you  I  had  rather  be  the  first  man  in  this  little  village  than  the 
second  man  in  Rome."  Milton  when  in  his  Paradise  Lost  he  makes 
Satan  say  that  he  had  rather  rule  in  hell  tnan  serve  in  heaven, 
makes  him  utter  a  fine  speech,  in  which  the  irreverence  of  the 
allusion  is  lost  in  the  grandeur  of  the  sentiment.  The  character  of 
the  rebel  is  drowned  in  that  of  the  hero.  Let  us  give  the  Devil 
and  Caesar  their  due ;  they  were  right,  and  Milton  is  at  fault  in 
making  Satan  a  hero.  In  like  manner  we  are  told  that  Caesar  when 
spending  some  leisure  hours  in  Spain,  in  reading  the  history  of  Alex- 
ander, was  so  affected  by  it  that  he  sat  pensive  a  long  time,  and  at 
last  burst  into  tears.  To  his  friends,  wondering  what  might  be  the 
reason,  he  said,  '^  Do  you  think  I  have  not  sufficient  cause  for  concern 
when  Alexander  at  my  age  reigned  over  so  many  conquered  coun- 
tries, and  I  have  not  one  glorious  achievement  to  boast  of?"  He 
wept  for  glory,  but  they  were  not  idle  tears. 

If  we  follow  Caesar  now  through  his  marches  and  combats,  it  is 
only  to  take  part  in  daring  enterprises  followed  invariably  by 
splendid  victories,  and  if  we  are  willing  to  abide  by  that  inexorable 
motto  of  soldiership,  "  exitus  acta  probat,"  we  must  rest  at  our 
journey's  end  with  the  conclusion  that  Caesar  was  the  greatest  Cap- 
tain that  the  world  has  ever  produced.  Unlike  Napoleon,  he  did  not 
enter  upon  the  profession  of  arms  until  well  advanced  in  life,  but, 
unlike  him  also,  his  whole  career  is  a  series  of  successes.  Not  that 
he  did  not  suffer  temporary  defeats  and  reverses,  but  no  great  de- 
sign which  he  ever  set  about  to  accomplish  with  his  legions  was  ever 
abandoned,  and  his  reverses,  so  far  from  discouraging  or  deterring 
him,  seemed  only  inspirations  to  lodier  designs,  and  mightier  efforts. 
Napoleon  I.,  commenting  on  the  requisites  of  a  great  commander, 
used  this  language :  *'  We  rarely,"  said  he,  "  find  combined  togeth- 
er, all  the  qualities  requisite  to  constitute  a  great  General.  The 
object  most  desirable  is  that  a  man's  judgment  should  be  in 
equilibrium  with  his  physical  character,  or  courage.  This  is  what 
we  may  well  call  being  squared  both  by  base  and  perpendicular.  If 
courage  be  in  the  ascendancy,  a  General  will  rashly  undertake  that 
which  he  cannot  execute ;  on  the  contrary,  if  his  character  or  courage 
be  inferior  to  his  judgment,  he  will  not  venture  to  carry  any  measure 
into  effect.  The  sole  merit  of  the  Viceroy  Eugene  consisted  in  this 
equilibrium.  This,  however,  was  insufficient  to  render  him  a  very 
distinguished  man."  Lord  Bacon  in  his  essay  on  Boldncfss  savs  in 
substance  the  same  thing  :  ^'  Boldness  is  ever  blind  ;  for  it  seeth  not 
dangers  and  inconveniences;  therefore  it  is  ill  in  counsel,  good  in 
execution ;  so  that  the  right  use  of  bold  persons  is  that  they  never 
command  in  chief,  but  bo  seconds,  and  under  the  direction  of  others  ; 
for  in  counsel  it  is  good  to  see  dangers,  and  in  execution  not  to  see 
them  unless  they  be  very  creat." 

This  rare  combination  of  qualities  existed  in  Caesar  in  the  highest 
degree.  Cool  self-possession  was  never  lost  in  the  heat  of  action, 
nor  could  any  exigency  produce  vacillation  in  his  designs.  He  was 
not  more  brilliant  in  imagination,  or  firmer  in  resolution,  or  daring 


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592  napoleon's  life  op  c^sar. 

in  courage,  than  Napoleon ;  but  his  will  and  his  intellect  were  better 
balanced.  Ceesar  ha^the  advantage  of  Napoleon  in  physique.  He 
possessed  that  first  of  requisites  to  the  General,  '*  sana  mens  in  sano 
corpore,"  and  suffered  less  from  the  exposure  of  military  life.  Less 
sensitive,  less  restive,  less  delicate  than  Napoleon,  he  was  not  so 
much  harassed  by  the  slanders  of  the  world,  and  less  worn  by 
the  fatigues  of  bodily  and  mental  labor. 

Like  all  great  men  who  have  been  the  leaders  in  building  up 
monarchical  upon  the  ruins  of  republican  institutions,  Caesar  is  con- 
demned by  half  the  world  as  being  the  author  of  the  ruin  out  of 
which  his  own  empire  was  founded.  Ceesar,  Cromwell,  Napoleon 
L,  and  Napoleon  HI.,  are  looked  upon  by  those  who  have  no  idea 
of  liberty  but  that  it  is  a  vague  something  incompatible  with  the 
existence  of  a  king,  as  heartless  conquerors,  "  guilty  of  their  coun- 
try's blood."  But  the  identity  of  the  circumstances  which  gave  rise 
to  these  men  in  their  respective  times,  ought  to  convince  them  that 
they  were  not  the  mere  creatures  of  their  own  ambition,  but  of  those 
circumstances  which  made  themselves  necessities,  and  their  aspira- 
tions virtues.  The  present,  and  the  last  several  generations  of  the 
American  people  have  resided  in  a  country  which,  throwing  off  the 
yoke  of  foreign  dominion  at  an  early  period  of  its  civilization, 
founded  a  system  of  republican  institutions  in  which  every  feature, 
every  emblem,  every  name  even  that  called  to  mind  a  king  or  a 
kingdom,  was  rejected.  Consequently  all  our  writers  and  speakers 
have  waged  an  industrious  warfare  against  Caesar  and  his  comrades, 
using  their  names  and  their  acts  *'  to  point  a  moral  or  adorn  a  tale,'' 
without  pausing  to  reflect  whether  or  not  they  departed  from  the 
justice  of  history.  We  should  not  permit  these  casual  impressions 
to  harden  into  convictions,  without  at  least  considering  the  sources 
whence  they  wtro  derived,  and  reflecting  what  circumstances  may 
have  warped  the  mind  of  the  writer  or  speaker  in  conveying  them 
to  us,  "  In  every  human  character  and  transaction,"  says  one  of 
the  finest  of  the  British  essayists,  ''  there  is  a  mixture  of  good  and 
evil ;  a  little  exaggeration,  a  little  suppression,  a  judicious  use  of 
epithets,  a  watchful,  and  searching  scepticism  with  respect  to  the 
evidence  on  one  side,  a  convenient  credulity  with  respect  to  every 
report  or  tradition  on  the  other,  may  easily  make  a  saint  of  Laud, 
or  a  tyrant  of  Henry  IV."  The  justice  of  the  remark  is  plain,  and 
mere  convenience  is  generally  the  only  consideration  that  moves 
these  thoughtless  triflers  with  history  to  take  one  extreme  or  the 
other.  The  orator,  the  poet,  and  the  statesman  care  very  little  how 
much  they  may  have  butchered  facts,  proyided  they  succeed  in  hap- 
pily tuniinfT  a  rhyme,  or  a  period,  or  m  securing  the  vote  of  a  con- 
stituent. We  have  recently  seen  a  disruption  of  our  republican  so- 
cial system,  and  society  is  rapidly  assuming  a  similar  condition  to 
that  which  preceded  the  rise  of  these  dictators,  and  the  eye  that 
glances  through  the  dust  and  smoke  of  the  present  contest  can 
already  see  the  fiiint  outlines  of  the  coming  Caesar ;  and  Caesar  will 
surely  co.iie  if  some  strong  hand  does  not  breast  the  turbid  tide  that 


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napoleon's  life  op  ojssar.  698 

is  bringing  him  on.  Julius  Caesar  will  even  be  a  popular  and 
fashionable  character  in  America.  The  advocates  who  have  been 
prosecuting  him  since  1770,  will  become  his  attorneys.  '*Tempora 
mutantur,"  and  the  men  who  have  been  embalmed  in  history  for 
thousands  of  years  might  say  as  truthfully  as  we,  "  et  nos  mutamur 
in  illis."  The  veering  winds  have  shifted,  and  the  authors  will  shifl 
their  sails.  As  a  change  in  agriculture  changes  the  properties  and 
color  of  the  soil,  so  a  change  in  the  institutions  of  a  country,  and  in 
the  disposition  of  the  public  mind,  will  change  its  views  not  only 
of  local  affairs,  but  of  all  the  affairs  that  come  under  its  considera- 
tion. Speaking  of  this  class  of  men  who  have  changed  republican 
into  monarchical  institutions,  and  of  the  splendid  place  they  occupy 
iq  history,  Macaulay  says :  ''  In  this  class  three  men  stand  pre-emi- 
nent, Ca^r,  Cromwell,  and  Bonaparte.  The  highest  place  in  this 
triumvirate  belongs  undoubtedly  to  Caesar.  He  united  the  talents 
of  Bonaparte  to  those  of  Cromwell,  and  he  possessed  what  neither 
Cromwell  nor  Bonaparte  possessed — learning,  taste,  wit,  eloquence, 
the  sentiments  and  manners  of  an  accomplished  gentleman.'^^  We 
are  especially  partial  to  Macaulay,  but  we  think  this  passage  has 
more  of  John  Bull's  dislike  to  France  in  it,  than  it  has  of 
Macaulay's  discrimination  as  a  critic.  His  character  as  an  essayist 
is  lost  in  his  nationality  as  an  Englishman.  The  charactei^  of  the 
revolution  which  Cromwell  headed  may  entitle  him  to  be  mentioned 
in  connection  with  Caesar  and  Napoleon,  but  his  individual  qualities 
dp  not  "  Old  Noll"  was  a  brave,  blunt  soldier,  who  knew  that 
war  meant  "  fight,"  and  who  fought  well.  He  was  a  good  debater, 
a  skillful  negotiator,  and  in  whatever  he  undertook,  thoroughly  in 
earnest;  but  to  place  him  by  the  side  of  these  grand  men  is 
destroying,  in  effect,  his  superiority  over  other  men,  by  his  evident 
inferiority  to  them.  He  appears  grotesque,  awkward,  and  dwarfish, 
and  the  sooner  his  admirers  get  him  out  of  that  society  the  better. 
As  to  Bonaparte  possessing  "  neither  learning,  wit,  taste,  eloquence, 
nor  the  sentiments  and  manners  of  an  accomplished  gentleman,''  we 
submit  that  this  assertion  is  scarcely  worthy  even  of  one  whose 
reading  about  Napoleon  I.  has  been  confined  to  Walter  Scott's  ro- 
mance that  bears  his  name,  and  who  has  accepted  every  word  of  it 
as  gospel.  How  much  more  just  and  generous  is  the  criticism  of 
Sir  Archibald  Alison,  whose  clear  English  intellect  has  not  been  be- 
fogged by  his  English  prejudice  :  '*  It  would  require  the  observation, 
of  a  Thucydides  directing  the  pencil  of  a  Tacitus,  to  portray  by  a 
few  touches  such  a  character;  and  modern  idiom,  even  in  their 
hands,  would  probably  have  proved  inadequate  to  the  task.  Equal 
to  Alexander  in  military  achievement,  superior  to  Justinian  in  legal 
information,  sometimes  second  only  to  Bacon  in  political  sagacity, 
he  possessed  at  the  same  time  the  inexhaustible  resources  of  Han- 
nibal and  the  administrative  powers  of  Caesar."  Napoleon,  it  is  true, 
was  not  systematically  educated.  He  had  not  gone  regularly  over 
the  classic  curriculum.     He  had  become  a  lieutenant  in  the  regiment 

♦  Eseay  on  Constitutional  History,  pnge  87. 
VOL.  II.-N0.  VI.  38 


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694  napoleon's  ufk  of  cjbsab. 

• 
La  Fere  at  seventeen,  and  was  occupied  in  the  active  camp  or  field 
duties  of  his  profession  at  too  early  a  period  of  life  to  admit  of  his 
laying  as  broad  a  foundation  of  learning  as  a  scholar  of  his  ambition 
and  genius  would  otherwise  have  done.    But  although  not  a  regular, 
he  had  been  an  enthusiastic  student  of  natural  science,  history,  and 
literature,  and  books  were  the  companions  of  his  leisure  moments, 
whether  in  a  brilliant  metropolis  or  amid  the  rough  scenes  of  the 
campaign.     Scott,  as  well  as  Macaulay,  criticises  bis  taste,  and 
sneers  at  what  he  terms  the  hyperbolical  and  bombastic  expressions 
of  his  military  addresses.     But  we  ought  to  bear  in  mind  that  Na- 
poleon was  not  addressing  cold,  unimaginative  Britishers,  but  hot- 
headed, impulsive  Frenchmen  and  Italians,  upon  whose  ears  his 
^andiloquence  fell  like  the  sound  of  a  trumpet.    To  say  that  Napp- 
fcon  was  not  as  accomplished  a  scholar  as  Caesar  is  quite  correct. 
It  is  no  disparagement  of  him  when  we  remember  that  Uie  twenty 
vears  of  early  manhood  spent  by  Caesar  in  acquisition,  were  spent 
Dy  Napoleon  amidst  scenes  of  strife ;  but  he  was  still  well  versed, 
particularly  in  those  branches  of  knowledge  that  had  special  relation 
to  his  profession,  and  while  he  may  bear  comparison  with  Ccesar, 
Cromwell  can  have  no  claim  to  comparison  with  hiuL     But  for  the 
war  that  threw  Cromwell  forward,  and  afforded  the  most  adventi- 
tious aids  to  his  success,  he  would  never  have  been  heard  of,  but  the 
Buckinghamshire  Esquire  would  have  passed  through  the  ^low 
sequestered  vale  of  life,"  and  sone  to  rest  in  the  country  church- 
yard, where  *<  the  rude  forefathers  of  the  hamlet  sleep,"  without 
more  than  a  line  carved  on  his  tomb  to  tell  the  world  nis  history. 
But  Napoleon  and  Ceesar  woold  have  made  a  brilliant  and  enduring 
impression  upon  any  ag  ?,  or  country.     There  were  "  all  sorts  of 
men,"  heroic  in  whatever  situation.      Circumstances  were  their 
creatures.    Either  of  them  could  have  been  the  first  philosopher, 
historian,  or  orator  of  his  day,  and  you  could  not  bury  them  in  any 
spot  so  obscure  that  some  ray  of  light  would  not  break  out  from 
their  minds  which  were  fountains  of  light,  and  go  forth  to  illumine 
the  world.     No  man  could  stand  in  their  presence  without  feeling 
the  influence  of  a  master  spirit,  while  this  consciousness  of  strength 
was  softened  by  that  grace  and  gentleness  of  manner  whidi  capd- 
vates^  woman,  and  engages  at  once  the  affection  of  children. 

If  we  contrast  Ceesar  and  Napoleon  with  some  of  the  other  great 
•commanders  who  occupied  the  first  rank  as  chieftains,  we  see  even 
in  the  smallest  affairs  the  evidences  of  the  superior  elevation  of  all 
their  thoughts  and  feelings.  Take  Frederick  the  Great,  for  instance, 
under  whose  hands  arose  the  military  power  of  Prussia,  that  has 
gathered  strength  from  the  impulse  he  gave  it.  has  steadily  increased, 
and  that  but  yesterday  struck  like  a  thunderbolt  at  Sudowa. 
Frederick  the  Great  has  been  accredited  by  some  writers  as  intro- 
ducing the  system  of  war  which,  developed  by  Napoleon,  has  since 
been  recognized  by  all  military  men  as  containing  the  true  prin<^- 
ples  of  the  art.  But  Frederick  the  Great  was  not  the  discoverer,  or 
originator  of  those  principles  though  it  is  true  that  in  his  time  they 


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KAPOLEON'S  life  of  CfiSAB.  695 

were  first  generally  acknowledged,  and  in  studying  the  campaigns 
of  CaBsar  made  at  a  time  when  there  were  no  diagrams  by  Jomini, 
and  no  West  Points,  we  find  them  in  accord  with  the  principles 
which  the  Great  Captains  of  modern  times  have  adopted.  But 
Frederick  the  Great,  although  he  fought  great  battles,  and  won 
great  Tidories,  can  never  excite  the  enthusiasm  beyond  the  borders 
of  his  own  kingdom  which  Caesar  and  Napoleon  will  continue  to  ex- 
cite throughout  the  civilised  world,  and  throughout  time.  Mr. 
Carlyle  has  labored  through  many  volumes  to  make  him  a  hero, 
but  it  is  impossible  even  by  the  magic  of  eloquence  to  put  him  into 
respectable  shape.  The  elements  of  human  nature  have  seldom,  if 
evei,  been  so  incongruously  mixed  as  they  were  in  Frederick  Wil- 
liam. He  was  a  rare  compound,  in  which  were  found  the  ridiculous 
cruelties  of  Caligula  and  Barrere,  the  ferocious  cant  of  Brownlow, 
the  cynicism  of  Diogenes,  the  ambition  of  Alexander,  the  haughty, 
intolerant  courage  of  Cato,  and  something  of  the  powerful  action 
of  Caesar.  There  was  much  in  him  thai  the  stern,  earnest  man 
must  admire,  but  there  was  much  more  that  must  disgust  a  gentle* 
man,  and  shock  the  common  instincts  of  humanity.  No  man  can  be 
properly  held  up  to  the  applause  of  his  fellow-beings,  who  was 
so  utterly  regardless  of,  indeed  so  fiercely  aggressive  upon,  the 
comfort  of  those  around  him. 

He  had  no  respect  for  the  convenience  of  persons,  or  for  the  most 
sacred  feelings.  Wherever  he  went  he  carried  a  ratan  <in  his  hand, 
and  woe  to  him  or  her  who  provoked  his  Majesty's  displeasure.  To 
use  this  cane  upon  the  shoulders  of  all  who  came  in  his  reach,  was 
the  delight  of  his  well  hours,  the  consolation  of  his  sick  ones.  His 
physician's  bulletins  sometimes  ran,  *^  His  Majesty  is  better,  and  has 
thrashed  a  page  to^ay."  A  most  encouraging  sign  truly.  For  the 
amusement  of  himself  and  court,  he  kept  a  poor,  wise  fool  called 
Gundling,  upon  whom  he  played  ^'  such  fantastic  tricks  before  high 
heaven  as  make  the  angels  weep,"  and  t^hieh  did  make  poor  Gund- 
ling weep  most  heartily.  Poor  Grundling  had  a  quarrel  one  day 
with  one  Fassman,  a  farcical  quarrel  which  Frederick  chose  to 
punish.  He  accordingly  orders  for  Gundling,  to  use  Mr.  Carlyle's 
words,  "a  wine  cask  duly  figured,  painted  black,  with  a  white 
cross,  which  was  to  stand  in  his  room  as  a  memento  mori,  and  be  his 
cofiin.  It  stood  for  ten  years,  Gundling  often  silting  to  write  in  it, 
and  the  poor  monster  was  actually  buried  in  it^  the  orthodox  clergy 
uttering  from  a  distance  a  groan.''  And  well  might  they  and  all 
humanity  have  groaned,  but  King  Frederick  William  only  broke 
out  into  a  horse  langh.  To  him  the  idea  of  a  man  living  in  a  wine 
cask  and  then  being  buried  in  it  was  exceedingly  funny.  In  the 
presence  and  vicinity  of  this  specimen  of  royalty,  his  attendants  were 
as  obsequious  as  spaniels,  and  his  children  as  cowering  and  timid  as 
slaves,  but  behind  the  scenes  his  servants  called  him  '^  the  fat  fel- 
low," and  the  affectionate  sobriquet  of  his  children  was  "  stumpy.'* 

Frederick  was  a  man  of  great  intellect,  and  great  will,  but,  unlike 
Caesar  and  Napoleon,  he  had  no  soul.     He  was  of  the  earth — earthy. 


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696  kapoleon's  life  of  cjbsar. 

He  looked  upon,  and  managed  his  men,  as  if  they  were  mere  anima- 
ted bayonets,  and  swords  with  arms  and  legs  to  them.  Napoleon 
and  Csesar  put  souls  into  theirs.  Mark  the  manner  in  which  these 
commanders  led  their  troops  into  action.  Csesar  reminds  them 
of  the  military  prowess  of  tneir  fathers,  of  the  glory  of  victory,  of 
the  ignominy  of  defeat,  and  then  he  tells  them  '*if  the  army  will 
not  go  with  me,  I  will  take  my  tenth  legion  and  march  -alone  !*' 
Says  Napoleon  in  the  desert  as  he  forms  his  siquares,  "Soldiers! 
from  the  summit  of  yonder  pyramids,  forty  centuries  look  down 
upon  you."  The  Romans  went  with  Caesar  as  one  man.  The 
French  resisted  the  Mameluke  horsemen  as  if  made  of  stone.  Old 
Frederick  under  like  circumstances  would  have  threatened  them  with 
a  flogging,  and  they  would  have  marched  sullenly  into  battle  like 
slaves  scourged  to  a  dungeon.  The  soldiers  of  Frederick  hated  and 
feared  him.  The  soldiers  of  Ceesar  and  Napoleon  adored  them. 
Frederick  degraded  his  men  into  brutes.  Napoleon  and  Csesar 
exalted  them  into  heroes.  After  this  general  dissertation  let  us  re- 
turn to  our  author,  and  in  order  that  our  readers  may  get  an  idea  of 
the  minuteness  of  this  history  we  will  give  them  a  "specimen 
brick"  just  here,  from  which  we  hope  they  may  form  some  notion 
of  the  edifice.  The  students  of  Caesar's  Commentaries  have  long 
differed  as  to  the  point  of  his  embarkation  in  starting  upon  his  ex- 
pedition to  Britain,  and  of  his  debarkation  on  reaching  the  shore  of 
that  island.  Napoleon  favors  Boulogne  and  Deal  respectively.  As 
to  Deal  he  argues  at  great  length,  and  afler  detailing  one  reason 
why  he  considers  it  the  point  of  landing,  thus  proceeds  :  "  Our  rea- 
soning has  another  basis.  Let  us  first  state  that  at  that  time  the 
science  of  astronomy  permitted  people  to  know  certain  epochs  of 
the  moon,  since  more  than  a  hundred  years  before,  during  the  war 
against  Perseus,  a  tribune  of  the  army  of  Paulus  Emilius  announced 
on  the  previous  day  to  his  soldiers  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  in  order 
to  counteract  their  superstitious  fears.  Let  us  remark  also  that 
Caesar,  who  subsequently  reformed  the  calendar,  was  well  informed 
in  the  astronomical  knowledge  of  his  time,  already  carried  to  a  very 
high  point  of  advance  by  Hipparchus,  and  that  he  took  especial  in- 
terest in  it,  since  he  discovered  by  means  of  water-clocks  that  the 
nights  were  shorter  in  Britain  than  in  Italy. 

"  Everything  then  authorizes  us  in  the  belief  that  Caesar  when  he 
embarked  for  an  unknown  country  where  he  might  have  to  make 
night  marches,  must  have  taken  precautions  fur  knowing  the  course 
of  the  moon,  and  furnished  himself  with  calendars.  But  we  have 
put  the  question  independently  of  these  considerations,  by  seeking 
among  the  days  which  preceded  the  full  moon  of  the  end  of  August 
699,  which  was  the  one  in  which  the  shifting  of  the  currents  of 
which  Ca?sar  speaks  could  have  been  produced  at  the  hour  indicated 
in  the  Commentaries.  Supposing,  then,  the  fleet  of  Caesar  at  anchor 
at  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  opposite  Dover ;  as  it  experienced  the 
effect  of  the  shifting  of  the  currents  toward  half-past  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  the  question  becomes  reduced  to  that  of  determin- 


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napoleon's  life  op  CESAR.  697 

ing  the  day  of  the  end  of  the  month  of  August  when  this  phenome- 
non took  place  at  the  above  hour.  We  know  that  in  the  Channel  the 
sea  produces,  in  rising  and  falling,  two  alternate  currents, — one 
directed  from  the  west  to  the  east  called  flux  (flot),  or  current  of 
rising  tide ;  the  other  directed  from  the  east  to  the  west,  called  reflux 
( jusant),  or  current  of  the  falling  tide.  In  the  sea  opposite  Dover, 
at  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  from  the  coast,  the  flux  begins  usually  to 
be  sensible  two  hours  before  high  tide  at  Dover,  and  the  reflux  four 
hours  after.  So  that  if  we  find  a  day  before  the  full  moon  of 
the  31st  August,  699,  on  which  it  was  high  tide  at  Dover  either 
at  half-past  ^yb  in  the  afternoon  or  at  mid-day,  that  will  be  the 
day  of  landing ;  and  further  we  shall  know  whether  the  current 
carried  Ctesar  towards  the  east  or  towards  the  west  Now  we  may 
admit,  according  to  astronomical  data,  that  the  tides  of  the  days  which 
preceded  the  full  moon  of  the  31st  of  August,  699,  were  sensibly 
the  same  as  those  of  the  days  which  preceded  the  full  mcK)n  of  the 
4th  of  September,  1857,  and  as  it  was  the  sixth  day  before  the  full 
moon  of  the  4th  of  September,  1857,  that  it  was  high  tide  at  Dover 
towards  half-past  five  in  the  afternoon,  we  are  led  to  conclude  that 
the  same  phenomenon  was  produced  also  at  Dover  on  the  sixth  day 
before  the  3ist  of  August,  699 ;  and  that  it  was  on  the  25th  day  of 
August  that  Caesar  arrived  in  Britain,  his  fleet  being  carried  forward 
by  the  current  of  the  rising  tide. 

"  This  last  conclusion,  by  obliging  us  to  seek  the  point  of  landing 
to  the  north  of  Dover,  constitutes  the  strongest  theoretical  presump- 
tion in  favor  of  Deal.  Let  us  now  examine  if  Deal  satisfies  the  re- 
quirements of  the  Latin  text. 

*^  The  cliflTs  which  border  the  coasts  of  England  towards  the  south- 
em  part  of  the  county  of  Kent  form,  from  Folkestone  to  the  Castle  of 
Walmer,  a  vast  quarter  of  a  circle  convex  towards  the  sea,  abrupt 
on  nearly  all  points;  they  present  several  bays,  or  creeks  as  at 
Folkestone,  at  Dover,  at  St.  Margaret's,  and  at  Old  Stairs,  and, 
diminishing  by  degrees  in  elevation,  terminate  at  the  Castle  of  Wal- 
mer. From  this  point,  proceeding  toward  the  north,  the  coast  is  flat 
and  favorable  for  landing  on  an  extent  of  several  leagues.  The 
country  situated  to  the  west  of  Walmer  and  Deal  is  itself  flat,  as  far 
as  the  view  can  reach,  or  presents  only  gentle  undulations  of  ground. 
We  may  add  that  it  produces  in  great  quantities  wheat  of  excellent 
quality,  and  that  the  nature  of  the  soil  leads  us  to  believe  that  it  was 
the  same  at  a  remote  period.  These  diflerent  conditions  rendered 
the  shore  of  Walmer  and  Deal  the  best  place  of  landing  for  the 
Roman  army.  Its  situation,  moreover,  agrees  fully  with  the  nar- 
rative of  the  Commentaries.  In  the  first  expedition  the  Roman 
fleet,  starting  from  the  diflfe  of  Dover,  and  doubling  the  point  of  the 
South  foreland,  may  have  made  the  passage  of  seven  miles  in  an 
hour ;  it  would  thus  have  come  to  anchor  opposite  the  present  vil- 
lage of  Walmer,  The  combat  which  followed  was  certainly  fought 
on  the  part  of  the  shore  which  extends  from  Walmer  Castle  to 
Deal*     At  present  the  whole  extent  of  this  coast  is  covered  with 


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608  napoleon's  life  of  C-fiSAR. 

buildings,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  was  its  exact  form 
nineteen  centuries  ago ;  but  from  a  view  of  the  locality  we  can  un- 
derstand without  difficulty  the  different  circumstances  of  the  combat 
described  in  Book  IV.  of  the  Commentaries." 

Such  have  been  the  pains  of  Cesar's  biographer  to  ascertain  a 
single  fact,  and  his  researches  af\%  all,  end  in  speculation — the  fact 
is  still  '^  in  nubibus."  Such  refinement  as  this  is  so  destructive  of 
the  liveliness  of  the  narrative,  that  it  can  possess  no  interest  to  the 
general  reader ;  but  the  argument  gives  such  wide  scope  to  sdentifio 
investigation,  and  requires  such  nicety  and  precision  of  examination 
and  thought,  that  we  are  not  surprised  at  the  earnestness  and  care- 
fuUiess  with  which  the  author  sustains  his  side  of  it ;  but  to  load 
the  context  with  many  discussions  of  this  character  would  be  only 
to  render  it  heavy,  wearisome,  and  disconnected.  Where,  indeed, 
there  are  decided  differences  of  opinion,  as  in  this  case,  and  the 
various  parties  are  each  supported  by  eminent  authorities,  it  is  but 
just  that  in  coinciding  with  either  the  author  should  state  his  rea^ 
sons  for  so  doing ;  but  the  result  of  his  researches  only  is  essential 
to  the  development  of  history,  and  the  details  would  be  more  ap- 
propriately recounted  in  notes,  or  in  an  appendix. 

The  most  interesting  portion  of  the  second  volume  is  not  the  re> 
dtal  of  Gffisar's  military  campaigns.  To  a  student  that  portion  is 
invaluable,  but  it  is  necessarily  so  encumbered  with  criticisms,  and 
elucidations  of  a  purely  military  character,  that  the  attention  of  any 
but  a  professional  soldier  must  flag  in  perusing  it.  Napoleon  is 
most  engaging  when,  having  finished  the  foundation,  he  raises  upon 
it  the  superstructure  of  his  own  ideas.  It  is  then  that  he  sums  up 
facts,  and  extracts  fVom  them  their  essence,  traces  the  connection  of 
events,  apparently  irrelevant,  and  with  a  few  brilliant  strokes  gires 
us  a  picture  page. 

While  Cffisar  had  been  absent  from  Rome  carrying  her  eagles 
into  remote  regions,  augmenting  her  dominions  by  conquests  of  ter- 
ritory, and  her  glory  by  the  terror  of  his  arms,  intestine  struggles 
had  been  raging  in  the  centre  of  the  Republic,  and  moral  force  had 
been  decaying  as  rapidly  as  her  physical  force  had  been  increasing. 
Rome  had  grown  in  corpulence,  but  she  had  lost  in  muscle.  Rome 
the  city,  was  then  in  magnitude  the  greatest  city  that  ever  existed. 
Four  millions  of  souls  were  embraced  in  her  suburbs.  Her  archi- 
tecture was  splendid.  Her  society  was  brilliant.  She  was  the 
metropolis  and  mistress  of  the  world.  But  her  strength  did  not  lie 
in  her  people,  for  the  corruption  of  wealth,  and  the  fends  of  party, 
had  contaminated  and  divided  public  sentiment.  Her  strong  arm 
lay  in  her  soldiers,  not  her  citizens.  A  small  number  of  experienced 
and  disciplined  soldiers,  veterans  who  had  been  hardened  by  an  ac- 
tive life,  free  from  the  luxuries  and  temptations  of  the  capital,  and 
bound  together  by  that  "  esprii  de  corp^^  which  is  the  most  power- 
ful of  human  influences,  had  become  substantially  the  arbiters  of  her 
destinies.  They  had  made  the  world  resound  with  their  exploits 
from  the  Rhine  to  the  ocean ;  and  even  beyond  the  ocean  they 


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napoleon's  life  of  cjesab.  599 

had  left  upon  the  islanders  of  Great  Britain  a  deep  impression 
of  Eoman  power  and  glory.  Although  the  scenes  of  Caesar's  ac- 
tions had  been  far  distant  from  Rome,  and  he  had  appeared  to 
be  wholly  engaged  with  the  Belgse;  the  Suevi,  and  the  Britons, 
he  was  really  gaining  a  stronger  hold  on  the  affections  of  the 
people  than  the  generals  and  statesmen  who  were  advancing  their 
projects  for  office  and  power  within  the  Capital ;  for  with  the 
news  of  his  victories  came  their  substantial  fruits,  and,  indeed, 
they  were  generally  announced  by  the  arrival  of  large  quantities 
of  gold  and  silver,  and  other  rich  spoils  sent  for  distribution 
amongst  the  iEdiles,  Prastors,  Consuls,  and  other  influential  men, 
a  much  more  popular  bulletin  than  the  most  eloquent  proclama- 
tion. It  is  not  surprbing,  then,  that  when  he  crossed  the  Alps  to 
go  into  winter-quarters  at  Lucca,  a  brilliant  crowd  of  Roman 
citizens  went  out  from  the  dty  to  ofierr  their  greetings  and  congratu- 
lations. The  wealth,  the  fashion,  the  glory,  and  the  intellect  of 
Rome  vied  in  doing  him  homage.  In  this  crowd  there  were  two 
hundred  Senators,  Fompey  and  Crassus  of  the  number,  and  there 
were  no  fewer  than  a  hundred  and  twenty  Proconsuls  and  Praetors, 
whose  faces  were  to  be  seen  at  the  gates  of  CsBsar.  It  was  in  1  the 
year  698,  the  third  of  his  military  command,  that  Caesar  for  the  first 
time  made  his  winter-quarters  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  He  had  already 
been  thought  of  at  Rome  by  prominent  politicians  as  the  proper 
man  to  restore  order,  but  the  time  was  not  yet  full  for  any  extreme 
measures.  We  will  not  attempt  even  a  sketch  of  the  next  several 
years.  From  698  to  705  Caesar  was  occupied  in  his  campaigns.  At 
Rome  society  was  becoming  more  and  more  profligate.  The 
elections  bad  become  mere  personal  and  partisan  struggles  for  office. 
The  laws  were  at  once  cloaks  under  which  the  party  in  power  con- 
cealed their  base  designs,  and  daggers  with  which  it  struck  down  its 
opponents.  In  699  we  find  such -an  incident  as  this  occurring. 
CJato  was  a  candidate  for  the  Praetorship.  On  the  day  of  the  Corai- 
tia,  the  first  Century,  to  which  the  epithet  of  praerogative  was  given, 
voted  for  him.  Pompey  fearing,  and  not  doubting,  that  the  other 
Centuries  would  cast  a  similar  vote,  declared  that  he  heard  a  clap  of 
thunder,  and  dismissed  the  Assembly.  A  few  days  after,  by  bribing 
voters,  the  election  of  another  candidate  was  effected.  We  are 
struck  with  the  fact  that  those  political  contentions  were  almost  en- 
tirely for  mere  personal  purposes.  None  of  the  parties  had  any 
great  principles  which  they  wished  to  advance,  but  engaged  in  cabals 
and  intrigues  to  perpetuate  the  power  of  individuals,  or  to  accom- 
plish  some  petty  enterprises  that  had  no  higher  aims  than  the 
aggrandizemeni  of  their  favorites.  As  is  generally  the  case,  while 
virtue  and  law  decayed  the  people  became  more  and  more  reckless 
and  extravagant  in  their  amusements ;  and  while  tumultuous  crowds 
were  fighting  at  the  polls  of  election,  in  another  part  of  the  city  vast 
assemblies  would  be  witnessing  combats  between  men  and  beasts, 
and  other  spectacles  equally  as  brutal,  and  many  more  disgusting. 
In  701  we  find  Cicero  writing, "  The  Republic  is  without  force  :  Pom- 


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600  napoleon's  life  op  ojesab. 

pey  alone  is  powerful."  A  Dictator  was  general! j  talked  of.  It 
was  in  this  year  that  Crassus,  who  was  conducting  war  against  the 
Parthians,  was  defeated  and  slain,  and  the  disaster  only  served  to  in- 
crease popular  discontent,  and  to  cause  crimination  and  recrimina- 
tion between  those  who  had  advocated  and  those  who  had  opposed 
the  war.  We  pass  on  to  the  question  which  led  to  the  civil  war.  It 
was  simply  this.  In  699  a  law  was  passed  for  prolonging  Ceesar's 
command  in  Gaul  for  five  years.  He  had  entered  upon  his  Pro- 
consular functions  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  696,  and  as  the  term 
of  office  was  five  years,  he  claimed  that  his  entire  occupancy  of  the 
position  should  extend  for  ten  years,  concluding  the  first  of  January, 
706.  The  Senate,  on  the  other  hand,  claimed  that  his  office  would  be 
vacated  in  704,  five  years  from  the  time  that  the  law  was  passed 
continuing  his  term. 

The  year  704  came,  but  Cs&sar  did  not  disarm.  He  intended  to 
offer  for  the  consulship,  for  he  was  threatened  with  prosecution  if  he 
laid  down  his  proconsular  command,  and  as  long  as  he  was  a  pro- 
consul he  could  not  enter  the  gates  of  Rome.  The  consuls  who  went 
into  office  that  year  were  Paulus  and  Marcellus,  both  enemies  of 
Csesar ;  and  Pom  pey,  though  only  a  proconsul,  was  the  leader  of 
their  faction,  and  his  infiuence  was  all  powerful.  Csesar  felt  that  the 
crisis  was  drawing  near,  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  705  he  hast- 
ened into  Italy  nominally,  and  it  may  be  partially  to  advocate  the 
claims  of  his  friend  Mark  Antony  for  the  priesthood,  but  mainly,  no 
doubt,  to  test  the  public  sentiment  towards  himself.  Wherever  he 
went  amongst  the  municipal  towns  and  colonies  he  met  with  the  most 
enthusiastic  receptions.  The  people  adorned  their  gates  and  spread 
banquet  tables  in  his  honor  ;  women  and  children  crowded  the  pub- 
lic places ;  the  rich  rivalled  each  other  in  magnificence ;  the  poor  ri- 
valled each  other  in  zeal.  C&esar  returned  to  his  army  with  the  as- 
surance that  at  least  in  that  part  of  the  republic  the  popular  heart 
was  with  him.  He  then  passed  his  army  in  review.  It  was  evident 
that  the  soldiers  were  ready  to  share  his  fortunes.  Again  he  return- 
ed to  Italy,  bringing  with  him  this  time  the  13th  legion,  numbering 
5,000  infantry  and  300  cavalry ;  the  rest  of  his  army,  amounting  to 
eight  legions,  he  left  in  Belgium  and  Burgundy.  C»sar  now  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  the  Senate,  stating  that  he  was  ready  to  resign  his 
proconsulship  and  disband  his  army  if  Pompey,  also  a  proconsul, 
would  disband  his ;  that  it  could  not  be  expected  of  him  to  deliver 
himself  unarmed  to  his  enemies,  while  they  remained  armed,  and 
awaiting  an  opportunity  to  injure  him.  The  Senate  was  thrown  in 
commotion,  but  listens  to  a  conciliatory  proposition.  It  decrees  that 
"  if  Csesar  does  not  disband  on  the  day  prescribed,  he  shall  be  de- 
clared an  enemy  of  the  republic."  Pompey  declares  that  he  is  ready 
to  sustain  them  with  his  army  ;  that  '^  he  has  only  to  stamp  his  foot 
and  armed  men  would  rise  up."  Italy  is  divided  into  military  de- 
partments, the  Republic  put  in  readiness  for  war,  and  a  levy  of 
130,000  men  decreed.  C»sar,  hearing  the  news  from  Rome,  sent 
couriers  over  the  Alps  for  his  army,  and  addressed  the  I3th  legion 


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napoleon's  life  of  CiESAR.  601 

that  was  with  him.  He  told  them  that  '^  his  proposals  for  concilia- 
tion had  been  rejected ;  that  what  had  been  refused  to  him  had  been 
granted  to  Pompey,  who,  prompted  by  envious  malignity,  had 
broken  the  ties  of  old  friendship.  What  pretext  was  there  for  declar- 
ing the  country  in  danger,  and  calling  the  Roman  people  to  arms  ?  Are 
they  in  the  presence  of  a  popular  tumult,  or  a  violence  of  the  tribunes 
as  in  the  time  of  the  Gracchi,  or  an  invasion  of  the  barbarians  as  in 
the  time  of  Marius  ?  Besides,  no  law  had  been  promulgated,  no 
motion  had  been  submitted  for  the  sanction  of  the  people ;  all  that 
has  been  without  the  sanction  of  the  people  is  unlawful.  Let  the 
soldiers,  then,  defend  the  general  under  whom  for  nine  years  they 
have  served  the  republic  with  so  much  success,  gained  so  many 
battles,  subdued  the  whole  of  Gaul,  overcome  the  Germans  and  the 
Britons ;  for  his  enemies  are  theirs,  and  his  elevation  as  well  as  his 
glory  is  their  work."  The  legion  answered  with  acclamations ;  they 
declared  their  readiness  to  follow  him.  Each  centurion  offered  to 
support  a  horseman  at  his  own  expense,  and  each  soldier  to  serve 
gratuitously.  But  one  of  his  generals,  Labienus,  deserted  him.  The 
story  that  follows  is  dramatic.  With  this  single  legion,  the  13th,  he 
resolved  to  march  on  Rome.  He  dispatched  at  once  a  small  detach- 
ment  to  take  possession  of  Ariminum,  an  important  city  of  Gaul, 
but  himself  spent  the  next  day  at  a  public  show  of  Gladiators,  and 
at  night  entertained  company  at  his  headquarters.  In  the  midst  of 
the  festivities  he  went  out  unnoticed.  A  carriage  and  a  few  attend- 
ants awaited  him ;  he  stepped  in,  and  before  daylight  he  had  reached 
and  taken  Ariminum  with  the  handful  of  soldiers  he  had  sent  in 
ahead.  Plutarch  tells  us,  but  some  historians  reject  this  account, 
that  when  he  reached  the  Rubicon,  a  little  brook  that  separated  Cis- 
alpine Gaul  from  the  rest  of  Italy,  he  became. lost  in  reflection,  and 
halted  on  the  bank  hesitating  to  cross  it. 

De  Quincey  gives  some  fine  touches  to  this  picture,  and  we  will 
adopt  his  version  of  it,  though  we  must  say  that  we  think  its  best 
colors  are  those  of  imagination :  ''  Impressed  by  the  tranquillity  and 
solemnity  of  the  silent  dawn  (for  it  was  just  before  day  that  he 
reached  the  Rubicon),  whilst  the  exhaustion  of  his  night  wanderings 
predbposed  him  to  nervous  irritation,  Ccesar,  wo  may  be  sure,  was 
profoundly  agitated.  The  whole  elements  of  the  scene  were  almost 
scenically  disposed,  the  law  of  antagonism  having  perhaps  never  been 
employed  with  so  much  effect,  the  little  brook  presenting  a  direct 
antithesis  to  its  grand  political  character,  and  the  innocent  dawn, 
with  its  pure,  untroubled  repose,  contrasting  potently,  to  a  man  of 
any  intellectual  sensibility,  with  the  long  chaos  of  bloodshed,  dark- 
ness, and  anarchy,  which  was  to  take  its  rise  from  the  apparently 
trifling  acts  of  this  one  morning.  So  prepared,  we  need  not  much 
wonder  at  what  followed.  Casar  was  yet  lingering  on  the  hither 
bank,  when  suddenly,  at  a  point  not  far  distant  from  himself,  an  ap- 
parition was  descried  in  a  sitting  posture,  and  holding  in  its  hand 
what  seemed  a  flute.  This  phantom  was  of  unusual  size,  and  of 
beauty  more  than  human,  so  far  as  its  lineaments  could  be  traced  in 
the  early  dawn.     What  is  singular,  however,  in  the  story  on  any 


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602  napoleon's  life  of  cjbsab, 

hjpolihesis  which  would  explain  it  outof  CoBsar's  individual  conditdon, 
ia,  that  others  saw  it  as  well  as  he,  both  pastoral  laborers  (who  were 
present  probably  in  the  character  of  ^ides)  and  some  of  the  sen- 
tinels stationed  at  the  passage  of  the  river.  These  men  fancied  ev^i 
that  a  strain  of  music  issued  from  the  aerial  flute ;  and  some,  both 
of  the  shepherds  and  the  Roman  soldiers,  who  were  bolder  than  the 
rest,  advanced  towards  the  figure.  Amongst  this  partj  it  happened 
that  there  were  a  few  Roman  trumpeters.  From  one  of  these  the 
phantom,  rising  as  they  advanced  nearer,  suddenly  cfiught  a  trumpet, 
and  blowing  through  it  a  blast  of  superhuman  screngtti,  plunged  into 
the  Rubicon,  passed  the  other  banit,  and  disappeared  in  the  dusky 
twilight  of  the  dawn,  upon  which  Ceesar  exclaimed :  "  It  is  finished  ; 
the  die  is  cast — let  us  follow  whither  the  guiding  portents  from  heaven 
and  the  malice  of  our  enemy  alike  summon  us  to  ga'^  So  saying, 
he  crossed  the  river  with  impetuosity,  and  in  a  rapture  of  passionate 
and  vindictive  ambition  placed  himself  and  his  retinue  upon  the 
Italian  soiL" 

A  part  of  this  story  is,  of  course,  about  as  true  as  that  of  Red 
Riding  Hood.  The  whole  of  it  was  no  doubt  concocted  by  Caesar 
himself,  or  some  of  his  adherents,  in  order  to  impress  the  minds  of 
his  soldiers  with  the  fiivorable  omen  it  contained.  None  of  it  is 
well  substantiated.  Old  Plutarch,  like  Herodotus,  was  inoorrigibij 
fond  of  a  good  story,  and  never  liked  to  press  into  the  truth  if  there* 
by  he  spoiled  an  anecdote.  It  is  a  pleasant  episode  to  read,  and 
with  it  closes  the  second  volume  of  our  author.  We  used  De 
Quinoey's  language  rather  than  his,  because  we  believed  the  whole  to 
be  fiction,  and  De  Quincey  had  wrought  it  up  in  true  romantic  style. 

It  is  here  that  our  author  becomes  eloquent.  Hitherto  he  has 
confined  himself  to  recitals  of  &cts,  and  deductions  of  logic  Let 
him  now  speak  for  himself. 

"  Here  the  question  naturally  offers  itself:  ongfat  not  Cesar,  who  had  so  often 
fiiteed  death  on  the  battle-field,  have  gone  to  Rome  to  face  it  under  another  form, 
and  to  have  renounced  his  command  rather  than  enp^aee  in  a  struggle  which 
must  throw  the  Republic  into  aU  the  horrors  of  a  ciVil  war  ?  Yes,  if  by  his 
abnegation  he  could  save  Rome  from  anarchy,  corruption,  and  tyranny.  No,  if 
this  abnegation  would  endanger  what  he  had  most  at  heart,  the  regeneration  of 
the  Republic.  Caesar,  like  men  of  his  temper,  cared  little  for  lifis,  and  still  less 
for  power,  for  the  sake  of  power :  but  as  chief  of  the  popular  party  he  felt  a 
sreat  cause  rise  behind  him  ;  it  urged  him  forward,  and  obliged  nim  to  conquer 
in  despite  of  legality,  the  imprecations  of  his  adversaries,  and  the  uncratun 
judgment  of  posterity.  Roman  society  in  a  state  of  dissolution  asked  for  a  mas- 
ter ;  oppressed  Italy  for  a  representative  of  its  rights ;  the  world  bowed  under 
the  yoke  for  a  Saviour.  Ought  he  by  desertine  his  mission  disappoint  so  many 
legitimate  hopes,  bo  many  noble  aspirations  ?  *  *  *  It  would  have  been  mad- 
ness. The  question  had  not  the  mean  proportions  of  a  quarrel  between  two 
Generals  who  contended  for  power :  it  was  the  decisive  conflict  between  two 
hostile  causes,  between  the  privileged  classes  and  the  people.  It  was  the  cou- 
tinuation  of  the  powerful  struggle  between  Mariusand  Sylial 

'*  There  are  imperious  circumstances  which  condemn  public  men  either  to 
abnegation,  or  to  perseverance.  To  cling  to  power  when  one  is  no  longer  able 
to  do  good,  and  when  as  a  representative  of  the  past,  one  has,  as  it  were,  no 
partisans  but  among  those  who  live  upon  abuses,  is  a  deplorable  necessity  ;  to 
abandon  it  when  one  is  the  representative  of  a  new  era,  and  the  hope  of  a  bet- 
ter future,  is  a  cowardly  act,  and  a  crime." 


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napoleon's  life  of  o^sar.  603 

It  is  reserved  for  another  volume  to  recount  the  subsequent 
career  of  Caesar.  We  leave  him  now  assuming  the  leadership  of  a 
great  revolution.  From  whatever  standpoint  we  regard  his  charac- 
ter as  so  far  developed,  whatever  be  the  light  or  shc^e  upon  its  fea- 
tureS)  his  stature  appears  colossal,  and  his  countenance  noble.  That 
he  had  committed  grave  errors  in  public  and  in  private  life,  that  he 
was  guilty  of  excesses  that  bordered  upon  crime,  that  he  had  lived 
a  life  that  was  far  from  that  of  enlightened  morality,  none  can  deny. 
We  do  not  claim  for  him  that  he  had  been  so  unseldsh  as  to  ignore 
his  own  interests — ^that  is  not  to  be  expected,  and  is  not  desirable, 
in  human  nature;  but  he  had  identified  his  interests  with  those 
of  his  people.  When  they  clashed,  he  had  made  his  own  sabordi- 
nate.  If  he  did  make  himself  a  monarch,  it  was  not  until  a  mon- 
arch alone  could  save  Rome,  and  when  he  received  the  sceptre  he 
could  truly  say,  **  detur  dignissimo.'' 

His  ambition  was  to  win  true  glory,  and  the  love  of  true  glory 
is  only  the  desire  to  become  a  great  benefactor,  and  is  a  ''just 
homage  to  the  public  opinion  of  all  times."  He  has  been  reproached 
for  going  extravagantly  in  debt  when  yet  young,  and  it  is  said  that 
when  he  was  once  about  to  depart  on  a  foreign  mission  his  creditors 
were  so  clamorous  that  he  would  have  been  overwhelmed  but  for  the 
interposition  of  Crassus,  who  went  his  security.  We  do  not  agree 
with  those  critics  who  regard  his  revolutionary  schemes  as  desperate 
expedients  to  relieve  his  pecuniary  obligations ;  but  that  he  borrow- 
ed money  as  a  means  of  advancement.  Wealth  had  become  the 
high  road  to  power.  It  was  of  such  a  time  that  the  Roman  satirist 
might  well  say 

"  0 1  Gives  I  Gives  I  pecunia  primum  querenda  est ; 
Virtus  post  nammos  I" 

The  way  to  glory  could  be  paved  only  with  gold,  and  when  Csesar 
had  passed  over  the  road  he  easily  repaid  the  means  he  had  borrow- 
ed to  make  it. 

It  is  idle  to  talk  of  Caesar  deflowering  Rome  of  her  liberty,  for 
liberty  was  already  dead.  The  very  fact  that  he  prevailed  so  suc- 
cessfully against  Pompey  was  proof  that  the  times  needed  him. 
For  in  the  midst  of  such  fierce  dissensions  the  great  want  of  society 
was  repose,  and  might  had  become  right,  for  might  alone  could  give 
repose.  Had  Pompey  been  the  man  destined  to  redeem  and  re- 
generate Rome,  he  would  have  done  it,  for  it  was  while  he  slumber- 
ed and  slept  that  Caesar  came  upon  him  like  a  thief  in  the  night. 
There  are  deformities  in  Caesar's  character  as  well  as  in  Pompey 's ; 
but  even  the  characters  of  the  greatest  men  are  marred  by  weak- 
nesses. Curiously  composed,  they  present  incongruities  like  the 
armor  of  Don  Quixote ;  they  are  part  iron  and  part  pasteboard. 
But  in  Julius  Caesar  the  iron  had  the  ring  of  the  true  metal,  and 
there  was  very  little  of  the  pasteboard. 

He  did  not  enslave  Rome,  but  when  she  was  already  a  slave  to 
anarchy  he  gave  her  a  helping  hand. 

There  are  those  who  deride  the  political  teaching  that  a  people 


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604  napoleon's  life  op  ojaSAB. 

ought  to  be  educated  for  freedom  till  they  have  the  wisdom  to  use 
it  well.  Macaulay  says  that  the  doctrine  is  worthy  of  the  fool  in 
the  old  story,  who  resolved  not  to  go  into  the  water  until  he  learned 
how  to  swim,  and  that  the  only  cure  for  the  evil  of  freedom  is  more 
freedom.  The  argument  is  a  poor  one,  and  the  illustration,  if  possi- 
ble, poorer.  Of  course  we  must  go  into  the  water  to  learn  how  to 
swim,  but  we  must  go  gradually  into  the  depths,  and  under  the 
guidance  of  a  strong  hand.  Rome  had  plunged  in  recklessly.  She 
was  beyond  her  depth,  and  siniting  cried  out,  "  Save,  or  I  perish.'' 
It  was  Caesar  who  said  to  the  waves  "Peace,  be  still.'*  It  was 
Cassar  who  stretched  out  his  hand,  and  snatched  the  drowning  Re- 
public from  the  very  mouth  of  death. 

To  those  who  cry  out,  tyrant !  we  say  with  De  Quincey,  "  Peace, 
hollow  rhetoricians !  the  rape  (if  such  it  were)  of  Caesar,  her  final 
Romulus  completed  for  Rome;  that  which,  under  Romulus,  her  ear- 
liest Caesar  had  prosperously  begun.  Without  Caesar,  we  affirm  a 
thousand  times  there  would  have  been  no  perfect  Rome ;  and  but 
for  Rome,  there  could  have  been  no  such  man  as  Ceesar." 

Let  the  liberty  shriekers  be  silent.  When  Napoleon  I.  entered 
Milan  during  one  of  his  campaigns  in  Italy,  his  partisans  welcomed 
him  with  an  ovation.  The  dissenters  observed  that  the  tree  of 
liberty  they  bore,  was  well  represented  by  a  bare  pole,  that  had 
neither  roots,  branches  nor  fruits.  A  bare  pole  at  this  time  was  a 
fair  emblem  of  Rome  and  freedom.  It  had  no  roots  in  the  hearts  of 
the  people ;  it  had  no  branches  in  good  laws  ;  it  bore  no  fruits  of 
tranquillity  or  prosperity.  It  was  reserved  for  Caesar  to  prepare  the 
soil,  and  to  plant  and  nourish  the  germ  of  a  tree  which,  while  it  was 
as  fruitful  aa  the  palm,  was  as  stately  and  sturdy  as  a  cedar  of 
Lebanon. 

When  the  third  volume  of  Napoleon's  Caesar  shall  have  appeared 
we  may  resume  this  miscellaneous  talk  about  the  Roman  and  the 
French  heroes.  We  ought  not  to  stop  now  without  an  expression 
of  gratitude  for  the  invention  of  the  peculiar  sort  of  composition  to 
which  this  article  belongs.  A  magazine  article  is  indeed  a  most 
convenient  thing.  You  can  write  in  whatever  style  you  please,  say 
what  you  please,  commend  or  condemn  any  body,  or  anything,  that 
YOU  please,  and  not  be  called  to  task  for  breaking  the  rules :  for 
happily  in  a  magazine  you  are  in  a  free  country  which  has  no  rules 
to  be  broken.  And  then,  too,  there  are  no  fixed  limits  to  your  com- 
position. Like  the  magic  tent  in  the  Arabian  tales,  it  will  expand 
or  diminish  to  suit  occasion.  You  can  shrink  it  to  a  page  or  stretch 
it  over  a  volume. 


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MODERN  LANGUAGES.  606 


ART,  V.~THE  MODERN  LANGUAGES  IN  .OUR  COLLEGES  AND 
UNIVERSITIES. 

In  consequence  of  the  natural  progress  of  civilization,  the  arts  and 
sciences  have  assumed  an  importance  which  has  called  forth  an  ad- 
vance in  the  cultivation  of  the  languages  of  those  nations  whose 
high  state  of  cultivation  and  rich  literature  have  rendered  their 
idioms  powerful  auxiliaries  of  useful  knowledge,  the  formation  of 
taste,  and  the  discipline  of  mental  faculties.  At  first  confined  to 
the  privileged  few,  the  knowledge  of  these  languages  was  looked 
upon  rather  as  a  fasjiionable  accomplishment;  but  their  practical 
value  becoming  more  apparent,  they  began  to  be  studied  also  for 
the  sake  of  utility.  Since,  the  luxury  of  tne  few  has  become  the  want 
of  the  many,  and  their  study  has  become  a  leading  branch  of  modem 
education. 

Foreign  languages  should  not  be  studied  merely  as  a  means  of 
national  intercourse,  or  on  account  of  the  information  their  writers 
may  afford.  Language  is  not  only  the  organ  of  thought,  the  me- 
dium of  communication  between  mind  and  mind,  but  word  is  so  insep- 
arable from  thought,  so  instantaneously  does  it  suggest  the  other, 
that  it  has  been  contended  that  without  words,  not  necessarily  writ- 
ten, or  even  spoken,  but  conceived,  thought  would  be  impossible. 
Then,  useful  as  a  second  language  may  be,  it  will  assume  a  higher 
importance  if  its  study  is  made  more  subservient  to  a  profound 
knowledge  of  the  native  tongue,  to  the  formation  of  taste  and  culti- 
vation of  the  intellectual  powers,  besides  extending  our  circle  of 
communication,  or  multiplying  our  sources  of  information. 

Among  foreign  languages  studied  with  these  views,  some  are 
more  appropriate  than  others,  and  the  results  depend  on  the  mode 
of  their  acquisition.  The  mother  tongue  cannot,  m  mental  training, 
supply  the  place  of  a  foreign  idiom.  It  is  by  comparison  with 
another  idiom  that  the  powers  of  the  mind  are  evolved,  and  sound 
Motions  of  grammatical  science  are  formed. 

Method  is  to  instruction  what  machinery  is  to  manufacture.  We 
do  not  find  that  human  labor  is  superseded  ;  it  is  only  better  direct- 
ed. Why,  then,  not  apply  to  mind,  as  we  have  done  to  matter,  im- 
proved powers,  improved  combinations,  and  improved  processes  1 

Let  a  rational  method  be  adopted,  and  undoubtedly  by  keeping  in 
view  the  real  object  of  literary  studies,  and  rejecting  whatever  is 
useless,  foreign  languages  may  be  learned  concurrently  with,  and 
subserviently  to,  scientific  and  industrial  pursuits ;  but  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  insure  both  their  complete  possession,  and  the  inci- 
dental benefits  arising  from  their  study. 

Classification  is  the  fundamental  law  of  a  rational  method.  The 
study  of  languages  must,  then,  be  divided  into  branches  which  consti- 
tute the  leading  objects  proposed  by  it.  That  is  the  art  of  under- 
standing oral  expression,  of  speaking,  reading,  and  writing.  A  lan- 
guage, more  than  any  other  branch  of  instruction,  m%y  to  a  certain 


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606  HODBBN  LANGUAGES. 

extent  be  acquired  without  the  aid  of  books.  As  a  child  acquires  of 
himself  the  vernacular  tongue,  by  imitating  the  living  models ;  so 
does  an  adolescent  learn  foreign  languages  by  imitating  his  teachers. 
In  either  case  the  frequency  of  impression  tends  to  secure  the  pow- 
ers of  expressioHy  without  premeditated  design  on  his  part  to  learn, 
or  on  the  part  of  his  parents  to  teach  him  the  language.  A  young 
child  unconsciously  gains  the  power  of  understand'mg  it,  when 
spoken.  Once  in  possession  of  the  idea,  he  instinctively  associates 
it  with  the  phraseology ;  he  repeats  the  expressions  which  he  has 
heard  ;  he  speaks  by  imitation. 

Impression  and  expression  constitute  the  double  object  of  language. 
Correct  impressions  are  received  from  proper  models,  and  correct 
expressions  are  produced  by  judicious  imitators  of  them.  When  ac- 
quiring the  native  tongue  the  child  is  under  the  influence  which  he 
receives  from  the  mother,  the  nurse,  brothers  and  sisters.  In  fact^ 
all  those  who  approach  him  act  as  living  models.  If  they  speak  cor- 
rectly, the  imitator  has  the  benefit  of  a  good  pronunciation  and  ac- 
curate expressions.  If  incorrectly,  he  adopts  unconsciously  a  defect- 
ive mode  of  speaking.  So  with  a  foreign  language,  if  the  teacher  is 
deBeient  in  his  pronunciation,  if  his  accent  is  not  good,  if  be  is  an 
uneducated  person,  his  pupils,  of  course,  will  not  acquire  an  elegant 
pronunciation  and  a  good  accent;  he  will  not  be  endowed  with 
correct  and  accurate  expressions  and  a  refined  language. 

In  modern  languages  pronunciation  is  of  the  greatest  importance. 
As  correct  enunciation  renders  our  ideas  more  manifest,  and  causes 
us  to  be  listened  to  with  more  pleasure,  so  an  incorrect  pronuncia- 
tion soon  fatigues  the  hearers,  and  exposes  sometimes  the  speaker  to 
ridicule.  Approximation  is  not  sufficient  in  pronouncing  a  language, 
for  the  least  deviation  from  the  right  sound  or  articulation,  the  im- 
proper lengthening  or  shortening  of  a  syllable,  tlie  omission  or  mis- 
placing of  an  accent,  is  enough  to  change  the  meaning  of  a  word,  the 
sense  of  the  sentence,  and  to  diffuse  obscurity  over  the  discourse, 
when  it  does  not  make  ludicrous  or  ridiculous  the  most  serious  and 
important  matter. 

jDo  we  not  see  sometimes  the  force  of  sensible  remarks  though 
understood  by  an  audience,  yet  to  be  nullified  by  the  amusement  or 
impatience  which  an  incorrect  pronunciation  usually  excites?  It 
has  been  erroneously  supposed  impossible  to  acquire  the  true  pro- 
nunciation of  a  foreign  language.  Nature  opposes  no  obstacle 
to  it.  Men  of  all  nations  have  been  endowed  with  the  same  faculties, 
physical  and  intellectual,  (we  mean  the  Caucasian  race,)  which  place 
numan  attainments  within  the  reach  of  all.  We  maintain  that  even 
without  going  abroad,  the  correct  pronunciation  of  a  foreign  lan- 
guage is  attainable  by  any  person  who  will  follow  the  process  of 
nature  in  learning  it.  Although  at  an  early  age  the  physical  senses 
yield  more  easily  to  impressions,  this  advantage  is,  in  adults,  coun- 
terbalanced by  a  greater  intensity  of  attention,  which  renders  the 
foreign  pronunciation  equally  attainable  by  them.  Educate  the 
ear,  and  the  pronunciation  will  be  acquired  without  difficulties. 


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MODERN  LANGITAGES.  607 

The  vocal  sounds  and  articulations,  which  form  the  essential  ele- 
ments of  pronunciation,  and  the  greater  number  of  which  are  com- 
mon to  most  languages,  are  easily  distinguished  and  produced  by  a 
person  whose  ear  has  been  impressed  with  them ;  but  the  various  in- 
tonations of  voice,  which  unier  the  name  of  accents  constitute  its 
other  elements,  pre^nt  some  difficulty  in  a  foreign  language,  because 
in  their  infinite  variety  the  peculiar  and  delicate  shades  of  modula- 
tion which  characterize  them  in  each  nation,  easily  escape  the  dis- 
criminative powers  of  the  auditory  organs.  This  is  certainly  the 
most  difiicult  part  of  a  foreign  language.  This,  however,  should  not 
discourage  those  who  may  be  ambitious  of  arriving  at  perfection,  for 
this  fikicent  is  only  a  secondary  accomplishment,  the  non-possession 
of  which  does  not  affect  the  knowledge  of  a  language.  It  would  be 
erroneous  to  infer  from  the  peculiar  accent  of  a  foreigner,  that  he 
does  not  itnow  the  language,  or  that  he  pronounces  incorrectly,  for 
one  may  have  a  good  pronunciation  and  a  bad  accent,  as  natives 
have  sometimes  the  proper  accent  but  a  very  bad  pronunciation,  ac- 
cording to  the  part  of  his  country  where  he  was  born,  and  the 
people  among  whom  he  has  been  brought  up.  Therefore,  when  a 
French  teacher,  for  instance,  is  selected  by  parents  or  schoolmasters, 
they  should  ascertain  at  first  that  he  is  a  man  of  sound  judgment, 
education,  and  experience,  so  that  he  should  be  able  to  cultivate  the 
understanding  of  his  pupils,  as  well  as  their  ears ;  that  he  should 
assist  them  in  acquiring  a  dear  and  correct  style,  rather  than  a 
genteel  accent. 

Nothing  is  so  absurd  as  the  attempt  of  assimilating  the  sound  of 
a  foreign  language  to  those  of  the  native  tongue,  as  it  is  done  in 
many  introductory  books.  Every  language  has  vowels,  vowel 
sounds,  articulations,  and  an  accentuation  peculiar  to  it,  and  what- 
ever their  combinations  may  be,  they  will  never  present  the  idea  of 
any  sounds  or  articulations  but  those  with  which  the  learner  is 
already  acquainted.  The  attempt,  therefore,  to  spell  words  in  one 
language  as  they  are  pronounced  in  another,  must  in  most  cases 
prove  unsuccessful,  for  the  pen  can  never  represent  new  sounds  to 
the  eye  with  a  defective  spelling  of  the  foreign  words.  Written 
descriptions  or  representations  of  new  sounds,  can  but  lead  astray 
those  who  have  net  heard  them.  The  ear  only  can  judge  of  sounds, 
as  the  eye  alone  judges  of  colors. 

Each  organ  has  its  peculiar  sensations,  inappreciable  by  the  other 
organs.  Language  cannot  perform  the  ofHce  of  our  senses,  and  it  is 
inadequate  to  effect  more  than  a  mere  reference  to  our  experience. 
Who  will  have  a  correct  idea  of  the  English  ih^  the  French  u  or  «n, 
the  German  cA,  the  Italian  gli^  and  the  Spanish  a:,  if  he  does  not  hear 
them  from  the  mouth  of  a  native  1  He  who  never  tasted  truffles, 
smelt  a  rose,  or  saw  snow,  cannot  be  made  to  conceive  exactly  the 
sensations  they  produce,  either  by  the  most  descriptive  language  or 
the  most  minute  combinations  of  other  sensations.  Useful,  there- 
fore, as  are  pronouncing  dictionaries,  to  servo  as  standards  whereby 
to  ascertain  the  exact  pronunciation  of  certain  words,  they  are  so, 


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608  MODERN  LANGUAGES. 

only  as  far  as  thej  employ  the  alphabetical  combinations  which  are 
current  in  the  language  whose  pronunciation  they  are  intended  to 
represent;  but  the  power  of  using  them  implies  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  language ;  whereas  they  cannot  be  of  any  service  to  a 
foreigner  ignorant  of  it.  With  him  nothing  can  supply  the  want  of 
living  models,  and  he  must  have  heard  the  vocal  elements  for  some 
time,  before  he  can  expect  to  reproduce  them  with  any  kind  of  cor- 
rectness. Our  conviction  of  the  right  pronunciation  of  native  words 
does  not  arise  so  much  from  our  recollection  of  having  heard  them 
in  any  particular  way,  as  from  our  consciousness  of  having  heard 
them  pronounced  by  persons  reputed  good  speakers.  It  is  the  same 
with  the  foreign  pronunciation.  Let  the  pupils  hear  the  language 
oflen  enough  to  have  it  in  their  power  to  recollect  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  pronounced  by  their  instructor,  their  subsequent  imita- 
tion of  it  will  present  no  difficulty.  It  is  by  frequently  hearing  the 
teacher  that  learners  acquire  habits  which  enable  them  afterwards 
instinctively  to  pronounce  correctly  in  his  absence. 

The  difficulty  of  pronunciation  once  mastered,  reading  loud  keeps 
the  ear  ip  tune  and  the  tongue  in  practice,  renders  the  pronunciation 
habitual,  and  thus  preserves  it  to  the  latest  period  of  life. 

If  foreign  languages  are  so  important  a  branch  of  education  ;  if 
teachers  play  so  important  a  part  in  the  acquirement  of  foreign 
languages,  bow  is  it  that  in  this  country,  and  especially  in  the 
Southern  States,  families  and  schools  take  indiscriminately  as  teach- 
ers of  languages,  persons  whose  qualifications  and  abilities,  as  sudi, 
have  not  been  previously  ascertained  1  Is  it  possible  to  admit,  for 
instance,  that  English,  French,  German,  and  Spanish  can  be  taught 
properly  by  the  same  person,  and  through  the  Ollendorff  system, 
so  generally  used  on  this  continent  for  all  languages,  and  yet  so  de- 
ficient and  defective  ] 

There  was,  some  few  years  ago,  in  one  of  the  military  academies 
of  the  Southern  States,  a  young  Frenchman  who  was  born  and  had 
been  brought  up  in  Paris.  He  had  never  left  his  femily,  where 
French  was  constantly  spoken,  up  to  the  day  that  he  was  admitted 
into  said  Academy,  and  naturally  he  knew  more  about  French  than 
all  the  Academy,  including  officers  and  cadets.  The  officer  teaching 
French  was  a  native  of  the  State,  he  had  never  travelled  abroad, 
could  not  even  keep  conversation  in  French,  and  his  pronunciation 
was  more  than  defective — we  will  not  speak  of  his  accent;  however, 
the  young  Parisian  was  constantly  reprimanded,  punished,  and 
threatened  with  dismissal,  because  he  would  not  consent  to  alter  his 
native  language,  and  to  pronounce  it  in  his  teacher's  style,  nor  adopt 
his  distorted  patois. 

Some  time  ago  it  was  reported  by  the  Columbia  papers,  that  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  South  Carolina  University  had  at  last 
taken  the  decision  to  have  modern  languages  taught  in  their  Univer- 
sity. If  sf>,  how  will  they  proceed  1  Will  they  appoint  a  special 
and  competent  professor  for  each  language]  or  will  they  find  a 
professor  endowed  with  the   extraordinary  gift  of  the   universal 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS,.  609 

knowledge  of  all  modem  languages,  and  with  the  yet  more  extraor- 
dinary abilities  to  teach  them  all  efficiently  ?  As  to  the  College  of 
the  city  of  Charleston,  is  it  not  time  that  it  should  be  put  in  the 
same  standing  with  all  other  colleges  in  this  country  ?  Have  not 
the  students  in  that  College  been  deprived  long  enough  of  the  bene- 
fits of  studying  modern  languages,  especially  those  destined  to 
learned  professions  1 


ART.  YL-MILEOAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS, 

ADDBE8B  OF  J.  D.  B.  DEBOW,  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  TENNESSEE  CENTRAL  OR  PACIFIC  RAILROAD. 

The  faotd  and  principles  wbick  are  embodied  In  the  annexed  series  of  letters,  though  intended 
for  the  State  of  Tennessee,  will  be  fened  to  be  applicable  wherever  railroads  are  to  be  con- 
stracted.  The  letters  have  been  prepared  with  much  care,  and  It  is  hoped  will  prove  to  have 
f  eneral  interest  and  valne. 

I.  To  THE  People  of  Tenkesbeb. 

Tendered  by  a  complimentary  vote  the  Presidency  of  tho  Great  Central  Rail- 
road of  Tennessee,  chartered  by  recent  act  of  the  Leffialature,  I  did  not  feel  at 
liberty  to  decline,  notwithstanding  the  difficnlties  of  the  position,  and  the  cease- 
less energies  which  will  be  necessary,  if  this  important  enterprise  is  to  be 
carried  through.  Having  established  myself  in  the  State  and  located  my  pecu- 
niary and  other  interests  here,  I  have  a  direct  and  tangible  interest  in  all  that 
makes  for  her  prosperity  and  especially  the  prosperity  of  her  wealthy  and  beau- 
tiful Capital.  A  citizen  of  the  South,  identified  with  its  fortunes  for  weal  or  for 
woe ;  devoted  to  its  welfare  and  interest,  I  have  applied  myself  from  early  life 
to  the  development  of  our  enterprise  and  wealth,  and  have  lived  lou^  enough  to 
witness  the  most  ratifying  results  and  the  abundant  success  of  hundreds  of  un- 
dertakings, regarded  in  their  incipiency  to  be  impracticable.  In  the  twenty 
years  which  include  my  connection  with  these  movements,  may  be  condensed 
the  whole  history  nearly  of  our  internal  improvement  system — a  system  which 
cements  and  binds  together  our  States ;  which  has  built  up  our  cities  and  devel- 
oped our  interior;  added  indefinitely  to  the  value  of  our  lands  and  to  our  physical, 
moral  and  other  comforts  The  most  of  these  roads  have,  in  addition,  paid 
haodsome  dividends  to  their  proprietors  and  stockholders,  and  all  will  undoubt- 
edly do  so  when  our  affairs  again  become  settled. 

Notwithstanding  what  has  been  effected  an  inspect-on  of  the  map,  and  a  con- 
sideration of  the  character  of  the  country,  demonstrate  that  we  are  but  in  mid- 
die,  and  not  at  the  end  of  our  labors.  Vast  and  important  connections  are  yet 
to  be  made ;  great  sectioni  are  to  be  opened;  wealth  now  inaccessible  is  to.be 
brought  forth ;  the  mountains,  the  sea-shore  and  the  rivers  are  to  be  brought 
nearer  and  nearer  to  each  other.  Another  twenty  years  of  construction  will 
not  do  more  than  bring  us  to  the  stand-point  which  the  Northern  States  have 
reached  to-day  in  their  railroad  results,  and  yet  these  States  will  press  on.  Sir 
Morton  Peto»  the  eminent  English  railroad  projector,  stated  In  his  recent  visit  to 
this  country,  that  "  it  was  impossible  to  drop  a  railroad  anywhere  in  America 
that  would  not  pay.** 

It  is  gratifying,  too,  to  know  that  the  people  of  the  South  are  awake  npon  the 
subject  of  their  material  interests,  and  that  they  are  reviving  and  pressing  with 
spirit  and  energy  all  the  great  railroad  enterprises  or  conceptions  which  were 
interrupted  by  the  war,  and  that  they  have  Tia&a  fVom  the  ashes  of  their  mis- 
fortunes with  renewed  spirits  and  energies,  and  with  the  vast  improvement  which 
the  conflict  engendered. 

When  our  political  affairs  are  settled,  and  that  eannot  be  long  delayed  with  a 
people  so  eminently  practical  as  the  American,  and  when  all  interests  so  loudly 
TOL.  IL-NO.  VI.  89 


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610  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

call  for  it,  the  South  will  enter  upon  a  career  of  prosperity  which  nothing^  in  the 
past  has  equalled.  Her  vast  resources  will  inTite  capital  and  labor  from  all  the 
world  hnd  will  compensate  many  fold  for  what  has  been  lost  Manufactures 
will  spring  up  everywhere,  our  abundant  minerals  will  be  worked,  our  towns 
and  villages  and  cities  will  exhibit  life  and  activity.  We  need  not  apprehend 
any  pause  in  the  advance  of  such  a  people. 

In  1846  I  visited  for  the  first  time  the  great  "West  as  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
vention at  Memphis,  where  nearly  all  of  the  Southern  and  Western  States  were 
represented,  and  well  remember  the  enthusiasm  which  was  begun  to  be  engen- 
dered in  behalf  of  internal  improvements,  and  the  plaudits  which  rang  through 
the  hall  when  Mr.  Calhoun,  the  President,  declared  that  in  regard  to  all  of  the 
railroad  schemes  in  contemplation,  he  considered  thai  which  sought  to  connect 
the  Southern- Seaboard  wUh  the  Mississippi  YaUey  a>s  the  most  important.  It 
threw  open  markets  for  Western  produce  at  all  times  and  all  seasons.  The  Mis- 
issippi  might  be  blockaded  and  the  produce  of  the  Valley  would  not  be  left  to 
perish.  "  In  less  than  twenty  years,"  eaid  he,  "  the  West  will  be  engaged  in  de- 
liberations to  extend  its  connection  with  the  Pacific  as  it  is  now  with  uie  Atlan- 
tic, and  the  connection  will  be  as  intimate  with  the  one  as  the  other." 

In  a  series  of  brief  papers  of  which  this  is  the  first,  delayed  until  the  disap* 
pearance  of  the  ef)idemic  from  among  us,  I  propose,  fellow  citizens,  to  discuss 
(and  trust  that  you  will  give  me  your  careful  attention,  and  that  the  newspapers 
of  the  State  will  republish  the  series)  the  whole  subject  of  our  railroad  system ; 
what  effect  the  railroads  exercise  upon  town  and  county,  how  Nashville  stands 
in  relation  to  them,  and  what  will  be  its  future ;  what  w  the  duty  of  our  pro- 
perty holders  and  capitalists ;  what  are  the  proposed  advantages  of  the  Central 
or  Pacific  Railroad — the  country  which  it  will  traverse,  the  practicability  of  the 
route,  its  cost  and  mode  of  raising  it,  and  will  the  enterprise  prove  remunera- 
tive? 

When  the  eeries  is  completed,  I  shall  endeavor  to  meet  the  people  of  the 
country  to  be  traversed  by  the  road,  but  bespeak  in  advance  the  co-operation  of 
its  active  and  leading  citizens  upon  whom  the  success  of  the  enterprise  must  in 
great  part  depend. 

II. — f>'FLUKXCE  OF  RaILEOADS  IN  ButLDIKG  UP  ToWMS  AND  CiTnEB. 

It  can  scarcely  be  necessary  to  dwell  upon  a  proposition  so  obvious.  The 
whole  experience  of  America  is  a  demonstration  of  it.  The  marvelloiis  growth 
of  our  inland  towns,  often  without  natural  advantages  and  in  spite  of  pnysical 
difficulties ;  the  increase  in  the  number  of  such  towns ;  the  progress  in  manu- 
factures and  the  arts  to  which  no  other  period  of  history  affords  a  counterpart, 
are  all  attributable  to  the  mighty  achievements  of  the  railroad.  Withooi  it 
where  would  have  been  Cleveland,  Chicago,  Milwaukie,  Buffalo,  and  a  host  of 
similar  towns  which  have  reached  the  altitude  of  great  cities  ?  And  even  in  cases 
where  great  natural  advantages  are  enjoyed,  as  at  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis, 
Memphift,  Boston,  New  York,  how  small  are  the  advantages  of  the  rivers  and 
the  steamboats  in  comparison  with  those  which  are  derived  from  the  iron  horse, 
whose  swift  foot  has  penetrated  the  vast  interior,  and  whose  strong  back  has 
borne  away  the  colossal  burden  of  its  wealth  ? 

The  trade  and  population  of  cities  must  always  be  determined  by  the  ease  or 
difficulty  of  entrance  and  egress,  snd  in  the  competition  of  cities,  those  that 
present  the  greatest  advantages  of  this  kind,  it  may  be  assumed,  in  the  long  ran 
will  win  the  race.  There  needs  no  proof  of  this,  llie  farmer  whose  prodno, 
tions,  for  example,  are  distant  one  hundred  miles  from  one  city  on  the  railroad, 
and  ten  miles  from  another  on  the  common  road  or  turnpike,  will  not  hesitate 
lonfi^  as  to  his  true  market,  and  where  he  sells  there  will  he  buy,  and  there  will 
be  his  associations  and  those  of  his  family.  The  city,  therefore,  that  foregoes 
the  advantages  of  the  railroad  will  be  as  powerless  in  the  race,  as  would  be  the 
individual  who  relies  upon  natural  endowments,  to  the  exclusion  of  edacatioa 
and  information,  and  almost  in  proportion  as  these  advantages  are  added  to  and 
extended,  is  her  pre-eminence  recognized  I 


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BAILRpAD  HISTOBY  AND  RESULTS.  611 

Every  dollar  that  is  judlcloasly  expended  upon  railroads  terminating  at  a 
city,  is  80  much  trading  capital  added  to  her,  and  is  as  much  a  part  of  her  ac- 
tual wealth  as  if  she  appeared  in  brick  or  mortar  or  stone  edifices.  When  you 
add  a  mile  of  road  in  a  new  quarter,  you  are  in  point  of  fact  building  a  new 
store  house  or  mansion,  and  sometimes  many  such,  on  your  streets,  and  adding  a 
score  or  more  of  residents  to  your  midst.  The  dollar  may  be  better  expended 
fifhr  or  a  hundred  miles  distant  than  several  times  that  much  under  your  eye. 

I  may  safely  challenge  the  skeptic,  if  there  be  such,  to  a  single  instance  of  a 
town  or  city  which  has  declined  in  population  and  wealth  and  become  bankrupt 
in  consequence  of  expenditures  upon  railroads. 

The  yery  reverse  is  the  rule  everywhere,  and  the  examples  are  so  numerous 
that  it  would  be  idle  to  refer  to  them  in  detail. 

The  prodigious  growth  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  notable  progress  of  Memphis, 
with  which  we  are  more  familiar,  are  exponents  of  the  principle  that  I  am  argu- 
ing. These  cities  are  conversant  with  the  grandest  and  vastest  conceptions,  and 
leap  from  one  great  enterprise  to  another  with  an  energy  and  intelligence  which 
are  truly  admirable.  The  result  of  it  is  that  all  of  Missouri  is  flocking  to  St. 
Louis,  and  all  of  Tennessee  to  Memphis. 

A  few  years  ago.  Mobile,  finding  her  prosperity  on  the  wane,  conceived  the 
stupendous  design  of  penetrating  to  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  by  railroad,  and 
although  her  wealth  and  population  were  scarcely  more  than  half  that  of  Nash- 
ville to-day,  she  boldly  undertook  a  work  which  was  to  cost  eight  or  ten  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  and  has  actually  achieved  it,  and  been  long  deriving  its  great 
results. 

Between  1830  and  1840,  the  gain  in  valuation  of  property  at  Charleston  was 
$5,160,829,  which  Col.  Gadsden  said  was  clearly  traceable  to  the  Hamburg 
Railroad,  which  had  not  expended  half  that  sum.  The  gain  was  more  extraor- 
dinary in  Boston,  which  was  $74,000,000,  in  the  years  1841-46,  upon  an  expen- 
diture of  thirty  millions  in  railroads.  In  the  same  period  New  York  showea  an 
actual  decline,  which  roused  the  energies  of  her  capitalists  and  enabled  them  in 
the  end  to  turn  the  scales.  In  1840  the  district  around  Boston  had  a  population 
of  172,000,  and  in  1850,  293,000 — ^an  increase  of  70  per  cent,  against  45  per  cent, 
in  the  previous  ten  years.  In  the  same  period  the  valuation  of  property  rose 
from  $120,000,000  to  $266,000,000,  upon  .an  expenditure  of  $52,000,000  for 
railroads. 

But  it  is  not  my  intention  to  multiply  such  obvious  examples  or  refer  to  the 
experience  of  Nashville  at  the  present  time.  The  consideration  of  her  case 
will  come  up  hereafter.  I  close  now  with  a  remark  of  Dr.  Lardner,  which  is 
very  significant,  that  the  saving  in  passage-money  made  by  those  who  traveled 
over  the  railroads  in  Great  Britain  in  the  years  1&47  and  1848,  alone,  over  what 
they  would  have  had  to  pay  to  the  stage  coaches,  was  £16,922,076  sterUng,  "  or 
70  per  cent,  upon  the  whole  cost  of  those  roads." 

IIL  I.VFLUSNOB  OF  Raileoads  UPON  Intebior  LA:fi>8  ANT)  Pbopsbty. 

After  the  argument  that  has  already  been  advanced,  it  wHl  scarcely  be 
necessary  to  make  further  reference  to  general  principles.  The  illustrations 
are  innumerable. 

Between  1853  and  1859  the  four  counties  of  Butler,  Jackson,  Limestone,  and 
Lowndes,  Alabama,  increased  their  land  valuation  from  $9,798,896  to  $16,616,- 
829,  in  consequence  of  the  construction  of  raihroads  through  them,  whilst  the 
counties  which  had  no  roads — Coosa,  Barbour,  Chambers  and  Pickens — in- 
creased  only  from  |8,561,410  to  $9,397,865. 

In  the  years  1856-57,  whilst  the  whole  increase  of  taxables  in  Tennessee  was 
about  forty  million  dollars,  five  of  its  chief  railroad  counties  gave  twenty  mil- 
lions of  that  increase.  These  counties  were  Davidson,  Williamson,  Rutherford, 
Bedford  and  Shelby. 


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612  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

Speaking  to  the  people  of  GreenyUle,  8.  C,  Bereral  years  since,  the  Hon.  B. 
F.  P^rry  said : 

**  I  can  well  remember,  follow-cttizena,  when  yoor  flonr  and  yoar  com  could  command  no 
market  Every  man  had  as  much  as  be  wanted,  and  none  conid  be  sent  off.  Farm<>rs  bad  no 
inducement  to  work  except  a  small  part  of  their  time.  Labor  was  in  no  demand.  Veiy  often 
bare  I  seen  men  wishing  to  hire  tbemselTOs  to  work  at  twenty-flre  cents  per  daj.  Seldom 
any  one  wished  to  hire.  What  was  the  consequence  ?  Idleness,  and  a  coarse,  uncomfortable 
way  of  living,  and  dissipation.    All  this  has  passed  away  with  the  railroad." 

The  engineer  of  the  Alabama  Central  Railroad,  John  T.  Milnor,  who  made, 
several  years  since,  one  of  the  ablest  reports  oyer  published  in  any  country, 
■Ives  the  following  striking  iUustration  of  the  effects  of  the  railroad,  upon  the 
abits,  manners,  enterprise  and  wealth  of  the  people  of  the  interior.    He  says: 


fa 


"•  In  1887 1  was  engaged  on  the  Georgia  State  road,  Inst  then  commenced.  I  there  became 
acquainted  with  the  people  along  that  road — their  habits  and  their  means.  Beyond  their  ac- 
tual wants  for  food  tboy  raised  nothing  at  all.  The  men  moped  around,  and  shot  at  a  mark. 
'The  women  seemed  to  do  but  little,  whilst  their  children,  poorly  oared  for,  sauntered  aboot 
from  place  to  place,  as  if  their  highest  thoughts  were  bent  upon  catching  rabbits,  'possum^ 
or  some  such  small  game.  TVbat  was  the  use  to  work  when  it  would  cost  them  two  dollars 
per  bushel  to  get  their  wheat  to  market,  and  then  onir  got  one.  In  1857  I  went  back  again, 
and  what  a  change  I  The  rivers  were  the  same ;  the  Kennesaw  Mountain  had  not  changed— 
the  "  Crooked  Spoon  "  still  rolled  along— the  men  and  women  that  once  I  knew  were  there— 
the  boys  had  crown  to  be  men,  and  the  girls  to  be  women,  but  their  mUn  was  changed.  The 
old  men  stood  erect,  as  with  conscious  pride  they  looked  upon  the  waving  fields  of  grain. 
The  matrons  busied  themselves  about  their  dairies  and  looms,  whilst  the  sturdy  boys  were 
grappling  with  the  plough.  What  has  brought  this  change  about?  Listen  for  awhile,  aod 
you  will  hear  the  iron  horse  come  storming  along.  He  stops  at  a  station  for  fuel  and  water— 
a  man  gets  off  the  train.  He  is  a  Charleston  man,  or  perhaps  the  agent  of  the  Montgomery 
MiUa  The  cars  go  on,  and  he  goes  to  the  house.  He  meets  the  farmer — they  have  met  be- 
fore. His  business  is  to  buy  his  grain.  Strange,  but  true,  that  the  demand  for  wheat  should 
be  so  great  as  to  induce  the  merchant  to  buy  at  the  farmer^s  door.  He  offers  $1.60  per^bushel 
cash  fur  his  crop,  and  will  fUrnish  the  sacks  to  put  it  in.  That  wonH  do.  Savannah  was  hers 
yesterday,  and  Columbus  the  day  before,  and  they  offered  more.  Here  is  the  key  to  this 
change.  This  solves  the  mystery.  The  great  State  Boad,  the  iron  horse,  tho  douor  and  a 
half  per  bushel,  cash,  tells  the  tale.  This  is  literally  tho  truth,  as  any  one  can  ascertain  by 
inquiring  of  the  men  that  know." 

In  Georgia,  lands  which  were  in  the  market  in  1846  at  from  ten  to  fifty 
cents  per  acre,  commflnded  in  1 849,  when  the  Chattanooga  Railroad  was  in 
operation,  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars.  On  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  lands 
without  a  purchaser  for  thirty  years,  advanced  at  once  to  three  dollars,  and  in 
many  cases  eight  dollars  per  acre.  The  estimate  on  the  pine  lands  was  an  in- 
crease of  from  500  to  5,000  per  cent  In  Ohio  the  taxable  property  was  in 
amount  $186,000,01)0,  when  there  were  only  eighty-nine  miles  of  railroad,  and 
$840,000,000  when  three  thousand  miles  of  railroad  had  been  constmcted.  In 
Illinois  the  rise  was  from  $72,000,000  when  twenty-two  miles  existed,  to 
$402,000,000  with  two  thousand  five  hundred  aiul  ninety-eieht  miles.  In  In- 
diana an  increa.se  of  thirty  miles  to  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-two 
miles,  increased  the  value  of  property  from  $119,000,000  to  $817,000,000. 
Maryland,  by  building  sixty-five  miles,  increased  the  property  valuation  to 
$1 16,000,000;  Georgia,  six  himdred  and  nine  miles  railroad,  $248,000,000  prop- 
erty ;  one  thousand  three  hundred  and  seventy  miles,  $600,000,000  property. 

TENNESSEE. 

Year.  Miles  R.  R.  Valuation  Property. 

1848 18 $129,501,074 

1852 68 186,621,610 

1864 300   219,061,047 

1866 500 ; 260,319,611 

1858 773 877,208^671 

Col  Tait,  President  of  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  said  at  the 
banquet  of  the  Nashville  and  Memphis  Chamber  of  Conmierce  : 

**  Tho  minds  who  conceived,  or  those  who  matured,  and  the  hands  that  executed  the  designs 
and  purposes  of  the  Qeueral  Internal  Improvement  laws  of  Tennessee  will  live  in  the  hearts 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESUI/TS.  613 

of  Tenneseeans.  Was  the  \xw  a  wiso  one,  and  has  It  succeeded  ?  Will  it  redonnd  to  the  in- 
terest of  the  State  ?  I  think  a  glance  at  the  figures  will  show  that  the  system  has  been  of  <he 
greatest  importance  to  it  In  1886  the  taxable  wealth  of  the  State  was  1117,000,000— the  value 
of  our  land  $4  per  acre.  In  1852,  sixteen  jears  thereafter,  the  taxable  wealth  of  the  State  was 
$1861,000,000,  an  increase  of  less  than  six^  per  cent,  while  oar  lands  had  decreased  to  $8  84 
per  acre.  In  lSfi2  the  Internal  Improvement  law  was  passed.  What  was  the  result  ?  In  the 
eight  intervening  years  to  1860  we  had  built  over  1.200  miles  of  railroad,  and  lond  had  in- 
creased to  $8  8  per  acre,  and  our  taxable  wealth  to  $889,000,000  in  a  period  of  eight  jears,  or 
110  per  cenu" 

In  1851,  Mr.  Hewson,  a  scientific  engineer  of  Memphis,  conceived  the  idea 
that.from  actual  results  and  experience,  he  could  discover  the  precise  value  im- 
parted to  lands  at  different  distances  from  the  railroads.  He  constructed  a 
curious  diagram,  which  may  be  found  in  DeBou/a  BemeWf  VoL  xi.,  page  590, 
and  says : 

"■  If  five  dollars  an  acre  be  the  yalne  of  land  at  the  disadvantage  of  haulin?,  at  a  cost  of  60 
cents  per  hundred  pounds,  this  value,  if  we  assume  the  gross  haulage  at  100  pounds  to  the 
acre,  a  low  estimate,  will  be  raised,  in  consideration  of  a  transport  of  10  cents  per  100  pounds, 
to  $9  per  acre. 

**  The  oost  of  hanlsge  by  ordinary  roads  Is  seven  times  the  cost  by  railroads.  The  result  <yf 
railroads  on  agriculture  is.  therefore,  in  effect,  to  draw  the  plantations  along  the  route  within 
one-seventh  of  their  actual  distance  from  market 

**In  the  case  of  a  railroad^s  running  through  an  inland  district,  a  plantation,  or  tract  of  land 
situated  on  the  line  at  a  distance  of  70  miles  fh>m  market,  receives  a  benefit  equivalent  to  the 
oost  of  hauling  its  produce  and  return  supplies  over  sixty  miles  of  common  roads,  and  this 
additional  value  is  imparted  to  each  acre  or  the  land."^ 

Speaking  of  the  Vickaburg  and  Brandon  Railroad,  much  of  it  through  a  pine 
country,  Mr.  Roach,  of  Vicksburg,  said  in  1851 : 

**  A  farmer  on  the  line  of  the  road  has  a  farm  of  indifferent  sort,  lying  on  a  bed  of  rocks.  A 
building  is  commenced  at  Jackson,  and  the  nature  of  the  spot  forbids  the  use  of  brick  for  a 
foundation.  Our  farmer's  barren  rocks,  15  miles  A-om  the  proposed  building,  are  brought  into 
requisition.  They  are  put  into  his  pocket,  in  the  shape  of  cash.  Without  the  railroad  thev 
were  only  a  nuisance.  Take  any  tract  of  land,  however  poor,  its  timber,  if  along  the  railroad, 
win  make  it  mdre  valuable  than  the  best  lands  which  are  not  accessible,  etc'^ 

But  of  what  avail  to  multiply  illustrations  ?  The  experience  of  proprietors 
along  all  the  great  routes  of  railroad  are  uniform  on  the  subject.  Seldom  or 
nevej^is  the  advantage  less  than  that  of  duplication,  and  in  many  cases  the 
lands  at  once  appreciate  to  three,  five,  and  ten  times  their  original  valuation. 
The  cause  of  this  is  natural  enough,  and  has  been  fully  explained.  "Well,  there- 
fore, may  a  farmer  subscribe — and  subscribe  liberaUy — to  enterprises  which, 
besides  the  chances  of  annual  dividends  (which  we  shall  see  hereafter  are  al- 
ways good),  wUl  bring  such  substantial  home  results.  If  his  estate  be  worth 
$1,000  or  $10,000,  he  may  well  give  half  of  it  to  the  Company,  in  fee  simple, 
and  never  have  cause  but  to  rejoice  in  the  act.  The  word  "gift,"  however,  is  a 
misnomer.  It  is  the  railroad  that  is  the  great  ffiver,  the  great  benefactor, 
which  creates  for  him  wealth  when  he  sleeps,  which  is  making  him  rich,  when 
often  he  has  thoughtlessly  opposed  it. 

Experience  has  universally  shown  that  men  who  swear  against  railroads,  who 
absent  themselves  from  the  meetings,  protest  that  they  will  give  nothing  in  their 
aid,  but  would  rather  give  so  much  not  to  have  them,  are  the  very  first,  when 
the  route  is  located  in  the  vicinity  of  their  lands,  to  make  a  parade  about  the 
benefit  that  the  lands  have  received,  and  to  demand  extortionate  prices  for  them, 
shonld  a  purchaser  chance  to  come  along. 

IV.  General  Influence  of  Railroads. 

1.  Upon  Population. — It  will  not  be  denied  that  very  much  of  the  settlement 
of  a  country  depends  upon  the  facilities  afforded  for  communication  and  trans- 
port. Even  inferior  lands  will  be  cultivated,  if  within  reach  of  the  market, 
whilst  the  most  productive  will  remain  in  a  state  of  nature,  or  with  a  limited 
population.  The  arguments  which  apply  to  conmion  roads  are  strengthened  in 
the  c#se  of  turnpikes  ;  still  more  on  plankroads  and  canals,  and  in  the  highest 
degree  on  railroads,  which  introduce  the  potent  element  of  steam.     It  is  com- 


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614  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

mon  experience  that  settlements  and  large  towns  spring  up  on  the  route  of  a 
railroad,  where  hitherto  nothing  but  farm-houses  were  to  be  seen,  except  at  its 
termini.  The  traveler  at  the  North  is  struck  with  this  every  hour.  The  vil- 
lages  and  towns  become  themselves  the  centres  of  back  population,  and  this 
population  gives  rise  to  the  opening  of  new  lands,  and  thus  the  area  contiQuallj 
widens.  Tlie  history  of  tlie  West  is  strongly  in  point  When  shut  oflF  fromlhe 
Atlantic  by  a  road  of  sixty  days,  or  a  flat  boat  navis^ation  quite  as  long,  the  pro- 
gress of  population  and  products  was  slow,  revolutions  were  openly  discussed, 
and  a  separate  government  adequate  to  her  necessities  was  proposed.  The 
power  of  railroads  and  steam  changed  the  whole  aspect  of  things,  and  the 
West,  which  had  but  300,000  at  the  close  of  the  last  century,  contained  in  1820, 
2,207,463  ;  in  1830,  3,672,669  ;  in  1840,  6,302,918,  and  reaches  nearly  15,000,000 
at  the  present  time.  How  much  larger  had  been  the  population,  had  facilities 
like  those  of  New  York  and  Massachusetts  been  enjoyed,  may  be  readily  imag- 
ined. It  will  not  do  to  argue  th  t  population  must  come  before  railroads.  It 
is  possible  to  stimulate  and  excite  it  I  If  the  natural  facilities  of  rivers  and 
navigable  streams  exercise  great  influence  on  the  fgrowth  of  population,  as  in 
the  history  of  settlement,  none  can  deny,  will  not  other  facilities  of  a  like  or 
even  different  character  have  the  same  effect  ?  Population  follows  the  riven, 
and  not  rivers  the  population,  and  so  it  is  of  railroads. 

2.  Upon  Industrt. — A  people  dependent  upon  mere  production,  and  incapa- 
ble of  exchanging,  can  only  remain  in  savage  oarbarism.  The  first  step  in  pro- 
gress is  barter ;  for  without  it  production  will  be  confined  to  the  mere  abject 
necessities  of  life.  Trade  stimulates*  new  energies  and  life,  and  ultimately  civ- 
ilization. Industry  is  its  handmaiden.  Manufactures  go  hand  in  hand  with  it; 
for  every  article  of  manufacture,  except  the  very  rudest,  presupposes  exchange, 
since  the  skill  of  the  field  laborer  must  be  supplied  by  that  of  the  artisan.  Fre-. 
quency  of  exchanfifes,  and  capacities  for  them,  thus  operate  upon  production 
and  fabrication.  Tlie  Indian  hunter  will  transport  on  his  back,  or  in  canoes, 
his  peltry,  hundreds  of  miles,  to  the  trader.  This  is  exchange  under  the 
greatest  conceivable  disadvantage.  The  Mexican  trader  will  supply  the  in- 
terior commerce  upon  pack-horses  over  great  deserts.  This  is  commerce  at  one 
remove;  but  still,  under  such  discourai^cments,  it  cannot  thrive,  and  thus  Mex- 
ico remains,  from  age  to  age,  without  improvement  or  progress.  The  wagoo, 
the  flat-boat,  the  ship,  the  steamer,  and  the  railroad,  are  successive  strips  in  ad- 
vancement.. New  wants  spring  up  with  the  facilities  for  their  enjoyment,  and 
new  energies  are  diffused.  The  poorer  cla^jses  become  consumers  of  what  for- 
merly was  confined  to  the  wealthy.  The  wealthy  look  around  for  new  marks 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  commonality;  thus  industry  is  everywhere  taxed 
and  encouraged,  manufacturing  towns  spring  up,  and  villages  grow  into  im- 
mense cities.  The  forests  give  way  to  the  axe,  and  the  highest  civilization  is 
ushered  in. 

3.  Upon  Wealth. — I  shall  confine  myself  here  to  a  few  facts,  which  go  to 
show -the  immense  results  which  have  grown  out  of  the  construction  of  rail- 
roads. They  are  the  creators  of  wealth  in  more  than  one  way.  As  a  source  of 
profitable  investment,  railroads  have  not  been  surpassed,  all  things  consid- 
ered, by  any  other.  The  actual  earnings  on  the  roads  of  England  were  over 
four  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  shares,  when  the  interest  on  money  was  much 
less.  If  there  has  been  depreciation  in  the  stocks  of  roads,  it  is  easily  accounted 
for  by  the  monomania  which  induced  the  construction  of  roads  that  were  un- 
necessary,  b}'  heavy  Parliamentary  expenses,  and  by  the  reckless  and  extrava- 
gant system  of  construction,  incident  to  the  infancy  of  all  novel  enterprises. 
The  same  remark  applies  to  the  United  States,  where  the  dividends  of  roads 
have  averaged  over  five  per  cent.,  though  in  Massachusetts  this  average  reaches 
eight  per  cent,  whilst  upon  many  roads  in  the  country,  ten,  and  even  a  much 
greater  per  cent,  has  been  realized  by  economical  management  No  other  in- 
vestments of  capital  have  paid  more;  and  if  we  take  long  series  of  years,  no 
others  have  paid  so  much.  Losses,  to  be  sure,  have  been  incurred,  but  i% what 
department  of  business  has  experience  been  otherwise  ?    Certainly  not  in  oom* 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  615 

merce;  certainly  not  in  banking ;  nor  even  in  agriculture  and  manufactures. 
Visionary  and  impracticable  schemes,  and  ruinous  extravagance,  will  find  their 
place  in  every  branch  of  human  affairs.  Nor  is  it  in  actual  dividends  alone 
that  railroad  profits  are  achieved.  Far  from  it.  These  are  among  their  least 
advantages.  Proprietors,  urban  and  rural,  fed  their  effects,  as  we  have  seen, 
primarily,  and  to  the  largest  extent.  Throughout  the  Union  property  has  re- 
ceived an  actual  tangible  benefit  to  a  much  greater  amount  than  the  cost  of  all 
the  roads  in  it.  New  York,  to  which  I  have  referred  before,  is  a  strong  illus- 
tration. In  the  fifteen  years  which  immediately  succeeded  the  construction  of 
the  Erie  Canal,  the  value  of  the  property  in  the  city  advanced  149.  per  cent, 
though  in  the  preceding  ten  years  it  had  not  advanced  one  dollar;  the  per 
cent,  increase  of  population  being  not  much  greater  immediately  after  than  oe- 
fore  the  construction  of  the  canal.  "  Wherever  ra^roads  have  been  con- 
rtructed,'*  saj'S  Ool.  Gadsden,  of  South  Carolina,  "property  has  risen  in  value, 
and  new  stimulus  been  given  to  trade  and  intercourse.  Theso  are  not  specula- 
tave  views,  but  realities.*' 
He  says  again : 

*'I  shall  show  that  trade  has  OKpandcd,  and  the  value  of  real  estate  Increased,  since  the 
establishment  of  the  railroad.  Any  one  who  will  make  the  inquiry,  will  find  the  land  all 
along  the  road  to  Hamburg  and  Columbia,  for  five  miles  on  each  side  of  it.  has  appreciated  in 
value  50,  500.  and  in  some  cases  5,000  per  cent,  and  where  before  its  construction  there  was 
not  |£0,000  worth  of  trade,  there  is  now  (l«48)  upwawls  of  $550,000.  The  valuation  of  prop- 
erty on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  compared  before  and  since  Its  coBStractian,  sbows — 
1830,  $11,887,018;  1866,  $19,075,157;  gain,  $7,688,145." 

The  next  illustration  is  Yir^ginia;  and  here  I  quot«  from  a  message  of  Gov. 
Floyd,  in  1850: 

"  The  wisdom  of  the  policy  stands  fully  vindicated  by  the  recent  assessment  of  lands  in  the 
commonwMilth,  which  sqows  an  increase  of  29^  per  cent  upon  our  entire  landed  property 
during  the  Ia»t  twelve  years,  or  an  aggregate  increase  in  the  value  of  real  estate  nione,  since 
1B3S.  of  $62,749,718,  while  the  increase  between  the  assessments  of  1819  and  183S  was  only 
$5,086,580,  or  two  and  a  half  per  cent  The  total  value  of  Innds  in  the  State,  in  1819,  was 
$206,898,973;  in  183S,  it  was  $211,980,508,  and  in  1850  it  was  $274,680,226;  which  shows  an 
average  increase  each  year,  since  ISSS,  while  the  system  of  internal  improTeti.ent  has  been  ia 
operation,  equal  to  the  whole  increase  during  the  nineteen  years  prior  to  that  time.  This  re- 
snlt  has  been  owing  diiefly  to  the  impulse  imparted  to  the  industry  of  the  State  by  the  facili- 
ties which  her  put>lio  works  have  alTorded  to  our  citizens  for  tran8p.>rting  their  produce  to 
market  Portions  of  our  country  which,  twenty  years  ago,  were  scarcely  inhabited,  are  now 
thickly  settled,  well  cultivated,  and  prosperons.  A  lax-paying  fund  has  been  thus  provided, 
which' will  constitute,  through  all  time^  a  valuable  addition  to  the  permanent  caplt:d  of  the 
commonwealth.^* 

There  can  be  nothing  more  striking  in  the  history  of  railroads,  than  the 
manner  in  which  they  have  triumphed  over  the  slroncest  and  most  inveterate 
opposition,  and  baffled  in  their  results  the  wildest  calculations  of  their  most 
sanguine  advocates.  The  London  Quarterly  Review  made  infinite  sport  of  the 
propo-^ition  that  an  eventful  speed  of  eighteen  or  twenty  miles  an  hour  might 
be  attained.  "The  gross  exaggerations  of  the  power  of  the  locomotive  engine 
may  delude  for  a  time,  but  must  end  in  the  mortification  of  those  concerned. 
"We  should  as  soon  expect  the  people  of  Woolwich  to  suffer  themselves  to  be 
fired  upon  by  one  of  Congreve's  ricochet  roclcets,  as  tru^t  themselves  to  the 
mercy  of  such  a  machine,  going  at  such  a  rate."  A  member  of  Parliament  de- 
clared, in  opposition  to  the  Manchester  road,  "  that  a  railroad  could  not  enter 
into  competition  with  a  canal.  Even  with  the  best  locomotive  engine,  the 
average  rate  would  be  three  and  a  half  miles  per  hour,  which  was  slower  than 
the  canal  conveyance,"  and  Mr.  Wood,  in  nls  History  of  Rtulroads,  says: 
**  Nothing  can  do  more  harm  to  the  adoption  of  railroads  than  the  promulgation 
of  such  nonsense,  as  that  we  shall  see  locomotive  engines  traveling  at  the  rate 
of  twelve,  sixteen,  eighteen,  and  twenty  miles  per  hour," 

V. — The  State  of  Tenne33ee— Its  CoNDirroy,  RESOuncES  and  Prospects. 

There  ia  no  State  in  the  Union  which  possesses  greater  natural  advantages, 
and  which  opens  a  theatre  of  greater  future  enterprise  and  wealth  than  the  Stat« 


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616  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

of  TeDnessee.  Possessed  of  a  mild  and  eauable  climate,  of  a  fertile  soil  capable 
of  every  variety  of  production,  of  abundant  mineral  resources,  and  having  a 
capacity  for  mannfactures  which  is  trul^-  without  limit — ^nothing  seems  to  be 
needed  but  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  its  people  to  put  them  in  the  foremost 
rank  of  progress.  Dependent  less  upon  slavery  than  any  of  her  sisters,  and 
with  a  less  percentage  of  negro  population,  her  losses  have  been  less  by  eman- 
cipation, as  they  have  in  general  been  loss  in  other  respects  from  the  casualties 
of  the  war.  Her  recovery  may  be  counted  upon  rapidly  and  speedily,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  establishment  of  free  labor,  from  the  stimulus 
which  it  will  give  to  immigration,  will,  in  no  long  period,  be  a  positive  and 
great  advantage  to  the  State.  For  this  immigration  she  is  eminently  fitted,  and 
yt  wise  measures  are  inaugurated,  it  will  be  very  practicable,  by  means  of  it,  to 
double  oar  present  population. 

The  population  of  Tennessee  in  1860  was  1,109,801,  of  which  2^6,119  were 
slaves — a  population  within  a  fraction  of  being  as  large  as  that  of  any  Soathen» 
State  except  Virginia.  Her  rate  of  increase  in  the  previous  ten  years — ten  per 
cent. — was  only  half  the  increase  of  the  former  decade,  and  was  less  than  the 
increase  of  almost  every  State  in  the  Union — a  fact  which  is  indicative  that 
emigration,  instead  of  immigration,  had  begun  to  operate.  Her  increase  in 
eeneral  wealth,  )iowever,  was  very  large,  and  in  consequence  the  condition  of 
her  people  improved.  The  real  and  personal  estate  increased  by  the  census 
from  |2(a,276,686  in  1850  to  $493,903,892  in  I860,— a  ratio  greater  than  that 
of  Kentucky,  and  of  more  than  half  the  States  of  the  Union.  Her  mannfactores 
increased  from  $9,725,603  to  $17,987,225  in  the  same  time — very  nearly  a  dupli- 
cation— which  was  greater  than  the  increase  in  Missouri  or  Kentucky,  although 
the  aggregate  manufactures  of  these  States  is  more  thnn  double  that  of  ours, 
for  which  there  is  no  good  reason.  Georgia,  Alabama,  Lonisiana  and  Texas, 
showed  a  larger  ratio  of  increase  than  Tennessee. 

Although  our  coal  and  iron  resources  are  unlimited,  we  yet  produced  in  1860 
but  165,000  tons  of  iron,  against  twice  that  quantity  produced  by  Kentucky. 
From  this  report  of  the  American  Iron  Association  in  1858,  we  learn  that  "in 
the  Northern  part  of  East  Tennessee  and  Northwest  corner  of  North  Carolina  is 
seen  a  knot  of  forty-one  blomeries  and  nine  furnaces,  while  to  the  west  of  these, 
at  the  base  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  are  fourteen  forges  and  five  furnaces." 
"  There  is  but  one  principal  iron  region  in  the  Far  West — ^that  of  Western  Ten- 
nessee and  Western  Kentucky."  «  *  *  "  The  whole  country  possesses  ao 
incalculable,  inexhaustible  abundance  of  the  richest  ores."  The  aggregate  coal 
product  of  the  State  in  IS 60,  was  valued  at  half  a  million  dollars,  and  the  iron 
product  at  a  million  and  a  third  of  dollars. 

Prof.  Wilson,  who  was  sent  from  England  to  examine  our  mineral  resources 
li)  1855,  estimated  the  coal  region  of  Tennefsee  at  4,800  square  miles,  and  that 
of  Alabama  at  3,400,  but  considered  the  former  to  be  more  prolific  in  the  ratio 
of  ten  to  seven.  The  proportion  of  Tennessee  was  one-third  as  great  as  Ken- 
tucky and  half  that  of  Missouri  and  Indiana.  The  whole  coal  formation  of  the 
United  States  he  fixed  at  133,132  square  miles.  The  London  Geological  Society, 
speaking  of  the  coal  deposits,  says : 

**  The  United  States  coal  deposits  have  been  divided  hy  geologists  into  foor  principal  fields 
or  tracts.  The  first  in  importance,  by  reason  of  its  enormoas  extent,  is  the  AlIeghaniui,or 
Great  Central,  reaehlog  flrom  Tuscaloosa,  in  Alabama,  through  Bast  Tenne«see  and  Keataekv, 
thence  Into  West  Yir^nia,  Maryland  and  PennsylTaoia,  where  it  apparently  teminatea,  but 
afterwards  reapnears  in  the  British  Prorinces  of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  ScoUa.  This 
basin  as  far  as  it  has  been  traced,  was  known  many  years  ago  to  embrace  an  area  within  the 
United  States  of  90,000  sqaare  miles,  of  which  45,000  square  miles,  or  8a,800,Q00  acres,  was  one 
unbroken  seam.*' 

Mark  H.  Cneper,  the  Iron  King  of  Georgia,  said  in  1856,  there  are  8CM),000 
tons  of  iron  made  in  the  United  States,  which  cost  the  consumers  $60,000,000 
per  annum  ;  600,000  tons  more  are  imported  at  a  cost  of  $8t,600,000.  llie 
South  consumes  half  of  this,  and  produces  little. 

With  the  indispensable  condition  of  coal  and  iron  bo  fully  met^  what  is  it  to 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS/  617 

interfere  with  the  great  manufacturing  future  of  Tennessee  ?  Col.  Sam  Morgan, 
of  Nashville,  demonstrated  to  Mr.  Lawrence,  of  Massachusetts,  some  years  since, 
that  he  was  manufacturing  cotton  at  a  lower  price  in  this  State  than  it  was  done 
at  Lowell. 

The  leading  agricultural  productions  of  Tennessee  were  in  1860: 

Wheat  )  boshels 

Corn .  J.n-U.'*i'6      ** 

Tobacco 4:  ,44^.Mi '0  pounds 

Cotton 2',h;.4  9«  bales 

Wool ,, l,tl).>i!;^6  pounds 

PotatooB ;i. <i  i.o( ti)  bnshels 

Home  Mannfactare ;:;',! 77. mit) 

Val uc  A nlmals  Sianghtered. 1  J. 4  in. G93 

Value  Live  Stock. 60.2 1 !  ,7:^5 

Value  Farms 27 1, :i'.S,;'s5 

Value  Farm  Implements. , .<..  ^u).\702 

Land  Improved r»,7',fr'.  ■ '7  acres 

Land  Unimproved,  but  Inclosed 1 ;  ,^7y.bJd  acres 

This  is  a  large,  varied,  and  splendid  exhibition  of  industry,  and  contrasts  well 
with  that  of  any  similar  community  in  the  world. 

The  finances  of  the  State  are  improving,  aud  her  credit  is  as  good  ivs  that  of 
any  of  her  sisters,  though  she  has  liberally  used  it  in  behalf  of  great  public 
improvements. 

The  debt  proper  of  Tennessee,  as  given  by  the  Governor  a  short  time  since, 
was  in  amount,  including  interest,  14,744,160;  besides  which  she  has  lent  her 
credit  to  the  railroads  to  the  extent  of  |16,213,000,  which  the  roads  will  even- 
tually liquidate.  The  debt  proper  includes  bonds  issued  to  turnpikes,  banks, 
railroads,  the  Hermitage,  and  the  State  Capitol ;  and  the  loan  of  bonds,  on 
which  interest  is  due  to  the  amount  of  ^8,769,507,  is  as  follows:* 

These  roads  are  in  prosperous  condition  and  are  worth  vastly  more  than  the 
amount  for  which  they  are  pledged.  - 

East  Tennessee  and  Virginia $1.5r>0,000 

East  Tennessee  and  Georgia l.ir.n.i  OO 

Memphis  and  Charleston In-u.noi) 

Mempbissnd  Ohio I,4i;i,0a0 

McMinnville  and  Manchester , JiW.fiOO 

Tenncsscoand  Alabama 8.VMTO0 

Mississippi  and  Central  Tennessee &74,000 

Mobllefnnd  Ohio l,20ft.(U)0 

Edgefield  and  Kentucky  and  Louisville  and  Nashville 211 ,000 

Memphis,  ClarksvlUo  and  LonlsTllle 1,402.000 

Winchester  ond  Alabama 4 WmO 

Louisville  and  Nashville  455.<H)0 

Edgefield  and  Kentucky 645,000 

Central  Southern  6^.000 

Rogersvlella  nd  JefTerson 15»,(>00 

Mississippi  and  Tennessee 95.n00 

Noshvllfe  and  Chattanooga X  54,000 

JTashvillc  and  Northwestern 1,455.(H)0 

Cincin nati  Cumberland  Gap  and  Charleston 182,000 

Knoxville  and  Kentucky IhO.oOO 

Bonds  issued  to  turnpike  companies 05,O()O 

Bonds  issued  to  Agricultural  Bureau S'J.OOO 

Total  State  bonds  loaned $1400e,000 

The  financiering  must  be  very  defective,  and  the  management  of  railroads 
very  culpable  indeed,  if  the  bonds  of  Tennessee  are  not  shortly  at  a  premium 
in  the  market. 

•  Recently  the  Legislature  has  provided  for  the  payment  of  this  Interest  by  the  issue  of  new 
bonds,  and  has  afforded  still  further  aid  to  most  of  the  roads  to  the  extent  of  several  millions 
of  dollars.  The  total  amount  of  bonds  to  railroads,  old  funded  and  new.  is  now  $24^882.889, 
bat  It  is  to  be  observed  that  for  its  security  the  State  holds  first  mortgages  upon  all  of  tho 
roads,  and  mav  foreclose  whenever  a  road  lails  to  provide  ttom  its  earoings  the  interest  due 
upon  the  bonds. 


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618  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

The  following  is   the  extent  of  railroads  in  Tennessee,  as  classified  by  the 
United  States  anlhorities  in  1860  : 

Miles.  Cost 

Central  Southern 47  68  $1,0T»,672 

Clevelandand  Chattanooga 80  62  867,SI0 

East  Tennessee  and  Georgia. , 110  80  S,6S7^ 

East  Tennessee  and  Virginia 108  2S  2,66fi,»7 

EdgeHeld  and  Kentucky. 46  70  1,299,771 

Memphis  and  Charleston  and  branches 290  98  6,744,647 

Mcui|ihl8  and  Ohio 180  60  2,612,010 

Memphwand  Louisville 66  80  1,692,618 

McMlnnville  and  Manchester 84  20  690,026 

MisAiesippi  Central  and  Tennessee 49  —  1,188,977 

Knshvllle  and  Chattanooga  and  branches 166  76  8,682,882 

Nashville  and  Northwestern 98  40  2,460,000 

Tennessee  and  Alabama 46  81  1,186,068 

Winchester  and  Alabama 83  12  629,662 

1,268  62  80,876,996 

Deduct  Memphis  and  Chaileston  In  Mississippi  and  Alabama. ...    188  00  4,867,878 

1,080  88  26,018,722 

Add  Mobile  and  Ohio  per  AUbama 117  80  8,619,000 

*  Totalin  Tennessee 1,197  92  29,587,729 

But  I  must  postpone  for  another  paper  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  re- 
filOurces  of  the  country  embraced  in  the  great  route  which  I  am  advocating. 

VI. — NABHVnXE  AND  WhAT  OF  ITS  FUTURE. 

The  store-keepers  and  other  tenantry  of  Nashville,  have  recently  been  in 
council  to  demand  a  reduction  of  rent^i.  This  is  an  unfavorable  omen,  and 
should  attract  the  attention  of  its  enterprising  citizens  as  evidence  of  one  or 
two  thins^s — either  that  the  trade  of  the  city  is  at  a  stand-still  or  decl  ine.  or  that 
its  proprietors  are  more  than  usually  rapacious,  which  ought  not  to  be  supposed. 
In  either  ca^e  the  fact  affords  ground  for  serious  mediation. 

Certainly  there  is  no  more  inviting  spot  on  the  continent  than  the  region  of 
which  the  Capital  of  Tennessee  is  the  heart  and  centre.  A  writer,  several 
years  ago,  but  expresses  the  opinion  of  every  stranger  when  he  said: 

"  There  is  not  perhaps  in  the  West,  a  more  interesting  view  than  that  commanded  ftrom  the 
summit  of  the  Capitol  kill,  in  the  city  of  Nashville.  Covering  the  base  of  the  hill,  and  crowd- 
infr  to  the  extromest  margin  of  the  business  laden  Cumberland,  is  the  city  itself,  its  streets  alive 
with  the  bnstle  of  an  active  commerce,  and  its  suburbs  literally  growing  under  the  eye  of  the 
spectator.  Surrounding  the  city  with  a  cluster  of  beautiful  cultivation,  lie  extensive  and 
valuable  farms  intersected  bv  the  numerous  turnpikes,  which,  centering  in  the  city,  radiate  to 
opposite  neighborhoods;  and  girdling  in  all  with  a  quiet  security,  rises  a  range  of  low  and 
pleasant  hills  covered  with  picturesque  woods  and  graceful  dwellings.  The  traveler  knows 
that  ho  stands  in  the  midst  of  untold  abundance;  mineral  wealth  forcing  itself  through  the 
soil,  and  tlutt  soil  ready  to  yield  any  advance  they  may  make  upon  it." 

The  centre  of  a  State  possessed  of  such  vast  and  varied  resoutces  as  Ten- 
nessee, and  with  such  a  region  tributary  to  her,  not  only  in  that  State,  bitt  in 
Northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  Miseiseippi,  a  part  of  Kentucky ;  of  growing 
opulence,  and  with  a  capacity  to  become  the  distributor  of  the  great  producU 
of  the  West  to  the  seaboard  at  Charleston,  Savannah,  and  even  Baltimore  and 
Richmond,  it  may  well  be  marvelled  at  that  the  traders  of  Nashville  are  required 
to  practice  a  stricter  economy. 

No  doubt  the  b^fiutiful,  fertile,  and  healthy  country  around  will  continue  to 
attract  population  from  a  distance,  and  the  excellent  society  and  admirable 
educational  facilities  will  have  their  influences;  but  these,  it  will  be  found,  alone, 
are  not  sufficient  to  make  a  great  city.  The  avenues  of  commerce,  as  has  been 
hinted  before,  by  a  liberal  enterprise,  must  be  opened,  and  all  appliances  of 
manufactures  must  be  brought  into  play. 

And  what  a  field  for  manufactures  have  we  here;  yet,  where  are  they?  De- 
velop your  coal,and  iron,  and  erect  your  cotton  and  woolen,  tobacco,  and  nail,  your 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  619 

boot  and  shoe  factories,  wherever  you  please,  and  with  cheapness  of  living  and 
labor  which  can  easily  be  conlrolled,  where  will  capital  pay  more  handsome  re- 
Bults  than  here  ?  Can  the  annual  revenues  of  citizens  be  more  productively 
employed,  and  vet  who  in  Nashville  seems  to  be  ready  for  the  new  era  which 
the  condition  of  the  country  has  opened  ?  Eacli  thousand  dollars  invested  in  a 
factory  will  introduce  and  perhaps  support  several  families,  who  will  buy  your 
provisions,  and  rent  your  tenements.  We  have  even  failed,  though  an  attempt 
was  made  to  do  it,  to  provide  mechanical  power  to  be  leased,  to  operatives,  and 
yet  capitalists  of  Nashville  express  surprise  that  business  rents  are  at  a  decline. 

Even  while  I  write,  the  magnificent  enterprise  of  Memphis  is  striking  in 
every  quarter  for  new  trade,  and  prosperity,  and  is  contributing  with  liberal 
hand  to  every  feasible  scheme ;  her  grand  river  front  is  extending,  and  swarms 
with  commerce;  whole  blocks  of  streets  of  imposing  warehouses  and  dwellings 
are  going  up,  and  population  is  flocking  in  from  every  quarter.  Grant  that  she 
has  natural  advantages;  but  what  have  these  done  for  her  in  comparison  with 
intelligent,  active  and  ceaseless  enterprise  ? 

Ana  shall  we  in  Nashville  sit  down  and  weep  over  our  lessees,  and  see  our 
population  and  wealth  depart ;  or  like  men  resolutely  seize  upon  the  means 
within  our  reach,  and  win  supremacy,  because  we  have  deserved  it  ?  There  is 
no  royal  road  to  wealth  in  these  iron  days ;  it  comes  from  hard  blows  and  cease- 
less struggle ! 

With  Memphis,  St.  Louis,  and  Cincinnati  straining  every  nerve  in  competition 
for  the  trade  which  should  belong  to  Nashville,  and  reducing  her  to  the  con- 
dition almost  of  a  besieged  city,  it  will  be  vain  to  call  upon  Hercules  for  help, 
whilst  our  own  broad  shoulders  are  in  repose. 

Trade,  as  I  have  said  before,  seeks  points  easiest  of  egress  and  entrance, 
where  capital  and  competition  exist,  and,  I  may  add,  has  no  partialities  of  kin- 
dred or  patriotism.     It  seeks  ever  to  sell  the  dearest  and  buy  the  cheapest. 

There  is  much  to  be  done  by  Nashville,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter,  to  increase 
her  population,  trade  and  opulence ;  but  it  might  as  well  be  noted  here,  that 
her  board  of  Trade  should  Degin  the  work,  by  publishing  an  annual  statement, 
in  pamphlet  form,  as  is  done  in  almost  every  large  cit}^  and  circulating  it 
broadcast  In  this  report,  not  only  the  actual  commerce  and  manufactures  of 
the  city  may  be  stated,  but  the  capacity  of  each  branch  of  trade  for  extension, 
the  opening?  for  every  kind  of  enterprise  which  exist,  the  manufncturing  facili- 
ties afforded,  the  means  and  cost  of  living,  the  wages  and  demand  for  labor,  and 
In  fact  all  such  information  as  would  attract  population  and  traffic.  These 
are  the  advertisements  which  other  cities  send  forth  and  which  reap  their  fruits 
in  continually  increasing  prosperity.  The  creed  which  they  practice  should  be 
ours: 

"Let  ns  then  be  up  and  doing 

WItli  a  heart  for  every  fate. 

Still  resolving,  still  pnrsaing  ; 

Learn  to  labor  and  to  wait.^ 

The  returns  of  the  Assessor  and  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Bureau,  show  that 
there  is  wealth  enough  in  Nashville  and  its  vicinity,  in  real  and  personal  estate, 
in  incomes,  etc.,  to  afford  an  early  investment  of  several  million  dollars  in  new 
and  remunerative  branches  of  industry,  including  the  still  further  developments 
of  her  connection  with  the  interior,  and  such  investments,  by  showing  the  spirit 
and  faith  of  tlie  people,  would  invite  from  abroad  several  times  that  amount. 
The  people  of  Nashville  might  better  invest  a  third,  or  half  even,  of  their  capi- 
tal in  this  manner,  than  weep  over  the  gradual  decline  of  the  whole,  for  after  all 
that  has  been  said,  can  there  be  any  reasonable  doubt  of  the  policy  of  such  in- 
vestments ?  Are  there  any  causes  except  such  as  we  are  re^ousible  for,  why 
Nashville  cannot  fabricate  with  equal  advantage  every  article  that  is  fabricated, 
for  example,  at  St  Louis  or  Louisville  ? 

The  credit  of  the  city  has  always  been  good,  and  although  there  are  tempo- 
rary influences  affecting  it,  when  the  proper  enterprise  awakens,  her  bonds  will 
rise  with  rapidity  in  the  market,  and  her  credit  can  again  be  generously  and 
liberally  extended  to  lo<»l  enterprises.    The  day  need  not  be  distant. 


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620  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

The  value  of  real  estate  in  the  city,  as  kindly  famished  me  by  Mr.  Hale,  the 
recent  Assessor,  was  in  18C0,  $12,429,750,  and  in  1866,  |1  "7,344,750.  The  cor- 
porate debt  is  in  the  vicinity  of  $800,000,  of  which  $500,000  was  for  the  Chat- 
tanooga Railroad,  of  which  the  city  h«  received  back  about  one-half.  The  ag- 
gregate taxes  are  a))OUt  two  cents  on  the  dollar,  (including  the  railroad  tax,) 
which  is  less  than  those  of  many  other  cities. 

The  amount  levied  by  the  Internal  Revenue  office,  including  incomes,  upon  a 
loose  valuation,  was,  for  1865,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Norvell,  $511,050. 

Now,  supposing  the  internal  revenue  were  increased  to  $600,000,  would  the 
people  of  the  city  be  greatly  damaged  by  that  small  advance,  which  would  be 
the  increase  if  a  million  of  dollars,  in  bonds  additional ,  were  issued  to  railroads, 
of  which  the  interest  must  be  paid  by  taxes  ?  Or  supposing  that  the  real  estate 
of  the  city  were  saddled  with  the  encumbrance,  would  its  sufferings  be  deplorable 
under  an  additional  tax  of  about  thirty-three  cents  in  every  hundred  dollars  ? 
Perhaps  these  matters  may  be  worthy  of  consideration. 

The  population  of  Nashville,  which  was  in  1830  but  5,566  (a  small  town,)  was 
in  1840,  6,929,  in  1850,  10,778,  and  in  1860,  without  the  suburbs,  16,988.  In 
the  last  period  of  ten  years  Memphis  sprung  up  from  8,839  to  22,623  and  thus 
left  us  behind  in  the  race.  These  figures,  however,  g^ve  but  a  part  of  the  truth, 
as  they  leave  out  the  large  suburban  population.  During  the  war  Nashville 
must  have  had  a  population  of  50,000  to  60,000,  and  her  population  to-day 
cannot  be  less  than  35,000  or  40,000. 

The  manufacturing  product  of  the  city  proper  is  not  given  in  the  census,  but 
fop  Davidson  county,  including  Nashville,  tlie  statistics  were  for  1860 ; 

Establishments 75 

Capltallnveeted $1,580,000 

Cost  of  raw  material .$934,343 

Males  employed 1,256 

Females  employed 02 

Annaal  cost  of  labor $454,057 

Annaal  value  of  prodaot $2,016^870 

The  leading  products,  which  have  increased  very  greatly  since  that  time, 
were : 

Agricultural  implements $30,000 

BooU  and  Shoes. 75.000 

Carriages  71,000 

Ironworks 28,\0(M) 

Lumber .", , ..8»l,t»00 

Soap  and  Candles 2-25,<>00 

Tobacco 62,000 

LordOll 66,000 

It  is  a  significant  fact  that  whilst  the  manufactures  of  Nashville  embraced  a 
list  of  29  articles,  those  of  St  Louis  embraced  122,  of  the  value  of  $27,610,000, 
and  Louisville  81  articles,  valued  at  $14,135,517.  Consult  the  list  in  the  vulume 
of  manufactured  of  the  United  States  census,  citizens,  capitalists  and  merchants 
of  Nashville,  and  you  will  find  that  every  one  of  these  articles  may  be  manu- 
factured as  cheaply  within  our  limits  1 

YIL — Connection  of  thb  Southern  Seaboard  and  the  Valleys  op  the  Ohio 
AND  THE  Mississippi. 

Having  in  the  progress  of  these  papers  shown  the  great  influence  exercised 
by  railroads  in  the  advancement  of  cities  and  the  general  development  of  the 
Interior,  and  considered  in  particular  the  condition  of  Tennessee  and  of  Nash- 
Tille  with  reference  to  such  improvements,  and  the  causes  which  are  at  work  to 
influence  or  retard  their  prosperity,  I  have  in  fact  prepared  a  proper  introduc- 
tion to  the  particular  topic  which  forms  the  caption  of  the  present  article  and 
which  constitutes  the  main  purpose  of  the  series. 

What  is  ambitious  in  the  title  given  to  this  enterprise  by  the  charter,  which 
with  great  liberality  was  voted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  at  a  recent  ses- 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  621 

rion,  to  wit :  "  Tennessee  Pacific,"  will  form  the  subject  of  and  be  fully  treated 
in  my  next  contribution.  The  charter  pledges  State  aid  to  the  work  and  names 
a  board  of  cummissioners  in  the  several  counties,  who  constitute  some  of  the 
most  solid  and  enterprising  men  in  the  State.  If  there  be  any  justice  in  the 
remark  that  some  of  them  are  new-comers,  that  not  enough  of  the  old  and  lead- 
ing citizens  are  embraced,  and  that  the  charter  is  loosely  framed,  these  are  all 
matters  easily  remedied  in  the  event,  and  none  of  them  are  of  any  weight  to 
prevent  a  fair  and  full  consideration  of  the  merits  of  the  scheme. 

The  terms  of  the  charter  embrace  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  the  city 
of  Enoxville,  via  Nashville  and  Jackson,  to  the  Mississippi  river  at  Memphis, 
on  the  shortest  and  most  direct  route,  thus  seeking  to  connect  the  extremest 
points  of  the  State  on  the  most  practicable  route  through  the  centre.  It  will 
thus  constitute  in  fact  a  great  central  road,  by  whatever  other  name  it  may  be 
designated. 

This  is  no  new  projection.  It  runs  back  in  the  history  of  the  State  to  a 
period  which  antedates  any  of  its  railroads,  and  almost  antedates  the  construc- 
tion of  railroads  anywhere  in  the  country.  As  early  as  1887,  Governor  Cannon 
called  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  to  the  subject,  when  the  South  Carolina 
commissioners  were  here  urging  us  to  meet  them  on  the  frontier  of  the  State, 
and  unite  in  the  splendid  conception  whidi  Charleston  entertained  of  a  railroad 
to  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi. 

At  a  time  when  railroads  were  so  new  to  the  people  that  a  distinguished 
citizen  of  Charleston,  Stephen  Elliott,  in  writing  for  the  So»therfi  Jieview,  Vol. 
III.  p.  90,  1831,  undertook  gravely  to  tell  how  the  roads  were  to  be  built,  viz. : 
"  To  drive  wooden  piles  every  six  feet  apart  in  parallel  lines — the  heads  of  the 
piles  being  botmd  together  by  sleepers,"  the  prophetic  vision  of  that  great  man 
indulged  a  view  of  the  future  in  which  he  "  entertained  trembling  hopes,"  as  he 
says,  **  that  we  should  not  choose  to  expose  to  the  eye  of  the  scomer,  when  wo 
extend  our  grasp  to  embrace  the  Western  States  by  extending  the  rnilroad  to 
the  Tennessee.  The  trip  may  thus  be  made  to  the  Ohio  in  ten  days.  Linked 
by  such  a  tie  we  may  see  Charleston  what  she  might  be,  second  only  to  New 
York." 

An  appropriation  having  been  made  by  our  Legislature,  a  survey  of  the 
entire  line  of  the  State,  from  the  eastern  to  the  western  limits,  was  made,  but 
in  rather  a  cursory  manner,  for  the  want  of  means,  by  A.  M.  Lea,  State  Engi- 
neer. This  report  I  have  by  me,  and  although  it  selected  Randolph,  and  not 
Memphis,  then  in  its  infancy,  for  a  terminus,  it  will  greatly  facilitate  future 
surveys. 

Omitting  all  reference  to  what  it  contains  in  regard  to  the  country  to  the  west 
of  Nashville,  as  not  coming  within  our  present  province,  let  us  look  a  little  into 
what  is  said  upon  the  subject  of  the  mountiuns,  the  route  and  the  means  of  con- 
struction. 

Beginning  at  the  lower  base  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  the  experienced 
and  practical  engineer  tells  us  that  he  found  a  route  near  Sparta,  and  ending  on 
White  creek,  quite  practicable,  and  with  a  grade  not  exceeding  sixty  feet  to 
the  mile,  a  much  lower  grade  than  is  found  quite  manageable  on  other  roads. 
This  route  was  that  of  the  stage  from  McMinnviUe  to  Knoxville,  and  abounded 
with  timber.  It  is  now  known  that  others  and  perhaps  more  feasible  routes 
exist,  which  a  more  detailed  survey  will  develop ;  but  Mr.  Lea  is  so  impressed 
with  the  feasibility  of  the  one  indicated,  that  he  estimated  when  railroad  con- 
struction was  nearly  as  expensive  as  now,  that  the  bed  of  the  road  might  be 
laid  for  $7,500  per  mile.  The  whole  distance  from  the  point  selected  near 
Sparta  to  Knoxville,  he  gives  as  one  hundred  and  two  miles»  which  would  make 
the  entire  distance  from  Nashville  to  Knoxville  about  one  hundred  and  seventy 
miles.  The  expenses  of  the  mountain  division,  he  considers,  would  be  heaviest 
at  two  points,  to  wit:  one  and  a  lialf  miles  at  the  summit  at  (40,000  per  mile, 
and  eleven  miles  at  the  east  base  at  $10,000  per  mile.  The  rest  of  the  route  is 
stated  at  an  average  of  $4,000  per  mile. 

This  division,  he  says,  passes  through  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  State. 


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622  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

The  immenEe  quantity  and  fine  quality  of  bituminous  coal  and  various  kinds  of 
iron  ore  placed  in  juxtaposition  give  tnat  region  a  degree  of  mineral  wealth  not 
exceeded  by  any  other  in  the  world. 

The  important  work,  therefore,  of  connecting  the  two  great  sections  of  Ten- 
nessee, by  the  shortest  and  most  direct  route,  is  now  plainly  before  us.  We 
know  the  cliaracter  of  the  country  at  one  terminus  of  the  road,  to  wit:  the 
great  "  inland  eea"  of  the  West.  What  it  is  at  the  other  is  well  expreased  in 
the  following  extract  from  the  Knoxville  Register,  but  will  be  more  fuily  seen 
as  I  advance  with  these  papers  : 

**  Wo  have  not  the  slightest  hesitation  in  saying  that  there  Is  not  a  portion  <^  the  continent 
of  the  SAine  extent  of  territory  as  East  Tennessee,  that  presents  snch  a  harvest  of  gold  to  the 
enterprising  capitalists  as  may  be  reaped  in  this  Siritzerland  of  America,  when  the  great  rail- 
road connections  are  made  to  it  When  these  ffreat  chains  shall  have  thns  linked  together 
these  immense  mineral  resonrces  will  be  developed ;  then  will  the  iron,  coaU  copper,  zine, 
leEid,  timber,  water-power,  soil,  marble,  lime,  etc..  which  hitherto  have  been  oonslaered  nM 
lees,  for  want  of  outlets,  become  soarces  of  boundless  wealth."* 

VIIT. — A  Southern  Roitte  to  the  Pacific. 

It  is  conceived  with  justice  by  the  authors  of  this  enterprise,  that  whatever 
its  other  merits,  as  a  great  interior  trunk  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  it  has  the 
further  and  signal  merit  of  supplying  an  important  link  to  the  chain  of  connec- 
tions, by  the  easiest,  most  direct  and  shortest  line  between  the  cities  of  the  At- 
lantic, by  whatever  Southern  route  may  be  selected,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

For  many  years  tlie  people  of  the  South  evinced  the  liveliest  interest  on  the 
subject  of  a  road  to  the  Pacific  tlirough  its  own  territory,  and  it  was  the  fore- 
most object  of  discussion  at  the  first  Memphis  Convention  in  1845,  over  which 
Mr.  Calhoun  presided,  as  it  has  been  at  almost  every  convention  that  has  since 
been  held.  Arguments  amounting  to  demonstration  were  urged,  showing  thmt 
it  was  by  many  hundred  miles  the  most  feasible  route ;  but  tlie  energy,  the  en- 
terprise, the  management  and  combination  of  the  North,  in  this  as  in  most  other 
measures,  succeeded,  and  a  route  through  its  territories  is  being  actively  prose- 
cuted, aided  by  the  most  munificent  offerings  of  the  Federal  Government 

Truth,  however,  though  "  crushed  to  earth,  will  rise  again,"  and  the  scheme 
of  a  Southern  connection  is  attracting  the  attention  of  capitalists  and  men  of 
enterprise,  and  is  likely  soon  to  be  put  in  a  practicable  way  of  nccomplishment. 

It  will  not  do  to  limit  the  capacities  of  a  country  like  ours.  If  there  be  room 
for  one  road  across  the  continent,  there  will  be  room  for  two.  Population  and 
wealth  go  hand  in  hand  with  ruilroad  extension,  and  Arkansas,  Texas,  Western 
Louisiana,  Arizona,  and  Northern  Mexico,  under  American  auspices,  will  devel- 
op themselves  in  a  degree  proportionate  with  the  Northwest. 

The  American  Railroad  Journal  for  April  *l\h,  1866,  remarks: 

^  Another  route,  known  as  the  Southern  Paciflc,  to  pass  from  the  Bay  of  San  Frandaoo  to 
Ban  Dl^o,  and  thence  to  the  Mississippi  river,  is  being  discussed  in  OallfornUi,  with  much 
seal  and  with  a  great  show  of  aiigument  and  neoeasity.  Congress  is  already  appealed  to  for  ita 
fostering  care." 

At  the  head  of  this  enterprise,  it  is  understood  is  John  Charles  Fremont,  who 
is  said  to  be  in  connection  with  wealthy  capitalists  of  the  North. 
The  Journal  adds  in  regard  to  the  new  route : 

**Bach  road  will  have  a  terminus  of  its  own,  «nd  all  will  command  a  special  trade,  while  In- 
terior connections  will  develop  interior  centres  of  great  value."^  **  it  is  believed  we  are  to  aee 
as  a  certain  result  the  growth  of  a  magniflcent  empire  on  the  Paciflc,  and  our  country  obtain 
the  control  of  the  oommeroe  of  Asia."  **  More  than  this— we  shall  see  an  entire  duuura  in  the 
commercial  routes  of  Europe  and  the  maritime  ascendency  of  the  United  States.^  **Th« 
plains  are  certainly  to  be  popubted  by  an  industrious  raoe,  who  wfll  be  as  quick  to  Improve 
their  advantages  a»  we  have  been."^ 

The  same  journal  of  the  date  of  March  Slat;  1866,  says: 

^  A  memorial  has  been  prepared  asking  lands  Arom  Congress  for  a  route  whleh  wlU  develop 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  West  Tozai,  Indian  Territonr,  etc,  and  be  the  shortest  across  American 
•oil,  being  free  from  snow  and  of  easy  nade.  The  length  will  not  be  more  than  1,800  or  1,SM 
miles  from  San  Diego  to  ports  on  the  Mexioan  Quit'* 


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EAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  628 

Referring  to  the  Texas  route  to  the  Pacific,  A.  M.  Lea,  the  author  of  the  sur- 
rey to  which  I  referred  to  in  my  last,  from  Knozville  to  the  Mississippi,  said 
in  a  pamphlet  published  in  1850  ; 

^'The  distance  from  New  Orleans  to  Mazatlan  Is  1,140  miles.  Of  this  eighty  miles  to  Ber- 
wick's Bay  are  finished,  as  mach  more  graded,  iron  purchased  for  one  hnndred  and  sixty-threo 
miles,  and  the  means  secured  for  still  another  hundred  miles.  Onlv  eight  hundred  more  re- 
main to  be  provided  for,  of  easy  construction  and  no  serious  difficulties.  The  route  to  the  Bio 
Grande  Is  covero^l  by  the  charter  of  the  Aranzas  Company,  and  that  to  the  Pacific  by  grants 
ander  decrees  of  the  Supreme  Government  of  Mexico.  By  steamship  the  time  fh)m  Mazatlau 
to  San  Diego  would  bo  four  dayb.^ 

In  his  report  of  1857,  Captain  M«rcy,  of  the  United  States  Army,  a  Northern 
roan,  red^  to  the  Southern  route  to  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  united  with  a  route 
from  the  Rio  Grande  to  San  Diego,  which  would  give  a  great  national  highway 
in  a  very  direct  and  practicable  line,  and  easily  to  be  accomp]ishe<>. 

Col.  Gadsden,  a  distinguished  citizen  of  South  Carolina,  in  his  report  of  1846, 
may  almost  be  said  to  have  originated  the  idea  of  a  Southern  route,  in  which  he 
was  ably  seconded  by  Mr.  Patterson,  of  Vidalia,  Louisiana. 

**  A  road,"  said  Col.  G.,  **  will  in  time  traverse  the  newly  acquired  territory  of  Texas,  and  by 
the  Mexican  provinces  terminate  at  Mazatlan  in  the  Bay  of  California,  or,  more  northerly,  by 
the  Red  and  Arkansas  rivers,  by  the  Southern  gorges  in  the  Stony  mountains,  to  find  a  more 
imposing  terminus  in  the  Bay  of  San  Frandsoo.'* 

Prof.  Forshay,  of  Louisiana,  estimated  the  distance  of  this  route  from  Natchez 
to  Mazatlan  at  1,491  miles,  **in  a  country  so  feasible  that  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion would  not  exceed  g2,200  per  mile.  The  route  from  Memphis  to  San  Biego 
would  not  exceed  1,600  mile?.  (The  Northern  routes  range  from  2,000  to  2,400 
miles.) 

In  reference  to  this  Southern  road,  the  author  of  these  notes,  as  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  the  Memphis  Convention,  in  1849,  prepared  an  address,  from 
which  the  following  is  extracted : 

"This  route  intercepts  In  Its  course  the  regions  unon  Bed  rlfw,  the  whole  of  Northern  Texas, 
Chihuahua,  Coahuila,  etc,  now  almost  entirely  without  market.  It  leaves  the  Mississippi  at 
a  point  always  navieablo  by  large  vessels  from  the  ocean,  and  is  very  nearly  central  to  the 
wnole  Union,  Memphis  beine  about  that  central  point  It  Is  south  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  Its 
tributaries  from  Pennsylvania.  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Tennessee,  and 
on  that  account,  within  easy  control  of  the  Immense  datboat  commerce  of  these  rrclons.  The 
great  Mobile  railroad,  the  worgia,  Carolina  and  Virginia  railroads  all  strike  for  the  Mississippi 
valley  near  these  points.  It  is  In  a  medium  climate  throughont,  not  likely  to  bo  disturbed  by 
frosts  and  snows  of  northern  regions.  It  is  several  hundred  miles  shorter  than  any  other 
route,  and  can  bo  built  for  greatly  less  eznense.  It  has  no  physical  obstructions  and,  for  the 
most  of  the  way  to  £1  Paso,  is  throogh  a  level  country,  supplied  with  every  variety  and  abun- 
dance of  timber,  fertile  in  soil,  but  without  access  to  market;  peopled  In  half  Its  extent  and 
askable  of  dense  population  for  three-foarths  of  the  whole  distance.  It  Is  through  a  healthy 
region  alter  leaving  the  Red  river,  and  connects  Texas  with  the  heart  of  the  Union.  Should 
the  road  in  any  part  of  its  course  necessarily  cross  the  Gila  river,  the  ease  Is  provided  for  In 
our  treaty  of  purchase  fTom  Mexleo.** 

Having  thus  referred  hiBtorically  to  the  subject  of  a  Southern  route  to  the 
Pacific,  it  will  only  be  necessary  to  ask  citizens  of  Tennessee  to  refer  to  the  map 
to  discover  that  at  whatever  point  the  road  may  strike  the  Mississippi,  from 
Memphis  down,  the  vast  travel  which  it  will  engender,  must  pass  to  a  great  ex- 
tent over  the  Central  Road  of  Tennessee  from  Knoxville  to  Memphis.  The 
States  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia  by  their  western  connections  at  or  near 
Knoxville,  and  all  of  the  States  to  the  north  and  east  of  them,  will  find  the  in- 
terior  diagonal  line  to  the  Southwest,  on  the  plainest  principles  of  mathematics, 
the  shortest  and  most  direct.  Charleston,  by  the  Blue  Ridge  Road,  must  take 
this  route,  and  when  Cincinnati  constructs  her  road  to  Northern  Georgia,  or  we 
build  a  rcNod  to  Cincinnati,  the  intersection  which  must  nece&^arily  be  formed 
with  this  road  will  t^row  upon  it  the  Southwestern  travel  from  that  quarter. 

Tlie  immense  passage  and  freight  traffic  which  our  road  would  enjoy  in  the 
supposed  case,  and  which  must  be  realized  in  the  next  ten  or  fifteen  years,  can 
scarcely  be  reduced  to  figures  without  exciting  incredulity,  but  it  is  not  upon 
such  hypothesis  that  the  success  of  the  enterprise  is  by  any  means  predicated, 
as  subsequent  papers  will  show. 


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624  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 


IX. — ^The  Road  feom  Nashville  to  Enoxyille. 

It  was  said  in  roy  last  that  the  merits  of  the  Central  road  of  Tennessee,  and 
its  claims  for  consideration  and  favor,  are  not  dependent  npon,  or  ip  any  degree 
related  to,  the  eventualities  of  a  Southern  route  to  the  Pacific,  probable  and  im- 
portant as  these  eventualities  are;  andthu  further  position  is  now  taken,  that 
without  reference  to  the  Memphis  extension,  the  road  to  Knoxville  alone,  as  an 
independent  proposition,  is  one  pre-eminently  entitled  to  the  attention  of  cap- 
italii^ts,  and  to  the  attention  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  progress  and  pros- 
perity of  Nashville  and  the  State  at  large. 

A  direct  road  from  Nashville  to  Memphis  is,  of  course,  a  great  desideratum, 
and  it  is  in  part  already  accomplished  by  the  intersection  of  our  Northwestern 
with  the  Memphis  and  LouisviDe  road,  thus  shortening  the  distance  very  mate- 
rialiy,  over  the  route  via  Decatur  and  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  road.  It  is 
probable  that  the  shrewd,  enterprising  and  wealthy  men  of  Memphis  will  soon 
see  the  necessity  of  striking  for  a  shorter  route,  which  is  provided  for  under 
our  charter,  and  it  may  safely  be  left  to  their  enterprise,  and  that  of  the  Western 
portion  of  the  State,  to  move  in  proper  time  to  secure  it  if  we  do  justice  to  our- 
selves by  effecting  the  connection  with  Knoxville.  It  will  be  time  enough  to 
appeal  to  that  portion  of  the  State  when  we  have  shown  our  fiiith  by  our  works 
in  this. 

Al  au  independent  proposition,  then,  a  road  from  Nashville  to  Knoxville  rest^ 
upon  the  following  among  other  considerations  : 

Itrst.  It  intersects  and  binds  together  the  great  sections  of  the  State,  hitherto 
to  some  extent  at  enmity,  and  now  that  the  relations  of  slavery  have  ceased, 
and  the  main  cause  of  reparation  is  removed,  it  guarantees  identity  of  interests, 
and  will  engender  a  common  State  pride  and  affinity  between  the  remotest 
points.  Without  such  connection  the  interests  and  relations  of  the  mountaineers 
are  as  much,  if  not  more,  with  other  States  than  their  own,  and  thus  the  value 
of  State  nationality  is  lost. 

Second,  It  shortens  more  than  one-third  the  distance  between  the  two  points, 
shortening  very  greatly  our  connections  with  Richmond  and  the  North  by  the 
East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  improvements,  and  with  Charleston  by  the  Blue 
Ridge  road,  which,  we  shall  see  hereafter,  is  almost  certain  to  be  complet<:d. 

Third.  It  will  enter  into  active  competition  with  any  road  which  the  enter- 
prise of  Cincinnati  and  Louisville  may  direct  upon  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
State,  and  intersect  such  roads  as  strike  throufi;h  our  central  division  for  the 
trade  of  Chattanooga  and  Northern  Georgia  and  Alabama.  This  is  an  evident 
proposition,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  map.  Already  Cincinnati  is  surveying  the 
route  to  Chattanooga.  Louisville  is  moving  quietly  but  surely  in  the  direction 
of  Knoxville,  as  the  recent  action  of  her  railroad  authorities  show,  which  is  in 
turn  actively  impressed  with  the  importance  of  a  Cincinnati  connection. 

Fourth,  Should  a  direct  road  be  determined  upon  between  Nashville  and 
Cincinnati,  such  as  was  advocated  recently  by  a  committee  of  our  citizens  who 
visited  the  ffreat  emporium  of  the  West,  tnat  road  must  inevitably  form  a  junc- 
tion with  this,  somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  Lebanon,  and  give  it  for  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  route  the  advantages  of  a  grand  trunk  road,  with  termini 
in  the  mountains  of  Tennessee  and  upon  the  central  Ohio.  Thus,  if  we  did 
nothing  more  than  construct  the  road  to  Lebanon,  it  would  be  an  important  and 
paying  enterprise,  and  even  without  the  Cincinnati  connection,  a  Lebanon  and 
Nashville  road  would  support  itself  as  well  as  any  of  the  short  roads  of  the 
country,  and  is  as  much  required. 

lyth.  The  road  will  develop  virgin  country  of  great  capabilities,  which  is 
now  shut  off  from  market,  but  which  is  susceptible  of  the  largest  increase  in 
population  and  wealth. 

Sixth.  It  will  open  the  country  for  new  settlement  and  for  immigration,  where 
cheap  lands  can  be  had,  which  are  otherwise  difficult  of  attainment  in  the  State, 
and  upon  the  only  condition  on  which  it  can  be  opened,  to  wit,  by  the  opening 
of  new  markets. 


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KAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 


625 


Seventh,  It  will  develop  the  botindless  mineral  resources  of  what  has  been 
called  the  Switzerland  of  America.  These  resources  have  been  briefly  referred 
to  in  another  paper,  and  will  be  still  further  discussed  hereafter.  They  have 
been  explained  and  pointed  out  by  Prof.  Troost,  in  a  series  of  able  essays ;  have 
been  remarked  upon  by  all  Geologists,  and  shown  upon  a  chart  of  the  State  now 
before  me,  prepared  several  years  ago  by  Prof.  Safford,  the  State  Geologist 
He  locates  the  coal  measures  in  Fentress,  White,  Van  Buren,  Bledsoe,  Scott, 
etc.,  and  the  iron  in  Claiborne,  Campbell,  Anderson,  Roane,  Rhea,  etc. 

Eighth.  It  traverses  a  country  which,  even  in  its  present  condition,  presents 
no  greater  physical  obstacles  than,  and  is  possessed  of  resources  and  wealth 
quite  equal  to,  those  of  many  of  the  roads  tljat  have  been  constructed  in  the  last 
WW  years,  and  which  are  now  successful  and  prosperous. 

The  statistics  which  support  the  above  propositions,  when  any  are  needed, 
will  be  presented  at  another  time. 

It  is  sufficient  to  say  here  that  a  surveying  party  will  shortly  enter  the  field, 
instructed  to  make  full  examination  of  the  route,  and  that  it  will  then  be  prac- 
ticable to  speak  more  specifically  of  its  manifold  merits.  The  character  of  the 
engineers  will  insure  a  faithful  report  and  one  in  which  the  public  may  have 
entire  confidence. 

X — Resources  of  the  Country  between  Nashville  and  Knoxville. 

It  cannot  be  ascertained  precisely  in  advance  of  surveys,  what  will  be  the 
route  of  the  railroad  which  shall  connect  the  cities  of  Nashville  arid  Knoxville 
with  ench  other  and  with  the  Atlantic  seabords  on  the  shortest  and  practicable 
route,  but  sufficient  is  known  of  the  count r\-  from  curlier  surveys  and  recon- 
noiseances  to  say  that  the  road  will  interest,  develop  and  bring  into  play  in  a 
CTcater  or  less  degree  the  resources  of  the  couniies  of  Wilson,  Smith,  DeKalb, 
White,  Morgan,  Bledsoe,  Rhea,  Roane,  and  Knox,  Putnam,  Anderson,  Cumber- 
land, Cannon,  Warren,  Overton,  Fentress,  and  Van  Buren ;  and  should  it  form, 
as  more  probably  it  would,  for  a  part  of  the  distance,  a  trunk  road  to  Knoxville 
and  Cincinnati,  the  wealthy  counties  of  Sumner  and  Macon  would  add  greatly 
to  its  local  importance. 

The  counties  which  are  named  below,  reported  iu  186<\  as  the  product  of 
their  market  gardens,  less  than  $30,000,  which  might  readily  be  swelled  to 
twenty  times  that  amount,  and  about  20,000  tons  of  hay,  which  with  railroad 
facilities  would  reach  several  hundred  thousand  tons.  1  he  very  small  growth 
of  cotton  will,  no  doubt,  be  immensely  added  to,  in  the  present  period  of  high 
prices.     The  other  statistics  of  the  counties  were  us  follows  : 


Population. 

Val.Farnis 

VhI.  Live 
Stock. 

;    Wheat, 
1   Bushels. 

Corn, 
Bushela. 

Tobacco, 
lbs. 

Wil5f)n 

26,072 

16,857 

10,57» 

9,831 

8.858 

4;469 

^'4,9»1 

18,6S3 

2-2,813 

9,989,447 
4,35S,147 
1,858,285 
1,841,198 
501,865 
914,643 
1,171,640 
8,420,610 
4,4S0,>70 

2,592.500 
1,09S,547 
606,2^8 
459,S89 
141,205 
250,82.5 
253,379 
696,065 
846,253 

1    161,747 

'      72.563 

j      89,086 

80,46» 

1        8,862 

18,880 

8l,S9a 

103,784 

188,293 

1,781.955 
972.793 
019,730 

472,568 
109,942 
815,400 
295,2>,0 
751,790 
779,rH>4 

^■52,8  64 

Smith , 

DeKalb 

2,581,372 
67,212 

White 

24^504 

Morgan 

Bledao©  

13,320 
7,011 

Khea 

6,661 

Roan 

80,628 

Knox 

26,441 

Home 

MunoTctV. 

Animals 
SliinghtM. 

Capital  in 
Manufac's. 

Product. 

Ag.  lUiiX  A; 
Per.  Eat. 

W  ilson  

$222,286 
4.%710 
92,267 
18,007 
10,31 8 
16,063 
10,487 
156,707 
83  587 

$414,309 
209,766 
M,281 
88,241 
82,OS0 
44,as3 
67,520 
235,847 
212,097 

$135,055 

47.450 

47,750 

48,400 

37,S00 

2,0(H) 

Not  Kiven 

387,971 

?48,5S0 

$517,691 

169,780 

75,970 

66,S15 

27,700 

7,510 

Not  given 

294,975 

586.493 

$27,873,692 
10,716,862 
4,461  536 
3,084.080 
890.776 
2,2(t5,148 
2,436,306 
7,61 1,M9 
12,931,804 

Smith 

DeKalb.. 

Whito 

Morgan 

Bledfloe 

Rhea 

Roan 

Knox! 

VOL.  II.— NO.  VI. 


40 


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626  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

The  connty  of  Davidson  is  thrown  out  of  the  calculation.  Thus  it  will  be 
seen  that  these  counties  alone  hare  a  population  equivalent  to  one-tenth  of  the 
entire  population  of  the  State,  and  a  real  and  personal  estate  valuation  of  about 
seventy  millions  of  dollars,  or  fifteen  times  the  cost  of  the  proposed  railroad. 
Their  farms  are  worth  nearly  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  their  five  stock  four  and 
a  half,  the  annual  product  of  their  inconeiderahlo  and  undeveloped  manufac- 
tures, a  million  of  dollars.  They  snow  half  a  million  of  bushels  of  wheat, 
nearly  six  million  bushels  corn,  and  three  and  a  half  million  pounds  of  tobacco. 

The  counties  of  Cannon,  Warren,  Overton,  Fentress,  and  Van  Burcn,  make 
the  following  exhibit  (Sumner  and  Macon  have  a  population  of  29,820,  an  ag- 
gregate of  real  and  personal  ePtate  of  $21,940,080  and  produce  8,000,000  pounds 
of  tobacco,  and  a  million  and  a  half  bushels  of  corn),  and  must  be  observed  in 
regard  to  all  the  s^tatistics  that  they  report  for  1860,  and  it  must  be  largely  in- 
creased in  the  future : 

Populntlon 49,524 

:        TalneofFanns .  $7,080,665 

Wheat,  bushels 167,665 

Com.; 1,846,519 

Keal  and  Forsonal  Estate $17,720,068 

The  value  of  live  stock  was  about  two  million;  tobacco  product  100,000 
pounds ;  product  of  manufactures  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  population  of  some  of  the  counties  which  follow  was  actually  less  in  1860 
than  in  1860,  which  is  a  very  significant  fact,  and  should  furnish  an  appeal  to 
the  people  of  that  portion  of  the  State,  stronger  than  any  argument  I  could 
use  in  favor  of  a  vigorous  effort  in  the  direction  of  internal  improvements. 
The  enhancement  in  the  value  of  land,  though  large,  is  not  one-third  of  what 
it  would  have  been  with  such  improvements : 

/-Popnhitlon-%  ->VaL  Laiidft-% 

I860.    185a  1860.          1860. 

Davidson 49,056  86,882  M^MW  18,929,974 

Wilson 26,079  27,478  2,881,826    9,989,447 

Smith 16,857  18,712  1,980,728    4,858,147 

DeKalb 10,578    8,016  608,894    1,858.986 

White 9,88111,444  796,079    1,871,198 

Morgan 8,858    8,480  888.970       50t805 

Roane 18,668    12,185  1,061,986    8,420,610 

Knox 22,818    18,807  1,97T,168    4,480,870 

It  will  bo  observed  that  the  statistics  of  only  certain  of  the  counties  assumed 
to  be  directly  or  indirectly  iiiterested  in  the  road  are  given,  but  the  result  will 
not  be  changed  if  any  other  of  the  counties  ni^med  are  taken,  as  the  reader  can 
readily  ascertain  for  himself. 

The  counties  upon  the  route  of  the  railroad  between  Louisville  and  Nashville, 
showed  in  1860  a  less  valuation  of  real  and  personal  estate  than  those  on  the 
proposed  route  to  KnoxviUe,  and  about  the  same  aggregate  population,  the  same 
valuation  of  farms  and  a  less  manufacturing  product,  and  yet  this  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  roads  in  the  country,  and  its  local  tariff  is  enormous. 

The  New  Orleans  and  Great  Northern  Railroad,  another  prosperous  enter- 
prise, wns  carried  to  Jackson,  Mississippi,  when  the  population  on  the  route 
was  a  third  less  than  ours,  and  the  valuation  of  farms  was  only  one-third  the 
value  of  those  on  the  KnoxviUe  road. 

The  Charleston  and  Hamburg,  equally  prosperous,  accommodated  at  first  less 
than  75,000  inhabitants  on  the  route,  whose  farms  were  only  worth  about  fif- 
teen millions  of  dollars. 

A  stronger  case  than  either,  is  that  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  road,  which  for 
the  first  150  miles  passed  through  counties  having  only  17,000  inhabitants, 
whose  farms  were  worth  less  than  a  million  of  dollars. 

I  am  prepared  to  show,  and  shall  do  so  hereafter,  that  the  through  travel 
upon  the  road  to  Enoxville  will  be  as  great  as  (I  believe  much  greater  than) 
upon  either  of  these  prosperous  lines,  and  it  may  be  assumed  without  contro- 
versy, that  the  local  travel  will  be  as  great.    Mr.  Guthrie  in  his  report  of  the 


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KAILBO AD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  627 

opemtions  of  the  Looisville  and  Nasbyille  Railroad  for  1865  6,  one  of  the  most 
admirable  documents  of  the  kind  ever  published,  gives  the  local  travel  on  that 
road,  exclusively  such  as  belongs  to  the  termini,  as  follows: 

Revenue  for  local  travel, $557,958  40 

'*      freight, 489,424  34 

"  Mail  and  Express, 166,45155 

$1^212,834  29 

The  Superintendent,  Mr.  Fink,  adds,  "  the  fact  is  establislied  that  the  local 
business  alone,  which  is  constantly  increasing,  yields  sufficient  revenue  to  pay 
a  dividend  of  8  per  cent,  per  annum,  provided  the  road  can  be  run  as  hereto- 
fore for  about  50  per  cent/  of  the  gross  earnings."  This  local  business  increased 
from  303,000  for  six  months  when  the  road  was  opened,  to  $932,000  for  a  simi- 
lar period  in  1866. 

Mr.  John  Caldwell,  proposed  recently  to  be  made  State  Geologist,  says  of  the 
resources  of  East  Tennessee : 

*'  I  have  spent  more  than  six  weeks  in  tracing  and  exploring  the  veins  of  calamino  and  cai^ 
l-onate  of  zinc,  in  the  valleys  of  East  Tennessee — or  that  part  lyinff  between  Enoxville  and 
Bristol— snd'with  J  the  single  purpose  of  ascertaining  certainly  whether  we  have  that  ore  In 
snch  quantity  as  will  jnstiiy  the  con»traction  of  the  works  necessary  for  its  reduction,  to- 
geUier  with  the  compounding  of  zinc  and  copper,  in  order  to  furnish  onrselvea,  as  well  as  sa»> 
rounding  States,  with  the  brass  of  commerce:  and  I  am  happy  to  inform  you  that  the  ahnn* 
daoc»  and  character  of  the  ores  have  exceeded  my  most  sanguine  expectations.  On  the  long 
section  alluded  to  above,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  mercury,  gold  and  silver  exist" 

This  testimony  corresponds  with  that  of  Pro£  SafTord,  recently  State  Geologist, 
w^ho  prepared  the  admirable  map  already  referred  to,  showing  all  the  locations 
of  the  coal,  iron,  and  other  mineral  formations  of  the  State  with  great  precision 
and  detail  By  reference  it  will  be  discovered  how  abundant  are  the  coal  de- 
posits, and  how  accessible  to  the  line  of  the  proposed  railroad.  Prof.  Troost, 
who  has  made  a  geological  survey  of  the  Stat6,  furnishes  the  most  abundant 
evidence  of  its  great  and  inexhaustible  wealth. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Journal  of  the  present 
year  says : 

"The  great  iron  region  of  Eastern  Tennessee  lies  between  the  Alleghany  and  Cumberland 
mountdns,  in  the  valleys  of  KnoxviUe  and  Chattanooga.  The  deposits  of  Middle  Tennessee 
occupy  the  Cumberland  Valley  on  the  West  Those  of  Western  Tennessee  embrace  that  por- 
tion of  the  State  lying  mostly  cast  of  the  Tennessee,  and  south  of  Cumberland  rivers.  The 
oresof  Eastern  Tennessee  are  mostlv  the  "  brownhematice."  They  are  very  valuable.  Pig 
Iron  from  the  purer  varieties  obtained  by  smelting  with  charcoal  is  convertible  into  steel. 

**■  The  numerous  furnaces  and  forges  springing  up  along  the  Tennessee,  from  Knoxville  to 
Chattanooga  testifv  to  the  abundance  and  value  of  iron  ore  in  this  part  of  Tennessee.  East- 
em  capitalists,  including  parties  from  Pittsburgh,  are  establishing  rolling  mills  along  the  cen- 
tre  of  these  vast  deposits.  Rail  mills  are  already  projected.  Should  these  deposits  hold  out 
M  they  now  promise  we  may  expect  to  see  this  the  great  iron  distributing  centre  for  the  South 
and  Southeast" 

But  vast  as  are  the  coal  and  iron  resources,  there  is  another  item  of  wealth 
which  has  not  yet  been  referred  to,  and  with  .which  the  present  letter  shall 
clo?e.  I  refer  to  Pktboleum,  an  article  which  has  added  sncn  immense  sums  to 
the  national  wealth. 

The  special  correspondent  of  the  Pittsburg  Oil  Journal,  who  traversed  the 
State  in  its  service,  says  of  its  Petroleum  resources  in  a  letter  published  in  July 
last: 

<*  As  we  follow  this  grand  reservoir  of  oil  through  Yirginia,  it  is  found  to  be  more  prodn<y 
tive  and  of  better  quality  than  in  Pennsylvauia:  and  still  further  South,  through  Kentucky, 
it  becomes  yet  more  productive,  and  after pcualng  into  TennesHe  the  aeivelopmenta  are  yet 
richer :  so  mitch,  indeed^  that  it  /airly  promisee  to  eclipse  PHhole  or  Oil  Oreeh.^ 

^  Both  in  Tennessee  and  Northern  Aklmma  there  is  found  in  abundance,  naphtha,  petroIou^^ 
elastic  bitumen,  mineral  caoutchouc,  compact  bitumen,  asphaltum,  mineral  pitch,  bituminous 
canelidnm,  mineral  oil  and  the  Seneca  oil  of  New  York.  From  careful  examination  It  is  con- 
fidently believed  that  the  unmistakable  evidence  of  the  presence  of  rich  deposits  of  oil  has  no 
equal  in  the  country,  outside  of  these  States. 


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628  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

XI. — ROXTTB,  C0N8TBCCTION    AND    FINANCIAL    RSSOUBOBS   OP    TOE    NaSHTILLE   AND 

Enoxtille  Connection. 

In  a  previons  letter  a  general  indication  was  furnished  of  the  route  of  the 
proposed  connection  of  ^lasbville  and  Knozville,  but  this  route  must  be  deter- 
mined by  a  variety  of  considerations  to  be  determined  hereafter.  Lebanon^ 
Milledgeville,  CrossviUe  and  Kingston,  will  probably  fall  in  or  near  the  line,  and 
there  is  evidence  that  the  mountain  can  be  crossed  with  a  much  less  grade  than 
many  which  have  been  adopted  by  other  roads.  These  grades  as  given  in  the 
able  report  of  Mr.  Millnor,  of  the  Central  Alabama  road,  at  the  highest  eleva- 
tions, are : 

Baltimore  and  Ohio. 116  fb.  per  mile. 

New  York  and  Erie 60      "         *' 

Boston  and  Albany  to  Buffalo 80     "         " 

Chattanooga  Road 106      "         " 

And  the  points  attained  above  high  water,  were,  on  the 

Mobile  and  Ohio  Road 603  feet. 

Charleston  and  Nashville 1,156     " 

Boston  and  Albany  to  Buffalo 1 ,460     " 

New  York  and  Erie  to  Dunkirk 1,750    " 

Pennsylvania  Central » 2,100     " 

Baltimore  and  Ohio 2,370    "# 

The  question  of  such  grades  is  one  of  locomotive  capacity.  If  the  locomotive 
will,  on  a  level,  transport  1,000  tons,  the  amount  on  a  grade  of  fifty  feet  to  the 
mile  is  reduced  to  two  hundred  and  eighty-one ;  of  one  hundred  feet  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty-five  tons,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  to  one  hundred 
and  thirty  tons. 

Taking  into  consideration  all  the  circumstances  of  the  country  to  be  traversed, 
the  present  enhanced  price  of  iron,  thirty-three  per  cent,  on  old  prices  (the 
value  of  labor  and  the  cost  of  material  being  very  littte  greater),  it  may  safely 
be  calculated  that  the  cost  of  the  road  will  not  exceed  |80,000  per  mile  on  the 
whole  route,  which,  assuming  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  as  the  distance, 
would  be  $6,100,000.  "When  it  is  considered,  however,  that  the  iron  for  the 
road  may  be  produced  and  rolled  in  the  country  where  it  is  used,  a  saving  may 
be  counted  upon  in  transportation  and  handling,  which  will  bring  the  aggre- 
gate expenditure  down  to  about  $4,500,000. 

1.  Private  subscriptions $260,000 

2.  County  subscriptions  along  the  route  of  the  road,  including  David- 

son and  the  city  of  Nashville > 1,250,000 

3.  State  and  Bridge  aid  under  the  General  KaOroad  act 2,000,000 

4.  ETypothecation  and  sale  of  the  Bonds  of  the  Company. 1,500,000 

$5,000,000 

In  regard  to  these  items,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  amount  is  to  be  rdsed 
in  a  period  of  from  one  to  five  years,  and  during  a  time  when  our  industry  will 
be  actively  reviving,  and  when  a  large  increased  population  will  contribute. 
Taking  the  items  in  their  order : 

1.  This  is  to  suppose  that  there  will  be  but  two  hundred  and  fifty  persona  in 
the  State  so  much  interested  in  its  prosperity  as  to  subscribe  |5 1,000  each  to  an 
itaportant  work,  with  all  the  chances,  such  as  they  have  been  exhibited,  of 
eventual  profit. 

2.  Should  the  counties  on  the  route,  which  have  been  taken  as  examples,  sub- 
scribe, in  the  aggregate,  their  bonds  for  $1,000,000,  it  would  bo  but  five  per 
cent,  upon  the  givoss  value  of  their  lands,  while  the  lands  would  be  at  least 
doubled  in  value.  The  interest  on  the  subscription  would  be  one  third  of  one 
per  cent,  per  annum  on  that  value  and  the  tax  would  be  extinguished  in  a  few 


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years.  Only  part  of  the  bonds  would  bo  drawing  interest  while  the  work  was 
progressing.  Davidson  county  and  Nashville  will  undoubtedly  do  their  part, 
since  the  fraction  of  additional  taxation  could  not  weigh  a  feather  in  the  scale, 
when  a  great  manufacturing  and  mineral  region  is  to  be  opened,  now  inacces- 
sible and  likely  to  be  irretrievably  lost  in  the  competition  of  Cincinnati  and 
Louisville. 

8.  State  aid  is  pledged  to  a  part  of  the  work  to  the  extent  of  115,000  pe? 
mile,  and  to  the  whole  at  $10,000.  As  the  latter  amount  has  been  greatly  ex- 
ceeded in  regard  to  many  existing  roads,  it  is  highly  probable  that  it  will  be 
exceeded  in  regard  to  this.  Considering  the  political  and  material  importance 
of  the  road,  $15,000  per  mile  will  probably  be  accorded  through  the  entire  ex- 
tent. 

4.  It  is  a  pafe  assumption  that  a  road  such  as  this,  which  is  to  expend 
$5,000,000  upon  construction  and  equipment,  can  find  no  difficulty  iaobtaininff 
as  it  goes  along,  one-third  of  that  amount  upon  the  security  which  it  will 
furnish,  from  the  capitalists  of  the  North  and  of  Europe,  in  the  shape  of  money, 
labor,  machinery  and  iron,  and  negotiations  are  about  to  be  opened  with  that 
view. 

In  the  above  estimates  I  have  not  taken  into  view  the  probability  that  heavy 
individual  subscriptions  in  land  may  be  had,  which  would  be  a  large  source  of 
revenue,  and  the  further  probability  that  by  virtue  of  the  general  character  of 
the  road,  as  a  link  in  the  great  Pacific  connection,  some  aid  may  be  obtained  from 
Congress  in  the  way  of  a  donation  of  public  land,  to  be  selected  beyond  out 
our  limits.*  , 

Nor  have  I  considered  that  as  the  work  advances,  and  its  importance  is  de- 
monstrated, large  private  subscriptions  will  be  realized,  and  aid  will  come  if 
needed  from  the  roads  interested  in  it  as  a  feeder  in  the  direction  of  Lynchburg, 
Richmond  and  Baltimore. 

Should  the  connection  be  completed  to  Memphis  on  the  shortest  line,  aid  can 
eafcly  be  relied  upon  from  that  enterprising  emporium. 

I  close  this  paper  with  a  few  remarks  upon  the  subject  of  city  and  county  aid 
to  railroads. 

The  construction  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  road  was  secured  by  the  passage  of 
an  ordinance  by  the  Council,  which  ^after  stating  that  tlie  matter  had  been 
submitted  to  vote,  and  adopted  by  over  two  thirds  of  the  yoterd,  goes  on  to 
enact: 

"  That  in  addition  to  the  present  tax,  there  shall  annually  be  levied  and  assessed  a  special 
and  separate  tax  of  twenty-flvo  cents,  and  at  that  rate,  on  every  bnndred  dollar.^  of  valae  fta 
real  estate  within  the  corporate  Hinits  of  said  city,  to  be  called  a  Railroad  Tax,  until  the  amoank 
of  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  shall  have  been  assessed  and  cotlccted.^^ 

'*8kc.  8.  Be  it/urfMr  ordained^  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  city  tax  collector,  and  h«. 
i£  hereby  empowered  to  collect  the  said  tax  in  the  same  manner  as  other  taxes  arc  assessed 
snd  collected,  under  the  law  now  In  force.  He  shall  fronn  tiaio  to  time  pay  the  moneys  col- 
lected under  this  law  and  the  ordinance  above  mentioned,  to  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad 
Company,  after  deducting  two  per  cent,  for  fees  of  collection.  He  shall  enter  in  a  well-bound 
book  the  names  of  all  persons  who  shall  pay  assessments  as  herein  provided,  with  the  amouni 
of  their  payments,  and  shall  annually  return  a  copy  of  said  book  to  the  said  Company ;  and 
shall  furnish  to  each  person  or  persons  a  scpamto  receipt  for  said  railroad  tax.'* 

The  counties  on  the  route  of  the  New  Orleans  and  Great  Northern  Road  all 
cheerfully,  and  by  the  largest  majorities,  voted  aid  to  the  road ;  and  upon  the 
New  Orleans  and  Opelousas  the  following  were  the  amounts  that  the  counties 
assessed  upon  themselves ; 

Parish  of  Orleans,  Right  Bank, $76,000.  tax  5  per  cent. 

St.  Mary's  Parish 100,000,  "    3     " 

St.  Martin'9  Parish, 103,000,"    6     " 

Lafayette  Parish...., 38,000,"    5    " 

St.  Laudrey  Parish, 120,000,"    6     " 

Natchitoches  Parish, 250,000,  "  17^  " 

*  The  XTnited  States  have  ffranted  lands  to  all  roads  on  tho  other  side  of  the  Mississippi 
which  were  links  in  the  route  to  the  Pacific,  and  donated  large  amounts  also  to  other  roads,  as 
will  appear  in  the  following  statement  which  was  made  np  several  years  ago,  aad  Is  now  com- 
pletei 


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680  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 


RAILROAD  LAITD  ORAMTS. 

To  Iowa 2,4T6,321  Acres 

"   Alabama 1,148,500  " 

"    Florida 1,877,465  " 

"    I^uisiana 1,047,970  " 

"   Wisconsin 2,226,000  " 

"    Michigan 1,910,000  " 

**   Mississippi 200,000  " 

**    MinnesoU 1,400,000  *' 

It  was  compnted  in  Alabama,  when  foreign  iron  could  be  bought  at  $65  per 
ton,  it  might  be  made  in  her  iron  districts  at  $50  per  ton,  a  saving  of  about 
twenty -five  per  cent.  At  all  events  the  American  iron  is  much  better  than  the 
foreigo. 

XII. — ^Business  or  the  Central  Road. 

The  cost  of  the  Nashville  and  Knoxville  road  having  been  stated  at  $5,000,000, 
an  a  liberal  estimate,  in  order  that  it  shall  pay  a  dividend  to  the  stockholders 
<lf  eight  per  cent.,  it  will  be  necessary  for  its  gross  anuual  earnings  from  freight, 
passengers,  and  mail  service  to  reach  $800,000.  Upon  a  circulation  of  50  per 
cent,  for  working  expenses,  about  the  average  of  other  roads,  the  amount  will 
yield  $400,000  net,  which  la  the  sum  required. 

It  is  susceptible  of  demonstration  that  the  road  will  yield  more  than  that,  as 
the  following  calculations  and  statistics  will  show  : 

The  earnings  of  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Road  for  the  nine  and  a  half 
montiis  ending  June  30,  1866,  were  $1,423,630,  of  which  $517,131  were  for  pas- 
sengers alone.  It-8  gross  earnings  for  the  year  1860  was  $734,118.  For  the 
last  year  the  local  business  from  which  all  other  business  in  freights  and  travel 
is  excluded,  was  on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Road  $1,212,839,  of  which 
$557,958  was  from  passengers.  Total  earnings  of  the  road,  including  branches, 
$3,143,189. 

Now,  it  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  examine  the  map  and  consider  the  advan- 
tages of  this  route,  without  yielding  to  the  conviction  that  its  business  will 
equal  that  of  either  of  the  roads  referred  to,  including  their  main  stems  only  in 
the  calculation. 

The  saving  in  distance  by  the  direct  route  between  Nashville  and  Knoxville 
over  the  route  via  Chattanooga  will  be  98  ^miles,  and  although  the  saving  be- 
tween Knoxville  and  Memphis  by  the  same  route  via  the  existing  improvements 
to  Johnsonville,  McKenzie,  etc.,  will  be  trifling,  compared  with  that  over  the 
Memphis  and  Charleston  road,  it  will  be  sufficient  at  least  to  attract  a  part,  and 
perhaps  a  considerable  part,  of  the  travel  Should  the  line  be  eventually  eon- 
dtructed  to  Memphis,  through  Jackson,  as  contemplated  in  the  charter  of  the 
Central  Road,  the  saving  in  distance  would  be  sufficient  to  determine  the  ques- 
tion in  its  favor.    The  distance  would  then  be  about  376  against  421  miles  ! 

The  travel  for  which  the  Knoxville  road  is  to  enter  into  competition  will  be 
then: 

First,  All  that  of  the  State  of  Virginia  and  the  States  of  the  Northeast  of  it 
Which  is  seeking  Middle  and  Western  Tennessee,  Arkansas  via  Memphis,  etc.. 
and  which  demonstrates  upon  Knoxville  by  the  Virginia  and  East  Tennessee 
road,  Lynchburg  and  Abingdon. 

Second,  A  great  part  of  that  between  the  same  points  and  the  Southwest, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi  and  Texas  via  Memphis  and  Hernando  or  Jackson,  Ten- 
nessee and  Huntingdon,  when  that  short  connection  has  been  completed.  The 
route  through  Columbia,  Tennessee,  Mount  Pleasant  and  Canton,  or  to  Corinth, 
Mississippi,  projected  and  in  the  event  likely  to  be  accomplished,  will  greatly 
increase  the  probabilities  of  Nashville  and  Knoxville  being  brought  within  the 
line  of  Northeastern  and  Southwestern  travel  Should  the  road  form  a  trunk 
to  Cincinnati  its  business  would  be  vastly  augmented. 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  631 

Third,  The  travel  between  North  and  South  Carolina  and  the  great  "West,  via 
the  Blue  Ridge  road  of  the  latter,  and  the  internal  improvement  system  of  the 
former,  which  demonstrates  upon  Knoxville.  St  Louis  would  be  on  the  most 
direct  and  shortest  line  by  these  improvements,  and  in  this  respect  the  road 
may  properly  be  called  the  Nashville  and  Charleston  road. 

Can  anyone,  then,  doubt  for  a  moment  that  the  passenger  traffic  on  the  Nash- 
ville and  Knoxville  road  will  equal  that  of  the  Louisville  trunk,  on  the  Chat- 
tanooga road  or  the  Memphis  and  Charleston,  which  latter  was,  in  1869, 
$751,923,  but  assuming  a  less  amount  is  likely  to  be  the  «ase,  there  can  be  a 
safe  figure  taken  of  $400,000.  Will  the  freight  earnings  reach  $400,000  ad- 
ditional?* 

This  amount  would  not  be  equal  to  the  earnings  of  the  Memphis  and  Charles- 
ton road  in  1861,  and  is  less  than  half  the  freight  earnings  of  the  Chattanooga 
road  by  the  last  report. 

Considering  the  abundant  resources  of  the  country  to  be  traversed,  as  ex- 
plained in  a  previous  number,  the  mining  and  manufacturing  establishments 
which  would  start  into  being,  the  greatly  increased  population  to  be  attracted, 
ought  it  to  be  supposed  for  a  moment  that  the  transportation  business  of  this 
road  would  be  less  than  that  of  the  one  to  Chattanooga  ? 

That  $800,000  per  annum  is  a  very  moderate  calculation  for  the  business  of 
such  a  road  will  appear  also  from  the  following  table  of  Southern  roads,  some 
of  which  were  in  their  infiancy  in  1860. 

EARNINGS  OF  RAILROADS,  I860. 

Length.  Earnings. 

Southwestern  Georgia 147  $  547,872 

Central  Road 191  1,358,782 

Western  A  Atlantic, 138  832,393 

Soutli  Carolina 242  1,501,008 

Virginia  Central 175  589,822 

Richmond  &  Danville ...140  461,918 

No  note  is  taken  in  this  calculation  of  the  probabilities  of  the  road  constituting 
a  link  in  the  chain  of  connections  between  the  Atlanlic  and  Pacific  through 
Arkansas  and  Texas.  Such  an  event  would  cause  its  earnings  to  be  computed 
by  millions.  It  need  not  be  added  that  if  a  straight  line  be  drawn  between  the 
mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Guaymas,  on  the  Bay  of  California,  a  proposed 
terminus  for  the  Southern  road,  it  would  pass  sufficiently  near  to  Knoxville, 
Nashville,  Memphis  and  Little  Rock  to  secure  them  as  points,  on  the  shortest 
possible  line,  through  our  own  territory,  between  the  two  oceans.  I  say  within 
our  own  territory,  because  there  is  a  probability  that  negotiations  for  the 
purchase  of  Southern  California  and  a  portion  of  Sonora  have  already  been 
Drought  to  a  favorable  termination  by  the  Government. 

It  is  at  the  same  time  presumptuous  to  undertake  to  say  positively  what  will 
be  the  Hues  of  travel  in  a  country  like  the  United  States,  which  is  undergoing 
such  rapid  changes  in  population  and  enterprise,  and  especially  in  tiew  of  the 
fact  that  so  many  great  works  are  now  projected,  and  will  no  doubt  be  carried 
through,  which  must  change  the  whole  face  of  the  map.  I  have,  therefore, 
sought  in  the  argument  only  to  take  the  safe  ground. 

Nor  in  view  of  the  experience  of  the  past,  can  it  be  admitted  for  a  moment 
that  the  road,  though  it  may  enter  into  competition  with,  will  check  the  pros- 
perity of.  other  existing  roads  ?  On  the  contrary,  the  developments  of  the 
future  will  leave  abundant  material  for  all,  and  they  will  operate  as  feeders  to 

^  It  has  been  stated  by  those  familiar  with  roads  through  fororable  regions,  that  the  traffle 
both  WAVS  will  reach  100  potuids  on  the  arerage  for  eaeh  aere  on  a  belt  of  thirty  miles  wide. 
This  at  $5  per  ton  woald  be  $750,060  for  the  KDoxrllle  road.  Half  that  number  of  pounds 
would  bring  the  fireight  earnings  to  nearly  the  $400,000  required.  Should  the  Nashville  and 
Decatur  ruad  be  extended  to  Montgomery,  which  is  of  yital  oonteqaence  to  Nashville,  its  con- 
nections will  add  still  farther  to  the  interests  of  the  Knoxville  road. 


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632  RAILROAD   HISTORY  AND   RESULTS- 

eacir  other,  mutually  enjoying  prosperity  and  wealth.  There  should  be  ho 
rivalry,  but  only  zealous  emulation  in  such  enterprises. 

Let  it  be  taken  for  granted,  too,  that  the  direct  connection  between  Knoxville 
and  Charleston  will  be  secured,  for  which  Cincinnati  is  alfto  actively  moving. 
It  is  an  old  dream  of  the  people  of  Charleston,  likely  now  to  be  realized.  Mr. 
Trenholm  said  lately  in  his  Report,  referring  to  the  Blue  Ridge  road — **  Thirty- 
four  miles  have  been  built  substantially  and  completely,  and  are  now  in  opera- 
tion ;  one  hundred  and  eixly-four  miles  remain,  of  which  a  large  part  of  the 
heaviest  and  most  costly  work  has  been  done.  Twenty  miles  of  the  grading 
south  of  Knoxville  an^  the  most  di'T.cult  portion  of  the  work  required  in 
bridging  the  Holston,  have  been  completed." 

I  close  this  letter  with  the  remark  that  such  is  known  to  be  the  importance  of 
shortening  lines  of  communication  that  the  Central  Pennsylvania  Road  in- 
Bti-ucted  its  Engineer  to  expend  $52,000  to  save  one  mile,  and  $4,000,000  to 
save  seventy-two  miles.  The  Engineer  of  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Road 
reported  that  in  seeking  to  be  nearest  to  the  air  line  he  was  but "  following  the 
irrefutable  maxim  that  trade  will  always  seek  the  shortest  line." 

XIII.  Are  the  Railroads  of  the   Country,  in  Themselves,  Pbo- 
DucTivB  Property? 

In  the  pro^fress  of  the  argument  I  have  demonstrated  the  marvellous 
energy  of  railrofMs  in  building  up  cities,  and  in  adding  to  the  material 
wealth  of  a  country ;  increasing  manifold  the  value  of  lands,  extending  popu- 
lation and  commerce,  etc. ;  but  have  not  paused  to  inquire  if  they  are  a 
tangible  benefit  to  stockholders  and  shareholders,  or  if  capital  invested  in 
them  is  in  part  or  wholly  lost,  or  is  remunerative  in  comparison  with  other 
investments. 

The  object  of  the  present  paper  is  to  show  that  such  investments  in  them- 
selves, and  as  mere  money  operations,  are  legitimate,  and  if  properly  con- 
sidered, quite  as  productive  as  those  which  are  made  in  other  branches  of 
business.  Should  this  be  made  to  appear,  I  may  fearlessly  address  myself^ 
I  think,  to  the  pockets  of  those  who  have  annual  savings,  whether  they  are 
capitalists  or  not. 

There  is  a  very  general  opinion  prevailing  that  the  money  to  build  rail- 
roads must  be  drawn  from  those  who  are  directly  benefited  by  them,  and 
when  others  contribute  it  is  looked  upon  as  a  very  enlarged  liberality  and 
patriotism.  Many,  taking  advantage  of  this  view  of  the  case,  regard  a  rail- 
road commissioner  with  open  books  as  a  person  to  be  avoided  by  every 
avail^le  means.    This  is  a  grand  mistake. 

It  is  true  that  railroads  f^quently  do  not  for  a  l(ms  time  pay  dividends^ 
and  why?  They  commence  operations  with  heavy  debt,  which  must  be 
liquidated  from  their  earnings,  and  which  liquidation  is  in  effect  adding  to 
the  eventual  value  of  the  stock. 

For  example,  the  President  of  the  Memphis  and  Cliarleston  Road,  in  his 
report  of  1859,  says:  "The  total  net  earnings  of  the  road  since  its  opening- 
in  1853,  is  equal  to  56}  i>er  cent  on  its  capital,  which  amount  has  gone  to- 
wards building  and  equipment,  and  is,  therefore,  a  moneyed  interest  to  the 
stockholders." 

The  Montgomery  and  West  Point  road  was  mainly  built  upon  its  earn- 
ings, and  was  before  the  war  paying  ten  per  cent,  upon  the  capital  stock. 

The  results  of  the  Georgia  State  road  are  equally  surprising.  In  1800  it 
had  in  cash  and  cash  assets  nearly  double  the  cost  of  the  road,  one-third  of 
which  was  from  surplus  earnings.  The  whole  debt  was  taken  up  by  these 
earnings,  which  rose  from  $71,567  net  in  1848  to  $544,863  in  1858,  and 
since  1849  the  dividends  have  been  upwards  of  7  or  8  per  cent. 

The  Charleston  and  Hamburg  road,  fk>m  Jirne  to  December  1865,  with 
incomplete  road  and  inadequate  and  crippled  running  stock,  earned  ex- 
penses, paid  half  year's  interest,  and  had  a  net  income  besides  of  $196,98&. 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  633 

The  Mobile  and  Ohio  road,  with  the  same  embarrassments,  and  in  about 
the  same  period,  earned  $1,529,675,  and  expended  $699,898,  leaving  a  net 
revenue  of  $824,779. 

A  similar  most  gratifying  restdt  is  shown  by  the  New  Orieans,  Jackson 
and  Great  Northern  road,  which  has  not  only,  like  the  roads  above  men 
tioned,  repaired  its  entire  route,  rebuilt  costly  bridges,  and  replaced  most  of 
the  valuable  running  stock,  independently  of  outside  aid,  but  has  from  Its 
earnings  since  the  war  a  large  surplus,  and  wiU  very  soon  begin  to  protect 
its  bondholders. 

The  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  road,  in  the  nine  months  ending  June 
80  last,  was  enabled,  notwithstanding  its  condition  and  that  of  the  country, 
to  earn  $1,423,530,  which  left  a  net  profit  of  $412,751. 

The  Memphis  and  Charleston,  by  the  last  report,  showed  in  earnings, 
since  the  surrender  of  the  road,  $1,274,807,  tvhich,  after  all -expenses  were 
paid,  ordinary  and  extraordinary,  left  on  hand  41  surplus  of  $624,142. 

This  is  but  the  general  experience  of  nearly  all  of  our  leading  roads. 
They  have  not  been  suflSciently  long  in  operation  to  have  grappled  with 
and  disposed  of  debt,  or  completed  their  routes  and  connections,  and  have, 
besides,  been  interrupted  by  war.  When  all  of  this  shall  have  ceased  to 
operate,  they  indicate  clearly  by  the  results  how  handsomely  the  original 
stockholders  will  be  repaid. 

In  reference  to  the  Charleston  and  Hamburg  road,  it  is  said,  on  the  high- 
G8t  authority,  that  after  paying  a  dividend  of  S^  per  cenl.,  it  appropriated 
the  balance  of  earnings,  Q^  ^r  cent.,  to  the  payment  of  its  debt.  The  re- 
sult was  as  follows :  In  fifteen  years  $4,000,000  debt  would,  but  for  the  war, 
have  been  paid  off.  Thus  the  subscribers  of  $4,000,000  in  fifteen  years  are 
the  owners  of  a  road  worth  $8,000,000,  besides  receiving  dividends  in  the 
meanwhile.  All  extensions  made  by  the  road  are  in  reality  property,  and 
'*  the  best  species  of  real  estate." 

When  a  road  upon  an  original  subscription,  which  is^frequently  the  case, 
of  $1,000,000  expends  from  its  earnings  as  much  or  doubly  as  much  more 
in  construction,  the  stockholder,  in  the  great  appreciation  of  value  of  his 
property,  may  well  be  content  to  postjjone  the  day  of  annual  dividends. 

Speaking  of  the  Southwestern  road  of  Georgia,  Mr.  MUlnor  in  his  report 
says: 

"Tlie  company  started  from  Macon  In  a  southwesterly  direction — they  knew  it  seems  not 
vhere,  iinlcfs  in  search  for  cotton  bags.  They  fret  to  a  place  and  stop,  and  pass  resolntions 
**  ir  the  citi/ons  of  such  conntles  just  ahead  will  sabscribe  so  mach  and  pay  it,  they  will  ex- 
tend their  road  to  such  a  place. ''^  In  a  week  the  stock  is  taken  in  the  country,  and  tho<engin- 
ccrs  start  out;  and  so  great  is  the  value  of  the  stock  and  bonds  that  old  contractors  oxien 
grade  the  road  for  stocks  and  bonds  alone,  and  thus  they  have  gone  along  from  county  to 
county,  from  plantation  to  plantation,  declaring  and  paying  regular  semi-annual  dividends  of 
four  per  cent,  in  cash,  bealdes  investing  as  much  more  of  surplus  net  earning  in  extension, 
until  it  hat  reached,  and  soon  will  cross,  the  Chattahoochee  at  Fort  Gaines  and  Eufaula,  and 
then,  after  absorbing  south-east'  Alabama,  will  only  stop  because  it  has  no  more  territory 
over  which  to  extend  itself.  This  road,  like  all  the  Georgia  roads,  had  a  small  beginning,  and 
of  itself  could  not  stand  alone;  but  when,  by  the  aid  of  Savannah,  It  was  once  firmly  set  on 
foot  with  each  succeeding  year,  its  power  continued  to  increase,  until,  like  a  large  descending 
ball,  that  quickens  its  pace  as  it  continues  to  roll,  it  seems  of  late  years  that  this  wonderful 
company  has  only  to  **  will  It,'*  and  the  extension  goes  on,** 

The  example  of  all  the  Northern  roads,  with  few  excepti(ms,  is  even  more 
striking  than  those  of  the  South.  Between  1856  and  1865  the  Philadelphia 
and  Pittsburg  increased  its  passengers  from  1,198,927  to  4,174,093,  and  its 
earnings  from  $4,720,124  to  $12,459,159.  The  railroads  of  New  York  in- 
crease<l  between  1855  and  1864,  220  mUes,  but  the  business  increased  from 
10,000,000  to  14,000,000  passengers,  and  from  $8,000,000  to  $14,000,000  in 
profits.  In  the  same  time  the  roads  in  Great  Britain,  on  an  increase  of 
4,509  miles,  increased  their  passengers  111,000,000,  and  their  profits  about 
$20,000,000.  The  amounts  are  prodigious.  The  roads  of  New  York  earned 
$8,278  per  mile,  about  half  from  passengers,  which  netted  a  dear  profit  on 
each  mile  of  $3,568 — a  fair  dividend  for  stockholders. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  passengers  on  the  South  Carolina  road  was 


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634  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

from  87,770  in  1848,  to  77,579  in  1847,  which  increase  went  steadily  on. 
The  business  of  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  rose  from  $1,880,812  in  1859, 
to  $1,841,112  in  1861,  more  than  half  of  which  was  in  passengers. 

The  Michigan  Central  road  increased  its  earnings  from  $2,871,241  in 
1862,  to  $4,446,490  in  1866.  The  New  York  and  New  Haven  from  $1,049.- 
768  in  1860,  to  $2,141,807  in  1865.  The  Philadelphia  and  Reading  showed 
as  follows : 

1843.  1864. 

Passengers 66,564  1,048,501 

Coal  transported,  tons 1,048,501  3,090,814 

The  coal  transportation  was  three-fourths  of  the  whole  business  in 
freights.  Charge  per  ton  1859,  $1  15 ;  cost  of  transporting,  42  cents  per 
ton  ;  1865,  charge  $2  79,  cost,  $1  06.  Besides  other  large  investments,  the 
Company  has,  in  the  last  three  years,  expended  $5,000,000  upon  new  works. 

The  Railroad  Jounwl,  in  one  of  its  latest  issues,  furnishes  a  list  of  some 
twenty-five  or  tliirty  roads  all  over  the  country,  which  a  few  years  ago  were 
regarded  as  nearly  worthless,  their  stocks  having  scarcely  any  value,  but 
which  are  now  in  a  prosperous  condition,  and  paying  dividends  of  from 
eight  to  twenty  per  cent.  The  fact  may  be  ascertained  at  any  time  by  a 
visit  to  Wall  street,  tliat  the  railroad  stocks  and  bonds  in  every  part  of  the 
Union  have  been  and  are  stiU  rising  in  value,  the  result  of  more  experi- 
enced administration.  Whatever  depression  existed  was  caused  by  extrav- 
agant and  not  unfrequently  dishonest  administration,  an  evil  which  has  at 
length  cured  itself. 

XIV.  Business  op  Railroads  always  Exceed  the  Calculations  of 
THEiE  Projectors. 

The  proposition  is  laid  down  at  large,  and  the  individual  cases  of  excep- 
tion are  unworthy  of  note. 

The  principle  is  found  to  operate  in  every  period  of  the  history  of  these 
great  labor  saving  and  labor  creating  macMnes,  and  the  reason  is  obvious 
enough.  Our  calculations  have  a  general  reference  to  the  business  and 
transportation  of  the  country,  as  it  exists,  when  the  road  is  projected,  where- 
as the  road  becomes  the  creator  of  that  which  feeds  and  sustains  it.  The 
man  who  travels  once  is  induced  to  travel  ten  times,  and  the  goods  which 
he  is  enabled  to  dispose  of  or  consume,  instead  of  being  conveyed  in  trunks 
or  in  a  few  boxes,  require  now  huge  crates,  hogsheads,  and  even  cars. 

It  was  once  thought  that  railroads  would  not  carry  passengers,  and  Mr. 
Porter,  in  his  Progress  of  the  British  Empire,  mentions  the  fact  that  all  the 
first  rosAs  constructed  in  that  coimtry  were  with  the  view  to  freight  only. 
Half  the  persons,  it  was  argued,  who  had  taken  the  old  stage  road,  between 
liiverpool  and  Manchester,  would  prefer  the  railroad,  but  experience  showed 
that  the  increase  was  from  2,259,  in  1831,  when  the  work  was  in  its  infancy, 
to  535,888  passengers  in  1845.  It  was  found,  he  says,  in  every  case  that 
"  the  number  of  passengers  quadrupled  ,what  existed  before."  Notwithstand- 
ing the  vaat  increase  of  passenger  traffic  on  the  English  roads,  the  freight 
traific,  which  was  at  first  less  in  value,  was,  in  1256,  three  times  as  valuable. 
.  The  freight  traffic  on  the  American  roads  has  exhibited  the  same  marvel- 
ous increase,  as  is  shown  bv  the  quantities  of  merchandise  which  pass  and 
repass  between  the  Great  West  and  Northwest  and  the  Atlantic  States,  in- 
cluding coal,  iron,  salt  and  rock,  the  heaviest  and  least  valuable  material. 
These  freights  ascend  and  descend  grades  that  at  one  time  were  regarded 
impracticable-— arch  over  wide  rivers,  and  penetrate  and  traverse  huge  tun- 
nels under  the  solid  earth. 

Even  cotton  can  be  transported  ft^m  North  Alabama  and  Georgia  through 
Nashville,  and  onward  by  railroad  to  the  North,  as  cheap,  and  cheaper  at 
times,  than  by  river  and  ocean. 

In  referring  to  the  general  influences  upon  the  country  exerted  by  rail- 


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RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS.  635 

loads,  in  a  former  paper,  it  is  stated  that  they  frequently  exceed  the  most 
sanguine  expectations.  Innumerable  examples  of  it  may  be  furnished.  A 
patent  one  is  that  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio,  of  which  President  Milton  Brown 
said,  in  1859,  **  the  earnings  of  the  Mobile  end  of  the  road  hare  gone  beyond 
the  estimates  made  before  its  construction.  These  estimates  were  7|  per 
cent  of  profit  on  the  cost,  whereas  the  net  profit  of  this  Mrt  of  the  road,  after 
paying  all  expenses,  was  8f  i)ep  cent,  of  the  cost."  The  gross  earnings, 
when  the  roaa  was  20  miles  in  length,  were  $22,459. 

That  a  road  running  through  a  country  so  poor  and  unpromising  as  that 
which  exists  upon  the  first  hundred  miles  of  tne  one  from  Mobile  slioiild  ex- 
cseed  the  calculation  made  for  it,  and  in  point  of  fact  produce  handsome  rev- 
enue, is  one  of  the  most  conclusive  arguments  in  favor  of  the  productiveness 
of  railroads.  The  same  experience  has  been,  in  fact,  realized  in  the  poor 
piney  wood  regions  of  Louisiana  and  South  Carolina,  through  which  much 
of  the  length  of  their  great  railroads  extend.  The  business  of  the  Jackson 
poad  went  up  from  $277,008  in  1857,  to  $1,278,620  in  1862,  and  was  in  No- 
vember, 1865,  with  all  its  defects  of  stock  and  road,  $114,799.  When  this 
road  was  first  talked  of.  Col.  Tarpley  made  much  to  do  about  the  chick- 
ens and  the  eggs,  and  the  pine  knots,  that  would  employ  its  active  energies. 

XV.— The  Vast  AMouirrs  op  Capital  Invested  in  Railroads  an  Evi- 
dence OF  THEm  Phoductiveness. 

When  a  railroad  is  proposed  to  be  constructed,  ninety-nine  in  the  hundred 
of  the  people  from  whom  the  means  are  to  be  drawn,  looking  upon  the  great 
array  of  figures  which  are  piled  up,and  comprehending  the  vast  amount  of  mon- 
ey which  will  be  needed,  are  rfcady  enough  to  pronounce  it  to  be  impracticable. 
It  is  submitted  to  every  intelligent  reader  if  this  is  not  the  common  ex- 
perience. There  never  is  money  enough  in  the  country  or  within  control 
to  carry  through  any  large  enterprise,  and  yet  the  money  in  the  end  comes ; 
oomes  from  somewhere,  it  is  often  difficult  to  tell  how,  and  the  work  is  ac- 
complished. What  the  multitude  prove  to  be  impossible,  some  two,  three, 
OP  four  x)ersons  (often  a  single  individual),  by  their  sagacity,  their  will  and 
purpose  boldly  attack  and  carry  through.  "  It  is  not  an  army  that  I  want," 
said  the  old  Napoleon  when  meditating  a  great  enterprise,  "  it  is  a  man  I" 

When  it  was  proposed  in  New  Orleans  to  build  the  road  to  Jackson  and 
to  Tennessee,  a  large  capitalist,  who  subsequently  became  a  leading  pro- 
moter of  the  work,  said  in  conversation,  "  we  cannot  furnish  the  means — the 
poad  besides  is  not  wanted,  the  Mississippi  is  railroad  enough  for  us,"  and 
another  citizen,  an  old  merchant  and  railroad  man  besides,  chided  the  writer 
of  these  papers  for  his  rhetorical  exaggeration  in  a  speech  when  he  said, 
"  that  New  Orleans  would  in  less  than  five  years  contribute  millions  for 
railroads,"  which  in  fact  she  did. 

In  the  interest  of  these  movements  I  traveled  through  the  States  of  Mis- 
sissippi and  Tennessee  in  1851,  in  company  at  times  with  other  gentlemen, 
and  addressed  the  people  at  every  cross  road,  town  and  village.  There  were 
no  railroads  among  us  at  Uiat  time,  and  the  sturdy  farmers  of  the  interior, 
who  clustered  together  to  hear  us  talk  about  them,  evinced  by  their  looks 
the  incredulity  of  the  King  of  Siam,  when  assured  by  the  missionaries  that 
in  their  country  water  would  sometimes  become  hard  enough  to  walk  upon. 
They  treated  us  with  respect,  which  is  natural  at  the  South,  but  made  merry 
enough  when  they  got  together,  as  we  often  heard,  over  our  "  iron  horse 
which  was  to  go  gafioping  over  their  hills  and  rivers,  regarding  it  safer  and 
wiser  to  rely  upon  the  old-fkshioned  mule  team  and  ox  gear,  and  yet  these 
very  men,  in  time,  voted  their  money  and  gave  their  lands,  and  to-day  realize 
all  the  great  advantages  of  having  done  so. 

The  remarks  which  were  made  will  I  hop6  reassure  any  nervous  person 
who  has  ascertained  that  it  is  expected  to  raise,  for  the  purpose  of  another 
Poad  in  Tennessee,  in  the  next  few  years  the  grand  amount  of  $5,000,000— 
an  amount,  however,  which  is  but  a  little  over  1  per  cent,  in  the  dollap  of 


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636  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND  RESULTS. 

the  property  of  the  State,  and  but  one-sixth  of  what  was  expended  in  Ten- 
nessee in  the  eight  years  which  preceded  the  war. 

The  same  nervous  individual  will  be  further  assured  by  the  figures  which 
will  now  be  furnished  in  illustration  of  railroad  history  and  in  evidence  of 
the  fact  that  they  are  sources  of  growing  revenue  to  the  country. 

The  sums  exi)ended  in  the  past  upon  railroads,  though  realized  in  part 
from  land  holders  and  city  property  holders,  from  corporations  and  from 
State  subscriptions,  have,  when  the  whole  country  is  considered,  been  mainly 
contributed  by  capital,  seeking  the  best  and  most  profitable  investments  and 
without  heart  or  interest  beyond !  If  then  shrewd,  calculating  and  selfish 
men  have  been  willing  to  put  millions  of  their  revenues  and  earnings  into 
such  adventures,  rather  than  into  bank,  fjBUitories  or  other  stocks,  the  demoiw 
stration  is  perfect  that  they  are  found  to  be  paying  and  profitable  invest- 
ments. 

It  is  scarcely  thirty-five  years  since  the  first  whistle  of  the  locomotive  was 
heard  in  America,  a  period  so  short  as  to  be  within  the  memory  of  even 
young  men,  and  yet  what  has  been  the  increase : 

Year.  Milea. 

1885 1,098 

1840 2,818 

1860 9,021 

1856 18,379 

1860 30,635 

1865 88,909 

These  roads  were  divided  among  the  several  sections  of  the  country,  in 
1860,  as  follows : 

Miles  of     Area  of     Popula- 
Road.        State.  tion. 

New  England  States 8,669.8      66,038      3,135,283 

Middle  States 6,354.1    114,624      8,333,330 

Western  States 18,241.8    679.138    12,163,652 

Southern  States 7,356.9    613,996     7,159,002 

Total  including  others 30,634.6    1,757,051  31,223,127 

A  more  interesting  exhibit  will,  however,  be  made  when  it  is  shown  what 
proportion  in  each  section  the  miles  of  railroad  bear  to  area,  population  and 
wealth. 

One  mile  of  Railroad  to 

Miles.       Pop.        Wealth. 

N.  E.  States 17.9         867         $509,276 

Middle    States 18.0      1,811  069,606 

Western  States 51.3  919  418,034 

Southern  States •     83.4  973  683,220 

Pacific 12.633.8     19,220      10,624,677 

Totel 67,3       1,019         $526,126 

Still  more  interesting  will  it  be  to  give  the  figures  in  detail  for  the  State  of 
Tennessee. 

Area  of  Tennessee  miles 45,000 

Population.  1860 1,109,801 

Wealth.  1860 $493,903,892 

Miles  Railroad,.' 1,252.6 

Miles  Railroad  to  equare  miles 35.9 

"Population 886 

"Wealth $394,303 

In  proportion  to**  territory,  Tennessee  has  a  less  number  of  miles  than  the 
Middle  and  most  of  the  New  England  States,  Ohio,' Indiana,  Ulinois,  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina,  and  about  the  same  as  Georgia. 


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RAILROAD   HISTOBfr  AND   RESULTS.  ^ 

In  proportion  to  poptilaiion,  she  has,  ngain,  less  tlian  most  of  the  N®^  Eng- 
land States,  less  tlian  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin,  North  Carolina 
and  Georgia. 

In  proportion  to  wealth,  less  than  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Delaware.  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  North  Carolina  nnd  Florida. 

With  as  many  roads  to  the  square  mile  as  Massachusetts,  Tennessee  would 
have  over  six  thousand  miles ;  with  as  many  to  population  as  Horidu,  ahout 
2,500  miles,  with  as  many  to  wealth  as  Vermont,  about  2,000  miles. 

The  actual  outlay  upon  roads  up  to  1866  was  in 

Kentucky, $21,062,000 

Tennessee, 33,533,000 

Missouri, 50,046,000 

South  Carolina, 22,053,000 

Georgia, 29,389,000 

The  whole  railroad  investment  of  the  United  States  rose  from 

1850 $299,924,000 

1860 1,146,079,000 

1864 1,264,336,000 

Therefore  it  may  be  assumed  that  at  the  present  moment  fifteen  hundred 
millions  of  dollars  have  been  the  investments  of  the  American  people  in  rail- 
roads, a  sum  which  is  equal  to  nearly  four  times  the  value  of  the  entire  proper- 
ty of  the  State  of  Tennessee — real,  personal  and  mixed.  The  Southern  States 
have  expended  nearly  three  hundred  millions,  which  is,  by  the  way,  only  equal 
to  a  single  cotton  crop. 

What  the  earnings  of  all  these  roads  in  passenger,  freight  and  mail  carriage, 
may  be,  we  are  uninformed ;  but  the  aggregate  upon  eighteen  of  the  chief  roads 
at  the  North  was  in  1866  about  $100,000,000.  The  New  York  roads  earned 
OTOss  $8,000  per  mile.  Upon  the  average  of  half  of  this  amount  the  total  earn- 
ings of  the  country  would  be  $136,000,000.  It  more  probably  reaches  $150,- 
000,000.  ^ 

In  Great  Britain  the  figures  are :  ^ 

Miles.  Passengers.  Receipts. 

1848 5,127  57,965,070         £9,965,070 

1855...; 8,280  118,595,155         21,5u7,599 

1862 11,551         \180,420,065         29,080,100 

I  close  this  letter,  the  last  but  one  of  the  series,  with  the  remark  that  he  is 
Indeed  blind  to  what  is  happening  all  around,  and  ignorant  of  the  true  grit  and 
manhood  and  energy  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  of  this  continent,  who  conceives 
today,  any  more  tban  ho  would  have  conceived  ten  years  ago,  that  we  are  at 
the  end,  rather  than  in  the  meridian  of  this  immense  and  growing  power. 

XVI. — Closing  Appeal. 

And  now,  citizens,  having  talked  myself  as  itjwere,  out  of  breath.or  rather 
out  of  figures,  I  reach  at  length  a  conclusion.  The  labor  has  Ibeen  to  a  great 
extent,  one  of  love,  and  if  you  have  followed  out  the  argument  closely,  which 
tluB  vanity  of  a  writer  always  takes  for  granted,  it  will  appear  that  the  subject 
demanded  no  less,  and  that  each  consecutive,  paper  of  the  series  bears  upon 
and  supports  its  main  proposition,  to  wit :  That  we  must  build  the  railroad  to 
KnoxviUe,  which  it  is  altogether  in  our  power  to  do. 

Figures  may  lie ;  they  often  do ;  but  in  this  inventive  age  what  will  not  ? 
From  an  idiosyncracy  of  mind,  however,  I  am  inclined  to  place  as  much  de- 
pendence upon  them  as  I  do  upon  rhetoric  or  stump-speaking,  which,  in  gen- 
eral, have  the  great  advantage  of  auditory. 

I  visited  your  State  for  the  first  time  a  mere  boy,  climbing  on  horseback  the 
mountains  from  Carolina.  -  Reaching  Greenville,  in  East  Tennessee,  I  read 


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638  RAILROAD  HISTORY  AND   RESULTS. 

upon  a  sign  board,  "  Andrew  Jolinson,  Tailor."    Presto,  change — that  man  is 
President  of  the  United  States. 

I  came  again,  long  after,  «ent  by  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  to  advocate  a  rail- 
road whkh  should  connect  the  Crescent  City  with  your  capital,  the  revival  of  a 
echeme  wliich  was  originated  in  1887,  and  had  slept  for  over  twenty  years — 
came  by  the  slow  and  devious  stage  route,  up  hill  and  down,  by  Summerville 
and  Jnckson  and  Columbia ;  what  memories  linger  of  whole  days  of  suffocating 
dust,  of  battered  head  and  stiffened  joints,  of  stifling  air,  and  carefully  jamm^ 
proportions — men,  women,  and  children,  twelve  inches  of  space  apiecf . 

Presto,  change  again — 1  am  in  Memphis  this  morning  and  take  my  supper  at 
Nashville  and  retire  quietly  to  bed,  having  not  evfn  b^en  soiled  by  the  adven- 
ture! Pre=to,  finall}',  as  1  have  lived  to  see  the  New  Orleans  scheme  of  twenty 
years  revived  and  executed,  and  shall  I  not  live  to  see  (I  have  the  faith  to 
think  it)  Tennessee's  ancient  scheme  accomplished  of  a  c^^ntral  road,  grappling 
together  with  bands  of  iron  her  extreme  eastern  and  western  frontier? 

Let  the  politicians  talk  of  reconstruction  and  of  how  to  reconcile  the  jarring 
and  hostile  elements  of  the  State,  the  magic  power  of  the  locomotive  sh^ 
shame  their  efforts,  and  "  wailing  ifor  the  wagon ;"  the  lion  and  the  lamb  keep 
very  good  pence  between  them.  "Let  me  make  the  songs  of  a  people,"  said  a 
philosopher,  "  and  you  are  welcome  to  make  their  laws."  Let  me  lay  out  their 
railroads,  would  be  as  wise  an  aphorism. 

Those  who  are  at  the  head  of  this  movement,  as  was  said  before,  are  in  part 
well  known  to  the  people  of  the  State  as  men  of  enterprise  and  wealth,  and 
many  others  will  before  long  enlist  in  the  service.  Engineers  are  to  be  sent 
out,  and  when  their  report  is  published  the  directors  will  come  before  the  peo- 
ple with  something  tangible  in  their  hands  to  demand  the  necessary  aid.  A 
prompt  and  generous  response  may  certainly  be  relied  upon. 

The  Legiskture  of  the  State,  the  Town  Council  of  Nashville,  and  its  property 
holders  and  merchants,  the  citizens  and  residents  in  all  the  counties  to  be  trav- 
ersed, will  not  be  able,  if  they  would,  to  evade  the  urgent  and  incessant  de- 
mands which  will  be  brought  home  to  them  by  the  promoters  of  this  enterprise, 
who  are,  I  feel  very  sure,  as  Carlyle  expresses  it,  most  "  terribly  in  earnest." 

They  are  in  opposition  to  no  other  enterprise  of  the  State,  wholly  or  in  part 
accomplished.  Nowhere  are  railroads  cannibals  eating  up  each  other.  They 
thrive,  like  States  and  other  communities,  with,  and  not  upon,  each  other.  Ab 
wise  the  hand-loom  weavers  who  broke  to  pieces  the  steam-frames,  or  the 
scribes  who  pounded  up  the  printing-press,  as  the  owners  of  existing  railroads 
opening  war  upon  new  projections. 

The  appeal  is  to  the  country  press,  the  thinking  men  and  the  speakers  of  the 
State,  that  they  will  examine  the  merits  of  this  measure,  take  it  up  earnestly 
and  bring  it  home  to  the  attention  of  the  people. 

Citizens  of  Nashville,  here  is  an  enterprit-e  opened  which  will  double  your 
commerce,  your  population  and  opulence.  Convene  in  public  meeting  if  neces- 
sary and  discuss  it.  listen  to  the  arguments  pro  and  con.,  and  if  convinced, 
liberally  bring  forth  of  your  revenue,  and  instruct  your  councils  to  vote  aid, 
should  such  be  expedient  Invite  the  county  to  these  deliberations  and  let  ns 
have,  before  the  spring  time  opens,  tuch  a  convention  at  Nashville  of  the 
friends  of  the  jCentral  route,  as  has  not  been  surpassed  in  number  or  influence 
in  the  State. 

People  of  Middle  and  Eastern  Tennessee,  God  has  joined  your  mountains  and 
your  plains.  They  reciprocally  need  each  other.  These  mountains  groan  with 
mineral  wealth.  Like  Sterne's  starling,  this  wealth  cries  to  come  out.  Your 
lands  are  shut  off  from  population  and  market,  and  at  times  have  scarcely  a 
value.  Would  you  duplicate  and  triplicate  their  value?  Would  you  promote 
settlement  and  agriculture  and  manufactures?  Build  the  road  and  it  id  done! 
No  mendicant  appeals  to  your  aharity.  A  king,  an  emperor,  asks  but  a  part  of 
your  revenues,  asks  but  a  part  of  your  lands,  aeks  that  he  may  give,  that  he 
may  increase  indefinitely  the  value  of  your  land  and  your  revenues.  He  b  a 
benefactor,  and  not  a  grinding  despot. 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  FREEDMEN.  639 

Legislators  of  the  State,  you  have  been  lavish  in  your  past  endowments  to 
nulroads.  There  may  be  need  of  you  as^aln.  Though  our  general  laws  prove 
fuflScient,  there  will  be  instances  in  which  the  power  and  encouragement  of  the 
State  will  avail  much.  The  skillful  general  defends  his  capital  by  strengthening 
his  outposts.  The  moneyed  interests  of  other  sections  will  come  to  your  relief 
and  will  swell  your  own  treasures,  when  you  have  poured  them  out.  Hercules 
will  help  when  the  wagoner  is  at  the  wheel !  You  have  still  a  mission,  as 
much  so  as  when  in  1851  I  addressed  you.  by  invitation,  as  a  delegate  ffom 
New  Orleans,  and  used  the  language  which  in  closing  I  quote  to-day  : — 

"  Gentlemen,  the  spirit  of  improvement  and  of  progress  which  has  descended 
upon  you,  is  sweeping  down  the  valley  of  the  Mi^'sippi,  and  producing  its  won 
derful  results  in  ail  of  the  States  to  the  southward  of  your  limits.  It  is  for  you, 
legislators,  the  first  to  sit  during  this  excitement  of  the  public  mind,  to  lead 
the  way  and  direct  the  spirit  of  the  times  to  immediate  and  practical  results. 
Indicate  your  oouree  of  policy,  and  let  it  be  a  broad  and  liberal  one ;  some- 
thing worthy  of  a  State  like  Tennessee;  and  believe  me,  when  I  say  it,  that 
Mississippi  and  Louisiana  will  unite  upon  the  same  platform  with  you,  and  that 
Alabama  and  Arkansas  and  Texas  will  respond  to  the  extent  of  their  means  and 
capacities.  These  States  are  but  in  their  infancy  of  progress  and  improvement, 
and  are  now  looking  to  you  to  pnve  the  way  for  a  system  which  hencefor- 
ward shall  emphatically  be  known  aa  the  Southwentem.  system.  With  your 
resolutions  and  acts  in  their  hands,  the  friends  of  improvement  may  walk  bold- 
ly, and  I  believe  triumphantly  forth." 

J.  D.  B.  DeBow,  President  Tennessee  and  Pacific  Railroad. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  FREEDMEN. 

LAWS  OF  THE  SEVERAL   SOUTHERN  STATES,  REGULATING  THE 
STATUS,  RIGHTS  AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  FREEDMEN. 

No.  2.— MISSISSIPPI 

CoNSTTTUTioN,  Art.  VII.,  Sec.  1.  "The  institution  of  slavery  having  been 
destroyed  in  the  State,"  "  the  Legislature  shall  [trovide  by  law  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  freedmen." 

Act  November   25,  1466. 

Sbction  \.  Beit  enaeUd  by  the  LegUlaUire  of  ths  State  of  Mts*is9lppi :  That  all  freed- 
men,  free  negroes  and  malattoes  mmy  sue  and  be  saed,  implead  and  be  impleaded,  in  all  tbe 
coorta  of  law  and  equity  of  this  State,  and  may  acqnire  personal  property  and  choses  in  actios, 
by  descent  or  purchase,  and  may  dispose  of  the  same,  in  the  same  manner,  and  to  the  same 
extent  that  white  persons  may :  Provided  that  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  be  so 
constmed  as  to  allow  any  freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  to  rent  or  lease  any  lands  or  tene- 
ment^  except  in  Incorporated  towns  or  eiUesln  which  places  the  corporate  authorities  shall 
control  the  same. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  fk-eedmen,  free  negroes  and  mulattoes  may  intermarry 
with  each  other,  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the  same  recrulations  that  are  provided  by  law 
for  white  persons;  I^vided,  that  the  clerk  of  probate  shall  keep  separate  records  of  the 
same. 

Sso.  8.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  Areedmen,  fi-ee  negroes  and  mulattoes,  who  do  now 
aad  have  heretofore  lived  and  cohabited  toeether  as  husband  and  wife,  shall  be  taken  and  held 
in  law  as  legally  married,  and  the  issue  shall  be  taken  aod  held  as  legitimate  for  all  purposes. 
That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  freed  man,  free  negro  or  mulatto  to  intermarry  with  any 
white  person ;  nor  for  any  white  person  to  intermarry  with  anv  ft^edman,  free  negro  or  mu- 
latto: and  any  person  who  shall  so  intermarry  shall  be  deemed  rnWty  of  felonv,  and  on  con- 
Tictton  thereof  shall  b«  confined  in  the  State  penitentiary  for  lif^ ;  and  those  shall  be  deemed 
freedmen,  free  negroes  and  malattoes  who  are  of  pure  negro  blood,  and  those  descended  fW>m 
a  negro  to  the  third  generation  inclurive,  though  onu  ancestor  of  each  generation  may  have 
been  a  white  person. 

Sxa  4.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  in  addition  to  cases  in  which  freedmen,  free  negroes  and 
malattoes  are  now  by  law  competent  witnesses,  freedmen,  free  negroes  and  mulattoes  shall  be 
competent  in  civil  oases  when  a  fwrty  or  parties  to  the  suit,  either  plaintiff  or  plaintiffs,  de- 
fendant or  defendants,  also  In  cases  where  freedmen,  free  negroes  and  mulattoes  is  or  ore  either 
plaintiff  or  plaintiffs,  defendant  or  defendants,  and  a  white  person  or  white  persons  is  or  are 
the  opposing  party  or  parties,  plaintiff  or  plaintiffs,  defendant  or  defendants.    They  shall  also 


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540         DEPARTMENT  OF  THM  FREBDMEN. 

be  competent  witnesses  In  all  criminal  protecntions  where  the  crime  charged  Is  alleged  to  have 
been  committed  by  a  white  person  apon  or  against  the  person  or  property  of  a  freedm&n,  free 
negro  or  mulatto :  Provided  that  in  all  coses  aald  witnesses  shall  be  examined  In  open  court  on 
the  stand,  except,  however,  they  mav  be  examined  before  the  grand  Jary,  and  shall  In  all  eases 
be  subject  to  the  rules  and  tests  of  the  common  law  as  to  competency  and  cre<1ibllity. 

Sec.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  n-eedman,  free  negro  and  mulatto,  shall,  on  the 
second  Monday  of  January,  one  thousand  eljfht  hundred  and  sixty -six,  and  annually  thereaftei^ 
have  a  lawful  home  or  employment,  and  shall  have  written  evidence  thereof,  as  follows,  to 
wit :  if  living  in  any  incorporated  city,  town  or  village,  a  license  frona  the  mayor  thereof;  and 
If  living  outside  of  anv  Incorporated  city,  town  or  village,  from  the  member  of  the  board  of 
police  of  his  beat,  authorizing  him  or  her  to  do  irregular  and  Job  work,  or.  a  written  contract, 
08  provided  in  section  sixth  of  this  act,  which  licenses  may  be  revoked  for  cauce,  at  any  tim«, 
by  the  authority  granting  the  same. 

8bc.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  contracts  for  labor  made  with  freedmen,  free  negroos 
and  mulattoes,  for  a  longer  period  than  one  month,  shall  be  In  writing  and  In  daplieate,  atteaV 


la 


ed  and  read  to  said  freeuman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  by  a  beat,  city  or  county  ofllcer,  or  i^^ 
disinterested  white  persons  of  the  county  In  which  the  labor  Is  to  be  performed,  of  which  each 
^orty  shall  have  one;  and  said  contracts  shall  be  taken  and  held  as  entire  contracts,  and  If  the 
laborer  shall  quit  ihe  service  of  the  employer,  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  servioe, 
without  good  cause,  he  shall  forfeit  his  wages  for  that  year,  up  to  the  tlnae  of  quitting. 

Sec  7.  Be  It  further  enacted,  That  every  civil  officer  shiUl,  and  every  person  may  arrest  and 
carry  back  to  his  or  her  legal  employer  any  freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  who  shall  hav» 
quit  the  service  of  his  or  her  employer,  beiore  the  expiration  of  his  or  her  term  of  service  wltb> 
ont  good  canse,  and  said  officer  and  person  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  for  arresting  and  carr^ 
Ing  back  every  deserting  employee  aforesaid,  the  sum  of  Ave  dollars,  and  ten  cents  per  mw 
from  the  place  of  arrest  to  the  place  of  delivery,  and  the  same  shall  be  paid  by  the  employe!, 
and  held  as  a  setoff  for  so  much  against  the  wages  of  aald  deserting  employee:  Provided 
that  said  arrested  party  after  being  so  returned  may  appeal  to  a  Justice  of  the  peace  or  meo^ 
ber  of  the  board  of  police  of  the  countv,  who  on  notice  to  the  alleged  employer,  shall  trr 
summarily  whether  said  appellant  is  legally  employed  by  the  alleged  employer  and  has  good 
cause  to  quit  said  employer;  either  party  shall  nave  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  countv  court, 
ponding  which  the  alleged  deserter  shall  be  remanded  to  the  alleged  employer,  or  otherwise 
disposed  of  as  shall  be  right  and  Just,  and  the  decision  of  the  county  court  shall  be  finaL 

Sec.  S.  Bo  It  further  enacted.  That  upon  affidavit  made  by  the  employer  of  any  freednuuu 
free  negro  or  mulatto,  or  other  credible  person  before  any  Instlce  of  the  peace  or  member  of 
the  board  of  police,  that  any  freedman.  free  negro  or  mulatto,  legally  employed  bv  said  em- 
ployer, has  illegiiUy  deserted  said  employment,  such  Justice  of  the  peace  or  memVr  of  the 
t>oard  of  police,  shall  isaue  his  warrant  or  warrant5.  returnable  before  himself^  or  other  snch 
officer,  directed  to  any  sheriff,  constable  or  special  aeputy,  commanding  him  to  arrest  said  d<v 
sertcr  and  return  him  or  her  to  said  employer,  and  the  like  proceeding  shall  bo  bad  as  pro- 
vided In  the  preceding  section  :  and  It  shall  be  lawful  for  any  officer  to  whom  surh  warrant 
shall  be  directed,  to  execute  said  warrant  In  anj  county  of  this  State,  and  that  saiil  warrant 
mav  be  transmitted  without  endorsement  to  any  like  officer  of  another  county,  to  be  executed 
and  returned  as  aforesaid,  and  the  said  employer  shall  pay  the  cost  of  said  warrants  and 
arrest  and  return,  which  shall  be  set  off  for  so  much  against  the  wages  of  said  deserter. 

SKa  9.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  if  any  person  shall  (persuade  or  attempt  to  persuade,  en- 
tice or  cause  any  freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  to  desert  from  the  legal  employment  of  any 
person,  before  the  expiration  of  his  or  her  term  of  service,  or  shall  knowingly  employ  any 
such  deserting  freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,or  shall  knowingly  clve  or  sell  to  any  such 
deserting  freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  an  v  food,  raiment,  or  other  thing,  he  or  she  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction,  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-flvB 
dollars  and  not  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  and  the  costs,  and  If  said  fine  and  costs  shall 
not  be  Immediately  paid,  the  court  shall  sentence  said  convict  to  not  exceeding  two  months^ 
Imprisonment  In  the  county  Jail,  and  he  or  she  shall  moreover  be  liable  to  the  p»ny  injored  in 
damages:  Provided,  if  any  person  sliall,  or  shall  attempt  to  persuade,  entice,  or  cause  any 
freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  to  desert  from  any  legal  employment  of  any  person,  withth* 
view  to  employ  said  freedman,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  without  the  limits  of  this  State,  such 
person,  on  conviction,  shall  be  lined  not  less  than  fifty  dollars  and  not  more  than  five  hai^ 
dred  dollars  and  costs,  and  if  said  fine  and  costs  shall  not  be  immediately  paid,  the  court  siiall 
sentence  said  convict  to  not  exceeding  six  months^  Imprisonment  in  the  county  Jail. 

Sxn.  10.  Be  It  further  enacted,  That  It  shall  be  hiwrul  for  any  freedman,  free  negro  or  mu- 
latto, to  charge  any  white  person,  freedman,  firee  negro  or  mulatto,  by  affidavit,  with  any  crin»- 
inal  offence  against  his  or  her  person  or  property,  and  upon  such  affidavit  the  proper  process 
ehall  be  issued  and  executed  as  if  said  affidavit  was  made  by  a  white  person ;  and  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  any  freedman,  free  negro  or  muhitto,  In  any  action,  suit  or  controversv  pending,  or 
about  to  be  instituted,  in  any  court  of  law  or  equity  of  this  State,  to  make  all  needful  and 
lawful  affidavits,  as  shall  bo  necessary  for  the  Institution,  prosecution,  or  defence  of  such  suit 
or  controversy. 

Sko.  11.  Be  it  fhrthor  enacted.  That  the  penal  laws  of  this  State,  In  all  eases  not  otherwise 
specially  provided  for,  shall  apply  and  extend  to  all  freedmen,  tree  negroes,  and  mulattoes* 

Act  Nov.  22, 1865,  authorises  probate  coHvt  of  each  county  to  bind  out  orphans 
under  eighteen,  whose  parents  are  unwilling  or  unable  to  support  them;  and 
in  said  apprenticing  shall  consult  the  interests  of  the  minor,  and  prefer  the 
former  owner  if  practicable.  The  party  shall  execute  bond  to  famish  said 
minor  properly  with  food,  clothing,  medical  attendance,  to  teach  him  to  read 


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MISCELLANY.  641 

and  write,  etc.  Term  of  apprenticeship  until  eighteen  years  of  age  for  females, 
and  twentj-one  years  for  males. 

The  master  or  mistress  shall  have  the  right  to  Inflict  moderate  chastisement 
on  apprentices,  as  in  ease  of  a  father  or  guardian  and  child,  etc. 

Ihe  act  makes  ample  but  liberal  and  lust  provision  for  cases  of  running  away 
of  apprentices,  and  their  recapture,  and  imposes  penalties  for  enticing  them 
away.  The  court  will  investigate  all  cases  affecting  the  interests  of  apprentices, 
will  reapprentice  them  in  certain  cases,  etc. 

The  father  or  mother  may  always  apprentice  the  child. 

The  Vagrant  Act  Nov.  29, 1866,  includes  all  classes  mider  its  definition. 
Section  2  reads: 

Skc.  2.  Bd  II  farther  enactod,  That  all  freeimenf  free  negroes  and  malottoes  In  this  Btate, 
07er  the  ago  of  eighteen  years,  found  on  the  second  Monoaf  in  Janoary,  1866,  or  thereafter, 
with  no  lawful  employment  or  business,  or  found  unlawfully  assembling  themselyes  together 
either  in  the  day  or  night  time,  and  all  white  persons  so  assembling  with  freedmen,  firee 
negroes  or  mulattoes,  or  usuallj^sociating  with  (rcedmon,  free  negroes  or  mulattoes  on  terms 
of  equality,  or  living  in  adultery  or  fornication  with  a  f^edwoman,  f^-ee  negro,  or  mnlatto, 
shall  be  deemed  vagrants,  and  on  conviction  thereof,  shall  be  fined  in  the  sum  of  not  exceed- 
ing, in  tho  case  of  a  firoedmin,  free  negro  or  mulatto,  fifty  dollars,  and  a  white  man  two  hun- 
dred dollars,  and  Imprisoned  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  the  fk-ee  negro  not  exceeding  ten 
days,  and  tho  white  man  not  exceeding  sLx  months. 

The  other  sections  provide  a  mode  of  trying  who  arc  vagrants  by  the  regular 
magistrates  of  the  State,  etc.  The  slieriff  may  hire  out  freedmen  for  the  short- 
est period  of  service  which  will  pay  the  vagrancy  fine,  and  if  he  cannot  be 
hired  out  he  mny  then  be  dealt  with  as  a  paui)er. 

Section  6  imposes  a  tax  which  shall  not  exceed  one  dollar  annually  on  all 
freedmen  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  sixty,  as  a  "  Freedman's  Pauper 
Fund,**  to  be  expended  by  the  commissioners  of  the  poor — said  tax  to  be  levied 
by  the  Board  of  County  Police. 

Section  8  provides  a  mode  of  enforcing  tho  tax  by  hiring  out  the  delinquent 
freed  man. 

The  Act  op  Deo.  2,  1865,  is  in  terms  as  follows ; 

Be  it  enaclsd  bv  the  Legitlatureof  the  State  of  MieeUaippi^  That  In  every 'case  where  anv 
white  person  has  been  arrested  and  brought  to  trial,  bv  virtue  of  tho  provisions  of  the  tenth 
section  of  the  above  recited  act,  in  any  court  in  this  State,  upon  sufficient  proof  being  made 
to  the  court  or  jury,  upon  tho  trial  before  said  court,  that  any  frcedman,  free  negro  or  mulat- 
to,  has  falsely  and  maliciously  caused  the  arrest  and  trial  of  said  white  person  or  persons,  the 
oonrt  shall  render  up  a  judgment  against  sold  frecdman,  fVee  negro  or  mulatto,  for  all  costs  of 
the  case,  and  impose  a  flne  not  to  exceed  fifty  dollars,  and  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not 
to  exceed  twenty  days;  and  fur  a  failure  of  said  (Goodman,  free  negro  or  mulatto  to  pay,  or 
cause  to  be  paid,  all  costs,  fines,  and  iail  fees,  the  sheriff  of  the  county  is  herebv  author- 
ized and  required,  after  giving  ten  days^ public  notice,  to  proceed  to  hire  out,  at  public  outcry, 
at  the  court-house  of  the  county,  said  freedoian,  free  negro  or  muUtto,  for  the  shortest  time 
to  raise  the  amount  necessary  to  discharge  said  f^oedman,  f^oe  negro  or  mulatto,  from  all  costs, 
fines  and  Jail  fees  aforesaid. 


MISCELLANY. 

1.— THE  RICE  CROP. 

The  New  Orleans  Prices  Current  give*  the  quantity  of  Louisiana-grown  rice 
shipped  from  New  Orleans  as  22,693  sacks  in  1865-66  against  80,518  in  1862-63. 
The  rice  crop  of  the  parish  of  New  Orleans  was,  in  1853,  27,050  barrels,  and  in 
1865  40,000  barrels.  The  barrels  are  about  one-third  to  one-half  the  weight  of 
those  of  Carolina.  The  following  will  show  the  advantages  of  rice  and  cotton 
growing  in  Georgia : 
Cost  and  profit  of  cultivating  rice  and  cotton  in  Georgia.     Wages  of  prime  men 

valued  at  $10  per  month,  and  prime  women  at  $7  per  month,  for  one  year. 

Corn  valued  at  75  cents  per  bushel,  and  bacon  15  cents  per  lb. . . . 

TOL.  II.-NO.  VI.  4:1 


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642  MISCBLLANY. 

Rice  enltWatioD,  6  men  and  5  women  for  100  acres  of  land. 
Expense — 

200  bushels  seed  rioe,  at  $2  per  bushel $400 

Wages  of  6  men  at  $10  per  month 600 

'*       6  women,  at  $7  per  month 420 

160  bushels  of  corn,  for  food,  at  75  cents  per  bushel 112 

166  lbs.  bacon  (3  lbs.  each  per  week),  at  15  eta.  per  lb 234 

Hire  of  mules,  $6  per       90 

Provender  for  5  mules 375 

6  plows,  etc.,  $40.     2  carts,  etc.,  $60 100 

Hoes,  axes,  and  extra  expenses 100     $2,431 

Product  of  100  acres  (60  bushels  per  acre),  5,000  bushels, 

at  $2  per  bushel 10,000 

Ket  profits  from  100  acres,  rice  cultivation $7,569 

Short  staple,  or  upland  cotton  cultivation  and  com. 
5  men  and  5  women,  for  100  acres  cotton  and  160  acres  com. 
Expense — 

Wages  of  6  men  and  6  women 1,020 

160  bushels  of  corn,  and  1,560  lbs.  bacon 846 

Hire  of  6  mules,  $90.    Provender,  $376 465 

5  plows,  $40.   2  carts,  $60.    1  wagon,  $100.   Hoes,  etc.,  $100 300      2,181 

Product — CJotton,  25,000  lbs.  (260  lbs.  per  acre),  at  40  cts., 

$10,000 ;  and  3,000  bushels  of  corn,  at  50  cts.,  $1500. . .  11,600 

Net  profits  from  100  acres  cotton  and  160  acres  com $9,369 

Long  staple,  or  Sea  Island  cotton  cultivation  and  com. 
8  men  and  8  women  for  100  acres  cotton  and  250  acres  corn. 
Expenses — 

Wages  of  8  men  and  8  women 1,630 

240  bushels  com  and  2,496  lbs.  bacon 555 

Hire  of  6  mules,  $108.     Provender,  $450 658 

6  plows,  $48.   2  carU,  etc.,  $60.   1  wagon,  $100.   Hoes,  etc.,  $100     308        8,051 

Product  — Cotton,  15,000  lbs.  (160  lbs.  per  acre),  at  $1, 

$15,000 ;  3,750  bnshela  of  corn,  at  50  cts.,  $1875 16,875 

^. ...   v»  ■ 

Net  profits  from  100  acres  cotton  and  250  acres  corn  ....  $18,824 

2.— THE  FIELD  FOR  SOUTHERN  MANUFACTURES. 

An  enterprising  citizen  of  Mississippi  contribntes  to  the  Memphis  Bulletin 
some  interesting  news  npon  this  sul  ject,  of  which  he  sends  us  a  copy.     He  says : 

''  The  capital  which  was  heretofore  used  in  the  purchase  of  land  and  ncCToes 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  cheap  cotton,  will  be  employed,  much  of  it,  at  least, 
in  the  manufacture  of  the  raw  material. 

"  Suppose  the  growing  cotton  crop  should  be  1,500,000  bales.  This,  at  thirty 
cents  a  pound,  or  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  a  bale,  would  brin^  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars.  Now,  if  one-third  or  one-half  of  this  should 
be  used  in  increasing  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  South,  it  would  not 
be  many  years  before  we  would  manufacture  all  the  cotton  we  could  raise,  and 
thus  reap  the  profits  arising  from  its  manufncture,  which  have  enriched  New 
England  and  built  up  the  great  cities  of  the  North. 

"  There  is  no  reason  why  eyery  pound  of  cotton  raised  in  the  South  may  not 
be  manufactured  in  the  South,  and  this  leads  to  the  next  inquiry : 

"  Can  we  manufaclHre  in  the  South  as  clieapJy  as  it  can  be  dime  elsewhere  ? — ^We 
may  have  to  pay  more  for  labor  here  than  they  do  in  Old  or  New  England,  but 
we  can  get  the  raw  material  cheaper,  we  can  get  cheaper  food,  fuel  and  house 


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MISCELLANY.  643 

rent  for  our  operatives,  and  this  will  more  than  counterbalance  the  hi^h  price  of 
labor.  It  is  contended  by  some  of  our  most  praciical  men  tliat  taking  these 
things  into  consideration  we  can  manufacture  here  cheaper  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  world. 

**  Our  mountuns  are  full  of  coal  and  iron,  and  our  forests  abound  with  the  finest 
timber,  and  we  hare  immense  water  power  that  we  can  use  the  whole  year,  and 
which  is  not  injured  by  the  freezes  so  common  in  high  northern  latitudes.  The 
best  and  surest  protections  we  can  have  against  high  tArSSa  and  high  taxes  on 
our  cotton,  will  be  to  become  the  manufacturers  of  toe  cotton  which  we  raise. 

"  Can  toe  get  the  necessary  labor  ? — The  healthfttlnen  of  the  Southern  climate 
for  while  laborers. — Can  we  get  the  necessary  labor,  skilled  labor,  to  enable  us 
to  engage  very  extensively  in  manufacturing  ?    I  answer  unheasitatingly,  ye?. 

"  Capital  will  bring  labor.  We  can  offer  the  laborers  of  the  Northern  Slates,  or 
of  Great  Britain,  or  of  the  continent,  such  inducements  in  the  way  of  wages, 
good  and  comfortable  living,  as  will  induce  as  many  of  them  to  come  as  we  will 
need. 

"  Dr.  Nott,  of  Mobile,  in  an  able  article,  recently  written,  says  that  many  por- 
tions of  the  South  are  as  favorable  to  the  health  of  white  laborers  in  the  cotton 
fields  as  any  country.  However  it  may  be  as  to  the  health  of  white  laborers 
in  cotton  and  sugar  fields,  exposed  to  the  hot  sun  and  morning  dews  in  the  fall 
season — and  I  confess  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  negro,  free  as  he  is,  is  bet- 
ter suited  as  afield  laborer  in  the  South  than  the  white  man  can  ever  be — ^yet 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  white  m«'n,  women  and  children  in  many  portions  of 
the  South  can  be  as  healtliy  in  factories  as  the  operatives  in  similar  establish- 
ments in  any  part  of  the  world.  They  can  have  better  food,  better  clothes,  bet- 
ter homes  and  cheaper,  and  in  fact  everything  in  more  abundance  tlian  any- 
where else. 

"  7%c  advantage  and  necessity  of  diversifying  our  labor. — ^By  inv  esting  a  large 
portion  of  our  capital  in  manufacturing  establishments  we  wiU  gain  a  large 
population  of  industrious  workers  who  will  be  the  consumers  of  such  articles  of 
food  as  we  can  and  ought  to  raise  in  the  South  in  great  abundance.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  for  many  years  thousands,  and  millions  of  acres  of  rich  lands  in  the 
South  will  not  be  cultivated  for  the  want  of  the  necessary  field  labor,  such  as  is 
required  on  cotton  and  sugar  plantations.  It  requires  a  different  kind  of  labor 
to  cultivate  cotton  and  su^ar  from  that  which  is  required  in  factories  or  machine- 
shops.  I  do  not  believe  the  white  laborer  will  ever  raiee  cotton  or  sugar  in  great 
abundance,  and  if  the  negro  population  continues  to  decrease  as  it  has  done,  and 
is  doing,  the  amount  of  knd  cultivated  in  cotton  and  sugar  will  decrease  every 
year. 

"  What,  then,  will  we  do  with  these  lands  ?  Plant  them  in  com  or  grain,  or 
convert  them  into  pastures  to  raise  catt'e  ? 

"  As  fine  cattle  can  be  raised  in  Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  ma^ificent  prairies  of  Texas,  as  can  be  grown  anywhere.  We  cannot  only 
raise  all  the  cotton  we  need,  but  we  can  raise  sheep  enough  to  furnish  us  wool 
for  all  the  factories  we  can  establish.  In  a  word,  we  have  among  ourselves,  and 
at  our  very  doors,  all  the  elements  necessary  to  constitute  us  a  great  manufac- 
turing and  commercial,  as  well  as  agricultural  people.  The  people  of  the 
North  may  yet  regret  that  slavery  wa^  ever  abolisned,  and  a  constitutional 
amendment  gauranteeing  the  payment  of  the  war  debt  may  be  more  needed  in 
the  North  in  the  future  than  in  the  South. 

"  Years  ago,  in  1860, 1  expressed  the  opinion,  in  an  article  then  published,  that 
the  establishment  of  factories,  the  building  of  railroads,  and  the  development  of 
our  mineral  resources,  would  do  more  to  make  us  truly  independent,  and  to 
secure  our  rights,  than  all  the  Southern  Congresses  which  could  ever  meet  We 
need  a  change  in  our  policy  more  than  we  do  a  change  of  the  Constitution  to 
afford  additional  gaurantees  to  the  South.-  Subsequent  events  have  confirmed 
the  opinions  then  expressed. 

"  I  could  give  additional  &cts  and  figures  to  show  the  gpreat  profits  arising  from 
manufacturing,  but  I  do  not  deem  it  necessary.     I  refer  any  one  who  has  any 


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6M  MISCELLANY. 

doubts  on  tliis  subject  to  the  cooclusive  argument  of  General  James,  of  Rhode, 
published  in  the  May  number  of  De  Bow'b  Review,  1866,  and  aUo  to  some  very 
able  and  interesting  articles  now  being  published  in  the  Southern  Sentinel,  Col- 
umbus, Miss.,  and  written  by  Murdock,  one  of  the  most  intelligent,  successful 
and  ener^tic  business  men  of  that  place,  who  lias  for  many  years  been  engaged 
in  manufacturing.  There  is  great  danger  that  the  Southern  people  will  give 
way  to  despondency  on  account  cf  the  great  losses,  or  that  they  will  do  as  Uiey 
have  heretofore  done,  invest  all  their  means  and  exert  all  their  energies  in  cul- 
tivating cotton,  whilst  others  reap  the  fruit  of  their  labor.  Let  them  be  wise 
in  time.  I  have  purposely  refrained  from  using  any  political  arguments  in 
fayor  of  the  policy  which  I  liave  been  advocating,  because  I  think  we  pay  too 
much  attention  to  politics,  and  too  little  to  the  improvement  of  our  country,  and 
because  I  did  not  wish  to  revive  any  political  feelings." 


3.— EUROPEAN  AND  NORTHERN  EMIGRANTS  AT  THE  .SOUTH. 

A  friend  in  Mississippi  writes  as  follows  upon  the  subject  of  immigration  to 
the  South  and  expresses,  as  we  believe,  the  true  sentiments  of  the  people :  **  Whilst 
we  thus  differ,  yet  there  is  entire  security  for  any  Northern  man  who  wishes  to 
settle  in  the  South,  whether  as  a  planter,  manufacturer,  or  day  laborer.  The  treat- 
ment which  any  man  who  comes  to  the  South  will  receive  at  the  hands  of  the 
people  will  depend  upon  his  own  conduct.  If  he  will  be  kind  to  the  people  they 
will  reciprocate  his  kindness,  but  if  he  cornea  as  a  spy,  as  an  intermeddler,  as  a 
stirrer-up  of  strife,  he  then  will  command  no  respect  from  them.  Any  Northern 
man  or  European  who  comes  to  the  South  with  legitimate  purpos  s,  will  find  the 
Southern  people  generous,  tender-hearted,  disposed  to  encourage,  not  merely  the 
introduction  of  capital,  but  also  the  sentiment  of  capitalists  among  them.  When- 
ever any  man,  no  matter  where  he  was  born,  settles  in  the  South,  becomes 
identified  in  interests  with  her  people,  and  in  fact  becomes  one  of  them,  he  will 
be  kindly  received.  But  we  Southern  people  have  very  little  respect  for  these 
needy  adventurers,  who  come  South  to  swindle  the  negroes  by  selling  them 
pinchbeck  jewelry,  and  depriving  them  of  their  hard  and  honest  earnings. 
We  do  not  like  a  system  of  absenteeism.  We  want  the  men  who  expect  and 
desire  to  make  profits  out  of  the  producers  of  the  Southern  soil  to  come  and  live 
among  us,  share  our  burdens  as  well  as  enjoy  our  profits.  Those  who  assert  that 
NortlSrn  men  are  unsafe  in  the  South,  state  what  is  not  true,  and  what  every 
intelligent  Southerner  knows,  and  every  intelligent  Northern  man  ought  to  know, 
not  to  be  true.  The  people  of  the  Northern  States  have  qualities  that  we 
respeet  and  admire,  to  wit :  their  energy,  enterprise  and  perseverance.  They  are, 
in  general,  public-spirited,  and  help  very  much  to  improve  a  country.  That  they 
have  grown  rich  off  the  products  of  Southern  slave  labor  is  not  t&eir  fault,  but 
was  caused  by  our  failure  to  appreciate  our  advantages,  and  our  unwillingness  to 
improve  them.  Not  only  an  infusion  of  Northern  capital  into  the  South,  but 
also  an  infusion  of  Northern  energy,  enterprise  and  sagacity  to  understand  their 
interests,  would  be  beneficial.  A  few  years  will  show,  I  think,  that  it  is  the 
interest  of  the  enterprising  capitalists  and  laborers,  not  only  from  the  Northern 
States,  but  from  Europe,  to  make  the  South  their  home.  She  possesses  all  the 
elements  of  wealth,  and  only  needs  development  to  becomeihe  richest  and  most 
trosperous  country  on  the  globe.  The  healthfulness  of  the  climate  is  attested 
jy  all  who  have  examined  the  subject  dispassionately.  The  South  has  undevel- 
oped wealth  in  untold  abundance.  She  needs  and  desires  capital,  labor  and 
enterprise  to  develop  this  wealth.  She  is  not  so  unwise  as  to  reject  it,  because 
it  comes  from  the  Northern  States,  and  those  who  make  this  assertion  show  a 
great  want  of  knowledge  of  human  nature.  Toe  sooner  the  Northern  people 
nnd  out  the  falsity  off  the  charge  tlie  better  for  boh  sections. 


t 


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APARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 


645 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

1.— DESTINAITON  OF  THE  COTTON^  AND  TOBACX  EXPORTS  FROM 
NEW  ORLEANS. 

Whither  Exported. 

1885-06 

Liverpool 858878 

London 

Glnsgow,  Oreenock,  etc 

Cowes,  Falmottth.  etc 

Qaeenstown,  Cork,  etc 

Havre 188744 

Bordeaux 796 

Maraeillee 

Nantes,  Cctte,  and  Bouen.. 

Amsterdam 

Botterdam  and  Ghent 

Bremen 8721 

Antwerp,  etc 

Hamburg 

Oottenburg  and  Stod^holm      .... 

Spain,  Gibraltar,  etc 16454 

Mexico,  etc 688 

Genoa,  Trieste,  etc 286 

Bt.  Petersburg,  etc 1791 

Other  Foreign  Ports 

NewYorlc 154697 

Boston 81457 

Providence,  R.  L 9088 

Philadelphia. 6005 

BalUroore 284 

Portsmouth 

Other  Coastwise  PorU ....      1879 
Western  States. 


Cotton- 

-Bales. 

Tobacco— Hhds 

18&4-65 

1863-61 

186S-63 

IWl-62 

1850-61 

I8dV^3 

1830-61 

21826 

1156 

2070 

1812 

1074181 

158 

82767 

10084 

42268 

1609 

1486 
8017 

soil 

5952 

4028 

1849 

472 

884988 

.... 

8179 

8704 
8S8 

84ii 
1700 
65078 

'889 
i566 

883 
1037 

406 

5081 

.... 

128*8 
6561 
10426 

1067 
20 

167 

'l45 

872 

21571 

72471 
6268 

758 

9660 

168 

84618 

81 

7583 

402 

.... 

83588 

"86 

i6i6 

144190 

109149 

17S59 

4116 

29689 

2016 

1969 

15998 

12798 

1418 

109 

94307 

101 

218 

2785 

.... 

40 

.... 

4897 

.... 

1855 

708 

142 

98 

865 
100 

8 

98 

881 


2481 


18 


Total 768548  198851  12S180  88750  27678  1915852 


6921  89806 


BBCiPITT7LlTI0X. 


Great  Britain 85S873  21826  1156  2070   1812  1159848 

4028   1849   472  888985 

122042 

872    21671  118858 


France 184610 

North  of  Europe 6482 

B.  Europe,  Mexioo,  etc 17878 


402 
167 


807 


Goostwiisc 252856  164504  122645  19459   4888   188179 


Total 768518  192851  18S180  88750  87678  1916658 


69^    89S06 


2.— COMMERCE  OF  MOBILE,  1868-1866. 

Articles  reoelred.  1865-66.  1860-61.  1869-40.  1868^59. 

Bagging,  pieces 6367  293.31  17272  32523 

Bale  Rope,  coils. 18634  13284  42950  46781 

Bacon,  hhd4 8398  16200  20874  20656 

Coffee,  sacks 16041  26283  3X^167  37295 

Corn,  sacks 494196  430750  816199  117207 

Flour,  bbls 160789  109100  140961  85718 

Hay,  bales 66968  30167  42239  28228 

Lard,  kegs  . .  ; 12616  26711  24614'  20136 

Lime,  bbls 12750  24875  47289  26324 

Molasses,  bbls 9573  33986  82282  34730 

Oats,  sacks. 9360  68677  68429  40160 

Totatoes,  bbls 36483  27977  26649  27464 

Pork,  bbls. 19689  31352  31092  26251 

Kico,  tierces 1792  8419  8985  3162 

Salt,  sacks 204330  161744  206691  150073 

Sugar,  hhds 6059  6963  10231  10589 

Whiskey,  bbls 10756  16026  36086  85877 


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U9 


DEPABTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 


8.— COTTON  TRADE  OF  GALVESTON. 

Tbl»  Year. 
Bikles. 

Stock  on  hand,  Ist  of  Sept.,  1865 18867 

Received  at  this  port  Ihia  week 182 

Received  at  this  port  previously 152608 

Received  at  other  puru 22200 

Total 188842 

Exported  to—  Bales. 

Great  Britain 59435 

France 1739 

Other  Continenlal  Ports 8014 

Mexico 120 

New  Orleans 44375 

Mobile 

Baltimoce 207 

Havanna 80 

Philadelphia. 

New  York 68267 

Boston 8094 

Cond'd  by  Rope  Factory 

180881 
On  hand  and  on  shipboard,  not  cleared 8611 


18«0-6t 
Bales. 

8168 

4 

114688 

80085 

147940 

Bales. 

47229 
8640 

12315 
1825 

81168 


113 

25167 

25991 

50 

147688 
462 


4.— RAPID  GROWTH  OF  CINCINNATI. 

The  Prices  Current  of  that  city  has  just  issued  its  regular  annual  statement- 
Thus  it  appears,  in  the  grocery  trade,  which  is  understood  to  include  sugar  and 
coffee,  our  imports  for  the  past  year  have  been  greater  than  those  of  any  other 
city  in  the  Union,  with  the  exception  of  New  York,  and  greater  than  those  of 
St.  Louis  and  Chicago  combined,  or  even  of  Boston,  Chicago,  and  New  Orleans, 
and  which  are  given  as  follows:  Sugar,  42,400,000  pounds;  coffee,  84,080,000 
pounds. 

Trade  in  other  departments  of  business,  during  the  past  year,  has  also  been 
unusually  large ;  "  the  imports  of  general  merchandise  being  1,099,000  packagea 
and  84,553  tons,  against  916,100  packages  and  40,568  tons  the  previous  year; 
88,898  packages  of  hardware  the  past,  against  22,615  packages  the  previous 
year.  Of  crockery-ware  the  imports  have  been  6,029  packages  or  crates,  against 
4,061  the  previous  year." 

The  trade  of  but  few  commodities  has  perhaps  increased  more  rapidly  in  this 
city  than  that  of  cotton.  Ten  years  ago  the  imports  of  this  staple  did  not  ex- 
ceed 19,000  bales,  while  the  past  year  they  amounted  to  154,000.  It  is  claimed 
from  this  report  that  our  ti)bacco  market,  at  the  present  time,  not  only  surpasses 
all  others  in  the  West,  but  is  the  greatest  original  tobacco  market  in  the  coun- 
try. The  increase  of  this  trade  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  the  imports 
of  leaf  tobacco  vreve,  ten  years  ago,  6,000  hogsheads  and  200  bales,  and  in  1865 
over  64,000  hogsheads  and  7,000  bales. 

''  The  increase  in  the  dry  goods  and  general  merchandise  trade  has  been  quite 
remarkable.  Ten  years  ago  the  imports  of  merchandise,  chiefly  dry  goods, 
were  786,000  packages  and  2,400  tons.  Last  year  they  were  1,099,000  pack- 
ages and  84,500  tons.*' 

In  manufacturing,  Cincinnati  ranks  the  third  city  in  the  Union,  and  in  the 
furniture  department  she  probably  excels  any  other  city  iu  the  world. 


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DBPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE.  647 

5,— MEMPHIS  AND  ITS  PROGRESS. 

Commerce  of  Memphis. — Th«  receipts  of  cotton  at  Memphis,  for  the  year  end- 
ing Slst  of  August,  18fi6,  were: 

By  River. 46,827  bales. 

Charleston  Railroad 48,279     " 

Ohio  Railroad 10,760     " 

Mississippi  Railroad 7,050    " 

Total 117,903  bales. 

In  addition,  there  was  a  very  heavy  amount  received  by  wagons.  The  ag- 
gregate number  of  bales  which  paid  taxes  at  the  Collector's  Office  was  172,216, 
of  the  weight  of  79,723,861  pounds;  11,530  bales  of  Government  cotton  were 
also  shipped  from  Memphis,  paying  no  tax — making  the  whole  receipts  183,368 
bales.     Stock,  September  1,  10,831  bales.     In  1861  the  recelpls  were: 

By  Charleston  Railroad 164.413  bales. 

Ohio  Railroad 52,816     " 

Mississippi  Railroad 68.303     " 

Little  Rock  Railroad 8,784     " 

River 67.378    " 

Total,  with  wagon? 869,633  bales. 

During  the  corporate  year  commencing  on  the  Ist  of  July,  1869,  and  ending 
on  the  30th  of  June,  1860,  the  amvals  of  steamers  and  mttboats,  and  the  re- 
ceipts therefrom,  were  as  follows : 

Arrivals.  Collections. 

SteamboaU 2,388  $84,149  34 

FlatboaU 226  6,465  20 

r 

Total 2,664  $89,614  64 

Receipts  the  previous  year. 27,036  70 

Increase $12,678  84 

The  arrivals  of  steamers  and  flatboats,  and  the  wharfage  collections  therefrom 
the  past  year  (thirty-ninth  corporate),  were  as  follows : 

Months.                                                          Arrivals.  Oolleetlons. 

July,  1865 197  $2,612  00 

August 186  3,061  66 

September 215  3,744  20 

October 219  8,893  95 

November 831  4.774  65 

December ; 266  6,766  75 

January,1866 247  4.666  00 

February 879  6,198  75 

March 421  6,054  30 

April .' 267  3.395  26 

May 203  8.844  00 

June 185  3.807  65 

Total 3,105  $51,211  05 

Total  in  1869-60 2,564  34,149  34 

Increase 641  $17,061  71 

When  a  permanent  system  of  labor  is  established  among  the  planters  of  the 
eotton-growing  districts  of  Arkansas,  Mississippi,  North  Alabama,  and  West 
Tennessee,  the  tide  of  traflic  flowing  into  the  lap  of  Memphis  will  be  large  and 
increasing.    From  those  points  the  imports  or  cotton  and  produce,  in  1860, 


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DEPARTMENT  OF  INDUSTRY  AND  ENTERPRISE. 


Amounted  to  $20,000,000 ;  and  tlie  exports  of  dry  goods,  groceries,  and  hardware 
to  the  same  places  summed  up  $10,000,000 — making  a  yearly  commerce  of 
$80,000,000. 

The  great  quantity  of  cotton  coming  into  Memphis  keeps  a  number  of  boats 
employed  shipping  it  to  New  Orleans;  and  such  a  supply  of  produce  and  man- 
ufactured articles  as  she  requires  causes  several  lines  of  first-class  steamers  to 
arrive  at  her  wharves  daily  from  Cincinnati,  St.  LouIj*,  and  Louisville,  creating 
another  tide  of  commerce  of  no  small  value  or  importance.  What  these  tides 
will  be  when  all  her  contemplated  lines  of  railroads  and  their  connections  are 
completed — when  she  puts  one  foot,  as  it  were,  on  the  Pacific,  and  the  other  on 
the  Atlantic,  a  living  coloj«u8,  and  stretches  her  arms  northward  to  Maine,  and 
southward  to  Mexico,  a  commercial  giant — must  fill  every  mind  on  the  Bluff 
with  the  prospect  of  a  golden  future. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  INDUSTRY  AND  ENTERPRISE. 

**  Commerce  is  the  Ooldeo  Girdle  of  the  Globe.^ 


Undbr  this  heading  we  shall  fi*om 
time  to  time  make  elaborate  or  brief 
mention,  as  circumstances  may  war- 
rant, of  the  largest  commercial  or 
manufacturing  establishments,  institu 
tions,  etc.,  in  the  country  North  or 
South.  Those  of  the  North  will  be 
prepared  by  our  New  York  assistant. 

1.  Babbitt's  Soap  akd  Saliratcs  Fac- 
tory.—We  had  an  opportunity  lately  of 
passing  through  this  great  establishment, 
which  IS  one  of  the  largest  in  the  coun- 
try. The  space  occupied  by  it  seems  in- 
credible. Nine  buildings  of  four  and  five 
stories,  with  a  depth  of  from  sixty  to  one 
hundred  feet  each,  and  most  extensive 
machinery  and  steam-power  are  em- 
braced. Mr.  Babbitt  laid  the  ground- 
work of  this  establishment  some  twenty 
years  ago,  making  a  very  humble  start  in 
a  single  tenement  With  untiring  effort, 
enterprise,  and  personal  supervision,  in 
twenty-three  years  he  has  become  one  of 
the  millionaires  of  New  York.  He  is  still 
an  active  and  hard-working  man.  The 
manufacture  of  soap,  an  article  so  neces- 
sary, is  alwpys  profitable.  Soaps  of  all 
kinds  find  ready  market  everywhere,  and 
though  millions  of  pounds  are  poured 
out  of  the  immense  boilers  daily,  it  U 
soon  consumed.  This  mummoth  house 
gives  constant  employment  to  over  two 
hundred  persons,  and  huge  engines,  and 
thousands  of  pounds  of  steam,  keep  its 
machinery  in  motion.  Steam  is  conduct- 
ed through  the  entire  buildings  by  pipes, 
some  of  which  cross  the  street  ana  sup- 
ply power  to  two  opposite  buildings.  A 
boiler  which  is  said  to  be  the  largest  in 
the  world,  and  which  rises  from  the 
cronnd  floor  to  the  fifth  story  of  one  of 
the  buildings,  it  is  said  will  make  at  one 


time  2o0  tons  of  the  best  soap,  which  at 
the  present  prices  would  bring  $52,000. 
Here  is  soap  for  the  million  in  one  turn 
of  this  monster  pot.  The  grease,  etc.,  is 
melted  by  the  agency  of  pipes  filled  with 
steam,  which  run  throughout  the  base 
and  sides  of  the  boiler.  Mr.  Babbitt  is 
also  an  extensive  manufacturer  of  salera- 
tns,  of  which  from  fifteen  to  eighteen 
tons  is  turned  out  daily.  In  addition  to 
this,  another  article  universally  used, 
**  Chemical  Yeast,"  is  said  to  possess  sa- 
perior  qualities,  adding  20lbs.  and  more 
to  a  barrel  of  flour  when  made  into 
bread.  It  is  compounded  of  flour,  water 
and  common  salt,  does  not  foment,  and  is 
very  easy  of  digestion.  Mr.  B.  believes 
that  bread  made  with  his  Yeast  Powders 
will  prevent  dyspepsia.  We  are  pleased 
to  see  that  his  custom  is  wide-spread  iu 
the  South,  and  we  are  informed  that  be 
has  upwards  of  10,000  regular  customers 
in  the  United  States  and  foreign  coun- 
tries ;  which  we  do  not  doubt,  seeing  the 
number  of  wagous  and  carts,  etc.,  con- 
tinually loading  and  unloading,  and  the 
immense  piles  of  boxes  both  inside  and 
outside  ot  the  building,  labelled  soap, 
saleratus,  yeast  powders,  sal  soda,  soap- 
powder,  super-carbonate  of  soda,  and 
conoentratea  potash,  all  of  which  articles 
are  manufactured  by  him.  With  a  man 
of  Ilia  energy  and  enterprising  spirit, 
there  is  no  such  word  as  **  fail.*' 

2.  Badges. — Our  southern  friends  have 
not  forgotten  the  copper  badges  of  old, 
used  by  hired  servants.  The  custom, 
dead  at  the  South,  is  resurrected  at  the 
North.  Badges  are  all  the  ra^e.  Ma- 
souic,  Odd  Fellow,  Musical,  Soldiers,  Ac., 
Ac,  for  every  profession  and  trade. 
B.  F.  Heyward,  208  Broadway,  New 
York,  an  extensive  ronnufactnrer,  exhib- 
ited to  us  a  few  days  since  some  thou- 
sands or  more  of  these,  and  a  variety  of 
superfine  Jewelry,  which  is  sold  at  verj 


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low  nrices.    Any  one  wanting  a  Badge 
woula  do  well  to  see  Mr.  Hey  ward. 

8.  Spring  Beds.— A  great  luxury.  The 
Tucker  Manufacturing  Company,  69  John 
Street,  New  York,  sent  us  one  for  trial, 
and  we  cheerfully  recommend  it  to  our 
friends.  The  most  inferior  mattress  laid 
over  one  of  these  beds,  becomes  comfort- 
able and  luxurious.  They  arc  very  cheap, 
and  can  be  transported  without  the  least 
difficulty. 

4.  New  York,  everybody  know,  is  the 
sjreat  headquarters  of  humbuffs  -—  aud 
Patent  Mtidicines  are  considered  as  form- 
ing a  great  part  in  the  category.  There 
are  some  which,  however,  nave  merits. 
The  well  known  and  respectable  firms  of 
Brandreth  and  Tarrant  have  preparations 
deserving  of  universal  sale.  The  Al- 
cock's  Porous  Plast/.r  of  Brandreth.  and 
the  SeltsEer's  Aperient  and  Boyd's  Oint- 
ment of  Tarrant,  are  invaluable,  and 
without  offence  to  the  regular  practice, 
we  respectfully  recommend  them. 

5.  AxoTjBB  Nbw  P*n.  —  "  Babbito- 
nians." — The  monufacturer  of  these  pens 
understands  the  wants  of  the  public.  We 


have  tried  the  pens  and  pronousce  them 
excellent.  In  fact,  we  have  never  seen 
any  that  are  superior.  Babbitt,  Crosby 
&  Potter,  42  John  Street,  have  laid  on 
our  desk  a  package  containing  at  least 
100  copies  suitable  for  the  use  of  schools, 
and  perfect  in  their  arrangement  to  in- 
struct without  a  master  in  the  art  of  pen- 
manship. Teachers  will  find  it  to  their 
advantage  to  patronize  these  manufactu- 
rers both  in  Copies  and  Pens. 

6.  Wildbr's  Drug  Establisrvbkt,  Lou- 
isville, Kentucky.  Mr.  Edward  Wilder 
did  a  good  deal  for  the  Southern  cause, 
and  suffered  a  good  deal  on  account  of 
his  advocacy  of  it  in  times  that  tried 
men's  souls.  Ue  now  conducts  one  of  the 
largest  Drug  Stores  in  L  ouisville,  and 
advertises  in  our  pages  a  Southern  Bit- 
ters, made  from  purest  Bourbon  Whiskey 
and  other  ingredients  of  the  Materia  Mea- 
ica,  most  salutary  in  diseases.  The  Bit- 
ters have  already  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
tion, and  should  be  adopted  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  much  that  is  fabricated  at  the 
North,  and  which  is  but  vile  stuff".  Mr. 
Wilder  is  determined  to  put  a  pure  arti- 
cle into  the  hands  of  the  people. 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  WAR. 

RbFRBSENTING    the  views    and      0PIKT0X3  WHICH    OBTAINED,  AND    THE    CONDmON 

of  things  whica  existed  at  the  dats  of  each  dat^s  entry,  in  the   confederate 
States,  or   in    portions  of  them;     the  original  entries,  with  subsequent 

NOTES.*      BY    THE  EDITOR, 1862-8. 


*»0h, 

Th' 


who  that  shared  them  ever  shall  forget 
emotions  of  the  spirit-rousing  time  ? 


i  spirit-rousing  t 

Scott's  Lord  of  the  Isles. 
"  Now  Civil  Wounds  are  stopped— Peace  lives  again." 

Richard  III.,  Act  V.,  Sc.  IV. 


Selva,  Alabama,  December  23, 
1862. — Reach  here  at  12  u.,  having 
been  detained  by  fogs  on  the  river. 
Near  the  landing  paw  three  gun-boats 
and  floating  batteries,  which  are 
rapidly  progressing,  and  which  are  to 
be  iron  clad  and  heavily  mounted,  and 
will  give  great  assistance  in  the  de- 
fences of  the  river.  We  have  also 
lieavy  works  at  Choctaw  Bluff  and  at 
other  points,  and  Selma  is  regarded  as 
a  strong  and  comparatively  secure 
point,  evt-n  should  Mobile  fall,  which 
is  not  regarded  very  probable.  Ex- 
tensive government  workshops,  found- 
eries,  etc.,  nic  being  established  here. 


and  the  place  is  much  crowded  with 
refugees  from  different  quarters.  Many 
are  here  from  Columbus,  Miss., 
Memphis,  Tennessee,  and  parts  of 
Kentucky. 

Nashville  is  being  strengthened  in- 
stead of  evacuated.  Federal  army  bill 
has  passed  Congress,  appropriating 
$720,000,000.  Burnside  reported  of- 
ficially that  he  was  forcea  to  with- 
draw, as  our  front  could  not  bo  at- 
tacked without  disaster. 

Wednesday. — Butler  and  his  brother 
at  New  Orleans  are  charged  with 
spoliation,  and  a  quarrel  is  reported 
between  him  and  Commnndor  Farragut, 


*  It  l9  conceived  best  to  postpone  the  publication  of  our  volamfnons  notes  until  the  pnbli- 
eatlon  of  the  Juiu-nal  shall  be  completed,  which  will  bo  during  the  jcar  1867. 


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JOURNAL  OP  THE  WAR 


vbo  denotmces  him  in  umneAsared 
terms. 

President  Davis  has  at  last  acted  in 
the  matter  of  Mumford.  "  In  view  of 
this  and  other  atrocities  he  pronounces 
Butler  a  felon,  deserving  capital  pun- 
ishment, and  orders  ihat  he  be  treated, 
not  as  a  public  enemy,  but  as  an  out- 
law and  an  enemy  to  mankind,  and 
when  captured  that  he  be  immediately 
executed,  by  hanging^.  No  commis- 
sioned officers  of  lie  United  States 
captured  eliall  be  released  until  Butler 
meets  the  punishment  due  to  his 
crimes.  All  commissioned  officers  in 
Builer's  command  are  to  be  considered 
robbers  and  criminals,  deserving  death, 
and  when  captured  to  be  reserved  for 
execution." 

Seward  has  sent  in  his  resignation 
to  Lincoln. 

Fremont  is  suggested  as  commander- 
in-chief,  but  if  appointed  the  Uerald 
says  the  leading  States  will  withdraw 
their  troops. 

General  Hampton's  brigade  captured 
immense  supplies  and  many  prisoners 
near  Dumfries,  Va. 

The  New  York  World  concludes  that  the 
most  terrible  defeat  of  the  Federal  army  during 
the  war,  resulted  in  tho  battle  of  Fredericks- 
burg. It  says  the  loss  will  exceed,  instead  of 
come  short  of,  25,000,  as  previously  sUted. 

Mager's  brigade  suflfered  terribly.  Out  of 
twelve  handreU  that  went  into  the  action,  but 
two  hundred  and  fifty  could  be  found  the  next 
morning.  Other  brigades,  it  Is  said,  suffered  as 
much. 

The  World  says,  editorially:  "  Heaven  help 
us!  There  seems  to  he  no  hope  In  man.  The 
cause  is  pressing.  Hope  after  hope  has  vanish- 
ed away.  Now  the  only  prospect  is  the  very 
blackness  of  despair.  Here  we  are  playing 
back  ft-om  the  third  campaign  upon  Ricnmond. 
Twenty-flve  thousand  or  the  army  have  been 
crushed  at  one  sweep,  and  the  rest  liave  made 
their  escape  only  by  a  hair's  breadth.*" 

Burnsido  telegraphed  from  headquarters  on 
the  ITih  that  the  whole  army  had  re-crossed 
the  river  without  the  loss  of  men  or  property, 
and  that  it  was  found  impossible  to  carry  the 
crest  of  hflla,  and  the  re-crossing  of  the  river 
was  a  military  necossttj. 

The  Herald  says  the  army  will  now  go  into 
winter-quarters  because  It  cannot  go  anywhere 

Thursday,  25Tn. — Christmas!  Very 
little  evidences  of  it.  Santa  Claua 
makes  but  sparing  visits  to  the  chil- 
dren, and  is  gingerly  of  his  offerings. 
Pleasant  and  joyuus  faces  are  rare,  and 
the  boys  must  be  content  with  very 
sober  frolicking.  We  are  not  like  the 
enemy,  to  fiddle  while  Rome  burns. 
Our  girls  are  all  at  work  for  the 
soldiers,  and  have  forgotten  their  small 


talk  about  frills,  flounces,  soirees  and 
sweethearts!  It  will  come  again  in 
good  time,  and  they  are  content  to 
wait. 

Leave  Selma,  on  the  route  to  Jack- 
son, Miss. 

Seward's  resignation  has  not  been 
accepted.  It  was  demanded  by  the 
Republicans,  but  the  New  York  capi- 
talists threaten  to  withhold  support  if 
he  resigns.  Great  discord  evidently 
prevails  in  the  Cabinet,  as  in  the 
councils  and  army  of  the  North.  Tliey 
will  reap  the  whirlwind  soon  ! 

The  ffercUd  says  this  is  the  darkest  period 
in  the  historv  of  the  nation. 

The  World  exclaims :  *'  Alas  for  our  country ; 
given  over,  it  would  seem,  to  the  most  ignoble 
fate  that  ever  befell  a  country  wrecked  by  iia- 
bccility.  The  people  have  named  a  man  to 
hold  the  helm  of  State  for  years  whom  we 
must  abide  as  he  is,  and  find  in  his  droUeiy 
what  solace  we  can.^ 

Feidat,  26th. — ^Having  slept  at 
Uniontown,  take  the  morning  tnun  for 
Jackson.  This  is  a  new  route  just 
opened,  and  will,  be  of  great  impor- 
tance in  transporting  troops  and 
munitions,  especially  should  the  route 
by  Mobile  be  interrupted  by  the  U\\ 
of  that  city.  The  road  is  in  g^d 
condition,  and,  though  built  rapidly  by 
the  planters,  is  substantial  enough. 

There  is  small-pox  at  Uniontown, 
and  it  begins  to  prevail  in  the  cities 
and  towns  generally,  being  conveyed 
by  the  soldiers.  It  is  a  disease  of  tlie 
camps  and  of  the  war,  and  came  to  us, 
it  is  said,  through  the  perfidy  of  the 
enemy  in  exchanging  prisoners. 

Cross  the  Tombigbee  at  Demopolit 
in  a  steamer.  The  cane-brake  r^oa 
of  Alabama,  through  which  we  paw, 
is  magnificent  and  fertile  beyond 
measure.  It  is  the  home  of  refined 
and  wealthy  people,  who  devote  great 
labor  to  their  estates,  and  reside  all 
the  year  upon  them. 

Saturdat,  27th. — Reach  Jackson  at 
4  p.  M.  in  a  train  so  crowded  with 
soldiers  that  it  is  nearly  impossible  to 
obtain  a  seat.  They  are  partly  Kirby 
Smith's  division,  10,000  strong,  who 
are  ordered  from  Tennessee  to  relieve 
Mississippi. 

Tho  rumor  that  Van  Dorn  has  tAken 
Holly^prings  Is  confirmed — it  is  said 
with  1,500  prisoners,  having  destroyed 
more  than  a  million  of  dollars*  worth  of 
stores.  As  a  cavalry  leader.  Van  Dorn 
has  scarcely  a  superior  on  the  ooo- 


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iinent,  though  in  oiher  fields  he  has 
signally  failed. 

Confidentl^r  stated  that  the  party  of 
peace  is  rapidly  gaining  strength  at 
the  North  ;  that  tOonfederate  bonds  are 
worth  60  cents  on  the  dollar  in  New 
York ;  that  Greeley  has  come  out  for 
the  recognition  of  the  South,  etc. 

TlLLAKDTOnAM^a  PIAOB  POUOT. 

RicnMOKDL  December  2(1— The  resolntion 
Introduced  \>y  y«llandigbam.  In  the  Yankee 
Ck>ngresa,  on  Monday  Inst,  declares  that  the 
House  does  earnestly  desire  thai  most  speedy 
and  effectnal  measures  be  taken  for  restoring 
peace  in  America,  and  that  no  time  may  be 
lost  in  proposing  immediate  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities, in  order  to  the  speedy  and  final  settle- 
ment of  the  ui^  happy  oontroyersy  which 
brought  about  this  unnecessary  and  injurious 
oiril  war,  by  adequate  security  against  the  re- 
turn of  like  calamities  in  time  to  come,  and 
that  the  House  desires  to  offer  the  most  ear- 
nest assurances  to  the  country  that  they  will, 
in  due  time,  oheerftally  oo-operate  with  the 
ezeoutire  of  the  States  for  the  restoration  of 
the  Union  by  such  explicit  and  most  solemn 
amendments  and  proTisions  of  the  Conititn- 
tion  as  may  be  found  necessary  for  securing 
the  rights  of  the  several  Statos  and  sections 
within  the  Union  under  the  Oonstitution. 

SuxDAY. — The  Yankees  have  landed 
at  Louisiana,  opposite  Yicksburg,  and 
taken  possession  of  part  of  the  rail- 
road. 

Telegram  received  to  the  effect  that 
Yan  Dom  has  taken  Memphis,  but  it 
is  scarcely  credible. 

MoNDAT. — Memphis  is  not  taken,  but 
belcBff^uered  and  in  danger.  Believed 
that  Bolivar  and  Jackson,  Tennessee, 
have  been  captured  by  our  forces. 

Milroy  is  advancing  upon  the  Yalley 
of  Yirs^inia.  Morgan  has  taken  Tomp- 
kinsviile,  Kentucky,  with  a  large  num- 
ber of  prisoners. 

Western  Virginia  has  been  admitted 
as  a  State  of  the  Federal  Union. 

General  Banks  is  said  to  be  at  Baton 
Rouge. 

TiNKBB  Donros  iw  Fbbdbkioksbvro.— We 
bad  a  conversation,  yesterday,  with  a  person 
who  remained  In  Fredericksburg,  in  charge  of 
some  property,  both  on  the  occasion  of  the  oc- 
cupation last  summer,  and  on  the  late  occasion. 
He  savs  that  the  Yankees  wore  most  awfnily 
flogged  on  last  Saturday,  and  that  the  slaugh- 
ter was  awful  beyond  conception.  He  says 
they  must  hare  lost  at  least  twenty  thousand 
men,  and  that  this  is  not  a  mere  random  guess 
of  a  person  unaccustomed  to  military  esti- 
mates, is  sustained  by  the  opinion  of  an  in- 
telligent gentleman  who  had  opportunities  of 
knowing,  and  who  likewise  estimates  the  loss 
at  fifteen  to  twenty  thousand.  He  says  that 
when  he  left'  the  place,  after  the  Yankees  had 
gone,  there  were  large  numbers  of  dead  lying 
onbarled  in  the  streets.  He  says  they  return- 
ed ^m  the  field  In  the  wildest  disorder.    It 


was  found  impossible  to  restrain  them,  if  any 
attempt  was  made.  All  discipline,  all  subor- 
dination, was  gone.  They  pi  llaged  every  house 
in  the  town,  ransaokins  the  whole  from  garret 
to  cellar-^^masblnK  the  windows,  doors,  and 
ftimiture  of  every  description—and  commiting 
every  possible  species  (.f  outrage.  They  broke 
the  chinaware,  smashed  the  pianos,  and  anni- 
hilated the  chairs,  tables  and  bedsteads.  They 
cut  open  the  beds,  emptied  the  contents  in 
the  street,  and  burned  the  bedsteads.  They 
stole  all  the  blankets,  sheets,  counterpanes, 
and  everything  they  could  use.  They  broke 
into  the  cellars  and  drank  all  the  liquors  they 
could  find,  so  that  the  whole  army  became  a 
drunken  and  fkirious  mob.  He  thinks  that  not 
a  single  house  In  town  escaped.  This  infernal 
carnival  was  held  all  throughout  the  night  of 
Satncday,  all  day  and  all  night  Sunday,  and 
until  the  evening  of  Monday.  At  that  time, 
from  some  cause  which  ho  could  not  under- 
stand, they  seemed  to  be  verv  suddenl  v  taken 
with  a  panic,  and  continued  in  a  terrible  state 
of  alarm*  until  the  evacuation  commenced. 
From  the  account  of  our  informant  we  should 
infer  that  they  were  marching  down  to  Port 
Boval.  Such  are  the  savages  sent  to  teach  us 
civilization. 

TuesD AY.— President  Davi.s  left  last 
night  on  his  return  to  Richmond.  His 
presence  in  Mississippi  has  done  much 
to  inspire  and  rouse  the  people.  He 
addressed  the  Legislature  at  great 
length,  and  expressed  the  most  de- 
termined purpose. 

Had  a  conversation  with  the  Presi- 
dent in  front  of  the  State  Capitol.  He 
looks  rather  care-worn,  and  wears  a 
broad-brimmed  white  hat,  and  is  very 
simple  and  unostentatious  in  his  man- 
ners.. The  soldiers  worship  iiim. 
Thousands  of  them  are  still  passing 
through  Jackson,  to  reinforce  Yicks- 
burg.  Continued  rain  for  the  last  24 
hours  will  alone  be  equivalent  to 
10.000  men.  ITie  Yankee  advance  will 
become  almost  impracticable,  or,  if 
once  in  our  swamps,  there  may  be 
another  affair  of  the  Chiokahominy. 

The  news  from  Yicksburg  is  most 
gratifying. 

CnzcKASAW  Bato0,  I  o'dook,  p.  m.,  near 
Vioksburg.— We  have  Just  achieved  a  glorious 
victory.  After  an  engagement  of  an  hour  and 
a  half  we  drove  back  the  enemy  with  terrible 
slaughter,  capturing  over  four  hundred  prison- 
ers, among  them  several  oflQcers  and  five 
stands  of  colors.  The  enemy  advanced  for 
the  purpose  of  storming  our  works,  about 
8,000  strone,  and  were  mowed  down  in  the 
most  terrible  manner. 

They  sent  a  flag  of  truce  that  they  might 
bury  their  dead,  under  the  cover  of  which  a 
number  of  them,  properly  our  prisoners,  es- 
caped. 

The  fight  is  still  going  on  to  the  left 

Wkdnesdat. — ^The  enemy,  hoping  to 
flank  us^'at  Murfreesboro  and  cut  off 
Chattanooga,    are    demonstrating   in 


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force,  and  a  battle  is  imminent  at  any 
moment  Our  forces  await  them  at 
Stewart's  Creek,  which  is  10  miles 
from  Murfreesboro. 

Morgan  is  again  committing  havoc. 
He  entered  Glasgow,  Kentucky,  and 
tore  up  ten  or  fifteen  miles  of  railroad. 
Floyd  and  MurshuU  are  penetrating 
Kentucky  from  Pound  Gap. 

Another  demonstration  threatened 
upon  "Weldon. 

A  valuable  cargo  of  government 
•tores  has  entered  one  of  our  port?, 

Lincoln  wiil  not  consent  to  the  ad- 
mission of  Western  Vir^niaas  a  State. 

Burnside   onfesscs  before   a  Com 
mittee  of  Congress  tliat  his  army  would 
not  allow   him  to  renew  the  Wattle  of 
Fredericksburg ! 

A  terrible  railroad  accident  near 
Vicksbnrg,  and  many  soldiers  killed 
and  wounded. 

Republicans  begin  to  talk  about  re- 
cognizing the  Conffderacy,  but  the 
Herald  eays  another  battle  for  Rich- 
mond will  be  had  before  going  into 
winter-quarters. 

It  is  said  that  Seward  will  only 
remain  in  the  Cabinet  if  the 
Conservative  policy  be  adopted  and 
the  Emancipation  proclamation  thrown 
overboard. 

YoimxBX    nrncLLiosiiOB— optmoMS    or    thb 

a  MSW  TOBK  UBBALD. 

The  latest  Bisraid  reoetved.  In  an  article  on  the 
state  of  the  conntry,  says :  *•  The  Qororament 
baa  expended  over  one  thousand  millions  of 
money,  and  two  hundred  thousand  loyal  sol- 
diers have  been  saeriflced.  A  bill  providing 
for  another  thoasond  millions  of  public  debt  is 
now  before  Confess,  and  what  are  ourprofltsf 
The  answer  is  gloomy  enough.  We  have 
fought  bloodv  batUes,  but  the  heart  of  the  re- 
bellion remains  untouched,  and  each  sacceod- 
ing  effort  to  reach  it  has  only  resulted  in  dis- 
appointment, disaster  and  disgrace.^ 

The  Herald  admits  that  the  violent  and  &n- 
atical  course  of  the  radicals  have  united  all 
dasses  and  parties  In  the  South  in  resistance 
to  the  lost  extremity,  and  says  that  unless  the 
North  can  inflict  crushing  blows  on  the  rebel- 
lion during  the  next  three  months,  Lincoln 
will  have  to  meet  the  European  allies  of  the 
South,  or  submit  to  peace  on  the  basis  of  on  in- 
dependent Southern  Confederacy. 

Tne  Herald  adds:  **  The  people  are  becoming 
sick  of  this  desolating,  costly  and  unpromising 
war." 

The  Herald  puts  forth  a  feeler  as  follows : 
**Let  Qovcrnor  Seymour  throw  out  a  proposi- 
tion for  a  conventton  of  the  loyal  States,  and 
let  the  rebellious  States  be  invited  to  make 
an  honorable  peace  upon  the  platform  of  the 
United  States  Constitution.'' 

TIU'  BATTLS  AT    VICKSBUSQ. 

The  victory  aohlaved  on  Monday  by  our 


heroic  troops  !s  perhaps  the  most  signal  of  the 
whole  war.  Aooordlng  to  the  moat  reliable 
accounts,  the  loss  of  the  enemv  was  between 
four  and  five  hundred  in  killed  and  weunded, 
with  over  five  hundred  prisoners,  while 
our  loss  did  not  exceed  fifteen.  If  this  ia  a 
foretaste,  as  we  believe  it  is,  of  what  the 
Yankees  may  expect  In  that  locality,  we  have 
no  cause  for  alarm. 

Great  credit  is  due  the  galhtnt  Tenneaseeans 
who  contributed  so  largely  to  those  glorioos 
results.  The  importance  of  the  victory  is  hard 
to  estimate.  If  our  noble  troops  were  deter- 
mined to  hold  the  liiasisslppi  river  before  this 
battle  and  before  reinforcements  had  arrived, 
what  uiay  wo  expect  now?  Inspired  by  a 
victory  which  scarcely  has  a  parallel  in  the 
fruitful  annals  of  the  present  war,  and  en- 
couraged by  heavy  reinforoementa,  we  have 
U'ft  a  doubt  but  that  the  efforts  of  the  enemy 
to  take  Vicksbnrg  will  be  as  disastrous  aa 
Bornslde's  advance  upon  RichmontL 

It  S04>m8  that  Oeneral  Francis  P.  Blair  com* 
manded  the  Federal  expedition,  and  we  con- 

Katulate  him  upon  his  fkir  prospects  for— tlie 
ock. 

Thursd.kt,  IsT  Jakuart,  18C3.— The 
New  Yeir  brought  with  it  news  of  a 
great  victory  by  Bragg*s  army  near 
Murfreesboro,  Tenn.  A  dispatch  says 
that  we  have  taken  4,000  prisoners 
and  thiHy  pieces  of  cannon.  The 
fight  began  on  the  30th,  mostly  with 
artillery,  but  on  the  81st  became  gen- 
eral. It  is* announced  by  a  dispatch  to 
General  Joe  Johnson,  commanding 
this  military  district 

Friday,  2nd  January. — Confederates 
reported  as  threatening  Columbus, 
Kentucky. 

Our  loss^  at  Fredericksburg  is  esti- 
mated to  reach  8,000  in  killed  and 
wounded. 

Morgan,  Forrest,  and  other  cavalry 
leaders  are  stated  to  be  in  the  rear  <xf 
Roscncrans,  who  is  retreating  from 
Bragg  at  Murfreesboro. 

Cavalry  raid  upon  East  Tennessee. 
Governor  Harris,  of  Tennessee,  tele- 
graphs : 

MoBPBXBSBOBO,  Dccembcr  81— We  attacked ' 
the  enemy  in  his  position  at  6i  a.  m.,  and  the 
battle  raged  till  5  p.  m.  Our  left  wing  drove 
the  enemy^s  right  back  upon  Stone  river.  Our 
advance  was  steady,  but  the  resistance  stab- 
born.  We  captunm  four  batteries  and  aboat 
four  thoasand  prisoners— among  them  three 
brigadier-generals.  The  loss  Is  heavy  on  both 
sides — relative  loss  not  known.  Oeneral  Bains, 
of  Nashvill^  was  kiUed.  L  O.  HAaau. 

sirocBsaruL  raid  tir  vfaaiKiA. 
BieuMO!fi>,  December  81.— Oeneral  Stuait, 
who  crossed  the  Rappahannock>nmo  days  ago, 
has  been  saooessful.  Advices  from  Oordons- 
vilio  state  he  destroyed  the  Yankee  camps, 
three  thoasand  strong,  at  Dumfries,  and  cap- 
tared  several  wagon  trains,  with  a  large  qoaa* 
tity  of  armv  and  satler^s  storea,  destroying 
what  he  could  not  bring  away,  besides  oaptor- 


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log  160  to  £00  prisoners.  It  Is  reported  ho 
captored  two  pieces  of  artillcrj.  A  portion 
of  the  prisoners  baye  reached  Gbrdonsville, 
and  will  be.bronght  down  in  the  morning.  Th» 
expedition' was,  in  all  respects,  enccessfal 
Staart  has  done  mneh  toward  damoging  and 
demoralizing  the  enemy. 

Saturday. — In  the  fi^ht  near  Mur- 
freesboro  we  coptared  several  hundred 
wagons  with  army  supplies,  and  two 
brigadier-generals.  tour  or  five 
Federal  generals  reported  killed,  and 
their  loss  otherwise  was  very  heavy. 

The  Abolition  Governor  of  Missouri, 
obedient  to  his  master  at  Washington, 
recommends  gradual  emancipation. 

Gold  133  in  New  York.    ' 

Baton  Rouge,  La.,  re-occupied  by  the 
Federals. 

Confederate  war-steamer  Florida  has 
gone'to  sea  from  Mobile.  The  Alabama, 
Captain  Semmes,  captured  the  U.  S. 
California  steamer  Ariel. 

English  papers  look  to  a  change  of 
European  policy  in  regaid  to  the 
American  question. 

Morgan  has  taken  Elizabethtown, 
Kentucky. 

A  violent  storm  of  rain,  which 
lasted  nearly  24  hours,  will  render 
further  operations  by  the  enemy  at 
Vicksburg  impracticable. 

YioKSBUBGi  December  8.— Skirmishing  oon- 
tianed  all  day  yesterday,  without  any  impor- 
tant result 

No  seneral  engagement  Is  expected  nntll  the 
arrival  of  Generals  McGlernand  and  Sherman 
with  the  balance  of  the  Yankee  army. 

All  are  confident  of  our  ability  to  hold  Vicks- 
burg against  any  force  the  Yankees  may  bring 
here. 

YicKSBiTRO,  December  2.— The  enemy  have 
all  left  Chickasaw  Bayon,  and  arc  reported  go- 
ing on  their  transports  to  Snyder's  Blnli;  on 
the  Yazoo  river,  where  it  is  supposed  they  will 
make  an  attempt  to  storm  our  fortifications. 
Oar  forces  are  well  advised  of  their  move- 
ments. 

YiOKSBUBO,  December  2. — ^This  morning 
onr  forces  advanced  against  tbo  enemy,  who 
were  erecting  works  on  the  lake,  causing  them 
to  evacuate  the  place,  leaving  fifty  stands  of 
urms,  nine  prisoners,  and  all  the  implemohts 
they  were  using  to  cat  the  fortifications.  Oar 
forces  now  occapy  the  whole  country  border- 
ing on  the  lake,  the  enemy  having  retreated 
to  their  transports  and  gone  down  the  Yazoo. 

President  Davis*  proclamation  in  re- 
gard to  Butler  at  New  Orleans  is  pub- 
lished. He  charges  him  with  the 
following  high  offences  in  addition  to 
that  of  Mumford  : 

Peacefal  and  aged  citizens,  unresisting  cap- 
tivus  and  non-oombatants,have  been  confined 
at  hard  labor  with  balls  and  chains  attached  to 
their  limbs,  and  are  still  so  held  in  dungeons 
and  fortresses.    Others  have  been  subjected  to 


a  like  desrading  punishment  for  selling  medi- 
cines to  the  sick  soldiers  of  the  Confederacy. 

The  soldiers  of  the  United  States  have  been 
invited  and  encouraged  by  general  orders  to 
insnlt  and  outrage  the  wives,  the  mothers  and 
tbe  sisters  of  oar  citizens.  -vtb.* 

Helpless  women  have  been  torn  fh>m  their 
homes,  and  subjected  to  solitary  confinement, 
some  in  fortres80S>nd  prisons,  and  one,  es- 
pecially, on  an  island  of  Darren  sand,  ander  a 
tropical  sob;  have  been  fed  with  loathsome 
rations,  that  bad  been  condemned  as  unfit  for 
soldiers,  and  have  been  exposed  to  the  vilest 
insnlts. 

Prisoners  of  war  who  surrendered  to  the 
naval  forces  of  the  United  States  on  agreement 
that  they  should  be  released  on  parole,  have 
been  seized  and  kept  In  close  confinement. 

Repeated  pretexts  have  been  sought  or  in- 
vented for  plundering  the  inhabitants  of  the 
captured  city  by  fines  levied  and  exacted  un- 
der threats  of  imprisoning  recusants  at  hard 
labor  with  ball  and  chain. 

The  entire  populatioa  of  the  city  of  New 
Orieaas  liave  been  forced  to  elect  between 
starvation,  by  the  conflscation  of  all  their  prop- 
erty, and  taking  an  oath  against  conscience  to 
bear  allegiance  to  tho  invaders  of  their  coim- 
tryl 

Egress  from  the  city  has  been  refused  to 
those  whose  fortitude  withstood  tbe  test,  even 
to  lone  and  aged  women,  and  to  helpless  chil- 
dren ;  and  after  being  c^Jected  from  their  homes 
and  robbed  of  their  property,  they  have  been 
left  to  starve  in  the  streets  or  subsist  on 
charity. 

The  slaves  have  betfn  driven  from  the  plan- 
tations in  the  neighborhood  of  New  Orleans, 
till  their  owners  would  consent  to  share  the 
crops  with  tho  Commanding  General,  bis 
brother,  Andrew  J.  Butler,  and  other  officers  ; 
and  when  such  consent  had  been  extorted, 
tbe  slaves  have  been  restored  to  tbo  planta- 
tions, and  there  compelled  to  work  under  the 
bayonets  of  guards  of  United  States  soldiers. 

Where  this  partnership  was  reftiscd,  armed 
expeditions  have  been  Rent  to  the  plantations 
to  rob  them  of  everything  that  was  susceptible 
of  removal,  and  even  slaves,  too  aged  or  in- 
firm for  work,  have,  m  spite  of  their  entreat- 
ies, been  forced  from  the  homes  provided  by 
tbe  owners  and  driven  to  wander  helpless  on 
the  highway. 

SuNDAT. — Asserted  on  the  highest 
authority  that  the  Yankee  fleet  and 
army  in  fi-ont  and  around  Vicksburg 
have  gone  up  the  river  and  disj- 
appeai^. 

Another  glorious  success  to  our 
arms,  and  confusion  worse  confounded 
to  our  enemies.  What  will  they  do 
next? 

Monday.  —  Street  rumors,  which  are 
feared  to  be  true,  that  Bragg  is  retreating 
from  Murfreesboro.  He  telegraphed  as 
follows  to  Charleston : 

CnABLESTON,  January  8.— MuRraKKsaoBO, 
January  1.  — To  General  Beauregard:  The 
enemy  has  yielded  his  strong  position,  and  Is 
falling  back.  Wo  occupy  the  whole  field,  and 
shall  follow  him.  General  Wheeler,  with  his 
cavalry,  made  a  complete  circuit  of  their  army 
on  the  80th  and  81st  of  December.  He  cap- 
tured and  destroyed  three  hundred  wagons 


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loaded  with  baggage  and  oommisaarj  atorea, 
and  took  aeven  nondred  priaonera.  He  ia 
again  behind  them,  and  haa  captured  an  ord- 
nance train.  He  aecoredUMlay  eeveralthoa- 
Band  stand  of  small  arms.  The  body  of  Gen- 
eral Sill  was  left  on  the  field,  and  three  other 
generals  are  reported  killed. 
God  haa  granted  us  a  happy  New  Tear. 
(Signed)  BRAXTON  BRAGG. 

Enemy  proposes  to  issue  letters  of 
marque  asain  to  our  vessels. 

Lord  John  Russell  tells  the  British 
merchants  to  look  to  Confederate  prize 
courts  for  indemoityy  which  is  a  Tirtual 
"  recognition." 

Our  troops  have  destroyed  nioe  Fed- 
eral transports,  with  provisions,  at  Van 
Buren,  ArK. 

Reported  that  the  gunboat  Monitor 
foundered  off  Cape  Uatteras,  a  few  days 
since,  with  all  on  board,  and  that  the  Ua- 
lena  lost  her  entire  armament  Report 
not  credited,  as  it  is  only  on  the  authority 
of  *'  a  reliable  eentleman." 

These  vessels,  with  the  Passaic  and 
Mootauk,  were  reported  on  their  way  to 
Wilmington.  The  Monitor  was  the  boast 
of  the  whole  North. 

Northern  dates  of  the  1st  instant  have  been 
received  by  the  iTitgu^rer,  atating  that  James 
Brooks  made  a  speech  in  New  York,  on  Tues- 
day, at  a  meeting  at  which  resolutions  were 
unanimously  adopted  requesting  New  Jersey, 
on  account  of  her  Revolutionary  history  and 
past  associations,  to  invite  all  the  States  to 
meet  in  convention  in  Loniaville  in  February. 
They  also  call  upon  New  Jersey  to  ask  per- 
mission of  the  President  to  allow  her  to  send 
delegated  to  the  States  in  rebellion,  and  unite 
with  their  repreaentativea  in  this  convention ; 
and  in  the  event  the  Statea  in  rebellion  agree 
to  be  represented,  they  aak  Linooln  to  pro- 
claim an  armistice  by  land  and  aea  for  six 
months. 

Brooks  waa  enthosiaatically  i^>planded. 

BiOEUfOHD,  Januarys.— Twop.  m., a  dispatch 
to  the  Secretary  of  War,  dated  Vlcksburg,  2d, 
says  the  enemy,  finding  all  his  efforts  unavail- 
ing to  make  any  inroads  upon  our  position, 
haa  ro-embaiked,  leaving  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  intrenching  tools  and  other  property, 
and  apparently  haa  relinquished  his  designs 
npdn  Vlcksburg. 

(Signed)  J.  C.  PEMBEBTOS, 

Lientonant-General  Oomd^g. 

BiouMOKn,  Jan.  8.~General  Stuart  returned 
from  his  recent  raid  New  Year's  eve. 

In  his  rounds  he  visited  Dumfries,  then  pro- 
ceeded up  the  Potomac  towards  Alexandria. 
At  Selectman'a  Ford  on  the  Ocoquan,  he  en- 
countered a  large  force  of  the  enemy''s  cavalry, 
whom  he  charged  through  the  stream.  Thev 
fled  in  confusion,  leaving  the  road  strewn  with 
overcoata,  caps,  blankets,  arms,  eta  Ho  burnt 
the  Railroad  bridge  over  Acatink  Creek  10 
miles  from  Alexandria,  and  destroyed  the  rail- 
road at  Anandale,  7  milea  from  Alexandria. 
He  daahcd  into  the  enemy's  camp,  destroying 
stores  and  capturingjprisonors.  Here  he  tele- 
graphed to  Lincoln's  Qnartermaster  that  he  had 
not  ftirnished  suflleient  tranaportation  for  aup- 
pUcs  he  had  taken.  Between  Fairfox  and 
Vienna  he  encountered  a  large  force  of  the 


enemy,  who  naed  artillery  againat  him ;  he  t*- 
tired.  At  Aldle  he  routed  the  enemy's  cav- 
alry, taking  a  number  of  priaonera,  and  pro- 
ceeded thence  to  Warrenton.  On  hia  retnra 
he  waa  accompanied  by  Gen.  Fits  Hugh  Lea, 
commanding  the  cavalrf  brigade. 

Gen.  Stuart  was  entirely  suooes^l,  and  c^»- 
tured  and  destroyed  numerous  stores,  wagooa, 
camp  equipage,  etc,  bcaldea  capuuing  abont 
800  prisoners.  His  troops  have  auppUed  ttiem- 
selves  with  clothing,  atoraa,  arms,  etc 

TuRSDAT,  7th  Jan.—Afler  the  victory  of 
the  first  day,  our  army  has  met  with  a  re- 
verse and  tiad  to  fall  back  from  Murfreea- 
boro.  It  is  said  that  Breckinridge's  divis- 
ion met  with  a  terrible  repulse. 

Yankees  have  evacuated  Island  10,  on 
the  Mississippi,  alarmed  by  the  ap- 
proaches of  Jeff.Thompson  and  the  move- 
ments of  Forrest  near  Columbus,  Ken- 
tucky. 

New  York  I£frM  admits  that  Stuart 
made  the  entire  circuit  of  Bumside's 
army,  and  captured  2,500  prisoners. . 

Our  forces  are  again  advancing  'into 
Kentucky. 

Federals  represent  their  loss  at  near 
80.000  at  Murfeesboro. 

Lincoln  has  issued,  as  be  promised,  his 
Emancipation  proclamation.  It  excites 
contempt  among  us. 

What  we  know  from  Mnrfreeaboro  is 
embraced  in  the  following  dispatches : 

"'  To  General  Cooper :  We  retreated  flrom 
Mnrfreeaboro  in  perfect  order.  All  omr  stores 
are  saved.  About  4,000  Federal  prisoners, 
6,000  stand  of  amall  anna  and  tweaty-foor 
cannon,  braaa  and  steel,  have  lUready  been  re- 
ceived here. 

*"  (Signed)  B.  S.  Ewsll,  A.  A.  G."* 

TuLLAHOVA,  January  & — Being  unable  to 
disli»dge  the  enemy  fW>m  his  intrenchraents, 
and  bearinff  of  relnforoementa  to  him,  1  with- 
drew fh>m  his  ft^nt  night  before  laat  He  has 
not  followed.  My  cavalry  are  atill  in  hiafhink 
(Signed)  BaAXTov  Bbaoo. 

WBDNBSDAT.--Butler  has  reached  Wash- 
ington from  New  Orleans,  and  was  receiv- 
ed with  complimentary  demonstrations. 
It  is  said  he  will  be  made  Secretary  of 
War.    Comment  is  unnecessary. 

More  indications  of  a  movement  by 
France  in  our  affairs. 

Burnside  reported  te  be  desirous  of 
a^ain  crossing  the  Rappahannock,  but 
Lincoln  refuses  consent.  After  all,  be  has 
signed  the  bill  admitting  Western  Vir- 
ginia as  a  State. 

McClellan  is  again  to  be  put  in  com- 
mand and  to  **  aovance  upon  Richmond." 

Trursdat.— A  gallant  exploit  reported 
for  Texas — one  of  the  most  brilliant  of 
the  war— and  we  are,  perhaps,  again  in 
possession  of  Qalveston.  It  ia  thus 
announced  byOen.  Magruder ; 

HBAuquAaraaa,     I 
Galvistoh,  Texaa,  Jan.  1, 1868.  f 
&  Cooper,  Adjutant-General,  C.  8.  A. : 
This  morning  at  three  o'clock  I  attacked  the 


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enemy's  fleet  and  garrison  at  this  place,  and 
captured  tlie  latter,  the  steamer  Harriet  Lane 
two  barges  and  a  schooner  of  the  former. 

The  rest,  some  four  or  five  In  number, 
escaped,  IgnomJnloosly,  under  cover  of  a  flag 
of  truce. 

I  have  about  six  hundred  prisoners,  and  a 
lar^e  quantity  of  valuable  stores,  arms,  etc. 

The  Harriet  Lane  Is  verv  little  Injured.  She 
was  carried  by  boarding  from  two  high-pres- 
sure cotton  steamers^  manned  by  Texas  cay- 
airy  and  artillery. 

The  line  of  troops  were  gallantly  commanded 
by  Col.  Thomas  Green,  of  Sibley's  brigade,  and 
the  ships  and  artillery  by  Mi^or  Leon  Smith, 
to  whose  Indomitable  enerey  and  heroic  dar- 
ing, the  country  Is  indebted  for  the  successful 
execution  of  a  plan  which  I  had  conceived  for 
the  de8tructl<m  of  the  enemy's  fleet.  Ck>]. 
Bagby.  of  Sibley's  brigade,  also  commanded 
the  volunteers  from  his  regiment  for  the  naval 
expedition.  In  which  every  officer  and  man 
won  for  himself  Imperishable  renown. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully. 

Tour  obedient  servant, 

J.  BaNKHBAD  MAGRimKB, 

Mi^or-Qeneral  Commanding  Dp't  of  Texas. 

Bragg  admits  a  loss  of  9,000  at  Mar- 
freesboro,  but  states  the  enemy's  loss  at 
16,000,  to  20,000.  Oar  reverse  produces 
a  verv  saddening  effect,  bat  we  ought  not 
to  expect  an  interrupted  victory. 

Yaiue  of  gold  failing  at  RicbmoDd,  and 
rising  at  New  York. 

French  mediation  growing  more  prob- 
able from  the  tenor  of  dispatches. 

Morgan  and  Forrest  have  returned  to 
Chattanooga,  having  paroled  8,000  pris- 
oners. 

The  iron-clad  monster,  the  Passaic,  has 
reached  South  Clirolina,  in  a  very  dis- 
abled condition.  The  enemy  claims  a 
glorious  triumph  at  Murfreesboro,  but 
admits  immense  losses. 

FROM  THB  ATLAKTIO  00A8T. 

CnARLFSTON,  January  9. — A  special  courier 
from  Kingston  reports  the  enemy  making  Im- 
mense preparations  to  advance.  Reinforce- 
meuts,  are  daily  arriving  from  Suflblk.  ITie 
Yankees  at  Morehead  City  and  Newbem  num- 
ber fifty  thousand,  under  command  of  Foster. 
Butler  is  not  there.  A  simultaneous  attack  will 
be  made  on  Charleston,  Wilmington,  and 
Goldsboro.  to  prevent  reinforcements  leaving 
either.  The  enemy  Is  now  cooking  marchimr 
rations.  ® 

FniDAY  AXD  Saturdat.— Bragg  esti- 
mates  oiir  wounded  at  Murfreesboro  at 
9,000,  a  fearful  number  in  so  small  an 
army. 

WiNCHESTRR,  January  9.— Morgan's  report  of 
his  expedition  shows  two  thousand  paroled 
prisoners,  several  hundred  of  the  enemy 
killed  and  wounded,  and  an  immense  quantity 
of  arms  and  property  destroyed. 

Forrest's  report  shows  fifteen  hundred  pris- 
oners, one  thonsand  of  the  enemy  killed  and 
wounded,  an  Immense  quantity  of  arm^  am- 
munition and  stores  destroyed,  and  his  whole 
command  splendidly  eqaipped. 

Our  operations  at  Murfreesboro,  including 
the  capture  of  four  thousand  five  hundred 


prisoners,  besides  two  thonsand  eaptnred  at 
HarUvllle  and  around  Nashville,  sum  up  ten 
thousand  In  less  than  a  month. 

We  also  captured  and  sent  to  the  rear  thirty 
cannon,  six  thousand  small  arms,  leaving  two 
thousand  In  the  hands  of  troops.  One  thou- 
sand wagons  were  destroyed  and  the  mules 
and  harness  secured. 

The  enemy's  killed  and  wounded  Is  esti- 
mated at  90,000,  Including  seven  generals. 

Sunday.— The  telegraph  is  barren  of 
news. 

TOR  PAST  TSAR. 

[From  the  Blchmond  Examiner.] 

At  length  the  latt  day  of  a  terrible  year  has 
come.  Few  persoas  now  living  can  point  to 
another  period  of  their  existence  in  which  for- 
titude has  been  more  severely  tried.  He  who 
casts  a  retrospective  glance  upon  the  dangers 
all  have  risked,  the  privations  and  ruin  many 
have  suffered,  the  dear  friends  most  have  lost 
by  violent  death,  will  have  reason  to  be  CTate- 
ta\  for  the  insensibility  of  his  heart,  if  he  is 
not  oppressed  by  somber  and  painful  emotions. 
While  many  hundred  thousands  accustomed  to 
independence  and  comfort  have  been  suddenly 
reduced  to  abject  poverty  and  distres^  those 
who  have  escaped  must  reflect  that  they  have 
been  nearer  to  utter  destruction  than  they 
were  ever  before  this  year  began,  or  are  llkelv 
to  be  again  when  it  is  ended. 

Bat  this  vear  is  not  without  glorious  conso- 
lations.  The  unaided  strength  and  nnbacked 
courage  of  the  nation  redeemed  its  fortunes 
from  the  dust,  plucked  up  its  drowning  honor 
by  the  locks,  and  torA  from  the  "very  jaws  of 
death  the  right  to  live  forever.  History  will 
hereafter  show  no  page  illuminated  with  more 
enduring  glory  than  those  which  record  the 
heroic  events  of  the  circle  of  months  which 
end  with  this  day.  In  these  months  of  a  for- 
lorn republic,  a  people  covered  with  the  od- 
probrinm  and  prejudice  of  the  worid,  have 
secured  a  place  in  the  Pantheon  of  remember- 
ed nations  fiir  above  the  most  famous.  Neither 
the  story  of  Oreecc,  or  Rome,  or  France,  or 
England  can  bear  a  fair  paraUel  with  our  own 
brief  but  moat  eventful  narrative.  Is  not  this 
triumphant  crown  of  victory  worth  the  awful 
price  ?  The  question  will  be  answered  accord- 
ing to  the  temperament  of  the  reader.  Many 
think  with  Sir  John  that  honor  cannot  cure  a 
broken  leg,  and  that  all  the  national  glory  that 
has  been  won  in  battle  since  Greeks  iought 
Trojans  will  not  compensate  the  loss  of  a  l»ef 
or  a  dollar.  But  the  young,  the  brave,  the 
generous  will  everywhere  judge  that  the  ex- 
erelse  and  exhibition  in  this  year  of  the  noblest 
virtues  has  been  more  than  worth  the  misfor- 
tunes which  have  marked  Its  jprogresa. 
Sound  the  clarion,  fill  the  fife  ; 
To  a  sensual  world  proclaim. 
One  crowded  hour  of  glorious  life 
Is  worth  an  age  without  a  name  t 

Monday,  12Tn  January. — The  Fed- 
eral fleet,  when  last  seen,  was  steaming 
up  the  Mississippi,  above  White  River. 
God  knows  what  they  are  after. 

Butler  has  been  thanked  by  a  two- 
third  vote  in  the  Federal  Congress  1 1 1 

GOV.  SBYMOUa'S  MRSSAOI. 

RiCHMOxo,  January  10.— Gov.  Seymour^s 
message,  published  in  the  New  York  Htrald 
of  the  8ih,  says  the  war  has  taken  more  than 


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two  hundred  thonfiand  men  from  the  work- 
shops and  fields.  Slavenr  was  not  the  subject 
and  cautfe  of  the  war.  We  must  look  for  the 
cause  of  the  war  in  the  prevailing  disregard 
of  the  laws  and  Constitution.  Our  difflcufties 
teach  us  that  we  mast  reform  the  people  and 
the  pollcj  of  the  government  The  rights  of  the 
States  must  be  reepueted.  A  consolidated 
gorernment  would  destroy  the  essential  rights 
and  liberties  of  thfe  people.  He  denounces 
arbitrary  arrests,  the  tsuppresslon  of  journal- 
ism, the  spy  system  of  the  general  govern- 
ment, and  enjoins  on  sheriffs  and  civil  officers 
that  no  person  mnrt  be  Imprisoned,  or  carried 
from  the  State  by  force,  without  process  and 
authority  of  Uw.  The  President  held  his 
office,  not  by  the  will  of  a  ma^rity,  but  by 
the  Constitution  which  placed  him  In  the 
office  by  a  vote  of  one  million  eight  hundred 
thousand,  antiost  two  million  eight  hundred 
thousand.  If  the  Constitution  cannot  keep 
the  Executive  within  its  restraints,  he  can- 
not retain  the  States  In  the  Union.  Those  who 
hold  that  there  is  no  sanctity  in  the  Constitu- 
tion must  admit  their  guilt  in  the  rebellion. 
ne  condemns  the  Emancipation  procUmation 
as  unjust  and  unconstitutional,  and  may  be 
construed  as  an  nbandunment  of  the  hope  of 
restoring  the  Uniun.  If  the  South  must  be 
held  under  military  snbiai^tion,  the  govern- 
ment must  be  converged  Into  a  military  des- 
potism. The  opinion  that  the  Sonth  must  bo 
subjugated  weakened  the  hopes  of  the  people. 
The  message  urges  that  the  Union  is  In- 
dissoluble, and  factions  North  and  South  mas^ 
be  put  down.  So  closely  are  the  upper  and 
lower  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  bound  to- 
gether, that  when  the  cotton  was  burned  in 
Louisiana  corn  was  used  for  fuel  in  lUinoia. 
It  seema  Southern  oomuicroe  bankrupts 
Northern  produce.  Neither  in  a  Northern  dot 
Southern  Union  can  the  conflicting  interests 
of  agriculture,  comAieroe  and  manufacture  be 
adjusted. 

The  body  of  General  Raina,  who 
fell  BO  nobly  at  Murfreesboro,  has  been 
interred  at  Nashville.  His  was  a  noble 
spirit,  lie  was  young,  handsome,  and 
eloqnent.  His  last  words  were,  **  For- 
ward, my  brave  boy?,  forward  I" 

Tuesday. — ^The  Manchester,  Eng 
land,  operatives  address  Lincoln,  con- 
gratulatory on  Ids  emancipation 
scheme,  and  yet  we  have  been  looking 
to  England  tor  aid  I  The  best  of  us 
have  been  deceived,  and  must  now 
admit  that  Cotton  is  not  "  King." 

The  Yankees  admit  a  great  defeat  at 
Yicksburg,  and  set  down  their  losses 
at  5,000.  Rosencranfl  has  advanced  ten 
miles  beyond  Murfreesboro,  and  has 
ordered  Confederate  officers,  prisoners, 
to  be  confined  until  President  Davis* 
recent  order  in  regard  to  Butler  is  re- 
voked. 

Gold  in  New  York  138. 

Wednesday. — Federals  open  their 
fire  upon  Fort  Caswell,  below  Wil- 
mington,  but  after  fi^  hours  efifect 
nothing. 


General  Banks  is  actively  employed 
intrenehing  at  Baton  Rouge,  having 
wholesome  recollections  of  what  oc- 
curred last  summer  at  that  point. 

In  North  Mississippi  tlie  Federals 
hare  recrossed  the  Tallahatchie,  having 
despoiled  the  fairest  portions  of  1a- 
fayette  county,  including  Oxford. 

SYNOPSIS  or  PKBSiDKirr  davis*  hkssaob. 

After  reviewing  the  question  of  privateerlnff, 
the  President  says  that  the  records  of  our 
SUte  departmenu  contain  the  evidence  of  the 
repeated  and  formal  remonstrancea  made  by 
this  government  to  the  neutral  powers  of 
Europe,  aninst  the  recognition  of  the  block- 
ade, which  had  been  shown  to  hare  been 
broken  hundreds  of  times,  which  the  enemy 
and  themeelres  had  admitted  to  hare  been 
ineffectual  in  the  most  fsrctble  manner,  by 
repeated  complaints  of  the  sale  to  us  of  goods 
contraband  of  war,  and  which  they  acknow- 
ledged their  inability  to  render  effecdre. 
Still  Europe  had  submitted.  In  almost  un- 
broken silence,  to  all  the  wrongs  the  United 
States  have  chosen  to  inflict  on  their  com- 
merce, and  the  Cabinet  of  Great  Britain  ad- 
mitted itsetf  it  had  nut  conformed  to  the 
principles  laid  down  by  the  Congress  of  Paris, 
but  had  made  a  change  too  important  and 
prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the  Confederacy 
to  be  overlooke<I,  and  consequently  the  Presi- 
dent had  solemnly  proteswd,  after  a  rain 
attempt  to  obtain  any  satisfactory  explanation 
trom  the  British  government. 

The  fourth  proposition  of  tho  Congr«M  of 
Paris  dedared  that  the  blockade  must  be 
maintained  by  a  force  sufficient  really  to  pre- 
vent access  to  the  coast  of  the  eneii.y,  but  the 
British  Secretary  of  State  had  construed  the 
American  blockade  to  be  sufficient,  because  it 
was  duly  notlfledthat  a  number  of  ships  wers 
stationed  at  different  ports  sufficient  reallv  to 
prevent  access  to  it,  or  to  create  an  erident 
danger  of  entering  it,  or  leaving  It ;  but  the 
Preaident  had  no  complaint  to  nuike  on  the 
ground  of  a  declaration  of  neutrality.  The 
complaint  was  that  tho  neutrality  had  been 
rather  nominal  than  Ircal,  and  that  rec(^nized 
neutral  rights  had  been  alternately  asserted 
and  waived  in  such  manner  as  to  bear  with 
great  severity  on  us,  and  to  confer  algnal  ad- 
vantages on  our  enomy. 

Thubsdat. — McClernand's  non-arri- 
val is  said  to  have  been  tho  cause  of 
the  Yankees'  abrupt  departure  from 
Vicksburg. 

Norton,  of  Missouri,  proposes  in  the 
Federal  Congress  an  armistice  of  six 
months  and  a  general  convention. 

The  Governor  of  Kentucky  protests 
against  Lincoln's  Emancipation  procla- 
mation. 

Pridat,  January  16. — Snow  storm, 
and  telegraphic  communication  cut 

The  Cumoerland  and  Tennessee  are 
rising,  which  secures  Nashville  to  the 
enemy,  and  so  strengthens  Rosencrans 
as  to  seriously  damage  our  prospects 
in  that  quarter. 


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Generfll  Price,  being  on  a  visit  to 
Jackson,  is  serenaded.  He  is  a  noble 
specimeD  of  a  man  in  everj  respect, 
and  a  popular  bero. 

LnrC0LN*8  KMAHCIPATION  PROCLAMATIOlf. 

Wasuinqtok,  Janaary  1, 1868. 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Abraham  Ltocoln,  Presi- 
dent oi  the  United  States,  by  virtue  of  the 
power  in  me  invested  as  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army  and  navy,  In  time  of  actual  armed 
rebellion  against  the  authorjty  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  as  a  fit  and  neces- 
sarv  war  measure,  for  suppressing  said  re- 
bellion, do  on  this  first  day  of  January,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1863,  and  in  accordance  with 
mv  purpose  so  to  do,  publicly  proclaim  for  the 
full  period  of  one  hundred  days  from  the  date 
of  the  first  above  mentioned  order,  and 
designate  as  the  States  and  parts  of  States 
wherein  the  people  therefore  respectively,  are 
this  day  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States, 
the  following,  to  wit :  Arkansas,  Texas,  Louis- 
iana, except  the  parishes  of  St.  Bernard,  Pla- 
Juemine,  Jefferson,  St  Johns,  Sakos,  SU 
antes.  Ascension,  Aesnmption,  Terre  Bonne, 
la  Fourche,  St.  Mary>,  St.  Martin  and  Or- 
leans, Including  the  city  of  New  Orleans, 
Mississippi,  Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  South 
Carolina,  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  except 
the  forty-eight  counties  designated  as  Western 
Virginia,  and  also  the  six  counties  of  Berkley, 
Accomac,  Northampton,  Elizabeth  Citv,  York, 
Princess  Anne  and  Norfolk,  including  the 
cities  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth,  which  ex- 
cepted parts  are  for  the  present  left  precisely 
as  If  this  proclamation  were  not  issued  ;  and 
bv  virtue  of  the  power  and  for  the  purpose 
aforesaid,  I  do  order  and  declare  that  all  per- 
sons held  as  slaves  within  the  designated 
States  are  and  henceforward  shall  be  free,  and 
that  the  executive  by  government  of  the 
United  States,  including  the  military  authori- 
ties there,  will  recognize  and  maintain  the 
freedom  of  said  persons ;  and  I  hereby  enjoin 
upon  the  people  so  declared  to  be  tree  to  ab- 
stain from  all  violence,  nnless  in  necessary 
self-defence  ;  and  I  recommend  to  them  that 
In  all  cases  when  alJowed,  they  labor  for 
reasonable  wages :  and  I  further  declare  and 
make  known  that  such  persons  of  snitable 
condition  will  be  received  into  the  armed 
service  of  the  United  States,  to  garrison 
forts,  positions.  States  and  other  phices,  and 
to  man  vessels  of  all  sorts  in  said  service, 
and  upon  this  it  is  sincerely  believed  to  be 
an  act  of  jostlce  warranted  by  the  Consti- 
tution upon  military  necessity. 

I  invoke  the  considerate  Judgment  of  man- 
kind and  the  gracious  favor  of  Almighty  God. 

Saturday. — The  enemy  admits  tbat 
Vicksburg  is  impregnable,  and  that 
tbey  must  operate  from  some  other 
point. 

Gold  in  New  York  142. 

Federal     forces 


movmg    in    great 
Kingston    and    Wil- 


strength    upon 
mlngton. 

Another  valuable  arrival  of  arms  and 
supplies  from  Nassau  at  Charleston, 
and  many  other  steamers  announced  as 
ready  to  follow. 

VOL.  II.-NO.  VI.  42 


Secretary  of  Confederate  Treasury 
reports  the  expenditures  of  last  year, 
ending  Januair  1,  $443,411,000— debt 
at  that  time,  $556,000,000,  which  in- 
cludes 88  millions  of  [bonds,  56  mil- 
lions  certificates  of  depo.-its,  and  $392- 
000,000  currency  a'^d  interest  bearing 
notes.  Wh«t  a  luxury  is  war !  What 
shall  be  done  witli  tliis  enormous  and 
growing  circulation?  It  is  the  king 
question  for  Congress.  Where  is  the 
Necker  who  can  grapple  with  these 
great  financial  questions,  and  bring 
harmony  out  of  chaos  ?  What  is  to  be 
tlie  end  of  this  colossal  accumulation  of 
debt  ?  Truly  is  liberty  a  pearl  of  great 
price. 

Tine  PttRSKirr  abolition  govoress — rrs  had- 

NKSS  AND  rOLLY. 

The  New  York  Herald  thinks  that  the  pre- 
sent Abolition  Congress  is  going  to  perdition. 
In  reviewing  its  action  since  its  meeting,  the 
^Tera^says: 

"Since  the  present  Congress  assembled, 
which  Is  now  over  a  month.  Its  time  has  l>een 
occupied  in  fruitless  and  frivolous  discussions. 
We  have  a  Congress  in  this  country  which 
were  its  existence  not  cut  short  by  the  limit- 
ations of  law  on  the  fourth  of  March  next, 
would  rival  in  folly,  fanaticism  and  despotic 
oppression  its  prototypes  in  England  and 
France.  There  is  one  thing  In  which  it  ma- 
terially differs  from  the  Bump  Parliament  and 
the  French  Convention.  These  bodies  were 
vigorous— the  majority  in  Congress  is  utterly 
ioabeclle.  The  radicals  exhibit  the  disposition 
to  perpetrate  all  the  crimes  and  fuUies  of  their 
predecessors  in  other  countries,  but  they  have 
neither  the  intellect,  the  genius,  nor  the 
courage  to  make  the  ra  formidable  after  all. 

All  the  rascality,  the  peculation,  the  fraud 
and  fanaticism  which  have  ever  characterized 
former  bodies  of  falsely  called  representative 
men,  seem  cumulated,  piled  up  and  aggravated 
in  the  present  Abolition  Congress.  This  Is 
exhibited  In  the  devotion  of  the  radicals  to 
the  nigger  and  their  determination  to  sacrifice 
the  country  and  all  its  Interests  to  the  odorlf- 
er9ns  wooly  head.  In  political  and  financial 
frenzy  tbey  emulate  the  Jacobin  Convention, 
and  seem,  likejt,  bent  upon  the  ruin  of  the 
country  bv  creating  a  quasi  system  of  asslg- 
nats  and  by  every  other  species  of  wild  ex- 
travagance and  violent  aspersions  of  better 
men.  They  mav  be  most  appropriately  called 
the  rump  of  n  Congress;  for  their  existence 
is  defined,  their  acts  are  repudiated  by  the 
country,  and  a  better  let  of  men  have  already 
been  elected  in  their  stead,  ready  to  take  their 

f>laoe.  It  is  indeed  high  time  that  this  abo- 
Itlon  Congress,  conoposed  of  men,  many  of 
whom  are  fit  only  for  the  lunatic  asylum, 
shonld  be  dethroned  from  their  false  position, 
and  that  their  crimes  and  madness  should  be 
finally  rebuked.'* 

Monday  — Demonstration  ^ain  upon 
the  Kippahtnnock,  but  believed  to. 
cover  designs  upon  North  Carolina. 
The  enemy  have  a  very  heavy  force  in 
that  quarter. 


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TvLLABOJiA,  JanoAry  HT. — General  S.  B 
Backnor: — Oeneral  Wheeler,  with  a  portion 
of  his  cavalry  brigade,  after -barning  a  railroa<1 
bridge  in  tbo  enemy >  rear,  pusbed  for  the 
CainWland  riyer,  where  he  intercepted  and 
captured  fbnr  large  transports.  He  destroyed 
them,  with  all  the  suppliea,  and  bonded  one 
to  carry  off  tho  fonr  hundred  paroled  prison- 
ers. Being  hotly  pressed  by  a  gnnboat,  be 
attacked,  captured  and  destroyed  her,  with  her 
armament  Braxton  Bbaoo. 

GBIfEKAL  BRAXTON  BRAGG   TO  HIS  AXMT. 
HkaDQUABTBRS  AkMT  of  I'XHNXSBBS,  ) 

WiMOHBSTKB,  January  8, 18(8.        ) 

Soldiers  qf  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, — 
Your  gallant  deeds  have  won  the  admiration 
of  your  Oeneral,  yonr  Government  and  your 
country.  For  myself,  I  thank  you,  and  am 
proud  of  vou— for. them,  I  tender  you  the  grat- 
■  nude  and  praise  you  have  so  nobly  won. 

In  a  campaign  of  less  than  one  month,  in 
the  face  of  winier,  your  achievements  have 
been  unparalleled.  You  have  captured  more 
than  ten  thousand  prisoners,  taken  and  pre- 
served thirty  pieces  of  artillery  and  seven 
thousand  siuall  arms,  In  addition  to  many 
thouaand  destroyed.  Yon  have  besides  cati- 
tnred  eight  hundred  wagons,  loaded  chiefly 
with  supplies,  which  have  been  destroyed  or 
brought  safely  to  our  lines ;  and  in  pitched 
battles  you  have  driven  the  enomy  before  you, 
inflicting  a  loss  at  least  three  to  one  greater 
than  you  have  sustained. 

In  retiring  to  a  stronger  position,  without 
molestation  from  a  superior  force,  you  have 
left  him  a  barren  field  in  which  to  bury  his 
hosts  of  slain,  and  to  rally  and  recuperate  his 
shattered  ranks.  Cut  on  from  his  Govern- 
ment both  by  railroad  and  telegraph,  and  de- 
prived of  supplies  by  t>.o  mterruption  of  his 
commnnicailuns,  we  shall  yet  tvach  him  a 
severe  lesson  for  the  rashness  of  penetrating 
a  country  so  hostile  to  his  cause.  While  the 
infantry  and  artillery  defy  him  in  front,  our 
invincible  cavalry  will  assuil  him  in  flank  and 
rear,  until  we  good  blm  to  another  advance, 
only  to  met  t  auuther  signal  defeat. 

Your  Qenerul  deplores,  in  cummon  with 
you,  tho  loss  uf  your  gallant  comrades  who 
nave  fallen  in  our  recent  conflicts.  Let  their 
memories  be  enshrined  in  your  hearts,  as  they 
will  ever  be  tenderly  cherished  by  iheir 
countrymen,  l^t  fl  be  yours  to  avenge  their 
fate  and  proudly  emulate  their  deeds.  Re- 
member that  yuur  face  is  to  the  foe,  and  that 
on  you  rests  the  delenco  of  all  that  is  dear  to 
ft^euien. 

Soldiers!  tho  proudest  reflection  of  yonr 
GeneraPs  life  is  to  bo  known  as  tbo  commander 
of  an  army  so  bruve  and  Invincible  as  you 
have  proven.  He  asks  no  higher  boon  than 
to  lead  each  man  to  victory.  To  share  their 
trials,  and  to  stand  or  fall  with  them,  will  be 
the  crown  of  his  ambition, 

Braxton  Bragg,  Gen.  Com'g. 

ADDBB88  TO  TUB  ARMY. 
IIRADQITABTICBS  ARMT  OP  NoRTUSKN  Va..  ) 

.December  81,  1862.  f 

[General  Orders,  No.  188] 

The  Oeneral  commanding  takes  this  occ:i- 
Bion  to  express  to  the  oflictrrs  and  soldiers  of 
tho  army,  his  high  apprcciutlon  of  the  forti- 
tude, valor  and  devotion  displayed  by  them, 
which,  under  tho  blessing  of  Almighty  God, 
have  added  the  victory  of  Fredericksburg  to 
the  long  list  of  their  triumphs. 


An  arduous  march,  performed  with  celerity 
under  many  dlsadvantaffes,  exhibited  the  dia- 
cipline  and  spirit  of  the  troopa,  and  their 
eaffernesa  to  confront  the  foe. 

The  immense  army  of  the  enemy  completed 
Its  preparations  for  the  attack  without  inter- 
ruption, and  gave  battle  in  its  own  time,  and 
on  ffround  of  its  own  selection. 

It  was  encountered  by  less  than  thirty  thou- 
sand of  this  brave  army,  and  Its  columns, 
crushed  and  broken,  hurled  back  at  every 
point  with  such  fearnil  slaughter,  that  escape 
trom  entire  destruction  became  the  boast  of 
those  who  had  advanced  in  full  confidence  of 
victory. 

That  this  great  reaalt  was  achieved  with  a 
loss  small  in  point  of  numbers,  only  augments 
the  admiration  with  which  the  Ck»mmanding 
General  regards  the  prowess  of  tho  troops 
and  increases  his  gratitude  to  Him  who  hath 
given  us  the  victory. 

The  war  la  not  yet  ended.  The  enemy  is 
still  numerous  and  strong,  and  the  country 
demands  of  the  army  a  renewal  of  Its  heroic 
efforts  in  her  behalt  Nobly  has  it  responded 
to  her  call  in  the  past,  and  she  will  never  ap- 
peal in  vain  to  its  courage  and  patriotism. 

The  signal  manifestations  of  Divine  mercy 
that  have  distinguished  the  eventAil  and 
glorious  campaign  of  the  year  just  closing, 
give  assurance  of  hope  that,  under  the  guid- 
ance of  the  same  Almighty  hand,  the  comin£ 
year  will  be  no  less  fruitful  of  events  that  will 
insure  the  safety,  peace  and  happiness  of  our 
beloved  country,  and  add  new  lustre  to  the 
already  imperishable  name  of  the  Army  of 
Northern  Virginia.        R.  £.  Lsb,  General. 

TuESDAT. — EQemy  havo  evacuated 
Holly  Springs  and  leave  us  in  posses- 
sion of  nearly  the  whole  of  North  Mis- 
sissippi. Our  army  is  advancing.  Con- 
federate gunboat  Alabama,  or  perhaps 
Florida,  engages  and  sinks  the  U.  S. 
warsleamer  Hatteraa  near  Galveston. 

[Correspondence  <^2fdw  Oi  leans  DettaJl 

Of  the  fint  Galveston  disaster  you  know 
alL  The  rebels  occupy  the  city  with  a  strong 
force  of  live  thousand  or  seven  thousand  men. 
The  city  is  well  fortified  with  batt«rles  all 
Tound. 

On  Sunday  evening  a  strange  sail  appeared 
off  the  harbor.  The  gunboat  UattcraD  went 
in  chase  about  7  o^clock.  A  heavy  fire  was 
soon  after  heard,  and  the  sloop*of-war  Brook  > 
lyn  and  the  gunboat  ticiota  started  in  pursuit. 
The  firing  ceased  befure  these  vessels  reached 
the  spot — some  twenty  miles  from  Galveston. 
At  daylight  next  day  Captain  Lowry,  of  the 
Sciota,  picked  up  a  boat  containing  an  olflccr 
and  five  men  belonging  to  the  Uatteras.  They 
reported  that,  at  7  o'clock  on  Sunday  evening, 
the  Uatteras  ranged  up  alongside  ot  a  steamer 
which  looked  like  the  Alabama;  she  was  hail- 
ed by  Captain  Blake,  and  replied  that  "*  I  am 
Her  Briiannio  Majesty's  steamer  bpllflre.'* 
Captain  Blake  s&id:  ''Heave  to— I  will  seed 
a  boat  aboard  of  you.*'  A  lh»at  was  lowered— 
the  one  spoken  of  as  having  been  picked  up. 

Just  as  this  boat  shoved  off,  the  strange 
steamer  opened  a  furious  fire  on  tho  Uatteras. 
Both  vessels  then  engaged  In  fierce  combat-% 
running  ahead  of  the  boat;  but  soon  after- 
say  about  twenty  minutes — the  officer  in  the 
boat  Baw  the  Uatteras  stop,  evidently  crip- 
pled; then  there  was  loud  cheering  on  board 


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<lh«  Mbd  steamer.  The  Brooklyn  nod  ScloU 
cmlsed  all  night,  and  next  morning  found  the 
"wnck  of  the  Uatteras  sunk  in  nine  fkthoms 
water.  Some  of  her  boata  were  picked  nps 
which  contained  arms  and  bloody  olethea. 
But  the  victor  bad  disappeared.  The  Haiteras 
was  a  purchased  iron  vessel,  sister  to  the 
ateamer  St.  Mary.  She  was  unfit  for  a  man- 
of-war— having  no  powers  of  endnraaoe.  Uer 
battery  consisted  of  three  small  rifled  guns 
and  four  short  8S-poundcrs.  The  rebel  had 
heavy  g«ns — 6B-ponnders,  by  the  sound. 
Opinions  differ  as  to  who  <eb6  was.  Some 
think  she  was  from  Mobile,  and  not  the  290. 

The  rams  and  foetlAcattona  at  Galveston  are 
formidable. 

WsDNESDAY,  Jan.  21. — Northern  news 
is  brougljt  of  a  dreadful  disaster  to  our 
arms  in  Arkansa?.  Our  post  there  on 
the  river  is  reported  tohavesuiTender- 
ed,  unconditionally,  to  the  combined 
land  and  naval  forces  of  the  enemy. 
The  information  is  feared  to  be  true. 
Our  force  is  represented  at  from  5,000 
to  7,000.  The  enemy  admits  a  severe 
loss  on  the  Cumberland  river, 

Bepobts  raoif  Middlx  Tbmvissrx.— A  dis- 
patch in  the  Atnsrican^  from  Nashville,  dated 
<ho  16th,  says  that  Forrest,  of  the  Confederate 
Army,  with  four  thousand  men  and  twelve 
pieces  of  artillery,  attacked  the  Federal  relief 
and  storeships  coming  up  the  Ooraberland, 
and  succeeded  in  capturing  five  steamboats 
Jaden  with  valuable  commissary  stores,  and 
one  gunboat.    The  boats  were  all  burned. 

Thubspat. — Forrest's  whole  loss  in 
Icilled,  wounded  and  missing,  in  tlve  af- 
fair  at  Parker's  Cross  Roads,  Tena.,  is 
now  stated  at  only  200,  despite  of  the 
^ataggerations  of  the  enemy. 

Revolutionary  movements  are  threat- 
ened in  Indiana,  and  a  Northwestern 
Confederacy  is  in  agitation.  Stite  arms 
were  in  danger  of  being  seized  by  the 
conspirators. 

Lincoln  orders  Confederate  officers 
in  his  hands  to  close  confinement  until 
Davis'  orders  in  regard  to  Butler  are 
revoked. 

Friday. — Federal  fleet  believed  to  be 
again  preparing  for  the  attack  on 
Vicksburg  and  are  lauding  troops. 

The  Republicans  predict  an  early 
peace. 

The  negroes  at  Beaufort,  8.  C,  re- 
fuse  to  take  up  arms  for  the  Yankees, 
and  the  cotton  crop  in  that  quarter  is 
admitted  to  be  a  failure. 

Attack  still  looked  for  on  the  Rappa- 
hannock. 

Morgan's  men  have  made  a  bold  dash 
into  Murfreesboro,  in  si^ht  of  the  ene- 
mies' camp,  and  captured  200  prisoners 
and  20  wagona. 


BBILLUHT     SI7CCE8B  TITOS  TSB  OtniBBBLAKD. 

TuLLAHOMA,  January  21.— To  General  B. 
Cooper :— After  the  capture  of  the  transports 
and  ganboat,  our  cavalry  made  a  dash  for  a 
large  fleet  of  transports  Just  below  Hurpeth 
Shoals.  They  threw  overboard  their  cargo 
of  snbeistence,  ordnance  and  quartermaster 
stores,  in  immense  quantities,  and  escaped  by 
a  hasty  retreat  Our  troops,  in  the  midst  oif 
snow  and  ice,  crossed  to  the  north  side  of  the 
Cumberland,  by  swimming  their  horses 
through  the  aogry  torrent,  which  was  modi 
swollen  by  recent  rains,  and  routed  the  guard, 
captured  and  destroyed  an  immense  oollectloa 
of  subslstenoe  Just  loaded  for  transportatian  to 
Nashville  by  wagons.         Bbaxtov  Bbaco. 

President  Davis*  Admirable  message 
closes  as  follows : 

^Our  amdesare  larger,  better  disciplined 
and  more  thoroughly  armed  and  equipped  thau 
at  any  previous  period  of  the  war.  The  ener- 
gies of  a  whole  nation,  devoted  to  the  object 
of  success  in  this  war,  have  accomplished  mar- 
vels, and  many  of  our  trials  have,  by  a  bene- 
ficent Providence,  been  converted  into  bles- 
sings. The  irsgnitude  of  the  perils  which 
we  encountered  have  developed  the  qualities 
and  Illustrated  the  heroic  eharacter  of  our 
people,  thus  gaining  for  the  Confederacy  from 
its  birth  a  Just  appreciation  (torn  the  other 
nalions  of  the  earth.  The  iqjuries  resulting 
fVom  the  interruption  of  foreign  commerce 
have  received  compenntion  by  the  develc^- 
ment  of  our  internal  resources.  Cannon 
crown  our  fortresses  that  were  cost  ftrom  the 
products  of  mines  opened  and  farnaces  built 
during  the  war.  Our  mountain  caves  yield 
much  of  the  nitre  for  the  manufacture  of 
powder,  and  promise  increase  of  product.  From 
our  own  foundries  and  laboratories,  from  our 
armories  and  workshops,  we  derive,  in  a  great 
measure,  the  warlike  material,  the  ordnance 
and  ordnance  stores  which  are  expended  so 
profusely  in  the  numerous  and  desperate  en- 
migements  that  rapidly  succeed  each  other. 
Cotton  and  woolen  fabrics,  shoes  and  harness, 
wagons  and  gun  carriages  are  produced  in 
dally  increasing  quantities,  by  the  factories 
springing  into  existence.  Our  fields,  no 
longer  whitened  by  cotton  that  cannot  be  ex- 
ported, are  devoted  to  the  production  of 
cereals  and  the  growth  of  stock  formerlv  pur- 
chased with  the  proceeds  of  cotton.  In  the 
homes  of  our  noole  and  devoted  women, 
without  whoso  sublime  sacrifices  our  success 
would  have  been  Impossible,  the  noise  of  the 
loom  and  of  the  spinning-wheel  may  be  heard 
throughout  the  land.^^ 

Satijrdat,  Jax,  24. — ^Troopa  still  pass- 
ing through  Jackson  to  reinforce  Vicks- 
burg. 

The  enemy  are  landing  near  that 
city  and  tlireaten  another  effort  to 
open  the  cannl  around  it,  and  effect  a 
passage  for  their  tr:iii sports. 

The  taking  of  Arkansas  post  is  con- 
firmed. 

More  gallant  exploits  of  Morgan  and 
Wheeler's  cavalry  at  Murfrees^ro. 
Sunday  and  Monday. — Still    more 


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frequent  reports  of  disaffection  in  the 
FeOeral  army,  near  Vicksburg,  and  of 
troubles  in  Ihe  Northwest. 

Small-pox  reported  rery  preralent 
in  Washington.  It  has  existed  for  a 
long  time  in  Richmond,  and  in  many  of 
the  yillrtges  and  towns  of  the  Confed- 
eracy. War  seems  always  to  engender 
this  hateful  pest.  Much  alarm  is  ex- 
cited by  it  and  stringent  measures  are 
adopted  for  its  prevention, 

Burndde  again  addresses  his  htroes 
of  the  Rappahannock,  telling  them  that 
the  "auspicious  hour  has  come  Ibr 
striking  a  great  and  mortal  blow  to  the 
rebellion." 

Gold  in  New  York,  141  1-2. 

Gentlemen  direct  from  Arkansas  confirm 
the  report  of  the  IntelUgence  of  the  capture  of 
Arkansas  Po9t.  The  garrisoDf  four  thousand 
in  number,  was  prlnclpially  militia,  who  fought 
gallantly  for  several  hours,  until  they  were 
completely  hemmed  in  by  n  jrrcatly  superior 
force,  when  they  eapitolated.  Reinforcements 
were  on  the  way,  but  failed  to  reach  thcno. 

Tuesday. — Enemy's  fleet  of  92  pai, 
reported  in  Beaufort  harbor,  N.  C. 
and  50,000  troops  encamped  at  More- 
head  and  Carolina  City. 

Wednesday. — Vessels  with  valuable 
cargoes  again  run  the  blockade  and 
enter  our  ports. 

Fort  McAllister  near  SuTannah  bom- 
barded for  several  hours  without  effect. 

Leave  for  Selma,  Alabama. 

TmjRSDAY.^-Blocknders  at  Charles- 
ton capture  the  British  stenmer  Prin- 
cess Royal,  with  a  most  valuable  cargo 
of  arms  and  ordnance  works,  mochine- 
ry,  projectiles,  Ac.,  intende<l  for  the 
Confederacy.     It  will  be  a  severe  loss. 

Federal  army  is  stuck  in  the  mud, 
and  prevented  from  making  its  second 
grand  advance  upon  the  Rappahan- 
nock. 

A  telegraph  cable  is  to  connect  New 
Orleans,  Pensacola,  Beaufort,  etc.,  with 
the  Northern  ports. 

Friday. — Van  Dom  reported  to  have 
captured  for  the  second  time  Holly 
Springs,    Doubtful ! 

Gunboat  carrying  eleven  guns  sur- 
renders to  our  forces  on  Stono  River, 
S.  C. 

Burnside  has  yielded  to  Hooker,  who 
now  takes  command  of  the  army.  In 
conseqiience  gold  advances  to  152  in 
New  York.  A  good  sign!  Another 
reorganization  of  the  army  is  to  pre- 
cede offensive  operations. 

Reach  Selma,  Alabama. 


Saturday  and  Sunday. — Other  ves- 
sels run  the  blockade  with  valuable 
canoes. 

Rumored  that  we  have  had  a  naval 
victory  off  Charleston  bar. 

Monday. — The  news  from  Charleston 
comes  in  a  very  reliable  way,  and  pro- 
duces great  rejoicing.  We  are  fast  be- 
coming a  naval  power  and  shall  in  the 
end  beat  the  enemy  with  their  own 
weapons. 

Mrridiah,  January  81.— Oar  fleet  attacked 
the  blockaders  off  Charie^ton  harbor  to-day, 
sanlc  two  of  them  and  set  fire  V>  aaoiher,  the 
Quaker  City,  which  struck  tier  celors,  bat 
afterwards  escaped.  Not  one  of  the  enemy*s 
fleet  are  in  sii^ht 

Genera]  Wheeler  has  destroyed  Are  steam- 
boats on  the  Comberiand  river,  and  captured 
and  destroyed  a  locomotive  and  five  cars  a^ 
Lavergne,  capturing  the  guard. 

Tuesday. — One  of  the  Federal  rams 

f)assed  our  batteries  at  Vicksbui^  with 
ittle  damage.  Though  a  second  Gib- 
raltar, the  capture  of  this  point  is  but 
a  question  of  time  in  all  probability,  as 
all  the  means  and  resources  of  the 
enemy  will  be  brought  to  bear.  The 
report  is  that  they  are  erecting  batter- 
ies on  the  railroad  just  opposite  the 
city,  and  are,  no  doubt,  working  on 
their  famous  canal  at  the  same  time. 
Their  de«ign  would  seem  to  be,  there- 
fore, to  open  the  eanal  sufficiently  to 
pass  down  their  pontoon  boats,  and  thus 
enable  them  to  throw  heavy  columns 
of  troops  across  the  river  below  the 
city — to  run  some  of  their  gunboats 
down  under  cover  of  darkness — and 
then  make  a  simultaneous  attack  above 
and  below,  while  the  city  is  being 
shelled  from  the  central  batteries. 

The  vessel  captured  on  Stono  River, 
S.  C,  will  prove  a  valuable  prize.  She 
mounts  eleven  guns  and  haa  a  force  of 
200  men. 

The  Oveita,or  Florida,  has  destroyed 
several  Federal  vessels. 

The  French  Emperor  has  declined 
any  further  action  in  American  affiedrs, 
and  will  hold  off  until  invited  by  the 
enemy.  How  have  we  been  deceived 
and  baffled  in  all  our  foreign  oal<mla- 
tions !  History  may  explain  the  en^- 
ma  which  baffles  us  now. 

The  arrest  of  an  editor  by  lincoln 
in  Philadelphia  ^ves  rise  to  the  great- 
est excitement,  and  action  is  taken  in 
the  Legislature  and  City  Council  in 
reference  to  this  further  effort  of  the 
Washington  despotism.  The  editor  had 


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lauded  tlie  message  of  Jeffereou  Davis 
in  contrast  with  that  of  Abraham 
Lincoln. 

Vullandigham  tells  the  Federal  Con- 
gress that  the  conquest  of  the  South  is 
impossible,  afl  two  years  of  woeful  ex- 
perience has  proFea,  and  warns  them 
that  in  the  end  the  West  will  go  too. 

Gold  in  New  York  1S8,  and  cotton 
90  cts. 

The  affair  at  Charleston  is  reported 
as  follows :  (Subsequent  to  the  report  a 
part  of  the  fleet  has  returned,  bringing 
with  it  one  or  two  iron-clads,  which 
keep  steam  continually  on.) 

CoABLXSToirf  Jaanary  81. 

This  morning  the  gunboats  Palmetto  State, 
aooompinfed  ,  Dy  tlu'ee  small  steamers,  the 
€lineh,  Etoah  and  Chesterfield,  all  under 
command  of  Oommodore  Ingraham,  made  an 
attack  on  die  bloekaders  and  succeeded  in 
sinking  two  aad.  crippling  a  third.  The  en- 
gagement commenced  at  four  o^dock.  The 
Palmetto  State,  with  Commodore  lograham 
on  board,  opened  fire  n^n  the  Federal  gun- 
boat Mereeaita,  carrying  11  guns  and  158  men, 
which  was  soon  snnk  in  fire  Uithoms  water. 
Her  commander  and  boat's  crew  came  on 
board  and  surrendered.  One  shot  eatered  her 
boiler,  going  clear  through.  Her  crew  were 
paroled  by  Commodore  Ingraham. 

Captain  Tucker,  of  the  CheeVes.  reports 
the. sinking  of  another  Federal  gnnboat  and 
the  disabling  of  the  steamship  Qaaker  City. 
The  latter  was  set  on  fire  by  the  Cheeves,  and 
hauled  down  her  flag  to  surrender,  bat  after- 
wards nmnaged  to  escape,  using  only  one 
wheel.  She  was  very  badlr  damaged.  The 
number  of  Uockadcrs  outside  at  the  time  of 
the  engagement  was  thirteen,  with  two  first- 
class  f'ederal  frigates.  The  Federal  loss  is 
very  severe.  It  was  a  complete  surprise  on 
our  part,  with  not  a  man  hurt.  The  vessels 
were  not  even  struck  I 

All  the  bloekaders  have  disappeared— not 
one  to  be  seen  within  five  miles  with  the 
strongest  kind  of  a  glass. 

Wednesday,  4th  Februarit. — The 
formidal  le  fleet  and  army  concentrate 
ing  at  Beaufort,  N.C.,  and  Port  Eoval, 
are  evidently  in  contemplation  oi  an 
early  attack  upon  Charleston.  The  in- 
formation comes  to  ns  directly  by  the 
arrival  of  a  British  veesel  from  Ha- 
vanna. 

Confederate  steamer  0  veita  or  Florida 
is  committing  great  depredations  on 
Northern  commeree. 

Thursdat. — Weather  for  several 
days  stormy,  which  will  operate 
against  the  enemy  on  our  sea  coasts  as 
well  as  in  the  interior. 

Three  Federal  vessels  reported  to  be 
captured  at  Sabine  Pass,  Texas. 

Hopes  of  early  peace  grow  fainter, 
dfispite  of  the  enemy's  demoralization. 


There  will  be  much  more  hard  fight- 
ing and  suffering. 

Friday  Aim  Satdbday. — Action  near 
Alexandria,  Tennessee,  in  which  the 
enemy  loises  largely  and  Morgan's 
cavalry  very  slightly. 

Kentucky  Legislature  provides  for 
peace  commissioners  to  Washington, 
Richmond^  and  other  State  Legis- 
latures. 

Sunday. — ^No  mails  and  no  news. 

Witnessed  yesterday  the  launch  of 
two  Confederate  iron-clad  rams,  to  be 
used  in  the  defence  of  Mobile  and  the 
Alabama  Biver. 

They  will  do  good  service,  and  are 
creditable  to  Selraa. 

Monday. — Officially  stated  that  our 
captures  at  Sabine  Fass,  Texas,  em- 
braced thirteen  guns  and  property 
valued  at  one  million  dollars. 

Northern  account  that  Forrest  has 
been  repulsed  with  heavy  loss  at  Fort 
Donelson. 

After  all,  none  of  the  Idockading 
vesseis  off  Charleston  were  sunk  by 
our  gunboats.  They  were  only 
crippled. 

Banks'  army  at  Baton  Rouge  repre- 
sented as  greatly  demoralized  and  un- 
willing to  fight 

Rumors  from  New  Orleans  that  the 
U.  Su  ship-ofwar  Brooklyn  was  sunk 
by  our  steamers  Alabama  and  Harriet 
Lane. 

The  gunboat  which  passed  our  bat- 
teries the  other  day  at  Yicksburg  is 
said  to  have  captured  some  of  our 
steamers  on  the  Red  Rirer. 

Prospect  of  an  immediate  fight  at 
Yicksburg.  The  canal  is  likely  to  be 
a  snoeess,  and  transport  vessels  will, 
soon  be  enabled  to  navigate  it  The 
result  cannot  be  foreseen.  The  au- 
gury is  unfavorable.  Feara  for  Vicks- 
burg  are  well  grounded. 

Tuesday-Thursday. — Nothing  of  in- 
terest reported  in  military  movements. 
Kentucky  Legislature  orders  out 
20,000  troops  to  resist  Lincoln's  eman- 
cipation proclamation.  So  the  yoke  of 
bondage  at  last  galls,  and  there  is  a 
limit  to  submission. 

Gold  162  in  New  York. 

Floods  of  the  Mississippi  di-concert 
the  enemy  at  Yicksburg,  and  stop  their 
operations  for  the  present 

General  Sibley  has  gained  a  victory 
in  Texas. 


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Messrs.  G.  B.  Richardson  &  Co.,  of 
New  York,  are  the  publishers  of  **  A 
ik>uihern  JTittory  of  the  War^^hj  Edward 
A.  Pollard,  whJah  thej  have  issued  in 
handsome  stj)e  in  one  large  volume  and 
illustrated  with  about  twenty  steel  en- 
graved portraits  of  Confederate  statesmen 
and  generals.  This  is  the  same  work 
^  which  another  publisher  has  issued  under 
*  the  title  of  the  "Lost  Cause,"  and  to  which 
we  made  reference  in  the  last  number  of 
the  Rbyibw. 

Mr.  Richardson  ha»  also  issued  a  rerj 
superb  volume  fbr  the  Christmas  and 
New  Year's  holidays  and  for  all  home  li- 
braries, entitled  War  Poetry  of  the  South, 
edited  by  Wm.  Gilmore  Simros,  of  South 
Carolina.  The  high  reputation  of  Mr. 
Simms  will  sufficiently  recommend  the 
work,  which  he  dedicates  to  the  women 
of  the  South  "  who  have  lost  a  cause,  but 
have  made  a  triumph."  It  is  belier- 
ed  that  every  poem  or  song^  of  any  mer- 
it, inspired  by  the  war  is  included  in  the 
collection,  and  many  of  them  are  of  the 
highest  merit  and  excellence. 


Harper  and  Brothers  furnish  Bound  to 
ihe  Wheel,  a  novel,  by  John  Saunders, 
author  of  "Abel  Drake's  Wife;"/i?ia;  BoU, 
the  JiacUcal^  a  novel  by  George  Elliot,  au- 
thor of  "Adam  Bede,**  etc.^  limcU,  a  Chroo- 
ide  of  Secession,  by  George  F.  Harring- 
ton, with  illustrations.  Tbe  last  named 
it  the  production  of  a  Southern  Unionist, 
and,  of  consequence,  presents  that  view 
of  the  subject,  though  the  author  in  his 
dedication  speaks  of  the  Southern  cause 
as  **  not  overcome  by  man,  but  by  the 
sublime  will  of  Heaven^  toa  mighty  for 
the  mightiest  to  resist." 


Wm.  J.  W)  Jdleton,  of  New  York,  has 
published  Volume  III.  of  Mr.  Gayarr^'s 
great  work  on  Louisiana,  which  brings 
down  the  whole  subject  to  the  date  of  the 
secession  of  the  State  from  the  Federal 
Union  in  1860.  The  present  volume  treats 
exclusively  of  tho  American  as  the  pre- 


vious volumes  did  of  the  French  and 
Spanbh  domination  in  the  State.  Iti« 
a  work  of  the  highest  literary  interest  and 
full  of  new  material  in  regard  to  the  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana  and  the  subsequent 
schemes  of  Burr  and  others,  for  the-  sep- 
aration of  the  West  from  the  Union.  The 
work  wiH  be  appropriately  referred  to 
hereafter.  We  have  only  time  now  to 
say  that  it  is  issued  in  very  neat  style. 

We  are  indebted  to  Rrcbardson  &  Co., 
for  the  following  from  their  new  South- 
ern (Tniver^ity  Series  of  School- Booh^ 

1.  Southern  Elementary  Spelling-Book. 

2.  Southern  Pictorial  Primer. 

8.  First,  Second^    Third   and   Fourth 
Readers. 

i.  First  Lessons  in  Numbers. 
These  works  are  printed  and  bound  iir 
a  neat  and  substantial  manner,  and  are 
appropriately  illustrated,  being  edited  by 
George  Frederick  Holmes  and  Charles  S. 
Venable,  of  the  University  of  Virginia, 
gentlemen  highly  distinguished  in  the 
literary  and  educational  circles  of  tbe- 
South.  They  are  worthy  of  our  patronage. 


Messrsw  Sargeant,  Wilson  St  Pinkie,  of 
Cincinnati,  whose  advertisement  appears 
in  our  columns,  are  also  thopublishers  of 
a  series  of  School  Books,  welF  known  and 
popular  at  the  South.  The  following  ara 
laid  upon  our  table : 

1.  McGuflfey's  New  First,  Second,  Third,. 
Fourth,.  Fiah    aud  Sixth    Eelcctie 
Readers. 
9.  McGuffey's  Revised  Eclectie  Spelling 

Book. 
S.  McGuffey's  New  High  School  Reader. 

4.  do         New  Eclectic  Speaker. 

5.  Pinneo's  Series  of  Grammars. 

They  are  printed  in  a  style  which  com- 
bines beauty^  cheapness,,  and  uniformity^ 
and  immense  editions  are  published  and 
sold. 


Mr.  Colton,  172  William  Street,  Vew 
York,  the  largest  publisher  of  Maps  ia 


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663 


America,  baa  been  kind  enongb  to  for- 
ward us  a  large  mounted  map  of  Tennes- 
see, together  with  pocket  maps  of  Georgia 
and  Mississippi,  all  entirely  new,  and  em- 
bracing the  msot  recent  information  and 
with  accurate  delineation  of  railroads,  etc. 

The  assortment  o{B)chei  Mapa  issued 
bj  Oolton,  is  the  finest  and  most  exten- 
sive in  the  world,  comprising  about  250 
varieties,  of  all  styles,  including  County 
and  Township  Maps  of  all  the  States ; 
Sectional  Maps  of  all  that  have  been  thus 
surveyed ;  and  Railroad  Maps  of  various 
sections,  as  well  as  of  the  whole  country. 
Foreign  countries  are  well  shown,  both 
in  detail  and  by  Grand  Divisions.  A.II  the 
Maps  are  engraved  in  the  best  style  on 
copper  plates,  nicely  printed  on  the  best 
quality  of  thin,  but  very  strong,  map  pa- 
per, made  expressly  for  us,  beautifully 
colored,  and  put  up  in  neat  embossed 
cloth  covers  of  convenient  size,  with  side 
titles  in  gold.  They  can  be  had  at  most 
first-class  book-stores,  or  can  be  ordered^ 
and  received  by  return  mail,  by  remitting 
the  price  as  noted  in  the  descriptive  cata. 
logue,  which  wil'  be  sent  fr  •  to  all  appli- 
cants. 

The  assortment  of  Wall  Mapa  for  of- 
fices, libraries,  schools,  etc.,  is  more  exten- 
sive than  than  that  of  any  other  house  in 
the  country.  It  embraces  the  only  large 
maps  of  the  World,  and  of  Foreign  Coun- 
tries, published  in  America,  and  is  full 
and  complete  in  regard  to  general  and 
special  maps  of  the  several  sections  of  the 
United  States. 


Hurd  k  Houghton,  of  New  York— 
"  Authorship  of  Shakespeara:'  This  is  a 
volume  from  the  pen  of  Nathaniel  Holmes, 
which  will  form  the  basis  of  a  lengthy 
article  by  us  hereafter.  The  author's 
theory  is  not  new,  although  he  pushes  it 
further  than  his  predecessors  have  done. 
The  possibility  of  Shakespeare  being  the 
sole  author  of  the  plays  ascribed  to  him 
has  been  doubted  at  various  times  and 
disputed  by  various  authors.  In  1857, 
the  theory  was  started  by  a  previous 
sceptic,  that  Francis  Bacon.  Baron  Veru- 
am,  the  author  of  the  *'  Novum  Organ- 


um,"  and  the  ftither  of  Inductive  Philos- 
ophy, was  the  joint  author  with  Shake- 
speare of  the  plays  that  have  had  so  large 
a  share  in  the  education  of  mankind.  Mr. 
Holmes,  a  "  magni  nominis  umbra "  in 
literature  until  now,  endeavors  to  show 
that  no  other  person  had  a  hand  in  these 
works,  but  that  the  whole  genuine  canon 
of  Shakespeare  was  written  by  Francis 
Bacon  per  m. 

Julvua  Couar,  by  the  Emperor  Napo- 
leon. New  York :  Harper  k  brothers. 
Vol.  2  is  at  hand  and  is  elaborately  re- 
viewed in  one  of  our  leading  articles  as 
the  first  volume  was  several  months  ago. 


Surrey  of  EagUe  Neat ;  or,  Memoirs  of 
a  Staff  Officer  serving  in  Virginia  Edited 
from  theMSS.  of  J.  E.  Cooke,  author  of 
Virginia  Commedians,  with  illustrations. 
New  York,  F.  J.  Huntington  k  Co.  A 
work  full  of  the  liveliest  interest,  which 
is  greedily  sought  after  wherever  its  repu- 
tation has  extended. 


D.  Appleton  k  Co.,  place  upon  our 
table::— 

1.  iiocial  Sialica,  or  the  CondUiona  Eaaen- 
iial  to  Human  Happineaa.  By  Her- 
bert Spencer,  with  notice  of  author 
and  steel  portrait. 

This  volume,  the  first  and  most  popu- 
lariy  written  of  the  works  of  the  author, 
has  very  great  interest  in  many  respects* 
It  foreshadows  the  philosophical  system 
which  it  became  the  great  business  of  his 
life  to  unfold,  and  which  has  given  him 
so  eminent  a  place  among  British  phi- 
losophers of  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

2.  Origin  of  the  Stara  and  the  Cajtsea  of 
their  Motion  and  their  Light,  By 
Jacob  Ennis  Philad.  The  work  con- 
sists of  four  parts  :— 

Part  I.  Cause  of  the  Light  and  Heat  of 

the  Sun  and  Fixed  Stars. 
Part   II.  Force   which   Prolongs  the 

Light  and  Heat  of  the  Sun  and  Stars. 
Part  III.  Origin  of  the  Stars. 
Part  IV.  Force  which  gave  M  otion  to 

the  Stars. 
8,  Children  of  iheFroniitr,  The  iketcbe 


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and  incidents  which  form  the  leading 
feature  of  this  little  volume,  are 
from  the  pen  of  Theodore  Lund,  a 
Danish  artist,  whose  name  is  familiar 
to  many  lovers  of  art.  A  most  agree- 
able book  for  joong  persons. 


We  have  remarked  upon  the  great  pro- 
gress which  is  being  made  to  restore  our 
cities.  CharUstou  has  come  forward 
nobly  and  established  a  system  of  loan  by 
means  of  which  the  public  credit  can  be 
used  in  aid  of  individual  enterprise,  and 
soon  we  may  expect  to  see  that  noble  old 
city  resume  her  former  prosperity.  From 
Richmond  we  learn  that 

A  little  Northern  capital  came  here; 
but  nine-tenths  of  the  buildings  that  have 
been  erected,  have  been  built  with  the 
means  of  our  own  people.  Eighteen 
months  have  not  elapsed,  and  largely  up- 
wards of  half  of  the  burnt  houses  on  Main 
Street  *-  probably  t  hree-fourths  —  have 
been  replaced,  or  are  being  replaced,  with 
beautiful  and  substantial  buildings.  The 
skill  of  the  architect  has  been  taxed  to 
devise  handsome  designs  for  the  fronts, 
and  every  convenience  that  experience 
has  taught  to  be  useful  in  carrying  on 
particular  branches  of  business,  has  beeu 
introduced  into  the  interior  of  the  new 
buildings.  Already,  Main  Street  is  one 
of  the  handsomest  business  streets  in  the 
city,  and  when  existing  gaps  in  it  are 
filled  up  and  the  rubbish  is  removed, 
we  will  have  reason  to  be  proud  of  the 
taste,  energy  and  determination  of  our 
people.  But  the  rebuilding  is  not  con- 
fined to  Main  street  Many  handsome 
and  convenient  business  houses  have  been 
built  on  Gary  street,  and  many  others  are 
now  going  up.  A  handsome  building  has 
been  erected  on  Shockoe  Slip  as  a  tobac- 
co exchange.  The  Gallego  mills,  which 
were  the  largest  flour  mills  in  the  world, 
are  being  rebuilt  with  increased  capacity 
for  making  flour.  Many  of  the  cross  streets 
between  Main  and  Cfary,  have  been  re- 
built almost  entirely;  and  all  through  the 
burnt  district  from  the  armory  to  four- 
teenth street,  and  on  Byrd  Island,  may  be 
heard  the  sound  of  the  hammer  and 
trowel. 

And  nearlv  all  of  this  work  has  been 
done  and  is  being  carried  on  with  South- 
ern capital.  It  is  not  done  on  credit,  for 
the  mechanics  employed  get  their  wages 
weekly.  The  old  adage  that  "  it  is  an  ill 
wind  that  blows  good  to  no  one,  "  is  ex- 
emplified in  this  instance.  Nearlv  all  of 
our  ^mechanics,  carpenters,  bricklayers, 
brickmakers,  painters,  plumbers,  and.  in 
fjswt,  nearly  every  branch  of  meohanical 


art  has  had  constant  and  lucrative  em- 
ployment for  the  past  twelve  month  s. 

We  referi  ed,  in  another  place,  to  the 
pumphlet  in  regard  to  Southern  lands  re- 
cently issued  by  Mr.  Withers,  of  Jackson, 
Miss.  Now  is  the  time,  if  ever,  for  North" 
ern  and  foreign  capital  to  find  openings  for 
the  most  advantageous  investments.  In 
a  year  or  two  from  this  time,  matters  will 
be  very  different.  There  is  a  popular 
idea  at  the  North,  that  immigrants  to  the 
South  are  exposed  to  some  sort  of  moles- 
tation. This  is  entirely  unfounded,  as 
the  following  certificate,  issued  from 
Madison  county.  Miss.,  will  show : 

We,  the  undersigned.  Northern  men 
and  new  settlers,  have  bought  and  leased 

Elantations  in  the  county  of  Madison, 
[ississippi,  since  the  close  of  the  late 
war;  employing  freedmen  and  tilling  our 
lands  with  tneir  work.  We  have  noticed 
many  letters  iu  the  Northern  papers, 
which,  so  far  as  our  locality  U  concerned, 
we  consider  defamatory,  exaggerated  and 
uncalled  for ;  and  should  we  remain  si- 
lent to  misre]^resentations  of  onr  locality 
and  its  old  citizens,  it  would  be  unjust 
towards  those  who  have  received  us  hos- 
pitably and  treated  us  with  civility. 

In  our  neighborhood  are  many  who 
have  suffered  Tosses  of  mules  and  horses, 
among  them,  some  of  the  undersigned. 
But  old  residents  have  suffered  from  such 
losses  more  severely  than  new  settlers ; 
thus  proving  mule  thieves  will  steal 
mules,  no  matter  where  found.  Witb 
our  neighbors  we  have  had  no  difficulties, 
and  none  but  satisfactory  business  rela- 
tions. 

The  freedmen  work  for  whom    they 
please  to  contract  witb,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  farm  laborers  at  the  North.     In 
numerous  instances  they  are  employed 
by  Northern  men  who  are  their  ola  mas- 
ters' nearest  neighbors.     We  think   our 
lives  and  property  as  safe  as  those  of  old 
residents;  that  we  can  obtain  justice  in 
the  courts  if  obliged  to  take  that  coarse, 
and  that  new  comers  can  feel  as  secure 
here  as  in  any  sparsely  settled  agricultu- 
ral community  of  our  Western  States. 
Col.  J.  A.  Bingham,  of  St.  Louis,  former- 
ly of  1st  Penn,  Cavalry. 
Frederick  Billings,  formerly  of  Worces- 
ter, Mass. 
P.  B.  Pratt,  formerly  of  Worcester,  Mass. 
L.  B.  Smith,  formerly  of  Grafton,  Mass. 
John  Humphreys,  formerly  of  England. 
Arthur  Mathewson,  late  Surgeon  U.S.  N. 
George  Lyons,  formerly  of  Ireland. 
J.   B.   Richardson,  formerly  of  Boston, 

Mass. 
R.  J.  Rose,  late  Captain  U.  S.  Y.,  form- 
erly of  Western  Penn. 


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0.  H.  Smith,  late  of  Trumbull  City,  Ohio. 
H.  K.  Austiu,  late  of  Borden,  N.  J. 
Chauncey  Tyler,  late  of  Connecticut. 
Mark  Prime,  late  A.  Q.  M.,  U.  S.  V., 

Maine. 
J.  W.  Deering,  late  of  Maine. 

The  following  statement  we  believe  to 
be  very  nearly  correct  in  showing  the  ex- 
penses and  profits  on  a  well  conducted 
Southern  cotton  estate  in  ordinary  sea- 
sous  : 

Estimate  of  the  expense  and  profit  in 
cultivating  650  acres  of  Mississippi  or 
Yazoo  Valley  land— say  500  acres  m  cot- 
ton, and  160  acres  in  corn. 

EXPEKSBS. 

To  hire  50  of  hands,  at  $160  per 

annum $7,500 

To  50  bbls.  Mess  Pork,  at  $40  per 

bbl 2,000 

To  12i  bbls.  Molasses,  at  $40  per 

bbl 500 

To  Medicines 500 

"  80  Mules  at  $175  each, 6,250 

•*  2500  bushels  of  corn  at  $1.25 

per  bushel 8,126 

To  Fodder  and  Hay 1,000 

"  Wagons,  Ploughs,  Hoes,  Gear- 
ing, Ac,   Ac 2,000 

To  Wages  of  Superintendent ....  1,250 

**  Oxen,  Milch  Cows,  Ac 1,000 

"  Stock  Hogs,  to  raise  bacon, 

for  next  year 600 

To  Incidental  Expenses 1,500 


Total  Expenses $26,125 


By  500  bnles  cotton  of  4001b8. 

each,  at  80  cts $60,000 

By  6,000  bushels  of  corn,  at  $1 

per  bushel 5,000 

Bv  Fodder  and  Hay 1,500 


Total  Income $66,500 

Deduct  expenses  as  above 26,125 


Leaving  for  net  profit $40,875 

A  plantation  in  the  Mississippi  Yalley 
that  would  have  650  acres  of  open  land, 
would  probably  contain  1500  acres  in  the 
entire  tract;  and  estimating  this  at  $25 

§er  acre,  would  make  $87,500,  which  de- 
noted from  $^0,375,  the  net  amount  of 
profit,  would  leave  a  surplus  of  $2,875, 
after  pa>'ing  for  1500  acres  of  choice  val- 
ley land,  and  all  the  mules,  cattle,  hogs, 
farming  implements,  Ac. 

We  bare  received  a  copy  of  the  admi- 
rable address  delivered  before  the  Fir- 
ginia  AgricuUvrdl  Convention  by  the 
Hon.  Willoughby  Newton,  President, 
and  shall  refer  to  it  more  fully  hereafter. 


We  can  only  now  extract  the  just  and 
heartfelt  tribute  which  he  pays  to  those 
eminent  and  pure  Virgiftia  patriots  and 
farmers,  St.  George  Cocke  and  Edmund 
Ruffin :  fij 

Philip  St.  George  Cocke  was  the  soul 
of  chivalry  and  the  type  of  the  true  Yir- 

§inia  gentleman.  He  entered  upon  the 
ischarge  of  his  duties  as  President  of 
this  societjr  with  all  the  ardor  and  enthu- 
siasm of  his  nature,  and  by  his  princely 
munificence  and  enlightened  zeal  was 
chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  the  bril- 
liant success  of  our  first  and  most  magni- 
fient  exhibition.  His  sensitive  nature  felt 
too  keenly  the  troubles  of  his  country,  and 
be  died  a  martyr  in  her  cause.  The  pu- 
rity of  his  character  and  the  beneficence 
of  his  actions  were  such  that,  if  he  must 
die,  he  left  his  friends  but  one  cause  of 
regret — that  he  had  not  fallen  on  the  field 
of  battle,  where  he  courted  death  in  de- 
fence of  his  native  State,  which  he  so 
dearly  loved. 

Of  Edmund  Ruffin  what  shall  I  say? 
A  character  of  contrasts.    By  his  stern 
integrity,  and  his  kind,  genial  and  affec- 
tionate manner  to  his  friends,  he  secured 
their  highest  admiration    and  warmest 
regard.    By  his  occasional  acerbity  of 
temper,  which  no   one  more  regretted 
than  himself,  he  sometimes  incurred  the 
lasting  displeasure  of  gentlemen  who,  if 
they  could  have  known  him  better  and 
had  approached  him  under  different  aus- 
pices, would  have  learned  to  love  and  res- 
pect him  for  the  sterling  traits  of  his  char- 
acter.    He    was  a  man   to  have  warm 
fViends    and   bitter   enemies.     But    the 
grave   covers  all    animosities.     As   an 
agriculturist  he   was   without  a    rival, 
lie  opened  a  new  path  to  agricultural 
improvement,   and  boldly  led  the  way. 
His  writings  are  a   monument  of  the 
acutenesa  and  comprehensiveness  of  his 
intellect,  of  his  great  research,  and  of  the 
zeal  and  energy  of  his  efforts  to  improve 
his  native  State.    Posterity  will  regard 
him  as  a  man  of  mark  in  the  age  in 
which  he  lived ;  this  Society  will  continue 
to  venerate  his  name ;  and  Virginia  will 
ever  remember  him  as  one  of  her  great- 
est benefactors.    He  felt  the  keenest  in- 
terest in  the  progress  and  result  of  the 
late  disastrous  civil  war.    He  lived  te 
hear  of  the  fall  of  Richmond   and  the 
surrender  of  Lee.    With  the  calm  sereni- 
tjr  of  Cato,  he  arjgued  his  right  to  take 
his  life;  and,  having  resolvea  not  to  sur- 
vive the  liberties  of  his  country,  he  fol- 
lowed   the    example    of  the    iHustrious 
Roman.    Let  us  cover  with  the  veil  of 
charity  ihe  infirmity  of  a  great  intellect 
unbalanced  by  public  and  private  grief, 
and  finally  overwhelmed  by  a  sense  of 
the  utter  ruin  of  his  country. 


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EDITORIAL  NOTES,   ETC, 


Thi  great  AgrievUural  and  Manu/ae- 
iuring  Fair  at  New  OrUarUf  held  during 
last  month,  wa»  in  many  respects  a  sue 
cess,  and  it  is  intended  to  continue  them 
annually  at  that  point.  The  happiest  re- 
sults will  follow.  We  r^oice  at  such 
evidences  of  awakening  Southern  enter 
prise  aud  spirit,  and  will  endeavor  in  the 
next  number  of  the  Review  to  give  the 
full  particulars  of  the  Fair. 

The  article  on  Missouri  in  the  Novem- 
ber number  of  the  Review,  was,  we 
learn,  from  the  pen  of  S.  Waterhouse, 
Esq.,  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  written  at  the 
instance  of  Governor  Fletcher,  in  behalf 
of  the  Missouri  State  Board  of  Immigra- 
tion. 

Id^  The  Review  fob  1867.— With  our 
next  Number  will  commence  the  TTUrd 
Yolume  of  the  New  Series,  and  the  thirty- 
fourth  volume  of  the  Review. 

It  it  a  faDorabld  time  for  new  mlscrib- 
ert  to  send  in  their  nanus,  for  Clube  to  be 
formed  at  our  reduced  rates,  aiuifor  remit- 
tances to  be  made^  of  which  we  are  in  great 
need. 

The  expenses  of  the  Review  are  three 
times  what  they  were  in  former  days  ! 
Even  the  most  trifling  sums  are  gratefully 
received.  We  know,  and  make  all  allow- 
ance for,  the  necessities  of  the  country ; 
but  there  are  numbers  who,  bjr  a  very 
small  effort,  or  sacrifice,  might  aid  us  in 
this  contingency. 

REVIEW  ADVERTISING  INDEX. 

Agricaltural  Implements — Machinery,  etc.— R.  H. 
Allen  &  Co. ;  Dani«l  Pratt ;  Pitkin,  Wiard  h 
Co. ;  Emery  Brothers ;  W.  O.  Clemons,  Brown 
It  Co. ;  E.  O.  Blatherwick. 

Books,  Bibles,  etc  —James  Potts  ;  John  P.  Mor- 
ton fc  Co.  ;  Richardson  h  Co. 

Boots  aud  Shoes.— John  Slater. 

Bankers  and  Exchange.— Duncan,  Sherman  h  Co. 
C.  W.  Porcell&Co. ;  E.  Q.  Bell ;  Lockwood 
Ic  Co. ;  Connor  &  Wilson ;  Bnice  &  Co 

Brokers.— Gold  and  Silver,  Real  Estate,  etc ;  Mor- 
gan McCloud,  Murphy  8i  Cash. 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Directory. 

Cincinnatti,  Ohio,  Directory 

Cards.— Cotton  and  Wool ;  Juo.  H.  Haskell. 

Cotton  Factors.— Crews,  Wilson,  Bradford  b  Co. 

Coppersmiths,  Engineers,  etc.— Thomas  Gannon,  J. 
Wyatt  Reid. 

Clothing,  Shirts,  &c.— S.  N.  Mtjody  ;  Henry  Mwre 
&  Oenung. 

Collection  and  Commission  Merchants.— Taylor, 
McEwen  and  Blew. 


Dry  Goods.— Butler,  Broom  %t,  Clapp. 

Druggist— S.  Mansfield  It  C«.  Jas.  GonegaL 

Emigration  Companies.— John  Williams. 

Engravers,  etc— Ferd  Meyer  &  Co ;  J.  W.  Oir. 

Eyes.- Dr  Foote. 

Express  Companies.— Southern. 

Fertilizers,  etc.— John  8.  Reese  8l  Co. ;  Allen  K 
Needles;  Baugfa  It  Sons;  Graham,  EnUen 
&  Passmore  ;  Tasker  and  Clark. 

Fancy  Goods.— J.  M.  Bowon  It  Co. 

Fire  Arms.— B.  Kitbridge  &  Co. 

Fire  Bricks— Maurer  A  Weber. 

Gardon  Seeds,  etc— D.  LAudreth  It  Sons. 

Grocers.— Baskerville,  Sherman  It  Co. 

Hotels  —Exchange  Hotel,  Bamet  House 

Hardware,  etc.— G.  Wolfe  Bruce ;  C.  H.  Slocoodi ; 
Cboate  &  Co. ;  OrgiU,  Bxoe.  fc  Co. ;  E.  Rob- 
bins  8t  Bradley. 

Insurance  Companies.- £toa ;  Accidental ;  Stat«, 
MaKhville. 

Iron  Railings,  etc—Robert  Wood  fc  Co.;  W.  P. 
Hood. 

Iron  Safes.— Herring  It  Co. 

Jewelry,  etc.— Tiffany  It  Co. ;  Ball,  BUu^  k.  Co. 

Lawyers.— Ward  &  Jones ;  H.  C-  Myeis. 

Liquors.-  L.  L.  Burrell  k,  Co* 

Loan  Agency.— Department  Business,  oU.— Na- 
tional Bank  of  Metropolis. 

Machinery,  Steam. Engines,  Saw  Mills,  Carding, 
Spinning  and  Weaving,  etc— Bndesbnrg  Maa- 
ulacturing  Company,  Jacob  B.Schenck :  Puole 
&  Hum  :  Smith  &  Sayre :  Jus.  A.  Robuison ; 
Oc'u.  Pago  &  Co. :  Edmund  M.  Ivcns ;  Lane  k. 
Bodley  ;  Joseph  Harrison,  Jr. ;  J.  £.  Steven- 
son.   J.  H.  Duval ;  Wood  It  Mauu. 

Mill  Stones.- J,  Bradford  &  Co. 

Military  Equipment8.—J.  M.  Migeod  k.  Son. 

Medicines,  etc.— Brnndreth's  ;  Dr.  W.  E.  Mcr- 
wm ;  Kadway  k  Co. ;  Tarrant  It  Co. 

Musical  Instruments.— F.  Zogbaum  k  Fairchild  ; 
Sonutagg  k  Bcggs. 

Masonic  Emblems — B.  T.  Haywaid 

Nurseries.- Ellwaiiger  It  Barry. 

Organs— Parlur,  etc— Pcloubet,  Pelton  It  Co. 

Paint,  etc.— Pecora  Lead  and  Color  Company. 

Patent  Limbs.— W.  Selpho  It  Son. 

Pens— R.  Estcrbrook  &  Co. ;  Stimpson. 

Perfumers.— C.  T.  Lodge. 

Pianos.— W.  Kiiabe  It  Co. ;  Stodard. 

Photographers.— Brady ;  HalL 

Rop«.— J.  T.  Douglas. 

Scales — Fairbanks  It  Co. 

Straw  Goods.— Bost wick,  Sabin  k  Clark. 

Steamships.— James  Connoly  k  Co. ;  LivimestoD, 
Fox  &  Co.  ,         »^  »«-, 

Statiobers.- Francis  k  Loutrel ;  E.  R.  Wagener. 

Soap,  Starch,  etc.— B.  T.  Babbit. 

Southtsru  Bilturs,  etc.-C  H.  Ebbcrt  It  Co. 

Sewing  Machines.— Singer  k  Co ;  Finkle  It  Lyon. 

Steel.— Sanderson  Brothers  &  Co. 

Silver  and    Plated  Ware — Windin  It  Co.  ;  Wm. 

Wilson  It  Son.  W.  Gale,  Jr. 
Tobacco  Dealers,  etc — Dohan,  Carroll  &  Co. 
Tin  Ware.— S.  J.  Hare  It  Co. ;  J.  B.  Duval  It  Son. 
Tailors.- Derby  k  Co.;   Harlem  k  Co. 
Universities  and  Law  Schools. 
Wirn  Work  Railings,  etc — M  Walker  It  Sons. 
Washing  Machines  and  Wringers  and  Mangles — r 

R.  C.  Browning  ;  Jno.  Ward  k  Co. ;  Oakey  lb 

Keating.  Robt  Duncan. 


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SOCTHERN  ESTATES  IX  THE  MARKET. 


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SOUTHERN  ESTATES  IN  THE  MARKET. 


W.  T.  Withers,  of  Jackson,  Miss.,  who  is 
one  of  the  most  reliable  gentlemen  in  the 
Soath,  and  one  whose  statements  it  gives  us 
pleasure  to  indorse,  has  issued  a  pamphlet 
containing  a  list  of  over  100  ^ne  Southern 
estates  which  have  been  placed  in  his  hands 
for  tale.  We  condense  from  the  pamphlet  a 
few  facts  in  regard  to  each  estate,  but  tall  in- 
formation will  be  fiirnished  bjr  Mr.  Withers 
whenever  addressed  npon  the  subject.  His 
references  are  the  best  in  the  country,  and 
will  be  forwarded  when  desired.  Ue  proposes 
to  purchase  and  sell  estaU'S,  and  will  guaran- 
tee satisfaction.  Will  examine  titles  and  pre- 
paie  papers,  and  aid  in  obtaining  the  most 
satisfactory  superintendents  and  managers  for 
estates.  Northern  capitalist)  thny  feel  bafe  in 
his  hands.— EDrroB. 

1.  Plantation  in  Madison  parish,  Louisiana, 
1800  acres,  1100  uf  which  cleared  and  ready 
for  cultivation.  Splendid  improvemuuts ;  ad- 
mirable for  stock-raising.  Price  $60,000, 
half  cash.  The  owner  would  prefer  a  part- 
nership with  some  one  haviug  money. 

2.  Plantation  in  the  same  parish,  2698 
acres,  of  which  800  well  cleared  and  200  more 
deadened,  das  produced  three  bales  to  acre. 
Good  improvcmeuts.  Frlue  $80,UOU;  worth 
$140,000  before  war.  Ualf  inicresi  would  be 
sold. 

8.  Plantation,  M&dison  county.  Miss.,  near 
Canton,  2690  acres,  of  which  lloo  in  cultiva- 
tion. Excellent  buildings,  etc  House  cost 
$22,500  in  1S0O.  Laborers  nuw  on  the  phice. 
Price  $10  per  acre,  cash. 

6.  Plantation  same  county,  iSve  miles  from 
Canton,  850  acres,  6oO  opened;  good  im- 
provemeuls.    $7  per  acre. 

6.  Pluniation  came  county,  1450  acres,  1150 
cleared  aud  in  cultivation ;  Jine  improvements* 
hor&eh  unit  uiher  agricultural  siook,and  laborers 
on  the  place.  Price  $88,000,  of  which  $20,000 
cash. 

7.  Plantation  in  Warren  county,  Miss., 
three  miles  from  Yicksburg,  1500  acres,  700 
acres  cleared.  Magulficent  place,  secure  from 
high  water.    Price  $80  per  acre,  $15,000  cash. 

8.  Volley  Plantation.  Tazoo  county.  Miss. 
1700  acres,  of  which  800  are  cleared.  Place 
now  occupied  by  Northern  lessees.  Splendid 
estate.    Price  $87  per  acre  in  instalments. 

9.  Plantation,  Benton  county.  Miss.,  five 
miles  from  Benton,  1597  acres,  7oO  clear«d. 
Price  $7  per  acre,  half  cash. 

10.  Plantation  on  Yazoo  River,  near  Sartatla, 
1800  acrets  250  in  cultivation ;  splendid  wood 
land;  good  houses.  Price  $12.60  per  acre, 
cash. 

11.  Plantation,  Sunflower  county,  Miss, 
1090  acres,  500  cleared  and  deadened;  good 
shipping  point  and  Improvements.  Place  now 
worked;  $15peracre,  half  cash. 

12.  Valley  Plantation,  adjoining  Greenwood, 


on  the  Yazoo,  Miss.,  1560  acres,  450  in  culti- 
vation ;  fine  improvements.  Now  rented  at 
$10  per  acre.    Price  $40  per  aero,  half  cash. 

14.  Phintation,  Sunflower  county.  Miss.,  four 
miles  from  Tallahatchie,  2700  acres,  400 
cleared.    $10  per  acre. 

15.  Same  county,  840  acres,  half  cleared. 
Price  $40  per  acre. 

16.  Same  county,  2160  acres,  1800  cleared  or 
deadened.  Laborers  on  the  place.  Excellent 
stock  and  improvements.  Price  $78,500,  half 
cash.    Magnincent  place. 

17.  Same  county,  1200  acres,  half  cleared,  and 
above  overflow.    Price  $60,000,  half  down. 

18.  Plantation,  thirteen  miles  above  Yazoo 
City,  Miss.,  1640  acres.  500  cleared,  and  above 
overflow.    Price  $40,000,  half  cash. 

19.  Splendid  estate  on  Yaxoo,  Holmes  county, 
Miatw,  »,500  acres,  1800  opened  and  now  nndcr 
cultivation  ;  free  from  overflow ;  madiinery 
run  by  stoaui.  Excellent  improvements  of  all 
kinds.  PricM)  $100,000.  Laborers  on  the 
place. 

21.  Plantation  on  Tensas  River,  La.,  Madi- 
son parish,  1000  acres,  800  cleared.  Sold  lor 
$60  gold  before  the  war.  Price  now  $80groen- 
badu  per  acre. 

22.  Plantation,  Carroll  parish,  La.,  2000 
acres,  half  cleared,  good  house,  well  drained. 
Price  $80  per  acre. 

25.  Plantation,  Chicot  county.  Ark.,  eight 
miles  from  the  Missisbippi,  14U0  acres,  one- 
tntrd  cleared  and  Improved.  Price  $18  per 
acre,  cash.    Prefers  to  sell  half  interest. 

26.  Pluuuiti on,  sixteen  miles  from  Grenada, 
Miss.,  650  uereb,  one-third  cleared.  Price  $12 
per  acre. 

27.  PhuiUttion,  nine  miles  from  Grenada 
570  acres,  400  cleared.    Price  $8500,  half  cash. 

28.  Piuntatlon,  Carroll  county.  Miss.,  two 
miles  from  railroad,  1179  acreh,  half  cleared 
and  in  cultivation.  Excellent  improvements. 
Corn  and  saw-mill,  etc  Price  1^15  per  acre, 
half  cash. 

29.  Plantation,  Carroll  county,  two  and  a 
hall  miles  from  Vaiden,  lb4o  acres,  400  cleared. 
Price  $14  per  acre. 

80.  Plantation,  Carroll  county,  800  acres, 
800  cleared.    IMee  $6  per  acre. 

81.  Plantation,  Carroll  cotmty,  1440  acres, 
800  cleared.    Price  $5.50  per  acre  gold. 

82.  Plantation,  Carroll  county,  near  Duck 
Uiil,  1400  acres,  6oO  cleared.  iUcellent  Im- 
provements ;  laborers  ou  place.  Price  $20  per 
acre. 

85.  Plantation,  Madison  county,  Miss^  1120 
acres,  nearly  all  cleared.  Splendid  Improve- 
ments. House  cost  $10,000  in  gold.  Prico  for 
place  $80,000. 

86.  Plantation,  Hinds  county,  Miss.,  1700 
acres,  600  cleared.    Price  $15  per  acre. 

87.  Plantation,  Hinds  county.  Miss.,  820 
acres,  mostly  cleared.    (Sold  cheap.) 

40.  Phintation  in  Hinds  county,  Miss.,  six 
miles  west  of  JadMon,  containing  560  acres 
850  cleared.    Price  $10  per  acre,  all  cosh. 


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SOUTHERN. ESTATES  IN  THE  MARKET. 


42.  PlanUtlnn  In  Holmes  county,  MlM., 
oontaining  755  acres,  400  acres  opoi#  Price 
$5  per  acre,  in  gold,  all  down. 

48.  Nnmber  one  cotton  plantation  In  TTolmes 
coanty.  Miss.,  containing  2800  acres,  600  acres 
cleared.  Price  $25  iwr  acre.  The  owner  pro- 
fera  to  sell  a  capitalist  one-half  interest 

45.  Plantation  in  Tallabusba  countr,  Miss., 
containing  888  acres,  800  acres  clearea.  Price 
$8.50  per  acre. 

46.  Planlhtion  in  Warren  oonnty,  Miss.,  ten 
ml  les  east  of  Yleksbnrg,  containing  240  acres 
of  very  rich  upland,  140  acres  cleared.  Price 
$16  per  acre. 

47.  Plantation  In  Glalbomo  eonnty.  Miss., 
contaiBlng  2000  acres  of  choice  land.  Price 
$25  per  acre. 

48.  Plantation  adjoining  the  above,  contain- 
ing 660  acres.    Price  $15  per  acre. 

49.  Plantation  in  Adams  eonnty,  Miss., 
twelve  miles  from  Natchez,  1500  acres.  900 
acres  cleared.  Fencing  in  good  repair.  Price 
$25,000,  in  payments. 

60.  Mississippi  Yalley  plantation,  on  Tensas 
River,  In  Concordia  pariah,  La.,  2607  acres, 
600  of  which  are  clenred.    Price  $25  per  aero. 

51.  Plantation  on  Tensas  River.  In  Concor- 
dia parish.  La.,  1688  acres,  1400  acr<^s  cleared 
and  ready  for  cultivation.  This  plaoe  will  be 
leased. 

52.  Plantation  in  the  same  vicinity,  contain- 
ing 810d*cres,  1800  acres  ready  for  cnlllvatlon, 
with  vetf  fine  steam  gin  and  mill.  This  place 
will  be  leased  very  low  to  a  responsible  ten- 
ant. 

58.  Plantation  fironting  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  in  Isaquena  county.  Miss.  796  acres. 
This  plaoe  was  not  aff«>ctc(l  by  the  high  water 
of  1865-66.    Price  $80,000. 

54.  Plantation  on  the  Yazoo  River,  four 
miles  below  Yazoo  City,  containing  1310 acres, 
450  cleared,  and  250  acres  deadened.  Price 
$85  per  acre. 

55.  A  very  fine  Mississippi  Yalley  planta- 
tion, fifteen  miles  west  of  Yazoo  City,  Miss., 
oontaining  1108  acres,  300  acres  In  cultivation, 
200  acres  more  deadened.  Price  $21  per  acre, 
cash. 

56.  Yalley  plantation  In  Washington  county, 
^•l|U|2^ontalnlng  1600  acres,  600  acres  opened 
ifflHn^or  cultivation.    Fetec  $30  per  acre. 

5^  Plantation  and  wood-yard  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  in  Washington  county,  containing 
d!0O  acres,  400  acres  cleared.  Price  $20  per 
acre,  cash. 

53.  Plantation  on  the  bank  of  Rod  River,  in 
the  State  of  La.,  containing  2500  acres,  1250 
acres  in  a  fine  state  of  cttltlvation.  This  place 
has  on  it  100  good  ha^ds,  who  are  attached  to 
the  plaoe,  and  most  ef  them  will  remain. 
Only  an  InUrest  of  five-elgUJ^s  Is  offered  for 
sale.  "^ 

60.  Plantation  In  Noxubee  county.  Miss., 
containing  480  acres  of  very  choice  cotton 
land,  800  acres  In  cultivation.  Price  $15  per 
acre.  / 

61.  Plantation  In  Kemper  county.  Miss., 
containing  1750  acres,  1000  acres  cleared  and 
under  good  fence.  Price  $14  per  acre  in  gold 
or  silver. 

62.  A  strictly  first-class  cotton  plantation 
in  Mississippi,  twenty-one  miles  west  of  the 


city  of  Columbus.  Miss.,  containing  MlTf 
acres,  ItOO  acres  open  for  cultivation.  Price 
$84,000,  cash. 

63.  Prairie  plantation  In  Lowndes  county » 
Miss.,  containing  872  acres,  with  80  acres  ad- 
dltlooal,  detached  from  the  main  tract,  800 
acres  in  cultivation.    Price  $10,0(H). 

64.  Plantation  near  Brandon,  Mlss^  contain- 
ing 560  acres,  200  acres  cleared.  Price  $8  par 
acre  ca.nh.  ^ 

B&.  Small  plantation,  four  miles  south  of 
Brandon,  containing  160  acres.  Price  $10  per 
acre. 

67.  Plantation  in  Simpson  county,  900  acres, 
800  cleared,  the  rest  heavily  timbered  with 
pine  and  other  valuable  timber.  Price  $8  per 
acre. 

68.  Fine  plantation  in  Madison  countj* 
Miss.,  containing  987  acres,  575  acres  cleared 
and  now  in  cultivation.  Price  for  the  entire 
property  $17,500  cash.  This  is  a  productive 
and  very  desirable  cotton  plantation,  and  haa 
much  over  an  average  crop  on  It  this  season. 

69.  Choice  cotton  plantation,  adjoining  the 
town  of  Vernon,  In  Madison  county,  Hisa., 
containing  1555  acres,  sbont  900  acrea  cleared, 
and  most  of  it  In  cultivation  this  season.  Prko 
$12  per  acre. 

70.  Plantation  In  Madison  county.  Miss., 
throe  miles  north-west  of  Canton,  the  county 
seat,  containing  1800  acres,  about  900  acres 
cleared.    Price  $15  per  acre,  in  p.iymonta. 

71.  Plantation  in  Madison  county.  Miss., 
Immediately  on  the  line  of  the  New  Orleans 
and  Jackson  Railroad,  two  miles  south  of 
Cnnton,  containing  1000  acres,  700  cleared- 
Price  $15  per  acre. 

72.  Plantation  In  Madison  county.  Miss., 
three  miles  from  Madison  Station,  oimtainlng 
1466  acres,  about  1000  acres  cleared,  the  rest 
finely  timbered.    Price  $16  per  acre. 

78.  PlantaUon  on  Big  Black  River,  in  AtUla 
county,  Miss.,  one  and  a  half  miles  fh>m  Good- 
man Station,  on  Mississippi  Central  Railroad. 
2000  acres,  800  acres  of  open  land,  almost  all 
bottom  land.    Price  $  10  per  acre,  cash. 

75.  Plantation  in  Carroll  county.  Miss.,  six 
miles  from  Valden  Station,  on  the  Mississippi 
Central  Railroad,  1600  acres  of  productive 
land,  600  acres  cleared  and  in  cultivation  this 
season.  Freedmen  on  the  place  to  work  it, 
and  have  remained  on  It  during  the  war. 
Price  $10  per  acre. 

77.  Plantation  io  Holmes  ooanty.  Miss. 
Price  $7.50  per  acre  in  gold. 

78.  Plantation  In  Yazoo  county.  Miss.,  six 
miles  fh>m  Yanghan^s  Station,  on  the  Mlsftls* 
slppl  Central  Railroad,  1040  aore^  650  acres 
cleared  and  under  good  fences.  Price  $8  per 
acre. 

79.  Plantation  lying  on  both  sldoa  of  the 
Mississippi  Central  Railroad,  at  Yaugban's 
SUtlon,  conUining  2000  acres,  800  acres  clear- 
ed.   Price  $12  per  acre. 

80.  PlnnUtion  in  Yazoo  county,  Mlsa.,  twelvo 
miles  from  Yanghan's  SUtion,  and  seventeen 
miles  from  Yazoo  City,  O40  acres,  400  acres 
cleared.    Price  $20  per  acre. 

61.  Plantation  on  Big  Black  River,  in  Yazoo 
county,  Miss.,   containing   2800/<M»e^   1100 


cleared.    Price  $15  per  acre  In  gold. 


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