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Entomologist’s 
Record 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


—— 


EDITED BY 
J. M. CHALMERS HUNT, F.R.E.S. 


Vol. 86 
1974 


Price £4.50 net. 


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iii 


CONTENTS 


Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. 
Lepidoptera of R. M. Palmer 
333i AWB} 

‘Abraxas. grossulariata (Linn.) (Lep.: 
Geometridae). New and Inade- 
quately Described Aberrations of 
G. E. Hutchinson, 199 

Acherontia atropos and other migrants 
in S. Devon. Alan Kennard, 24 

Acherontia atropos L. in Essex in 
1933. R. R. Cook, 5 

Acherontia atropos Linn. and Hyles 
gallii Rottemburg in Somerset and 
Dorset in 1973. B. J. Taylor, 28 

Acherontia atropos L. in Kent. P. A. 
Sokoloff, 246 

Adela croesella (Hartig) in Perthshire. 
J. Roche, 54 

Agrotera nemoralis Scop. in Kent. 
E..S. Bradford, 170 

Albarracin and Vicinity Spain, in 1973. 
J. and M. Dacie and J. and D. 
Greenwood, 208 

Alcis jubata (Thunberg) in Ireland. 
B. J. Lempke, 169. 

Aloeides thyra (L.) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) 
with notes on Ant Association, 
Distribution and General Ecology 
. of the Species. C. G. C. Dickson 
and A. J. M. Claassens, 253 

Andricus lignicollis (Hartig) (Hym.: 
Cynipidae) in. South East Eng- 
land: A Species New to Britain. 
Margaret M. Hutchinson, 158 

Antigonon ~~ leptosus (Polygonaceae). 
Butterflies feeding on D. G. 
Sevastopulo, 247 

Atolmis rubricollis L. on the Cornish 
Coast. C. G. M. de Worms, 224 

Ayer’s Rock, Northern Territory, 
Australia, Nov: 13-15, 1973. 
Observing butterflies at P. C. 

; Hawker, 241 

Blastobasis  decolorella Wollaston 
(Lep.: Blastobasidae) Attacking 
Stored Apples S. N. A. Jacobs, 27 

Butterflies in 1973. Observations on 
British C. J. Luckens, 188 

petterily trapping. D..G. Sevasiopulo, 


Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hubner). 
Some notes on, P. A. Sokoloff, 
248 

Callicera spinolae Rondani (Diptera: 
‘Syrphidae) in Cambridgeshire. /. 
Perry, 93 He 

Capys alphaeus (Cramer) (Lep.: 
Lycaenidae) emerging from a 
Protea Head in Getmany. Eduard 
Hofer, 169 

Cheilosa sahlbergi (Diptera: Syrphi- 
dae) in Britain. Martin C. D. 
Speight, 193 


Cionini (Col.) Mainly arising out of 
Mr Cunningham’s Findings in the 
Portsmouth Area. Notes on 
British A. A. Allen, 265 

Cionus and Cleopus (Col.: Curcu- 
lionidae) in South Hampshire, 
1973. Studies on the Occurrence 
and Distribution of the Genera 
P. Cunningham, 184 

Conistra rubiginea D. & S. (Dotted 
Chestnut) in North Surrey. Peter 
A. Martin, 168 

Conservation of British Insects. Joint 
Committee for the, 164 

Cornwall. Lepidoptera of South and 
Central J. E. Marshall, 224 

Cosmetopus Becker (Dipt.: Scato- 
phagidae) New to the British 
Isles, Taken by the River Test in 
Hampshire. A Species of the 
Boreal Genus. P. J. Chandler, 154 

Craneflies for 1973. Some Records of 
E. G. Hancock, 239 

Current Literature, 30, 62, 96, 125, 
173, 248 

Cryphia muralis (Forster) in Wiltshire. 
P. M. Heath, 221 

Cucullia absinthii L. Strange Experi- 
ences with G. A. Ford, 61 

Cyprus, June 1873. Butterflies in 
R. F. Bretherton, | 

Danaus chrysippus L. (Lep.: Danai- 
dae). A Tetratological brood of 
D. G. Sevastopulo, 223 

Danaus plexipus L. in Northern Por- 
tugal. C. L. Boyle, 57 

Dates at Horsell during May and Early 
June 1974. Some Unusual 
C. G. M. de Worms, 222 

Day Flying Lepidoptera Attracted to 
Light. R. F. Bretherton, 93 

Derbyshire Records for 1973. Local 
Rarities and New F. Harrison, 145 

Dermaptera (Forficulidae) from Mexi- 
can Bromeliads. A New Species of 
A. Brindle, 6 

Diptera Taken in M.V. Trap. Day 
Flying L. W. Siggs, 248 

Discoloxia blomeri Curt. in Hamp- 
shire. L. W. Siggs, 223 

Dragonfly Species (Odonata, Anisop- 
tera) of Bengal. Notes on the 
Distribution of some T. R. Mitra 
and A. R. Lahiri, 73 

Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) erythrogenella 
(de Joannis) (Lep.: Nepticulidae) 
A Species New to Britain. A. M. 
Emmet, 129 

Emergence. A Remarkable R. Fair- 
clough, 120 

Erebia scipio Bdy. Southern France 
July 1973. In Search of C. G. M. 
de Worms, 49 

Erebia zapateri ab. pseudoneoridas ab. 
nov. M. J. Percival, 245 


Erioptera pilipes (Fabricius) (Diptera: 
Tipulidae). E. G. Hancock, 197 

Etainia sphendamni Hering, A Cor- 
rection. A. M. Emmet, 121 

Eublemma ostrina Hubner in South 
Devon in 1973. Alan Kennard, 27 

Eupithecia insignata Hubn. (Pinion 
Spotted Pug) in Berks. P. A. 
Davey, 28 

Eupithecia phoeniciata (Rambur) and 
Lithophane leauteri (Boisduval) in 
Sussex. Ronald P. Pickering, 29 

Eupithecia phoeniciata (Rambur) in 
Kent. I. A. Watkinson, 26 

Eurrhypara_ perlucidalis WHibn. and 
Parascotia fuliginaria L. New to 
Hampshire. T. N. D. Peet, 57 

Gargia, Finnmark, July 1973. M. J. 
Perceval, 81 

Grecian Butterflies. Distribution of 
some B. J. Lempke, 222 

Greece. Recent Butterfly Records 
from A. Koutsaftikis, 15 

Grote in Hildesheim. R. S. Wilkinson, 
259 

Hampton Wood, Warwickshire. M.V. 
Recordings. A. F. J. Gardner, 163 

Hardwoods. A Plea for J. P. Sankey- 
Barker, 110 

Herse convolvuli L. in Kent. Jamieson 
C. Little, 9 

Hesperiidae at Tunbridge Wells. Notes 
on a colony of J. C. Beavis, 221 

Hibernating Larvae. C. G. Lipscomb, 
170 


Homotages Burr and Nomenclatural 
Status of Anechura zubovskii 
Semenov (Dermaptera). Systema- 
tic position of the Genus. V. C. 
Kapoor, 91 

Hyles gallii in Cheshire in June 1974. 
J. Muggleton and G. Kenyon, 247 

Hyles gallii Rott. in Britain during 
1973: an appeal C. G. M. de 
Worms, 25 

(Hyles gallii Rott.) in 1974 The Bed- 
straw Hawk. B. W. Moore, 221 

Ayles gallii Rott. Infertility in Female 
R. F. Bretherton, 123 

Hyles gallii Rott. in Lincolnshire. 
R. E. M. Pilcher, 94 

Hyles gallii Rott. and Oria musculosa 
Hubn. and Rhyacia simulans 
Hufnagel in Oxon. P. J. D. Hugo, 
25 


Idaea_ vulpinaria Herrich-Schaffer 
(rusticata sensu auct) (Lep.: Geo- 
metridae). Discovery of Larvae 
and Natural Foodplant of B. K. 
West, 258 

Inachis io ab. dyopthalmica Garb. 
near Hailsham, Sussex. J. C. 
Beavis, 221 

Infurcatinea argentimaculella Stainton 
in Kent. A Further Record of 
E. §. Bradford, 170 


Interspecific Competition in Butter- 
flies. C. J. Luckens, 71 

Interspecific Competition in Butter- 
flies. D. G. Sevastopulo, 244 

Lampronia_ praelatella (Denis and 
Schiffermuller, 1775) (Lepidoptera 
Incurvariidae). The Early Stages 
of A. M. Emmet, 180 

Lepidochrysops — ortygia (Trimen) 
Group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) 
from South West Cape. A New 
Taxon of the C. G. C. Dickson, 
65 

Lepidoptera in Britain during 1973. 
Collecting C. G. M. de Worms, 
970137 

Lyn Cwmynach, Merioneth. An 
Account of the Lepidoptera of 
the Moorlands near H. B. Young, 
10 

Lycaena dispar rutilus Werneberg. A 
Chance Meeting at Ravenna, 
Italy. L. McLeod, 68 

Lycaena phlaeas 1. ab. radiata Tutt 
in the Isle of Wight. T. D. Fearn- 
hough, 248 

Lysandra_ coridon (Poda) and L. 
bellargus (Rott.) in North Wales? 
R. L. H. Dennis, 24 

Macroglossum stellatarum Linn. from 
Kent in 1973. I. A. Watkinson, 
58 

Macroglossum stellatarum L., Plusia 
gamma \L. and other Migrants in 
South Devon and The Lizard. 
C. G. M. de Worms, 223 

Macrolepidoptera at Waterlooville in 
1973. 7. N. D. Peet, 59 

Macrolepidoptera in West Suffolk in 
1973. G. A. Ford, 59 

Maculinea arion L. in South West 
Ireland. On the Reported Occur- 
rence of Mark Jeffares, 118 

Majorca. Butterflies of M. J. Perceval, 
225 

Maltese Islands. Butterflies of the 
A. Valletta, 196 

Mango in ihe Punjab. New Records 
of Lepidoptera in Malformed 
Inflorescence of G. S. Sandhu 
and Joginder Singh, 114 

Meleageria daphnis D. and S. in 
Central Spain. M. J. Perceval, 60 

Microlepidoptera. Notes on the H. C. 
Huggins, 70 

Migrant Lepidoptera in Gloucester- 
shire. R. P. Demuth, 96 

Migrant Lepidoptera in Loncolnshire 
in 1973, R. E. M. Pilcher, 58 

Migrant Lepidoptera. Some Records 
of Nevilie L. Birkett, 95 

Migrenls in 1973. Austin Richardson, 
1 


Monopis monachella (Hibner) (Lep.: 
Tineidae) in Suffolk. AH. E. 
Chipperfield, 28 


Mythimna (Aletiai) Jl-album  (L.) 
(L-album Wainscot) in Essex. 
A. J. Dewick, 167 

Neolucia serpentata (H.-S.) (Lep.: 
Lycaenidae). P. C. Hawker, 245 

Nepticula aeneella Heinemann as 
distinct from WN. oxyacanthella 
Stainton. A. M. Emmet, 122 

Nepticulidae II. Notes on some of the 
British A. M. Emmet, 147 

New Forest Mercury Vapour Light 
Records for 1973. L. W. Siggs, 
115 

Nycterosea obstipata Fab. at Woking. 
C. G. M. de Worms, 26 

Odontosia carmelita Esp. at Tunbridge 
Wells. I. C. Beavis, 221 

Oncocera (Salebria) obductella Zeller 
on North Downs in Kent. J. A. 
Watkinson, 58 

Ornithoptera (Schonbergia) paradisa 
Staud. (Lepidoptera Papilionidae). 
The Species and forms of the 
Tailed Birdwing. Jan P. Haugum 
and A. M. Low, 109 

Pammene luedersiana Sorhagen (1885). 
A Tortrix New to Britain. G. H. 
Youden, 197 

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) Odo- 
nata: Libellulidae) in Calcutta. 
Another Record of Migratory 
Flights of the Dragonfly. Tridib 
Ranjan Mitra, 53 

Papilio demodocus Esp.  (Lep.: 
Papilionidae). Abnormal Larvae 
of D. G. Sevastopulo, 224 

Papilio pupae. Dimorphism in D. G. 
Sevastopulo, 269 

Parascotia fuliginaria L. in Worces- 
tershire. The Waved Black Moth. 
J. E. Green, 92 

Phaonia exoleta Mg. (Dipt.: Musci- 
dae) New to Ireland. M. C. D. 
Speight, 246 

Phasis thero (L.). A Recently Dis- 
covered Race of the Cape 
Lycaenid. C. G. C. Dickson and 
C. W. Wykeham, 177 

Philereme transversata Hufn. (Lep.: 
Geometridae) in Ireland. J. M. 
Chalmers-Hunt, 221 

Phyllonorycter messaniella Zeller. An 
unusual foodplant of D. W. H. 
ffennell, 168 

Phyllonorycter mulleriella Zeller 
(amyotella  Duponchel) (Lep.: 
Gracillariidae) in Britain. A. M. 
Emmet, 208 

Phytoseiid Mites with a Note on their 
Zoogeography. A Review of 
Indian S. K. Gupta, 141 


v 


Polyommatus  icarus Rottemburg 
(Lep.: Lycaenidae) in Shetland. 
H. W. Harper, 120 

Pyronia fithonus L. ab. albidus 
Cockerell in the Isle of Wight. 
T. D. Fearnhough, 272 

Radnorshire. Some Lepidoptera in 
M. D. Cox, 69 

Refrigeration. A Valuable Adjunct to 
usual Relaxing Methods used by 
Lepidopterists. D. M. Kroon, 8 

Remarkable Year. 1973—A B. Goater, 
214, 234 

Scilly. Late Autumn in the Isles of 
R. P. Demuth, 72 

Semiothisa signaria Hubner (Lep.: 
Geometridae) New to Britain. 
R. Tomlinson, 195 

Shimba Hills. Butterflies of the D. G. 
Sevastopulo, 18, 131 

Sri Lanka. F. M. G. Stammers, 55 

Standfussiana lucernea L. The Day- 
time Flight of D. W. H. ffennel, 
57 

Sterrha sacraria L. and Orthonama 
lignata Hb. in Gloucestershire. 
J. Newton, 17 

Syngrapha_ interrogationis (L.) in 
Norfolk. T. W. Harman, 25 

Thecla betulae L. Longevity in David 
Brown, 62 

Thera juniperata L. (Lep.: Geometri- 
dae) comes North. C. L. Ruther- 
ford, 121 

Tipula lunata L. (Diptera: Tipulidae) 
at Lode, Cambridgeshire. Swarm- 
ing of A. E. Stubbs, 125 

Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. Attrac- 
ted to Biston strataria WHufn. 
LE War Siggsn 222, 
Tuscany, May-June 1973. Butterflies 
in C. G. M. de Worms, 45 
Utetheisa Hibner (Lepidoptera: 
Arctiidae) in the Western Pacific, 
with Larval Descriptions. Notes 
on the Genus. G. S. Robinson, 
160 

Nancy. Vice among the P. Jeffery, 
20 

Warwickshire and Elsewhere. David 
Brown, 84 

Water Bugs (Hemiptera Heteroptera) 
Collected on Cape Clear Island, 
West Cork. A Note on Some 
T. K. McCarthy, 243 

ae Those Mild M. W. Harper, 


Zygaena carniolica Scopoli (Lep.: 
Zygaenidae). A Possibly Abnor- 
mal Sex-ratio in Torben B. 
Larsen, 165 


OBITUARY NOTICES 


M. Allan, 119, 171 
Le 


P. B. 
F. H. Lees, 171 


K. M. Pennington, 250 
J. S. Taylor, 29 


vi 


AUTHORS 


Allen, A. A., 265 

Beavis, I. C., 221 

Birkett, N. L., 95 

Boyle, C. I., 57 

Bradford, E. S., 170... 

Bretherton, R. F., 1, 93, 123 

Brindle, A., 6 

Brown, David, 62, 84 

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 30, 31, 96, 
173, 220, 221 

Chandler, P. J., 154 

Chipperfield, H. E., 28 

Claassens, A. J. M., 253 

Cunningham, P., 184 

Dacie, J. and M., 208 

Davey, P. A., 28 

Demuth, R. P., 72 

Dennis, R. L. H., 24 

Dewick, A. J., 167 : 

Dickson, C. G. C., 65, 177, 253 

Else, G. R., 64 

Emmet, A. M., 75, 103, 121, 122, 129, 
147, 180, 206 

Fairclough, R., 120 

Fearnhough, T. D., 248, 272 

ffennel, D. W. H., 57, 168 

Ford, G. A., 59, 61 

Gardner, A. F. J., 163 

Goater, B., 214, 234 

Green, J. E., 92 

Greenwood, J. and D., 208 

Gupta, S. K., 141 

Hancock, E. G., 197, 239 

Harman, T. W., 25 

Harper, M. W., 120, 182 

Harrison, F., 144 

Haugum, Jan P., 109 

Hawker, P. C., 241, 245 

Heath, P. M., 221 

Hofer, Eduard, 169 

Huggins, H. C., 70 

Hugo, P. J. D., 25 

Hutchinson, G. E., 199 

Hutchinson, M. M., 158 

JACODS San New AL 27 Os Ge 127. 
128, 173, 175 

Jeffares, M., 118 


Jeffery, P., 220 

Kennard, A., 24, 27 

Kenyon, G., 247 

Koutsaftikis, A., 15 

Kroon, D. M., 8 

Lahiri, A. R., 73 

Larsen, T. B., 165 

Lempke, B. J., 169, 222 

Lipscomb, C. G., 170 

Little, J. C., 9 

Luckens, C. J., 188 

Marshall, J. E., 224 

Martin, P. A., 168 

McCarthy, T. K., 243 

Mitra, T. R., 53, 73 

Moore, B. W., 221 

Muggleton, J., 247 

Newton, J., 17 

Palmer, R. M., 33 

Perry, ee 93. 

Peet, T. N._D., 57, 59 

Perceval, M. Te 60, 81, 225, 245 

Pickering, R. P., 29 

Pilcher, R. E. M., 59, 94 

Richardson, A., 124 

Robinson, G. S., 31, 160 

Robinson, H. S., 160 

Rutherford, C. I., 122 

Sands, W. A., 249 

Sandhu, G. S., 114 

Sankey-Barker, J. P:, 110 

Sevastopulo, D. G., 18, 131, 223, 224, 
244, 247, 269 

Siggs, L. W., 115, 222, 223, 248 

Singh, J., 114 

Sokoloff, P. A., 246, 248 

Speight, M. C. D., 193, 246 

Stubbs, A. E., 125 

Taylor, B. J., 28 

Tomlinson, R., 195 

Valletta, A., 196 

Watkinson, I. A., 26, 58, 64 

West, D. K., 258 

Wild, E. H., 248 

Wilkinson, R. S., 259 

Worms, CuG! M. de, 25, 26, 45, 49, 
97, 137, 223, 224 


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THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:s. 
with the assistance of 


A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. COTAS CoLLINGwoop, B.SC.. F.RE.S 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JAcoBs, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY 


Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S 
H. B. D, KETTLEWELL, M.A M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F-R.E.S. 


MGNSG MSM GNGHNE 


Tamas an cameo cael 


i 
! 


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colour plates include illustrations of adults by A. D. A. 
Russwurm and of the early stages by R. B. Davis copied 
from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. With 320 pages, 
57 distribution maps, colour identification key, index/ 
glossary, cased binding, laminated colour jacket, slip case. 


FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 
40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE 


Butterflies in Cyprus, June 1973 
By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S. 


My wife and I, with a non-entomological friend, spent a 
fortnight in Cyprus from 11th to 25th June 1973. The lepidop- 
tera of Cyprus are fairly well known: Rebel’s list of 1939 con- 
tains 59 species of Rhopalocera, ten of which have not been 
reported in the present century, and over 400 Heterocera, to 
which Wiltshire added over 50 in 1948 and 1949. I had already 
well sampled the butterflies during a week at Kyrenia in mid- 
May 1954; but I hoped to see this time some of the species for 
which that visit had been too early. 

We flew comfortably from Heathrow to Nicosia by Cyprus 
Airways, picked up a previously hired car on our arrival 
at the airport in the late afternoon, and stayed the first 
night in the air-conditoned Ledra Palace Hotel just outside the 
walls of the old city. Its comfort was welcome, as the temper- 
ature was over 80 deg. F., though tempered by a stiff breeze. 
On the next morning, while returning from a visit to the Turk- 
ish quarter and its famous mosque, I noticed an unfamiliar 
little Blue flying beside the over-grown moat near the Paphos 
Gate, and I was able in half-an hour to take a good series of 
Chilades galba Lederer, a new species to me. Despite mutter- 
ing thunder and a few spots of rain the males were flying 
freely to the blossoms of Solanum dulcimara (Woody Night- 
shade), and some of the more elusive females were seen to 
Oviposit on a spiny, yellowish flowered vetch (probably Anthyl- 
lis sp). which was growing among it. We saw this plant, with- 
out the Solanum, in a few other places in the plains later, but 
did not find the butterfly elsewhere. 

From Nicosia we drove in the middle of the day by a cir- 
cuitous route to the north coast and so to a comfortable small 
hotel at Bella Pais, about 1,500 feet up above Kyrenia, where 
we had booked for six nights. Both the coast and the limestone 
Kyrenia Mountains were already very desiccated, and the 
butterflies were scarce and mostly in poor condition. This was 
in striking contrast to my experience in the same area in mid- 
May 1954, when butterflies were abundant and most species 
were fresh. The difference may have been partly due to un- 
usual weather: we were told that there had been little rain or 
snow during the winter, and all Cyprus was suffering from 
acute shortage of water. However, a few fresh Gonepteryx 
cleopatra Stdgr. and Pontia daplidice L. were seen among the 
gardens of the attractive village of Bella Pais (of ‘Bitter 
Lemons” fame), and two short visits to the Aghirda Pass pro- 
duced a few fair specimens of Hipparchia syriaca cypriaca 
Riley, which were sheltering from the heat in the dried-up 
nullah or playing hide and seek round the olive trees; a single 
Carcharodus alceae Esp. was also seen there. The most in- 
teresting capture of the week was a large blackish Skipper 
caught in a dry water-course near our bathing place on the 


2 ENTOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD, VOL, 86 15/1/74 


Pachyammos Sands, east of Kyrenia. This turned out to be 
Erionota thrax L. (mathias Bdv.), a tropical and eastern species 
which, like C. galba, reaches its north western limits in Cyprus 
and Egypt. Another example was missed in the same place, 
but we did not find it elsewhere. A long expedition on 16th 
June across the mountains and the Mesoaria plain to Salamis 
and Famagusta proved disappointing: in the relatively well- 
watered area round Kythrea we saw only P. daplidice and 
other common species, the plain was wholly bare, and we were 
prevented by cloud and a thunder storm from investigating 
some promising ground in the eastern pass over the Kyrenia 
Mountains, where Dr De Worms did very well some years ago. 


On 18th June we moved by a very hot drive westwards 
along the coast and then across the plain to Platres, where we 
stayed for six nights at the Hotel Pendeli. This is a delightful 
village about 4,000 feet up on the north side of the central 
Troodos Mountains. In July and August it is usually full of 
visitors seeking relief from the heat of Nicosia, but in mid- 
June the season had hardly begun and the villagers were fully 
engaged in picking an enormous crop of black cherries, mostly 
destined for the London market. The Troodos are much higher 
than the Kyrenia Mountains, and have larger reserves of 
water; moreover, since they are composed of igneous rock in- 
stead of limestone, there are occasional streams and surface 
dampness. Even so, however, one had to work hard to find 
butterflies in any number, and the forests of Aleppo and Troo- 
dos Pine (Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra) which cover the 
higher slopes were almost empty of them. 


The gardens and orchards of Platres village produced a 
fair number of G. cleopatra, Celastrina argiolus L. and a few 
Lampides boeticus L., and at night the hotel lights were pro- 
ductive, mainly of small Geometers and Pyrales, but with some 
bigger game: it was interesting to see the local British 
“Waves” Idaea vulpinaria H-S and I. degeneraria Hb. sitting 
along side a magnificent east Mediterranean Hawk moth, 
Chaerocampa alecto cretica R. & J. Above the village, towards 
the Caledonia Falls, I caught a male, and later a splendid fe- 
male, of Pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis Rebel. The fe- 
male—large, brick-red in colour, and with heavy spotting on 
the forewings—puzzled me as to its identity. I was familiar 
with P. anthelea amalthea in Crete and mainland Greece, 
where the females are, like the males, black and white; but in 
Asia the white is replaced by brown, and in Cyprus the 
endemic form is still brighter in colour and more heavily 
spotted, a very striking insect. One or two more males were 
seen, but unfortunately no more females. A visit to a shady 
stream-bed rather lower down at Kato Platres gave a series of 
fresh and finely marked Pararge egeria L., also reddish brown, 
several Limenitis reducta Stdgr., a few of the endemic Blue 
Glaucopsyche paphos Turner, and a sight of our only Papilio 
machaon L. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CYPRUS 5 


Further afield, a walk to the top of Mount Olympus, (6,401 
feet) was disappointing: the only things seen were a few of 
the Cyprus Grayling, Hipparchia pellucida Frhst., and Maniola 
cypricola Graves on the approaches, and a mixed colony of 
Lasiommata megera lyssa Hb. and L. maera orientalis Stdgr. 
and a couple of Euchloe ausonia Hb. flying wildly round the 
bare summit. Our most successful expedition was along the 
mountain roads to the Kykko Monastery and on to the Cedars 
Valley, which contains the relics of the Cyprus cedar forests. 
Near the monastery we had a close-up view—but not a capture 
—of a splendid Charazes jasius L.; and in the Valley, beside a 
nearly dry spring, we found our largest concourse of butter- 
flies: H. pellucida and M. cypricola in abundance, with a few 
Hyponephele lupina cypriaca Riley and a single Quercusia 
quercus longicauda Riley drinking at the drying mud, and 
numbers of L. reducta, G. cleopatra, C. argiolus and Aricia 
agestis calida Bell. in the damp part of the forest above it. An- 
other long drive to the south coast at Palaeopaphos and 
Curium was less profitable entomologically. Besides exploring 
these archaeological sites, we had a delicious bathe in the cove 
where Venus is reputed to have been born from the foam of 
the sea (one of our number acted the part for a photograph), 
but the only butterflies of interest were a single Gegenes 
pumilio Hffmsg in a dry water-course, which I stupidly missed 
several times, and a few Chazara briseis larnacana Obth. and 
H. syriaca by a stream on the way back to Platres. As on the 
north-coast, the low country was completely dried up. 

On our last full day, 24th June, we left Platres early for 
Nicosia, intending to explore the eastern end of the Troodos 
on the way, since our guide-book described it as interesting 
and varied country. In fact, however, the road passed only 
rather unattractive mining villages in bare and desiccated 
hills, so we spent several hours in the middle of the day shelter- 
ing from the heat beside a stream on the lower slopes near 
Apliki which still contained some pools of water. There were 
a few butterflies here, including H. lupina, H. pellucida and H. 
syriaca, and also a small colony of the little Blue, Chilades 
trochilus Frr., sitting on bramble blossoms or drinking on the 
mud. Unfortunately they were mostly very worn, but I was 
particularly glad to catch this, the smallest European butterfly, 
which had eluded me in Greece. It is easily distinguished from 
C. galba by the fact that the males are brown instead of Blue. 

Nicosia, which we reached about 5.30 p.m., was even hotter 
than before, and we did not attempt any collecting on the fol- 
lowing morning before driving to the air-port for the return 
flight to London, after an extremely pleasant but entomologic- 
ally rather unprofitable holiday. The list of species seen, which 
is appended, includes 32 species of Rhopalocera. This com- 
pares with 23 species seen by me 13th to 20th May 1951 
around Kyrenia, and 22 species seen in that area by Dr de 
Worms between 25th April and 14th May 1967; but at these 
earlier dates the numbers of insects were certainly greater 


4 EN'TOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


and the condition of most species better. This year I was struck 
by the scarcity of the migratory species. Colias crocea Fourc. 
was fairly widespread but mostly seen singly, of Vanessa ata- 
lanta L. I saw only two, and of V. cardui only one worn speci- 
men. The whole Cyprus list is, like those of most of the Medi- 
terranean islands, relatively short: but it is of considerable in- 
terest because of its high proportion of endemic sub-species 
and because of its Asiatic affinities, which are much stronger 
than in Crete or even in Rhodes. 


Lepidoptera seen in Cyprus, 11th to 25th June 1973 


Papilio machaon L. Kato Platres, 3,000 ft., one fresh 22.6. 

Pieris brassicae L. Kyrenia and Troodos, f.c. 

P. rapae L. general but not abundant. 

P. daplidice L. general both in plain and mountains: small, 
gen. IT. 

Euchloe ausonia Hb. Mt Olympus, 6,400 ft., two seen 20.6. 

Colias crocea Fourc. general, mostly singly; only one f. helice 
Hb. 

Gonepteryx cleopatra taurica Stdgr. Kyrenia and Troodos, 
f.c. and fresh near water. 

Charaxes jasiius L. Chakistra, 3,250 ft., one seen 23.6. 

Limenitis reducta Stdgr. Kato Platres, 22.6; Cedars Valley, 
25.6; Apliki, 24.6 

V. atalanta L. Bella Pais, one 14.6; Palekhori, one 24.6. 

V. cardui L. Kato Platres, one worn 22.6. 

Hipparchia syriaca cypriaca Stdgr. Widespread and f.c. to 
3,000 ft., among olive trees and in dry nullahs. 

Chazara briseis larnacana Obth. Widespread to 4,000 ft., but 
mostly singly. 

Hipparchia pellucida Frhst. Kyrenia region, worn and scarce; 
Troodos to 6,000 ft., common, esp. in Cedars Valley. 

Pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis Rebel. Platres, 4,500 ft., 
two males, one female, 19.6; Troodos, 5,000 ft., one 
male 20.6. 

Maniola cypricola Graves. Kyrenia region, worn and scarce; 
Troodos region, common. 

Hyponephele lupina cypriaca Riley. Bella Pais, one 14.6; 
Cedars Valley; f.c. 23.6; Apliki, 24.6. 

Pararge egeria L. Kato Platres, 22.6; Cedars Valley; 23.6; 
Apliki, 24.6. Common and fresh in shady stream-beds. 

Lasiommata megera L. Troodos summit 20.6; Kato Platres, 


ES maera orientalis Stdgr. Bella Pais, 14.6; Troodos summit | 
20.6. 

Kirinia roxelana Cramer. Agros, 24.6, one only. 

Quercusia quercus longicauda Riley. Cedars Valley, one male 
23.6. ; 

Lycaena phloeas LL. Kato Platres, 22.6; Cedars Valley, 2o.0; 
Apliki 24.6. Not common. 

Lampides boeticus L. Platres 22.6, several; Apliki, one 24.6. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CYPRUS i) 


Chilades trochilus Frr. Apliki, 24.6, four caught, others seen 
on blossom and mud; worn. 

C. galba Led. Nicosia, outside Paphos Gate, 12.6, an abundant 
colony, fresh. 

Celastrina argiolus L. Troodos region, widespread and f.c., 
only males seen. 

Glaucopsyche paphos Turner. Lapithos spring, worn female 
18.6; Kato Platres, males fresh 22.6. 

Aricia agestis calida Bell. Troodos region to 6,000 ft., fresh 
and common locally on the forest edges. 

Carcharodus alceae Esp. Aghirda Pass, one seen 17.6. 

Erienota thrax L. (mathias F.) near Psammotis Beach, one 
taken, one seen, 15.6. 

Gegenes pumilio Hffmsg. Palaeopaphos, one missed 21.6. 

Chaerocampa alecto cretica R. & J. Platres, one at light 21.6. 

Acronycta psi L. Platres, one at light 20.6. 

Dysgonia algira L. Bella Pais, one worn 13.6. 

Chlorissa pulmentaria Gn. Platres, at light 15.6. 

Idaea vulpinaria H-S. Platres, several at light 23.6. 

Idaea ostrinaria Hb. Platres, several at light 23 and 24.6. 

Idaea degeneraria Hb. Platres, 21.6. 

I. rufaria Hb. Bella Pais, at light 18.6; Platres, many at light 
21/253.6. 

Scopula marginepunctata Goeze. Platres, two at light 20.6. 

Gymnoscelis rufofasciata tempestivata Z. Bella Pais, abundant 
at light 13/17.6. 

Peribatodes perversaria correptaria Z. Platres, at light 23.6. 

Aporodes florealis Hb. Bella Pais, at light 17.6. 

Pyrausta aurata meridionalis Stdgr. Widespread by day: 
Apliki, etc. 


REFERENCES 


Bretherton, R. F. (1954). A week’s butterfly collecting in Cyprus. (Ento- 
mologist. 87: 207-211). 

de Worms, C. G. M. (1967). Three weeks in Cyprus, April-May 1967. 
(Ent. Rec., 79: 245-249). 

Rebel, H. (1939). Zur Lepidopterenfauna Cyperns. (Mitt. Munch. Ent. 
Ges., 29: 487-564. 

Wiltshire, E. P. (1948). Two new forms or species and 35 new records 
from Cyprus (Ent. Rec., 60: 79-87); (1949). Some more new 
records from Cyprus (Ent. Rec., 61: 73-78). 


Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, 
Guildford, Surrey 30.8.1973. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN ESSEX IN 1973.—I would like to 
record that a specimen of the Death’s-head Hawkmoth was 
found on a grass verge on October Ist 1973 at Upminster, 
Essex, by a schoolboy Kevin Harries. — R. R. Coox, Donna, 
Blackmore Road. Hookend, near Brentwood, Essex, 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


A New Species of Dermaptera (Forficulidae) 
from Mexican Bromeliads 


By A. BRINDLE 
(Manchester Museum) 


Bromeliads, of which the pineapple is the most familiar 
example, occur in a variety of forms in the tropical parts of 
Central America, some being epiphytic, such as Tillandsia or 
Spanish moss, whilst others, such as Billbergia, are more 
suggestive of the pineapple plant. Since these are more 
common in the wetter parts of the area, water collects 
amongst the basal leaves, and this habitat may harbour a rich 
fauna of insects, some of which are characteristic of this 
habitat, such as the larvae of the giant damsel-fly, Mecisto- 
gaster. The shelter afforded by the leaves of other bromeliads 
attract other insects and whilst some of these insects are 
widely distributed, others are not known from other habitats. 
The tendency for earwigs to seek shelter in dark moist 
crevices partly explains their interest in bromeliads, and food, 
in the shape of softer insects or vegetable material is likely 
to be available. 

In the course of investigating the fauna of Mexican brome- 
liads, Mr K. E. Lucas, of the California Academy of Sciences, 
has come across numbers of a previously undescribed species 
of Skalistes, together with a few other specimens of known 
Mexican species. These latter are females and likely to be 
present for the purpose of egg laying, but the new species, 
which I have pleasure in naming after the captor, may be 
restricted to bromeliads since both sexes are present. I am 
indebted to Dr Paul H. Arnaud Jr., of the California Academy 
of Sciences, for the opportunity to examine the specimens. 


Skalistes lucasi sp.n. 


Blackish; antennae dark brown, basal segment reddish- 
yellow to reddish-brown; legs reddish—or yellowish-brown, or 
with femora somewhat darkened. Cuticle coriaceous, 
glabrous, rather shining. 

Male (fig. 1): head transverse, tumid, lateral margins 
curving smoothly into almost straight posterior margin; epi- 
cranial sutures marked by narrow smooth and shining lines; 
two U-shaped depressions lie between the antennal bases, with 
the open end of the U-directed anteriorly and the depressions 
diverging; eyes rather large. First antennal segment long, 
but slightly shorter than the distance between the antennal 
bases, second segment transverse, third and fourth segments 
nearly subequal in length, two and half times as long as broad, 
fifth segment three times as long as broad; distal segments 
four times as long as broad, almost cylindrical but slightly 
and evenly narrowed basally, actual bases and apices rounded; 
all segments pubescent, hairs short and yellow. Pronotum 


PLATE f 


Skalistes lucasi sp.n—1, male, dorsal; 2, female forceps; 3, anterior 
leg; 4, posterior leg. 


A NEW SPECIES OF DERMAPTERA 7 


transverse, lateral margins almost straight and curved slightly 
dorsally, posterior margin weakly convex; surface with a fine 
median longitudinal smooth line, on anterior half of which is 
an elliptical depression, whilst a short swelling occurs pos- 
terior to this (fig. 1); two small anterior circular depressions 
also occur, one on each side of median line, these depressions 
of variable size and prominence. Elytra about as long as 
pronotum, measured along suture, posterior margin more or 
less straight. Legs relatively short, femora broad, especially 
those of anterior pair of legs, and with very sparse yellow 
hairs; tibiae compressed, somewhat shorter than femora, and 
with longer ventral yellow hairs, hairs fairly dense towards 
apices; first segment of anterior tarsi short, broadened dis- 
tally, second segment short, broad, strongly dilated, third seg- 
ment (distal) narrowed basally, longer than first segment. All 
segments with long yellow hairs, denser on first and second 
segments, and most dense ventrally (fig. 3). Posterior tarsi 
similar to anterior tarsi but first segment relatively longer 
and more slender (fig. 4). Middle tarsi intermediate in char- 
acters between anterior and posterior tarsi. 

Abdomen broad, depressed, slightly wider medially, lateral 
tubercles on third tergite well marked, those on fourth larger; 
last tergite transverse, depressed medially near posterior 
border and with a short median longitudinal furrow; penulti- 
mate sternite with posterior margin almost evenly rounded. 
Each branch of forceps cylindrical, widened at base to form 
a rounded flange, margin irregular and thickened, the flange 
not reaching extreme base but recessed and exposing the 
rounded pygidium; rest of branch evenly curved, curvature 
varying slightly, inner margin with small denticulations 
basally and with a median tooth of variable size. Length of 
body 10-12:5 mm., forceps 4-5-6 mm. 

Female: similar to male; last tergite narrower, median 
depression less marked; each branch of forceps slender, 
broader basally, inner margin recessed at extreme base and 
with crenulations for basal half or more; pygidium short, 
basically triangular with angles rounded (fig. 2). Length of 
body 10-12 mm, forceps 3-3-5 mm. 

Material examined: ¢ holotype, Chiapas-Oaxaca border, 
21 Km. W. Rizo de Oro, along ridge S.E. Cerro Baul, 1615 m., 
8-IX-1972, within Tillandsia sp. (K. E. Lucas). Paratypes: — 
4 3,9 2 including allotype, same data; 1 3, 1 2°, same data 
but within Catopsis sp.; 2 5, 2 2, same data but within Vriesia 
sp.; 12 3, 10 °, same data but 8-I-1973, within epiphytic 
Vriesia sp.; 1 3, 2 °, same data but 8-I-1973, within Catopsis 
sp.; 4 5,6 °, same data but 8-I-1973, within Tillandsia guate- 
malensis. All collected by K. E. Lucas and all specimens in 
California Academy of Sciences except for 4 3,4 2 paratypes 
in Manchester Museum and 2 <c, 2 9 paratypes in British 
Museum (Natural History). 

Skalistes is restricted to America and is very similar to 
Forficula in many characters. S. lucasi is distinctive by its 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


blackish colour, by the absence of visible wings, and by the 
broad basal flange on each branch of the male forceps. In the 
key to species of Skalistes in Brindle (1970) it keys down to 
vara (Scudder); the key may be amended as follows: — 
8. Elytra short, wings absent or concealed 
— Elytra longer, wings usually visible ...............cesceecesece 9 
8a Reddish to dark brown, male forceps undulate from a side 
view and branches without a basal flange; smaller, body 
length 7-9-5 mm., forceps (males) 3-3-5 mm ............... 
vara (Scudder) 
— Blackish; male forceps not undulate from a side view, and 
branches with a basal flange; larger, body length 10-12 
mm., forceps 4-5-6 mm (males) .................. lucasi sp.n. 
S. lucasz is also related to S. smithi (Bormans) and S. 
linsleyi Brindle, in which the wings are sometimes also just 
visible; these species are much paler in colour, and each 
branch of the male forceps have a much smaller basal projec- 
tion, consisting of a tooth or a double-toothed process. 


REFERENCE 


Brindle, A. (1970). A preliminary revision of the genus Skalistes Burr 
(Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Entomologist, 103: 217-228. 


Refridgeration A Valuable Adjunct to Usual 


Relaxing Methods used by Lepidopterists 
By D. M. Kroon 


Accepted methods for relaxation and setting of Lepidop- 
tera are both tedious and time-consuming coupled with certain 
disadvantages. After successful collecting safaris this some- 
times poses serious time problems. Certain families relax 
with difficulty despite various treatments with concentrated 
ammonia, boiling water or specially prepared relaxing fluids. 
Discolouration of subtler shades of green is common while 
Pieridae, especially whites and yellows, develop green blotches 
on the wings. Fungal growth has been largely overcome by 
the addition of weak solutions of phenol, carbolic acid, or 
thiomersalol to the relaxing tin. 

These problems CAN be obviated! As an effective and 
highly satisfactory alternative I have been using deep 
refridgeration of all freshly caught specimens. The properly 
labelled specimens are packed in airtight plastic containers 
and placed in the deep-freeze soon after demise, or even later 
for larger specimens. Because cyanide killing jars tend to 
dehydrate small specimens rapidly, these are placed in another 
container after demise, and packed later properly prior to 
freezing. Small or large specimens are equally well preserved 
for subsequent mounting, with incomparable preservation of 
the true wing colours. After removal from the deep-freeze 
small specimens can he set almost immediately, while larger 


A VALUABLE ADJUNCT TO USUAL RELAXING METHODS 9 


specimens take a little longer to thaw. The utmost pliability 
for setting is retained though rigor mortis which develops in 
some specimens may first have to pass off. 


ADVANTAGES: 

1) Elimination of the disadvantages listed above. 

2) Time-saving in the field, where every minute is precious. 

3) Cumbersome, and often heavy, setting boards and carrying 
cases can be left at home. 

4) Prevents possible spoiling of valuable material by dust, 
mechanical forces or the ingress of Dermestidae or ants 
during long veld stays. 

5) Traditionally difficult relaxers such as Hesperiidae are in a 
profound state of relaxation and ready for setting even 
months later. 

6) Engorged Charaxes can be frozen and their abdomens 
treated in the desired manner on thawing with greater ease 
at home than in the field. 

7) The filiform antennae of many moths do not curl to the 
same extent as dried specimens set later after relaxing. 

8) Pinning of extreme micros should still be effected in the 
field, but require shorter relaxing periods if dealt with in 
the above manner. The plumes and fringes are partially 
splayed before freezing as these are always affected by 
relaxing when they tend to mass and stick together 
detracting from their real beauty. 


APPARATUS: 


Reasonably priced small lightweight portable deepfreezers 
are commercially available operating on AC/DC electricity, 
from batteries or gas, or combinations of above. For the 
casual collector with a caravan, the deepfreeze compartment 
usually suffices. Transport of specimens for periods up to 
twenty-four hours can be satisfactorily effected by packing 
the frozen containers in lightweight polystyrene boxes packed 
with ice. Once back home I replace the now partially thawed 
specimens into the deepfreeze. A few specimens are removed 
and set at a time which is convenient, with excellent results 
and without the bother of resorting to relaxing tins. 

In conclusion I would urge collectors to put this useful 
adjunct to the trial, as means of temporarily storing specimens 
prior to setting, and so avoiding the relaxing tin with its in- 
herent disadvantages. 

P.O. Box 572, 
SASOLBURG, South Africa. 


HERSE CONVOLVULI L. IN KeEnT.—On Saturday, 10th Novem- 
ber 1973, a boy brought to me a live male Herse convolvuli in 
excellent condition. He found the insect sitting on a shop in 
Red Lodge Road, West Wickham. — JamiEson C. LITTLE, 70 
Langlev Wav. West Wickham, Kent. BR4 ODR. 18.xi.1973. 


10 ENTOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


An Account of Some of the Lepidoptera of the 


Moorlands near Llyn Cwmynach, Merioneth 
By M. R. Younc 


I have been fortunate enough to have spent four short 
holidays in successive years (1970, ’71, 72 and ’73) in the area 
near Llyn Cwmynach in Merioneth, and although these have 
all been in July and August I have also visited the moors at 
other seasons, each time just for the day. Consequently, to 
some extent, I have been able to assess the character of the 
area’s lepidopterous fauna, indeed, I feel that I might almost 
be well acquainted with it by now were it not for the weather. 
I imagine that most of you will have visited and collected in 
Wales at some time and I am willing to stake my shirt that you 
all know from bitter experience the masochistic misery of bug- 
hunting in the wild, wet, Welsh weather. As I arrived the 
prevailing westerlies spread their ragged, grey blanket across 
the mountains, the rain fell relentlessly, and just for good 
measure, in case I had the temerity to venture out with my 
Tilley or larva tin, the temperature fell like the rain and the 
wind drove scuds of very wet water down the neck and sleeves 
of my waterproof. 


But I digress: the area above Llyn Cwmynach is a breath- 
takingly beautiful mixture of rugged moorland and pitifully 
poor sheepwalk. The upper slopes are dominated by heather 
(Ling, Calluna vulgaris), Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and 
the Hard Grass (Nardus stricta) with the ubiquitous Bracken 
(Pteridium aquilinum) taking all the footholds that it is 
allowed. There are many streams and flushes with their as- 
sociated oases of flowering plants but true montane species 
are very scarce and indeed the highest peak in the area, Y 
Llethr (2475 ft.), is a dull lump of dreary sheepwalk.  For- 
tunately the other local peaks are more as they should be and 
in places their higher slopes are sparingly sprinkled with 
brilliant patches of Starry Saxifrage (Saxifraga stellaria) and 
other mountain plants. A scattering of old, deciduous trees 
partially covers the lower slopes, but these trees are now 
being engulfed by plantations of conifers which are found up 
to 1000 ft on every hillside. My stamping ground was above 
the tree-line and on the lower slopes of Y Llethr, fortunately 
in the middle of a large expanse of heather, and surrounded 
by the vegetation described above I had high hopes that my 
dreams of a sheet covered in Welsh specialities would be rea- 
lised: weather permitting! 

Only one species of butterfly was resident in the area in 
which I stayed and that was the ubiquitous Small Heath 
(Coenonympha pamphilus). It was found up to 2300 ft and on 
every walk I disturbed a quota of four or five which struggled 
up through the grass stems, flicked their wings once, and then 
allowed themselves to be blown back in amongst the tussocks. 
Try as I would I could not change them into their larger and 


SOME OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MOORLANDS AME 


rarer cousin and I do not think that there is sufficient 
Rhynchospora in the area for tullia’s liking. 

In addition to C. pamphilus there were a number of species 
of butterfly which bred in the adjacent valleys and lower 
slopes but which were often to be seen up on the hillsides. 
Notable amongst these were the fritillaries, Argynnis aglaia 
and A. selene, both of which were common until late July. 
In one spot near Llyn Cwmynach, where there had been a 
field in the past, the profusion of docks provided a habitat for 
the Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas) and the same valley was 
the only local home for the Grayling (Ewmenis semele). In 
1970 there was a steady trickle of the Large and the Small 
Whites (Pieris brassicae and P. rapae) moving quickly from 
the north-west to the south-east forming a small but very 
marked migration. The weather at the time was uncharac- 
teristically hot and sunny, with a slight westerly breeze. 

These butterflies took only a supporting role in the main 
play, however, for on nights on which there was only a mode- 
rate wind, or when the rain temporarily lessened, the air was 
alive with moths. There were far more than I remember 
seeing in the lowlands even on the best of nights, but often 
they were of only two or three species and the attraction of 
some species waned even for an avid bug-hunter like myself. 
Imagine seeing scores of Colostygia didymata night after 
night: he was a constant visitor to my Tilley, and then when 
that was extinguished he would come and drown noisily in 
my wax candle. His lady, however, was more retiring and 
so more exciting, although searching the grassheads at dusk 
was sure to find her out. Their drab and elusive relation, C. 
salicata, waS more circumscribed in its emergence times and 
I found it in its second generation only for one brief spell each 
year and that always at the end of July; in fact August Ist 
was! its heyday and I am glad to say that due to the inaccessi- 
bility of the moorlands salicata always outnumbered the 
human trippers. 

Each year, as July gave way to August, the first Lygris 
populata began to appear and they soon reached plague pro- 
portions before being replaced gradually at about the middle 
of the month by their cousin L. testata. Both these lovely 
moths seem to me to be at their best on the moorlands and 
populata ranged from the most delicate pale lemon wash to 
a brazen contrast of orange and dark brown. Another con- 
generic pair of species that were always present were Colo- 
stygia pectinataria and C. olivata. These species were com- 
mon and regular in their occurrence, but were nowhere near 
as abundant as the two Lygris species or as the day-flying 
Ematurga atomaria, however they made up for their lack of 
numbers by their appearance, being handsomely marked in 
green and black: I never grew tired of their presence on my 
sheet. 

All the moths mentioned so far came eagerly to light; one 
other species was common but required being searched for. 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


Rather I should say that it required being ‘‘walked” for, for it 
found me by itself. Whenever I walked past a _ rock- 
face in July or early August several specimens of Entephria 
caesiata would dash off past me. When I managed to catch 
up with them I found them to be of a very strong, handsome 
slate-grey (even if sometimes they were somewhat unicol- 
orous), very suitable for sitting on Welsh rocks, but surely it 
is a major entomological triumph to net caesiata as it leaps 
from its rock. Driven by the wind they left me standing, and 
I have to confess that whenever I caught one all I knew was 
the rush of its wings as it flung itself into my net. 

There were some other geometrids which visited my light 
but only irregularly and in ones and twos. Try as I might 
I could not find their larvae and I think that some of them 
may have strayed from their breeding grounds in the lower 
areas. These moths included Epirrhoe alternata, Lyncometra 
ocellata, Euphyia bilineata, Alcis repandata, Triphosa dubitata 
and the striking moorland form of Crocallis elinguaria. Sterrha 
ternata seemed to be in this category in 1970, 1971 and 1973 
but in 1972 it was abundant. Even so I never found its lar- 
vae although I searched for them carefully. 


I found many other larvae of the other common species. 
Those of C. didymata and E. atomaria were abundant, the for- 
mer usually on Bilberry but sometimes on Ling, the latter 
always on Ling (and both were skilled at disguising them- 
selves as other species), and those of L. testata were fairly 
common on Ling. Two other larvae which I also found fre- 
quently on the same pabulum and which provided me with 
a great deal of enjoyment were Eupithecia nanata and the 
noctuid Anarta myrtilli. Although I found dozens of these I 
still could not resist an expedition to search for them as they 
are so attractive and so skilled at camouflage. As far as lam 
concerned they are always worth getting wet for! 

Some species of noctuid were regular and common visitors 
to my light, although they seemed to require the wind to drop 
rather more than did. the geometers. A number of these noc- 
tuids was’ out throughout July and August and I soon came to 
know their ragged and wind-blown profile on the windows. 
Lycophotia varia was one such and the occasional fresh, speci- 
mens that appeared were very smart in their warm reds and 
browns. The same cannot be said of the other commoners, 
Cerapteryx graminis, Stilbia anomala and Ochropleura plecta 
always being down at heel, and the dingiest of them all was also 
the most abundant; bedraggled Leucania impura were every- 
where. This master of impersonation was the cause of many a 
soaking as I was often lured out into the rain only to find that 
the exotic ‘bug’ pressed so invitingly against the window-pane 
had metamorphosed into L. impura. Imagine my delight then 
when in 1970 one of the larger of these supposed exotics turned 
out to be Amathes ashworthu! This striking moth was quite 
a rarity in 1970 and 1971, I saw perhaps two or three a week 
but in 1972 and 1973 he blossomed out. First of all I found 


SOME OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MOORLANDS 13 


one of his larvae, in early July 1972, sitting in the sunshine at 
midday on a heather twig (not at all what I expected of him) 
and then when I went to stay in August he was really quite 
common as an adult. The larva was parasitized, of course, 
and just to add insult to injury the nasty wasp that was the 
only result of my tender care escaped before I could identify 
it. However, the adult moths were all that I had hoped for. 
When I first arrived (2/8/72) they were newly emerged and 
ranged from the softest dove-grey to a dark, smudged slate 
colour. They came freely to light (I never found any at rest 
or on heather blossom) and theyi came with a bang when they 
came: no coy ‘sidling-by’ like an impura luring me off into 
the wet heather, just a confident bump and there they were. 
I grew quite blasé in the end, you know, and dismissed them 
with a wave and a glance. 


Two other regulars of which I never tired were Plusia 
interrogationis and Amathes agathina (the latter only in late 
August and early September). P. interrogationis was a very 
skittish lady at light, but whenever I, caught her at last it was 
worth the chase for surely she is one of our most lovely moths. 

As with the geometers, so with the noctuids, there were 
some species which appeared only casually and irregularly. 
Some were undoubtedly residents, for example Celaena 
haworthii and Xylena vetusta, but others may have been 
merely visiting, for example Apamea crenata and Amathes 
baja. Noctuid larvae were scarce and Anarta myrtilli apart, 
Ceramica pisi, Apatele menyanthidis and Eumichtis adusta 
were the only ones found (and those only rarely and by 
chance). However, there were other large larvae about for 
most of the time as Philudoria potatoria, Lasciocampa 
quercus and Macrothylacia rubi were often common and 
Saturnia pavonia sometimes turned up, particularly on the 
lower slopes. 

The impression that I gained of the lepidopterous fauna 
of the area was that it reflected the monotony of the available 
foodplants and the inclemency of the weather. Thus a few 
species, which fed on the common heather, bilberry or grasses 
and which were obviously adapted to the climate, were abun- 
dant, and numerically swamped the few other species which 
maintained a seemingly precarious foothold. The dominant 
species in July and August were L. impura, A. ashworthii (in 
1972 and 1973), S. anomala and C. graminis of the noctuids 
and C. didymata, E. atomaria and the two Lygris species of the 
geometers. Of those that were only found infrequently many 
were associated with plants that were themselves infrequent. 
One sheltered niche contained a solitary Foxglove (Digitalis 
purpurea) which produced a single larvae of Eumichtis adusta 
on two successive years: the only ones that I found. 

Taken all in all my efforts were rewarded; I had the thrill 
of seeing Ashworth’s Rustic landing on my sheet and the even 
greater thrill of seeing it flying off into the rain and wind of its 
own wild habitat. I pitted my powers of detection against the 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


camouflage of myriilli larvae, and I had the satisfaction of 
finding my quota of the less striking but characteristic larvae 
and adults by steadily ‘working’ the moorland. I got my eye 
into the painstaking task of stooping over the wet heather 
clumps, as they were being buffeted by the wind, to find the 
larvae that clung so stoically to the twigs and flowers, and I 
learnt to spot caesiata on its rock-face even if I could never 
learn to catch it! But after all this I know that I have hardly 
started, that I am still a tyro. Why? Because I have watched 
an expert in action. My wife, interested in bugs only for my 
sake and squeamish in the face of the common moths, found, 
in one day, without really looking (so she says), two interroga- 
tionis adults sitting low down on heather stems. I am speech- 
less before her expertise! 


Complete list of all species recorded in the area near 
Llyn Cwmynach in the years 1970-73 inclusive : — 


Ochlodes venata B. & G., Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., 
P. napi L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Vanessa atalanta L., V. cardui 
L., Aglais urticae L., Inachis io L., Argynnis aglaia L., A: 
selene D. & S., Pararge megera L., Eumenis semele L., Man- 
iola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L. 


Saturnia pavonia L., Orgyia antiqua L., Lasiocampa 
quercus L., Macrothylacia rubi L., Philudoria potatoria L., 
Parasemia plantaginis L. 


Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., A. vestigialis Hufn., Lycophotia 
varia Vill., Ammogrotis lucernea L., Ochropleura plecta L.., 
Diarsia mendica F., D. rubi Viewig, Paradiarsia glareosa Esp., 
Amathes agathina Dup., A. ashworthii Doubl., A. castanea 
Esp., A. xanthographa D. & S., Euschesis comes Hiibn., E. 
ianthina D. & S., Anarta myrtilli L., Ceramica pisi L., Cerap- 
teryx graminis L., Leucania impura Hiibn., Xylena vetusta 
Hiibn., Eumichtis adusta Esp., Apatele menyanthidis Esp., A. 
rumicis L., Apamea crenata Hufn., A. epomidion Haw., A- 
monoglypha Hufn., A. secalis L., Euplexia lucipara L., Phlogo- 
phora meticulosa L., Stilbia anomala Haw., Celaena haworthii 
Curtis, Plusia bractea D. & S., P. gamma._L.., P. interrogationis 
L., Scoliopteryx libatrix L., Phytometra viridaria Clerck. 


Scopula ternata Schrank, Cidaria fulvata Forster, Colo- 
stygia didymata L., C. olviata D. & S., C. pectinataria Knoch, 
C. salicata Hiibn., Dysstroma citrata L., D. truncata Hufn., 
Entephria caesiata D. & S., Eppirhoe alternata, Muller, E. 
galiata D. & S., E. tristata L., Euphyia. bilineata L., Eupithecia 
nanata Hiibn-, E. sobrinata Hiibn., Gymnoscelis pumilata 
Hiibn., Hydriomena furcata Thunb., Lygris populata L., L. 
testata L., Lyncometra ocellata L., Ortholitha chenopodiata 
L., \Triphosa dubitata L., ;Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck, X. 
fluctuata L., Alcis repandata L., Crocallis elinguaria L., Ello- 
pia fasciaria L., Ematurga atomaria L., Opisthograptis luteo- 
lata L., Selenia bilunaria Esp. 


Hepialus fusconebulosa DeGeer, H. lupulina 1. 


PLATE II 


RECENT BUTTERFLY RECORDS FROM GREECE 15 


Recent Butterfly Records from Greece 
By Dr A. KouTsaFTIkIs 


The butterfly records that are being listed below, represent 
the most important of my recent personal captures, carried 
out primarily in the northern districts of Greece. In all un- 
certain cases identification was established by an examination 
of the male genitalia. I wish to express my thanks to Mr J. G. 
Coutsis for his help in the preparation and study of the geni- 
talia. 


Pieridae 

1. Colias hyale L. (Fig..a). Three males captured in June on 
the island of Thasos, north Aegean. Identification based on 
well marked superficial characters. Length of Forewing: 26-28 
mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 35°C and 54” respec- 
tively. 


2. Colias phicomone Esp. (Fig. b, c). A male and female 
captured on the island of Thasos, c. 600 m, in July. The entirely 
unexpected appearance of this alpine butterfly on this island 
suggests probable introduction. Length of Forewing: 23 mm, 
male; 26 mm, female. Locality temperature and humidity: 35° 
C and 50” respectively. 


Nymphalidae 

3. Melitaea arduinna Esp. (Fig d). Found in the district 
of Ioannina, at 1400 m, in June. Length of Forewing: 21 mm. 
Locality temperature and humidity: 25°-28° C and 49” respec- 
tively. This is probably the first record of this species for our 
area. 


4. Euphydruyas aurinia Rott. (Fig. e). Captured in the dis- 
tricts of Florina, Drama, Evros and Ioannina in May-July, at 
altitudes varving from sea level to about 2100 m. Length of 
Forewing: 11-22 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
28°-36° C and 45”-58” respectively. 


Key to Plate II 
a. Colias hyale L., ¢%, upperside, Thasos Island. 
b. Colias phicomone Esp., 9, upperside, Thasos Island. 
ce. Colias phicomone Esp., 3, upperside, Thasos Island. 
d. Melitaea arduinna Esp., 9, upperside, district of Ioannina, 
e. Euphydryas aurinia Rott., ¢, upperside, district of Florina. 
f. Pseudochhazara sintenisi Stgr., 9, upperside, district of Ioannina. 
g, i, k, I. Coenonympha tullia occupata Rebel, 9, upperside, district 


of Florina. 

h. Coenonympha tullia occupata Rebel, 9, upperside, district of 
Florina. 

j, m, n. Coenonympha tullia occupata Rebel, 3, upperside, district 
of Florina. 


0. Strymonidia pruni L., 9, upperside, district of Drama. 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


Satyridae 


5. Hipparchia syriaca Stgr. Found on the island of Thasos 

in June-August, from sea level to about 1600 m. Length of 
Forewing: 29-35 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
19°-35° C and 48”-54” respectively. All specimens identified 
by genitalia. 


6. Hipparchia fagi Scop. Captured in the districts of Drama 
and Trikala in June, July, at 900-2000 m. Length of Forewing: 
30-00 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 20°-32° C and 
60” respectively. Identification based on genitalia. 


7. Hipparchia aristaeus Bon. Captured in the districts of 
Drama and Corinth in June-September, from sea level to about 
1600 m. Length of Forewing: 26-30 mm. Locality temperature 
and humidity: 20°-35° C and 60” respectively. Identification 
based on genitalic characters. 


8. Pseudochazara mamurra H.-S. Recorded from the dis- 
tricts of Laconia and Ioannina in July, at 1200-1700 m. Length 
of Forewing: 23-24 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
28°-34° C and 45”-62” respectively. 


9. Pseudochazara sintenisi Stgr. (Fig. f.) A single female 
captured in the district of Ioannina, at 1200 m, in July. Length 
of Forewing: 28 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
28°-32° C and 45”-66” respectively. This capture constitutes 
a first record for Greece and, probably also, for Europe. 


10. Coenonympha tullia occupata Rebel (Fig. g-n). Found in 
the districts of Florina and Kozani, at 350 m, in June. Length 
of Forewing: 16-19 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
24°-28° C and 44”-52” rsepectively. Probably never before 
recorded from our area. 


Lycaenidae 


11. Strymonidia pruni L. (Fig. 0). Captured in the district of 
Drama in July, at about 650 m. Length of Forewing: 11 mm. 
Locality temperature and humidity: 28°-32° C and 64” respec- 
tively. 


12. Everes argiades Pallas. Captured in the districts of 
Florina and Serrai in July, at sea level to 600 m. Length of 
Forewing: 13-15 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
26°-36° C and 48”-51” respectively. 


13. Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg. Captured at sea level, in 
the district of Serrai, in July. Length of Forewing: 14 mm. 
Locality temperature and humidity: 36° C and 48” respectively. 


RECENT BUTTERFLY RECORDS FROM GREECE Wi 


14. Polyommatus eroides Friv. Found at 950 m in the district 
of Drama, in June. Length of Forewing: 17 mm. Locality 
temperature and humidity: 20° C and 60” respectively. 


15. Heodes virgaureae L. Captured at 500-1600 m, in the dis- 
tricts of Florina, Drama and Thesprotis, in June, July. Length 
of Forewing: 17-19 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 
23°-36° C and 45”-64” respectively. 


16. Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre. Captured in April and July 
in the districts of Thesprotis, Ioannina, Evros and the island of 
Thasos, from sea level to about 300 m. Length of Forewing: 
13-16 mm. Locality temperature and humidity: 23°-36°C and 
45”-64” respectively. 


17. Maculinea alcon Schiff. Found at 950 m, in June, in the 
district of Drama. Length of Forewing: 18 mm. Locality tem- 
perature and humidity: 20° C and 60” respectively. 


Hesperiidae 


18. Carcharodus lavatherae Esp. Captured in June, at about 
950 m, in the district of Drama. Length of Forewing: 15 mm. 
Locality temperature and humidity: 20° C and 60” respec- 
tively. 


19. Spialia phlomidis H.-S. Captured in August in the district 
of Attica, at 600 m. Length of Forewing: 13 mm. Locality 
temperature and humidity: 36° C and 35” respectively. 


References 
Coutsis, John, G. List of Grecian Butterflies. Entomologist, 102: 264- 
268. 
Coutsis, John. G. List of Grecian Butterflies: Additional Records 
Ent Record, 84: 145-151. 
Dacie, J. V. and M, K. and P. Grammatikos. Butterflies in Greece, 
May 1969. Ent. Record, 82: 54-58. 

Dacie, J. V. and M. K. and P. Grammatikos, Butterflies in Northern 
and Central Greece, July 1971. Ent. Record, 84: 257-266. 
Higgins, Lionel, G., and Riley, Norman, D, A Field Guide to the 

Butterflies of Britain and Europe, 1970, Collins, London. 


STERRHA SACRARIA L. AND ORTHONAMA LIGNATA HB. IN 
GLOUCESTERSHIRE IN 1973.—A fresh male specimen of S. 
Sacraria was in my m.v.]. trap at Avening, Glos., on September 
oth. Another appeared at m.v.l. at Tetbury, 4 miles away, on 
September 7th. Another rarity for Gloustershire was the ap- 
pearance of a specimen of O. lignata Hb. at Avening on Sep- 
tember 9th — J. Newton, 11 Oxleaze Close, Tetbury, Glos. 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills 


By D. G. SEvVASToPULO, F.R.E.S. 
(Continued from Vol. 85 p. 266) 
, Mycalesis safitza Hew. — Common all through the year 
in all areas. Attracted to fruit bait. Larvae on Grasses. 
M. campina Auriv., subapicalis Auriv. — Common in all 
areas throughout the year. Attracted to fruit bait. Larvae 
on Grasses. 
M. anynana Btlr., anynana — Common all through the year 
in all areas. Attracted to fruit bait. Larvae on Grasses. 


Henotesia perspicua Trim. — Common in the more open 
areas all through the year. Larvae on Grasses. 
Physcaenura leda Gerst. — Common in all areas through- 


out the year, where grass grows in partial shade. Larvae on 
Grasses. 


Ypthima asterope Klug — Common in open areas all 
through the year. Larvae on Grasses. 
NYMPHALIDAE 


Euxanthe tiberius Gr. Sm. tiberius—Fairly rare all through 
the year in the shadier parts of the Makardara Forest. Fond 
of resting head downwards on the trunks of trees, often 
several together in quite a small area. Larvae on Deinbollia 
spp. (Sapindaceae). 

E. wakefieldi Ward — Fairly common all through the year 
in both the Makardara and Marere Forests. Unlike tiberius, 
this species is a sun-lover. Larvae also on Deinbollia. 

Charaxes varanes Cr., vologeses Mab.—Occurs all through 
the year, rarely in the Makardara Forest, more commonly in 
Marere, which is lower. Larvae on Allophylus spp. (Sapin- 
daceae). 

Ch. acuminatus Thur., shimbanus v. Som. — Fairly com- 
mon all through the year in the Makardara Forest, the 
Marere Forest, presumably, is too low for it. Larvae on 
Allophylus spp. also 

Ch. candiope Godt, candiope—Fairly common all through 
the year in all areas. Larvae on Croton sylvaticus (Euphor- 
biaceae) and probably other Croton spp. 

Ch. protoclea Feist., azota Hew. — Not common in all 
areas, flying all through the year. Larvae on Afzelia quan- 
zensis (Caesalpinaceae). 

Ch. lasti Gr Sm. — Probably the commonest Charazes all 
through the year in all areas. Larvae on Julbernardia magni- 
stipulata and Paramacrolobum caeruleum (both Caesal- 
pinaceae). 

Ch. jasius L., saturnus Btlr. — Up to recently considered 
a subspecies of pelias Cr. Occurs all through the year, un- 
commonly in the Marere Forest, not recorded in Makardara. 
Larvae on numerous food-plants but not found in the Shimba 
Hills where it probably feeds on Afzelia quanzensis (Caesal- 
pinaceae) and Croton spp. (Euphorbiaceae), 


THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 19 


Ch. castor Cr., flavifasciatus Btlr. — Not common in all 
areas, occurring all through the year. Larvae on numerous 
food-plants but not found in the Shimba Hills, probably feed- 
ing there on Afzelia quanzensis. 

Ch. brutus Cr., aleyone Stoneham—Previously considered 
to be ssp. natalensis Staud., but recently separated by Van 
Someren. Occurs commonly in all areas all through the year. 
Larvae on Turraea spp. (Meliaceae). 

Ch. violetta Gr. Sm., maritima v. Som. — Recently 
separated as a good subspecies. Uncommon in all areas all 
through the year. Larvae on Deinbollia spp. 

Ch. bohemani Feld. — Very rare in the Makardara 
Forest, less so in Marere. Recorded in January, February, 


July to October and December. Larvae on Afzelia quan- 
zensis. 


Ch. cithaeron Feld., kennethi Poult. — Common in all 
areas all through the year. Larvae on Afzelia quanzensis. 
Ch. pythodorus Hew., nesaea Gr. Sm. — Very rare in the 


Makardara Forest, less so in Marere, probably most frequent 
in the Lower Shimba Forest. Records for all months except 
February, June and November. 


Ch. zoolina Westw., zoolina — Very rare in the Makardara 
Forest, less so in Marere. Records for all months of the 
year. Larvae on Acacia spp. (Mimosaceae). 

Ch. jahlusa Trim., kenyensis Jcy. & Talb—Common in the 
Marere Forest but absent from Makardara. Occurs all through 
the year. 

Ch. pleione Godt., bebra Roths. — Larvae common all 
through the year in the Makardara Forest, but imagines are 
rare. Also occurs in the Lower Shimba Forest but not in 
Marere. Food-plant Acacia sp. 

Ch. etesipe Godt., tavetensis Roths. —Very rare in the 
the Makardara Forest, less so in Marere. Recorded in all 
months of the year except June and October. 

Ch. guderiana Dew., rabaiensis Poult.—Fairly common in 
the Marere Forest, absent from Makardara, where the food- 
plant Brachysteaia spp. (Caesalpinaceae) does not occur. Re- 
corded for all months except November. 

Ch. viola Btlr., kirki Btlr. — Uncommon all through the 
vear on the outskirts of the Marere Forest. Absent from 
Makardara. 

Ch. contrarius Weym., contrarius. — Rare on the outskirts 
of the Makardara Forest, less so in Marere. Occurs all through 
the vear. Food-plant Albizzia spp. (Mimosaceae). 

Ch. ethalion Bsd. — Uncommon on the outskirts of the 
Makardara Forest and in Marere. Occurs all through the year. 
Larvae on Albizzia spp. 

All the above species, with the exception of Ch. pleione, 
are attracted to fermenting fruit and sap (both sexes) and the 
faeces of carnivora (males only). 

Cymothoe theobene Dbl., blassi Weym. — One only in the 
Makardara Forest in July. 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


C. coranus Gr.Sm. — Common all through the year in the 
Makardara Forest, less so in Marere. Attracted to fermenting 
fruit. 

Euptera pluto Ward, kinungnana Gr.Sm. — Fairly common 
all through the year in the Makardara Forest, less so in 
Marere. The female f. rufa Jcy. & Talb. occurs rarely. Attrac- 
ted to fermenting fruit. 

Pseudathyma lucretioides Carp & Jackson — Uncommon 
in the Makardara Forest all through the year. Basks in the sun 
fairly high up in trees, occasionally flying down to chase 
another butterfly. 

Euryphura achlys Hpffr. — Fairly common all through the 
year in both the Makardara and Marere Forests. Also in the 
Lower Shimba Forest. Attracted to fermenting fruit. 

Euryphene chriemhilda Staud.—Fairly common all through 
the year in both the Makardara and Marere Forests. 
Attracted to fermenting fruit. The larva feeds on Palms of 
various species, but I have never been able to induce females 
to lay. 

E. mardania F., orientis Karsch — Uncommon in the 
Makardara Forest all through the year. Attracted to ferment- 
ing fruit. 

Euphaedra neophron Hpffr.. littoralis Talb. — Common 
throughout the year in both the Makardara and Marere Forest. 
Forests. Attracted to fermenting fruit. Larvae feed on Dein- 
bollia spp. (Sapindaceae). 

E. orientalis Roths. — Uncommon in the Makardara Forest 
all through the year. Attracted to fermenting fruit. 

Hamanumida daedalus F. — Occurs occasionally in the 
Marere Forest. Recorded for all months except April. Attrac- 
ted to fermenting fruit. 

Aterica aalene Brown, theophane Hpffr. — Fairly common 
throughout the year in both the Makardara and Marere Forest. 
Attracted to fermenting fruit and wet mud. Larvae on Quis- 
qualis and Combretum spp (Combretaceae). 

Pseudacraea boisduvali Dbl., trimeni Btlr. — Not uncom- 
mon in both the Makardara and Marere Forests, occurring all 
through the year. Fond of basking in the sun fairly high up. 


Ps. eurytus L., rogersi Trim. — Fairly rare in the Makar- 
dara Forest. Occurs all through the vear. 
Ps. lucretia Cr.. exvansa Btlr. — Common all through the 


vear in all areas. The female f. heliogenes Btlr. occurs rarely. 
Attracted to fermenting fruit. Larvae on Pachystela sp. and 
Sideroxuon diospyroides (Sapotaceae). 

Neptis saclava Bsd., marvessa Hpffr.—Common all through 
the year in all areas. Larvae on Acalypha spp. (Euphorbiaceae) 
and Ouisaualis spp. (Combretaceae). 

N. kariakoffi Overlt. (agatha Cr.) — Common in all areas 
all through the year. 

N. rooersi Eltr. — Rare in both the Marere and Makardara 
Forests. Recorded for all months excent February, May and 
November. 


THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 21 


N. trigonophora Btlr. — Uncommon in both the Makardara 
and Marere Forests. Unrecorded for July, August and Decem- 
ber. 


N. alta Overlt. — Fairly common in both the Makardara 
and Marere Forests all through the year. 


N. melicerta Drury, goochi Trim. — Common in the Makar- 
dara Forest all through the year. 


Cyrestis camillus F., elegans Bsd. — Uncommon in the 
Makardara Forest. No records for May and October. Rests 
with outspread wings on the undersides of leaves high up. 
Larva on Ficus spp. (Moraceae). 

Asterope garega Karsch, ansorgei Roths & Jord. — Re- 
corded from May to August in the Makardara Forest. Com- 
mon when it occurs, but does not appear to be resident. Fond 
of sitting head downwards on the trunks of trees with folded 
wings. Attracted to fermenting fruit. 

Byblia ilithyia Drury — Common all through the year in 
the Makardara Forest. Larvae on Dalechampia and Tragia 
spp. (Euphorbiaceae). 

B. acheloia Wallgrn., acheloia — Common all through the 
year in all areas. This tends to be more of an open country 
species than the preceding. Larvae on Dalechampia sp. (Eu- 
phorbiaceae). 

Neptidopsis fulgurata Bsd., platyptera Roths. & Jord. — 
Uncommon on the outskirts of both the Makardara and 
Marere Forests, avoiding the more shaded areas. Recorded 
for all months except May. Larva on Dalechampia sp. 

Eurytela dryope Cr., angulata Auriv. — Very common in 
all areas all through the year. Attracted to fermenting fruit. 
Larvae on Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae). 

Hypolimnas misipus L. — Common all through the year in 
all areas. Females mostly f. inaria Cr. Larvae on Portulaca 
quadrifida (Portulacaceae). 

H. deceptor Trim., deceptor — Common in both the Makar- 
dara and Marere Forests. Recorded all through the year. 
Larvae on Urera sp. (Urticaceae). 

H. dubia Beau., mama Trim. — Common in both the Makar- 
dara and Marere Forests. Recorded all through the year. Lar- 
vae on Urera sp. 

H. usambara Ward — Rare in the Makardara Forest. Re- 
corded for all months of the year except August. It is very 
spasmodic in appearance. Larvae on Fleurya sp. (Urticaceae). 

Salmis parhassus Drury, aethiops Beau. — Fairly common 
all through the vear in both the Makardara and Marere 
Forests. Larvae of this, and the next, species said to feed on 
Asustasia spp. (Acanthaceae), but I have never been able to 
induce females of either to lay thereon. 

S. anacardii L.. nebulosa Trim. — Common all through the 
year in both the Makardara and Marere Forests. Basks in 
the sun with outspread wings fairly high up. 

S. cacta F., amaniensis Voss. — Rare in the Makardara 


22 ENTOMOLOGIS1’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


Forest, records for all the months of the year. Larvae said to 
feed on Urera sp. (Urticaceae). 


Catacroptera cloanthe Cr., cloanthe — Uncommon in the 
more open areas around the Makardara and Marere Forests. 
No records for Feburary, July or September. 


Precis natalica Feld., natalica — Common in all areas all 
through the year. Larvae on Asystasia and Barleria spp. 
(Acanthaceae). 


P. terea Drury, elgiva Hew. — Common in the Makardara 
and Marere Forests all through the year. Larvae on Barleria 
and Asystasia. 

P. antilope Feist. — Rare in both the Makardara and 
Marere Forests. Records for January, May, June, September 
and December. 

P. clelia Cr. — Common in all areas all through the year. 
Larvae on Asystasia. 

P. hierta F. — Uncommon in all areas all through the year. 
Larvae on Barleria and Asystasia. 

P. orithya L., madagascariensis Guen. — Occasional speci- 
mens from both the Makardara and Marere Forest outskirts. 
No records for April, August or November. 

Vanessa cardui L. — Very occasional straggler in all areas. 
Recorded for all months except February, March and 
November. 


Lachnoptera ayresii Trim. — Fairly common in the Makar- 
dara Forest all through the year. Larvae on Vismia orientalis 
(Hypericaceae). 


Phalanta columbina Cr., columbina — Common in all areas 
all through the year. Almost certainly re-inforced by migra- 
tion. Larvae on Dovyalis sp. (Flacourtiaceae) and Maytenus 
sp. (Celastraceae). 


ACRAEIDAE 


Bematistes aganice Hew., montana Btlr. — Uncommon in 
the Makardara Forest. Records for April to June and August 
to October. 

B. adrasta Weym., adrasta — Rare in the Makardara 
Forest. Records for August and October to February. 

B. epaea Weym., epitellus Staud. — Appeared suddenly 
in small numbers in the Makardara Forest in December 1966 
and again in August 1967, thereafter disappearing again. At 
the same time it suddenly appeared at Amani in Tanzania. 

Acraea zonata Hew. — Rare in the open areas around 
the Makardara Forest and alongside the track leading to the 
Lower Shimba Forest. Recorded for all months except Janu- 
ary and March. 

A. rabbaiae Ward, mombasae Gr. Sm. — Common. all 
through the year in the surroundings of the Makardara 
Forest. 

A. satis Ward — Fairly common all through the year in 
the Makardara Forest. 


THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 25 


A. damiu Vollenhoven, cuva Gr. Sm. — A single specimen 
in the Makardara Forest in April. 

A. quirina F., rosa Eltr. — Not uncommon in the Makar- 
dara Forest. Recorded from April to November. 

A. terpsichore L., neobule Dbl. — Uncommon in the areas 
around the Makardara Forest, common in Marere. Recorded 
for all months except November. 


A. matuapa Gr. Sm. — Separated recently from the pre- 
ceding by R. H. Carcasson (1961, The Acraea Buiterflies of 
East Africa (Lepidoptera, Acraeidae) — Uncommon in the 


surroundings of the Makardara Forest, common in Marere. 
Records for January to March and May to September. 

A. admatha Hew., admatha — A single specimen outside 
the Makardara Forest in May. 


A. insignis Dist., insignis —- Common in the Makardara 
Forest all through the year. Larvae on Adenia sp. (Passi- 
floraceae). 

A. zetes L., acara Hew. — Uncommon outside both the 


Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded from March to 
September and in December. 

A. chilo Godm., chilo — Uncommon in the surroundings 
of the Makardara and Marere Forests. Records for January, 
February, May and July to October. 

A. anemosa Hew. — Fairly common in the surroundings 
of the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded for all 
months except November. 

A. egina Cr., areca Mab. — Rare in the Makardara Forest. 
Singletons only in April and September. 

A. petraea Bsd. — Rare in beth the Makardara and Marere 
Forests. Recorded from July to September. 

A. braesia Godm. — Rare on the outskirts of the Makar- 
dara and Marere Forests. Records for all months except 
January, April, July, October and November. 

A. oncaea Hpffr., oncaea — Common in the Makardara 
Forest all through the year. Varies considerably. Larvae on 
Adenia sp. (Passifloraceae). 


A. pudorella Auriv., pudorella — A single specimen in 
the Marere Forest in December. 
A. equatorialis Neave, anaemia Eltr. — Rare on the out- 


skirts of the Makardara Forest. Records for January, March, 
June, August, October and November. 

A. natalica Bsd., natalica — Fairly common on the out- 
skirts of the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded all 
through the year. 

A. encedon L., encedon — Rare on the outskirts of the 
Makardara Forest. Recorded for all months’ except 
February, October and November. Larvae on Commelina 
spp. (Commelinaceae). 

A. eponina Cr., eponina — Common on the outskirts 
of the Makardara and Marere Forests. Very variable. Larvae 
on Hermannia sp. (Sterculiaceae) and Triumfetta (Tiliaceae). 

(to be continued) 


24 ENTOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


Notes and Observations 


LYSANDRA CORIDON (PopA) AND L. BELLARGUS (RoTT.) IN 
Nortu Wates?—In 1971, I was informed by Mr J. Richens 
that he caught a female specimen of L. coridon during 1970 
near Llangoed in north-east Anglesey. This butterfly he had 
become familiar with in southern England that very same 
season. However, not realizing the zoogeographic significance 
of the discovery the specimen had been released! Mr 
Richens had previously obtained the information from a Mr 
Lyons of Colwyn Bay that both L. coridon and L. bellargus 
had been introduced to the area some thirty years before- 
hand by a Mr Scott. This summer, I visited Mr Lyons in the 
hope of compiling useful zoogeographic information on the 
artificial introductions, but little data of value was forthcom- 
ing. 
Though Mr Lyons had visited the area, and had observed 
and taken both insects there, he failed to produce any speci- 
mens taken during his visits, and to locate the colonies on 
Ordnance Survey sheet 107. 

Two basic factors associated with the species in Britain are 
available in the area concerned. The lithology is of calcareous 
strata, Carboniferous limestone, and Hippocrepis comosa L. is 
present. However, short visits to the area during the flight 
periods failed to disclose beneficial habitats or either species. 
Thus factual evidence of the introduction of both insects and 
the later capture of specimens is lacking. It will be recalled 
that hitherto L. coridon has had a dubious association with 
north Lancashire and south Westmorland. (See Wright 1940, ° 
Entomologist Vol., 73, pp. 217-221 for sound conclusions on 
the matter.) The above account will at least provide some 
framework for any future records of the two butterflies that 
may derive from north-east Anglesey.—R. L. H. Dennis, 
University of Durham, Department of Anthropology, South 
End House, South Road, Durham. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. AND OTHER MIGRANTS IN S. DEVON. 
—A number of regular immigrant species have been taken in 
South Devon during the late summer of 1973 and autumn. 
August and early September gave considerable promise but 
October was not as good as might have been expected pos- 
sibly due to below average temperatures. At Ermington a 
fresh specimen of Acherontia atropos Linn. appeared at mer- 
cury vapour light on 23rd August followed by Pyrausta 
nubilalis Hiibn. on 27th August. Leucania vitellina Hiibn. 
appeared on 2nd September and again on the 4th. Six speci- 
mens of Rhodometra sacraria Linn. were seen between 4th 
and 6th September. I was away in Cornwall from 7th Sep- 
tember and I saw one on the 16th near Wadebridge but no 
more following my return on 22nd September. Together 
in the light trap on 5th September were four sacraria and 
one Vanessa cardui Linn. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25 


Nycterosea obstipata Fab. may well have bred locally as 
specimens were taken on September 3rd (1), 7th (1), Novem- 
ber 4th (2), 18th (1), and 24th (1). A single Cosymbia 
puppillaria Hiibn. came to light on 6th October 

A colleague, Lt.-Col. Carfrae found a full-grown larva of 
Herse convolvuli Linn. at Ivybridge school in the vicinity of 
the foodplant, Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) in late Septem- 
ber. Further enquiries amongst pupils revealed a further 
four full-grown larvae and there were reports that more had 
been seen. To date one moth has been reared successfully, 
emerging on 10th November 1973.—ALAN KENNARD, 4 Erme 
Park, Ermington, Ivybridge, Devon. 28.xi.73. 


HyLes GALLII ROTT., ORIA MUSCULOSA HuBN. AND RHYACIA 
SIMULANS HUFNAGEL IN OXFORDSHIRE. — In what appears to 
have been a record year for migrants, I am pleased to be able 
to. record the capture of two perfect specimens of Hyles gallii 
Rott. on the night of 30th-3lst July 1973 in my 80 watt m.v. 
trap at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. On the same evening 
one specimen of Oria musculosa was recorded. These records 
are the first for both species in that area. Rhyacia simulans 
—another rather local moth—has continued to appear there 
in constant numbers, the highest number recorded in one 
evening being eleven. — P. D. J. Huco, Rothamsted Manor 
House, Harpenden, Herts., ALS 2BG. 


SYNGRAPHA INTERROGATIONIS (L.) IN NorFoLK-—After read- 
ing the note by Baron de Worms on this species in Norfolk 
in the April 1973 issue, I turned up my records for this area 
of Norfolk for 1972. I was camping over a period of three 
weeks within a few miles of Cley-by-Sea and noted two speci- 
mens of interrogationis at Salthouse Heath on 28th July and a 
further specimen on Salthouse Beach on 30th July. At the 
time I did not think there was anything spectacular about 
these captures as there was heathland close by. However, I 
set two of the specimens and see that both correspond exactly 
to the description given in the April 1973 note. Although I 
continued to be’ in the area for the first two weeks of August, 
no further interrogationis were noted. — T. W. Harman, 26 
Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, 25.xi.1973. 


HYLFS GALLIIT RoTT. IN BRITAIN DURING 1973: AN APPEAL 
In view of the remarkable number of Bedstraw Hawkmoths 
that have appeared in the British Isles in 1973, it has been 
considered of special interest to correlate and even map as 
many records as possible both of the imagines and larvae so 
as to compare this last season with those of 1888 and 1955,. 
both prolific years for the hawkmoth in Britain. Will anyone 
who has come across this insect and its larva in the wild, be 
good enough to send details of date and location of capture 
to me at the address below, particularly those records which 
have not been published in the literature. — C. G. M. de 
Worms, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking, 18.xi.73. 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


NYCTEROSIA OBSTIPATA Fas. AT WoKING.—1I think it of in- 
terest to report the capture of a female of this small migrant, 
the Gem, in my m.v. trap here on November Ist 1973 since not 
many have been recorded this year and it is nearly ten years 
since I last saw it here-—C. G. M. de Worms, Three Oaks, 
Shore’s Road, Woking. 


CHLOROCLYSTIS CHLOERATA MAB. AT LIGHT IN SURREY. — On 
June 30, 1973 while collecting with mercury-vapour light near 
Bisley, a small moth alighted on the sheet. It turned out to 
be the Sloe Pug which has proved very prevalent in the larval 
state over a large part of the south of England, but I am not 
aware that there have been many records of its capture in the 
wild: at light.—C. G. M. de Worms, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, 
Woking. 


EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA (RAMBUR) IN KeNTtT—Between the 
years 1960-66 I ran a moth-trap nightly (at first tungsten, 
then m.v.) in the garden of my parents house in Orpington. 
On the night of 29th-30th August 1965 I recorded, what I then 
took from the shape of the wings, to be E. nanata angusta 
(Prout). The specimen was duly set, but it wasn’t until 1969 
that its true identity was established. In August of that year 
I was to take E. phoeniceata in one of its known footholds in 
Torquay. Later that winter when sorting out my Pugs, I 
found that the Orpington specimen was in fact a female 
phoeniceata. At the time it must be remembered that the 
old ‘South’ had no figure of this insect, and a young lad 
hardly expects newly discovered residents to come to a mere 
garden trap! 

This record although mentioned to friends at the time was 
never published and was soon forgotten. 

This year however, at the B.E.N.H.S. annual exhibition, 
Paul Sokoloff, who now also runs a trap in Orpington, men- 
tioned to me that he too had taken phoeniceata on the night of 
6-7th September 1973. 

Our next door neighbour at the time of my capture had 
three large Cupressus trees in his front garden and a Cupressus 
hedge was also being cultivated a few houses along the road. 
I know of no other source of foodplant that was in the area 
however and consider it fortunate that I was situated at such 
proximity to a possible place of origin. No other specimens 
were however seen. Paul Sokoloff’s specimen in perfect con- 
dition was taken at his house on the outskirts of Orpington, an 
area devoid of Cupressus. This insect could be a traveller, its 
rate of colonisation of the South would be conducive to this idea. 
It might repay people interested in its distribution to collect 
in some of the large landscaped parks and gardens where 
Cupressus has been long established to determine the extent 
of its range. — Dr J. A. Watkinson, 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, 
Kent 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 27 


EUBLEMA OSTRINA HiiBNER IN SOUTH DEVON IN 1973.—On the 
night of 26th/27th August 1973 a fresh- specimen of Eub- 
lemma ostrina Hiibn. ab. ‘carthami H.-S. came to mercury 
vapour light at Ermington. To my knowledge this is the tenth 
record for the county since the first British specimen was re- 
corded from Bideford in 1825. It is interesting to note that 
of the five records since 1926 four are referable to ab. cart- 
hami. The specimen will be lodged in the collection of Devon- 
shire lepidoptera, and other insects, based on the collection 
of the late Mr Frank Lees which is now housed in Exeter 
University and maintained by the Devonshire Association.— 
ALAN KENNARD, 4 Erme Park, Ermington, Ivybridge, Devon. 
28.X1.75. 


BLASTOBASIS DECOLORELLA WOLLASTON (LEP.: BLASTOBASI- 
DAE) ATTACKING STORED APPLES. — Shortly after picking my 
Bramley apples this year, I noticed signs of larval feeding 
amongst the stored fruit, but was at first unable to find the 
offending larva. Eventually I found a larva which was neither 
Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) nor Cacoecimorpha pronubana 
(Hubner) nor Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Stainton). It 
was tinted a purplish brown on the dorsal region and had 
warty dots along its back, giving me the impression that it 
was Blastobasis decolorella. To make sure, I handed the 
specimen to Mr David Carter of the British Museum (Natural 
History) for examination, which he kindly undertook to do, 
giving me his verdict that the larva was in fact decolorella. 


The method of attack was to eat off a small patch of the 
apple peel at the point of contact between two apples, in 
irregular patches roughly about half an inch in diameter, and 
in some cases, short borings into the flesh of the apple were 
made, but these did not make for the core as does pomonella, 
nor was there frass thrown clear of the working as in the 
case of pronubana. 


It has since occurred to me that infestation might have 
occurred while the fruit was still on the tree, many of the 
apples having the remains of unfertile florets spun round the 
stalk with evidence of larval feeding. Though I did not find 
any larvae, this would most probably be the feeding places of 
Argydesthia cornella (Fabricius). Other apples, however, had 
a small leaf spun to the surface with a small degree of eaten 
skin under it, which may have been the initial feeding place 
of decolorella. 


I have reared decolorella ab ovo on four or five occasions, 
provinding ’’cigars” of mixed sallow and bramble leaves rolled 
together and tied with cotton. These were freely accepted by 
the female moth as suitable for oviposition, and the resultant 
larvae fed steadily in them, only requiring replacements as 
they exhausted the existing food supply, say about twice in 
their larval lifetime.—S. N. A. Jacoss, 54 Hayes Lane, Brom- 
ley, Kent, BR2 9EE.  8.xi.1973. 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


MONOPIS MONACHELLA (HUBNER) (LEP.: TINEIDAE) IN SUFFOLK. 
—On 2nd August 1973 I was examining the contents of my 
m.v. trap in an outhouse in my garden when I noticed an 
attractive black and white tineid on the window-ledge. As 
it was quite unknown to me I searched in the late Bishop 
Whittingham’s collection which is housed in Norwich Castle 
Museum, but without success. The moth was finally identified 
by Dr J. D. Bradley and Mr E. S. Bradford at the Annual 
Exhibition of the B.E.N.H.S. as Monopis monachella- Both 
Meyrick and Stainton give Cambridge as the only known 
locality, but Claude Morley, Lepidoptera of Suffolk (1937) p. 
208, states that among the tineids missing from the Suffolk 
list, M. monachelia and others “surely await discovery”’. 

As far as I am aware this is the first example to be found 
in Suffolk, but whether it was attracted to my trap or had 
bred in the outhouse I am unable to say. The larva is said 
to feed on dry skins, birds’ nests and refuse.—H. E. CHIPPER- 
FIELD. The Shieling, Palmer’s Lane, Walberswick, Southwold, 
Suffolk, 14.xi.1973. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS LINN. AND HYLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG 
IN SOMERSET AND Dorset 1973.—During this year, a fine one 
for many migrant species, we have had no less than three 
A. atropos brought in to the Butterfly Farm at Over Compton. 
The first two arrived as larvae, found by a gentleman on his 
potatoes in South Petherton, Somerset. These pupated suc- 
cessfully and two fine females subsequently emerged. The 
third specimen, a male, flew into a friend’s house in Castle 
Cary, Somerset. 

In July Mr David Rushen and, myself were collecting near 
Sherborne and were very pleasantly surprised to find a large 
female H. gallii at rest in some long grass. Unfortunately, 
no eggs were obtained. Also in July another friend, Mr Mike 
Murless, witnessed a good migration of M. stellatarum Linn. 
coming off the sea at Eype near Bridport.—B. J. TayLor, 4 
Wyke Farm Cottages, Wyke, nr. Sherborne, Dorset. 


EUPITHECIA INSIGNIATA HUBN (PINION-SPOTTED PUG) IN BERKS. 
—During the night of 26th/27th May 1973 I took this species 
at uv. light, together with Selenia lunaria Schiff. (Lunar 
Thorn) and 12 Deilephila porcellus Linn. (Small Elephant 
Hawk) on chalk woodland near Streatley. While walking 
around this locality a month later, I noticed several old apple 
or crab-apple trees which might have been the foodplant of 
the former insect. 

New species turning up at u.v. light in my back garden 
in Bucklebury, Berks., in 1973 include Hadena contigua 
Schiff. (Beautiful Brocade) on 25th/26th June, Rhyacia 
simulans Hufn. (Dotted Rustic) on Ist/2nd August, Parascotia 
fuliginaria Linn. (Waved Black) on 10th/11th August, and 
Plusia festucae Linn. (Gold Spot) on 19th/20th August 1973. 
—P. A. Davey, Hillside, Hatch Lane, Bucklebury, Berks., 
29:X1,10, 


PLATE III 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 29 


EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA (RAMBUR) AND LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI 
(BoIsDUVAL) IN SuSsEx.—In August 1973, I ran my m.v. trap 
on two week-ends at Aldwich Bay, Bognor Regis. On each of 
three nights when it was operating, August 9th, 11th and 17th, 
I noted some half dozen Eupithecia phoeniceata were 
attracted. This estate has a large amount of Cupressus 
macrocarpa as matured trees, and Lithophane leautieri is 
plentiful there at light in early October.—Rona.p P. PICKER- 
ING, 4 St Mary Abbot’s Terrace, Kensington, W14 8NX. 


Obituary 
JOHN 8S. TAYLOR 1900-1973 


Born in Londonderry in 1900, J. S. Taylor entered Edin- 
burgh University in 1921, where he studied three years for the 
degree of M.A. In 1921 he read British History, Zoology and 
Political Economy, obtaining certificates in all three. In his 
second year he read and obtained certificates in Moral Philo- 
sophy and Scottish History, in which he took the Class Prize. 
In his third year he read Botany and Zoology, taking certifi- 
cates at the advanced level. He did so well in the latter that he 
was accepted for a course in Entomology at the Imperial Col- 
lege of Science and Technology, South Kensington, under the 
famous Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy 1924-1925, which led to 
his appointment in South Africa as entomologist in the Divi- 
sion of Entomology (now Plant Protection Research Institute) 
Department of Agriculture, having married Bessie Rankin on 
12th December 1925. 


He was stationed at Barberton, Transvaal until about 1932, 
being engaged with cotton insect problems, when he went for 
a year to Pretoria where the initial work on biological control 
of Cactus was carried out. From 1933 to 1934 he was stationed 
at Graff Reinet, Cape Province, where he undertook detailed 
investigations on Cactoblastis cactorum, Dactylopius opun- 
tiae, and other imported Cactus insects. At the end of 1944 
this laboratory was closed, and he was transferred to Port 
Elizabeth, Cape Province, as Eastern Cape Entomologist. His 
official projects there concerned timber insects (Holotrupes 
bajulus, Cryptotermes brevis, and others), Forest insects, 
Cactus insects, and those affecting agriculture in the region. 

He lost his wife in 1961 and remarried a boyhood friend, 
the widowed Mrs Ethel Habershon of Northern Ireland, in 
November 1962. In 19635 he retired, and resided in several 
places including Wilderness, C.P., Hilton, Natal, and then he 
returned to the United Kingdom, residing for a time at Crail, 
Fife. This return proved to be a sad mistake; the exposed 
position of his home at Crail was too much for him, and after 
failing to find more suitable quarters, he decided to return to 
South Africa, but by that time, his health was suffering. 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


While in Scotland, he donated his collection to The Royal 
Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, and this included much interest- 
ing material derived from his work. He and his wife returned 
to Port Elizabeth in 1971. Not long after his return to Port 
Elizabeth his condition worsened, and finally he went into 
hospital, where he died on 7th October 1973. 

I had maintained a sporadic correspondence with him 
over many years and was delighted to have the opportunity 
for meeting him and his wife when they were passing 
through London on their return journey to Africa, and I 
found him to be the delightful personality described by his 
friends. 

J. S. Taylor wrote many papers and notes, including five 
series of papers entitled “Notes on Lepidoptera of the East- 
ern Cape Province”, published in the Journal of the Entomo- 
logical Society of South Africa between 1949 and 1965, and 
he was elected Vice President of that society on several 
occasions. He published many other papers in that journal, 
and also in The Entomologist and The Entomologist’s Record, 
mostly on aspects of the life histories of various African Lepi- 
doptera, but also on some of the interesting habits of various 
African bees: many were accompanied by excellent photo- 
graphic illustrations. 

J. S. Taylor was also a keen ornithologist and contributed 
several papers on the subject: a grant from the C.S.LR. 
enabled him to publish a monograph “Notes on the Birds of 
Inland Waters in the Eastern Cape Province, with special 
Reference to the Karoo” in The Ostrich (28(1) Jan. 1957). 

To his widow and to his sister, we offer our very sincere 
sympathy, together with our assurance that we too share 
some of that grief, for the entomological world has indeed 
lost a prominent worker and a loveable personality. The kind 
assistance of friends and relations in supplying information 
on Mr Taylor’s career is evidence of his very great popularity. 
—S.N-A.J. 


Current Literature 


A Survey of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Croydon and North-East 
Surrey by L. K. and K. G. W. Evans. 136 pp. (including 
index, 9 pp), folding map and 24 distribution maps, 
1IS7S: £A (this torms) Broce, \Groydon atest. si SOG:, 
XIV: 273-408). 


The compilers state their prime object has been to pro- 
duce an account of the distribution of the species within the 
limits of the survey, and this they have ably achieved. Broadly 
speaking, their survey is the outcome of a search for all re- 
cords of Macro-lepidoptera observed in the area since 1950, 
and of a critical examination of these records together with 
the addition of much material based on their own field-work. 


CURRENT LITERATURE ol 


The system of treatment of the records and their detailed 
yet concise presentation is a notable feature, as is the docu- 
mentation which is remarkably good with each of the many 
hundreds of records accompanied by its authority or published 
reference. We note too that the compilers made a particular 
point of recording the natural foodplants upon which species 
have been found in the survey area, thus adding much to the 
interest and value of the work. The distribution maps are 
illuminating and we regret their high cost prohibited the in- 
clusion of many more of these. 


For a survey of a comparatively small area, covering a 
relatively short period and treating of only a part of the 
Order, this is the best authenticated and most attractively pre- 
sented “local list” we have seen, and we hope the compilers 
may some day issue a similar account of the Micro-lepidop- 
tera.—J.M.C.-H. 


Butterflies of Georgia by Lucien Harris, Jr. xxii + 326pp., in- 
cluding 11 coloured and 14 other plates, maps, biblio- 
graphy and index. University of Oklahoma Press, 1972. 
£4 U.K. agents: Bailey Bros & Swinfen Ltd., Warner 
House,, Folkestone, Kent 


This attractive book is the third and greatly expanded 
author’s List of the Butterflies of the State of Georgia, and con- 
tains a Foreword by Alexander B. Klots. 


Georgia is especially interesting to the Lepidopterist for a 
number of reasons, one of which is its association with the 
Englishman John Abbot whose observations formed the basis 
of J. E. Smith’s magnificent two volume work, The Rarer Lepi- 
dopterous Insects of Georgia published in London in 1797. 


The purpose of this book is to cover and illustrate every 
species now known to occur in Georgia. This coverage includes 
information on distribution, life history, foodplants, habitat, 
localities and dates of capture. An important feature is the 
fact that an authority is cited for every record. There is a use- 
ful distribution chart which lists the month or months of occur- 
rence of each species and the regions in which they have been 
found. The illustrations which are virtually all reproduced 
from photographs, are on the whole very good indeed. The 
book is of handy size, nicely produced in cloth, well printed 
and on good quality paper.—J.M.C.-H. 


Butterflies presented by Saruman. 36pp., 12 pls., 42 figs. Saru- 
man Butterflies, England, 1973. Text by Paul Smart; ad- 
ditional material and line drawings by Chris Samson. A4 
horizontal format. 


This book marks an interesting departure from the recent 
spate of low-priced ‘‘picture-books” of butterflies: it is pri- 
marily a dealer’s catalogue—hence the low price of 85p—but 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


at the same time it strives to be informative and useful and I 
believe it succeeds admirably in this respect. 

The first four pages deal with the structure of Lepidoptera 
in simple terms, life history, pattern types, significance of 
cryptic colouration and mimicry and seasonal and geo- 
graphical variation. This section is amazingly comprehensive. 
It is followed by a further section on the study of Lepidoptera, 
dealing with the earliest entomological works to appear in this 
country, the advent of binomial nomenclature, fieldwork, 
rearing, collecting, preservation and arrangement of collec- 
tions and conservation. The line drawings here, although 
good, are a little small and I would have preferred to have 
seen the Comstock-Needham system of venational nomencla- 
ture used in the venational diagram rather than the numerical 
system. The introductory portion of the book is followed by 
a selective but good bibliography. 

The remaining twenty-six pages are a priced catalogue of 
1100 species of Lepidoptera, displays, books and equipment. 
The twelve colour plates (which include the covers) display 
some 200 identified species: four of the plates are devoted to 
books, displays and equipment. The catalogue of species con- 
tains up-to-date and reliable nomenclature with the exception 
of Ornithoptera where Fruhstorfer’s generic names are re- 
tained and Ornithoptera paradisea Staudinger is listed as 
“Schoenbergia schoenbergi”. The wingspan range, a brief 
description, the region of origin and the price of each species 
is given. A useful sketch of wing shape and venation pre- 
cedes each family. The catalogue is preceded by an explan- 
ation of the six zoographical regions (sic) which are used to 
indicate the region of origin of the species offered for sale. 
The map of the major zoogeographic regions is not accurate. 
Wallace’s or Weber’s line could have been chosen to separate 
the Oriental and Australasian regions; instead there is a no- 
man’s land encompassing Sumatra, Java, Borneo and New 
Guinea; Hawaii becomes a seventh region. The fact that the 
region of origin of a species may not be the only region in- 
habited is not made clear: Danaus plexippus is listed as a 
Nearctic species despite its presence in Australasia and 
similarly, Hypolimnas bolina is listed as Oriental. 

The quality of the colour printing in this book (by Robert 
Stace & Co.) is first class but very unfortunately one side of the 
sixth and seventh central plates is out of focus and this would 
appear to be a fault of the original photographs. Despite 
minor lapses the standard of this colourful and pleasing book 
is very high.—G.S.R. 


CORRECTION—In the heading of my recent Review of “The 
Horse Flies of Europe (Diptera, Tabanidae) by Milan Chvala, 
Leif Lyneborg & Josef Moucha 1972. Entomological Society 
of Copenhagen” the following information was unfortunately 
omitted: —‘‘Sole Agent E. W. Classey Limited. £9”. 

P. J. Chandler 


Entomological Specimens 


LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS 
INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 


20 page Mllustrated Catalogue, 20p 


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My 16 page illustrated catalogue for 1974 describes many species and 
includes list of food plants, etc. 


Catalogue 15p. Overseas $1.00 (or equivalent) sent by Air Mail. 


R. N. BAXTER 
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L. CHRISTIE 
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Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s 
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the BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded 1894) 
Bilsington, Ashford, Kent England TN25 7JW. Tel. Ham St. 2513 


As the oldest farm in the world we are justly proud of our reputation 
as suppliers of the finest entomological materials. 

For livestock and preserved specimens from all over the world; books 
new or old; breeding, storage and collecting equipment; educational dis- 
plays, please write for lists and details of our Mailing Index. 

We urgently need suppliers of surplus collections, books and 
cabinets, and also reliable suppliers of livestock. 

Visitors especially welcome to look around the Butterfly Farm, please 
phone in advance. See our living and museum displays and our British 
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SARUMAN BUTTERFLIES 


58 HIGH STREET, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT 
Telephone: Tunbridge Wells 31926 
We offer an unrivalled personal service to the amateur 
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Lepidoptera supplied, common and rare; also cabinets, 
equipment, books, prints, etc. 

Catalogue of 1000 species (200 shown in colour), 85p + 10p postage 
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BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION 


has twenty active branches in Britain and a 

world-wide membership. It’s official organ, 

Country-Side (published three times a year), is 

the oldest-established British magazine devoted 
to general natural history 


Membership subscription 75p per annum 


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THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) 
A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History 


Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. 
Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers 50p 


Separates of the collected instalments of the:— 
LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) 


which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available 
on application. Price 50p, plus 4p postage 


The Editor of the Naturalist, 
Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2, 9JT 


: THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL 
RESEARCH FUND 


The British Entomological and Natural History Society 

> announces that awards may be made from this Fund for 
the promotion of entomological research with particular 

. emphasis on: 

(a) Leaf miners, 

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae, 

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera, 

(d) General entomology, 


; in the above order of preference, having regard to the suit- 
% ability of candidates and of the plan of work proposed. 


Awards would be made to assist travelling and other 
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tions, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptionally, for 
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Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, ‘ 
and research in any part of the world may qualify. 


Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, 
of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and 
amount for which an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHER- 
TON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley 
Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE, as soon as 
possible and in any case not later than 31st March 1974. 


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3p stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising 
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EXCHANGES AND WANTS 


For Sale.—Separates of “Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- 
dae”. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— 


Apply «o S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. 


Request for Information — Hothfield Local Nature Reserve, Kent 
(TQ/9645). I am preparing a paper on the insects of Hothfield LNR for 
presentation at a symposium on the area to be held in April 1974 (full 
details: —G. H. Morgan, 1 Somerfield Close, Maidstone, Kent.) I would 
be very grateful to receive any records of even common species of 
lepidoptera, or indeed any insect groups, not included in J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt’s account on the Lepidoptera of Kent (Ent. Rec. (1960), 72, 41 et 
seq.), in the compilation of Dr. E. Scott (Trans. Kent Field Club (1964) 2), 
or in the Kent Education Committee Booklet: Environmental Studies at 
Hothfield (this booklet is available from Mrs B. Dodds, Fairbourne Mill, 
Harrietsham, Kent)—Full acknowledgement will of course be made.— 
J. C. Felton, 20 Gore Court Road, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME10 1QN. 


Back numbers—Our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little 
reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 
79, 82 and 83 at subdscription rates. Due to an error there are now no 
further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted 
to anyone who could part with this issue.—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, 
Bromley, Kent. 


Celerio galii—The Bedstraw Hawkmoth—I have records of four Celerio 
galii being caught in’ July including one on the Ocean Weather Ship 
‘Weather Monitor’ stationed some 400 miles west of Scotland and 200 south 
of Iceland. I understand that other specimens of this immigrant Hawk- 
mo“h have been caught and would welcome details of date, time and place 
of any captures. — R. A. French, Entomology Department, Rothamsted 
Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ. 


For Sale — Very high quality 16 drawer polished mahogany cabinet, 
now a valuable antique, bearing the name ‘Watkins and Doncaster, 36 
Strand, London, W.C.’ With bolection-moulded semi-circular head 
panelled door and lock, moulded plinth and top. Almost as new intern- 
ally and in beautiful condition. Airtight drawers with concealed slots 
all round, size 18”x18”x2” deep, all recently recorked.—Height 3/6”, 
depth 1’93”, width 1’94” overall. £250. A. P. Gainsford. Tavistock 3203. 


Records of Sesiidae — In preparing the material on clearwings for Vol. 
2 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland (Editor John 
Heath), I would welcome recent records of any of the 15 known species. 
Precise details of localities are not required but only sufficient informa- 
tion to enable me to relate a record to a particular vice-county. Would 
subscribers having the required information kindly reply to: — B. R. 
Baker, Reading Museum and Art Gallery, P.O. Box 17, Town Hall, Read- 
ing, Berkshire, RG1 1QN. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: 


Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., Coleoptera: A. A. 
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. 


TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS 


All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR 
at St Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 


ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to Dr IAN WATKINSON, 
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a 


TREASURER’S 
NOTICE 


The annual subscription will remain at £4 
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It is now due and the Treasurer would be 
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If there are still any subscribers who have 
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January 1974 number if they receive it before 


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points out that in accordance with the usual 
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renewed unless cancelled. 


CONTENTS 


Butterflies in Cyprus, June 1973. R. F. BRETHERTON .. 


A New Species of Dermaptera (Forficulidae) from Mexican 
Bromeliads. A. BRINDLE 


Retfridgeration—A Valuable Adjunct to Usual Relaxing Methods 
used by Lepidopterists. D. M. KROON .. 


An Account of Some of the Lepidoptera of the Moorlands near Llyn 
Cwmynach, Merioneth. M. R. YOUNG 


Recent Butterfly Records from Greece. A. KOUTSAFTIKIS 
The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. D. G, SEVASTOPULO 
Notes and Observations: 


Acherontia atropos L. in Essex in 1973. R. R. COOK 
Herse convolvuli L. in Kent. J. C. LITTLE 


Sterrha sacraria L. and Orthonama lignata Hubn. in Giouces! 


tershire. J. NEWTON .. 


Lysandra coridon (Poda) and L. Bevleraiel (Rott.) in “Noein 


Wales? R. L. H. DENNIS 


Acherontia atropos L. and Other Migrants in S. “Deven A. 


KENNARD ae ae an Bi ie KA 

Hyles gallii Rott., Oria musculosa Hubn. and Rhyacia 
simulans Hufnagel in Oxfordshire. P. D, J. HUGO .. 

Syngrapha interrogationis (L.) in Norfolk. T. W. HARMAN .. 

Hyles gallii Rott. in Britain during 1973: an Appeal. C. G. 
M. de WORMS a3 

Nycterosia obstipata Fab. at Woking. Cc. G. M. He WORMS . 

Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. at light in Surrey. C. G. M. ae 
WORMS ai Ne Bh se 

Eupithecia phoeniceata (Rab) in Cent I. A. WATKIN- 
SON : 

Eublema ostrina Hubn. in 1 Saynits Devon in 1973. A. KENNARD 

Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston (Lep.: Blastobasidae). 
Attacking Stored Apples. S. N. A. JACOBS 

Monopis monachella (Hiibn.) (Lep.: Tineidae) in Suffolk. H. 
E. CHIPPERFIELD 

Acherontia atropos L. and Hyles gallii Rott. in Somenset Sal 
Dorset, 1973. B. J. TAYLOR 

Eupithecia insigniata Hiibn. (Pinion-spotted Pug) in Bene 
shire. P. A. DAVEY j ‘ 

Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb. and ipopane leatpiens Bois- 
duval in Sussex. R. P. PICKERING 


Obituary: 
John §. Taylor 


Current Literature 


15 


18 


29 


30 


T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD.. ARBROATH. ANGUS. SCOTLAND 


— 


VOL. 86, No.2 47. February 1974 


RENEGRERENSAENENSREQSRENSAEDE: 


: THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 


& RECORD 


‘ AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


f Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.Es. 
with the assistance of 
G3 A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 


NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY 


Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S 
| H. B. D, KETTLEWELL, M.A. M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S- 


3 
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ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 86 
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ee) 
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PRICE 40p 


Studying Insects 


A Practical Guide 
R. L. E. FORD 
£2.50 net 0 7232 1705 X 


This is a revised edition of an earlier volume, Practical 
Entomology, and reflects the current emphasis on studying 
living insects rather than on collecting and killing them. 
Although primarily concerned with butterflies and moths, 
the book also covers groups such as ants, wasps and humble- 
bees, and has sections on breeding insects and on conser- 
vation. With 16 pages of plates in colour and black and 
white. 


South’s 
British 
Butterflies 


T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. 
£10.50 net 0 7232 1499 9 


Richard South’s classic work has now been brought com- 
pletely up to date, with the text arranged in a more logical 
and readily accessible order. A valuable addition is the 
inclusion of illustrated aberrations of species. The 48 
_ colour plates include illustrations of adults by A. D. A. 
Russwurm and of the early stages by R. B. Davis copied 
from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. With 320 pages, 
57 distribution maps, colour identification key, index/ 
glossary, cased binding, laminated colour jacket, slip case. 


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Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and 
Kincardineshire 


By R. M. PaLMER 
(2 Glenholme Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen) 


General Introduction 


It is my intention to issue this account in 5 paris. Part | 
includes the superfamilies Hesperioidea, Papilionidea, Bom- 
bycoidea, Sphingoidea, Notodontoidea and Noctuoidea; part 2 
will deal with the Alucitoidea, Pyraloidea and Geometroidea; 
and part 3 will contain all the remaining superfamilies. The 
nomenclature throughout is that of Kloet and Hincks, Check 
List, 2nd Edition, revised, 1972. 

Many of the records given here are based on observations 
made since 1968, and only with the less common species have 
I included records prior to that. Records for the two counties 
are separated paragraphically except for species which are 
common in both counties. Aberdeenshire records are preceded 
by the letter A, those for Kincardineshire by the letter K, and 
within this format records are generally arranged chronologi- 
cally. So far as is known all records refer to feral imagines 
unless otherwise stated, and in the case of larvae I have when- 
ever possible cited the natural foodplants upon which these 
have been found in the two counties. All records and state- 
ments are those of the compiler unless otherwise indicated. 


In the preparation of this account I have received much as- 
sistance from Lepidopterists who have generously provided me 
with records. The initials of these contributors appear after 
their records throughout the main body of the work and their 
names in full in the list of acknowledgements. 


Part 1 
Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea, 
Notodontoidea and Noctuoidea 
Introduction 


To my knowledge the total number of species in these 
superfamilies listed to date for the two counties is 247. 14 of 
these species — including 4 because they were not recognised 
as distinct — are unrecorded by any of the authors of the 
works in the list of references cited below. 

I have purposely excluded from the main body of the ac- 
count 41 species of the total of 247, the reason being that there 
are no recent records’ for these. However, I have briefly listed 
these 41 hereunder in two groups, and hope in due course to 
rediscover at least some of those in the first group. 


(i) Those which were probably formerly resident here and 
may still persist: —Pararge aegeria L., Eriogaster lanestris L.., 
Leucoma salicis L., Setina irrorella L., Diaphora mendica 
Clerck, Agrotis clavis Hufn., Rhyacia simulans Hufn., Peri- 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


droma saucia Htibn., Sideridis albicolon Hiibn., Melanchra per- 
sicariae L., Lacanobia contigua D. & S., Orthosia munda D. & 
S., Mythimna litoralis Curt., Lithophane ornitopus Hufn., 
Dryobotodes eremita Fab., Craniophora ligustri D. & S., 
Dypterygia scabriuscula L., Apamea anceps D. & S., Pyrrhia 
umbra Hufn., Nycteola revayana Scop. 

(ii) Species recorded on one or two occasions only, are un- 
likely to be resident, or are of known migratory habit: — 
Colias croceus Geoffroy, Nymphalis antiopa L., Argynnis paphia 
L., Lasiommata megera L., Smerinthus ocellata L., Daphnis 
nerii L., Deilephila elpenor L., Hippotion celerio L., Philudoria 
potatoria L., Euproctis similis Fuessly, Atolmis rubricollis L., 
Lacanobia suasa D. & S., Blepharita satura D. & S., Moma 
alpium Osbeck, Enargia ypsillon D. & S., Luperina zollikoferi 
Freyer, Athetis pallustris Hubn.,! Protoschinia scutosa D. & S., 
Catocala fraxini L., Euclidia glyphica L., Tyta luctuosa D. & S.* 

I have thought it unnecessary to cite the literature for all 
of the widespread and common species and have referred to 
this only if the information therein differs greatly from the 
present status of those species. 


A field record without date signifies the occurrence of a 
species at that locality with some regularity during the period 
1968-73 inclusive, except in the case of the Rothamsted trap 
at Banchory where all the records are for 1973. 


Abbreviations: Banchory R. T. refers to the Rothamsted 
trap operated by the Natural Environment Research Council, 
Hill of Brathens, Banchory. This trap has been in operation 
since 2.iv.1973 and I have identified all the macrolepidoptera 
so far taken there. N.N.R.=National Nature Reserve 

Acknowledgements: —I should like to thank the organisers 
of the Rothamsted Insect Survey, Rothamsted Experimental 
Station, Harpenden, Herts., for permission to use the informa- 
tion from their Banchory trap, also Dr B. Mitchell and Dr N. 
Bayfield of N.E.R.C., and Mr J. Forster of the Nature Conser- 
vancy for their help and co-operation in running the trap. 

I am greatly indebted to the following for providing me 
with records and information: — Mr D. Barbour, Dr N. Bay- 
field, Mr G. Downie, Mr A. Duncan, Mr J. Forster, Mr N. Gill, 
Mr D. Gurney, Mr J. C. Lavin, Mr W. McWilliam, Dr D. G. 
Morison, Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Mr E. Pickard, Dr M. Shaw 
and Mr D. Spreadbury. I also thank Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt 
for his interest, help and advice during the preparation of this 
account. 

REFERENCES 


Barr, W. B., (1901-6). Trans. Aberd. wkg. Mens nat. Hist. Soc., 1: 132 
Cowie, W. (1901-6). Trans. Aberd. wkg. Mens. nat. Hist. Soc., 1: 20-35. 
Cruttwell, C. T. (1907). Ent mon. Mag., 43: 256-7. 


1A specimen in the Duncan collection Aberdeen University. 
2A specimen in Keighley Museum, Yorks, labelled viii/1908, Aberdeen 
Alay) 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 5) 


Dalglish, A. A. (1894). Entomologist, 27: 353-5. 

Esson, L. G. (1890). Entomologist, 23: 168-170. 

Gunning, M. (1896). Ent. Rec., 7: 92-4. 

Horne, A. (1897). Ent. Rec., 9: 18-19. 

Horne, A. (1904). Ent. Rec., 16: 332-4. 

Russell, James E. (1912). Ent. Rec., 24: 253-9. 

Kloet, G. S., & Hincks, W. D. (1972). A Check List of British Insects, 
Part 2 (Lepidoptera), 2nd Edition, Revised by D. S. Fletcher, J. 
D. Bradley and P. E. S. Whalley. 

Morison, G. D. (1965). Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1965: 

Morison, G. D. (1966). Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1966: 14. 

Palmer, R. M. (1972). Ent. Rec. 84: 269-71. 

Reid, W. (1893). List of the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincar- 
dineshire. 

Shaw, M. W. (1951). Entomologist, $4: 279. 

Shaw, M. W. & Allan, R. M. (1957). Plant Path., 6: 114. 

Shaw, M. W. & Allan, R. M. (1962). Plant Path., 11: 46. 

South, R. (1961). Moths of the British Isles, Series 1. 

Trail, J. W. H., 1878, Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Aberdeen, 1878: 28-42. 

Tutt, J. W. (1899-1914). Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. 


iat 


HESPERIOIDEA 
Hesperiidae 
Erynnis tages L. 
A. Near Monymusk, regularly observed for many years, 
last seen c. 1970 (W.McW.). 


PAPILLONOIDEA 
Pieridae 
Pieris brassicae L. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on garden Brassica. 


P. rapae L. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on garden Brassica and 


Nasturtium. 


P, napi L. 
A. & K. Common. Breeds in marshy areas, larvae on 
Cardamine pratensis, ova on the flowers. 


Anthocharis cardamines L. 

Local, occurring in marshy areas and common in some. 

A. Fintray; Inverurie; Fyvie; New Deer (Trail, 1878). Kain- 
tore; Burnharvie; Dess (Reid, 1893). Monymusk; Cluny 
(Cowie, 1902). Birse; Tarland; Whitehouse; Kincardine 
O’Neill (Morison, 1965). Potarch, 1970 (G.M.). Near Huntly, 
common (E.P.). Kintore, common; Tyrebagger Forest, 
common, 1972 (R.M.P.). Kemnay (W.McW.). Turiff, 1972 
(D.G.). 

K. Banchory and Strachan (Morison, 1965). Bridge of 
Bogendreep, common, 1972 (R.M.P.). 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/11/74 


Lycaenidae 
Callophrys rubi L. 

A. Scarce, Fyvie and near Tarland (Trail, 1978). Cluny 
(Cowie, 1902). Kemnay; Craigenlow (W.McW.). Braemar, one 
1960 (E.C.P.-C.). Linn of Dee 1973, common (R.M.P.). 

K. Banchory (Reid, 1893). Coast districts (Esson, in Tutt, 
1899-1914). 


Lycaena phlaeas L. 
A. & K. Widely distributed and quite common. 


Cupido minimus Fuessly 

Local but common (Trail, 1878). Common on the coast, 
not rare inland (Reid, 1893). 

A. Aberarder (James, 1912). Tillyfourie near Alford 
(W.McW.). 

K. Common on the coast south of Aberdeen (Cowie, 1902). 
Near Cove, a small colony (E.P., R.M.P.). 


Aricia artaxerxes artaxerxes Fab. 

A. In the Dee valley to 2000 ft; Inverurie, Fyvie (Trail, 1878). 
Kintore (Barr, 1905) Braemar; Aberarder (James, 1912). Dinnet 
Muir, one, 1970 (E.P.). Dinnet Oak Wood N.N.RB., one, 1970 
(E.C.P.-C.). Kemnay (W.McW.). 

K. Abundant on the coast south from Aberdeen (Trail, 
1878). Locally abundant. Muchalls has long been noted as a 
good locality (Reid, 1893). St Cyrus; Bervie (Gunning, 1896). 
Muchalls, common (E.P., R.M.P.). 


Polyommatus icarus Rott. 
A. & K. Common. Ova on Lotus corniculatus (E.C.P.-C.). 


Nymphalidae 
Vanessa atalanta L. 


A. & K. Common some years, particularly along the coast. 


Cynthia cardui L. 
A. & K. Generally less common than V,. atalanta, most 
common along the coast. 


Agilais urticae L. 
A. & K. Common. Univoltine. Larvae on Urtica dioica, 


Nymphalis polychloros L. 

A. Near Inverurie, two (Trail, 1878). About two miles 
south-west of Kintore, bred regularly until 1959, larvae on 
elm. Repeated searches have failed to locate the species 
since (W.McW.). 


Inachis io L. 
A. Singly near Aberdeen, Monymusk and Fyvie (Trail, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 37 


1878). Kemnay, occasional (W.McW.). Aberdeen links, one, 
1968 (A.D.). 


Boloria selene D. & S. 

Locally common in marshy areas. 

A. Aberarder (James, 1912). Dinnet (E.P., E.C.P.-C.). Kin- 
tore (R.M.P.). Kemnay (W.McW.). Forest of Birse (R.M.P.). 
Glentanar, 1972 (E.P.). 

K. Blackhall (Horne, 1904). Muchalls (E.P.). 


B. euphrosyne L. 

Locally common. 

A. Braemar (Cowie, 1902). Aberarder (James, 1912). 
Dinnet; Forvie N.N.R. (E.P., R.M.P.). Braemar 1964; Crathie, 
1969 (E.C.P.-C.). Kemnay (W.McW.). Balmoral, 1970; Fintray, 
1972 (R.M.P.). 


Argynnis aglaja L. 

Common on the coast, locally abundant inland (Reid, 1893). 

A. Kintore; Monymusk (Cowie, 1902). Braemar; Aberarder 
(James, 1912). Forvie N.N.R., abundant (R.M.P., E.P., D.S.). 
Kemnay (W.McW.). Glentanar (R.M.P.). Common in glens 
around Braemar to 2000 ft. (R.M.P., D.B., E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Portlethen; Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). Bervie (Gunning, 
1896). Blackhall (Horne, 1904). 


Euphydryas aurinia Rott. 

A. Local and scarce, Monymusk and Fyvie (Trail, 1878). 
Pitscurrie Moss; Loch Shangie, Kemnay (Reid, 1893). Pit- 
scurrie Moss (W.McW.). 


Satyridae 
Erebia epiphron Knoch 
Scarce (Esson, 1890). 
A. Bennachie, 1961, 1962 (W.McW.). 


E. aethiops Esp. 

A. Braemar, common; Nigg, one (Trail, 1878). Near 
Monymusk, formerly (W.McW.). Monymusk, 1957 (common; 
Potarch, 1972, one (G.M.). Near Huntly, a small colony (E.P.). 


Hipparchia semele L. 

A. Murcar Links, one (Trail, 1878). Peterhead (Reid, 1893). 
Forvie N.N.R., common (E.P., A.D., R.M.P.). 

K. Common on the coast south of Aberdeen (Trail, 1878). 
Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). St Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 
Cove, 1968, one (E.P.). 


Maniola jurtina L. 
A. & K. Abundant. 


Coenonympha pamphilus L. 
A. & K. Abundant. 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


C. tullia Mull. 
Abundant, all moors (Reid, 1893). 
A. Pitsligo; Braemar (Cowie, 1902). Bennachie (W.McW.). 
Glentanar (E.P.). Glens around Braemar (R.M.P., D.B.). 
K. Hill of Fare (Cowie, 1902). 


Aphantopus hyperantus L. 

A. Fyvie; Cruden; Morven; Inverurie (Trail, 1878). Tilly- 
fourie (Reid, 1893). Monymusk (Cowie, 1902), still there, 
1958, but colony threatened by afforestation and now (1973) 
destroyed (W.McW.). [Between Kintore and Kemnay, 
specimens taken from the threatened Monymusk colony in 
1958 and introduced here by W. McWilliam, where the species 
is now (1973) flourishing]. 


BOMBYCOIDEA 
Lasiocampidae 
Poecilocampa populi L. 

A. Scarce, Inverurie and Fyvie (Trail, 1878). Pitcaple 
(Reid, 1893). Not common. Culter; Cluny; Monymusk (Cowie, 
1902). Common, Dyce; Bucksburn; Kintore (R.M.P.). 

K. Durris Forest (E.P.), Banchory R.T. 


Trichiura crataegi L. 

A. Morrone Hill (Trail, 1878). Hazelhead, occasional; Cluny 
(Cowie, 1902). Dyce and Corby Loch, common, 1968 (R.M.P.). 
Braemar, 1960, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.), one larva on Calluna, 1971 
(R.M.P.). Ballater, 1971; Cambus o’May, 1973; Dinnet, 1973 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Hill of Fare, occasional (Cowie, 1902). Blackhall (Horne, 
1904). Banchory R.T. 


Lasiocampa quercus callunae Palmer 
A. & K. Common on moors. Larvae on heather, sometimes 
abundant in spring. 


Macrothylacia rubi L. 
A. & K. On moors, usually less common than L. callunae. 
Larvae on heather. 


Saturniidae 
Saturnia pavonia L. 
A. & K. Widespread and not uncommon, mostly on moors. 
Larvae on heather. Cocoons frequently seen among heather in 
early spring. 


Endromidae 
Endromis versicolora L. 
Scarce. 
A, Tarland (Trail, 1878), Balmoral (Cowie, 1902). Logie- 
Coldstone; Birse (Morison, 1966), Dinnet, larvae on birch, 1969 
(PoviP.).) 2. 972.0 B): 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 39 


K. Near Banchory, very scarce (Reid, 1891). Blackhall 
Wood (Horne, in Tutt, 1899-1914). Banchory R.T., 7, v.1973. 


SPHINGOIDEA 
Sphingidae 
Agrius convolvuli L. 

Uncertain (Trail, 1878). 

A. Pitcaple; Strichen; Aberdeen; Rubuslaw; Fyvie (Reid, 
Salter, Mundie, Buchan & Macintosh, in Tutt, 1899-1814). 
Kemnay, one, c. 1935 (W.McW.), Cults, one, 1937 (G.M.). 
Bucksburn, one, 1967 (M.S.). 


Acherontia atropos L. 


Every year, scarce (Trail, 1878). 

A. Culter, 1938, one; Aberdeen, 1943, one (G.M.), 1951] 
(Shaw, 1951), 1967, one (R.M.P.), 1969, one (M.S.). Udny, 
1966, one (M.S.). 


Laothoe populi L. 


A. & K. Common, larvae on sallow (R.M.P.), and aspen 
(E.C.P.-C. ). 


Hemaris tityus L. 

A. Old Aberdeen Links; Inverurie; Scotston Moor; Mony- 
musk (Trail, 1878). Kintore; Cluny; near Lumphanan (Cowie, 
1902). Dinnet, 1938, two (G.M.). Between Kemnay and Inver- 
urie (W.McW.). 

K. Near Banchory, one, 1942 (G.M.). 


H. fuciformis L. 

A. W. McWilliam has several specimens collected over 
many years in the Kemnay area. He tells me the species was 
first observed in 1929 by the late Mr G. Hartley, flying with 
H. tityus in a wood between Kemnay and Inverurie. W.McW. 
last saw one between Kemnay and Inverurie c. 1969. 


Macroglossum stellatarum L. 
Scarce (Trail, 1878). A. Aberdeen, one 1947 (G.M.) Forvie 
N.N.R., one, 1969 (E.P.). 


Hyles gallii Rott. 

A. Aberdeen (Trail, 1878). 1888 (A. Horne, in Tutt, 1899- 
1914). Bucksburn, one, 1946 (G.M.). 

K. St Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1973 (J.F.). 


Deilephila porcellus L. 

A. Scarce on the coast and at Inverurie (Trail, 1878). Old 
Aberdeen Links, frequent (Cowie, 1902). Kemnay, c. 1950 
(W.McW.). 

K. Scarce on the coast (Trail, 1878). St Cyrus (Gunning, 
1896). Muchalis, frequent (Cowie, 1902). Banchory, one larva, 
1951, on Galium verum; Newtonhill, one larva, 1957 on 
G. verum (G.M.). 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/II/74 


NOTODONTOIDEA 


Notodontidae 
Phalera bucephala L. 
Larvae very common in places (Trail, 1878). Often abun- 
dant (Reid, 1891). 
A. Near Cults, larvae abundant on sallow, 1954 (E.P.). 
Kemnay, larvae sometimes common, viz 1972 on plum 
(W.McW.). 


Cerura vinula L. 

Not uncommon (Trail, 1878). Common everywhere (Reid, 
1893). 

A. Not uncommon. Hazelhead; Murtle Den; Culter (Cowie, 
1902). Not uncommon as larvae on sallow and willow at Dyce 
and Forvie N.N.R. (R.M.P.). Aberdeen (E.P.). Ordie, larvae on 
Salix atrocinerea; Ballater, larvae on S. caprea; Braemar, 
S. repens (E.C.P.-C.). Cruden Bay, one, 1968 (M.S.). 


Harpyia fureula Clerck 

Scarce (Trail, 1878). Widely distributed, larvae not un- 
common (Reid, 1893). 

A. Aberdeen neighbourhood, larvae not uncommon (Cowie, 
1902). Corby Loch and Checkbar Moss, larvae on sallows 
growing in mosses (E.P.). 


Notodonta dromedarius L. 


Rare (Trail, 1878). Not scarce (Reid, 1893). 
A. & K. Larvae common on birch (R.M.P.). 


Fligmodonta ziezac I. 


Not uncommon, especially as larvae (Trail, 1878). 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on sallow (R.M.P., E.P.). 


Pheosia gnoma Fab. 

Rare (Trail, 1878). 

A. Pitcaple, not rare, scarce elsewhere (Reid, 1893). Very 
scarce. Kintore; Hazelhead; Cluny; Monymusk (Cowie, 1902). 

A. & K. Widespread and common from Braemar to the 
coast. Larvae on sallow (R.M.P.). 


P. tremula Clerck 

Rather common (Trail, 1878). Larvae common (Reid, 
1893). Sometimes very common (Esson, 1890). 

A. Hazelhead, not uncommon (Cowie, 1902). Apparently 
confined to the highlands westward from, Dinnet, and much 
less common than P. gnoma (R.M.P.). Dinnet, 1971 (R.MLP., 
E.P.). Ballater, 1971, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). Braemar, 1970 
(F..C.P.-C.), 1973 (N.G.). 


Ptilodon capucina L. 
A. & K. Quite common, Larvae on birch. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 41 


Odontosia carmelita Esp. 


A. Balmoral, one (Cowie, 1902). Monymusk (Palmer, 1972). 
K. Durris Forest, one, 1970 (E.P.). Banchory RB.T., one, 1973. 


Pterostoma palpina Clerck 
A. Near Kintore, several, c. 1955 (W.McW.). 


NOCTUOIDEA 
Lymantriidae 
Orgyia antiqua L. 
A. & K, Abundant (Trail, 1878). Common. Larvae on sallow 
(Esson , 1890). Not uncommon. Larvae on birch (R.M.P.). 
Larvae on Malus and Alnus (E.C.P.-C.). 


Dasychira fascelina L. 

On all moors, rather scarce (Trail, 1878). 

A. Not uncommon at light, 1968: Tyrebagger Hill; 
Brimmond Hill; Corby Loch (R.M.P.). 

[Cambus o’May; Dinnet, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).] 

Larvae more frequently observed, on Calluna: Forvie 
N.N.R. (E.P.); Glen Muick, 1972 (R.M.P.). 


Arctiidae 
Nudaria mundana L. 

A. Dyce (R.M.P.). Dinnet, 1970; Cambus 0’May, 1973; Ordie, 
1973 (E.C.P.-C.). Dunecht, larvae abundant on dry stone walls 
every spring (E.P.). 

K. Common on the coast (Esson, 1890). Muchalls (Reid, 
1893). Durris Forest (E.P.). Banchory R.T. 


Eilema lurideola Zinck. 

K. Occasional. Cove: Muchalls; Thornyhive (Trail, 1878) 
Fairly common. Portlethen; Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). Cove, 
frequent (E.P.). Muchalls, abundant; Dunnotar Castle, larvae 
on rocks (R.M.P.). St Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


Parasemia plantaginis L. 

Common on moors to 2000 ft. (Trail, 1878). Scarce on 
moors (Reid, 1893). 

A. Scotston Moor (Cowie, 1902). Kintore (Barr, 1905). 
Dinnet, 1969 (R.M.P.). Braemar (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.). Forvie 
N.N.R., larvae common (E.P.). 

K. Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). Hill of Fare, 1938 (G.M_). 
Muchalls, larvae common (E.P.). 


Arctia caja L. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on birch in autumn, on many low 
plants in spring; two larvae on rhubarb, 1973 (R.M.P.). 


Diacrisia sannio L. 


A. Scarce. Inverurie; Monymusk; Park (Trail, 1878). 
Murtie Den; Invercannie (Cowie, 1902), Braemar (Cruttwell, 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


1907). Forest of Birse, 1971 (R.M.P.). 
K. Banchory (Trail, 1878). Bervie (Gunning, 1896). Durris 
Forest, one, 1970 (E.P.). 


Spilosoma lubricipeda L. 
A. & K. Abundant. Larvae on various grasses, ribwort 
plantain, dock. 


Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on heather. 


Tyria jacobaeae L. 
A. Nigg, scarce (Cowie, 1902). Balmedie, c. 1960 (W.McW.). 
K. St Cyrus (Gunning, 1896). Scarce. Cove; Muchalls 
(Cowie, 1902). Muchalls, c. 1960 (W.McW.). St Cyrus N.N.B., 
larvae on ragwort, 1971 (D.S.). 


Noctuidae 
Euxoa obelisea D. & S. 
A. Old Aberdeen, one (Trail, 1878). 
K. St Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


E. tritici L. 

Abundant (Trail, 1878). 

A. & K. Common on coasts, particularly on sandhills, but 
generally distributed and not uncommon inland. 


E. nigricans L. 

Local but common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Murcar Links, common (Cowie, 1902). Bridge of Don, 
1971, rather scarce (D.B.). Dyce, 1972, 1973 (R.M.P.). Ballater, 
1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Muchalls, 1971 (R.M.P.). 


FE. cursoria Hufn. 

A. Old Aberdeen, rare (Trail, 1878). Murcar Links (Cowie, 
1902). Common on sandhills. Balmedie; Newburgh; Forvie 
N.N.R. (R.M.P.). 


Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. 

A. Abundant on sandhills (Trail, 1878). Murcar Links, 
common (Cowie, 1902). Common in the same areas as E. 
cursoria; also at Bridge of Don (D.B.). Dyce, one, 1972 (R.M.P.). 

K, St Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


A, segetum D. & S. 
A. & K. Sometimes common. 


A. exelamationis L. 
A. & K. Generally common, abundant in places near the 
coast. 


A. ipsilon Hufn. 
Common but uncertain in appearance (Reid, 1893). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 43 


A. Dyce, 1968, common (R.M.P.). Aberdeen, 1968, common 
(E.P.). Since 1968, only one, Dyce (1972), and a larva by 
E.C.P.-C. at Ordie, 1970. 


Axylia putris L. 
A. Rare. Peterhead (Trail, 1878). Inverurie (Cowie, 1902). 
Braemar, 1973 (N.G.). 


Ochropleura praecox L. 

A. Occasional. Old Aberdeen; Inverurie (Trail, 1878). 
Cruden (Reid, 1893). 

K. St Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


O. plecta L. 
A. & K. Common. 


Eugnorisma depuncta L. 

This species does not appear in any of the literature cited 
except for the statement in South (1961) that it seems “to be 
more frequently and regularly obtained in Scotland, especially 
in the woods of ... Aberdeen’. Apart from a specimen in 
Keighley Museum, Yorks., labelled Aberdeen, 1880 (J.C.L.), 
the only records are of very recent origin. 

A. Ballater, five, 1971; Dinnet, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Banchory RB.T., one, 1973. 


Standfussiana lucernea L. 

K. Muchalls, not uncommon (Trail, 1878). Most abundant 
on the Kincardine coast (Reid, 1893). Cove, common (E.P.). 
Muchalls, abundant (R.M.P.). 


Noctua pronuba L. 
A. & K. Abundant. Ova on seedheads of grasses, larvae on 
various grass spp. 


N. orbona Hufn. 


Local and scarce (Trail, 1878). 
A. Ordie, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 


N. comes Hiibn. 
A. & K. Common. 


N. fimbriata Schreber 

Local and scarce (Trail, 1878). 

A. Pitcaple, rare (Reid, 1893). Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902). 
Newmachar, one, 1968; Dyce, one, 1973 (R.MP.). Kemnay, 
rare (W.McW.). 

K. St Cyrus N.N.R., two, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


N. janthina D. & S. 


Local and scarce (Trail, 1878). 
A. & K. Common (R.M.P.). 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


Graphiphora augur Fab. 


Common (Trail, 1878). Abundant (Reid, 1893). 

A. Plentiful. Cults; Blacktop; Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902). 
Scarce. Dyce; Oldmeldrum (R.M.P.). Crathie, 1953; Braemar, 
1970; Ballater, 1971, 1973; Ordie, 1973; Cambus o’May, 1973 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Common (Dalglish, 1894). Durris Forest, scarce (E.P.). 


Paradiarsia sobrina Dup. 


A. Locally common. Countesswells; Blacktop; Murtle Den; 
Derncleugh (Cowie, 1902). Braemar, one, 1960; Ballater, 1971; 
Ordie, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). Bennachie, one, 1973 (R.M.P.). 

K. Scarce on coast (Horne, 1897). Blackhall (Horne, 1904). 


P. glareosa Esp. 
A. & K. Common. 


Lycophotia porphyrea D. & S. 
A. & K. Abundant on moors. Larvae on Calluna. 


Diarsia mendica Fab. 
A. & K. Abundant. 


D. dahlii Hiibn. 
A. & K. Rather local but abundant in many places. 


D. brunnea D. & S. 
A. & K. Quite common. 


D. rubi View. 
A. & K. Common. 


Xestia alpicola Zett. 
A. Braemar, one (Trail, 1878). Near Braemar, a few (Reid, 
1893). Braemar district above 2250 ft., three, 1962 (E.C.P.-C.). 


X. e-nigrum L. 
A. & K. Very common. 


X. triangulum Hufn. 

A. Dyce, scarce (R.M.P.). Turriff, 1972 (D.G.). Dinnet, 1970; 
Ballater, 1971, 1973; Ordie, 1973; Cambus o’May, 1973 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Only at Muchalls (Reid, 1893). Den of Cowie (Cowie, 
1902). Durris Forest (E.P.). Banchory B.T. 


X. baja D. & S. 
A. & K. Very common. 


(to be continued) 


BUTTERFLIES IN 'TUSCANY 45 


Butterflies in Tuscany, May—June 1973 
By Dr C. G. M. de Worms 


The Peninsula of Italy is always an attraction for anyone 
interested in its lepidoptera and as I pointed out in an earlier 
paper (Ent. Rec., 1970: 82: 249-252) on a visit to this region, it 
seems unfortunate that not more entomologists delve into the 
large areas, especially in the Apennine range, which still seem 
to have been somewhat neglected. 

I had a further opportunity of collecting in this fine coun- 
try when Mr Hugh Johnson who used to live in England sent 
me a most cordial invitation to stay with him on the estate of 
his wife’s family situated some 15 miles west of the ancient 
city of Perugia. Accordingly I flew to Rome on 20th May 
where I picked up a Renault and drove from there direct via 
the Autostrada just over a 100 miles to Passignano and thence 
to the nearby fine and ancient house on the estate of le Masse 
which overlooks Lake Trasmene. It was altogether a most 
delightful resort where I was warmly greeted by my host who 
said there had just been a very bad break in the weather. 
However, it did indeed relent the next day, the 26th, when I 
went in quest of the local lepidoptera. I could soon assess 
that the area with its wooded slopes above the garden was 
rich in many species. The most noticeable and plentiful butter- 
fly seemed to be the Lycaenid Glaucopsyche alexis Poda which 
was in abundance in the immediate vicinity of the house. Both 
sexes were flying in long herbage together with a good many 
Melitaea didyma Esp., while the lower slopes harboured by an 
orchard a small colony of Melitaea cinxia L., just freshly 
emerged. Pieris rapae L. and P. napi L. were much in evidence 
together with Anthocharis cardamines L. Papilio machaon L. 
was cCareering about at great speed in the garden. The next 
day which was very warm, I ventured uphill along a path 
through a thickly wooded area where Leptidia sinapis L. and 
Clossiana euphrosyne L. were disporting themselves. Maniola 
jurtina L. was just appearing. That afternoon my host drove 
me to some ground above the estate where I took the Burnet 
Zygaena oxytropis Bdv., a species confined to Italy. In the eve- 
ning there was quite a concourse of moths at his front door 
light which included Arctia villica L. and Eilema caniola Hiibn. 
as well as the diminutive Cossid Dyspressa ulula Borkh. and 
the outsize Galleriid Pyrale Larioria anella Schiff. May 28 was 
yet another very warm day which produced further M. cinxia 
and a single Heodes alciphron gordius Sulzer. May 29 was the 
only completely wet one during the whole of my sojourn and 
in fact I did not see any more considerable rain before I left 
Italy well into June. 


Unfortunately I had to curtail my visit to this lovely part 
of Tuscany as my host had to move to Perugia where his wife 
was unwell, I had had the opportunity of sampling its lepidop- 
tera and recorded 19 species of butterflies on the Le Masse 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


estate in the five days. 

A small butterfly in which I was particularly interested was 
the little Satyrid Coenonympha corinna Hibn., chiefly an in- 
habitant of Corsica and Sardinia but which produces a very 
specialised form elbana Staudinger on the island of Elba and 
on a limited area on the western coast of Italy opposite Elba, 
which I made tentative plans to visit. But I found most of the 
island had been booked up for conferences just at that period 
so that my alternative choice was the small town of Orbetello 
on the mainland opposite the mountainous Peninsula of Monte 
Argentario. I was fortunate in being able to book up here in 
spite of an impending national holiday, as this area was also a 
well-known one for elbana. 

I left le Masse early on May 30 and motored via Siena 
through some grand country to Grosseto. That evening I 
reached my destination 100 miles away which was on the coast 
at the neck of the Peninsula. Grand weather prevailed the 
last day of May when I ventured across the causeway from 
Orbetello to the foot of the very rugged Monte Argentario 
rising to over 2000 ft. 

T soon spotted a rough track into the foothills which was be- 
ing used by lorries leading to the local rubbish dump. At once 
I could see the area was full of butterflies. Immediately I 
pulled up I spotted a small satyrid which I netted and it 
proved to be elbana which is much more heavily spotted on 
both the under- and upperside than its Corsican relative from 
which it differs so much that it may well claim specific rank. 
In 1969, Lt. Col. W. Manley found this insect slightly further 
up the coast northwards on another small peninsula of Tala- 
mone (Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 81: 120). Other species 
seen on this first day included Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Limen- 
itis reducta Staud., Euchloé ausonia Hiibn and also the hand- 
some day fiying arctiid moth Coscinia striata L. That after- 
noon produced a few more elbana which seemed scarce at this 
moment. However, June which opened very warm produced 
some more of the little insect in this spot which proved very 
fruitful. It was on the edge of a maquis-type of vegetation 
which covered most of the seven mile long eastern face of 
mountainside with dense scrub. It was full of bushes of Arbutus 
unedo so that I had high hopes of the appearance of Charaxes 
jasius IL. in due course and I was not to be disappointed. 
Papilio machaon L. was quite numerous but hard to get in 
prime condition. I took a single male Pyronia cecilia Vall., the 
only one I saw. On the road to Porto San Stefano I discovered 
a well-made route which wound up to a big monastery and 
then continued several miles to the summit of Monte Argen- 
tario where there was a big radar station and a grand view of 
the surrounding country. The whole road which cut through 
the thick maquis had plenty of flowers along the edges which 
harboured on subsequent days a lot of butterflies and was to 
be my chief hunting ground. A further visit to these localities 


BUTTERFLIES IN TUSCANY 47 


on June 3 saw the appearance of the first Mellicta athalia 
Rott., and a very bright form of Plebicula escheri Hubn. ap- 
proaching f. splendens Stefanelli. On the 4th owing to recon- 
struction work at my hotel at Orbetello I moved to the very 
good Hotel Don Pedro, some five miles away at the small town 
ot Porio Ercole on the south side of the Peninsula. Ili was 
really a most delightful location, overlooking the little har- 
bour full of boats rather like one on the Cornish coast. A new 
road ted tor some three miles towards the wesi ui the Moun- 
tain but it was not possible to make the complete circuit owing 
to a very rough stretch in this region which was also very wild 
and full of fiowers but not nearly as rich in lepidoptera as the 
slopes already mentioned. Except for one night thunderstorm 
it had continued very warm conditions for the following week 
during which I concentrated on the fauna of the Peninsula, 
and enjoyed a very refreshing daily bathe on the excellent 
sandy beach at La Feniglia quite close to Porto Ercole. 

June 6 after the storm saw a burst of butterflies with large 
numbers of C. cleopatra and the first of that prevalent Hair- 
streak Nordmannia ilicis Esp. mainly up the Monastery road 
where C. elbana was hugging the roadside in many places, On 
the 7th on this road, as I pulled up, I saw a large butterfly sail 
over the car and had no difficulty in identifying it as Europe’s 
largest butterfly Charaxes jasius L. The next two days in this 
area saw a further emergence of most of the spring butter- 
flies already referred to. On the 10th I was relaxing eating by 
my car when a jasius glided along only two feet from the 
ground about 10.30 a.m. just out of reach, a fine sight the 
mélange of black and red of the upperside. Later that day I 
saw at least three others with one settling on a tall bush up 
the Monastery road, but it flew off as I was stalking it. By this 
time both elbana, the Hairstreak and Brimstone had become 
almost abundant at intervals along this rich winding route of 
some four miles. I spent my last collecting day June 11, 
scrutinising every stretch of it in the hope of seeing more 
jasius but in vain and none patronised some banana bait I put 
down in a ride. However, I happened to come across a large 
bramble patch smothered mainly with N. ilicis (at least fifty) 
and a goodly assortment of other species with some eight 
Limenitis reducta and a good many M. athalia, C. elbana (first 
females), and a lot of late Celastrina argiolus L. Maniola 
jurtina L. was also enjoying the feast at these blossoms. 

On the 12th of June I motored in brilliant sunshine to Rome 
Airport where I embarked by air in the early afternoon and 
was back in England the same evening after a most enjoyable 
and on the whole successful stay in this delightful part of Italy, 
though of course it was a chagrin that my catch did not include 
any Charaxes. 

I have enumerated below the species of butterflies noted 
(38 in all). In the list (P) stands for Passignano district, while 
(MA) indicates Monte Argentario. 


48 ENTOMOLOGIS'1I’S RECORD 15/11/74 


Papilio machaon L. Few (P) and more numerous (MA). 
Iphiclides podalirius L. Only two seen (MA). 
Pieris brassicae L. Few appearing end of visit (MA), 
Pieris rapae L. Numerous both (P) and (MA). 
Pieris mannii Mayer. A few (MA). 
Pieris napi L. Plentiful in a summer form (P) and (MA). 
Pontia daplidice L. Only one seen and taken (MA). 
Euchloé ausonia Hiibn. Several in a summer form (MA). 
Anthocharis cardamines L. Fairly numerous (P). 
Colias crocea Fourc. Only seen at (P). 
Gonepteryx cleopatra L. Very numerous after June 6 (MA), 
Leptidea sinapis L. A few noted in woods (P). 
Charaxes jasius L. Some eight sightings from June 7. 
Limenitis reducta Staud. Fairly numerous everywhere (MA). 
Clossiana euphrosyne L. A few in woods (P). 
Melitaea cinxia L. A few seen (P). 
Melitaea phoebe Schiff. Only one noted (MA). 
Melitaea didyma Esp. A few (P) and more numerous (MA). 
Mellicta athalia Rott. Fairly plentiful (MA). 
Melanargia galatea L. A few observed from June 2 (MA). 
Maniola jurtina L. Numerous (P) and (MA). 
Pyronia cecilia Vall. Only one seen (MA). 
Coenonympha pamphilus L. Fairly plentiful at (P) and (MA). 
Coenonympha corinna elbana Staud. First seen on May 31 
and quite numerous by June 11 when females first seen 
(MA). 

Pararge aegeria L. A few noted (P). 
Lasiommata megera L. A number seen (P) also (MA). 
Nordmannia ilicis Esp. Plentiful from June 6 (MA). 
Callophrys rubi L. A few late specimens (P). 
Heodes alciphron Rott. One taken (P). 
Celastrina argiolus L. A number noted in most areas on (MA). 
Glaucopsyche alexis Poda. Plentiful (P), less numerous (MA). 
Plebicula escheri Hiibn. A few noted on June 3 (MA). 
Polyommatus icarus Rott. Several seen (P) and (MA). 
Pyrgus malvoides Edwards. A few seen (P). 
Thymelicus acteon Rott. Numerous everywhere (MA). 
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. A few seen (MA). 
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. Scarce on (MA). 
Ochlodes venatus Esp. A few observed (MA). 

The following moths were identified at light and in the 
vicinity of le Masse, Passignano. 

ARCTIIDAE:—Arctia villica L., Hippocrita jacobaeae L.., 
Diacrisia sannio \., Eilema caniola Hiibn. 

NOCTUIDAE: —Hadena lepida Esp., Unca tripartita Hufn. 

GEOMETRIDAE: —Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S., Sterrha subseri- 
ceata Haworth, Rhodostropia calabra Pet., Anaitis plagiata L., 
Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff., Rhoptria asperaria Hiibn., Ema- 
turqa atomaria orientaria Sulz. 

COSSIDAE:—Dysvressa ulula Borkh. GALLERIINAE:— 
aan anella Schiff. ZYGAENIDAE:—Zygaena oxytropis 
Bdv. 


IN SEARCH OF EREBIA SCIPIO BDV. AY 


In Search of Erebia scipio Bdv.: Southern France, 


July 1973 
By Dr C. G. M. de Worms 

Erebia scipio Boisduval has indeed been one of the most 
elusive and difficult insects to obtain among the 46 species 
now recognised among its genus in Europe, and indeed few 
British collectors seem to have seen it alive in any numbers 
during the first half of this century and not many in the last 
two decades. It inhabits high scree at not less than 5000 ft and 
has a most restricted range in southern France from Mont 
Ventoux in the west to the Italian border of the Alpes Mari- 
times in the east and extending to the Hautes Alpes north- 
wards. In his Presidential address in January 1952 to the South 
London Entomological and Natural History Society, Mr T. G. 
Howarth made brief reference to his exploits on the Mont de 
Lure in Provence where he obtained a fine series of this butter- 
fly in late July 1950. Since then very little has been heard of 
its occurrence and indeed there were reports that it had virtu- 
ally died out from some of its former better-known haunts. 
However, in 1972 I happened to meet Mr L. McLeod who is 
doing special research work quite near Mont Ventoux. He men- 
tioned that E. scizpio had reappeared on this mountain in some 
numbers that summer. Col. J. N. Eliot also confirmed other 
fairly recent captures of this insect which was encouraging. 
With these records in view, Major General Sir George Johnson 
considered it well worth while trying to find this very local 
butterfly in some of its former localities. 

Accordingly he kindly picked me up in his car in Surrey on 
13th July and after spending the night at Folkestone we 
crossed by the car ferry from Dover on the Quatorze Juillet to 
find northern France far from being in a state of féte. The 
fine and very warm spell of weather had just broken as we 
made our way south across the northern plain and after flank- 
ing Rheims, we eventually put up at a very nice hotel at Sept. 
Saulx. Our destination on 15th July was Chalon-sur-Sa6ne 
which had proved a very good centre in 1970 for the Apaturas. 
On the 16th we left our hotel in Chalon at an early hour and 
headed for the Forét de Montcoy. Fortunately the weather 
had relented and when we reached this area it was warm and 
sunny. One of our first encounters were some worn specimens 
of Lopinga achine Scop. Aphantopus hyperanthus L. was in 
numbers with some f. arete. A tall species of umbellifer 
seemed a great attractant, especially for Araschnia levana L. 
‘which was in great plenty and very fresh as also were Argynnis 
paphia L. and Fabriciana adippe Schiff., but both Mellicta 
athalia and Brenthis daphne Schiff. were past their best. It was 
not long before males of Apatura iris appeared well before 
midday, often flying round the car and sometimes settling in 
the roadway. But it was soon apparent that they were not 
nearly so numerous as in 1970 when my companion had seen 


DU ENTOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD 15/11/74 


them in dozens. On this occasion we only recorded a single 
Apatura ilia Schiff. of f. clytie Schiff. which was already worn. 

The morning of the 17th we went further afield to another 
forét which proved very poor for species so we returned to 
our former haunt where we saw and took further A. iris. 
Most of the species of the previous day with the addition of 
Issoria lathonia L. and Leptidea sinapis L. were about with the 
commoner Vanessids. We once more escaped from the heat 
of the day by visiting a delightful little restaurant, tucked 
away on a remote road in the forest. 

We set out early on 18th July for a further few hundred 
miles to the south travelling via Grenoble and finally staying 
at a very pleasant hotel at Chateau Arnoux at the junctions of 
the roads to Avignon and Digne which was only 15 miles away. 
This was to be our headquarters for a further week. The next 
morning we motored to the Mont de Lure, some 20 miles away. 
There is now a good road right over the summit at nearly 
6000 ft. The day was sunny but a strong wind made conditions 
none too easy at the high levels. En route through the forest 
on the lower slopes we had stopped at several spots where 
butterflies were flying in plenty, notably at one which har- 
boured a large clump of the tall ground elder which was alive 
with lepidoptera. Both sexes of Erebia ligea L. were abundant 
but needed picking, while the elder provided many A. paphia, 
a few B. daphne and Mesoacidalia aglaia L. together with 
some huge Brintesia circe F. and a good many still fresh fe- 
males of Nordmannia ilicis Esp. with orange patches. When 
we reached the summit we found what appeared to be the 
path where Mr Howarth had had such success with Erebia 
scipio Bdv. in 1950, but all that came into our nets were several 
rather small E. meolans de Prunner careering over the rough 
scree. We had considered descending by the road on the north 
face, but when we saw an ominous notice about rock falls, we 
decided to return by our original route which proved most 
fortunate, as we stopped in the early afternoon on the edge of 
some scree where a number of Erebias were flying. We caught 
several which we thought were E. scipio but back at the hotel 
they once more proved to be only E. meolans. However, en- 
couraged by these numbers of Erebias we returned the next 
morning of the 20th under ideal conditions with no wind and a 
cloudless sky. The road at about 5000 ft was constructed along 
a fairly steep cliff of white scree with very little vegetation 
leading from a gap with a precipice facing to the north. I 
noticed several Erebias flying along the bank on this stretch 
of the road and the first one I caught was an undoubted 
male E. scipio. It had the squarer forewings with two apical 
spots and the black undersides of the hindwings, completely 
devoid of spots which readily distinguishes it from males of 
E. meolans. We spent the next few hours parading up and 
down this half-mile length of road where E. scipio males were 
flying in numbers, often several together, but never easy to 


IN SEARCH OF EREBIA SCIPIO BDV. 5 


catch as they were most alert and dodgy. Almost all those 
taken seemed to be in prime condition and most handsome 
with their velvety black livery. Several Parnassius apollo L. 
were flying at higher levels among trees and herbage together 
with some large Hipparchia semele L. Other new species seen 
that day included Coenonympha arcania L. and Polygonia egea 
L. at the lower levels. Another superb day welcomed us on 2\st 
July when we once more ascended the Mont de Lure to our 
area of the previous day where E. scipio males were even more 
plentiful. They seemed to hug the bare scree and never to 
leave it. In areas where any substantial vegetation occurred, 
there was not a sign of them. Some large Lasiommata maera 
L. were also flying on the scree and lower down were rather 
worn Satyrus ferula L. 

On 22nd July we motored to Digne which I had last visited 
in August 1963. We had to approach the town by a detour on 
the south bank of the River Bléonne as a few days before our 
arrival in this region the main bridge into Digne had been 
swept away after torrential rains lasting four days. However 
the floods had subsided by the time we attempted to visit that 
rich region. Our first stop outside the town was where the road 
to the mountains of the Dourbes range forks from that to 
the Thermes. I noticed a Skipper settled on a plant over- 
hanging the river and on capture it proved to be Pyrgus foul- 
quieri Oberthir, quite a local species. A field nearby harboured 
many of the Tiger moth Callimorpha hera L. 

We then followed the route up the winding road leading 
towards the valley below the Dourbes heights which had been 
one of my collecting grounds in 1963, but almost the only but- 
terflies there were a quantity of Lysandra coridon Poda and a 
few Plebeius argus L. However, on our descent we found a 
glade with plenty of lepidopterous life including Iphiclides 
podalirius L. and Hipparchia fagi Scop. darting about among 
the small oaks. The only Leptidea I saw turned out to be L. 
duponcheli Staud. with the dark underside to its antennae. 
Among the more interesting Blues were Agrodiaetus ripartu 
Freyer and Meleageria daphnis Schiff. Clossiana dia L., 
Pyronia cecilia Vall. and Coenonympha dorus Esp. were also 
on the wing in this rich locality. 

We motored over to the Mont de Lure on the 23rd, again in 
glorious weather and once more found males of E. scipio in 
quantity, but no sign of any femaies. As before the patches of 
elder were alive with insects with many more E. ligea, Bren- 
this daphne and Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. The morning of 
24th July we set out for Mont de Lure, but it became so over- 
cast that we turned back and revisited Digne, this time going 
to a piece of rough and wooded ground immediately outside 
the town which had proved so fruitful in 1963. And we were 
not to be disappointed as the locality had not altered at all in 
the past ten years and was especially rich in the big Satyrids 
such as Brintesia circe and Satyrus ferula F., mainly along a 
bramble bank. 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 15/11/74 


During our week at Chateau Arnoux on the warm nights 
several moths entered our rooms, many of which are well- 
known common species in England, but a notable visitor was 
the scarce Nycteola degenerana Hiuibn. On the 25th we left 
the Digne area and headed for Avignon passing through some 
picturesque country near Sault where the lavender fields in 
full bloom were a wonderful sight, though they did not seem 
to attract many butterflies. We halted several times en route 
in likely-looking spots. Again the large Satyrids predominated 
including H. fagiz and H. alcyone with the addition of Hypone- 
phele lycaon Kuehn. We skirted the wooded slopes of Mont 
Ventoux and at a small restaurant where we had lunch, I was 
surprised to see on the window a perfect specimen of the 
scarce Emerald moth Thalera fimbrialis Scop. We went on 
through Carpentras to Avignon arriving in the evening. We 
were later visited by Mr Leonard McLeod whose headquarters 
were quite close to Mont Ventoux, another mooted locality 
for E. scipio. July 26 dawned fine but very windy in the Avig- 
non region so that we decided to try the Vallée de la Nesque 
recommended by Mr McLeod. This turned out to be a deep 
gorge to the south-east of Avignon with a very tortuous road 
leading along a steep cliff edge with a good precipice. Not 
much seemed to be flying till we got about half way along the 
gorge when we happened to stop at a bend in the route with a 
narrow path leading through some trees to a small glade 
which appeared to be full of insects. One of the notable fea- 
tures was the numbers of Hairstreaks which covered four 
species Quercusia quercus L., Nordmannia ilicis Esp., N. esculi 
Hiibn. and Strymonidia spini Schiff. A numerous species was 
the Copper, Heodes tityrus Poda, while the chief Satyrids were 
Satyrus actaea Esp. and Arethusana arethusa Schiff. Among 
the skippers were Erynnis tages L., Spialia sertorius Hoffmann, 
and Pyrgus foulquiert Oberthur, which was one of our main 
quarries. 

We were also surprised to find the whole locality alive with 
Lithosia quadra L. that large Footman with its spectacular fe- 
male. We revisited this area and special locality on 27th July. In 
addition to the butterflies already cited we saw our first Nym- 
phalis polychloros L. and Gonepteryx cleopatra L. as well as 
Thymelicus acteon Rott. and Carcharodus flocciferus Zeller. 
There were also many Colias australis Verity flying rapidly over 
‘the rugged slopes in the upper part of the valley. The following 
morning we joined Mr McLeod and Mr Bond a little way be- 
yond Carpentras and made the ascent of Mont Ventoux under 
ideal conditions. We motored up through the fir forest by a 
special road that crosses the main massif, En route we saw 
Nymphalis antiopa L. and several Papilio machaon L., but when 
we surveyed the white scree near the summit on the north 
side of the mountain, there was no sign of E. scipio. The only 
high-level Blue there was Polyommatus eros Ochs. We started 
on the return route in the early afternoon stopping at an elder 
patch which harboured many Hairstreaks, in particular some 


MIGRATORY FLIGHTS OF THE DRAGONFLY 53 


outsize S. snini and O. auercus. Satyrids were well to the fore 
including H fagi, S. actaea, S. ferula, H. lycaon and Chazara 
briseis L. Later that day Mr McLeod telephoned us to say he 
had stayed on and visited the south-facing slope beyond the 
summit to find E scipio flying in plenty, but all males. So on 
29th July we motored direct to this area where new roads were 
being made for military purposes we were told. Here the bare 
scree is flat and quite accessible, but it was only at its most 
eastern end that we saw a number of E. scipio which flitted 
up in the rather intermittent sunny intervals which grew more 
and more infrequent till about midday a complete cloud cover 
enveloped the summit of Mont: Ventoux at just over 6000 ft. 
The temperature dropped quickly and ended any further col- 
lecting for ourselves and for Mr Bartholomew and Mr A. Bond 
who were also on the same quest. The only additional species 
we had noted at lower levels was Brenthis ino Rott., bringing 
the total of 85 species of butterflies observed during our 18-day 
sojourn in France from 14th to 31st July. 

On 30th July we motored north up the autoroute via Lyon 
to Beaune where we spent the night before doing another 
stretch of 300 miles across country to Arras for a further 
night. 

Early on Ist August still in glorious weather we embarked 
at Calais and were back that afternoon in Surrey after a most 
enjoyable and very successful trip which brought us a fine 
series of males of Erebia scipio. During August Mr McLeod 
kindly sent several fresh females which only started appear- 
ing the first week of that month. 

Three Oaks, Woking. 12.x.73. 


REFERENCES 
Howarth, T. G. (1951-52). Proc. and Trans. South London Entom. and 
Nat. Hist. Soc., 52-65. 
McLeod, L. (1972). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 84: 156-163. 
McLeod, L. (1973). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 85: 211-214. 


Another Record of Migratory Flights of the 
Dragonfly Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) (Odon- 
ata, Libellulidae) in Calcutta 


By Tripip RANJAN MITRA 
Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta 


Mitra and Mukherjee (1967) reported a migratory flight of 
the dragonfly Pantala flavescens (Fabr.) in Culcutta noticed by 
one of them (T.R.M.) in September 1966. The present note re- 
cords another instance of migratory flight by these dragonflies 
observed by me six years later in Calcutta. 

On the 17th September 1972, while waiting for a convey- 
ance around 10 a.m. at the V.I.P. Road, on the eastern fringe 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/I1I/74 


of the city of Calcutta, I noticed a huge swarm of Pantala 
flavescens, heading (West-east direction) east towards the Salt 
Lakes. A few thousand specimens were involved flying at a 
height of about 10 metres (25 ft.) above ground level, in 
irregular lines of 6 to 10 specimens deep. The speed of flight 
was normal, and about the same as observed on the earlier 
occasion in September 1966. Though the swarm was flying’ in 
more or less a straight line, some individuals occasionally 
strayed from the column, and cthers rested for a while before 
rejoining the mainstream. 

In the period following the massflight the populations of 
Pantala flavescens decreased substantially in the locality and 
the species completely disappeared by the third week of 
October. 

Unfortunately the return flights have not been observed by 
me, nor there seems to be any record of return flights by this 
species in literature. Where this species goes away in cold 
weather is also not known. I had seen flying individuals of 
Pantala flavescens in the month of February 1971, and 1973, 
in the Salt Lake area. 

Records of migratory flights of Pantala flavescens (Fabr.) 
from different parts of the world are available in literature. 
Williams (1958), Corbet et al. (1960) and Corbet (1962) have 
reported such flights. Fraser (1936) reported Pantala flavescens 
as a migratory Odonate species from India without giving 
specific locality or other details. He remarked, “ .. . they 
emerge towards the end of September and commence a migra- 
tory flight which may last right on into November”. The season 
during which I observed these flights seems to accord well 
with Fraser’s remarks. 


REFERENCES 


Mitra, Tridib Ranjan & Mukherjee, Sisir Kumar (1967): Story of 
Dragonflies (in Japanese) Part 3 Nature Study. 13 (11), (No. 163 
pp-6 (108)-7 (109). 

Williams, C. B. (1958): Insect migration: pp xiii+235 New Naturalist, 
Collins. St James Place, London. 

Corbet, P. S., Longfield, C. & Moore, N. W. (1960): Dragonflies. pp.xii 
+260 Collins, St James Place, London. 

Corbet, P. S. (1962). A Biology of dragonflies. ppxvi+247 H.F.&G 
Witherby, Ltd., London. 

Fraser, F. C. (1936): Fauna of British India. Odonata, Vol. 3. p.416 
Taylor & Francis, London 


ADELA CROESELLA (SCoP.) IN PERTHSHIRE.—Meyrick gives the 
distribution of A. croesella (Scop.) as “England to York’. On 
the 26th June 1973 I captured a specimen in Perthshire about 
three miles from Killin on the road to Ardeonaig. No privet 
was seen at the spot but other foodplants for this species have 
been recorded on the continent.—J. Rocne, 16 Frimley Court, 
Sidcup Hill, Sidcup, Kent. 


SRI LANKA 55 


Sri Lanka 
By F. M. G. Stammers, M.A., M.B., B.S. 


I have taken ‘The Entomologist’s Record’ for many years 
— but I do not remember any article on the Butterflies of 
Ceylon. I thought that the following might be of interest to 
readers. I know most Eastern countries well, but of all these 
I consider Sri Lanka the nearest to Paradise. The temperature 
varies little throughout the year; it is usually about 26 deg. or 
27 deg. C., and humid in the southern Low Country. Water is 
plentiful owing to the monsoon rains—N.E. and S.W. It is con- 
served in many huge tanks—artificial lakes. The flora ranges 
from temperate in the Hill Country—to tropical. The many 
varieties of coconut are ubiquitous: the colours of the bananas 
range from green to the yellows, and even pink. There are 
superb pineapples, and every imaginable fruit to delight the 
eye as well as the palate. The Island is some 270 miles long — 
from Point Pedro in the north, to Dondra Head in the south. 
It is about 140 miles across at the widest point. The mountains 
rise to 8820 feet. Although 5° to 10° north of the Equator, 
frosts occur at night in the mountainous districts. Seen from 
a low-flying aircraft, the Low Country is brilliant with the 
chequers of the vividly green ‘paddy’ fields. Butterflies are 
numerous, and occur almost everywhere. There are 250 species 
in an area about half the size of England. The Sinhalese and 
Tamils are gentle, kind and with gracious manners. English 
people are accepted wherever they go. Most people speak 
English, others are extremely fluent. I would like to say more 
about Ceylon, but I must confine myself to Entomology. 

In 1942-3 I spent a year in Ceylon as a Medical Entomolo- 
gist in the Royal Navy. During that time I made a collection 
of butterflies. This was in no way complete, as I could only 
collect when I was off duty. Even then I was somewhat re- 
stricted as to where I could go. I returned to Ceylon during 
the winters of 1971-2, and 1972-3. I took an excellent book— 
‘THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA of CEYLON’, by L. G. O. Wood- 
house. Also my net. As soon as I had identified a butterfly I 
had caught—TI let it go. I have come to a stage in life when I 
would rather see insects flying free; than killed and put in a 
cabinet. To my knowledge there are 48 species of Blues. I give 
no names for these—as they were mostly small, and difficult 
to identify without damage. They only flew a foot or so before 
settling again, and kept near to the ground. They were very 
common on grassland around Trincomalee. Also I do not list 
any Hesperidae—47 species. I only took my net occasionally; as 
I was more interested in the varied aspects of Ceylon life, and 
the magnificent scenery. The butterflies mentioned were seen 
in the following districts: —Colombo, Mount Lavinia, Negombo, 
Polonnaruha, Anuradhapura, Jaffna, Nuwera Eliya, Kurune- 
gala, and particularly around the Harbour of Trincomalee. 

On Christmas Day 1972 there were seven or eight monsoon 
storms at Trincomalee. The N.E. monsoon was a heavy one 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1II/74 


that year. I saw many Precis iphita pluviatalis on the wing. 
The next day was very hot and humid with a light breeze. On 
the Island of Great Sober—so named, as the British used to 
land drunken sailors there to ‘cool off’—in the Inner Harbour; 
I saw Precis almana almana, and a number of Phalanta phal- 
anta and Ariadne ariadne minorata. This was sheer jungle, 
and impossible to penetrate far without machettes (I had hoped 
to return with these another day; but was then told that it 
would be unwise—as there were bears on the Island). 

Many of the butterflies were feeding on Antigonon leptopus 
—(Polygonacea) which was growing near the sea. At Mount 
Lavinia—on the cliffs, there were very large patches of this 
plant covering the ground, with its attractive pink flowers. 

The following are the species taken by me, and in my 
cabinet; or those set free after identification : — 

DANAIDAE.—Danaus similis expromata Butler, D. limniace 
mutina Fruhstorfer, D. aglea aglea Cramer, D. chrysippus L.., 
Euploea phaenareta corus F., E. core asela Moore, E. klugii 
sinhala Moore. 

SATYRIDAE. — Ypthima celonica Hewitson, Orotriaena 
medus mandata Moore, Melanitis leda ismene Cramer, Elym- 
nias hypermestra fraterna Butler. 

NYMPHALIDAE.—Precis orithya swinhoei Butler, P. iphita 
pluviatalis Fruhstorfer, P. almana almana L., P. lintingensis 
hierta Fruhstorfer, Hypolimnas bolina L., H. misippus L., Nep- 
tis hylas varmona Moore, Cethosis nietneri nietneri Felder & 
Felder, Ariadne ariadne minorata Moore, Telchinia violae Fruh- 
storfer, Phalanta phalanta Drury. 

ERYCINIDAE.—Abisara echerius prunosa Moore. 

LYCAENIDAE.—Talicada nyseus nyseus Guérin-Ménéville, 
Castalius rosimon rosimon Fruhstorfer, Loxura atymnus arcu- 
ata Moore. 

PIERIDAE. — Eurema hecabe simulata Moore, E. blanda 
silhetana Wallace, E. brigitta rubella Wallace, Delius eucharis 
Drury, Leptosia nina nina Fruhstorfer, Hebomoia glaucippe 
australis Butler, Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe L., C. pomona 
Fruhstorfer, Huphina nerissa phryne Fruhstorfer, Appias albina 
daraba Felder & Felder, A. paulina paulina Cramer. 

PAPILIONIDAE.—Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, P. demo- 
leus demoleus L., P. crino Fruhstorfer, Polydorus hector L., P. 
aristolochiae celonicus Moore, Troides helena darsius Gray, 
Chilasa clytia lankeswara Moore. 


The Old Farm House, East Street, 
Bluntisham, Huntingdon. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Sy 


Notes and Observations 


EURRHYPARA PERLUCIDALIS HiiBN. AND PARASCOTIA FULIGIN- 
ARIA L. NEw To HampsuHireE.—A single Eurrhypara perlucidalis 
came to light here on 9th July 1973 and is of interest as apart 
from the well-known colony at Wood Walton and records from 
other East Anglian haunts such as Walberswick, there is only 
one record I can trace outside East Anglia, that from Kent in 
July 1960 (cf. Ent. Rec., 72: 173). My garden adjoins an oak 
and hazel coppice and I have no doubt the Pyrale is a migrant 
here. I also took at light here on 22nd July 1973, a single 3 
Parascotia fuliginaria—T. N. D. Pert, M.B., F.R.C.S., 2, The 
Glade, Waterlooville, Portsmouth, PO7 7PD, Hants. [With re- 
gard to perlucidalis in Kent, there is reason to suspect it may 
be resident here though perhaps only temporarily so. The 
specimen recorded above we disturbed about mid-day on 3rd 
July 1960 at Ham Fen near Deal, a small extent of primeval 
fenland and the only piece in the county.—Ed. ]. 


Euros occuLTa L. AT WESTON-SUPER-MARE.—It may be of 
interest to record the occurrence of a pale specimen of Euwrois 
occulta in my moth trap here on Ist August 1973. — C. S. H. 
BuatuwaytT, “Amalfi”, 27 South Road, Weston-super-Mare, 
Somerset. 


THE DAYTIME FLIGHT OF STANDFUSSIANA LUCERNEA L.—The 
habit of this species of flying in the sunshine in mountain 
areas is fairly well known, though not often seen. My first ex- 
perience of it was in August 1946, when a small dark form of 
the species was noted on suitable occasions before and after 
midday flying at great speed on the top 100 ft. or so of Tully 
Mountain, near Renvyle in Connemara, an isolated hill which 
reaches a height of 1200 ft. 

In August 1973 I met the same species doing the same 
thing in rather different circumstances. The locality was the 
two highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada in the Province of 
Granada in South Spain, where the flight was confined to the 
top of the range, between 10,000 ft. and 11,500 ft. 

I spent four days and nights in the Parador Hotel at 8000 
ft., where I did not see the moth at all, either by day or in a 
trap at night. — D. W. H. FrENNELL, Martyr Worthy Place, 
near Winchester, Hants. 


DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. IN NORTHERN PorTUGAL. — On 22nd 
September and again on 23rd September 1973, I had the plea- 
sure of seeing and photographing a Monarch in the garden of 
207,.Rue do Molhe, Foz do Douro, a small town at the mouth 
of the river Douro, near Oporto. The weather was fine with 
a light northerly wind. ° 

On 18th Octber. we saw numbers of Red Admirals (Vanessa 
atalanta L.) along the coast south of the Douro. They seemed to 
be coming in from the west against a light easterly wind. — 
C. L. Bovnr, Lt. Col., O.B.F., 34 Steele’s Road, London N.W.3. 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/TI/74 


MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM LINN. RECORDS FROM KENT IN 
1973.—I have had reports of two adult Humming-bird Hawks 
this autumn from Kent. One flying around flowering lavender 
at Woodstock Farm, Sittingbourne, at midday on 20th Septem- 
ber. The other was feeding from late flowering honeysuckle 
at 10.30 on Sunday, 23rd September near the railway station 
at Herne Bay.—Dr I. A. Watkinson, 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, 
Kent. 


ONCOCERA (SALEBRIA) OBDUCTELLA ZELLER ON NortTH DowNS 
IN KentT.—On the evening of Wednesday, Ist August 1973 
whilst dusking for Pterophorus tridactyla L. and P. baliodac- 
tylus Z. on the North Downs near here, I disturbed a small 
Pyralid moth from a large clump of marjoram. I quickly net- 
ted the insect but in the gathering dusk could not identify it 
with certainty. I tapped several nearby clumps of marjoram 
in the hope of disturbing further specimens, but my attention 
was soon back with tridactyla which were now beginning to 
fly (these plumes are easily caught in the twenty minutes or so 
of twilight before darkness prevents even these little buzzing 
moths, reminiscent of miniature ghost {moths, from being 
seen). 

On arriving home I was delighted to see that the Pyralid 
was as I hoped Oncocera obductella, an insect recorded re- 
markably seldom nowadays. This beautiful moth has always 
been almost entirely restricted to parts of the North Downs 
in Kent and I consider myself very fortunate to have taken it. 
A return to the locality a few days later produced no more 
specimens, but in this exposed habitat the weather was incle- 
ment on that particular evening. Huggins (Entomologist, 
1929, p.193) quotes a similar finding of obductella on the North 
Downs and watched his specimen, a female, ovipositing. He 
revisited the same plants again early the next summer and 
found the larvae which he managed to rear to adults. I shall 
follow in his footsteps next year with as good a chance of suc- 
cess.—Dr I. A. WATKINSON, 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. 


MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN LINCOLNSHIRE IN 1973. — Apart 
from Hyles gallii Rott. this year has provided a number of in- 
teresting migrants. 

Two Herse convolvuli were taken, the first on 17th August 
and the second on 4th September in a Robinson light trap 
placed near a large bed of Nicotiana affinis I had planted 
near here. A third was taken at Alford on 28th September. 

A single Macroglossum stellatarum L. was seen at Wil- 
loughby, near Alford, on 26th September, at flowers of Cera- 
tostigma and was seen for a week. 

Eurois occulta L. appeared at Woodhall on 28th July, a 
second one here on the 29th July and at the same time G. W. 
Haggett took three in his M.V. trap at Lissington, near Market 
Rasen. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 59 


A single Lithomoia solidaginis Hubn. was found on a wall 
near here on 22nd September. 

Probably one of the most spectacular of invasions of Lepi- 
doptera in the county for many years was witnessed by Keith 
Paine, one of the wardens at the Gibraltar Point Field Station 
who recorded the sight each day of very many hundreds (but 
not, he thinks, very many thousands) of Vanessa atalanta L. 
coming in over the sea over a front of about two miles. The 
invasion started on the 26th August and persisted until 6th 
September. It started to wane on 7th September and petered 
out on the following day. Those of use near here who were 
fortunate enough to have beds of Sedum and Michaelmas 
Daisies in our gardens were rewarded for many days by the 
company of large numbers of what must surely be one of 
Britain’s most beautiful butterflies. — R. E. M. Prncuer, The 
Little Dower House, South Thoresby, nr. Alford, Lincs. 


MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN WEST SUFFOLK IN 1973.—A surprising 
thing is the arrival of quite a number of fen moths at my m.yv. 
trap run in the garden here, but where they come from I can- 
not find out. There are some damp meadows containing small 
streams and sedge etc. about a mile distant, but when I have 
worked these at night I found practically nothing, except in one 
meadow well over a mile away I found many Archanara dis- 
soluta Tr. In my garden trap over the years I have found quite 
a number of Thumatha senex Hiibn., one A. geminipuncta 
Haw. and a few each of the following: A. dissoluta Tr., 
Mythimna obsoleta Hiibn., M. pudorina D. & S., Senta flammea 
Curtis and Nonaaqria typhae Thunb. 

Several people have said either on T.V. or in the news- 
papers that this year more butterflies than usual have been 
seen. My experience has been quite the opposite, and in re- 
gard to the Holly Blue (Celastrinus argiolus L.) I have not seen 
a single one in the garden where it is usually numerous. Nor 
have I seen any White-letter Hairstreaks (Strymonidia w- 
album Knoch), which were quite plentiful at private blossom 
last year, and when I also got a number of larvae in a nearby 
wood. 

If any collectors come to this area in 1974, I should be very 
pleased if they would call and see me. Being now retired with 
a fair amount of spare time, and having explored the Fen and 
Breckland area for nearly 30 years, I could possibly produce 
some useful information. — Rev. G. A. Forp, The Rookery 
Farmhouse, Norton, Bury St. Edmunds, 11.xii.1973. 


MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT WATERLOOVILLE IN 1973.—It is worth 
recording a number of interesting captures for here this sea- 
son particularly since the wood adjoining my garden is shortly 
to be cut down for housing. Lymantria monacha L. and Tri- 
chiura crataegi L. occur, Tethea or D. & S. and Aspalia diluta 
D. & S. I have seen in numbers and there igs a strong colony 
of Odontosia carmelita Esp. I took my first Ewproctis chrysorr- 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


hoea L., probably windblown from the coast which is only four 
miles away as the moth flies. I took a single Apoda avellana 
L. in June, and in August Caradrina ambigua D. & S. was 
plentiful. Hapalotis venustula Hubn. is well known locally, 
and a single specimen occurred in July. Moma alpium Osbeck 
appeared in June, the first time I have ever seen this insect. 
The wood here, holds a large amount of golden-rod, and adult 
Cucullia asteris D. & S. and Eupithecia expallidata Doubl. ar- 
rived at light. Larvae of both species were subsequently easy 
to find, and I look forward to a bred series of each next year. 
Other cavtures, new to me have been Acasis viretata Hiibn., 
Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. and Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. 
The season has just finished with six Lithophane leautieri 
Boisd., all males at light, and on 11th November Dr John 
Langmaid and I found a female moth sitting outside a pub 
at Emsworth not far from here, which has since laid 30 ap- 
parently fertile eggs. 

Dr Langmaid has generously introduced me to some 
Portsmouth specialities — Ennomos autumnaria Wernb., 
Eupithecia phoeneciata Ramb. and the larvae of E. millefoliata 
Ross]. All occur within the densely built-up city. Both of us 
appear to have missed out on the Sphingid migration of this 
summer, but the above notes indicate some of the compen- 
sations. — T. N. D. Pret, M.B., F.B.C.S., 2, The Glade, Water- 
looville, Portsmouth, P07 7PD, Hants. 


MELEAGERIA DAPHNIS D. & S. IN CENTRAL SPAIN.—As I can 
find no previous record of M. daphnis D. & S. from the pro- 
vince of Teruel it might be of interest to report that I found 
a large and very fine female a few miles east of Albarracin 
on 3rd August 1973. As entomologically this must be one of 
the most explored areas in Spain, I assume this species to be 
rare in this region. Manley and Alcard (A Field Guide to the 
Butterflies and Burnets of Spain) record two specimens from 
Tragacete in the neighbouring province of Cuenca, the nearest 
recorded locality I can find. Higgins and Riley (A Field Guide 
to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe) are of course wrong 
in stating as they do that this species does not: occur in Spain. 
This Spanish female is both larger and darker than my speci- 
mens from southern France (Digne).—M. J. PErcevaL, Holmes- 
dale Cottage, North Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey. 


BUTTERFLY TRAPPING.—In their Notes on the Butterflies of 
Corsica (1973, Entomologist’s Record, 85: 149-153) A. L. & M. 
N. Panchen record, with what apears to be a little surprise, 
the capture of Vanessa atalanta L., Polygonia c-album L. and 
Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli in traps in addition to Charaxes 
jasius L. 

I cannot help feeling that a certain misconception has 
arisen from the fact that accounts of trapping in Africa are 
so often connected with Charaxes, and although the Charazes 
are greatly attracted to fermented fruit baited traps, they are 
by no means the only group that is so attracted. The Satyridae 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 61 


are attracted in numbers, in fact on dull days they are often the 
only species attracted. Amongst the Nymphalidae, the Charaxi- 
dinae are the subfamily most often attracted, but there are ex- 
ceptions to this, in the Shimba Hills for example Ch. pleione 
Godt. bebra Roths. never comes to bait, although Owen & Chan- 
ter (1972, J. Ent. (A), 46: 135-145) record it coming to traps in 
small numbers in Freetown. Many species of Nymphalinae, oc- 
casional Neptidinae, many Eunicinae and Eurytelinae come to 
traps, but I have never taken Marpesiinae, Vanessinae or 
Argynnidinae in this way. V. atalanta, with its well known 
liking for fermented fruit would obviously come to traps, but 
the African Vanessinae most commonly met with, viz. 
Salamis, Hypolimnas and Precis, do not share this habit. 

Of the other families, the Libytheidae are frequently 
trapped, but I know of no case of Papilionidae, Pieridae, 
Danaidae, Acraeidae, Lycaenidae or Hesperiidae coming to 
fruit bait, although Owen & Chanter (loc. cit.) do record very 
small numbers of Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae in Freetown. 
They also record Libytheidae in very small numbers only, 
contrary to East African experience. 

Males of certain Danaidae are attracted to withered and 
fermented leaves of certain plants belonging to the Boragin- 
aceae, and could presumably be trapped using this as bait. 

Males of the Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae, Acraeidae 
and Lycaenidae are attracted to damp mud and, if it were 
possible to determine the actual attractive substances, they 
could undoubtedly be caught in traps as easily as those 
species that are attracted to fermenting fruit. 

I have known collectors who consider the use of traps un- 
sporting, but they have never tried to catch the large blue 
and black Charaxzes species with a net in a shade temperature 
of 90 deg or more and a high humidity. In any case, I cannot 
see that baited traps for butterflies are less sporting than 
mercury vapour traps for moths. — D. G. SrEvaAsToPuLo, 
F.R.E.S., Mombasa. 


STRANGE EXPERIENCES WITH CUCULLIA ABSINTHI L.—When I 
left Portland in 1939—where I had as was to be expected 
bred and caught many absinthii—I took with me a wormwood 
plant. This I had in Kent, near Sevenoaks from 1939-44. I 
then moved to Balsham near Cambridge, taking the same 
plant with me. I was there from 1944-67, and during this 
period (I did not make a note of the year) I found in one 
month 13 absinthii larvae on it, which all failed to pupate. I 
then moved to Norton near Bury St Edmonds in 1967, taking 
my wormwood plant with me, now about 30 years old! To 
my surprise this summer I found 4 absinthii larvae feeding on 
it, only one of which was able to pupate. I do not think this 
species has ever been recorded from Cambridgeshire or West 
Suffolk, but according to South it has been found on the 
Suffolk coast. — Rev. G. A. Forp, The Rookery Farmhouse, 
Norton, Bury St Edmonds, 11.xii.1973. 


62 EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


LoNGEvity iN THECLA BETULAE L.—On 11th September 1973 
I made an excursion to the borders of Oxfordshire and Buck- 
inghamshire to obtain a female Thecla betulae for egg laying. 
One was soon captured and although very worn its abdomen 
was distended. The butterfly served me exceedingly well by 
laying well over seventy ova. But more surprising to me was 
the length of time this insect lived. Housed in a portable cage 
in the walled garden and fed on a diluted solution of honey 
and sugar it was content to crawl and rest on the branches of 
its foodplant and bask in the late autumn sunshine. It finally 
expired on oth November having survived for 55 days from 
the date of its capture, and during this period there was a 
number of ground frosts. This leads me to wonder whether 
betulae lives as long in the wild, and if so whether the butter- 
fly has a longer life span than is generally realised. — Davip 
Brown, 25 Charlecote, near Warwick, Warwickshire. 


Current Literature 


British Tortricoid Moths. Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortri- 
cinae by J. D. Bradley, W. G. Tremewan and Arthur 
Smith with colour plates by Brian Hargreaves, The Ray 
Society, 1973. 


In almost 70 years since Barrett’s important treatise there 
has been little to rival this exceptionally fine addition to our 
works on British micro-lepidoptera. This group receives scant 
attention by the majority of our entomologists, chiefly due to 
the paucity of readily available, illustrated and up-to-date 
literature. This volume, the first of two which are planned by 
the Ray Society to cover the British Tortricidae goes some way 
to fulfilling this need. All the known British species of Cochy- 
lidae and Tortricinae are described and illustrated in colour; 
with many species the feeding habits are also portrayed. 

Far from being solely a reference book on this group of 
moths, it is in its own right a passably comprehensive text 
book, covering many aspects of the study of lepidoptera. In 
the introduction, the authors break down the superfamily 
Tortricoidea into its component sub-families, discussing some 
of the classification problems of the respective genera. The 
general wing patterns and their variation are also discussed. 
Considerable attention is then devoted to various physical 
characteristics of this group; adult wing venation and head 
features, larval and pupal structures all being lucidly illus- 
trated with deliberate care to clarify the points made in the 
text. Notes are included on collecting, killing and setting the 
various stages, and methods of preparing adult specimens for 
examination of wing venation or genitalia structure are de- 
scribed. All the means for a positive identificaton of a dubious 
specimen are therefore brought together within the same bind- 
ing. The introduction is brought to an end with a discussion 
on the phylogeny of the families, sub-families and tribes of the 


CURRENT LITERATURE 63 
British Tortricidae. A classified list of species covered in the 
ensuing pages is then given following that of the newly re- 
vised Kloet and Hinks list of 1972 

The rest of the text is devoted to the description, biology 
and distribution of each of the nearly 140 native species of 
Cochylidae (Phaloniidae) and Tortricinae. Line drawings to 
illustrate interspecial differences or points of interest are in- 
cluded where appropriate. Each species is cross referenced to 
Barrett, Pierce and Metcalf, Meyrick and Ford and further 
relevant references are made where appropriate in the text. 
In all, over 300 references to individual Papers or works are 
made and fully listed in the up-to-date bibliography. John 
Bradley and Walter Tremewan continuously draw on their 
years of experience of collecting and studying this group of 
lepidoptera; throughout the text this expertise is used to great 
effect in the accurate descriptions of all stages of the insects 
and their habits. 

The most outstanding visual feature of this book is, how- 
ever, the fine artwork of Brian Hargreaves and Arthur Smith. 
It is indeed a pleasure that these two outstanding ento- 
mological artists should together provide such a comprehen- 
sive and accurate coverage of the Tortricidae. It had been the 
original intention that the whole of the illustrative material 
should be carried out by Arthur Smith. However the enormity 
of the task necessitated the commissioning of Brian Har- 
greaves for the sub-family Tortricinae which he illustrated 
with the exception of the plate on Acleris literana. In general 
the plates are of an extremely high standard, nearly every 
species being represented by illustrations indicating its range 
of variation. With the more polymorphic species such as Acleris 
literana, cristana and hastiana, whole plates are devoted to 
named varieties of each species. A very slight exaggeration of 
wing length appears in a few species, but apart from this the 
artwork is very accurate. Arthur Smith’s illustrations of some 
60 larval habitats seem so life-like that the breeding of these 
insects will now be considerably facilitated for many lepidop- 
terists. 

The book is rounded off with the previously mentioned 
bibliography and a useful alphabetical list of the latin and 
common names of larval foodplants together with the names 
of species known to be associated with each plant. 

Apart from a few very minor mistakes in the text refer- 
ences to the plates of rugosana, maculosana, dilucidana, im- 
plicitana and pronubana the text appears free of errors. How- 
ver, one irritation experienced in the use of the book was its 
lack of a cross referencing system from the plates to the rele- 
vant pages in the text. Indeed it would also have been useful 
to include in the index, plate numbers for the listed species. 
Professional etiquette was lacking in the way the name of Mr 
Hargreaves, the contributor of most of the colour plates, was 
omitted from the front cover. I respect the inclusion of Arthur 
Smith as a co-author but think a suitable acknowledgement to 
Brian Hargreaves would not be out of place. 


64 EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/11/74 


The book has 251 pages in quarto, is nicely bound and 
printed on a good paper. It does appear to have a large num- 
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CONTENTS 


Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. R. M. 
PALMER 


Butterflies in Tuscany, May-June 1973. C. G. M. de WORMS .. 


In Search of Erebia scipio Bdv.: Southern France, July 1973. 
Cc. G. M. de WORMS 


Another Record of Migratory Flights of the Dragonfly Pantala 
flavescens F. in Calcutta. T. R. MITRA 


Sri Lanka. F. M. G. STAMMERS 


Notes and Oservations: 
Adela croesella Scop. in Perthshire. J. ROCHE .. 


Eurrhypara perlucidalis Huibn. and Parascotia fuliginaria 
L. new to Hampshire. T. N. D. PEET .. 


Eurois occulta L. at Weston-super-Mare. C. S. H. 
BLATHWAYT 


The Daytime Flight of Standfussiana lucernea L. D. W. H. 
FFENNELL 


Danaus plexippus L. in Northern Portugal. C. L. BOYLE 


Macroglossum stellatarum L. Records from Kent in 1973. 
I. A. WATKINSON .. 


Oncocera (Salebria) obductella Z. on North Downs in Kent. 
I. A. WATKINSON .. 


Migrant Lepidoptera in Lincolnshire in 1973. R. E. M. 
PILCHER ae a aa ne Sone 


Macrolepidoptera in West Suffolk in 1973. G. A. FORD .. 
Macrolepidoptera at Waterlooville in 1973. T. N. D. PEET. 


Meleageria daphnis D. & S. in Central Spain. M. J. 
PERCEVAL 


Butterfly Trapping. D. G, SEVASTOPULO .. 


Strange Experiences with Cucullia absinthii L. G. A. 
FORD 


Longevity in Thecla betulae L. DAVID BROWN .. 


Current Literature .. 


33 


45 


49 


53 


55 


54 


57 


57 


57 
57 


58 


58 


58 
59 
59 


60 
60 


61 
62 


62 


rR RS PS SES EE a Se 


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PLATE IV 


WeYOHAM N “H - 070Ud a 
‘O9ZIS [BINJEU SSUII] PH-[ SeINsI 

‘(apisiapun) sdAjoT[W A “f “SIA 

(episteddn) edAjo[[y 4 ‘¢ “SIla 

(eptisiagpun) edAJOTOH » -% Sty 

“eptsieddn) esddAyojoH >» “[T ‘sly 


‘AOU ‘dsqns vaunl spaso sdoshsyoopidaT 


65 
A New Taxon of the Lepidochrysops ortygia 
(Trimen) Group (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) 
from the South Western Cape 


By C. G. C. Dickson 
No. 30. 


Mr G. E. Tite, in his paper ‘“The Lepidochrysops ortygia 
Complex” (Entomologist, 97: 1-7, Jan., 1964), included, amongst 
three new species, the rather small blue Lepidochrysops from 
the Cape Peninsula, under the name of L. oreas—with other 
material represented in the British Museum (N.H.) from as far 
to the east as Seven Weeks Poort and the Zwartberg Pass. Male 
specimens from these latter localities were noted as having 
“decidedly wider dark distal margins on the forewings”’. 

The butterfly which is dealt with in this article was formerly 
included, by most observers, with nominate oreas, but investi- 
gation of a representative number of specimens (and compari- 
son of the male genitalia) has provided evidence of its being at 
least a separate race. The writer prefers to treat it provision- 
ally as a race of oreas; factors which it has not been possible 
to take into account as yet—such as differences which could 
occur in the Ist instar larvae—might finally give proof of a 
specific difference. There does seem to be some evidence of 
the two taxa overlapping in the Bot River—Hermanus areas 
and confirmation of this would, in itself, point to separate 
species being involved in the present case. In some respects 
this butterfly shows closer affinity to L. quickelbergei Swane- 
poel (Novos Taxa Entomologicos, 64: 1-10, June, 1969), which 
was separated, as a species, from oreas on the basis of its ex- 
ternal appearance alone. 


Lepidochrysops oreas junae subsp. nov. 

Both sexes of considerably greater average size than L. 
oreas oreas from the type — locality in the Cape Peninsula; 
forewings tending to be slightly less acute. 


Male. Upperside. 

All wings, of the violaceous-blue colour of nominate L. 
oreas but the tone varying in some specimens even more than 
in this race (occasional specimens being, in fact, much lighter 
and brighter, and two of the paratypes exceptionally so and of 
a silvery-blue tone reminiscent of quickelbergei). Other feat- 
ures similar to those of nominate oreas, and with variation in 
the width of the dark smoky borders, especially in the fore- 
wings—a few of the paratypes, though not the holotype, hav- 
ing these decidedly broad. 

Underside. 

Ground-colour with more light dusting than normally occurs 
in nominate oreas and with more prominent white marking in 
general in all wings. The dark markings as a whole also de- 
cidedly prominent and tending to be more conspicuous against 
their background. 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/11/74 


Forewing. The dusting of white scaling over the inner-half 
of the wing, is especially noticeable on the veins. The post- 
median series of dark, white-edged spots, together with the 
discocellular marking, consistently well developed and more 
prominent on the whole than in nominate oreas. 


Hindwing. White suffusion, and marking, very noticeable; 
the series of white sagittate markings frequently expanded 
and tending to lose their clear-cut form. The two black spots 
in area 7, especially the outer one, enlarged as a rule and thus 
more conspicuous than in nominate oreas. 

Length of forewing: 15.0-20.0 mm. (18.0 mm., in holo- 
type). The first measurement is that of an unusually small 
specimen. 


Female. Upperside. 

In general very similar to the female of nominate oreas in 
colouring and marking, the ground-colour being of a more 
true, less violaceous blue in some specimens, as in the allotype, 
and the black marking varying in its development in individual 
specimens. 


Underside. 

Characters noted for male repeated in female. The white 
dusting may not be quite as prominent in all specimens (being 
rather less so in the allotype) but is usually as noticeable as in 
male examples. 

Length of forewing: 15.75-20.5 mm. (19.5 mm., in allotype). 
The first measurement is that of an abnormally small speci- 
men. 

Body and ancillary parts as in nominate race, apart from 
the white scaling and hairs possibly being more conspicuous, 
in some examples. 

3S Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Klein Draken- 
stein Mtns., above Du Toit’s Kloof (S. side), 26.xi.1972 (C. G. C. 
Dickson); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 17316. 

2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype; 
British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 17317. 

Paratypes presented to British Museum (N.H.): data as 
holotype, 1 ¢, 3.iii.1973, 1 9 (C.G.C_D.), 

Paratypes in the author’s collection: as holotype, 8 dd, 
1 2 (C.G.C.D.); as holotype, 12.xii.1949, 4 dd, 1 ? (A. J. Duke); 
-‘Middenkrantz Berg, Fransch Hoek Mtns., 8.xi.1945, 2 dd, 2 
22 (C.G.C.D.); Tygerstels Kloof Mtns., S.S.W. of Rawsonville, 
30.xii.1963, 1 d (C.G.C.D.); Geelbos Laagte, Langeberg Mtns., 
E. of Montagu, C.P., 1 3, 11.xi.1962 (C.G.C.D.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Mrs J. V. Sipser: as holotype, 1 3, 2 2° 
GENES: selec (CHGxGa >): 

Paratype in Coll. Dr Jeffrey Kaplan: Du Toit’s Kloof, 22.xii. 
1S Zia aken)s 

Paratypes in Coll. K. M, Pennington: Fransch Hoek, 6.xii. 
1957, 1 3, 3.x.1946, 1 2 (K.M.P.); Helderberg, C.P., 10.i.1963, 
1 3 (K.M.P.). 


PLATE V 


A NEW TAXON OF THE LEPIDOCHRYSOPS ORTYGIA 67 


Paratypes in Coll. R. D. Stephen: Du Toit’s Kloof, 1.xii.1969, 
2 36, 14.xii.1970, 1 °, 28.xi.1971, 1 2 (R.D.S.). 

Paratypes in Coll. W. Teare: as holotype, 30.x.1972, 1 d, 
4.xi.1963, 1 2° (W.T.). 

Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham: Bain’s Kloof, C.P., 
11.1.1961, 2 dd (C.G.C.D.); Du Toit’s Kloof, 31.xii.1969, 6 dd 
(C.W.W.); Langeberg Mtns., above Grootvaders Bosch, 19.xi. 
1967, 4 dd, 1 2 (C.W.W.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as holotype, 2 dd 
(C.G.C.D.), 4.xi.1963, 3 dd (Russell Badham): Assegaibos, La 
Motte, C.P., x.1940, 1 d (G. van Son). 

Paratypes in Coll. National Museum, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, 
as holotype, 2 dd (C.G.C.D.). 

Several of the paratypes show a very strong contrast be- 
tween the dark markings of the underside and their back- 
ground—as those captured by Mr Pennington and Dr van Son, 
the undersides of which have very pronounced and widespread 
white suffusion. Expansion of the dark discal markings, occurs, 
not infrequently. The paratypes from above Grootvaders Bosch 
(100 miles to the east of the type-locality) exhibit clearly all 
the characters apparent in specimens from Du Toit’s Kloof 
and seem clearly to represent the same taxon. It is felt that 
somewhat similar specimens, with greyer undersides, which 
occur at the top of the Zwartberg Pass do not answer, strictly, 
to this taxon. 


In numerous male genitalia preparations, the valves have 
agreed with those of nominate oreas—with the same range of 
variation in those of each taxon. The lateral sclerites of the 
aedeagus have, up to the present, been more elongated in 
junae and with less apparent undulation of the dorsal margin 
itself. In dissections of two males of L. quickelbergei from 
the type-locality of Gydo Mtn., in the Ceres Division, kindly 
loaned by Mr R. D. Stephen, the valves have shown some 
thickening, but less of the definite, blunt angulation at the 
base of the hooked distal end which usually occurs in both L. 
oreas oreas and L. oreas junae. However, in a set specimen 
of quickelbergei, taken by Mr C. W. Wykeham on 14th 
December, 1962, in which the ends of both valves are visible, 
the entire distal ends are of the usual form of nominate oreas. 
In the two dissections of quickelbergei the lateral sclerites of 
the aedeagus are relatively short and broad, as in nominate 
oreas, but possess only a very shallow shoulder, dorsally, just 
before the distal tip. More dissections of quickelbergei would 
have to be studied before final conclusions could be drawn 
from the genitalia. Mr G. E. Tite (op. cit.) has mentioned the 
value of the lateral sclerites in the Lepidochrysops, from the 
taxonomic point of view—as observed in the first place by Dr 
C. B. Cottrell. The writer is indebted to both the foregoing for 
some further particulars concerning these structures in this 
genus. 

L. oreas junae occurs commonly in mid-summer, or earlier, 
on the higher parts of the mountains above Du Toit’s Kloof 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/11/74 


and, as already indicated, has a much wider distribution. Under 
favourable conditions, it is an active flier about the eminences 
and summits of the mountains. The larval food-plant is Selago 
(Selaginaceae) and the later instars are undoubtedly passed in 
ants’ nests, in which pupation will also occur. The writer cap- 
tured specimens in company with Mr A. J. Duke on the date 
given for the latter’s paratypes; and, recently, encountered 
them flying plentifully, when climbing the mountains with Mrs 
June Sipser, after whom this brilliant blue Lycaenid is named 
with much pleasure. A freshly-emerged female specimen was 
subsequently found, quite unexpectedly, on the same mountain 
range as late as 3rd March. 

The earlier portion of the life-history of nominate L. oreas 
is described and figured in colour by Clark and Dickson in 
Life Histories of the South African Lycaenid Butterflies (1971, 
Cape Town). 

“Blencathra’”’, Cambridge Avenue, 

St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. 


PLATE V 
Genitalia of Lepidochrysops 


Fig. 1. ¢ Genitalia, Lepidochrysops oreas oreas Tite (Table Mountain, 
Cape Town). 

Fig. 2. ¢ Genitalia, L. oreas junae subsp. nov. (Klein Drakenstein 
Mtns., C.P.). 

Fig. 3. g¢ Genitalia, L. quickelbergei Swanepoel (Gydo Mtn., C.P.). 
Each set of figures, represents: basic portion of structure, with 

valves and aedeagus removed; valves and juxta (fully compressed); 

and aedeagus (fully compressed). 
Figures approximately 23.6 times natural size. 


Photo: H. N. Wykeham. 


Lycaena dispar rutila Werneberg : A Chance 


Meeting at Ravenna, Italy 


By Len McL£Eop 
25 Sleford Close, Balsham, Cambs. CB1 6DP 


Driving past the oil refinery on 24th August 1973, one could 
not help but gaze in awe at the flames belching from the tops 
of several tall chimneys. The smell of industry almost made 
one choke. The river appeared to be dirty and polluted at this 
point but I thought to myself that perhaps higher upriver it 
would still be fairly clean. 

We continued driving a short way past areas of sugar beet, 
vines and fruit trees until at last we came to our destination 
and turned off the road. 

The particular orchards we were visiting receive large num- 
bers of fungicide and insecticide sprays each year and are 
situated in a vast agricultural area. We could detect the smell 


SOME LEPIDOPTERA IN RADNORSHIRE, 1973 69 


of chemical pesticides everywhere in the orchards. 

Having completed our inspection, my colleagues were dis- 
cussing something while I followed them slowly back to the 
car. 

I had noticed the ditch running alongside the pathway 
when we drove into the orchard. It was situated more or less 
in the centre of this enormous area of apple, pear and peach 
trees. 

“What are those flowers I can see? I will just have a quick 
look. Yes, they are a mint species, perhaps peppermint. Wait! 
What on earth was that flash of red? There it is again. My 
god, it’s a male dispar. Fantastic, and there’s another. What a 
find!” 

How extraordinary it was that the first time I should ever 
see this species alive was not in a wild unspoilt area but in an 
intensely agricultural and industrial area. 

My colleagues were engrossed in their discussion so I 
quickly proceeded along the ditch. There were many clumps of 
mint with dispar of both sexes feeding at the flowers. In all 
there were approximately fifty butterflies in this small stretch 
of ditch. 

I decided to examine the butterflies more closely and 
stretched out alongside a clump of mint hardly disturbing 
them. 

I thought what a pity it was I had not got a net with me. I 
decided that I must attempt to obtain a specimen as proof to 
my friends and as a rarity for my collection. How easy it was. 
With thumb and forefinger I picked up a fine female and killed 
it instantly with a pinch to the thorax. In five minutes I had 
two perfect pairs and proceeded back to the car where my col- 
leagues were waiting for me. 

I left them in blissful ignorance of my excitement and on 
the way back to the city I relaxed in the deep comfortable car 
seat and contemplated on how unexpected and unusual life 
can be. Wihin five minutes of leaving the site we were in a 
traffic jam and surrounded by the noise and bustle of civilisa- 
tion. 


Some Lepidoptera in Radnorshire, 1973 


By M. D. Cox 
(79 Pikemere Road, Alsager, Stoke-on-Trent ST7 2SN) 


and R. G. WARREN 
(Wood Ridings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent 
ST4 8AP) 


While on holiday in Radnorshire I took the opportunity of 
making a small collection of Lepidoptera on the nights of 22nd, 
23rd and 24th August. The base was a country hotel at Pen- 
cerrig, two miles north of Builth Wells and five miles south of 
Llandrindod Wells, on the A483, and I restricted my collecting 
to the immediate area of the hotel grounds. On two nights T 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/III/74 


used an ultra-violet “health” lamp, kindly loaned by Mr G. 
Carrel of the hotel, which proved most efficient in attracting 
moths. 

The area is lightly wooded, having a Forestry Commission 
plantation to the west, and a small lake (Pencerrig) to the 
north. M.D.C. 


In view of Mr L. K. Evan’s article (in Ent. Rec., 85: 33) and 
the paucity of records for Radnorshire, M.D.C’s captures are 
listed below in full. Eight of the species are in the Evans list 
and of the remaining 13, four are in Gordon Smith’s list (1954, 
Butterflies and Moths found in the County of Radnorshire, 
Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sc., 1951-53: 5-51), leaving eight 
marked with an asterisk for which there appears to be no pre- 
vious record for Radnorshire. R.G.W. 


PYRALOIDEA.—Hypsopygia costalis F. GEOMETROIDEA. 
—TIdaea aversata L., Xanthorhoe designata Hufn., X. fluctuata 
L., *Ecliptoptera silaceata D. & S., Chloroclysta citrata 
L., *Plemyria rubiginata D. & S., Hydriomena furcata Thunb., 
*Perizoma didymata L., *Epione repandaria Hufn., Peribatodes 
rhomboidaria D. & S. NOTODONTOIDEA.—Notodonta drome- 
darius L. NOCTUOIDEA.—Noctua pronuba L., N. comes 
Hubn., *Paradiarsia glareosa Esp., *Antitype chi L., * Atethmia 
centrago Haw., *Cryphia domestica Hufn., Cosmia trapezina L.., 
Mesapamea secalis L., *Scoliopteryx libatrix L. 


Notes on the Microlepidoptera 


By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S. 
(65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex) 


I was greatly interested in Dr Watkinson’s note on Agdistis 
bennetii (Curtis) away from saltmarshes (Ent. Rec., 85: 245). 
I wrote a note on the appearance of this and other salt-marsh 
insects in my garden here in Entomologist, 90: 269 (for Octo- 
ber 1957). As this was some years ago and I can also add a few 
further records, I will recapitulate briefly what I then wrote. 

My garden is 150 feet above sea level and over three miles, 
as the crow flies, from the nearest salt-marsh. I have not set 
my M.V. light at the right time of year since 1963, but till 
then I always took a few bennetii every year and in 1959 I 
took seven in one night. I also took two Pediasia aridellus 
(Thunb.) = salinellus (Tutt) which I have never seen nearer 
than Canewdon, seven miles away, several Phalonidia affine- 
tana (Douglas) and seven Bactra robustana Christoph= scirpi- 
colana Pierce, the food-plant of the last-named being at least 
four miles away. These insects nearly always turned up on a 
warm, rather damp night, with a S.W. wind. 

In addition I have taken in my garden 3 Schoenobius gigan- 
tellus (D. & S.), two Donacaula mucronellus D. & S. (of which 
only three examples have been recorded in Essex) and four 
Calomotropha paludellus Hiibn. Mr Donald Down, when he was 


INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION IN BUTTERFLIES Vi 


living in the heart of the town amidst a net-work of roads and 
street lighting, also took bennetii in his M.V. Furthermore, I 
always saw at least a dozen Hydraecia paludis Tutt and three 
or four Apamea oblonga Haw. in a season, but only once saw 
Leucania favicolor Barrett though a great wanderer, as Robin 
Mere took it at Chiddingfold. 

I do not think sufficient emphasis has been laid in the past 
on the wandering habits of micros. In August 1958 I took in 
my garden M.V. a specimen of Nephopteryx semirubella (Scop.) 
and the same night Mr A. J. Dewick took two at Bradwell-on- 
Sea. I collected for fourteen years at Gravesend and never 
found semirubella nearer than Luddesdown, on the pure chalk, 
some six miles away. My insect must have crossed the Thames 
and come twelve miles, and Mr Dewick’s about forty. Not bad 
for a moth which is usually difficult to kick up! 

I have also had one Ptycholomoides aeriferana (H.-S.) and 
two Lozotaenia formosana Fr6l., although we have no firs or 
larches within twenty miles except an odd one in a garden. 

These casual wanderings make me very tolerant of what 
appear to be curious records, although I never accept them 
without seeing the insect. 


Interspecific Competition in Butterflies 


By Dr C. J. Luckens 
(52 Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton SO2 4JG) 


Mr Sevastopulo has once again thrown down the glove on 
the subject of interspecific competition in butterflies (1973, 
Entomologist’s Record, Volume 85, page 247, and 1972, Ento- 
mologist’s Record, Volume 84, page 76), and refers again to my 
casual comment on Argynnis cydippe L. and A. aglaia L. in a 
ne wood (1971, Entomologist’s Record, Volume 83, pages 

1-2). 

The hypothesis that these two very similar butterflies com- 
pete in localities common to both is by no means a new One. 
There was a fair amount of correspondence on the same sub- 
ject in The Entomologist in the mid 50’s. 

The fact of the matter is that in several instances the with- 
drawal of cydippe from a locality has coincided with the arri- 
val or increased abundance of aglaia. I do not know, person- 
ally, of any cases where the reverse has happened, but in the 
relatively few localities where the two species fly commonly to- 
gether a sort of dynamic equilibrium seems to operate. 

A further example of this interspecific competition has oc- 
curred in North America, where the native Pieris napi L. and 
P. protodice Boisduval and Leconte (Checkered White) have 
both been displaced by the introduced P. rapae L. The two 
native species, formerly widespread, have been pushed by the 
advance of P. rapae into much restricted ranges and even dif- 
ferent habits and habitats. No less an authority than Professor 
Alexander Klots states that the decline of these indigenous 
butterflies in North America is probably due to their failure 


72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/TII/74 


to meet the competition of P. rapae (Vide A Field Guide to the 
Butterflies of North America East of the Great Plains, pages 
200-201). All these species feed on various Cruciferae. As Mr 
Sevastopulo would say ‘‘surely there is cruciferae enough for 
all’’. 

In most cases I’m sure that there is; and similarly in most 
localities where cydippe and aglaia compete, neither is numer- 
ous enough to exhaust supplies of dog violet. Competition for 
food plant is probably not the critical factor in these cases. 
Something else is involved—perhaps the need for lebensraum? 
Whatever this unknown factor (or set of factors), there is little 
doubt that one species occupying its own particular ecological 
niche can displaced from it by a similar (more vigorous) 
one occupying roughly the same position in the environment, 
even while this environment remains stable. I believe that this 
concept is recognised in all fields of zoology. A subtle ecological 
change can hardly have affected the former ranges of both 
protodice and napi in America in the same areas and at the 
same time that rapae has advanced and the two indigenae have 
declined. 

I certainly have no simple answer to the mechanics of inter- 
specific competition, but it does exist, when both ecological 
conditions are stable and when there is sufficiency of food 
plant. 

Perhaps Mr Sevastopulo could shed some light on what 
troubles him so much about this concept? 


Late Autumn in the Isles of Scilly 


By R. P. DemutTH 
(Watercombe House, Oakridge, Glos.) 


In an attempt to break new ground I visited St. Mary’s be- 
tween October 16th and 22nd 1973. I stayed at Normandy in 
the south-east corner of the island to obtain shelter from the 
anticipated westerly gales. I was also within a quarter mile 
of the shore line and an extensive fresh water marsh. 

I might say that I went with high hopes of exciting 
migrants filling the M.V. trap and my optimism was braced by 
information that at least one Anosia plexippus L. was at that 
moment flying on the islands; a Leucania unipuncta Haw. in 
the M.V. trap at Lamorna Cove on my last night on the main- 
land and the taxi driver at St. Mary’s who drove us to Nor- 
mandy and explained that he had a Herse convolvuli L., 
which he had picked up on the quay, in a matchbox (some 
matchbox!). 

The reality was very different. I found that Scilly had a 
bad autumn from September 15th onwards and on the day of 
our arrival there was a strong and bitterly cold north wind 
which persisted for the next three days with clear nights 
and a near frost. It was difficult to find anywhere suitable for 
sugaring but I put on a fair round on the trunks of the pol- 
larded elms which act as windbreaks round the daffodil fiields. 


NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME DRAGONFLY SPECIES 73 


I sugared about 60 trees. On these cold nights the total visitors 
each night were 2, 13, 32, which shows how the numbers build 
up. The next two nights were spoilt by a heavy drizzle which 
soaked the tree trunks and produced hardly any insects and 
the final night was cold again with 22. The commonest insect 
was Peridroma porphyrea Schiff., then Agrotis segetum Schiff. 
and the remainder a mixture of Amathes xanthographa Schiff., 
Noctua pronuba L., (in good condition and presumably second 
brood), Leucania l-album L., Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw., Apa- 
mea ypsillon Schiff. and Phlogophora meticulosa L. 

I had brought my generator but, due to the wind, I ran the 
trap from the house making use of the lee of the building. It 
produced the same insects as the sugar plus the following : — 
Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., the commonest insect and 50% of 
the total catch, Aporophyla nigra Haw., the next commonest, 
Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. also common and a few Ochropleura 
plecta L., Amathes c-nigrum L., Agrochola lota C. and five 
Plusia gamma L. (when I left Gloucestershire my M.V. trap 
was bringing in over a hundred gamma a night). 

There were virtually no butterflies in spite of the sunshine 
and I only saw four altogether — 2 Colias croceus Fourc., 1 
Pyrameis atalanta L. and 1 Pararge aegeria L. No sign of 
plexippus; I understood it was on St. Agnes and had been 
sighted five times. 


Notes on the Distribution of Some Dragonfly 
Species (Odonata, Anisoptera) of Bengal 


By Tripip RANJAN MiTRA AND A. R. LAHIRI 
(Entomology Laboratory, Dept. of Zoology, Calcutta University) 


The present note is based on a collection of specimens col- 
lected from different parts of Calcutta by the authors and some 
of their friends from 1966 to 1972. Sixteen examples belong- 
ing to five species spread in five genera were collected. Though 
all the species are known to have wide geographical distribu- 
tion, it was considered worth-while to publish a short note on 
this material since it contains four species newly recorded 
from Bengal (W. Bengal in Union of India and Bangladesh) 
and one needs some remarks on its distribution in Bengal. 

All the species recorded here belong to two superfamilies, 
spread in three families. Four are Old World species and the 
other is known from both Old and New Worlds. 

Superfamily: Aeshnoidea. 
Family: Aeshnidae. 
1. Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister) 
1°, 30th June 1966, Calcutta (at dusk), Coll. G. C. Sarkar. 

This is the first record of its distribution in Northeast India. 
It is also recorded from other parts of India. Besides India, 
it is also recorded from Pakistan, Persia, Baluchistan, Mesopo- 
tamia, Africa, N. Asia and S. Europe. Blackman and Pinhey 
(1967) also reported its capture at dusk. 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/II1/74 


2 Anax imperator Leach. 
12, Sth February 1972. Calcutta, Coll. R. N. Tiwari. 

It is the first report of its existence in Eastern India. This 
is also recorded from the Himalayas and North West parts of 
India. Its extra-Indian distribution extends “from the British 
Isles across Europe to Central Asia and southwards to central 
and North Africa”. (Fraser, 1936). 


Superfamily: Libelluloidea. 
Family: Libellulidae. 
3. Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius). 
12, 16th October 1966, Calcutta, Coll. T. R. Mitra. 

This is the first record of its distribution in Northeast India. 
It is recorded from Southern and Western India. This is a com- 
mon species throughout Southern Asia, Oceania, westwards to 
Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands and Australia. 

4. Orthetrum sabina (Drury). 
873, 322, 22nd September 1966 to 16th July 1967, Calcutta, 
Coll. A. R. Lahiri and T. R. Mitra. 

This is the first record of this species from Bengal. The 
species is recorded from almost all parts of India. It is also re- 
ported from Nepal, Somaliland, Mesopotamia and Persia to 
Samoa and Australia. 


Family: Macrodiplactidae. 
Macrodiplax Cora (Brauer). 
1¢, 4th October 1966, 1°, 23rd July 1967, Calcutta, Coll. A. R. 
Lahiri and T. R. Mitra. 

Calcutta is the only recorded locality of its existence in 
North India. Laidlaw (1915) reported the species from Cal- 
cutta on the basis of larvae. Fraser (1936) for an unknown 
reason did not pinpoint either Calcutta or Bengal as locality of 
its existence. However, the find of adults of both sexes for the 
first time confirms its existence in Bengal as well as in North 
India. 

This is also recorded ‘from the east coast of Africa to 
Oceania and Australia and throughout Southern Asia” (Fraser, 
1936). Borror (1945) reported it from North America. 

The authors are thankful to Prof. D. N. Ganguly, Head of 
the Dept. of Zoology, Calcutta University, for facilities, to Dr 
D. N. Ray Chaudhuri of the same department for guidance and 
to Dr D. E. Kimmins, formerly in the British Museum (Nat. 
Hist.), London, for verifications of some of our identifications. 


References 

Laidlaw, F. (1915). Odonata. Mem. Indian Mus., 5: 178-180. 

Fraser, F. C. (1936). Fauna of British India. Odonata, Vol. 3., Taylor & 
Francis Ltd., London. 

Borror, D. J. (1945). A Key to the New World genera of Libellulidae 
(Odonata). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 38(2): 168-194. 

Blackman, R. A. A. and Pinhey, E. C. G. (1967). Odonata of the Sey- 
chelles and other Indian Ocean island groups, based primarily on 
the Bristol University expedition 1964-65. Arnoldia 3(12): 1-33. 


NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 75 


Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae II 
By A. M. EMMET 
(continued from Volume 85, p. 283) 


microtheriella 


Egg. Underside, beside a rib. 


Mine. Starts as a narrow gal- 
lery with a thin central 
line of frass usually fill- 
ing less than half the gal- 
lery except in occasional 
cloudy patches. In the 
second half of the mine 
the frass is more dis- 
persed and irregular us- 
ually filling two-thirds of 
the gallery. The course of 
the gallery tends to be 
straight and _ angular, 
following ribs, especially 
on hornbeam. It is not 
broader than the width of 
the larva except in the 
final chamber. The exit- 
hole may be on either 
side of the leaf. 


Larva. Mines  venter_ up- 
wards. Yellow with dor- 
sal vessel conspicuously 
green. Head, cephalic 
ganglia and a rectangular 
plate on the first thoracic 
segment light brown. No 
dark ventral spots. 


Cocoon. Small and pink. 


floslactella 
Underside, not always beside 
a rib. 


Starts as a narrow gallery al- 
most completely filled with 
frass. In the second half of 
the mine the frass is in irregu- 
lar arcs, almost filling the 
mine till near the end, where 
it is concentrated in the cen- 
tre of the gallery. The gallery 
is more contorted, seldom 
following the ribs, and is 
broader than the width of 
the larva. The exit hole is on 
the upper side of the leaf. 


Mines venter downwards. 
Dull yellow with the dorsal 
vessel less conspicuously 
green. Head and_ thoracic 


plate brown, slightly darker 
than in microtheriella; the 
thoracic plate is also smaller 
with concave sides. A chain of 
dark ventral spots obscurely 
visible from the underside of 
the leaf. 


Larger, cream-coloured and 
fluffy with loose strands of 
silk. 


I find the width (not length) of the gallery the easiest mark 


of distinction. 


An interesting point about microtheriella is that it appears 
to be mainly or entirely parthenogenetic. It is an easy species 
to rear and long series are readily obtainable but these will all 


be females. 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/11/74 


Beirne, however, depicts male genitalia for microtheriella. 
He failed to find male specimens in the collections from 
which he drew most of his material, but eventually did so in 
the Temple collection, now incorporated in the Fletcher collec- 
tion at the British Museum (Natural History). I have ex- 
amined the specimen, which is in poor condition, and, as far 
as I can make out, it is correctly determined. Nevertheless, 
it is suspect since it lacks data and there is nothing to indicate 
whether it is a bred specimen or was captured as an adult. 

Beirne writes of microtheriella (1945, pp. 203-204) “This 
species and plagicolella are closely related to each other... . 
The larvae of the two species are similar in appearance”’ 
[nonsense], “live on the same foodplant (Corylus)” [non- 
sense] “and form the same type of mines” [nonsense]. Such 
ignorance of the most elementary facts about this common 
species of Nepticulidae impugns the validity of all Beirne‘s 
work: as I have said, he did not know his neps. 

To return to the problems of microtheriella’s partheno- 
geneticism, we must suspend judgement. Breeders should be 
on the lookout for males. If obtained, they should be re- 
corded and dissected in order that Beirne’s figure may be 
checked. 

CRATAEGUS (Hawthorn) 


(1) Stigmella paradoxa Frey (nitidella Heinemann). There 
are new county records as follows:—Hertfordshire, Hatfield 
Park, vacated mines in 1971 (Mr E. S. Bradford and A. M. E.); 
Oxfordshire, Watlington, vacated mines in 1971 (Bradford) and 
1972 (A. M. E.); Somerset, Leigh Woods near Bristol, vacated 
mines (A. M. E.); Cumberland, Threlkeld, tenanted and 
vacated mines on the 10th August, 1972 (A. M. E.). August 
is a very late date for the larvae, and it may be that paradoxa 
is a later insect in the north. Hering (1957) describes the 
moth as uncommon on the continent, and the same is true in 
Britain, though it seems to occur in widely separated colonies. 
The southern half of Cambridgeshire appears to be its head- 
quarters, and I continue to find it there in new localities such 
as the Gog Magog Hills and Dernford Fen; however, I have 
not yet taken it in Essex, my home county. In 1971, paradoxa 
was scarce, but it had recovered in 1972. 

Readers may remember that 1 had found evidence for 
paradoxa’s long-established presence in Britain in the form of 
a mine in the Stainton herbarium (Ent. Record 83: 168). Now 
I have discovered an old specimen. It is amongst a group of 
unidentified neps in the Bankes collection at the British 
Museum (Natural History) and carries data “Corfe [Dorset], 
Hawthorn, 17.iv.86”. 

(2) Stigmella crataegella Klimesch. At last I have succeeded 
in breeding a series of this very common moth. It is difficult 
to rear and even the skilful Professor Waters failed to get it 
through. It is hard to say which of the earlier entomologists 
were successful with it because of the confusion between it 


NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II fil4 


and hybnerella Hiibner (gratiosella Stainton) which I discussed 
at length in my previous notes (Ent. Record 83: 138-142, 163- 
171). The essential tip came from Wood, who describes the 
pupa as subterranean (see Tutt 1899, p. 256). It may be help- 
ful if I describe my method. I partially filled a six-inch flower- 
pot with earth, over which I placed a two-inch layer of damp 
sphagnum moss. On top of this I laid the mined leaves. To 
prevent desiccation while the larvae were feeding, I tied a 
sheet of polythene over the pot. As soon as each leaf was 
vacated, I removed it, and when all the larvae had gone down 
I substituted a piece of nylon stocking for the non-porous 
nylon. The pot stood out of doors in a sheltered spot through- 
out the winter. To reduce the influx of rain-water, which might 
be accentuated by the funnel shape of the pot, I covered half 
the top with polythene. I did not bring it indoors until the 
13th of May, which was cutting things fine, as the first moth 
emerged two days later. Twelve moths emerged between the 
15th and 25th of May, representing a high proportion of the 
original stock. I use this method with most of the difficult 
univoltine species with a fair degree of success: at any rate I 
reared nearly fifty different species of nep in 1972. With the 
easier species, sphagnum moss in a jam-jar is good enough. 
I cannot recommend letting the larvae spin up in tissue which 
is advocated by some writers. 

So far I have been unable to detect any reliable difference 

in superficial appearance between the imagines of crataegella 
and hybnerella. Wood (1894) says that crataegella is smaller 
and has the apical area violet rather than purple but these 
differences are relative rather than absolute. Mr Bradford 
has ‘“‘done the tail” of one of my specimens and reports that 
the genitalia come close to oxyacanthella, the species it 
resembles most closely in its biology. 
(3) Nepticula ignobilella Stainton. Nepticula ignobilella is 
dead. No tears will be shed over its demise, for almost from 
the cradle it has been a source of trouble. As early as 1879 
Threlfall suggested (rightly) that it was no more than a sexual 
form of gratiosella Stainton (now hybnerella Hiibner). Wood 
(1894) concurred and the subsequent tangled history of the 
relationship between hybnerella, ignobilella and crataegella 
Klimesch was set out at length in my previous notes (Ent. 
Record 83: 142, 163-171). Continental entomologists came 
more and more to regard it as a chimera, referring to it as 
‘“ignobilella Stainton sensu Beirne” since the obstacle to its 
reduction to synonymy was Beirne’s drawing of its genitalia 
which he showed as quite distinct from hybnerella. In fact, 
he put ignobilella in the genus Nepticula, while hybnerella 
was in the genus Stigmella. Clearly it was necessary to locate 
the specimen or specimens described by Beirne and assess 
their authenticity. 

Beirne writes (p. 196) “Where possible at least two pre- 
parations, from different collections, of the genitalia of each 
species were examined. The majority of the preparations 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1/74 


have been deposited at the Department of Entomology, 
British Museum (Natural History), while the remainder are 
in the University Museum, Oxford”. Having drawn blank at 
South Kensington, I duly visited the Hope Department of En- 
tomology at Oxford with the kind permission of Professor 
Varley. There I found that Beirne had dissected two speci- 
mens labelled ignobilella which had been captured (not bred) 
at Oxford by Professor Waters on the 27th of July 1925. One 
of these is a female and the associated slide has deteriorated 
through crystallisation to such an extent that no genitalia are 
now visible. This is immaterial, since Beirne figured the male 
genitalia only and made no use of this preparation. There 
is no reason to think that the moth is anything other than a 
red-headed female hybnerella. 

The other specimen is a male. As soon as I looked at it 
under the microscope it was obvious that it was marginicolella 
Stainton. The head is black (ignobilella should have a red 
head), the hindwings) are clothed in the — characteristic 
androconial scales (no androconial scales have been attributed 
to ignobilella), and the wing pattern, though the moth is 
rather rubbed, is typical of marginicolella. It was only after 
I had made this identification that I consulted Beirne (p. 203) 
and read, “A somewhat distinct species, but perhaps nearest 
to marginicolella.” Nearer indeed than Beirne had realised! 
Next I examined the genitalia slide. This too has deteriorated, 
but not as disastrously as that of the female specimen. The 
aedoeagus has vanished but the rest of the genitalia are still 
decipherable. When viewed today, the genitalia more closely 
resemble the drawing Beirne made for marginicolella than his 
figure of ignobilella. 

Waters’s mistaken determination was quite uncharac- 
teristic. One can picture him capturing two similar-looking 
moths at the same place and on the same day and, being 
pressed for time, assuming they were the same species without 
subjecting them to much scrutiny. 

Beirne wrote (p. 191), “....in many species of Stigmellidae 
the females appear to outnumber the males... .” We now 
believe that zgnobilella is a name given to the red-headed form 
of the female of hybnerella. So we can imagine Beirne search- 
ing through series of ignobilella in collections and finding noth- 
ing but females. Then at last he found a male determined by 
the reliable Waters. To ease his conscience and justify his 
claim that wherever possible two preparations had been made 
for each species, he also dissected the female captured on the 
same day—the only female he dissected at Oxford. Later 
Beirne writes, “Considerable difficulty was found in obtaining 
reliably identified specimens of some species, as many speci- 
mens in some of the collections examined were found to be 
incorrectly identified”. Bear in mind that Beirne had next 
to no field knowledge of the Nepticulidae or familiarity 
with the imagines and you see what he was up against. We 
need not be too harsh with him, though his mistake has 


NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 79 


caused a lot of trouble. 

It remained to examine Stainton’s original material at the 
British Museum which I was able to do with the permission 
and valuable help of Dr K. Sattler. A specimen designated 
as the type has Stainton’s data label, “‘20.x.52—yellow larva— 
hawthorn—Lewisham”. Dr Sattler pointed out that as the 
moth was already described in 1849, this moth bred in 1852 
is not the specimen from which the original description was 
made. It cannot therefore be properly regarded as the type 
specimen. It is a red-headed female and its outward appear- 
ance is consistent with that of hybnerella. The same is true 
of the other Staintonian specimens of ignobilella in the 
museum. 

The earliest known description is in Stainton’s Catalogue 
of the Tineina, 1849, p. 29, but even this poses a slight prob- 
lem. In that work, with new species named and described 
for the first time, the specific name is followed by the abbrevi- 
ation “sp. nov.”, but in the case of ignobilella it is followed 
by the author’s name “Sta.”. This implies that Stainton had 
already described ignobilella elsewhere, but if this is so, the 
reference is lost. 

The description itself is interesting: ‘Much less brilliant 
than N. aurella. Basal portion of the wing brownish; apex 
violet; fascia placed as in aurella, whitish, not silvery; head of 
the o black; of the ° ferruginous’. In his subsequent de- 
scriptions (Insecta Britannica (1854) pp. 302-303; Natural 
History of the Tineina (1855) I. 250 and plate VII), Stainton 
describes the head and face as “reddish yellow” without any 
distinction of sex. In this he was followed by Tutt (1899) and 
Meyrick (1928), who give ignobilella as an entirely red-headed 
species. 

So it came about through Stainton’s change of mind, that 
we attributed two species, one red-headed and the other black- 
headed, to the British list. When it became known that there 
were, in fact, two black-headed species feeding on hawthorn 
which were indistinguishable in the imago, but quite different 
in biology, we supposed we had three. Now we are back 
again to two, having married the red-headed lady to one of 
the black-headed gentlemen. I hope they will live happily 
together ever afterwards. 


PRUNUS (Blackthorn) 

Extoedemia spinosella Joannis is like a much-married film 
star. Née Nepticula, she had already changed her name to 
Stigmella when she first appeared in this country (Emmet 
1970). Only a year later we meet her again as Dechtiria 
(Emmet 1971). At the moment she is styled Ectoedemia, but 
the sinister Sir Jaspar has designs on her: if he has his evil 
way She will soon be Trifurcula (Johansson 1971). All in the 
space of three years — tut, tut! But she is rather a sweetie, 
and as the result of exclusive interviews I can now tell the 
full story of her childhood and adult charms. 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/111/74 


Ovum. Laid on the underside of a leaf of blackthorn 
(Prunus spinosa Linn.), generally close to a rib, but sometimes 
at the margin of the leaf. 

Larva. Transparent pale greenish white with a thin dark 
brown ventral stripe, broadened in the centre of each segment 
and more conspicuous in young larvae. Head, cephalic 
ganglia and anal plate light brown. The larva mines venter 
upwards. 

Mine. There are three stages. (a) A gallery completely 
filled with frass which is so contorted as to form a tiny blotch. 
(b) An irregular gallery with the frass forming a central line, 
leaving clear margins. (c) A clear blotch with the frass tend- 
ing to be concentrated in a mass at the mouth of the phase 
(b) gallery. The whole mine is small and compact with the 
blotch often enveloping stages (a) and (b). The larval exit 
hole is on the upperside of the leaf. 

Cocoon. Light pinkish brown and relatively smooth. In 
captivity the larvae spun their cocoons in a number of situ- 
ations, but moths emerged only from those spun in moss. 

Imago. Expanse 3-4 mm. Head and collar orange to 
fuscous-orange. Antennae !, wing, fuscous; eyecaps cream. 
Forewings light grey, heavily overlaid with rather glossy dark 
purplish fuscous scales, so as to make the wing appear that 
colour; a central, direct, silvery white fascia, with its inner 
edge concave, its outer edge straight; cilia light yellowish 
grey, the inner half overlaid with coarse, dark fuscous scales. 
Hindwings light grey, rather coarsely scaled; cilia slightly 
darker, especially terminally. 

The imago closely resembles that of Ectoedemia agri- 
moniae Frey, but is significantly smaller; in fact spinosella is 
the smallest of the British Ectoedemia. ‘This species, like all 
the British members of its genus, is univoltine. Larvae occur 
from late July to early October, with August as the month in 
which they are most plentiful. Six moths emerged in captivity 
from 5-11 June, 1971 and one on 2 June 1972. 

Distribution Devon (Torquay) where it was first found in 
1939; Essex (Benfleet 1969-1972, Fingringhoe 1971); Suffolk 
(Thorpness 1972). 

Location of specimens. Of the seven specimens so far 
reared jin Britain, one is in the British Museum (Natural 
History), five are in my collection, and one escaped. 


QUERCUS spp. (Oak) 

The notes which cover this foodplant introduce three new 
species to the British list, correct mistaken tradition about an- 
other and supersede much of what has hitherto been written 
concerning our oak-feeding Nepticulidae. I shall therefore 
divide my rather lengthy notes into two sections, correspond- 
ing to the main divisions of the family. 

A. Stigmella (Nepticula) 

In my previous notes on the oak-feeding Nepticulidae 
(Ent. Record, 83: 245), I spoke of the work being done by con- 
tinental entomologists led by Johansson in Sweden and Bor- 
kowski in Poland. An important paper, written in English, 


(to be continued) 


GARGIA, FINNMARK, JULY 1973 81 


Gargia, Finnmark, July 1973 


By M. J. PERCEVAL 
(Holmesdale Cottage, North Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey) 


The following notes on a visit to northern Norway in July 
1973 may be of interest, especially as they appear to extend 
the known range of certain species and also as there is little 
on record concerning the butterflies of this area in English 
entomological literature. From the 14th to the 22nd of July I 
stayed at Gargia, some 15 miles south of Alta in Finnmark, 
where I joined two Danish entomologists who were making a 
rather longer visit to the area. My observations make an in- 
teresting comparison with Mr Mark Shaw’s report of his visit 
to the same area from 4th to 12th July 1971 (1). The quite 
substantial differences in our respective experiences serve to 
underline the effects of weather conditions and the very short 
season at this latitude, 69 deg, well inside the Arctic Circle. 


The habitat falls basically into three parts. To the north of 
Gargia is the lower wooded and partially farmed land of the 
Alta river valley, while to the south the land rises steeply to 
the higher upland plateau above the tree line which comprises 
most of this region. Thirdly there are the areas of marshland, 
both above and below the tree line. The tree line is at only 
about 400 m. and in sheltered dips and hollows above this 
height snow lies throughout the year. Despite this, on occasion, 
it can be very hot. I was fortunate as the weather was excel- 
lent during my stay, on the last three days the temperature 
was up in the 80’s, nonstop sunshine for 24 hours a day. 


The best areas for butterflies below the tree line proved to 
be the open woodland and the marshy areas. Butterflies above 
the tree line were generally much less numerous. The high 
ground above the trees is ridged and undulating with occa- 
sional mountains rising to 600 m. or more. It was these moun- 
tains which provided the best areas for those species found 
above the trees. I visited two such mountains, Gronnasen just 
south of Gargia and Bjornhaugene some five miles further 
south. While a number of species could be found on both, the 
intervening lower ground produced not a single specimen. 

In all I encountered the following 27 species. The most well 
represented family were the Nymphalidae with 11 species all 
but one of which were Argynninae. 

Papilio machaon lapponicus Vty. In all some 20 were seen. 
Their condition ranged from fresh to very worn. All were seen 
above the tree line, with the largest single concentration when 
about eight were found flying right at the summit of Gronnasen 
on one of the few wind free days. 

Leptidea sinapis L. About a dozen found in woodland some 
three miles north of Gargia. No previous records of this species 
from Finnmark appear to exist, although both Nordstrom (3) 
and Higgens and Riley (2) show it as reaching this latitude 
further east. 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/11/74 


Pieris napi adalwinda Frhst. Common at lower levels 
round Gargia. Most of the specimens seen were past their best. 

Colias hecla sulitelma Aur. Common on high ground above 
the trees on Gronnasen and Bjornhaugene with the odd one 
seen at lower levels. Very fresh when I arrived but mostly 
worn a week later. 

C. palaeno L. Widespread throughout the area. Not so 
numerous as C. hecla above the tree line but much more com- 
mon at lower levels. 

Boloria napaea Hffmsg. One male taken on Bjornhaugene 
and a small colony found in one locality on Gronnasen. Ssp. 
frigida Warren from this area is described as small, however 
those I found are large, I would think above average. 

B. aquilonaris Stichel. Much more numerous and wide- 
spread than B. napaea. Found in the same locality but gener- 
ally more common below the tree line especially in marshland 
although not exclusively so. 

Proclossiana eunomia Esp. Widespread below the tree line 
but not common. I was too late for this species. All those I 
found were female and past their best. I suspect it was more 
numerous a couple of weeks earlier. 

Clossiana euphrosyne septentrionalis Nordstrom. Almost 
over. A few mainly worn specimens still on the wing. 

C. selene hela Staudinger. Very common and fresh. Found 
well above the tree line but mainly at lower levels. By far the 
most common fritillary below the tree line. A substantial num- 
ber of specimens were very dark with the black upperside 
markings suffused. 

C. freiga Thunb. I was too late for this species, but found 
three worn females at high level. 

C. polaris Bdv. The most uncommon of the fritillaries 
found. It seems to occur only at high level. I found one female 
at the top of Gronnasen and a few others were taken by the 
others, but mainly during the week before I arrived. 

C. chariclea Scheven. The most numerous of the specific- 
ally northern species. Quite common at high level on Gron- 
nasen and Bjornhaugene. Fresh when I arrived but very worn 
by the end of my stay. 

C. frigga Thunb. Restricted to marshland mainly below 
the tree line. I was again too late for this species at its best. 
Those still on the wing were worn. 

C. thore borealis Stdgr. Below tree line, common in shaded 
oodand areas. Some past their best but good specimens still 
about. 

Aglais urticae polaris Stdgr. A couple in tatters seen 
when I arrived and a few newly emerged specimens appearing 
at the end of my stay. I also found three pupae and saw plenty 
of evidence of larval activity, one clump of nettles stripped 
bare. The main emergence probably occurred after I left. 

' Oeneis norna Thunb. This species was uncommon. I never 
took it but two were taken on Gronnasen by the others while 
I was there. Perhaps this was not a good year for this species. 


GARGIA, FINNMARK, JULY 1973 83 


O. bore Hb. Much more numerous than O. norna. Found 
in some numbers on the top of Gronnasen with other odd ones 
at lower levels but not below the tree line. 

Erebia polaris Stdgr. Widespread, mainly below the tree 
line. Usually only found in ones and twos, nowhere numerous. 

E. pandrose Borkh. Odd worn specimens at high level. 
Again I was too late. 

Lycaena phloeas polaris Courvoiser. Becoming quite 
numerous along the roadside verges at Gargia during the lat- 
ter part of my stay. 

Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe L. I took two males and 
one female, each in a different locality. It would seem to be 
widespread but uncommon, A further female was taken by 
Hr. Schluter. Ssp. stiberi Gerh. is supposed to come from this 
area, however the two females we took were not of the type 
illustrated by Higgins & Riley as stzberi but of a much darker 
type similar to those from the Alps, and thus in line the de- 
scription given by Bretherton (4). 

Callophrys rubi borealis Krul. Three worn specimens in 
woodland at Gargia. 

‘Lyaeides idas lapponica Gerh. ‘The most numerous species 
encountered, very common and fresh throughout my visit. It 
must not emerge however, until mid July because, despite its 
abundance during my stay, Mr Shaw does not record seeing it. 
It was most numerous on open ground and on roadside verges, 
and not generally extending above the tree line. 

Vacciniina optilete Knoch. Common, but not so numerous 
as L. idas. Also emerges earlier as there was a higher propor- 
tion of worn specimens. 

Cyaniris semiargus Rott. One female taken at Gargia on 
18th July. Not apparently previously recorded from Finn- 
mark, in fact this would seem to extend the known range of 
this species quite substantially further northward. 

Polyommatus icarus Rott. One fresh male taken on 22nd 
July, my last day. It may have been the first to emerge of the 
single brood in the far north. 

While the above species are those actually observed during 
my visit, 1 am aware of certain others also recorded from this 
locality which it might be helpful to mention here to com- 
plete the picture. Mr Shaw (1) took a single Colias nastes wer- 
dandi Zett. in 1971, the only one I know of from the area. He 
also found Erebia disa Thngb. I think I was too late for this in 
1973. Hr. Schluter and his family on earlier visits have also 
found Lycaena helle Schiff. and Hesperia comma catena Stdgr. 
On one occasion they found Euphydryas iduna Dalman, al- 
though on subsequent visits it has not been found again as far 
as I know. I have recently heard from Mr Shaw that two Nor- 
wegian entomologists Messrs. Luhr and Lund took Lasiom- 
mata petropolitana F. and Anthocharis cardamines L. at the 
end of June, a couple of weeks before I arrived. The latter is 
another species not previously known to occur so far north. 

The summers in northern Norway during the last few years 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/11/74 


seem to have been better than average and this has undoubted- 
‘ty contributed to a buildup of the butterfly population. It is 
interesting to speculate whether those species not previously 
recorded so far north are in fact extending their ranges or if 
they have been there all the time but at such very low popu- 
lation densities that they have not previously been noticed. The 
latter seems more likely in some cases. 

I appreciated before I went that I was probably going one 
or two weeks too late for the best of the season and I think 
this probably proved to be the case, especially as far as the 
specifically northern species were concerned. However, busi- 
ness commitments precluded an earlier visit and mine still 
proved very successful. 

Finally I would like to record my thanks to Mr Mogens 
Schluter who made the trip possible by inviting me to join his 
party at Gargia. His intimate and detailed knowledge of the 
area and its butterflies ensured that my trip was so successful 
and so enjoyable. 

References 

(1). Shaw, M. R., Entomologist’s Record, 1971, 83, 371. 

(2). Higgins, L. G., & Riley, N. D. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of 
Britain and Europe, London 1970. 

(3). Nordstrom, F. De Fennoscandiska Dagfjarilarnas Utbredning, Lund, 
1955. 

(4). Bretherton, R. F. A Distribution List of the Butterflies (Rhopalo- 
cera) of Western and Southern Europe, 1966Trans. Soc. Br. Ent., 


17, 54. 


Warwickshire and Elsewhere, 1973 


By Davip BROWN 
(Charlecote, near Warwick) 


January opened with fairly mild weather and, having 
brushed the dust off my moth trap, I operated it here in the 
garden on 3rd January. Two Conistra vaccinii L. and a single 
Erannis defoliaria Clerck were the only visitors. Towards the 
end of the month came colder weather with snow on the 20th 
for the first time this winter at Charlecote. 

I had my first outing of the year on the mild evening of 
20th February, where in Kings Wood on the Bucks-Beds border 
the blacklight attracted 35 Erannis leucophaearia Schiff., one 
E. marginaria Fab., one Apocheima hispidaria Schiff., 5 
Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. and 2 Alsophila aescularia Schiff. 

My next trip was to a local Warwickshire wood on the 31st 
March where I operated two lights off my newly acquired 
generator. It was a rather cool and windy night and amongst 
a haul of the usual common Orthosias was a very fresh male 
Trichopteryx polycommata Schiff. Light at this same wood 
on the 7th April failed to produce polycommata but did result 
in a dozen species of macro amongst which Orthosia populeti 
Fab. was very abundant. 

On 10th April, I set out north on a long journey to the 


WARWICKSHIRE AND ELSEWHERE, 1973 85 


Scottish Highlands, and after breaking my journey at Ripon 
in Yorkshire for one night arrived at Kincraig shortly after 
6.00 p.m. on the 11th. ran an m.v. trap there that evening 
in the grounds of the hotel. Although an overcast sky, the 
moon was bright and it was rather cool and windy, and the 
following morning a crisp and thin layer of snow covered the 
ground. Nevertheless I was delighted to find 3 mint 
Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. amongst the egg trays. In ac- 
cordance with custom I searched the posts at Straun later in 
the morning. These failed to produce Poecilopsis lapponaria 
scotia Harr., but females of E. marginaria and three speci- 
mens of the lovely Scottish Achlya flavicornis scotica Tutt 
were found. By evening the cool north easterly wind had 
completely dropped and conditions were good. The m.v. trap 
at Kincraig produced a further 3 nubeculosa all again in ex- 
cellent condition, together with 2 Xylena vetusta Hiibn. and 
the usual spring species. Another m.v. light and actinic tube 
in the woods at Aviemore did not produce anything new. 

Conditions on the 13th were even better being a very mild 
and still night with a light drizzle of rain. Shaking sallows 
near the lake at Kincraig produced a further 4 vetusta, all 
females, from which I obtained a fine series later in the year. 
Orthosia incerta Hufn. and O. gothica L. descended onto the 
sheets in hundreds and in great variety. Two C. vaccinii, many 
Orthosia stabilis Schiff., and a single Panolis flammea Schiff. 
were also shaken down. The moth trap again produced 3 
nubeculosa together with some attractive Scottish forms of 
O. populeti, also 30 flavicornis with many attractive varieties, 
20 Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., mostly worn, and a freshly 
emerged Lycia hirtaria Clerck. 

After breakfast on the 14th I travelled over to Straun to 
go through the ritual of checking the posts. Three hours hard 
searching at last produced lapponaria—a solitary male in very 
fresh condition. In addition I found an early Cleora cinctaria 
bowesi Rich., a few flavicornis, one Tricopteryx carpinata 
Borkh. and again several female marginaria. That evening 
sallowing at Kincraig brought forth a further three vetusta 
and another flammea. The moth trap produced two more 
nubeculosa, still in fair condition, 3 vetusta and the previous 
night’s species plus some lovely silvery-grey forms of Cerastis 
rubricosa Schiff. 

I packed and left Kincraig on 15th April for my long 
journey back to Warwickshire but stopped, of course, at 
Straun to make a last visit to the posts! Once more they 
failed to produce for me lapponaria. The journey was broken 
at Carlisle and Chester and I eventually arrived home on the 
17th April. 

The day afterwards I had a rather unsuccessful expedition 
to the Wyre Forest in Worcestershire. The strong and blustery 
north east wind was little comfort to the moths. I ran one 
light from the generator in a sheltered ride of oak and birch 
but only common Orthosias braved the weather. Sallowing 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/ITI/74 


also failed to produce my two quarries—Orthosia opima Hibn. 
and O. miniosa Schiff. In fact I was forced to abandon shaking 
sallows fairly early on as at each bush I was showered with 
hundreds of wood ants—which proved to be rather uncomfort- 
able in my clothing. 

This cold and windy weather continued throughout Easter 
and little collecting was undertaken, but immediately after- 
wards summer weather arrived which encouraged Anthocharis 
cardamines L. to emerge earlier than usual for this area. Also 
at this time of year it was a pleasant sight to see Aglais urticae 
L. and Gonepteryx rhamni L. in good numbers feeding on the 
colourful spring flower borders in the garden. 

The Wyre Forest again saw me unsuccessful on the 27th 
April hoping for miniosa and opima despite having four m.v. 
lights at my disposal. After this trip the weather became un- 
settled again and catches in the garden trap were well below 
average for the first half of May. 

During May I found it convenient to leave my Heath trap 
overnight in a wood at Bow Brickhill near Bletchley and col- 
lect it on my way to an early morning appointment. On one 
such morning I was a little later than usual and must have 
been observed by an early riser and my registration number 
reported. I learned later that throughout the day there was 
intense police activity in an effort to trace the suspicious 
looking character loading and unloading timing devices to- 
gether with several bulky sacks! The evening of 25th May 
found me in local Ryton Wood (Princethorpe) with the gener- 
ator. The sky had cleared by midnight to give cool conditions. 
Although very few moths appeared a single Notodonta trepida 
Esp. made the visit very worthwhile. An insect seldom met with 
in Warwickshire. 

On the 26th May I explored a large disused quarry a few 
miles southeast of Leamington Spa and found Cupido minimus 
Fuessly extremely widespread and plentiful. As a local colony 
at Oakley Woods seems to have recently disappeared it is 
nice to know that this little butterfly still has a stronghold in 
the County. 

I motored over to Salcey Forest in Northamptonshire on 
27th May to witness a promising looking emergence of 
Leptidea sinapis L. All the examples seen were very fresh 
males. The sunny morning of Ist June found me on my 
favourite hillside near Cheltenham. ArTicia agestis Schiff. 
seemed to be in greater evidence than in past years. Pararge 
megera L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., A. urticae L., Callo- 
phrys rubi L. and Erynnis tages L. were also flying. But once 
more Hamearis lucina L. failed to turn up in its very local 
hollow on the dry hillside. 

On the evening of 6th June I tried m.v. light in the Brick- 
hill Woods of N. Bucks., an area which seems to have been 
rather neglected by collectors and recorders. Although the 
sky was clear a steady flow of moths came to the light amongst 
which Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. and Colocasia coryli L. were 


WARWICKSHIRE AND ELSEWHERE, 1973 87 


very plentiful before a full moon appeared at around 
12.30 a.m. 

The next day I visited Otmoor in hot sunshine. The recent 
fire which had swept across this open area had luckily not 
affected the colonies of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. which were 
very much in evidence. Near the village of Beckley I strolled 
through a huge flowered meadow where Procris statices Be 
was in great abundance. On the flowers in the very hot sun- 
shine Euclidimera mi Clerck, Ectypa glyphica L. and Pane- 
meria tenebrata Scop. were busily feeding. 

I was in the Forest of Dean on 16th June to be rewarded 
by Argynnis selene Schiff. in widespread abundance. In one 
rough clearing bordered by a stream this insect was swarm- 
ing—a marvellous sight. In this same clearing Epirrhoe 
tristata L. and Rheumaptera hastata L. were plentiful, 
together with Lithacodia fasciana L., Cosymbia linearia Hubn., 
Euphyia unangulata Haw., Minoa murinata Scop., and Pseudo- 
panthera macularia L. Later in the afternoon I moved to the 
Wye Valley near Tintern where beating herbage resulted in a 
good series of Abraxas sylvata Scop. and Discoloxia blomeri 
Curtis. At dusk these species were even more plentiful when 
also a female Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. was found feeding on 
aphid juice. I set up m.v. light in a sheltered pathway on the 
wooded valley slopes overlooking Tintern. A thick cloud 
cover approached at dusk to give near perfect conditions. 
Forty six species of macro visited the light up until 3.30 a.m. 
The more interesting species and estimated numbers were as 
follows: —4 Stauropus fagi L., one Tethea duplaris L., one T. 
fluctuosa Hiibn., one Cosymbia annulata Schulze, 5 C. linearia, 
5 Mesoleuca albicillata L., 6 Melanthia procellata Schiff., 2 
Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., 400 D. blomeri, 100 A. sylvata, 
15 Bapta bimaculata Fabr., 30 Selenia lunaria Schiff. and 26 
Ectropis extersaria Hiibn. Before leaving this fine locality 
later in the morning the first Vanessa atalanta L. of the year 
was sighted. 

On 18th June I was in Buckinghamshire working two m.v. 
lights in Kings Wood where the best species were D. dodonaea, 
Notodonta dromedarius L., N. trepida, Tethea ocularis L., T. 
or Schiff., Hadena W-latinum Hufn., Apatele leporina L., Bena 
fagana Fab., H. flammeolaria, B. bimaculata, E. extersaria and 
Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. 

It rained heavily during the following 48 hours and when 
I next visited this wood on the 21st the rides were very muddy 
and boggy. On thic overcast, damp and windy night a good 
71 species of Macro vicited the two lights from dusk until 
2.00 a.m. Additional species from my last visit were S. fagi, 
Harpyia furcula Clerck, Lycophvtiq yaria de Vill., Diarsia 
brunnea Schiff., Eumichtis adusta Esp., Apatele alni L.., 
Dypterygia scabriuscula L., Lithosia comptena L., Cosymbia 
punctaria L., and M. albicillata. A third visit on the less 
favourable night of June 24th resulted in only 39 species but a 
melanic S. fagi made the effort worthwhile. 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/TII/74 


On 7th July I spent a weekend in the Wyre Forest. This 
expedition was memorable for its exceptionally cold and clear 
nights. On the 7th I tried one m.v. in the forest but nothing 
stirred, which was hardly surprising as by midnight the tem- 
perature was as low as 40°F and still falling! The next night 
was not much warmer and D. scabriuscula was the only bug 
worth keeping. However, the days were sunny and it was 
lovely to see both Argynnis adippe Schiff. and A. paphia L. so 
plentiful. 

Again in Kings Wood (Bucks) on July 10th the lights pro- 
duced 84 species of macro up until my departure at 2.30 a.m. 
It was a warm and overcast night and shortly after dusk moths 
were swarming around the traps, however it was more a night 
of quantity than quality, and the only species worthy of a 
mention are, T. or, Amathes ditrapezium Schiff., Xanthorhoe 
quadrifasiata Clerck and Euphyia unangulata Haw. I was 
surprised by the lateness of D. dodonaea which had finished 
flying many weeks earlier in Warwickshire. 

M.V. in damp woodland at local Hasely Knob on July 14th 
attracted 53 species including Apamea scolopacina Esp., E. 
unangulata, Plemyria rubiginata Schiff., and Euchoeca 
nebulata Scop. A surprise at Charlecote was Miltochrista 
miniata Forst. on the 16th. 

Some of the heaviest rain of the Summer fell on St 
Swithens day and as superstition will have it, the rain will fall 
for the following 40 days. There must be something in this 
tale as it did, in the event, turn out to be a very wet and cool 
July. Nevertheless I set off on an expedition to the Breck 
District, arriving on the afternoon of the 17th. I scanned the 
area around Brandon for a suitable place for night operations. 
I found a good site near the village of Weeting. Later in the 
evening I operated 2 m.v. lights, one in deciduous woodland 
and the other on the edge of a corn field bordered with 
ancient pines. There was a steady fall of rain from the thickly 
overcast sky. Insects came to the lights immediately. L. 
complana was very common at the corn field light but not in 
the wood. Other species of interest were, Hyloicus pinastri 
L., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Euphyia cuculata Hufn., and 
Perizoma bifaciata Haw. Another m.v. trap was left running 
in some marshy ground near Fen Gate farm, this had produced 
A. vestigialis, D. scabriuscula, Apamea ophiogramma Esp., 
Thumatha senex Hiibn. and Cybosia mesomella L. 

On the following night at this same location Zuxoa tritici 
L., Spaelotis ravida Schiff. and Simyra venosa Borkh. were re- 
corded. During a brief break in the moruing cloud Thymelicus 
lineola Ochs. was also flying on this marshy ground. On the 
19th IT moved from these quarters and travelled further East 
to Dunwich on the Suvffulk Coast. M.V. lights in the salt 
marshes that evening” produced Sphinx ligustri L., A. vestigi- 
alis, Hadena suxusa Schiff., Arenostola elymi Treit., A. brevi- 
linea Fenn, A. phragmitidis Hiibn., Chilodes maritima Tausch. 
and T. senex. While a heath trap placed well in the reeds re- 


WARWICKSHIRE AND ELSEWHERE, 1973 89 


sulted in only two moths—Apamea oblonga Haw and Nonagria 
neurica Hiibn.! The next night I endured heavy rain through- 
out but as the moths were coming in undeterred I continued 
operations until shortly after midnight. Additional species to 
the previous night were, Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff. and 
Leucania straminea Treit. 

On the 21st I was surprised to see hundreds of Tilley lamps 
twinkling along the beach in either direction as far as the eye 
could see. I was told that this was an organised fishing contest 
from Southend. About midnight I wandered over to them and 
from my observations my haul of moths was proving consider- 
ably more prolific than the fish they were landing. 

Back home on the 24th July, Bernard Skinner travelled up 
from London to try for R. simulans and S. ravida at Oakley 
Wood. Despite 4 M.V. lights and 2 blacklights dotted about 
the wood only one ravida obliged. However 74 species of 
macro appeared including parastichtis suspecta Hiibn. which 1 
had not previously met with in this locality. The following 
night I tried some reed beds near Henleyin-Arden and 
was rewarded with the first L. straminea to be taken in War- 
wickshire. 

On 30th July I travelled down to Devon for an expedition 
which turned out to be unprolific. This first night proved to be 
the only worthwhile one of the stay. I operated lights at 
Woody Bay near Lynton for Alcis jubata Thunb. and was re- 
warded with two specimens, both at the actinic lights, together 
with 4 Venusia cambrica Curtis and Lygris prunata L. The fol- 
lowing night brought no further jubata. On my journey back 
to Ilfracombe my car broke down and I had to walk 10 miles 
along the lonely coast road in thick sea mist during the early 
morning hours! It seemed from this moment on I was doomed, 
for the weather changed from bad to worse. Due to extremely 
strong winds at Welcombe Mouth on the 3rd August which 
only Agrotis trux Hiibn. and Lasiocampa quercus L. braved, I 
had to abandon my quest for Leucania putrescens Hibn. 
Strong gales each night made collecting impossible and my 
patience broke on 4th August with one of the worst gales I 
could ever recall. I returned home in disgust early the follow- 
ing morning! Indeed, the weather was so bad that I spent the 
next week indoors repapering one of my cabinets! I was, how- 
ever, tecompensed to some extent by the emergence of a grand 
series of X. vetusta from Aviemore parents. 

On 8th August, Messre Rogers and Sadler came up to try 
for Cosmia diffinis L. On this occasion they had to be content 
with one each but had better luck a week later when they hit 
the main emergence period. I set off for Swanage on the after- 
noon of August 13th and stopped that evening at West Laving- 
ton in Wiltshire. M.V. a this locality found C. diffinis to be 
very common. I was very amused to think of all the visits paid 
by Southern collectors to Warwickshire for this insect, when, 
in fact, here it was almost on their own doorstep. Also plenti- 
ful was Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff., another moth which is 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/TII/74 


reported to be uncommon in Wiltshire. The following evening 
I worked the M.V. lights at Shell Bay near Studland. E. tritici, 
Euxoa obeoisca Schiff., A. vestigialis, Actebia praecox L.., 
Anarta myrtilli L., Leucania litoralis Curt., Nonagria gemini- 
puncta Haw. and Lasiocampa trifoli Schiff. were all plentiful, 
despite the bright moon. Notable Geometers were Scopula 
conjugata Borkh. and Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibn. 
The next evening the generator packed up due to some sand 
in it, but having removed this it functioned perfectly on the 
16th. Surprisingly, Nonagria sparganii Esp. was very plentiful 
in the salt marshes together with N. typhae Thunb., Plusia 
festucae L., H. suasa, C. maritima, and Orthonama lignata 
Hiibn. The actinic traps placed among sallow bushes nearer 
the sand dunes had obliged with Cosymbia pendularia Clerck. 
On the 17th the only additional species were Hydraecia palu- 
digs Tutt and Arenostola pygmina Haw. Whilst sitting in my 
car indulging in a snack supper at the Ferry Bus Terminus, I 
noticed a waiting bus with several passengers on board. With- 
out apparent reason the lights on the bus were switched off 
and the passengers sat in darkness for a few minutes while 
the driver and a male passenger stepped out of the bus and 
peered curiously! in the direction of my M.V. lights, situated a 
few hundred yards away on the sandhills and in the salt marsh. 
The driver then leaned inside the bus door and announced to 
one of his passengers, “No, it isn’t one of those Pop Festivals, 
it’s only some people having a picnic, they’ve got one of those 
Aladdin Lamps’! The driver having satisfied his passengers 
(and himself) got into his cab and happily drove away. How I 
wished the “‘Aladdin Lamp” could have magically produced a 
few Bedstraw Hawkmoths! 

On 20th August I was in the New Forest at Parkhill where 
that evening H. pinastri, Amathes castanea Esp., and Lamprop- 
teryx otregiata Metcalfe visited the lights. A long sugar round 
proved very unproductive. 

Back home on the 25th August Brian Elliot and John Cul- 
pin came down from Chesterfield to try for C. diffinis. After a 
few hours at the usual position near Walton they were able to 
return home satisfied with females of S. ravida, Cosmia affinis 
L. and indeed diffinis. 

The highlight of my collecting year was left until this time 
for on the 26th August in the garden trap I captured Hypena 
obesalis Treit. (Ent. Rec., 85: 240). 

Shortly after this excitement I spent a few days in Cam- 
bridgeshire. The nights were far too clear and cold for col- 
lecting in the Fens but a static M.V. trap at Swaffham Prior 
produced Lampra fimbriata Schreber, Discestra trifolit Hufn., 
Gortyna flavago Schiff., Lyncometra ocellata L., Anaitis plagi- 
ata L. and Deuteronomos fuscantaria Steph. 

Mild weather at the end of October resulted in high catches 
in the garden trap. Chesias legatella Schiff. on the 3lst was a 
new species for Charlecote. Eighteen species of macros visited 
the trap on the night of Ist November including Agrotis sege- 


SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE GENUS HOMOTAGES 91 


tum Schiff., A. ipsilon Hufn., Amathes c-nigrum L., Agrochola 
macilenta Hubn, Gortyna micacea Esp, and Plusia gamma L. 

I had hoped to complete my series of Ptilophora plumigera 
Schiff. with visits to the Chilterns, but with the advent of cold 
weather as November progressed I had to abandon such hopes. 


Systematic Position of the Genus Homotages 
Burr and Nomenclatural Status of Anechura 


zubovskii Semenov (Dermaptera) 


By V. C. Kapoor 
Department of Zoology, 
College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, 
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India). 


Anechura fee was described by Bormans as early as 1888 
from India. The genus Anechura belongs to the Subfamily 
Anechurinae of the family Forficulidae. Later Burr (1909), 
erected a new genus Homotages, with Anechura feae as its 
type species in Anechurinae. Homotages is monotypic and 
known only from India. Burr (1916) corrected its systematic 
position when he studied its male genitalia. He, on the basis 
of the non-dilated, simple and elongate 2nd tarsal segment 
and typical labiine-type male genitalia, specially acuminate 
metaparameres, placed it in the family Labiidae. Popham 
(1965) placed it in subfamily Forficulinae of the family 
Forficulidae even though the genus has got typical Labiine 
characters. Because of the above mentioned characters it 
should be in the family Labiidae not Forficulidae. 

Anechura zubovskii was first described by Semenov in 1901 
and he differentiated it from A. bipunctata Fb., A. b. orientalis 
Krauss and asiatica Semenov. Burr (1910) regarded these 
above mentioned four taxa as the local races of A. bipunctata 
Fb. but at the same time preferred to continue the nomen- 
clature of Semenov. Bey-Bienko (1936) lowered its status and 
placed it as sub. of A. asiatica Sem. Boeseman (1954) main- 
tained its sub. sp. status but placed it under A. bipunctata 
(Fb.). Recently, the author received a collection of Dermap- 
tera from Dr V. K. Gupta, Dept. of Zoology, Delhi University, 
Delhi who collected them from Hattu Peak, 4875 m, Narkanda 
(Simla) under stones. The collection contained only one male 
of A. zubovskii and the rest were of A. nayarae Kapoor. The 
male genitalia of A. zubovskii were studied and it was found 
that they totally agree with those of A. bipunctata. A. zubov- 
skii can be easily differentiated from A. bipunctata only in 
external characters like dark head, light pale spots on elytra 
as compared to pale head and orange-red elytral spots in A. 
bipunctata. The present findings are sufficient enough to 
confirm its sub. sp. status under Anechura bipunctata Fb. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
T am grateful to Dr S. S. Guraya, Professor and Head, 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/IT1/74 


Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, 
Ludhiana, for the facilities provided and to Dr V. K. Gupta, 
Department of Zoology, Delhi University, Delhi, for placing 
the collection at my disposal. 


REFERENCES 
Bey-Bienko, G. J. (1936) Inseces Dermapteres de I’ U.R.S.S. (In 
Russian with English Summary), New Series, 10(5): 230-231. 
Boeseman, M. (1954). Dermaptera in the museum at Leiden and 
Amsterdam. Rijk Natur. Hist., Leiden, 21: 103, 

Bormans, A. de. (1888). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni 
vicine, vii. Dermapteres. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 6 (2): 431. 
Burr, M. (1909). Notes on the classification of Dermaptera. Dtch. Ent. 

Zesschr. p. 327, pl. iv. 

. (1916) On male genital armature of the Dermaptera, Part III. 

Eudermaptrea. J. Roy. Micr. Soc., p. 5, pl 1, fig. 9: pl 11 fig 15 

(1910). Fn. of Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 155-160. 

Popham, E. J. (1965). A key to Dermapteran Subfamilies. Entomo- 
logist, 98: 135. 

Semenov, A. P. (1902). Russian species of the genera, Anechura 

Scudd. & Forficula (L.) and their geographical distributions (In Rus- 
sian). Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 35: 185. 


NOMENCLATURAL CORRECTION 


The genus Cheilosia was erected by Meigen in 1822 (Syst. 
Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., 3: 289). Later Agassiz in 1846 (Nomen 
zool. Index Univ.) emended it to Chilosia. Since Chilosia 
Agassiz iS an unjustified emendation of Cheilosia Meigen, it 
becomes the junior objective synonym of the latter (Article 
35 (a) (i1)). Recently it has been observed that both Cheilosia 
and Chilosia are independently used (Zool. Records 1953-1965). 
Since Cheilosia is the only available name and Chilosia is a 
rejected one, the former should be used. This genus belongs 
to the family Syrphidae (Diptera). 

V. C. Kapoor, 
Department of Zoology, 
Punjab Agricultural University, 
Ludhiana (India). 


Notes and Observations 


THE WAvepD BLACK Motu (PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L.) IN 
WORCESTERSHIRE.—I have recently learnt that Andrew E. C. 
Adams, a new recorder for the National Lepidoptera Survey 
and a student at Malvern College, had single male specimens 
of Parascotia fuliginaria L. to m.v. light at Powick near Wor- 
cester on 21st and 23rd July 1972, of which the first moth was 
kept and examined. 

These records follow the recent reporting by L. J. Evans 
of the capture of a single female at the Randan group of 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 93 


woods near Bromsgrove on 24th July 1971, which was the first 
record of this species for the Midland Plateau (cf. Proc. Bir- 
mingham nat. Hist. Soc., 22 (1973): 191-198). 

Since the 1972 records we made a concerted effort to look 
for P fuliginaria in July 1973, and managed to record a further 
four specimens, two by Andrew Adams again, and two by Dr 
A. N. B. Simpson of Worcester. The latter were only a few 
miles from the Lower Teme Valley in the same geographical 
area—one at Alfrick and one at Monk Wood. 

The particularly interesting point about Mr Adam’s and Dr 
Simpson’s observations is that the moths were taken only a 
few miles from Broadwas where the late Dr R. H. Clarke had 
three specimens over the period 1955-61, before he moved to 
Oxfordshire. It therefore seems possible that this species may 
be breeding in the lower valley of the River Teme. 

The only other known records for Worcestershire are of a 
single larva at Arley in the Severn Valley in 1949, and the old 
reference by Barrett to a specimen at Croome near Pershore 
before 1860. — J. E. GreEn, 25 Knoll Lane, Poolbrook, Mal- 
vern, Worcs. 


CALLICERA SPINOLAE RONDANI (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) IN CAM- 
BRIDGESHIRE.—On 8th September 1975 I took a male Callicera 
spinolae at Lode in Cambridgeshire. This is the first time a 
male of this species has been found in Britain, and was near to 
where I caught my previous specimen, a female, on 19th Sep- 
tember 1971. This female C. O. Hammond mentioned in his 
article on C. spinolae (in Ent. Rec., 85: 22). Further searching 
of the locality revealed another female on 22nd September 
1973, which I was unable to capture. All three individuals 
were found feeding on ivy blossom. 

In Britain, C. spinolae appears to be confined to East Anglia 
where seven specimens have now been recorded. Climatic con- 
ditions may restrict it to this area, although further searching 
of ivy blossom during September in wooded areas may reveal 
a much wider distribution. — I. Perry, 27 Mill Road, Lode, 
Cambs. 12.1.1974 

Day-FLYING LEPIDOPTERA ATTRACTED TO LIGHT.—To add to 
Mr B. K. West’s account (Ent. Rec., 85: 267) of a numerous 
attendance of the usually day-flying Anarta myrvtilli (L.) at 
light on Studland Heath on 15th August 1973, I have a number 
of records of single specimens of it in light traps in west Sur- 
rey. Some of these traps, like my own here at Bramley, were 
up to two miles away from any likely breeding grounds; but on 
25th and 27th August 1955 I had it in numbers at m.yv. light in 
the field on a heath near Bisley, both soon after dusk and later 
in the night. On other nights, however, both there and in 
similar localities where the species is common by day, none 
appeared. It seems that nocturnal flight of A. myrtilli requires 
some special conditions. What these are is not clear: I can 
only say that it does not appear to be restricted to warm or 
cloudy nights, or to nights when the attendance of other species 


94 ENTOMOLOGIS'1’S RECORD, VOL. 66 15/11/74 


is very large. In this it resembles the occasionally nocturnal 
Orgyia antiqua (L.): I have a few trap records of this, and I 
had one at light in the field at Durfold Wood, Surrey, on a 
very unfavourable night in October 1973. 

One would like to know more about these occasional noc- 
turnal flights of usually diurnal British species. Has anyone 
had A. cordigera (Thunb.), A. melanopa (Thunb.) or Ligdia car- 
bonaria (Clerck) at light in the Scottish Highlands? Or Pseudo- 
panthera macularia (L.) or the Archearis species (Orange 
Underwings) in England? Is there perhaps some sexual dis- 
tinction, as with Lasiocampa quercus (L.), Macrothylacia rubi 
(L.), Saturnia pavonia (L.), females of which fly at night but 
the males only by day? Has nocturnal flight anything to do 
with migration, as is certainly the case with the occasional ap- 
pearance of Vanessa atalanta (L.) at light—R. F. Bretherton, 
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU®S 
OLE. 12.1.1974. 


HyLES GALLI Rott. In LINCOLNSHIRE.—A male Hyles gall 
Rott. was seen in Boston in daylight “fighting” (according to 
my informant) “a House Sparrow”. It was subsequently 
captured. On the night of the 15th/16th August a female 
was taken in the static light trap at the Gibralter Point Field 
Station. She was in very worn condition and on dissection I 
found eight imperfectly formed eggs in a grossly distended 
oviduct and patulous vagina. The obvious inference was that 
she had arrived in this country laden with eggs and had sought 
the first opportunity to deposit them. Indeed, when on the 
6th September the first search was made, fourteen larvae 
were found on small shrubby plants of Epilobium angusti- 
folium growing on the seaward side of the sand dunes. Seven 
more were found on the 8th and five more on the 9th. In all 
well over fifty larvae were found but a number showed a 
punctured wound just above the lateral line in their distal seg- 
ments from which haemolymph was still flowing. These 
larvae were obviously dying. It was thought that these 
wounds were probably due to a peck by a bird, probably a 
Lark, abundant in the area, made in fright or surprise as a 
single act and not followed up as in a more deliberate attack. 
The distribution and the very varying size of the larvae sug- 
gested that they were the offspring of two, and more probably, 
three females. It has often been said that the eggs are laid 
commonly in pairs and, indeed, it was noticed that two larvae 
were frequently found near or on the same plant. No larvae 
were found on the very large clumps of Epilobium which 
occur at intervals along the sand dunes but this may be be- 
cause such clumps are much more difficult to search effec- 
tively. 

Almost all were found between 11.20 a.m. and 1 p.m. and 
3.30 p.m. and 5 p.m. in warm, sunny weather, when they were . 
feeding completely exposed or lying basking in the sun. The 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 93 


site of some of these larvae was marked and when, between 
these times, they were looked for again, it was found that the 
smaller green larvae were restng along the mid-rib on the 
under side of a leaf, while the darker larvae had crawled 
either under the dead leaves at the base of the plant or among 
the debris and cover of marram and Rubus caesius. This was 
in contrast with the same larvae in captivity which fed at any 
time, in sunlight or in darkness, and which let no opportunity 
go by of basking in the sun. 

The first of 48 larvae pupated on the 16th September and 
the last on the 8th October. The habit of dashing wildly round 
the cage for as long as two days, noted by Huggins (Ent. Rec., 
85: 234) was very noticeable and at first alarming for it was 
feared that suitable conditions for pupation had not been pro- 
vided. In the event all pupated safely, the majority spinning 
a flimsy cocoon immediately under a layer of sphagnum over- 
lying some peat; only the last two to pupate, a male and a 
female, took advantage of the full depth of peat to make a 
much tougher cocoon close against the wooden sides of the 
cage five inches below the surface. 

During the month of August seven larvae were found in 
the city of Lincoln. Another larva was found near Woodhall 
on September 13th—R. E. M. Pitcuer, The Little Dover 
House, South Thoresby, Alford, Lincs, 


SOME RECORDS OF MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN WESTMORLAND 
IN 1973—Records appearing in the entomological journals in- 
dicate that 1973 was a good year for migrant lepidoptera in 
Great Britain. Here at over 600 feet above sea-level in north- 
west England I do not seem to be well placed as regards 
migrants. However, one or two records have come to my 
notice and seem worth publishing. 

A worn male Agrius convolvuli (L.) was found in Kendal 
on 24.viii.1973 by a Mr H. Reid and brought to be for identifi- 
cation. As the specimen was worn I did not set it but instead 
marked the fore-wings with blue cellulose paint and released 
it. Nothing further has been heard of it—it certainly did not 
come to my mercury vapour light which at the time was being 
operated every night. A few Udea ferrugalis (Hiibn). appeared 
in my trap here at Kendal Wood on 8.1x.1973, and this was the 
only night on which they were observed. 

Records currently appearing indicate that 1973 has been a 
*‘galli”’ year. I was not lucky enough to take any moths at my 
trap here but I had a larva of Hyles gallii (Rott.) brought to 
me which had been found in Kendal on 12.ix.1973. The larva 
was full-grown and obviously looking for a site for pupation. 
This I provided and now look forward to the emergence of 
the imago later this year. 

Perhaps it is worth noting that during October and well 
into November Autographa gamma (L.) was extremely abun- 
dant here joining the many Syrphids visiting Michaelmas dai- 
sies and other flowers in the garden.—Dr NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, 
KENDAL Woop, New Hutton, nr. Kendal. 20.1.1974. 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/11/74 


MiGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—Since I moved 
onto the Cotswolds from my old house in the Severn Vale I 
have not done so well with migrant visitors to the M.V. trap; 
but 1973 was much better with the following records :—August 
1, Hyles galli Rott., female. August 9, Eurois occulta L., the 
typical grey form of the migrant specimens. September 5, 
Leucania vitellina Hiibn.; Rhodometra sacraria L., two. Sep- 
tember 20, Herse convolvuli L., female.—R. P. Demutu, Water- 
combe House, Oakridge, Glos. 12.i.1974. 


Current Literature 


Crickets and Grasshoppers of the British Isles by E. C. M. 
Haes. l5pp. British Naturalists’ Association, 1973. 15p. 


This useful pamphlet consists of an introduction to the 
study and identification of the Orthoptera, with notes on the 
related Orders Dictyoptera (Cockroaches) and Phasmida (Stick- 
insects). Included are 19 good black and white photographs of 
the living insects.—J.M.C.-H. 


Colour Identification Guide to British Butterflies by T. G. 
Howarth, 48 coloured plates by A. D. A. Russwurm and 
R. B. Davis, 4to., 46 pp. Warne, London, 1973. £3. 

The introduction to this book and all the plates were pub- 
lished in Howarth’s South’s British Butterflies which we re- 
viewed in 1973 (vide Ent. Rec., 85: 203-204) 

The text mainly consists of tables in which the species are 
arranged alphabetically by their vernacular names with de- 
tails on them set out in nine columns. Within these columns 
the author gives us in readily accessible form particulars of 
each butterfly as under: Family; Scientific Name; Authors; 
Status; British Racial Names; Number of Named Aberrations; 
Variation; Calendar; Larval Foodplants; Broods; Larval In- 
stars; Habitat; Distribution; Abundance. There is also an iden- 
tification key to species, a classified list of scientific names 
systematically arranged, and an interesting chapter on varia- 
tion. 

The note on Papilio machaon suggests this butterfly still 
persists in Cambridgeshire, yet we believe that it has now 
been extinct there for many years. However, we are reliably 
informed that it is hoped in 1974 to re-introduce machaon from 
Norfolk stock into Wicken Fen, where it was last seen in 1949. 
On the other hand, Ireland is not included in the distribution 
of Argynnis euphrosyne where it is certainly present though 
very local. For some species, the calendars (e.g. those for 
Nymphalis antiopa and Everes argiades) and foodplants (e.g. 
those for Cyaniris semiargus) appear misleading since these 
seem to be based on behaviour abroad and such is not speci- 
fied. 

This book is attractively illustrated, contains much useful 
information concisely presented, and is very good value for 
money.—J.M.C.-H. 


Exotic 


Entomological Specimens 
LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS 
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CONTENTS 


A New Taxon of the Lepidochrysops ortygia (Trimen) Group (Lepi- 
doptera: Lycaenidae) from the South Western Cape. C. G. C. 
DICKSON 


Lycaena dispar rutila Werneberg: A Chance Meeting at Ravenna, 
Italy. L. McLEOD 


Some Lepidoptera in Radnorshire, 1973. M. D. COX and R. G. 
WARREN 


Notes: on the Microlepidoptera. H. C. HUGGINS 
Interspecific Competition in Butterflies. C. J. LUCKENS .. 
Late Autumn in the Isles of Scilly. R. P. DEMUTH .. 


Notes on the Distribution of Some Dragonfly Species (Odonata: 
Anisoptera) of Bengal. T. R. MITRA and A. H. LAHIRI 


Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae II. A. M. EMMET 
Gargia, Finnmark, July 1973. M. J. PERCEVAL 
Warwickshire and Elsewhere, 1973. DAVID BROWN 


Systematic Position of the Genus Homotages Burr and Nomen- 
clatural Status of Anechura zubovskii Semenov (Dermaptera). 
V. C. KAPOOR 


Nomenclatural Correction. V. C. KAPOOR 


Notes and Observations: 
The Waved Black Moth (Parascotia fuliginaria L.) in Wor- 
cestershire. J. E. GREEN 
Callicera spinola Rondani (Diptera: eyrpnidae) 4 in Canbnides: 
shire. I. PERRY 


Day-Flying Lepidoptera attracted to ene R. F. BRETHER- 
TON 


Hyles galli Rott. in Lincolnshire. R. E. M. PILCHER .. 
Some Records of Migrant Lepidoptera. N. L. BIRKETT 
Migrant Lepidoptera in Gloucestershire. R. P. DEMUTH 


Current Literature 


65 


68 


69 


91 


92 


92 


93 


93 
94 
95 
96 


96 


a Se 


T. BUNCLE AMD CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND 


VOL. 86, No. 4  " ) april 1974 
DENERNEQESRQSAMNEN EN SRERQSNMESANS MSAD: 
BIS.708F9 
Lv7, 


THE. 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


o 


FSSA 


a 


DEI 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.s. 
with the assistance of 


63 


So RSs 


A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY 
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S 
H. B. D, KETTLEWELL, M.A, M.B., B-CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 


ESE 


NHANES 


= 


UNG DGD 


633 


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een 


NARNE 


2 


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97 


Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1973 
By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.B.E.S. 


Yet a third mild winter in succession ushered in the start 
of 1973. Almost the whole of January was unusually con- 
genial with the thermometer often well into the 50’s and the 
early geometers well out by the middle of the month, notably 
Phigalia pedaria L. and Erannis leucophaearia L. Even the 
early days of February were equally pleasant. It was only at 
the middle of this month that quite a cold snap set in, but it 
was only short-lived. The third week provided some quite 
warm days which encouraged the hibernators. to awake from 
their winter sleep with the appearance of the first Peacocks 
and Small Tortoiseshells. On the 20th at Juniper Hall near 
Box Hill among several geometers on the windows was a 
hibernated female of Chloroclysta miata L., quite a rare in- 
sect in this part of southern England. 

A fine spell opened at the beginning of March which 
proved a first class period for the emergence of most of the 
early spring species, some of which were on the wing when 
I stayed near Ipswich with Mr William Storey on the 3rd; 
these included a good many Alsophila aescularia Schiff. 4th 
March saw the first appearance of Achlya flavicornis L., 
Orthosia gothica L., O. incerta L. and Biston strataria Hufn. 
with Xylocampa areola Esp. on the Sth. The sallows were well 
in bloom in many places by the second week of March with 
the warm weather continuing right through to the middle of 
the month. On the 21st Archiearis parthenias L. was flying 
on Horsell Common. But conditions deteriorated somewhat 
by the 23rd when I visited Dorset where nothing was seen on 
the wing nor in the New Forest on my way back on 27th 
March. However, the temperature was well in the 50’s 
almost daily from the 4th April onwards rising to 65 deg. F. 
in the shade on the 15th when Mr J. Messenger accompanied 
me to the Chiddingfold area where Gonepteryx rhamni L. 
was in numbers, but the beating of the sloe blossom yielded 
very little of note. 

For the Easter period we had arranged to revisit the High- 
lands but had to abandon the enterprise owing to unforeseen 
events. As we heard later, it proved to be a most inclement 
holiday period in those parts so that we were glad to spend 
it less far from home in the New Forest which we reached 
on 19th April with Lyndhurst as our headquarters. But even 
in this famous part of England the weather was far from 
propitious. The following day, Good Friday, was very dull 
and wet when we tried beating the sloe blossom near Burley. 
Near there we came across a fine large bank of bushes in 
full bloom which provided several nearly full-fed larvae of 
Chloroclystis chloérata Mab. That evening we tried our 
m.v. in Beeching Lane, just behind Lyndhurst, the scene of 
many marvellous collecting nights before the War. The only 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


species to be attracted was a single Polyploca ridens F. and a 
few O. gothica L. The next two days of the Easter holiday 
were even worse with sleet showers on the Sunday and no 
collecting possible by day or night. However the elements 
let up on 23rd April when we were able to beat further C. 
chloérata larvae in the vicinity of Lyndhurst and Brocken- 
hurst. After dark we ran our lights at Tantivy Wood near 
Beaulieu in company with Mr Barry Goater, but again P. 
ridens was almost our only visitor with a single Trichopteryx 
carpinata Borkh. and a few Eupithecia abbreviata Stephens. 
Beeching Lane was once more our venue on the night of the 
24th when somewhat more insects came to our light, as many 
as 13 species, including quite a run of P. ridens and B. stra- 
taria in very varied forms. A female Orthosia gracilis Schiff. of 
the grey type appeared which is unusual in the New Forest 
where the deep red-brown form is prevalent among the bog 
myrtle on the swamps. It is indeed curious how the habitat and 
the food-plant seems to control the colour of this species which 
is probably gradually diverging. Other visitors that night in- 
cluded Chaonia ruficornis Hufn., Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. 
and Eupithecia nanata Hiibn. besides the common Orthosias. 
We returned to Surrey on 25th April with the thermometer 
standing a 63 deg. F. followed by two equally warm days, but 
the temperature fell rapidly the last days of April. 

However, conditions recovered on Ist May when m.v. light 
in my sister’s garden at Virginia Water produced Colocasia 
coryli L., P. ridens F., C. ruficornis and a female Dasycampa 
rubiginea Schiff. a very late date for this choice species from 
which I obtained quite a number of ova. These eventually 
produced some fine bred specimens. The week that followed 
was fairly bleak and wet. It was not till the 11th that the 
first Whites were seen, mainly Pieris napi L. and P. rapae 
with Pararge egeria L. in Alice Holt Forest on the 13th. The 
day temperature rose to 73 deg. F. on the 18th when Anarta 
myrtilli L. was careering over the Chobham heaths., 

Another warm day favoured me when I did a tour of the 
Surrey-Sussex border on 20th May. visiting the Petworth area 
and the Durfold woods where Clossiana euphrosyne L. was 
well on the wing with Anthocharis cardamines L. which was 
also plentiful at Horsell on the 22nd, another very delectable 
day. 

On 25th May 1 set out for Central Italy returning on 12th 
June to be welcomed by a very congenial period well in the 
70’s. With the temperature at just on 80 deg F. on the 15th 
many geometers were flying on parts of Chobham Common, 
especially Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. It was only a little less 
warm on 17th June when Mr Messenger accompanied me 
once more round the woods at Ebernoe and near Chidding- 
fold where we saw a few Leptidea sinapis L., Clossiana selene 
Schiff. and worn C. euphrosyne L. still on the wing at this 
late date, Gonepteryx rhamni L. and Pieris rapae L. were 
particularly plentiful, as was Coenonympha pamphilus L. 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1973 99 


On the morning of 22nd June I set out early to cover the 
near 200 miles to Tavistock crossing Dartmoor by the More- 
tonhampstead road. The weather was ideal and the sun gave 
us its welcome warmth on the 23rd when Capt. Peter Gains- 
ford kindly conducted me to a special locality were we found 
Mellicta athalia well out and in appreciable numbers. It was 
interesting to note how this race of this delightful butterfly 
differed from its eastern relative in generally smaller size and 
somewhat darker coloration. Butterflies were in plenty in 
brilliant sunshine, especially Maniola jurtina L. and Pararge 
egeria L. We also saw several Argynnis adippe L. In the 
afternoon we visited Glenofen, a hidden wooded valley a few 
miles west of Tavistock and I was again in this attractive 
spot on the morning of the 24th, though little seemed on the 
wing. ‘That afternoon I travelled via Two Bridges, to Ash- 
burton and Exeter to stay with Mr and Mrs George Woollatt 
at Limpstone near Exmouth. That evening under quite 
favourable conditions we ran our m.v. lights on the edge of 
Woodbury Common. Among 28 macro species seen up till 
midnight were Stauropus fagi L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, 
Drymonia dodonaea Schiff., Dasychira pudibunda L., Drepana 
lacertinaria L., Spilosoma lutea Hufn., Hadena contigua 
Schiff., Diarsia brunnea Schiff., Leucania pudorina Schiff., 
Pseudopterpna pruinata Hufn., Ortholitha plumbaria Fab., 
Perizoma affinitata Stephens, Alcis repandata L. and Biston 
betularia L. Over 30 species visited Mr Woollatt’s m.v. trap 
of which those of note included Deilephila elpenor, Apatele 
psi L., Cucullia umbratica L., Lycophotia varia Vill., Sterrha 
interjectaria Boisd., Xanthorhoé designata Hufn., Hydrelia 
flammeolaria Hufn., Lygris pyraliata and Bapta temerata 
Schiff. Another glorious and warm day greeted us on 25th 
June when I went with my hosts to some woods to the north 
east of Exeter which again provided butterflies in goood num- 
bers and we were surprised to find Argynnis paphia L. already 
well out and quite numerous. A. adippe L. was also to the 
fore as were Clossiana selene and Pararge egeria with M. 
jurtina in great plenty. That afternoon I moved on to Bland- 
ford to stay with my relations and on the 26th I visited Mr 
and Mrs R. Hatton in their new home bordering a large heath 
at Holt, just north of Wimborne. Here I saw the first Ringlets 
of the season. On my way back to Surrey later that day I 
made a brief halt on one of the heaths at the Ringwood end 
of the New Forest. Here among the short bog myrtle I found 
several tents containing the full-fed larvae of Orthosia gracilis 
Schiff., usually producing the dark-brown form of this species. 
The few days had proved very gratifying, seeing so many of 
our butterflies once more after several seasons of compara- 
tive paucity. 

The very fine weather continued for the rest of June with 
the temperature in the 70’s daily. On the last day of the 
month among 34 species that came to my m.v. light near 
Bisley were an early-flying Laothoé populi L. female, 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Thyatira batis L., Cybosia mesomella L.; Spilosoma lutea 
Hufn., Leucania comma L., L. pudorina Schiff., Petilampa 
minima Haworth, Apamea crenata Hufn., Ligephila pastinum 
Treits, and many geometers including Sterrha trigeminata 
Haworth, Comibaena pustulata Hutn., Euphyia unangulata 
Haworth, Mysticoptera sexalisata Hiibn., Semiothisa liturata 
Clerck, as well as several melanics of this insect. Among 
other geometers were Plemyria bicolorata Hutn., bupatus 
piniaria L. with a good many females some of which were 
the melanic f. funebris. A small pug proved to be Chloro- 
clysta chloérata Mab., which has so far seldom been seen at 
light. A latecomer as usual was the large Boarmia roboraria 
Schiff. with a host of Alcis repandata L. 


July opened with a day at 80 deg. F. in the shade. I joined 
Dr John Holmes that day near Bordon and under glorious con- 
ditions we proceeded to investigate the propensities of Lud- 
shott Common and Waggoners Wells in the Hindhead district, 
both most attractive localities with great possibilities, both by 
day and night. But in spite of the warmth only a few C. selene 
put in an appearance with a lot of Zygaena lonicerae Scheven. 
However, that afternoon we penetrated the northern part of 
Alice Holt Forest which I had not been to before, Limenitis 
camilla L. was already well out, while Plebejus argus L. was fly- 
ing in some numbers on a nearby common. The high tempera- 
tures continued for the subsequent week bringing the summer 
species out early. On the Sth with 81 deg. F. in the shade the 
Rev. Anthony Harbottle accompanied me to Alice Holt Forest 
but it was apparently just too early for the Purple Emperor; 
White Admirals and Ringlets were much in evidence and 
there were plenty of Silver-studded Blues to be seen on Chob- 
ham Common late that afternoon. 


On 6th July there was one of the wet days during this 
period when I motored to Ashford in Kent. In the Orlestone 
woods that night 55 species came to my m.v. light up till 1 a.m. 
The most notable was a large attendance of Tethea fluctuosa 
Hiibn. with several melanics. This uncommon form seems to 
be increasing in this locality. As usual among the earliest 
arrivals was Angerona prunaria L. in its many varieties. Other 
species worthy of mention included a good many Deilephila 
elpenor L. with the Prominents Notodonta dromedarius, N. 
ziczac L. and Pterostoma palpina L., also Pheosia tremula 
Clerck, one of the latest arrivals. Both Tethea or Schiff. and 
and T. ocularis L. were among the early species, while a couple 
of Stauropus fagi L. came about midnight. Both Thyatira 
batis L. and Habrosyne derasa L. appeared with the Arctiids 
Miltochrista miniata Forst., Cybosia mesomella L. and Eilema 
complana L. Among the noctuids were Apatele leporina L., A. 
megacephala L., Amathes ditrapezium Schiff., Diarsia brunnea 
Schiff., Apamea lithoxylaea Schiff, Lithocodia fasciana L.., 
Plusia iota L. and P. gamma L.., also two Pseudoips bicolorana 
Fuessl. and the Deltoids Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treits. and 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1973 101 


Paracolux derivalis Hiibn. The geometers were mainly repre- 
sented by Geometra vapilionaria L., Comibaena pustulata 
Hiifn., Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn., Cidaria fulvata Forst., 
Bapa temerata Schiff., Eupithecia expallidata Doubleday, 
Campaea margaritata L., Plagodis dolabraria L., Alcis repan- 
data L. and Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. 

I visited Hoads Wood the morning of 7th July, but no sun 
was apparent and the only quarry was a few small larvae of 
Tethea or hiding between leaves of aspen fastened face to 
face with silk. That evening Mr George Youden joined me at 
Dungeness, but the night was far from propitious. However, 
there was a sorinkling of insects on the sugar posts including 
a few Procus literosa Haworth and Eilema pygmaeola Double- 
day, both of which also appeared at our m.v. light on the 
shingle. The commonest visitor was Pseudoterpna pruinata 
Hufn. A walk in the Orlestone woods the morning of 8th July 
provided several Limenitis camilla L. and many Maniola jur- 
tina L. Later in brilliant sunshine at Mr Michael Tweedie’s 
house near Rye I saw the first Maniola tithonus L. with many 
Pieris napi L. The thermometer reached 78 deg. F. in the 
shade on 9th July when I was once more in Hoads Wood, but 
little of note was flying. I returned to Surrey that evening. 
The warmth continued daily till the 13th when General Sir 
George Johnson drove me to Folkestone, but we saw nothing 
special en route. The following day we crossed to France and 
drove to Provence returning on Ist August, having missed a 
period of poor and wet weather in southern England during 
the latter half of July. 

Our return was greeted with a shade temperature of 81 
deg. F. the opening day of August, with plenty of Peacocks 
and Small Tortoiseshells on garden buddleias. But the 
weather changed materially when I motored to Towcester on 
the 4th, and little was moving in the dull and rainy conditions. 
However, things improved by the 7th when I surveyed the 
Chiddingfold region where both White Admirals and Silver- 
washed Fritillaries were still on the wing. Early on the mor- 
ning of 10th August, Mr Russell Bretherton came over to 
Woking and we motored in ideal weather to Royston golf- 
course which was our halt for a picnic lunch. The only butter- 
flies seen were Aricia agestis Schiff., Maniola tithonus L., Thy- 
melicus lineola Ochs. and a handful of Lysandra coridon Poda, 
which was somewhat disappointing since this locality was at 
one time famous for the numbers and aberrations of this 
species. Our next halt was near Eriswell in the Breckland. 1 
had remembered a large patch of Silene otites at the side of 
one of the principal roads and we were pleased to find it still 
flourishing. Searching the vods proved a blank, but we un- 
earthed one full-fed larva of Anepia irregularis Hufn., unfor- 
tunately stung. We then proceeded via Thetford and Norwich 
to the Barton Staithe Hotel on the Norfolk Broads where I 
had not stayed for many years. Mr J. Messenger had given us 
an introduction to Mr and Mrs Halfhead who were in resi- 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1IV/74 


dence at their delightful house and estate on the edge of 
Sutton Broad at Longmuir Point. They most kindly let us 
have full facilities for collecting with various types of appar- 
atus including the plugging in of our static m.v. which we 
placed close to the huge reed-bed to very good advantage. 
Their garden was well sheltered by a small piece of woodland 
with large trees. We also ran two Heath lights right in among 
the reeds. But our first night was none too productive. The 
Heath lights, up till 11.50 p.m., provided many Philudoria 
potatoria L. as well as single specimens of Nonagria algae Esp. 
(cannae Ochs.) and N. dissoluta Treits. Among 42 species that 
came to our static traps were four species of the Notodontidae 
including Pheosia tremula Clerck. P. gnoma Fab.; Pterostoma 
palpina Clerck and Notodonta ziczac L. Other more interesting 
insects were Lymantria monacha L., Drepana binaria Hufn., D. 
lacertinaria L., Simyra venosa Borkh., Arenostola pygmina 
Haworth, A. phragmitidis Hiibn. in numbers, also Coenobia 
rufa Haworth, Triphaena interjecta Hiibn., Schrankia costae- 
strigalis Stephens and the geometers Acasis viretata Hiibn., 
Abraxas grossulariata L., Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. and S. 
bilunaria Esp. 

August 11th was another glorious day when we revisited 
Longmoor Point and walked along a narrow path among the 
thick reedbed where there was almost a forest of Peucedanum 
palustre, the foodplant of the Swallow-tail. But no larvae were 
forthcoming and we concluded most had already pupated in 
the excessive heat of the previous weeks. Searching yellow 
loosestrife only yielded a single full-grown larva of Anticollix 
sparsata Treits. The night turned out much more propitious, 
though the Heath trap did not produce anything of real note. 
However, our static trap the next morning was a galaxy sf 
some 175 insects comprising 63 species, nine of the Noto- 
dontidae with a couple of Harpyia furcula Clerck, Clostera 
pigra Hufn., and C. curtula L., also Notodonta dromedarius and 
Lophopteryx capucina L. Other species not previously re- 
corded included Laothoe populi L., Euproctis similis L., Arctia 
caia L., Eilema deplana Esp., Nonagria typhae Thunb., Gortyna 
micacea Esp., Apamea testacea L., Plusia chrysitis L., Sterrha 
dimidiata Hufn., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Lygris testata L.., 
_ Eupithecia tenuiata Hiibn., Dysstroma citrata L., and Biston 
betularia L. 

Another grand warm day greeted us on August 12, the 
morning of which we once more spent at Longmoor Point 
and had the good fortune to see and photograph a Swallow- 
tail feeding, with wings outspread, on a spike of buddleia, an 
unusual flower for this fine insect to patronise. We saw 
several others flying round the house and near the fen, while 
the Peacocks were also disporting themselves round the many 
flowering plants in the garden. That afternoon we went on a 
tour of reconnaissance to Hickling Broad, then via Horsey 
Mere to the sand dunes at Waxham which was our venue for 
night operations, but a cold wind got up and the marram 

(to he continued) 


NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 103 


Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae II 
By A. M. EMMET 
(continued from page 80) 


has now been published by Johansson (1971), and this is the 
basis of the notes which follow. 

The ruficapitella group is now considered to comprise 
eleven species of which six or possibly seven have been re- 
corded from Britain. The British species, which include two 
new to our list, are as follows: — 

Stigmella suberivora Stainton 1869 

S. svenssoni Johansson 1971 (ruficapitella Haw. auct. 
partim) 

S. basiguttella Heinemann 1862 

S. atricapitella Haworth 1829 

S. ruficapitella Haworth 1829 

2S. samiatella Zeller 1839 

S. roborella Johansson 1971 (ruficapitella Haw. auct. 
partim) 

At the time when Johansson’s paper was written, svens- 
soni had not been recognised in Britain, but Borkowski has 
since found a specimen amongst the material I sent him for 
examination. The doubtful species is S. samiatella and I will 
explain below the slender evidence on which its claim rests. 

Some of the species, especially in the male sex, are rela- 
tively easy to distinguish by their external features, but others, 
notably the red-headed females, are very similar and can 
only be determined with certainty by dissection of the geni- 
talia. These organs are admirably illustrated and described 
by Johansson, and I must refer the reader who wishes to make 
genitalia preparations to his paper for the necessary informa- 
tion. 

It may come as a bit of a shock to some microlepidopterists 
to learn that the males of ruficapitella normally have black 
heads; however, since the head is red in the female, Haworth’s 
name still remains appropriate. It was this sexual dimorphism 
which led some entomologists (e.g. Meyrick, 1928) to believe 
that atricapitella and ruficapitella were one and the same 
species, red-heads and black-heads having been found in 
copula. 

There follow provisional dichotomous tables for the deter- 
mination of the two sexes. These are based partly on 
Johansson’s descriptions and partly on the study of my own 
specimens which were kindly named for me by Borkowski 
after dissection. The tables are a cock-shy, and constructive 
criticism will be welcome. 


Key for the determination of oak-feeding Stigmellidae 
(a) Males 
1. With androconial scales on hindwing 2 
Without androconial scales on hindwing 4 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/IV/74 


2. Head ferruginous suberivora 
Head black or brown 3 
3. Androconial scales two/thirds length of fringes 
atricapitella 
Androconial scales one/third length of fringes 
ruficapitella 
4. Head ferruginous to orange 5 
Head black or dark to light brown 6 
5. Hindwings mixed with a few brown or bronzy scales 
roborella 
Hindwings without brown or bronzy scales svenssoni 
6. Forewings with a yellowish basal spot basiguttella 
Forewings without yellowish basal spot samiatella 
(b) Females 
lL... Head. ferruZinous .......accccaecuse +o sbismcacttmetcs ocak Ceo Reree 2 
Head- not fEGEUSIMNOUS |.) cone Seoecee ess + cob eboae asec ee eee eee +) 
2. Antennal eyecaps concolorous with head ...... suberivora 
Antennal eyecaps lighter than head .....................00. 3 
3. Hindwings mixed with brown or bronzy scales; 
OVipOSitor PrOlTUGeS oes ew a miasieseteeeneeeeeneec haere roborella 
Hindwings without brown or bronzy scales; 
Ovipositor does not protrude ...............cccceeccc cee ceeeee ees 4 
4. Hindwings pale grey; bursa copulatrix with a large 
SclErOtISEd sDIAtE occas tc cae cee coe eeoee eee svenssoni 
Hindwings darker shining grey; bursa copulatrix 
without a large sclerotised plate ............... ruficapitella 
5. Forewings with a yellowish basal spot ......... basiguttella 
Forewings without such a Spot ............ccccccccccccccecesees 6 
6. Hindwings grey, mixed with bronzy scales; face 
57210105 an hone NR a ee peo a RRB samiatella 
Hindwings grey without such scales; face 
OCHTEOUS “DROW cos acc ccecees nace oats ee osens atricapitella 


These tables should make it possible for many specimens 
to be determined without dissection. Males of svenssoni and 
roborella and females of these two species and ruficapitella 
are the hardest to distinguish, and with these it is best to 
examine the genitalia. The androconial scales can be seen 
easily with a low-powered lens. 

It is not yet known whether the larval mines will give 
constant characters for determination. The statement by the 
older entomologists that the mines of atricapitella and rufi- 
capitella are indistinguishable is nugatory, being based on 
inadequate information. The only way to build up precise 
knowledge is for breeders to keep each individual larva in a 
separate container and to press the leaf as soon as it has 
vacated its mine. A reliable cross reference system must be 
established between bred imagines and the leaves in which 
their larvae fed. This is a laborious task, but essential if we 
are to learn the characteristics of the mines of each species. 
The descriptions of mines given below are based partly on 
Johansson’s work and partly on my own observations; the 


NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 105 


reader must accept the fact that our information in this area 
is still rudimentary, and should realise how desirable it is that 
he himself should add to our fund of knowledge. 


We must also make a fresh start with mapping the distri- 
bution of each species. Past records for atricapitella may 
equally refer to ruficapitella or, just possibly, samiatella, 
while the records for ruficapitella may refer to that species, 
roborella or svenssoni. Every entomologist should therefore 
publish his records after he has determined his series 
correctly. 


I shall now give more detailed descriptions of the species 
and their biology, but I shall not include swberivora and basi- 
guttella since they should pose no problems of identification 
either as larvae or imagines. 


(1). Sttgmella atricapitella Haworth. Head black in both 
sexes, face in the female conspicuously tawny-ochreous 
(Johansson ascribes this facial coloration to both sexes, but in 
my series it seems to be rare in the male). Eyecaps white. 
Collar dark brown in the male, white in the female. Fore- 
wings dark bronzy brown with a strong metallic gloss, towards 
the apex with a more or less pronounced bluish violet lustre. 
In the male the dorsum is clad with long, dark cilia almost to 
the base. Hindwings blackish grey, those of the male with 
conspicuously thickened androconial scales on the costa and 
dorsum, about three quarter the length of the fringes. 

The mine is not described by Johansson, who states that 
it cannot be reliably separated from that of ruficapitella. I 
have bred this species from rather short broad mines with 
the frass packed in a thick, nearly solid, central line. The 
egg has been on the underside of the leaf in the confirmed 
atricapitella mines. The larva feeds on Quercus robur, petraea 
and pubescens. 


Distribution. A common and widespread species, probably 
occurring throughout Britain. 


(2). Stiqgmella ruficapitella Haworth. The head in the male is 
generally black but may be brown or even yellowish brown; in 
the female it is ferruginous to orange. The collar in the male 
is almost black in most cases, but may be white in lightish- 
headed specimens; in the female it is yellowish white to white. 
The eyecaps are yellowish white to white. The forewings are 
dark bronzy brown with less metallic gloss than in atricapitella 
and a less pronounced bluish violet lustre at the apex. The 
hindwings in the male are dark grey with androconial scales 
on the costa and dorsum one-third the length of the fringe; in 
the female they are medium grey and distinctly glossy. 
According to Johansson, the mine is in most cases shorter 
than that of other oak-feeding species and often follows the 
margin of the leaf. On the other hand, my own authentic 
ruficapitella mines have been somewhat longer than those of 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


atricapitella; the frass has been more dispersed, each grain 
being separated from its neighbour. The egg has been laid 
on the upperside of the leaf. The larva feeds on Quercus 
robur and petraea. 


Distribution. It seems to be as common and as widely 
distributed as the preceeding species. 

Beirne’s genitalia drawing of atricapitella in fact depicts 
this species. 


(3). Stigmella samiatella Zeller. Sexes alike, head from black 
or dark brown to brown or yellow-brown; forehead yellow. 
Collar white. Antennal eyecaps white. Forewings dark bronzy 
brown with a strong metallic gloss on the apical area with a 
violet tint. Hindwings dark grey mixed with bronzy or violet 
scales, in the female sometimes somewhat lighter. 

Johansson does not describe the mine, but from his draw- 
ing it appears closely to resemble that of ruficapitella. 
According to Hering (1957), the egg is on the underside of 
the leaf. The larva feeds on Quercus robur, petraea, pubescens 
and Castanea sativa. 

This species was placed on the British list after vacated 
mines had been sent to Professor Hering and determined by 
him as those of samiatella (Parmenter, 1952). In the light of 
our recent advances in knowledge of this group, this evidence 
is no longer acceptable. However, samiatella is so common and 
widespread on the continent that Borkowski thinks it improb- 
able that it does not also occur in Britain. He may well prove 
right. Yet I have examined over 300 specimens of this group 
in collections without finding a single samiatella. One must 
beware of examples of basiguttella with the basal pale spot 
more or less obsolete; these, since they lack androconial scales 
and have black heads with yellow faces, could readily be mis- 
taken for samiatella. How easily such specimens of basi- 
guttella may be misidentified is proved by the collections of 
two meticulous entomologists, Waters and L. T. Ford. The for- 
mer had one and the latter no fewer than 18 specimens of basi- 
guttella labelled as atricapitella. One of Beirne’s atricapitella 
genitalia slides made from a Ford specimen is in fact basi- 
guttella: how puzzled Beirne must have been! 


(4). Stigmella roborella Johansson. Sexes alike. Head and 
forehead ferruginous to orange. Collar and antennal eyecaps 
white or yellowish white. Forewings rather dark bronzy 
brown with a faint metallic gloss. Hindwings pale grey mixed 
with a few brown or bronzy scales. In the female the ovi- 
positor protrudes more than in the related species of the 
group. 

The mine is relatively long and contorted and has the frass 
in rather a thin central line. The larva will feed on most 
species of deciduous oak. 

Distribution. This is one of the commonest species on the 
continent, but appears to be less so in Britain. However, many 


NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 107 


cabinet specimens labelled ruficapitella will be found to be 
roborella. Confirmed identifications show that it is wide- 
spread, but the preliminary indications are that it is only as 
common as the two preceeding species in the Midlands. 

According to Johansson, Beirne’s genitalia drawing of 
ruficapitella depicts hemargyrella, but it is improbable that 
even Beirne mistook a strongly fasciated species for a rufi- 
capitella. The specimen was from Ford’s collection and it is 
inconceivable that Ford should have made such a mistake. 
Unfortunately Ford was more interested in the quality of his 
cabinet specimens than their scientific value, and destroyed 
all those dissected (he would have said ‘mutilated’) by Beirne. 
In my opinion the figure depicts roborella, though it is not a 
very satisfactory representation. 


(5). Stigmella svenssoni Johansson. Differs superficially from 
the preceeding species in the hindwings, which are paler, 
lacking the bronzy scales, and in the females because the 
Ovipositor does not protrude. The genitalia are distinct in 
both sexes. 

The mine has not yet been described. 

Distribution. The species has been found on the continent 
in Sweden, Finland, Hungary and Italy. So far only two 
British specimens have been recognized. One of these I bred 
on the 15th May, 1969, from a larva collected the previous 
autumn at Madingley, Cambridgeshire; this specimen, dis- 
sected by Borkowski established svenssoni as a British insect 
and will, in due course, be placed in the British Museum 
(Natural History). The other was captured by Mr E. C. Pelham- 
Clinton at Ardnamurchan, Argyllshire. No doubt other 
specimens await discovery in collections, but it seems on our 
present evidence that this is a rare species. 

Let me conclude this section with two brief notes on Stiq- 
mella suberivora Stainton. 

(1). Although this species is generally considered to be uni- 
voltine (Waters 1928, Meyrick 1928, Ford 1949, Hering 1957), 
Wakely (1937) records finding tenanted mines on Quercus ilex 
in the Isle of Wight in mid-August and breeding an imago on 
the 2nd of September. As far as I know, this is the only 
record of a summer brood of suberivora and I failed in a 
search for larvae at a locality in Essex. I suggest that 
entomologists should keep a lookout for summer larvae and 
report them if they are found. 

(2). An additional locality which reached me too late for my 
previous notes is Sittingbourne, Kent, where Dr Ian Watkin- 
son reports finding the mines plentifully. 


B. Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) 

Ectoedemia (Busck 1907) was formerly used as the generic 
name of a group of Nepticula mining petioles, but now has 
been extended to embrace the leaf-mining species of the genus 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Dechtiria (Beirne 1945) which it supersedes in obedience to 
the rule of priority. In this genus we have a new oak-feeding 
species, Ectoedemia quercifoliae Toll. 1937, to add to the 
British list and a life-history to be rewritten for E. atrifrontella 
Stainton, which was formerly supposed to feed on Genista 
(Meyrick 1928, Ford 1949). 


In my previous notes (Ent. Record 83: 248) I stated that 
not all mines of the swbbimaculella type had the characteristic 
slit in the cuticle of the leaf, which meant either that we had 
an additional species or that subbimaculella’s slit was optional. 

Accordingly I made it my task in the autumn of 1971 to 
try to resolve this question. In some localities such as north- 
west Kent only typical subbimaculella mines were to be 
found, but in north Essex, mines without a slit were as 
common as those possessing that feature. An examination 
of the larvae within the mines showed without doubt that two 
species were present, for those in the slitless mines all had 
red-brown heads, as opposed to the blackish brown heads of 
the larvae in the mines which sported the slit cuticle. This 
distinction was constant and a division of a large sample of 
leaves (about 50 of each kind) on larval coloration yielded 
identical results to another based on mine form. Reference 
to Hering (1957) showed that the new species was Ectoedemia 
quercifoliae Toll. 


I sent some of the mines to Dr Klimesch in Austria and 
he confirmed the determination but questioned whether 
auercifoliae was distinct from E. albifasciella Heinemann since 
the larvae look alike and the imagines are indistinguishable 
both in outward appearance and genitalia. In reply I gave 
three reasons why I thought they were separate species. They 
are as follows: 


(i) Time of appearance. In England albifasciella’s larva feeds 
in green leaves in late August and early September, whereas 
quercifoliae feeds in “green islands” in withered or fallen 
leaves in late October and early November. Albifasciella has 
been demonstrated to be univoltine, so there is no question of 
quercifoliae being its second brood. 

(ii) Structure of the mines. (a) albifasciella. The mine starts 
as a slender gallery following the veins with the frass in a 
fine central line leaving clear margins. This leads abruptly 
into a squarish blotch where the frass is deposited along one 
side or in a corner. The blotch is generally well away from 
the midrib and hardly ever occupies the angle between the 
midrib and a lateral vein. 

(b) quercifoliae. The mine starts with a similar slender 
gallery but the line of frass is broad Jeaving no clear margins. 
The transition to a blotch is gradual, the latter being often 
elongated or formed in a series of contiguous ‘S’ turns. The 
frass is deposited in a dense black mass behind the larva as 


(to be continued) 


SUBSPECIES AND FORMS OF ORNITHOPTERA PARADISEA 109 


The Subspecies and Forms of the Tailed Birdwing 
Ornithoptera (Schonbergia) paradisea Staudinger 
(Lepidoptera : Papilionidae) 


By JAN P. HAuUGUM, F.R.E.S. 
(Lundhusvej 53, 7100 Vejle, Denmark) 


and ANDREW M. Low, F.R.E.S. 
(Colne Mead, Mill Road, West Drayton, Middlesex) 


Introduction 

During the process of investigating various taxa of the 
Ornithoptera for inclusion in a Monograph of the Birdwing- 
genera in preparation, some new forms of various status 
have been discovered The authors consider that any descrip- 
tion of new forms above that of individual variation should 
appear only in entomological periodicals, and propose there- 
fore herein the following new subspecies of O. (S) paradisea 
Staudinger 1893. As to the individual forms, much confusion 
exists on the criteria of their validity. Within the genus 
Ornithoptera and its subgenera, to a lesser degree also within 
the allied genera Trogonoptera and Troides, a large scale con- 
fusion exists around the numerous forms and subspecies 
named previously. It is therefore necessary to establish 
descriptions of the normal fluctuation in the pattern of such 
variable species and subspecies, and this will be dealt with in 
the abovementioned Monograph. Most individual variations 
occurring in these genera appear to follow a more or less gra- 
dual change between two or more extremes, and can hence be 
enumerated in a graphic polygon and be statistically worked. 
Once the extremes are established, all names for “inter- 
mediate” forms may be considered unnecessary. Until now it 
has not been possible to identify and describe such series as 
thoroughly as is required, and for this reason alone the de- 
scriptions of the new individual forms identified by the pre- 
sent authors will appear solely in the Birdwing Monograph. 
The characters of a number of new forms are established, but 
we will, with a very few exceptions, desist from naming, them 
until the complete range of normal variation has been 
investigated. 

The Geographical Subspecies and Forms of O. (S) para- 
disea Staudinger, 1893. 

The geographical distribution of O. (S.) paradisea presents 
us with some interesting problems. Until now all known speci- 
mens have been referred to either of three different sub- 
species. 

1. paradisea paradisea Staudinger, 1893: Huon Peninsula 
to Astrolabe Bay in lowlands. This is the nominate 
subspecies. and is well known. 

2. paradisea flavescens Rothschild, 1897: Etna Bay, pro- 
bably lowland. This is based on a sole female specimen 
and its status is doubtful. 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


3. paradisea arfakensis Joicey & Noakes, 1915: Arfak 
Mts. of the Vogelkop Peninsula, high altitude. This is a 
very distinct purely high-altitude subspecies, and the 
distribution is separated from that of the nominate 
subspecies by a waste area. 


A study of museum material and certain recent specimens 
enables us to separate and describe a number of geographical 
subspecies of O. (S.) paradisea. All the new subspecies differ 
more or less distinctly from the type form, but most impor- 
tant is the discovery of geographical intermediates from 
higher altitudes. It is however, not yet possible to link the 
populations from the Central Ranges with those from the 
Northern Ranges and the Huon Peninsula, but indications are 
that we are now approaching a better understanding of the 
spreading of the ancestral forms of paradisea and its sole 
close relative, the peculiar O. (S.) meridionalis Rothschild, 
1897 (see figure 1). 

In the separation of the new forms, the pattern of the 
male abdomen is of importance: a complex median pattern 
occurs in typical p. paradisea from the lowlands. A simple 
median pattern occurs in the high-altitude forms from the 
Northern and Central Ranges. In the Northern specimens the 
median line is accompanied by a pale, whitish border, but no 
such border is present in the Central males recorded to date. 
Certain simple patterned males are known from the area 
inhabited by the typical form, but indications are that these 
are all medium to higher altitude specimens. We consider 
the following geographical subspecies: 

1. The typical paradisea paradisea, inhabiting low altitudes 
in the Huon Peninsula to the west. The westernmost limit, 
which was formerly in the Astrolabe Bay area, is moved to 
East Sepik River. Abdomen with a complex pattern in the 
male sex, a little variable. Dorsal hair-fringes pale ochraceous 
to brownish. 

lb. A small degenerate form of the above, inhabiting the 
southernmost (?) areas of the distribution of the nominate 
sp. (1). Status uncertain. Lowlands only. 

2. paradisea borchi. This newly described subspecies occurs 
in the Central parts of the Northern Ranges: Toricelli and 
' Alexander Mountains, and at Dreikir, East Sepik district, at 
altitudes from 1500 feet (rarely) 2000 to 3000 feet. Male abdo- 
men with a simple median pattern, dorsal fringes snow 
white, outer margin of HW averaging straighter, additional 
golden and iridescent green spots present with a larger fre- 
quency than in the nominate subspecies. Females with 
modified wing-shape and pattern. 


Ornithoptera (Schdnbergia) paradisea borchi ssp. nov. 
Holotype male: N.E. New Guinea: Toricelli Range, 2000 
feet, 16 June 1973. FW: the wings appearing ‘‘narrower”’ 
than in the nominate subspecies, the wingspan being 4 5/8”, 
this character appears fairly constant in the high-altitude 


SUBSPECIES AND FORMS OF ORNITHOPTERA PARADISEA lI] 


specimens. Pattern and colouration very similar to paradisea 
paradisea, the iridescent green areas more yellowish and pro- 
ducing a brightly golden-yellow reflection. In the lower part 
of the median area is a diffused spot or patch of black scales 
within the Cubital band. Except for the abovementioned 
patch, the outlines of the coloured bands are more clean-cut 
and regular than in the nominate subspecies. The Subcostal 
green streak short but prominent, the Costal streak long and 
prominent. The basal portion of the Radial band streak-formed 
and pointed, reaching closer to the base than in average p. 
paradisea males. The Anal band broad, being as broad as the 
black area that separates it from the Cubital band: it ends 
abruptly at mid-dorsum, not being streak-like prolonged as in 
most p. paradisea males. 

HW: very similar to p. paradisea, but inclined to be nar- 
rower towards the tornus. The black outer margin narrower at 
apex. The presence of a prominent patch of iridescent green 
scales at the base of the tail appears to be a fairly constant 
character in high-altitude specimens: in the type male this 
patch is, at base of tail, just as broad as the iridescent 
green which extends down the wing and onto the tail, Anal 
fringe of hair snow white. The HW cell-spot of flat semi- 
translucent golden scales modified in shape, its edge towards 
the dorsal margin being abruptly bent at an angle near its dis- 
tal end, not being regularly curved as in the nominate sub- 
species. 

Abdomen: It is in the abdomen where the major charac- 
ters of this subspecies are evident. Median line simple, i.e. 
clear and clean-cut, not being complex as in P. paradisea 
(figure 2) dark greyish black and extending the full length of 
the abdomen to the last segment. The dark median line bor- 
dered with a relatively wide band of almost white scales grad- 
ually diminishing in width towards the apex: these white 
scales are relatively long and narrow and appear to have a 
somewhat waxy consistency. This scaling very dense, the 
scales curling inwards towards the median line. Remaining 
scaling of abdomen normal, clear brilliant light cadmium yel- 
low. Along the upper margin or base of tergites 3 and 4 the 
general scaling is inclined to become somewhat sparse, leav- 
ing an extremely narrow border of shining black chitin: this 
appears also to a much lesser degree at the base of the second 
tergite. 

Length of forewing: 23”, length of Hindwing including 
tail 2”. 

Allotype female: FW similar to p. paradisea but markedly 
broader from costa to tornus, the wing thereby attaining a 
somewhat different shape. The subapical row of white spots 
prominent, all spots as long as in the nominate subspecies but 
broader. The discal markings consist of the usual two white 
patches, the lower of which is large and not diffused by dark 
scaling at edges, and a third smaller spot beneath them. The 
submarginal row as in p. paradisea. The cell-spot longer than 


112 ENTOMOLOGIS'I’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


broad, unsymmetrical, being bi-parted on the left wing, three- 
parted on the right. HW: markedly more dentate along the 
termen than in p. paradisea, this character particularly pro- 
minent at the termination of veins 4 and 5 (figure 3). Pos- 
terior edge of blackish-brown area at the base less complex 
in pattern than that of the nominate subspecies, marginal black 
broader. Within the pale band the overall diffusion of scat- 
tered brownish scales extends well into the discoidal area, 
leaving only a relatively small area of cream-coloured scales 
at the disc. The central row of black spots large and pro- 
minent, the spots larger than in average p. paradisea. Espec- 
ially the spot above the anal angle is prominently enlarged. 
This character is reminiscent of O. (S.) meridionalis (figure 3). 

Abdomen pale bistre, immaculate without any median line 
or smudge. 

Wingspan 53”, length of FW 33”, breadth at widest point 

PHS. 

3. (no name) (Form or subspecies?) Inhabiting western 
parts of Central Ranges at higher altitudes: Snow Mts. Male 
specimens have the abdomen with a simple median pattern 
consisting of a dark median line without the pale border. Base 
or upper margins of tergites 3 and 4 without a dark line. The 
status of these interesting specimens remains uncertain. 

5b. The ‘‘subspecies” flavescens Rothschild from Etna 
Bay, is based on a single female specimen which apparently 
is only an individual variation. Status uncertain, but indica- 
tions are that it may be connected to the above 3. 

4b. (no name) clinal form or subspecies? Inhabiting the 
areas south of Geelwink Bay, in vicinity of Wangaar, at higher 
altitudes. Only known in female sex, but several specimens 
known. It is somewhat intermediate, but has stronger 
affinities to ssp. arfakensis. This explains why we hesitate 
to see this form in connection with no. 3, which is otherwise 
closer geographically. Status remains uncertain. 

4. paradisea arfakensis Joicey & Noakes 1915. The very 
distinct subspecies from Arfak Mts. Higher altitudes only. 


Conclusions 


All specimens hereto known of the tailed species Ornithop- 
tera (Schonbergia) paradisea have been referred to either the 
nominate subspecies from lowlands in N.E. New Guinea, or to 
the high-altitude ssp. arfakensis from western New Guinea. 
A third “subspecies”, flavescens Rothsch. is only known in one 
female specimen. Recent studies necessitate a re-arrangement 
of the various forms, inasmuch as diverging geographical 
populations have been discovered. One new subspecies is 
described from higher altitudes in the Northern Ranges: 
Toricelli. The name flavescens may, when correct status of 
the new taxa are established, remain that of an individual 
female form. A new geographical form, which is not named, 
is recorded from areas between that of ssp. arfakensis and the 
last mentioned. The briefness of this paper is explained by 


PLATE VI 


© Paradisea 
O merndionalis 


Fig. £ 
5 lea poe pattern 
typical p.paradisea 
2 Simple pattern Simple pattern 
' S8p. borchi. central form, 
[a _, 


| - 
| 


i @ 


SUBSPECIES AND FORMS OF ORNITHOPTERA PARADISEA' 113 


the presence of a Monograph covering all Birdwing genera 
and species which is in preparation and will soon be pub- 
lished. We refer the interested readers to this work for further 
particulars. The types of the new subspecies are at present 
in coll. Low, but will eventually be placed in the British 
Museum (Nat. Hist.). 

The other geographical forms are represented in Brit. Mus. 
(Nat. Hist.) at South Kensington. The geographic occurrences 
and altitudes of the forms are related in figure 4. The figures 
being modified from the Monograph, which work will also 
contain reproductions of the new subspecies. 


TEXT TO THE FIGURES 


Fig. 1. Reconstructed spreading of ancestral paradisea and meridion- 
alis forms inhabiting the great Central Ranges, to present populations 
of the two species. Recent observations indicate that the spreading of 
p. paradisea may not have taken place through East Papua north to 
Finisterre Mts. (as indicated by a broken line), but north to the 
northern coastal Ranges from Central Dutch New Guinea. The geo- 
graphical forms enlisted in the text as 3, 3B, and 4B remain closest to 
the hypothetical ancestral area of origin. 


Fig. 2. Pattern of Male Abdomen in the Geographical Forms of 
O. (S.) paradisea 


1: The complex-type pattern of the typical paradisea paradisea 


Fig. a to g: The lowland form complex pattern is a little variable in 
details, but the average specimens are patterned as fig. a to c: in a 
few examples the upper portion of the median line is more or less 
dissolved or becoming diffuse (fig. c). In rare examples it becomes 
slightly modified, the upper parts being fused with the “border” (fig. e). 
The lower part of the complex pattern is always pointed, and in some 
examples an increase of black scaling forms a long dark pointed 
triangle by fusion of the median line and the borders, (fig. c, e), which 
triangle may rarely cover the complete length of a segment or more 
(fig. d). In a very few specimens the uppermost portion of the pattern 
is reduced. and hence of a much less complex type, the black scaling 
being intensified at the interstices, the borders much less defined: 
such males have rarely been recorded from the area of occurrence of 
the typical form, but have probably come from higher altitudes. Such 
specimens may be referred to spp. borchi, of which they form the 
eastermost and specialized occurrences. 


2 and 3: The simple-type pattern of the higher-altitude forms 


Fig. h to j: pattern of ssp. borchi, a simple median line accompanied 
by a border of pale curled scales. The orientation of the pale curled 
scales are shown in fig. h, and must not be mistaken for dark scales. 
Fig. k: the simple-type pattern known for the very few males re- 
corded from the western Central Highlands. A simple median line 
without any border. It should be noticed that in many specimens the 
partial or complete collapse of the chitin of the sensatory areas 
(which are particularly evident in this species) can be very misleading, 
altering the actual appearance of the pattern. Apart from the usual 
lateral distortions sustained by the drying out of the abdomen, the 
relatively thin chitin of the sensatory area often collapses downwards— 
forming a deep groove down the back of the abdomen. This depression 
often reaching a marked degree, especially towards the last segments 


(fig. 1, a section-cut through the middle of the abdomen). 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Data of specimens figured: 
a: Gwelin Range, E. Sepik, 700 ft. h: Toricelli Range, 2,000 ft. 


b: no data, German N.G. j: Prince Alexander Range 1,500 
c: Finisterre Mts., low altitude ft. 

d: Finisterre Mts., low altitude j: Jrince Alexander Range 1,500 
e: no data, German N.G. ft. 

f : no data, German N.G. k: Snow Mts. 

g: Stephansort 


Fig. 3. Female hindwing-pattern and shape, simplified. a and b are 

typical paradisea paradisea, the figure a representing Pagenstecher’s= 

Staudinger’s typus, figure c representing paradisea borschi type 
specimen 


Fig. 4. Geographical distribution and altitudes of O. (S.) paradisea. 

The small insert map (top right) indicates previous recorded occur- 

ences. The arrows on the main map indicate probable distribution of 

the forms: a dotted line indicates probable former or present clines. 

Notice that the arrows do not indicate the direction of the spreading 

of the ancestral forms, see map, fig. 1. Notice also geographical over- 
lap of subspecies 1 and 2 


New Records of Lepidoptera in Malformed 


Inflorescence of Mango in thePunjab 


By G. S. SANDHU AND JOGINDER SINGH 
(Dept. of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, 
Ludhiana) 


Mango malformation, both floral and vegetative is a com- 
plex and serious malady throughout India. Affected inflores- 
cence due to atypical growth, turns into a thick fluffy black 
mass. Many insects hide in such heads but very little informa- 
tion is available on insects breeding inside the diseased inflores- 
cence. It is however important to have data on the role of such 
sources in harbouring different pests. 

During 1971-72, three lepidopterous insects were reared 
from malformed flowers. A small brownish moth Pyroderces 
sp. (Cosmopterygidae) was most abundant constituting 80 per 
cent of emerged moths followed by a grey yellowish moth, 
Hypsipygia mauritialis Boisd. (Pyralidae) while Dichocrocis 
punctiferalis Gn. (Pyralidae) with deep brilliant yellow wings 
having conspicuous black dots constituted 5-7 per cent of the 
moth population. Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gn. was reported by 
Fletcher (1914) infesting mango flowers, outside Southern 
India (probably he referred to malformed flowers). The others 
have not been reported so far. So malformed heads acted as 
unwanted reservoirs of pest breeding. Removal of malformed 
inflorescence of mango is a standard recommendation for mini- 
mising the disease. Present information further emphasises 
their removal and proper disposal as well, because Pyroderces 
sp. and D. punctiferalis are pests of other crops also. 

Authors thank Director British Museum (N.H.) London, for 
insect identification and Dr O. S. Bindra, Professor and Head, 
Department of Entomology, for facilities. 

REFERENCE 
Fletcher, T. B. (1914). Some South Indian insects and other animals of 
economic importance. Supdt. Govt. Press, Madras, p. 433. 


PEATE Wii 


typical paradisea paradisea Paradisea Borchi mm 


Fig. 3 


SSNS 150° 


= 
é 
> 
WSS 
5000 
a 4000 
\ ae EES, : 
2S Gee 
: ies |g oe 
Fig. 4 


JIN FEET 


NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS, 1973 = 115 


New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records 
for 1973 


By L. W. Siccs 
(Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants.) 


After the disappointment of the last two years, the better 
summer weather of 1973 brought a notable increase in at least 
some of the macrolepidoptera. The following figures may be 
compared with my Report for 1972 and earlier years (Ent. Rec. 
84: 92). 


Specimens Species 
Nights Total Average Average 
March 24 1023 48 ft 
April 29 2490 86 8 
May 31 875 28 12 
June 29 5633 as 36 
July 30 11152 312 49 
August 31 13264 428 42 
September 27 3164 116 16 
October 29 814 28 9 
November 11 277 25 6 


The improvement did not occur until July and August with 
a record average catch in both those months. The total num- 
ber of species recorded during the year was 3353. 

Those species which turned up in numbers which were sub- 
stantially higher than in previous years are detailed below, 
showing in brackets the previous best since 1961. 


Noctua pronuba L. 9607 (4168) 

Noctua (Euschesis) comes Hubn. 315 (220) 
Noctua (Euschesis) janthina Schiff. 1074 (505) 
Noctua (Euschesis) interjecta Hubn. 163 (76) 
Xestia (Amathes) xanthographa Schiff. 447 (357) 
Xestia (Amathes) sexstrigata Haw. 242 (148) 
Xestia (Amathes) triangulum Hufn. 208 (178) 
Diarsia brunnea Schiff. 126 (103) 

Bena prasinana L. 58 (43) 

Lycophotia porphyrea Schiff. (varia Vill.) 2628 (1276) 
Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. 601 (312) 
Paradiarsia (Amathes) glareosa Esp. 55 (37) 
Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. 121 (41) 

Agrochola (Anchoscelis) helvola L. 175 (152) 
Autographa (Plusia) gamma L. 1323 (975) 
Cyclophora (Cosymbia) linearia Hubn. 70 (13) 
Eupithecia nanata Hubn. 172 (142) 


It is interesting to note that four species of the genus 
Noctua are included, three of them (pronuba, janthina and 
interjecta) more than doubling the previous record. 


There were three additions to the Minstead list :— 
Scotopteryx (Ortholitha) chenopodiata L. 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Hyles (Celerio) galliz Rott. (see Ent. Rec. 85: 225) 

Autographa (Plusia) bractea L. (see ditto.) 
(Correction: —The addition in the 1972 list (Ent. Rec. 84: 93) 
shown as Perizoma didymata L. should read Perizoma 
bifaciata Haw. 

The following species, which are not common here, were 
recorded:—Xylena vetusta Hubn., Anaplectoides prasina 
Schiff., Hypena crassalis Fab. (Bomolocha fontis Thunb.), 
Idaea (Sterrha) seriata Schranck, Arenostola phragmitidis 
Hubn., Euxoa nigricans L. Mesoligia (Procus) literosa Haw., 
Mesoleuca albicillata L. (a small, somewhat worn specimen 
with no border to the hindwings), Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., 
Chesias legatella Schiff. 

MIGRANTS. After three poor years for migrants, 1973 
saw a great improvement. The following were recorded :— 

Autographa (Plusia) gamma L. (1323) including a 
melanic variety, ab. nigricans Spuler. 

Plutella xylostella L. (maculipennis Curt.) (21) 

Peridroma saucia Hubn. (porphyrea Edelsten) (36) 

Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (97) 

Herse convolvuli L. (1) 

Rhodometra sacraria L. (4) 

Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (10) 

Orthonama (Nycterosea) obstipata Fab. (3) 

Hyles (Celerio) gallit Rott. (1) (see above) 

Lithosia quadra L. (7) 

Udea ferrugalis Hubn. (1) 


Perhaps Autographa (Plusia) bractea L. (1) was a migrant. 


POLYMORPHISM 
Biston betularia L. Idaea (Sterrha) aversata L. 
typical 130 (86%) 
carbonaria 10 ( 7%) remutata 89 (65%) 
insularia (aio) aversata 47 (35%) 


Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Clerck). One specimen of the red 
form, the first I have seen in the 1400 specimens recorded 
over the years. 

Apamea crenata Hufn. typical 7, ab. alpecurus Esp. 4, 
ab. combusta Hubn. 11. 

Alcis repandata L. typical 70, ab. consonaria Hubn. 2. 

Eilema deplana Esp. typical 10, ab. unicolor 9. 

Eilema griseola Hubn. typical 7, ab. flava Haw. 3. 

Semiothisa liturata Clerck typical 22, ab. nigrofulvata 1. 


A Plea for Hardwoods 


By J. P. SANKEY-BARKER 
(Plas Llangattock, Crickhowell, Breconshire) 


Postwar development has wrought many changes in our 
landscape — mostly for the worse. One of the more regret- 


A PLEA FOR HARDWOODS 117 


table has been due to the extensive felling of hardwood trees. 
Whole woodlands of these have been cleared, to be replanted 
almost exclusively with conifers, while hedgerow trees and 
small oranamental clumps planted mainly for amenity have 
been ruthlessly laid low, and others all too seldom planted in 
their place. Moreover, the felling continues unabated. De- 
spite the slogan “Plant a Tree in ’73” more hardwoods were 
felled last year—at least in these parts—than were planted. 


This process, if persisted in, is bound to lead to a grave 
diminution of our native fauna and flora, and none more so 
in regard to lepidoptera with which aspect this article is 
chiefly concerned. To take the oak, for example, the principle 
component of so many woods throughout Britain. According 
to Scorer (Entomologist’s Log-Book) and Ford (Guide to the 
Smaller British Levidoptera) this tree is the food-plant for the 
larvae of 190 species of butterflies and moths, 92 being either 
scarce or local. Indeed, the larvae of 68 species solely depend 
on it, and of these no less than 45 are local or rare. Among 
them Thecla quercus L. (Purple Hairstreak), Catocala sponsa 
L. (Dark Crimson Underwing), C. promissa D. & S. (Light 
Crimson Underwing), Polyploca ridens Fab. (Frosted Green), 
Moma alpium Osbeck (Scarce Merveille du Jour), Dicycla oo 
L. (Heart Moth), Microthrix similella Zincken, Acrobasis 
tumidana D. & S., Phyllonorycter muelleriella Z., and Calop- 
tilia leucapennella Stephens are but a few of the more 
vulnerable. Moreover, the list does not include a number of 
lepidoptera which though they may not feed on oak are pro- 
bably dependant upon it in some way or other during part of 
their life-cycle. Such are Apatura iris (Purple Emperor) 
whose males — as is well-known — resort to high oaks over 
which they fly and rest, and among the moths Miltochrista 
miniata Forster (Rosy Footman) whose larva feeds on Algae 
growing on oaks. 

What applies to the oak applies in some degree to most 
other hardwoods — to the wych-elm for instance, the foodplant 
of the decidedly local and in many places far from common 
Strymonidia w-album Knock (White-letter Hairstreak), which 
may become even scarcer as a consequence of elm disease. 
There is also the vast number of lepidoptera, some of con- 
siderable rarity, which depend on the lesser growths which 
flourish in the rich humus and light shade provided by most 
large hardwoods, and conspicuously not by evergreen conifers. 

Lepidoptera, however, are but one out of the many forms 
of life more or less dependant on hardwoods, and the pro- 
bable extinction of certain species of these but a part of the 
ecological impoverishment which will occur should wholesale 
felling continue. It therefore behoves all genuinely concerned 
with the conservation of our native fauna and flora to demand 
that this destructive process be halted forthwith and more 
hardwoods planted, especially oak so as to make good previous 
wastage. 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/IV/7T4 


On the Reported Occurrence of Maculinea arion 
L. in South West Ireland 


By Mark JEFFARES 
(34 Highfield Road, Rathgar, Dublin 6) 


I wish to state that Mr H. C. Huggins (Ent. Rec., 85: 236) 
is not the sole survivor of the Large Blue investigation, for I 
am the “youth” who originally consulted Mr E. S. A. Baynes 
on finding the insect in Co. Cork, and I still have his letters 
to me on the subject. 

In the year in question, I believe 1962, I found about a 
dozen or so large bluish butterflies which I now believe to be 
M. arion. I managed to catch and, unfortunately, kill two 
specimens of this insect which was flying quite slowly in the 
open space immediately adjacent to the ruins of Dunboy 
Castle, Castledown, Bearhaven, Co. Cork. Being only a novice 
at the time (aged about 11 but with 4 years interest), I caught 
and killed the two specimens and placed them between leaves 
of a small pocket diary, having no other container than this. 
After a few days I lost interest in the rather crushed insects 
and threw them away. Both my parents were present at the 
time and vaguely remember the insects caught. I can 
remember them quite clearly to this day and on later seeing 
the illustration in the Observer’s Book of Butterflies, I was 
convinced that I had seen the Large Blue. I can even remem- 
ber seeing some specimens with larger black markings on the 
upperside of the forewings, these being females. I decided to 
obtain more information which I got from Mr Baynes on the 
status of the insect in Ireland. 

Not being a botanist, I could not say whether or not its 
foodplant Wild Thyme grew there, but I was assured by Mr 
Baynes who subsequently visited the spot that it did not. As 
a result I dropped the matter, feeling that as Mr Baynes knew 
of my observations no useful purpose would be served by 
publication. Since then, however, on gaining more experience 
I became convinced that it could have been none of the pos- 
sible alternatives that Baynes suggested such as Polyommatus 
icarus clara Tutt (which was abundant at this locality) or 
Anaitis plagiata L. (Treble-bar), but that the insect I took was 
in fact M. arion. Incidentally, I have since caught A. plagiata 
at Glengarriff, Co. Cork, but not at Dunboy which I subse- 
quently revisited most years during the first two weeks of 
August. As I have since found no trace of M. arion, I can only 
presume that this may be an instance of an isolated colony 
dying out—hopefully not through my killing two specimens 
for which I have never forgiven myself. 


PLATE VIII 


P. B. M. ALLAN 
in 1958 


OBITUARY 119 


Obituary 


PHILIP BERTRAM MURRAY ALLAN, 
M.B.E., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.E.S. 


The death occurred on 3lst December 1973 at the age of 
89, of Mr P. B. M. Allan well-known to readers of The Ento- 
mologist’s Record as a contributor for many years under his 
own name and under the nom de plume ‘An Old Moth-Hunter’, 
or over the initials ‘O.M.H.’ 


In 1950 when the future of the Record was uncertain and 
in danger of ceasing publication through lack of support Allan 
took over the management and publication, a task he was 
well-fitted to undertake having been a London publisher and 
author since the first world war. 


Under its new management and an active Editor and Edi- 
torial Board, the Record soon started to revive and was im- 
proved in many ways. ‘Features’ which had proved popular 
under Tutt’s management were revived, many of them being 
written each month by Allan himself. Some of the foremost 
entomologists generously supported the new regime, the 
circulation thence rising to a satisfactory figure within a year. 
For the June 1951 issue Allan designed a new cover and this 
has been the outward manifestation of the Record ever since. 


Having seen the magazine, for which he had a great affec- 
tion, well-established once more on a sound financial basis, 
Allan brought his period of management of The Entomolo- 
gist’s Record to an end but he continued to contribute notes 
and articles from time to time. 


Philip Allan was the author of three books, A Moth- 
Hunter’s Gossip, Talking of Moths and Moths and Memories, 
all written in lighter vein but still with the intention of stim- 
ulating deep thought into the many interesting problems pre- 
sented by the Lepidoptera, for his early training in medicine 
and biology had provided him with a penetrating mind and his 
country upbringing in Berkshire had engendered keen powers 
of observation. No doubt he owed his very early interest in 
the Lepidoptera to his father’s tutelage, for he was also a 
‘moth-hunter’ and a most painstaking observer of nature. 


Philip Allan was educated at Charterhouse and Clare 
College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in science, 
but he soon decided that a medical career was not for him 
and entered the publishing world where his love of books 
found full play. About 1912, having become interested in the 
sources of mediaeval history while at Cambridge, he became 
a contributor to a dictionary of Mediaeval Latin, for which 
researches he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Anti- 
quaries in 1921. 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/IV/74 


After service in the London Scottish and in Military 
Intelligence during the first war, he returned to publishing 
and, at the request of the Home Office, founded The Police 
Journal, which he continued to edit and publish for 30 years. 
In 1937 he also founded The Journal of Criminal Law which he 
ran until late in 1972. 


Between the wars, Allan found time to indulge his love of 
entomology again to the full, living as he then was on the 
borders of Hertfordshire and Essex, and in 1935 he was a co- 
founder of the Bishop’s Stortford and District Natural History 
Society. Shortly after the second war he was appointed a 
member of a local National Trust committee charged with 
the care of Hatfield Forest. 


So, the Old Moth-Hunter is no more! But though his pen 
is now laid aside, perhaps through his writings he will continue 
to recall, for others, happy days in the fields and woodland 
glades in pursuit of their mutual interest in entomology. 


T.A. 


Notes and Observations 


POLYOMMATUS ICARUS ROTTEMBURG (LEP.: LYCAENIDAE) IN 
SHETLAND.—Only a few hours before returning from a holiday 
in Shetland on 25th August 1973, I was delighted to see a 
male specimen of P. icarus Rott. flying over steeply sloping 
coastal ground at Spiggie on the South Mainland of Shetland. 
In half an hour I saw a total of two males and two females. 
One female I observed was ovipositing on Lotus corniculatus 
within a few feet of a young fulmar on nest (the latter was 
protesting loudly at my intrusion). The other female was se- 
cured and I could detect no obvious difference in this example 
from the univoltine race on the Scottish mainland. This 
specimen is now in the British Museum collection. The only 
other record was a male butterfly taken on the dunes at Sum- 
burgh by Mr B. Goater in August 1968. (Ent. Gaz., 20: 79).— 
Dr M. W. Harper, Cotham, Upperfields, Ledbury, Hereford- 
shire. 


A REMARKABLE EMERGENCE.—During the evening of the 
21st February a little electricity was used to see how the 
moths were emerging in this mild winter. As expected there 
were plenty of Alsophila aescularia (D. & S.) Apocheima hispi- 
daria (D. & S.) and pilosaria (D. & S.) with odd Agriopis 
leucophaearia (D. & S.) and A. marginaria (Fab.) but a speci- 
men of Ochropleura plecta (Linn.) was a complete surprise.— 
R. FarrcLtoucn, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate, 
Surrey, 22.11.1974, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 121 


ETAINIA SPHENDAMNI HERING — A CoRRECTION. — In my 
key for the determination of the species of Etainia (Ent Re- 
cord: 85: 281) I stated that the males of sericopeza Zeller 
and sphendamni lacked androconial scales on the hind-wing. 
More than a year has passed since I wrote those notes and 
in the interval I have bred and set further specimens of 
sphendamni. In doing so I have learnt that the male hind- 
wing does, in fact, have a basal patch of androconial scales 
on the upperside, but it is very small and completely over- 
lapped by the forewing in set specimens. The same may well 
be true of sericopeza. Accordingly I have emended my own 
copy of the article (p. 281 11 3-4) to read ‘Male hindwings 
with androconial scales on the upperside hidden by fore- 
wings”. These androconial scales show conspicuously in set 
specimens of decentella Herrich Schaffer, so the character 
is still a useful mark of distinction. 

The new edition of the Kloet and Hincks Check List of 
British Lepidoptera gives the following synonymy :— 

sericopeza (Zeller, 1839) 
? louisella (Sircom 1849) 
sphendamni (Hering 1934) 


It is quite certain that louisella is one or other of these 
two species. If I am right in my belief that sericopeza does 
not occur in Britain, it must be sphendamni. In that case it 
is the senior name for that species and sphendamni is reduced 
to synonymy. I am informed that Sircom’s collection is in the 
museum at Bristol but (I hope this is incorrect) that it is not 
available for study: an examination of Sircom’s specimens 
should settle the matter—A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, 
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, 10.11.1974. 


THERA JUNIPERATA L. (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) COMES NorRTH.— 
When we published the Revised Yorkshire List (The Lepidop- 
tera of Yorkshire reprinted from The Naturalist 1967-70) all 
there was to say about this species was “Not recorded since 
Porritt’s List”. Porritt only recorded two specimens, one at 
Birstwith in Nidderdale in 1885 and one at Acklam near 
Middlesbrough in 1900. The latter was thought to have been 
‘Smported with juniper bushes in churchyard”’. 


There is no evidence that anyone has tried to follow up 
either of these localities and the species was not recorded 
again in Yorkshire until 1968 when Dr I. J. Faulkner, operating 
a Rothamsted trap at Harrogate took specimens on 15th and 
22nd October, a fact recorded among other Stop-Press items 
on the last page of the aforementioned publication; they were 
of the large Southern form not the dwarf Scottish race. In 
the years 1956 to 1966 I had operated a Robinson trap reg- 
ularly in Harrogate and never seen the species. nor did Dr 
Faulkner see it again for four years but he tells me that it 
turned up again this year on 4th November. 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


The moth is almost as scarce on the West side of the 
Pennines, the Ellis/Mansbridge list for Lancashire and 
Cheshire published by the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- 
logical Society in 1940 gives no record for Cheshire and refers 
to it as “‘scarce and local about juniper in N. Lancs (Silverdale 
and Warton)”. Rev. J. H. Vine-Hall worked Hutton Roof Crag, 
a few miles East of these localities, until a few years ago and 
has told me that he never took it there in spite of an extensive 
expanse of wild juniper. 

I was therefore surprised and delighted to find a specimen 
on my lighted front door on 27th October 1973 and felt sure 
I had a new County record. However, on checking with Mr 
Alan Creaser, the secretary of the Lancashire and Cheshire 
Entomological Society, I found that he had forestalled me by 
three days, taking a specimen at Leasowe in the Wirral. I 
then checked with Monk’s Wood who put me in touch with 
Mr R. Tratt of Wistaston, near Crewe, who took two specimens 
in October 1970 and several in 1971! 

Our suspicions are similar to those of Mr Elgee of Acklam. 
Harrogate, Alderley Edge, Leasowe and Wistaston are all 
residential areas with plenty of large gardens. Present day 
attempts to reduce the labour involved in maintaining such 
gardens has led to much planting of shrubs, juniper among 
them. The conclusion is obvious, it only remains to find the 
larvae!—C. I. RutHerrorp. Longridge, Macclesfield Road, 
Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK9 7BL. 


NEPTICULA AENEELA HEINEMANN AS DISTINCT FROM N. 
OXYACANTHELLA STAINTON.—In my Notes on some of the British 
Nepticulidae II currently appearing in The Entomologist’s 
Record, I invited readers in this country and on the continent 
to give their opinions on whether aeneella and oxyacanthella 
were distinct (Ent. Rec., 85: 176). I have received a most 
interesting letter on the subject from Mr B. J. Lempke of 
Holland. He refers to the Dutch handbook on Lepidoptera 
Der Vlinders van Nederland by P. T. C. Snellen (1882). 
Snellen, who was in close touch with the leading entomologists 
of his day and exchanged specimens with them, gives a de- 
scription of aeneella and a comparison between it and oxy- 
acanthella which correspond very closely with those I gave 
based on material in the British Museum (Natural History): 
moreover, Snellen’s descriptions were made from fresh 
material received from Albarda and von Heinemann himself. 
Mr Lempke adds his own judgement that “it is quite clear 
that oxyacanthella and aeneella are different species’. 

Snellen describes aeneella as feeding on Malus and Pyrus, 
and oxyacanthella as feeding on Crataegus, Malus and Sorbus 
aucuparia. He thought he once found larvae of aeneella; they 
were “green caterpillars on apple, in mines like those of 
oxzyacanthella but broader at the end and with the frass less 
distinctly arranged in a spiral”. This is the fullest description 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 123 


we have of the mine of aeneella, but as the moths were not 
bred we cannot be quite sure of the determination. 

I am most grateful to Mr Lempke for his letter which adds 
weight to the opinions I expressed, viz. (a) aeneella and oxy- 
acanthella are distinct; (b) modern continental microlepidop- 
terists have lost sight of aeneella and are confusing apple- 
feeding oxyacanthella with it; and (c) there is no valid evi- 
dence for the occurrence of aeneella in Britain A. M. Emmet, 


Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, 
$1.1.1974. 


INFERTILITY IN FEMALE HyLES GALLI Rott.— On 25th July 
1961 I trapped at Ottershaw, Surrey a female H. gallii which 
was in fair condition, almost certainly an immigrant, since 
eight other examples were recorded in widely distant places 
between 21st July and Ist August (French, Entomologist, 96: 
36). It was kept for eggs but laid none for nine days; when on 
point of natural death it produced 35, which proved infertile, 
and I judged from its appearane that many more remained 
in the body. I see that in the October number there are two 
other reports (Ent. Rec., 85: 247) of infertile females caught 
at light in 1973; and I have heard of similar disappointments, 
besides my own, in earlier years. It looks, therefore, as if Mr 
K. G. W. Evans’ suggestion (Ent. Rec., 85: 298) that females 
of the Sphingidae will not fly until they have been mated 
cannot be sustained in the case of H. gallii; and that the fact 
that his example taken at Sandwich on 10th August was barren 
gives no clue to whether it was immigrant or locally bred. The 
records of other probable immigrants, for example of Eurois 
occulta (L.), show that females are often infertile when caught 
in Britain, the migratory urge (or is it just a strong favourable 
wind?) apparently overtakes them before a male has found 
them, and the chance that this will happen after they have 
been dispersed by migration is obviously small, though Mr J. 
Briggs has reported a slightly assisted case of this in the 
October number. 

In conclusion, may I register a heartfelt though no doubt 
unavailing protest at the recent substitution of ‘“aalli Rot- 
temburg, 1775” for the ‘“galii Denis and _ Schiffermuller, 
1775” as the necessary name for this species? No doubt the 
authors of the new Kloet and Hincks have done their home- 
work correctly and have found that Rottemburg did spell it 
like that and that under the international rules he has the 
priority. But for both authors the reference is clearly to 
Galium L. the most usual food-plant of the species, and it 
seems absurd that the school-boy spelling howler of Rottem- 
burg or his printer should after two centuries be revived and 
immortalised to give a meaningless Gallic suggestion. Surely 
the international rules can do better than that or, if they 
cannot, their interpretors should use a sensible discretion.— 
R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford. 
Surrey, GU5, OLE, 13.11.74. 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Micrants 1n 1975 — Sad to say I missed the two main 
migrant periods in Gloucestershire, in late July and early Sep- 
tember. I left home for Shetland on July 18th and no Hyles 
gall Rott. came my way. In September, however, I was 
lucky enough to be in Cornwall, where things were different. 
On the nights of August 26th and 27th I was staying with 
friends at Boscastle and ran two traps, one at their house, high 
on the hill above Boscastle, and the other low in the valley at 
Crackington Haven. The night of August 26th was very 
warm and Plusia gamma L. swarmed in both traps, possibly 
1000 plus at Boscastle and 2000 plus at Crackington. In addi- 
tion Boscastle produced one Leucania vitellina Hiibn and 
Crackington one Agrius convolvuli L. Next night conditions 
were much less favourable and the Silver Ys had mostly 
moved on, though a second Convolvulus Hawk appeared at 
Crackington. 


Next day, 28th I moved down to a farmhouse on the Lizard 
peninsular, to be greeted again by A. convolvuli and L. vitel- 
lina, both at my second trap which I was running on the coast 
not far away. I then had to return home to visit an aged aunt 
who had had a serious fall. I returned to S. Cornwall on 
September 4th, giving up a projected visit to Scilly in order 
to be on call. I now ran three traps, one at my farm, another 
on the coast, and a Heath Trap on an inland heather moor. 
During the period September 4-9th, I saw two more A. con. 
volvuli, two H. armigera Hiibn., September 5th, 9th and 6 L. 
vitellina, one L. l-album L., which I consider to be a true 
migrant, never having seen it before in this area, which I have 
visited regularly for a number of years, and 5 Rhodometra 
sacraria L. During the nights of September 7th, 8th and 9th 
my coastal trap was filled with innumerable P. gamma, to the 
exclusion, it seemed, of anything more desirable. My days 
were spent surf-bathing and bird watching and I am afraid I 
did little with the butterflies, though it may be of interest 
to note that I saw Cynthia cardui L. singles, possibly the same 
individual, at the Portland Bird Observatory on September 
23th, 30th. — Austin Richardson, Beaudesert Park, Minchin- 
hampton, Glos. 


SWARMING OF TIPULA LUNATA L. (DIPTERA: TIPULINAE) AT 
Lope, CAMBRIDGESHIRE. — On the 11th June 1973 at about 9 
p.m. on a warm evening, I noticed several large craneflies 
flying about underneath a walnut tree at Lode in Cambridge- 
shire. Further investigation revealed seven males of the 
genus Tipula, two of which were captured and found to be 
T. lunata. They were dancing up and down in a rather un- 
gainly, disorganised manner, at times two would tangle to- 
gether and fall to the long grass below, before parting to con- 
tinue dancing as before. Although no females were seen, the 


CURRENT LITERATURE Zs 


behaviour of the males suggest a swarming prior to mating, 
a habit well known in Winter gnats and a number of the 
Limoniinae but as tar as I know never before recorded in the 
sub-family Tipulinae. 

[ would like to thank Mr A. E. Stubbs for checking the 
identification for me.—l. Perry, 27 Mill Road, Lode, Cambs. 


Current Literature 


Butterflies of the World by Brigadier H. L. Lewis. xvit+312 
(including 208 col. pl.); Harrap Books, £10.00. 


In his preface, the author points out that this book is in- 
tended to illustrate a great majority ot the world’s buttertly 
species without repeating descriptive text already published 
elsewhere, in a single volume of not unreasonable proportions. 

This preface sets out in the simplest language how to use 
the book. Technical terms are avoided, but the author does 
not talk down to his readers; the matter is acceptable to the 
novice as it is to the trained entomologist. Something over 
9,000 species are illustrated in over 7,000 figures so as to 
cover sex dimorphism and undersides where it is desirable 
that these should be shown. With this number of species 
under one cover, one might think it an extremely difficult 
task to run down an insect, but the plates are divided into 
six geographical areas: Europe and Africa north of the 
Sahara, North America, South and Central America, Africa 
south of the Sahara, Asia south of the Himalayas and Austra- 
lasia (called Indo-Australasia), and Asia north of the 
Himalayas. These areas are distinctly shown on a world map. 

It is made clear that there is little to be gained by figuring 
species which may only be differentiated by dissection, and 
others which are too rare to be likely to come before the 
great majority of interested readers. 

In the plates for the above-mentioned regions, the same 
order of families is maintained throughout; the genera are 
arranged alphabetically, in the families, and the species alpha- 
betically in the genera. 

The plates are numbered consecutively through the book 
as pages and these numbers run on through the text and 
index. Each plate has at its foot a small world map with the 
relevant region blacked in. To save space for the dual pur- 
poses of economy in both size and cost, families with large 
species have their size reduced as shown against the family 
heading, thus: Papilionidae (1:2) and in order to preserve 
relativity, that reduction is maintained throughout the family. 

The species figured are given their scientific names at the 
foot of the page, and the reader then turns to the text, where 
the plate numbers are shown in bold type, and the species are 
numbered as on the plate. Here the details given are: 
Scientific Name and Author responsible, Common name, Areas 
of distribution, Terrain normally inhabited, Larval foodplant, 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Resemblances and differences between sexes, Additional in- 
formation, Varieties and sub-species, and Similar species. De- 
tails are always in the above order, but of course, not every 
species warrants full treatment, and only the heads necessary 
are used. 

The relation between text and plates is carried on in the 
index where plate and figure numbers are the only informa- 
tion given (species not illustrated are printed in italics and 
referred to the nearest illustrated species) but this is all that 
is required. 

The plates are all made from colour photographs of duly 
authenticated specimens in the British Museum (Natural 
History) collection, and the reproduction by the colour printer 
has been consistently excellent. The organisation of this work 
does great credit to the author, for it brings the subject within 
the reach of readers of all grades. The book should have 
world-wide interest and it is a must for scientific libraries in 
all countries; the short accounts in the text are in simple 
English which should be understandable in most countries, and 
the Chinese proverb: ‘A good picture is worth a thousand 
words” is well borne out. 

I understand that some proof corrections were overlooked 
by the printer, but these will become apparent in due course. 

The plates are on good art paper and the text and index 
on stout matt surface paper, the printing is well done and 
clear, and the book is strongly bound in boards covered with 
imitation leather, and has an ornamental paper protective 
jacket. 

The author is to be congratulated on the conception of 
this work, which is, I think, the first worldwide collection of 
butterfly illustrations in one volume, where the text is reduced 
to keep the book within bounds of both price and bulk. The 
price today is most reasonable for the value offered.—S.N.A.J. 


The Science of Entomology by William R. Romoser, 4to, xii 
449. Collier Macmillan Publishers, London, £4.50. 


In his preface, the author points out the huge extent of the 
world of entomology, and that his object is to give the subject 
a broad and balanced coverage. He goes on to say that he has 
treated entomology as a branch of biology which has applied 
aspects, but which is not, strictly, an applied science, the 
major portion of the text being concerned with structure and 
function at various levels of biological organisation, and unity 
and diversity as a result of organic evolution. 

The sequence of topics has been arranged in the way the 
author thinks most appropriate, and each chapter is designed 
so that it may be read and understood with minimal reference 
to other chapters. He adds that its major roéle is in the one- 
quarter one-semester course in general entomology, but that 
it should be capable of assisting the professional entomologist 
in some specialized areas. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 27 


The text is divided into three parts: Structure and Func- 
tion, Unity and Diversity, and Applied Aspects of Entomology. 
These parts are in turn divided into sections, opening Part 1 
with an introduction covering a wide range of subjects. Sec- 
tion 2, headed The Integumentary System, is sub-divided into 
Histology of Insects, Chemical Composition of the Cuticle, 
Sclerotination, Coloration, Moulting and Ecdyses and External 
Integumentary Processes. Section 3, headed Alimentary, 
Circulatory, Ventilatory and Excretory Systems gives close 
attention to all these subjects. Section 4 is headed The 
Nervous, Endocrine and Muscular Systems; 5, Sensory Mech- 
anism, Light and Sound production; 6, Locomotion; 7, 
Behaviour; 8, Reproduction and Morphogenesis, and 9, Insects 
and their Environment. 

Each of these Parts is profusely illustrated by excellently 
clear line drawings, photographs, micro-photographs and 
scanning electron micrographs, and also charts. 

Part 3 gives a great deal of information on beneficial and 
pestilent insects, and the problems arising from this differen- 
tiation are closely examined. Attacks on growing plants are 
first discussed, then stored products, and finally man and 
animals with the resultant disease and discomfort. After the 
problems, the solutions are discussed at length; biological 
control by parasites and predators, pathogenic microbes, com- 
petitors, sterilisation and genetic control, and finally, resistant 
hosts. Finally, the handling of the material used for these 
purposes is studied in very close detail, and the troubles which 
might arise from mishandling are pointed out. After these 
biological methods, chemical insecticides and repellants and 
also mechanical methods are dealt with. After this discussion 
of pests, beneficial insects are discussed at some length, the 
aspects ranging from polination to plant control and food for 
birds and animals. 

Finally, references are cited, and there is a good index. 

The book is very well printed, each of the Sections being 
sub-divided under headings printed in heavy type, and, to me, 
a very great advantage is that in spite of the quarto format, 
the pages are printed with a wide margin for notes and illus- 
trations, thus sparing the reader from havnig to read letter- 
press extending right across a quarto page. The type is good 
and clear and the paper is of excellent quality. The whole is 
strongly bound in cloth boards. On the grounds of both 
contents and price, this book should be welcomed by students, 
but it also has a place on the bookshelves of all who are in- 
terested in entomology.—S.N.A.J. 


From Dr Dalibor Povolny of Prague, I have the following 
separates: 


Two papers from Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Academiae 
Scientiarum Bohemoslovacae, Brno, III new series 1969, 12 
(nr. 218): Ergebnisse der Zoologischen Forschungen von Dr Z. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/1V/74 


Kazab in den Mongolei, (Tribus Gnorimoscheminae, Lep. 
Gelechiidae). In this paper the author describes 35 new taxa 
(32 spp. and 3 sub-spp) of the tribe Gnorimoschemini Povolny 
1964 from Mongolia. Of the genus Scrobipalpa Janse 1951 
(sub-genus Euscrobipalpa Povolny 1967) he gives 25 descrip- 
tions of sub-species and preliminary descriptions of four sub- 
species. Three species of Vladimiria and three sub-spp. of 
other genera are described as new. 196 genitalia drawings 
are given and 52 wing-pattern figures. The paper is in German 
with an English summary. 

This is followed in VII:2 new series, 1973 of the same 
publication by another paper under the same title. Dr Povolny 
mentions that the Tribe Gnorimoschemini is represented from 
Mongolia by 52 named species, of which 36 have been de- 
scribed by the author in this paper. New taxa include 
Gobipalpa gen.n. Gobipalpa inexpectata sp.n. Gnorimoschema 
herbishi mongoliae ssp.n., Scrobipalpa inferna sp.n., S. hypo- 
thetica sp.n., S. stmilis sp.n., and S. splendens sp.n.; further, 
the unknown female of S. concerna and the unknown male of 
Vladimiria maxima are described. The recently described 
Scrobipalpa altajica is demonstrated to be a sub-species of 
S. arogantella. Fifteen wing pattern drawings are illustrated 
and 28 genitalia drawings. The paper is again in German 
with an English summary. 

There are two papers from Acta Musei Moraviae 1971-2, 
LVI: Beitrage zur Kenntis der Fauna Afghanistans: pp. 767- 
770: On Zygaena, Zygaenidae, Lep. Supplement 1 is by W. G. 
Tremewan and D. Povolny and gives notes on species collected 
by Dr Povolny in the neighbourhood of Kabul, with an eco- 
logical note and a list of Rhopalocera taken, the determin- 
ations being by Mr T, G. Howarth. The paper is in English. 

LVII: 371-374 include a paper on the same subject entitled 
Procris, Zygaenidae, Lepidoptera, by Burchard Alberti and D. 
Povolny. This is in the German language; Procris (Zygaeno- 
procris) chalcochlora Hampson is dealt with and male and fe- 
male genitalia figures are shown, also the female genitalia of 
Procris (Roccia) ambigua ?ssp. asiatica Staudinger. 

Symmetrischema capsicivorum sp.n. (Lepidoptera, Gele- 
chiidae), a new insect pest of red pepper from the Neotropical 
Region, is from Acta Entomologica Bohemoslavaca 70, No. 3. 
This species is described by Dr Povolny from material received 
by him from Peru. The species is said to be related to the 
pepper flower-bud moth S. capsium Bradi, from the West 
Indies and the United States. Wing patterns and genitalia of 
both species are illustrated. The paper is in English. 

Vol. 70, no. 4 of the same publication is another paper by 
Dr Povolny entitled: Scrobipalpa arenbergeri sp.n. und 
Scrobipalpa bigoti sp.n.—zwei bisher unbekannte europdische 
Arten der Tribus Gnorimoschemini (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). 
These two speces are described and their affinities discussed. 
Male and female genitalia are illustrated together with excel- 
lent figures of the two species.—S.N.A.J. 


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The Maidstone Museum have recently set up a Kent Biological Archives 
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CONTENTS 


Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain, 1973. C. G. M. de WORMS . 
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae Il. A. M. EMMET...... 
The Subspecies and Forms of the Tailed Birdwing Ornithoptera 


(Schonbergia) paradisea Staudinger. J. P. HAUGUM and A. 
M. LOW : 


New Records of Lepidoptera in Malformed Inflorescence of Mango \ 


in the Punjab. G. S. SANDHU and J. SINGH .. 
New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records, 1973. L. W. SIGGS .. 
A Plea for Hardwoods. J. P. SANKEY-BARKER 


On the Reported Occurrence of Maculinea arion L. in South West 
Ireland. M. JEFFARES 


Obituary : 
P. B. M. Allan 


Notes and Observations: 


Polyommatus icarus Rott. in Shetland. M. W. HARPER 
A Remarkable Emergence. R FAIRCLOUGH . 

Etainia sphendamni Hering—A Correction. A. M. EMMET . 
Thera juniperata L. comes North. C. I. RUTHERFORD 


Nepticula aeneella Heinemann as distinct from N. oxyacan- 
thella Stainton. A. M. EMMET 


Infertility in Female Hyales gallti Rott. R. F. BRETHERTON 
Migrants in 1973. AUSTIN RICHARDSON 3 
Swarming of Tipula lunata L. at Lode, Cambs. I. PERRY 


Current Literature 


97 


103 


109 


114 


115 


116 


118 


119 


120 
120 
121 
122 


122 
123 
124 
124 


125 


RR ERE EPP ERE TS AS EET EET PRES ELE LER SRLS TL TES I TE TT AS 


T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH. ANGUS. SCOTLAND 


Ce? 
ae THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 


RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.z:8. 
with the assistance of 
A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY 


Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S 
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PLATE IX 


15.6974 
SNA. 
Ectoedemia erythrogenella de Joannis 


Benfleet, Essex: 24.xi,1973. A.M.Emmet leg. 


20 


Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) erythrogenella 
(de Joannis, 1907) (Lep. : Nepticulidae). 
A Species New to Britain 


By A. M. EMMET 


On the 21st of October, 1973, I visited Portland, Dorsetshire 
in company with Mr S.C. S, Brown. Earlier that day we had 
been collecting mines of Nepticula auromarginella Richardson 
in its locality near Weymouth. Richardson never succeeded 
in finding auromarginella at Portland, so we set about search- 
ing the brambles there to see if the moth had extended its 
range since his day. Instead of auromarginella, we found a 
Nepticulid mine which I did not recognise. I showed it to 
Mr Brown and he knew it at once to be erythrogenella, since 
he..as similar mines in his herbarium, sent to him from 
Austria by Dr J. Klimesch. We extended the range of our 
search and found the mines to be quite numerous, the majority 
of them still being tenanted by larvae. 


A few days later Mr Brown took further examples at 
Swanage, about 20 miles east of Portland. Then on the 24th 
November I found erythrogenella once more, this time at 
South Benfleet in Essex. Even at that late date some of the 
mines were tenanted, and the last larva from those I collected 
did not leave its leaf for pupation until the 8th of December. 
More recently, on the 8th of February 1974, I was in the 
Dungeness area and hastily picked a few crimson-spotted 
bramble leaves in the rain. On my return home, I found that 
one of them contained a vacated mine of erythrogenella. A 
common feature of the four localities is that they are close 
to the sea. It is 150 miles from Portland to Benfleet, and 
this suggests that erythrogenella may be widespread in warm 
sheltered spots all along the south coast of England. 

The type locality for erythrogenella is Vannes, on the 
south coast of Brittany and only 200 miles from Portland; so 
there is nothing surprising in its occurrence in Dorsetshire. 
But it is hard to believe that it has been present in the country 
for long. Dorsetshire is the best-worked county in Britain 
for Nepticulidae with records for over 70 species; this is be- 
cause such well-known micro-lepidopterists as Bankes, Dale, 
Richardson and Pickard-Cambridge were resident there. They 
did not miss much, and special attention has always been paid 
to the mines on Rubus since Richardson’s discovery of auro- 
marginella in 1890. Had erythrogenella been present at that 
period, it could hardly have escaped notice. 

It is idle but tempting to speculate how it reached Britain. 
Given a good tail-wind, could it have traversed the 75 miles 
or so of channel? Or did it hitch-hike, perhaps via the Channel 
Islands and the Weymouth steamer? A parallel case is that of 
Nepticula suberivora Stainton. Of all British Nepticulids, this 
makes the most conspicuous mines for they are broad 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/74 


galleries in the evergreen leaves of the holm oak, and as they 
weather with the passage of time, they turn white and be- 
come even more prominent. This species was first found in 
the Isle of Wight by Waters in 1927, and it is inconceivable 
that it had been overlooked for more than a brief period prior 
to that date. It, too, was the first found on a stretch of coast- 
line facing France, yet at the same time, not far from a ferry- 
port. 

An account of erythrogenella follows. The adult is de- 
scribed from six specimens bred at Vannes and presented by 
de Joannis to the British Museum (Natural History). The de- 
scription of the early stages is based on my own British 
material. 

Imago. Wingspan 5 mm. Head and collar dark fuscous. An- 
tennal eyecaps shining white. Forewings coarsely scaled, 
blackish; a shining white spot on the middle of the costa, and 
a similar spot beyond it on the dorsum, sometimes uniting 
to form an outwardly oblique fascia; terminal cilia white with 
a dark line at their base. Hindwings pale grey. It is very 
similar to E. albifasciella Heinemann, but that species has a 
ferruginous head. It also resembles E. rubivora Wocke, but 
may be told by the outward slant of the white spots or fascia. 

Ovum. Laid on or beside a rib on the upperside of a leaf 
of bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.). 

Larva. Dirty greyish white except for the three anal seg- 
ments which are yellowish; a conspicuous chain of pear-shaped 
dark spots along the venter. Head and prothoracic plate dark 
brown. The young larva has the head paler and a row of 
large, roundish dark spots on the venter similar to those 
found on E, quinquella Bedell and shed in a similar manner. 
The larva mines venter upwards. 

Mine. A first a slender gallery following a nervure, which 
soons turns back and follows a contiguous course; this process 
may be repeated a second or third time. Eventually the gal- 
lery widens into a blotch, which sometimes fills the space 
between two nervures. The whole area of the leaf in which 
the mine is placed turns bright crimson-purple and it was to 
draw attention to this character that de Joannis named the 
insect “erythrogenella’. 

Cocoon. Dark brown with a violet tinge. In captivity it 
is often spun on the upper surface of a leaf of the foodplant. 

The species is probably single-brooded like the rest of our 
Ectoedemia, with the adults flying in June. It occurs on the 
continent in France, Switzerland and Austria. 

I am indebted to Mr S. N. A. Jacobs for the accompanying 
drawings of the mines of erythrogenella. 


THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 131 


The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills 
By D. G. SEvastTopuwuLo, F.R.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 23) 


A. aubym Eltr. — Common on the outskirts of the Makar- 
dara Forest. Recorded for all months except February, No- 
vember and December. 

A. esebria Hew., esebria — Uncommon in both the 
Makardara and Marere Forests. Very varied. Recorded for 
a‘!l months of the year. Larvae on Fleurya sp. (Urticaceae). 

Pardopsis punctatissima Bsd. — Rare on the outskirts of 
the Makardara Forest, common at Marere. Records for all 
months of the year. 


LIBYTHEIDAE 


Libythea laius Trim., latus — Recorded for all months of 
the year in and around the Makardara Forest. It is a migrant 
sometimes present in vast numbers, sometimes completely 
absent. Not recorded from Marere, which may be further 
inland than its normal migration route. 


LYCAENIDAE 


Alaena picata Sharpe, picata — Occasional singletons in 
the Makardara Forest. Recorded in January, August, Septem- 
ber, November and December. 

Telipna rogersi Druce — Fairly common in the Makar- 
dara Forest, occurring all through the year. Has the com- 
mon Liptenine habit of resting on young shoots of various 
plants opening and shutting its wings, often several together. 

Pentila amenaida Hew., mombasae Kirby — Common in 
both the Makardara and Marere Forests all through the year. 
Usually on the wing but also attracted to young shoots. 

P. peucetia Hew., peucetia — Fairly common in both the 
Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded for all months 
except March, June and October. Attracted to young shoots. 

Teriomima subpunctata Kirby — Fairly common in the 
Makardara Forest. Occurs all through the year. Attracted to 
young shoots. 

T. micra Gr. Sm. — Not uncommon all through the year 
in the Makardara Forest. Attracted to young shoots. 

T. aslauga Trim., hildegarda Kirby — Not uncommon in 
the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded all through 
the year. Fond of resting on young shoots. 

T. minima Hawker-Smith, stygia Talb — One specimen 
in the Makardara Forest in December. 

Aslauga purpurascens Holl., purpurascens — Rare in the 
Makardara. Recorded for December to February. 

Deloneura ochrascens Neave, littoralis Talb. — One speci- 
men in a small patch of forest pelo and to the south of 
Giriama Point in February. 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


The larvae of all the preceding are Lichen-feeders. 


Lachnocnema bibulus F. — Uncommon on the outskirts 
of the Makardara Forest. Records for January, April, August 
and October to December. Larvae feed on Coccidae. 

Pilodeudoryx caerulea Ham. Druce, obscurata Trim. — 
Not uncommon in the Makardara Forest. Recorded from May 
to September. 


Virachola diocles Hew., diocles — Fairly common on the 


edges of the Makardara Forest. Recorded for all months ex- 
cept June to August. 


V. dariaves Hew. — Uncommon around the Makardara 
Forest. Records for March to May, August to September. 

V. diopolis Hew. — A single specimen in the Makardara 
Forest in August. 

V. lorisona Hew. — Uncommon on the outskirts of the 


Makardara Forest. Records for March, April and July to 
September. 

V. dinochares Gr. Sm. dinochares—Fairly common around 
the Makardara Forest. Recorded in April to August. Larvae 
in the fruits of Quisqualis sp. (Combretaceae). 

V. antalus Hpffr. — Common on the outskirts of the Makar- 
dara Forest. No records for February and April. Larvae in 
the pods of Canavallia sp. (Papilionaceae). 

Hypolycaena philippus F. — Common in and around the 
Makardara and Marere Forests all through the year. 

H. buxtoni Hew., rogersi H. Sm. — Fairly common in the 
Makardara Forest. Records for January, April to September 
and December. 


Hemiolaus caeculus Hpffr., littoralis Stempf. — Common 
in the Makardara Forest all through the year. 
Argiolaus silas West., lalos Ham. Druce — Uncommon in 


both the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded for all 
months except March. Larvae on Loranthus spp. (Lorantha- 
ceae). 

Epamera silanus Gr. Sm., silenus Hawker Smith — Fairly 
common in both the Makardara and Marere Forests. Re- 
corded all through the year except December. 

E. aphnaeoides Trim., diametra Karsch — Uncommon in 
both the Makardara and Marere Forests. Records for April, 
August and October to December. 

Aphinolaus pallene Wallgrn. — Occasional singletons on 
the edges of the Makardara Forest in February to April and 
November/December. 

Spindasis natalensis Dbl. & Hew. — Rare in the Marere 
Forest. Records for April, July and September. 

S. victoriae Btlr. — Not uncommon on the outskirts of the 
Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded all through the 
year. 

S. apelles Ob., apelles — Uncommon in the Marere Forest. 
Records for January, July and August. 

S. homeyeri Dew. — Not uncommon on the outskirts of the 


THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 133 


Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded all through the 
year except February and October. 

Chloroselas pseudozeritis Trim., pseudozeritis — Rare in 
the Marere Forest, but may have been overlooked due to its 
small size. Records for January, June and December. 

Axiocerses harpax F.,harpax — Common on the outskirts 
of the Makardara and Marere Forests all through the year. 

A. amanga Westw. — Uncommon on the outskirts of the 
Makardara Forest. Records for January and August to Novem- 
ber. 


A. punicea Gr.Sm. — Fairly common on the outskirts of 
both the Makardara and Marere Forests, throughout the year. 
Leptomyrina hirundo Wallgrn. — Fairly common in the 


Marere Forest. Records for January, April to August, Novem- 
ber and December. 

Anthene lasti Sm. & Kby. — Occurs occasionally in large 
numbers in the Makardara Forest on damp mud. Records for 
April and October. 

A. amarah Guer. — Fairly common in both the Makardara 
and Marere Forests. Records all through the year except 
March. Larvae on Dichrostachys glomerata (Mimosaceae). 


A. lunulata Trim., lunulata — Common in the Makardara 
and Marere Forests. Recorded in all months of the year ex- 
cept February, March and November. Larva on Albizzia spp. 
(Mimosaceae). 

A. larydas Cr., kersteni Gerst. — Common in the Makar- 
dara Forest. Recorded in all months except February. Larvae 
on Dichrostachys glomerata. 


Cacyreus lingeus Cr. — Fairly common in the Makardara 
and Marere Forests. Records for all months except February 
and March. Larvae on Coleus spp. and other Labiates. 

Azanus mirza Plotz — Fairly common around the Makar- 
dara Forest. Recorded all through the year except January 
and March. Larvae on Allophylus sp. (Sapindaceae). 

A. jesous Guer., jesous — Fairly common on the edges of 
the Makardara Forest. Records for all months except Feb- 
ruary, March and June. Larvae on Acacia sp. (Mimosaceae). 

Syntarucus telicanus Lang, telicanus—Common in all areas 
all through the year. Larvae on many species of Papilionaceae. 

Petrelaea sichela Wallgrn., sichela — Fairly common on 
the outskirts of the Makardara Forest. Recorded from May to 
October and in December. Larvae on Mundulea sp. (Papilion- 
aceae). 

Lampides boeticus L. — Common in all areas through the 
year. Larvae in the pods of many species of Papilionaceae. 

Levidopochrysops veculiaris Rog. — Not uncommon in and 
around the Marere Forest. Recorded all through the year. 
Larvae on Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). eating the flowers. 
for the first three instars, thereafter leaving the plants and, 
presumably, entering the nests of certain svecies of ant. 

Euchrysops barkeri Trim. — Common on the outskirts of 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded for all months 
except March and June. Larvae on Eriosema sp. (Papilion- 
aceae). The pupa strongly resembles a mouse dropping. 

E. dolorosa Trim. — A pair in the Marere Forest in Decem- 
ber. Larvae said to feed on Ocinum sp. (Labiatae). 

E. malathana Bsd., malathana — Not uncommon in the 
Marere Forest. Records for January, August, September and 
December. Larvae on various species of Papilionaceae and 
also recorded as feeding on Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae). 

Freyeria trochilus Freyer — Common in and around the 
Marere Forest. Recorded for all months except March. Larvae 
on Indigofera sp. (Papilionaceae). 

Cupidopsis cissus Godt. — Fairly common around both the 
Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded in January, May 
and August to November. Larva on Eriosema sp. 

C. iobates Hpffr., iobates — Fairly common on the outskirts 
of the Makardara Forest. Recorded in January, March and 
August to December. Larvae on Eriosema sp. 

Everes hippocrates F. —Fairly common on the outskirts of 
the Makardara Forest. Recorded from March to December. 

Zizeeria knysna Trim., knysna (lysimon Hbn.) — Common 
all through the year in the Makardara and Marere Forests. 

Zizula hylax F. (gaika Trim.) — Common all through the 
year in the Makardara Forest. Larvae on Ovxalis_ spp. 
(Oxalidaceae). 

Actizera lucida Trim. — Uncommon on the outskirts of the 
Makardara Forest. Recorded from July to September. 


HESPERIIDAE 


Coeliades anchises Gerst., anchises — Fairly common in 
and around the Makardara Forest. Recorded for all months 
except April. Larva on Marsdenia sp. (Asclepiadaceae). 

C. forestan Cr., forestan — Common in and around the 
Makardara Forest all through the year. Larvae on Quisqualis 
sp. and other Combretaceae, also on Indigofera sp. (Papilion- 
aceae). 

C. pisistratus F. — Uncommon around the Makardara 
Forest. Records for May, June and August. Larvae on Mars- 
denia sp. (Asclepiadaceae), Acridocarpus sp. (Malphigiaceae) 
and Indigofera sp. (Papilionaceae). 

S. seiuncta Mab. — Uncommon around the Makardara 
Forest. Records for March to July, September and October. 
Larvae on Acridocarpus sp. 

C. libeon Druce — Rare in the Makardara Forest. Records 
for March and May. Larvae on Drypetes sp. (Euphorbiaceae). 

Celaenorrhinus galenus F., biseriatus Btlr. — Common in 
both the Makardara and Marere Forests all through the year. 
Basks in the sun with outspread wings. Larvae on Justicia sp. 
(Acanthaceae). 

Taaiades flesus F. — Common in the Makardara Forest. 
Records for January and from April to December. Rests on 


THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 135 


the underside of leaves with outspread wings. Larvae on Dio- 
scorea sp. (Dioscoraceae) and Grewia spp. (Tiliaceae). 


Eagris sabadius Gray, astoria Holl. — Uncommon around 
the Makardara Forest. Records for January, April and from 
June to December. Larvae on Rhus (Anacardiaceae) and 
Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae). 

Sarangesa motozi Wallgrn. — Common in the Makardara 
Forest all through the year. Larvae on Justicia flava (Acan- 
thaceae). 

S. maculata Mab. — Fairly common in the Makardara 
Forest. Records for all months except April and May. 

Netrobalane canopus Trim. — Rare around the Makardara 
Forest. Records for September and November only. 

Caprona pillaana Wallgrn. — Not uncommon in the Marere 
Forest. Recorded for all months except February and April. 
Larvae on Grewia spp. (Tiliaceae). 

Abantis paradisea Btlr., paradisea — Rare on the outskirts 
of the Makardara Forest. Records for January, February, 


May, July and from September to December. Larvae on 
Annona sp. (Annonaceae) and Cola sp. (Sterculiaceae). 
Spialia zebra Btlr., bifida Higgins — Not uncommon on 
the edges of the Marere Forest. Recorded in all months 
except March and October. Larvae on Melhamia sp. (Ster- 
culiaceae). 
S. kituina Karsch — Uncommon on the outskirts of the 


Makardara and Marere Forests. Records for January, Fe- 
bruary, July, August and November. 

S. confusa Higgins, obscura Higgins —- Uncommon on the 
outskirts of the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded in 
January, August, September and December. Larvae on 
Melhamia sp. (Sterculiaceae) and Triumfetta sp. (Tiliaceae). 

S. dromus Plotz -— Uncommon on the outskirts of the 
Makardara Forest. Records for July, August and September. 
Larvae on Melhamia sp. and Triumfetta sp. 

S. diomus Hpffr., diomus — Fairly common on the out- 
skirts of the Makardara Forest. Records for January, April 
to June and August to November. Larvae on Triumfetta sp. 

Gomalia elma Trim. — Fairly common on the outskirts of 
the Makardara Forest. Recorded in March to July, October 
and November. Larvae on Abutilon mauritianum (Mal- 
vaceae). 

Astictopterus stellata Mab., stellata — Fairly common 
around the Makardara and Marere Forests. Recorded all 
through the year except March. Larvae on Grasses (Gra- 
mineae). 

Ampittia capenas Hew., capenas — Uncommon in the 
Marere Forest. Records for June to August and October. 

Gorgyra subflavidus Holl. — Very occasional specimens 
around the Makardara Forest. Records for June and Novem- 
ber. 

G. diva Evans — One or two specimens in the Makardara 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1I/74 


Forest in September. Larvae on Byrsocarpus orientalis 
(Connaraceae). 

G. johnstoni Btlr. — Rare in both the Makardara and 
Marere Forests. Records for August and September. 

Pardaleodes incerta Snell., incerta — Common in the 
Makardara Forest all through the year. 

Acada biseriatus Mab. — Common in both the Makardara 
and Marere Forests all through the year. Larvae on Brachy- 
stegia sp. (Caesalpinaceae), but must have alternative food- 
plants as Brachystegia is absent from the Makardara Forest 
habitat. 

Acleros placidus Plotz — Very rare in the Makardara 
Forest. Records for October only, but may have been over- 
looked as the next species. 

A. ploetzt Mab.—Not uncommon in the Makardara Forest. 
Records for January, April and July to December. 

A. mackeni Trim., olaus Plotz — Uncommon in the 
Makardara Forest but may have been overlooked as the 
preceding species. Records for January, June and August 
to December. 

Semalea arela Mab. — Fairly common in the Makardara 
Forest from June to September. Larvae common on 
Aframomum sp. (Zinziberaceae). 

Andronymus neander Plotz, neander — Migrates eimeeh 
the Makardara Forest, sometimes present in vast numbers, 
sometimes absent. Recorded for all months except Novem- 
ber. Larvae on Brachystegia sp. (Caesalpinaceae). 

A. caesar F., philander Hpffr. — Fairly common in the 
Makardara Forest all through the year. Larvae on Dein- 
bollia and Blighia unijugata (Sapindaceae). 

Artitropa comus Cr., reducta Auriv. — A single larva 
on Dracaena usambarensis (Liliaceae) in the Makardara 
Forest. Imago emerged in December. 

A. erynnis Trim., radiata Riley — Larvae not uncommon 
in the Makardara Forest on Dracaena sp. Imagines emerge 
in July, August and October to December. Said to be cre- 
puscular, but I have never caught a wild imago. 

Fresna nyassae Hew., joppa Evans — Uncommon on the 
edges of the Makardara Forest. Recorded in June to Sep- 
tember and December. 

Baoris lugens Hpffr. — Fairly common in the Makardara 
Forest. Recorded from April to December. Larvae on 
Grasses. 

B. fatuellus Upffr., fatuellus — Not uncommon in the 
Makardara Forest. Records from May to September and 
December. Larvae on Grasses. 

Pelopidas ferruginea Auriv. — Fairly common in the 
Makardara Forest. Records for January, March, April, July 
and September to November. Larvae on Grasses. 

P. borbonica Bsd. — Fairly common in the Makardara 
Forest. Records for January, April to August and December. 
Larvae on Grasses. 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1973 137 


Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1973 | 
By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph_D., F.R.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 102) 


heads were a virtual blank, except for a few Procus literosa. 
We ran the m.v. trap our final night on the flat roof of part 
of our hotel with good results, recording just over 200 indi- 
viduals comprising 56 species. Among the visitors were several 
moths not previously noted. These included Tethea duplaris 
L.,Ezlema lurideola Zinck., a couple of worn Pelosia muscerda 
Hufn., Amathes sexstrigata Haworth, Procus furuncula Schiff., 
Celaena leucostigma Hubn., Catocala nupta L., a very early 
date. The new geometers were Orthonama vittata Borkh., 
Eupithecia albipunctata Haworth, E. centaureata Schiff. and 
Deuteronomos alniaria L. 

On August 13, yet another scorching day, we travelled via 
Swaffham and Dereham to Stoke Ferry where in great heat 
we diligently searched the Meadow Rue (Thalictrum) for 
larvae of Perizoma sagittata Fab. but without success. We 
next stopped for a short time in an open area of the Breck 
just north of Brandon where a number of butterflies were 
about, mainly many Polyommatus icarus Rott. with a few 
Heodes phlaeas L. and Eumenis semele L. We reached Surrey 
that evening after a most enjoyable few days under ideal con- 
ditions. 

The remarkable heatwave continued well into the middle 
of August reaching a maximum on the 16th with quite tropical 
shade temperature of just 90°F. However, this oppressive 
atmosphere had given way to more congenial conditions when 
I motored on the 17th to the Cotswolds to stay with Mr and 
Mrs Ronald Demuth in their most attractive home at Oak- 
ridge near Stroud. The next day, after visiting Mr Austin 
Richardson at Minchinhampton we crossed the Severn and 
went on a tour through Tintern and back through the Forest 
of Dean, but nothing of note was seen nor were any Cryphia 
muralis Forst. to be found on some lichen-covered walls in 
Gloucester. That evening we placed our m.v. light among a 
bed of butterbur not far from Nailsworth. But searching at 
dusk among the leaves failed to produce any Gortyna 
petasitis Doubleday nor were any attracted to light though it 
was a known locality for this insect. However, among 22 
other species at the lights were Notodonta dromedarius, Polia 
chi L., Amathes xanthoarapha L., Cosymbia linearia Hiibn., 
Ecliptoptera silaceata Schiff., Ortholitha chenopodiata L., 
Abraxas grossulariata L., and several Deuteronomos fuscan- 
taria Stephens. There was yet another fine day on August 19 
when my hosts motored me to the Malvern Hills and back 
via Cheltenham, but only a few Pierids were seen en route. 
The Frampton marshes bordering the Severn were our venue 
after dark, but it was a disappointing night with only 16 
species among which were a few Hadena suasa Schiff., also: 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/74 


Leucania impura Hiubn., Hydraecia nictitans Borkh., Apatele 
rumicis L., Calothysanis amata L. and A. grossulariata L. 

During my three nights stay at Watercombe House my 
host had run his static trap which attracted at least 1300 
moths. Those species of note were Harpyia furcula Clerck, 
Tholera cespitis Schiff. female, Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., 
several Ennomos quercinaria Hufn., Deuteronomos erosaria 
Schiff., Anaitis efformata Guenée, also a few females of 
Hepialus sylvina L. On August 20 I motored to the downs 
near Westbury, where a good many butterflies were to be seen, 
including Lysandra coridon Poda, already past their best, with 
a few Aricia agestis Schiff., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Pararge 
megera L., and some Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff on flower 
heads. I returned to Surrey that evening. 

The remarkably warm weather continued almost without 
a break for the rest of the month, bringing out a spate of the 
summer butterflies, in particular Red Admirals, Small 
Tortoiseshells and the common Pierids which flocked to local 
buddleia bushes in my own garden and in most parts of 
southern England. I paid another visit to Kent on August 24 
with headquarters at Ashford, but only a few Amphipyra 
pyramidea L. came to sugar that night in the Hamstreet woods 
and the posts at Dungeness proved a blank the next morning. 
The Orlestone woods were once more the scene of the next 
night’s activities. Quite a number of insects came to our Heath 
light in spite of fairly cool conditions. Among 20 species 
were Drepana binaria Hufn., Thyatira batis L., Tholera 
cespitis, T. popularis Fab. 

The temperature was well in the 70’s on August 26, when 
I once more visited Mr Michael Tweedie, near Rye, and his 
garden was again full of Vanessids. That evening I placed 
my Heath apparatus overlooking some marsh mallow plants 
in an open field south of Appledore and was surprised when 
three males of Gortyna hucherardi Mab. arrived soon after 
dark, as I have never known this insect appear before Septem- 
ber. The few other species comprised Apamea testacea 
Schiff., and T. popularis. The Bank Holiday, on the 27th, was 
dull and much cooler, but once again there was quite an as- 
sortment of insects that evening at the Heath light in the 
Hamstreet woods, where I was joined by Mr Youden from 
Dover. Drepama binaria put in a further appearance and 
there were also Notodonta dromedarius, T. popularis, Leucania 
pallens L., Cosmia trapezina L., Deilinia pusaria L., and 
Mamestra brassicae L. 

Back in Surrey, the Vanessids seemed to have been getting 
every day more plentiful, with the warmth still prevailing, and 
September opened with no let-up, especially on the Sth when 
the shade temperature reached the phenomenal level of 85°F 
for the time of year. Eumenis semele was still flying on 
Chobham Common the next day in great heat too. The grand 
spell was still persisting when I accompanied Mr J. Messenger 
to Portland on September 7, arriving about 4 p.m, in time to 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1973 139 


make a survey of some of the open areas there. Quite a 
number of Chalk-hill Blues were still about, mainly females, 
together with a few Common Blues and Small Coppers, while 
the little geometer Aspitates ochrearia Rossi was to be flushed 
freely. But little came to our m.v. lights perched on a cliff, 
overlooking the Chesil beach. T. cespitis and Epirrhoé galiata 
Schiff. were the only insects of interest. The next day, with 
the thermometer in the low 80’s, we ventured to Bexington 
at the western end of Chesil Bank. Here we were delighted 
to see Colias croceus Fourc. flying over fleabane and later that 
day in a garden on the outskirts of Bridport, I was amazed to 
see a huge concourse of Tortoiseshells jostling each other on 
about 11, sq. ft. surface of the flower heads of Sedum spec- 
tabile. On approaching I counted no less than 75, with nine 
Red Admirals, the biggest assemblage of these butterflies I 
have ever seen. Large numbers of Silver-Y’s were about 
everywhere as well. The 9th was an equally warm day with 
Red Admirals galore in the grounds of Pennsylvania Castle 
Hotel. The undercliff on the eastern side of Portland was the 
scene of our nocturnal operations. The chief feature was a 
huge flight of Plusia gamma L. of which at least a hundred 
arrived on our sheet soon after dark with a number of Cara- 
drina ambigua Schiff., and a few Leucania l-album L., with 
Scopula promutata Guenée, E. galiata and Lyncometra ocellata 
among ten other species I noted. Back at the hotel our static 
trap was alive with insects. As it turned out, there were 
some 350 visitors, among which we counted 270 P. gamma. 
We heard later that another collector working on Portland 
that night had over a thousand of this migrant at his lights, 
thus giving evidence of a huge invasion. The four nights we 
ran our trap produced just short of 600 moths. The coastal 
specialities were already well out at this date, such as Eumich- 
tis lichenea Hiibn., with Leucochlaena hispida Geyer in plenty 
and an occasional Aporophyla australis Boisd. Other migrants 
were Agrotis ypsilon Hufn. and Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. 
Among the more interesting geometers we recorded were 
several E. quercinaria, with a female which eventually laid 
well. Other species included T. cespitis, S. promutata, 
Gnophos obscurata Schiff., and several Hepialus sylvina. 

Our final day on September 10, we spent touring the region 
between Portland and Swanage, in the vicinity also of Corfe 
Castle and Lulworth Cove, but overcast conditions prevented 
any active collecting. The Vanessids were in force in the 
New Forest, mainly on buddleia on the 11th, when we were 
en route back to Surrey, where A. urticae was now abundant. 

The wonderful spell continued till the middle of the month 
with 79°F on the 15th, but not much was moving in the Dur- 
fold Woods the next day and it was distinctly cooler when I 
stayed with my relations at Blandford on September 21, where 
as usual the Tortoiseshells were about in all the gardens. We 
went over to Portland again on the 23rd where the sun was 
still shining and the Red Admirals still in plenty. A static m.v. 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI1/74 


trap in my relatives’ garden that night provided 160 insects. 
By far the most numerous was Omphaloscelis lunosa Haworth 
in its many forms. Other species on this mild night included 
Aporophyla nigra Haworth, Tiliacea citrago L., Caradrina 
clavipalpis Scop., Gortyna micacea Esp., Atethmia xerampelina 
Esp., many Leucania pallens L., also Deuteronomos erosaria 
Schiff. and D. fuscantaria Stephens. Several Commas were 
disporting themselves on the michaelmas daisies on the 24th 
in the garden of Mr C. Dixon, whom I visited on the way 
home and Red Admirals, Small Tortoiseshells and Small 
Whites were still much in evidence in that vicinity. 

On September 25, I travelled by train to Thorpe-le-Soken, 
where I stayed once more with Mr and Mrs B. Fisher at their 
home in that neighbourhood. Fortunately conditions were far 
more favourable than on my visit just a year previously. We 
started our operations well after dark, about 8.30 p.m., placing 
a big m.v. light on a bank overlooking a large growth of 
Peucedanum officinale which produced nothing at dusk. How- 
ever, we had a great thrill at 9 o’clock when a very large and 
perfect male Gortyna borelii Mab. suddenly alighted on our 
sheet with another equally good example just an hour later, 
but no more after that. Other moths at the lights included 
several very big female Rhizedra lutosa Hitbn., with Triphaena 
comes Hiibn., Amathes c-nigrum L., A. lunosa, G. micacea, L. 
pallens and Dysstroma truncata Hufn. We returned to my 
host’s home just before midnight when he started up his static 
trap. The next morning we were surprised to find another 
grand specimen of this spectacular insect, G. boreli on the 
side of his trap, though we were well over a mile from the 
site of its foodplant. There was a great concourse of the 
commoner species, most notably some 200 of Agrochola 
lychnidis Schiff. in most of its forms, with a good sprinkling 
of Anchoscelis litura L., and most of the common insects seen 
earlier that night on the marshes. I returned to London later 
that day, well pleased with my brief visit to that part of Essex. 

The Small Tortoiseshells and Red Admirals were still in 
plenty on the michaelmas daisies during the last days of Sep- 
tember and well into October. On the 2nd there were quite a 
number flying in woods near Chiddingfold with Polygonia c- 
album and Pieris napi L. Temperatures were well in the 60’s 
during the first half of October. But there was a noticeable 
decline in insects during the latter part which was much 
cooler in spite of considerable sunshine. I paid my final visit 
to Kent on October 20, but nothing was on the wing in the 
Hamstreet area the following day. Red Admirals were still 
flying the first days of November which was on the whole very 
sunny and mild for the first three weeks, but there was a 
general falling off of insects at light, though some collectors 
had a spate of Ptilophora plumigera Schiff. in the early part 
of the month, while there was a big emergence of Poecilo- 
campa populi L. during the first half of December. 

In conclusion the year 1973 was indeed a most memorable 


A REVIEW OF INDIAN PHYTOSEIID MITES 141 


one, not only for one of the best summers this century but 
also, in consequence, for the profusion of many butterflies, in 
particular the Small Tortoiseshells, Red Admirals, Peacocks 
aod the Chalk-hill Blue in many districts. By far the most 
spectacular event among the moths, was the great immigration 
of the Bedstraw Hawk (Hyles galii Rott.) which compared well 
with its major years of 1870, 1888 and 1955. Other migrant 
species too were well up to average and there was a good 
reappearance of Colias croceus, chiefly in the south-western 
region. 


A Review of Indian Phytoseiid Mites with a Note 
on their Zoogeography 


By S. K. Gupta 
(Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta-12, India) 


Considerable attention has been focussed on the mites of 
the family Phytoseiidae because of their immense importance 
as predators and, thus, for their possible utilisation for the 
natural control of pest species of mites particularly of the 
families Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae. 

The information available on phytoseiid mites in India is 
scanty in comparison to work done abroad. Narayanan and 
Khot (1959) were first in India to bring into light the impor- 
tance of phytoseiid mites as biocontrolling agent when they 
recorded Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) feeding on 
Oligonychus mangiferus on mango. Next year Narayanan and 
Kaur (1960) described for the first time two new species of 
the genus Amblyseius Berlese. In the same year Narayanan 
and Kaur (1960a) and Narayanan et al. (1960) discussed in 
detail the important taxonomic characters of the family 
Phytoseiidae. They emphasized that the number, arrange- 
ment, nature, position and relative lengths of setae together 
with some other anatomical characters are important in the 
taxonomy of this group. Narayanan et al. (1960) also reported 
8 species including 3 new ones. Chant (1960) described 4 new 
species of Typhlodromus Scheuten andAmblyseius Berlese. 
Narayanan & Ghai (1963), while investigating into the causes 
of mango malformation, found some mites associated with this 
disease. Three of them belonged to the family Phytoseiidae 
including a new one under Typhlodromus. Krantz and Khot 
(1962) described a species of Hemipteroseius Evans. Ghai 
(1964), while reviewing the work done on mites of economic 
importance in India, listed 17 species of Phytoseiidae. Ghai 
and Menon (1967) reported 16 species of Amblyseius Berlese 
including 7 new ones and provided a key for the first time for 
the Indian Amblyseius species. 

From the material received from India and Pakistan, 
Muma (1967) reported 15 species including 8 new ones under 
the genera Amblyseius Berlese, Typholdromips De Leon, 
Amblydromella Muma, Cydnodromus Muma and Cydnoseius 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/74 


142 


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A REVIEW OF INDIAN PHYTOSEIID MITES 143 


Muma. Of them, only 3 species of Amblyseius belonged to 
Indian subcontinent. Ghai and Menon (1969) erected two new 
genera, viz. Indodromus and Indoseius with one new species 
as type for each genus. Gupta (1969) described a new species 
of Typhlodromus from India. In the same year he (Gupta, 
1969a) added 3 more new species of Phytoseius Ribaga. 
Gupta (1970) listed 25 species of Phytoseiidae of which 10 were 
reported for the first time from this subcontinent. In the 
same year he (Gupta, 1970a, 1970b) added 7 more new species 
belonging to genera Amblyseius Berlese and Typhlodromus 
Scheuten. 

So, by summarising the overall information it appears that 
only 58 species are known from India which are distributed 
over 6 genera, viz. Amblyseius Berlese, Indodromus Ghai & 
Menon, Indoseius Ghai & Menon, Phytoseius Ribaga, Typhlo- 
dromus Scheuten and Hemipteroseius Evans. 

As regards the Zoogeographical composition, Indian species 
(Table 1) show high degree (60.34%) of endemism. Among 
the known species 63.79% constitute the oriental fauna. Of 
the remaining, 8.62% belong to Ethiopean region, 1.72% to 
Australian region 5.12% to Palaearctic region, 6.89% to 
Nearctic and Neotropical region and 13.79% are cosmopolitan 
in distribution. The cosmopolitan species are: Amblyseius 
fallacis (Garman), A. finlandicus (Oudemans), A. largoensis 
(Muma), A. ovalis (Evans), A. cucumeris (Oudemans) Typhlo- 
dromus bakeri (Garman), T. rhenanus (Oudemans) and Phyto- 
seius macropilis (Banks). 

Among the genera Indodromus Ghai and Menon and 
Indoseius Ghai and Menon are endemic. 


The author is grateful to Dr D. N. Roychoudhuri, Reader in 
Zoology, Calcutta University for many valuable suggestions 
and to Dr A P. Kapur, Director, Zoological Survey of India, 
Calcutta for the facilities and encouragements. 


References 

Chant, D, A. (1960). Description of five new species of mites from 
India (Acarina: Phytoseiidae & Aceosejidae), Can. Ent., 92: 58- 
65. 

Ghai, S. (1964). Mites, In Entomology in India, Indian J. Ent. Silver 
Jubilee No. 385-396. 

Ghai S., and Menon, M. G. R, (1967). Taxonomic studies on Indian 
mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina) I. New species and 
new records of the genus Amblyseius Berlese from India 
(Acarina: Phytoseiidae) with a Key to the Indian species, 
Oriental Insects, 1: 65-75. 

Ghai, S., and Menon, M. G. R. (1969). Taxonomic studies on Indian 
mites of the famiiy Phytoseiidae (Acarina) II. Two new genera 
and species of Phytoseiidae, Oriental Insects, 3: 347-352. 

Gupta, S. K. (1969). Description of a new species of Typhlodromus 
Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from India, Sci. & Cult., 35: 
277-278. 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/74 


Gupta, S. K. (1969a). Three new species of the genus Phytoseius 
(Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from India, Israel J. agric. Res., 19: 
115-120. 

Gupta, S. K. (1970).” Preliminary note on plant mites (Acarina) from 
West Bengal, Sci, & Cult., 36: 98-99. 

Gupta, S. K. (1970a). Some predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae 
from West Bengal, India (Acarina: Mesostigmata), Oriental 
Insects, 4: 185-191. 

Gupta, S. K. (1970b). Three new species of the genus Amblyseius 
Berlese (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from West Bengal, India, Bull. 
Ent., 10: 125-129. 

Muma, M. H. (1967). New Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from 
Southern Asia, Fla. Ent., 50: 267-280. 

Narayanan, E. S. and Khot, N. S. (1959). Studies on some Entomo- 
phagous mites and their possible use in biological control, Proc. 
Ind. Sci. Congr., 46: 411. 

Narayanan, E. S. and Kaur, R. B. (1960). Two new species of the genus 
Typhlodromus Scheuten from India (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), 
Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 51B: 1-8. 

Narayanan, E. S. and Kaur, R. B. (1960). Recent trends in the taxonomy 
of the family Phytoseiidae Berl. 1913. Predatory mites with new 
records and descriptions of species, Proc. Ind. Sci. Congr., 47: 
467. 

Narayanan, E. §., Kaur, R. B. and Ghai, S. (1960). Importance of 
some taxonomic characters in the family Phytoseiidae Berl. 1916- 
(Predotory mites) with new records and description of species, 
Proc. natn. Inst. Sci., 26B: 384-394. 

Narayanan, E. S. and Ghai, S. (1963). Some new records and new species 
of mites associated with malformation of Mango trees in India, 
Proc. natn. Inst. Sci., 29B: 535-546. 


Local Rarities and New Derbyshire Records 
for 1973 


By F. HarRIson 
24 Church Street, Holloway, near Matlock) 


Lepidoptera recording in Derbyshire and adjacent areas 
of the surrounding counties has been carried out during the 
past year with a greater intensity than usual, by members of 
the Derbyshire Entomological Society, in preparation for a 
new publication on the counties lepidoptera. The frequent 
field excursions, plus an unusually favourable summer, pro- 
duced some interesting specimens, some of the most impor- 
tant of which are listed below. 

Gonepteryx rhamni L. is a scarce species in the county 
though a few are recorded annually, particularly in the south. 
During 1973 the following specimens were recorded: — one, 
8th June, Lathkil Dale (R. A. Frost); one, 16th June, Clough 
Wood; one, 31st July, Tansley (B. L. Statham); one, 16th May 
and five during the period 15th August to 19th September in 
Elvaston Castle Counry Park near Derby (M. Tong). 


LOCAL RARITIES AND NEW DERBYSHIRE RECORDS FOR 1973 145 


Polygonia c-album L. has not been recorded for a num 
ber of years but a single specimen turned up at Churchtown, 
Darley Dale (V. Calhoun). 

Donacaula mucronellus D. & S. M.V. trap, three, 26th June 
—29th June, Elvaston Castle Country Park. First county re- 
cords for this species (F. Harrison). 

Myelois cribrella Hiibn. M.V. trap, nine, 8th June—18th 
July, Elvaston Castle Country Park. First county 
records for this species (F. Harrison). 

Eupithecia dodoneata Guen. M.V. trap, four, 20th May— 
13th June, Elvaston Castle Country Park. First county records 
for this species (F. Harrison). 

Rivula sericealis Scop. M. V. trap, one, 25th July, Elvaston 
Castle Country Park. First county record for this species (F. 
Harrison). 

Drepana binaria Hufn. M.V. trap, two, 29th May, Elvaston 
Castle Country Park. Only three previous specimens recorded 
in the county (F. Harrison). 

Apamea characterea Hiibn. M. V. four, 22nd June—6th 
July, Elvaston Castle Country Park. Very local and has not 
been recorded in recent years. 

Noctua interjecta Hiibn. caliginosa Scha. M.V., four 2nd 
August—16th August, Elvaston Castle Country Park. This has 
always been a county rarity. Six specimens were seen flying 
‘by day on the 4th August at Blaxton Common on the Notts/ 
‘Yorkshire boundary (F. Harrison). 

Rhizedra lutosa Hibn. E. L., two, 17th and 26th September, 
Elvaston Castle Country Park (M. Tong). Single specimens are 
occasionally recorded. 

Xylena vetusta Hibn. E. L., one, Ist November, Elvaston 
Castle Country Park. (M. Tong). Only previous county records 
are single specimens in 1905 and 1951. 

— Conistra ligustri Esp. M.V., twenty, 3rd to 8th November, 
Elvaston Castle Country Park. Very local and rarely recorded 
in numbers. 

Oligia versicolor Borkh. M.V., three 18th July, Elvaston 
Only two previous county records, both in 1972. 

Acronycta trideus D. & S. M.V., one, 26th June, Elvaston 
Castle Country Park. (F. Harrison). A larva was found at 
Mapperley on 26th September (D. Clay, J. Culpin). 

Lycia hirtaria Clerck. M.V., seven, 6th May—22nd May, 
Elvaston Castle Country Park (F. Harrison); M.V., one, 13th 
April, Mapperley (D. Clay). This species is being recorded 
with increasing frequency since the first county specimen was 
recorded at Bolsover in 1969. 

_ Eupithecia_indigata Hiibn. M.V., twenty-seven, 23rd May 
—10th June, Elvaston Castle Country Park. Very local and 
not recorded for some years. 

Plagodis dolabraria L. M.V., ten, 29th May—3rd July 
Elvaston Castle Country Park. Occasionally recorded as 
ace es but rarely in numbers. 

elenia lunularia Hiibn. M.V., one, 7th June 
Castle Country Park. Very rare in the county. ears 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


Comibaena pustulata Hufn. M.V., three, 28th Jnne—2nd 
July, including one of the pink form, Elvaston Castle Country 
Park; three, including two of the pink form at M.V. 25th June 
—Ilst July at Mapperley (D. Clay). This species is very scarce 
and local in the county. 

Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd. M.V., three, 29th May—15th 
June, Elvaston Castle Country Park. 

Rheumaptera undulata L. Two, 4th and Sth July, Elvaston 
Castle Country Park. The only previous county record was 
of a single specimen at Chellaston in 1895. 

Lobophora halterata Hufn. One, 27th May, Elvaston Castle 
Country Park. Has not been recorded in the county for many 
years. 

Scopula imitaria Hiibn. Seven, 4th July—3rd August, Elvas- 
ton Castle Country Park. No records for many years. A single 
specimen was also taken at M.V. on 10th August at Elkesley 
in North Nottinghamshire. 

Ennomos erosaria D. & S. M.V., Sixteen, 2nd August—8th 
September, Elvaston Castle Country Park. A single specimen 
at M.V. on 15th September at Hilton Gravel Pits Nature Re- 
serve. Local and scarce. 

Larentia clavaria Haw. M.V., one, 26th September, Elvas- 
ton Castle Country Park. Rarely recorded and then only as 
single specimens. 

Syanthedon vespiformis L. Fourteen, larvae in oak stumps 
at Langwith Wood on the 24th June (F. Harrison, J. Culpin); 
an adult on the 9th July at Shipley Wood (T. Duro). 

Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. A female netted at dusk 
on 15th September in the Derbyshire Naturalist Trust Reserve 
at Hilton by B. Statham. This is the first county record since 
a mention of the species in the Victoria County History. 

Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. M. V. one d, 26th May, Clay Cross 
(J. Culpin). First record from this part of the county for this 
scarce species. 

Apeira syringaria L. M.V., two, 29th and 6th July, Ilkeston 
Grammar School (J. Culpin); M-V., two, 28th and 29th June, 
Mapperley (D. Clay). 

Hyles galli Rott. A fully-grown larva was found in a Derby 
street on the 7th September by a Mr Foster and handed in to 
Derby Museum. 

Rhodometra sacraria L. M.V., one, 3, 13th September, Dar- 
ley Dale (B. Statham). M.V., one, 3 15th September Hilton 
Gravel Pits Reserve (B. Elliott). 

Eremobia ochroleuca D. & S. M. V., one, 10th August, 
Elkesley, Notts. 

Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Clerck,. 2 2? 2 were taken from 
a wall beneath a lamp, on the evening of 10th August in the 
village of Elkesley, Nottinghamshire, by Mr J. Culpin. One of 
these specimens laid fertile ova and both were seen and ex- 
amined by a number of experienced entomologists. The 
genitalia of one specimen, was also examined by Mr T. H. Ford 
of Sheffield. This is the first Nottinghamshire record for over 
a century and the site is probably the most northerly British 

locality for his species. 


NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 147 


Notes on some of the British Nepticulide I 
By A. M. EMMET 
(Concluded from page 108) 


it progresses and is not pushed into a corner. The mine gener- 
ally fills the angle between the midrib and a lateral vein. 

(c) Distribution. In some localities such as north-west Kent 
I have found albifasciella but not quercifoliae; in others such 
as north-west Essex, I have found quercifoliae but not albi- 
fasciella; in others again, such as Wicken Fen, I have found 
both species in their respective seasons. 

In reply Dr Klimesch wrote :—“‘I agree with your opinions 
on the oak-feeding Dechtiria, admitting that your very exact 
observations on the behaviour of the larvae and the mines of 
Dechtiria albifasciella Hein. and D. quercifoliae Toll agree 
perfectly with those made by the late Dr Toll. Personally I 
have only a few observations belonging to the two mentioned 
species. These correspond to your remarks. Therefore I am 
inclined to admit quercifoliae Toll as a good species”. 

I have waited a year before writing an account of querci- 
foliae in order to breed the imagines and obtain larvae of 
albifasciella for comparison. I was successful in the second 
aim when in company with three other entomologists I found 
albifasciella plentifully near Thorpeness, Suffolk last Septem- 
ber. I enlisted the help of Dr J. D. Bradley over the descrip- 
tion which was made from a number of larvae, some of which 
were extracted from their mines and viewed under a micro- 


scope. We wrote:—‘Translucent glossy white, dorsal vessel 
green. Head and prothoracic plate very pale’ brown, 
mandibles darker”. So now we see that after all there are 


differences in the larvae of the three species, which may be 
summarised as follows :— 


albifasciella — Head and prothoracic plate very pale brown. 
quercifoliae — Head and prothoracic plate reddish brown. 
subbimaculella — Head and prothoracic plate blackish brown. 


I think there are differences, too, in the markings of the 
young larvae when they are still in their fine galleries, for 
albifasciella has large ventral spots which are shed before it 
starts blotch feeding whereas I could not observe such spots 
in quercifoliae. Hering (1957), however, states that the young 
larva of quercifoliae does have these spots. It will not be pos- 
sible to clear up this matter till next season. 

With regard to the imagines, I bred long series of subbi- 
maculella and quercifoliae last summer, the two having been 
carefully segregated from the larval stage onwards. While 
it is not possible to be sure about individual moths, there are 
observable differences when series are compared. In most 
examples of quercifoliae the white patch at the base of the 
forewings is larger and the head is darker fuscous, only the 
face being ferruginous. In subbimaculella, the basal white 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


patch is usually smaller and the crown of the head is mixed 
ferruginous and fuscous. As I have said, there is variation 
over these characters and some overlapping, so that 1 would 
hesitate to be dogmatic in separating isolated specimens of 
the two species. I have not yet been able to study sufficient 
specimens of albifasciella to decide whether it has any super- 
ficial differences from its close relatives. 

Mr E. S. Bradford has started to make a study of the geni- 
talia of this group. Preliminary results seem to show that 
there are slight differences, but more specimens will need to 
be dissected to find out if these differences are constant. 

So tar quercifoliae has been recorded from north-west 
Essex and Cambridgeshire, where it is common. Mr D. W. H. 
ffennell has found it at Abbots Down in Hampshire. There 
are other areas where it has been looked for without success. 
Both in 1971 and 1972 I failed to find it in Kent. I was likewise 
unsuccessful in Epping Forest in 1971, and I understand from 
Mr R. W. J. Uffen that he has had the same experience. Clearly 
it is much more local than subbimaculella, but it is sure to 
turn up in a number of hitherto unrecorded localities, which 
should be published. 

New records made for albifasciella this year are for Suffolk 
(Thorpeness), Somerset (Leigh Woods) and Monmouthshire 
(Tintern). 

In my previous notes I recorded that larvae of the subbi- 
maculella group occasionally pupate inside their mines and 
mentioned that Hering (1957) thought this habit might indi- 
cate that there was another species. In 1971 a larva of the 
closely related E. quinquella Bedell spun up in its mine. This 
indicates that individuals of the known species in this group 
do sometimes behave in this aberrant fashion, and there is 
no need to postulate any separate species for this reason. 

In Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949) we find a species called 
Trifurcula atrifrontella Stainton which is described as having 
a larva which feeds in April and May in the bark of Genista. 
According to Tutt (1899), this life-history emanated from 
Sorhagen (1886) who himself was quoting from Glitz. So it 
comes as a double surprise to find atrifrontella assigned to a 
different genus and a different foodplant. 

The errors probably arose through confusion with the 
rather similar-looking Trifurcula pallidella Zeller. Hering 
(1957) corrects both the mistakes. He transfers the moth to 
Ectoedemia and states that it mines the bark of oak. The 
four mines from which the original description was made are 
in his herbarium, which is housed at the British Museum 
(Natural History). They are of remarkable interest. They 
are formed in young tender bark which is free of lichen; 
Hering says that green bark is preferred, but these examples 
are in reddish bark, perhaps because of a colour change 
caused by the passage of time. The mine is a long, rather 
narrow gallery, raising the surface in a slight ridge. The track 
is strongly contorted, in each case doubling back and crossing 


NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 149 


over earlier workings. In two examples the track is yellowish 
and conspicuous against the reddish background. The third 
is concolorous with the bark and hard to see. The fourth is 
partly concolorous and partly yellow. One mine is in a twig 
of about a quarter of an inch diameter, while the others are 
in bark peeled from larger branches with a width of perhaps 
two inches. 

This species has been taken round oaks in the past. 
Stainton beat a specimen from oak in 1851 and Barrett used 
to find it on oak trunks at Hazelemere (Tutt 1899). Waters 
beat two specimens from oak at Tubney Wood, Berkshire in 
September 1920. It is a scarce species, rarely seen in collec- 
tions. The most recent record known to me is from Dorset 
where Adkin took a specimen now in the British Museum 
(Natural History), on 25th May 1933, an unusually early date 
of emergence. 

Now that its life-history is known, perhaps it will be found 
more freely. Hering says that the larva feeds ‘until June’, 
but does not say when it starts to mine. The eggs are presum- 
ably laid in August or September and it is likely that the 
larva hatch in the autumn and feed slowly through the winter. 
The winter, when there is no obscuring foliage, may be the 
best time to search. Even vacated mines would give us 
current localities. Tenanted mines should be left till the 
Spring, unless well advanced. When a branch has been 
severed, I would suggest putting the end in damp sand as is 
recommended for the clearwings. If the sand is then covered 
with moss, there will be suitable material for pupation, for 
the larva leaves the mine for this purpose. 

The imago has been recorded from late May till earlv 
September and this has led writers to regard it as double- 
brooded. If it is, it is our only bivoltine Ectoedemia. It is 
more likely that it is a single-brooded insect with a long period 
of emergence. 


ULMUS spn. (Elm) 


In my previous notes (Ent. Record 83: 300-302) I ques- 
tioned whether certain newly recorded elm-feeding neps were 
in fact separate species. I then thought that wlmifoliae 
Hering and ulmi Skala were mine-forms of ulmivora Fologne, 
but as I had not yet reared any imagines. my views were still 
conjecture. However, during 1971 I bred a series from each 
of the three types of mine which I had collected the previous 
autumn and kept separately, and confirmed my suspicions 
that thev were all ulmivora. With another ‘species’, ulmicola 
Hering, I was too late for all but one larva in 1970, and this 
failed to produce an imago. I had hazarded that this would 
prove to be a good species because the mines looked distinct 
and the larvae fed earlier. So I started to look sooner for 
them in 1971 and found a good many; but the seeds of doubt 
were sown in mv mind because the mines were variable and 
graded into the form typical of ulmivora. 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/7T4 


Whenever I have problems over the Nepticulidae, I consult 
the long-suffering Dr Klimesch. In reply to my queries he 
wrote as follows on the 20th November, 1971:—‘‘According 
to my opinion the Ulmus-feeding species ulmicola Hering and 
ulmifoliae Hering are mine-forms of ulmivora Fologne as the 
adults of the mentioned forms do not represent any differ- 
ences between each other. I have always observed that 
ulmicola occurs in thick leaves only in sunny places, while 
ulmifoliae mines are to be found only in shady places. N. ulmi 
Skala is a very problematic species described on a doubtful 
mine only, as Skala did in some other cases (viz. brunensis, 
pseudoplatanella, fulvomacula, oxysorbi). On the other side, 
ulmiphaga Preissecker is a good species! I found it only near 
Vienna. The mine likes very much to ulmifoliae; it is very 
sinuous with a thin frass. The imago is quite different from 
ulmivora as it is of one colour, shining bronzy like viscerella’. 

Let us first consider ulmifoliae and ulmicola. The leaves 
in my herbarium confirm Dr Klimesch’s verdict that the 
former occur in the thin leaves and the latter in thick. That 
the former occur in shady places and the latter in sunshine 
is consistent with my recollections and I have since confirmed 
it by further observation. Larvae in thick leaves in sunny 
spots might well feed up faster, and that would explain why 
I was deluded in 1970 into thinking ulmicola an earlier species. 
The larvae which I collected in ulmicola-type mines in Sep- 
tember 1971 duly produced typical ulmivora in June 1972, 
giving still further corroboration to Dr Klimesch’s views. 

It remains to discuss the position of ulmiphaga Preissecker, 
which, as Dr Klimesch has told us above, is a good species. 
Let me ‘recap’ on its history as a British insect. 


(1). Stigmella ulmiphaga Preissecker 1942 was added to the 
British list on the evidence of vacated mines determined by 
Professor Hering (Richens 1963). 


(2). The name was changed to ulmi Skala 1934 in obedience 
to the rule of priority. 

(3). In 1970-71 it was demonstrated by breeding that ulmivora 
has a mine-form indistinguishable from the mine of ulmi 
(ulmiphaga). This had two effects:—(a) Skala’s name ulmi 
which was given only to a mine, could refer either to ulmi- 
vora or ulmiphaga and so lost validity. Therefore the name 
ulmiphaga was reinstated. (b) There are no longer any 
grounds for regarding ulmiphaga as a British insect. Since 
the name has been used in our literature, it must be retained 
for reference purposes in the Kloet and Hincks check-list, but 
it is marked with an asterisk to show the moth’s status as 
British is in dispute. 


A couple of years ago we had seven elm-feeding Nepticuli- 
dae on the British list; now we are back to the original three 
plus one recorded in error. Their names, brought together 
from their several positions on the check-list are as follows: — 


NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE II 151 


Stigmella viscerella (Stainton 1853) 

*Stigmella ulmiphaga (Preissecker 1942) 
?ulmi (Skala 1934) 

Stigmella ulmivora (Fologne 1860) 
ulmicola (Hering 1932) 
ulmifoliae (Hering 1931) 

Nepticula marginicolella (Stainton 1853) 
fulvomacula (Skala 1936) 


! It remains to outline the main research still outstanding 
with regard to the known species of British Nepticulidae. 


(1). Study is needed of aurella and its close relatives (nitens, 
gei, fragariella, dulcella) to decide their status as species or 
biological forms. 


(2). A similar study must be made of poterii and its relatives 
(serella, tengstroemi, together possibly with ulmariae and 
filipendulae). 


(3). We need to know whether (a) oxyacanthella and 
aeneella, and (b) betulicola and nana represent one or two 
species respectively. 


(4). Six species, tormentillella, tengstroemi, vimineticola, 
samiatella, ulmiphaga and sericopeza, are recorded on doubt- 
ful evidence, and their status as British species needs clarifica- 
tion. 


(5). There is a possibility that several names which have been 
reduced to synonymy (fulgens, fletcheri, hodgkinsoni) may, 
after all, belong to good species. 


(6). We need to find out what is meant by castanella Stainton. 


(7). We have yet to breed aceris in Britain or capture an 
imago. 


(8). We must try to rediscover torminalis. It was recorded 
only by Wood, who stated that it was “confined to a small 
corner of one wood” at Tarrington in Herefordshire. 


(9). We do not yet know the foodplant and life-history of 
grisella or the life-history of svenssoni except in the general 
sense that it is not obviously dissimilar from that of its oak- 
feeding relatives. 

I hope that readers who can furnish answers, comprehen- 
sive or fragmentary, to any of these problems will publish 
their information. 


REFERENCES 
Adkin, R. (1933). Nepticula decentella H.-S. (Lep.) A species new to 
Britain. Entomologist, 66: 35. 
Beirne, B. P. (1945). The male genitalia of the British Stigmellidae. 
Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 50B No. 9 pp. 191-218. 
Brown, S. C. S. 1964). Stigmella aeneella (Hein.) A Species New to 
Britain. Ent. Rec. 76: 23. 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI1/74 


Emmet, A. M. (1970). Stigmella spinosella Joannis (Lep. Nepticulidae): 
A Species new to Britain. Ent. Record, 82: 121. 

Emmet, A. M. (1971). Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae. Ent. 
Record, 83: 75-83; 136-142; 163-171; 240-248; 278-282; 300-304. 

Ford, L. T. (1948). President’s Address, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1947-1948. 

Ford, L. T. (1949). A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. London. 

Heinemann, H. von. (1862). Die Schmetterlinge Deutchlands und der 
Schweiz, 1855-1877. Braunschweig. 

Hering, E. M. (1957). Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von 
Europa. Uitgevrij Dr W. Junk, ’S-Gravenhage. 

Heslop, I. R. P. (1964). Revised Indexed Check-List of the British 
Lepidoptera. London. 

Jackh, E. (1951). Die fruchtminierenden Arten der Gattung Nepticula 
Heyd. (Etainia Beirne) anden vier deutschen Ahornarten. Wiener 
Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 36: 170-178. 

Johansson, R. (1971). Notes on the Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) I. 
Ent. Scand., 2: 241-262. 

Meyrick, E. (1895). A Handbook of British Lepidoptera. London 

Meyrick, E. (1928). A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. 

_ London. 

Parmenter, L. (1952). Stigmella samiatella Zell. (Lep. Stigmellidae) 
as a British insect. Ent mon. Mag. 88: 286. 

Petersen, W. (1930). Die Blattminierer-Gattungen Lithocolletis und 
Nepticula II. Stettin. Ent. Zeit., 91: 1-82. 

Richens, R. H. (1963). Four new Stigmellid Elm-leaf Mines. Ent. 


Gaz., 14: 36. ? 
Sorhagen, L. (1886). Die Kleinschmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg, 
Berlin. 


Stainton, H. T. (1849). Catalogue of the Tineina. London. 

Stainton, H. T. (1854). Insecta Britannica, Tineina. London. 

Stainton, H. T. (1855). The Natural History of the Tineina, Vol. I. 
London. 

Stainton, H. T. (1867). A few Observations on the Sycamore-feeding 

- Nepticula decentella. Ent. mon, Mag., 4: 75-76. 

Stainton, H. T. (1887). A new species of Nepticula bred from Birch 
from Herefordshire (N. woolhopiella) Ent. mon. Mag. 24: 62. 

Tutt, J. W. (1899). A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, Vol. 
I. London. 

Wakely, S. (1937). Stigmella (Nepticula) suberivora Stainton. Ent. 
Record, 49: 128. 

Waters, E. G. R. (1928). Nepticula suberivora Stainton in the Isle of 
Wight. Ent. mon. Mag., 64: 248. 

Wood, J. H. (1894). Notes on the early stages of the Nepticulidae. 
Ent. mon, Mag., 29: 197-201; 268-274: 30: 1-4; 43-50; 150-154. 


POSTSCRIPT 


Oak-Feeding Nepticulidae of the Ruficapitella 


Group 


As more information has come to hand since I wrote the 
above notes, I venture to expand and correct what I then 


OAK-FEEDING NEPTICULIDAE 153 


wrote, A very useful addition to the literature on the subject, 
and one to which I shall refer, is Studien an Nepticuliden 
(Lepidoptera) 5 by A. Borkowski (Bull. ent. Pol., 42: 767-799). 
This paper, written in German, covers the same ground as 
Johansson, 1971 (Ent. Scand., 2: 241-242), but in fuller detail. 

Stigmella atricapitella Haw. There appears to be season- 
al variation in the mine form. Summer mines are relatively 
short with a thick frass-line, as I described them, whereas late 
autumn mines are longer and narrower with thin linear frass. 
Johansson illustrates the summer form and Borkowski the 
autumn form. I have bred the imago from each form in its 
respective season. I cannot at present distinguish the autumn 
form from the mine of roborella Johansson. 

Stigmella svenssoni Johansson. During 1973 I bred two 
specimens, one on 3lst March from a larva taken at Amble- 
side, Westmorland, on 10th August 1972, and the other on 
28th April from a larva taken at Thorpeness, Suffolk, on 10th 
September 1972. These are the third and fourth recognised 
British specimens, their localities further demonstrating how 
widely distributed the species is in Britain. The dates are of 
interest since they suggest that the insect is univoltine, with 
larvae feeding for the most part between the generations of 
the other members of the group. Mr Svensson. in whose hon- 
our the moth is named, told me on his visit to England in 1972 
that he, too, regards it as single-brooded. Specimens of sven- 
ssoni tend to be larger than those of related species and to be 
more coarsely scaled, especially towards the apex of the fore- 
wing. The mine is relatively broad and long with dispersed 
frass, like a large edition of ruficapitella. The scarcity of 
svenssoni in collections may spring from our throwing away 
cocoons from mid-summer larvae if they fail to produce ima- 
gines later in the year. 

In my Notes I stated that I was giving my Madingley speci- 
men to the British Museum (Natural History). That specimen 
suffered accidental damage so I have presented the one from 
Ambleside in its place. 

Finally let me correct two errors in Borkowski’s paper 
which were caused by blunders on my part and are in no way 
attributable to the author. The specimen of Stigmella suberi- 
vora Stainton referred to on page 773 and illustrated (geni- 
talia) at fig. 17, was taken, not at Madingley, as stated, but at 
Camberwell, South London. An accidental fall caused several 
specimens to part company with their staging and in replac- 
ing them I must have interchanged a suberivora and an atri- 
capitella. There is no holm-oak at Madingley and suberivora 
has not, as yet, been recorded from Cambridgeshire. I am 
also responsible for the mis-spelling “Maddingley”; until the 
name appeared in The Times crossword puzzle (doubtless in 
quotation from Rupert Brooke), I had not realised that it 
ie only one “d”. I apologise to Borkowski for misleading 

m. 
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, 
Saffron Walden, Essex. 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/74 


A Species of the Boreal Genus Cosmetopus Becker 
(Dipt., Scatophagidae) New to the British Isles, 
taken by the River Test in Hampshire 


By P. J. CHANDLER 
(Weston Research Laboratories. 644 Bath Road, Taplow, 
Maidenhead, Berks) 


and A. E. Stupss 
(91 Clitherow Avenue, Hanwell, London W.7.) 


On 21st June 1970 we were collecting along the banks of a 
backwater of the River Test on the Leckford Estate near Stock- 
bridge, North Hampshire, when a female of a rather small fly 
of undistinguished appearance, belonging to the Family Scato- 
phagidae and rather similar in build and coloration to 
Chaetosa punctipes Mg., was swept from waterside vegetation 
by one of us (AES). As this insect proved to be a species not 
hitherto recorded from the British Isles, we have frequently 
revisited the collection locality to seek further specimens. Most 
of these visits have proved unsuccessful but on 4th July 1971, 
two more females were beaten (by PJC) from the foliage of an 
osier (Salix viminalis L.) overhanging the river not far from 
the spot where the first was taken. Unfortunately no males 
of this species have yet been collected in Britain. 

Preliminary examination of the insect, whch is predomin- 
antly grey dusted with yellow legs and has a rather striking 
orange coloration to the frons, showed that it was not C. 
punctipes. The latter species, which we have taken elsewhere 
on the Leckford Estate and at Windsor, Berks, and Thursley 
Common, Surrey, differs in several important respects, notably 
the possession of two sternopleural bristles (only one in our 
specimens) and a pointed tip to the third antennal joint. The 
most recent revision of the British species of this family was 
by Collin (1958) and the only more recent additions to the 
British list of which we are aware were our discovery of 
Norellia spinipes Mg. in southern England (Chandler & Stubbs, 
1969; Chandler, 1970) and the additions made by Nelson (1965, 
1972) in the north of England of Scoliaphleps ustulata Zetter- 

-stedt and Coniosternum tinctinervis Becker. 


Taxonomic Discussion 

In Collin’s key to the genera our specimens ran to the 
genus Microprosopa. Of this genus, however, he knew of only 
one British species, M. pallidicauda Zett. (pallicauda of Collin), 
which is known only from the Spey Valley in Scotland. We 
were already in possession of North American specimens of M. 
pallidicauda kindly given to us by Dr J. R. Vockeroth and 
comparison with these showed that the Leckford specimen 
was certainly a distinct species. As Collin (op. cit.) stated, 
two other species of the genus Microprosopa had been erron- 
eously recorded from Britain by earlier authors, ie. M. hae- 


A SPECIES OF THE BOREAL GENUS COSMETOPUS BECKER 155 


morrhoidalis Mg. and M. heteromyzina Zett. Reference to the 
key to the Palaearctic species of the genus given by Sack (1937) 
showed that our fly could not belong to any of the three 
species mentioned above and it was found to run readily to 
M. fulvipes Zett., on the basis of a pale haired grey dusted 
black abdomen, palpi darkened and mainly yellow antennae. 
It agreed almost entirely with the longer description given 
by Sack for M. fulvipes except with regard to his comments 
on the sexual differences in the colour of the antennae; he 
stated that the male antennae have the third joint reddish 
yellow and brownish at the tip while in the female the antennae 
are entirely brown. Our specimens, which are females, have 
the antennae entirely yellow except for a slight brown discolo- 
ration on the anterior margin of the third joint. 

~ Subsequent to Sack’s work on the Palaearctic species, Hack- 
man (1956) produced his revision of the Scatophagidae of Fin- 
land. In this paper on page 24 he gives a full account of his 
reasons for synonymising M. fulvipes with Cosmetopus ber- 
grotht Becker (1900). Zetterstedt’s original description of 
fulvipes was from a single Swedish female and Becker (1894) 
wrongly associated this with the male of another species and 
so placed fulvipes in Microprosopa although the type speci- 
men and description agreed substantially with the female of 
his species C. bergrothi, described in 1900 from Siberian speci- 
mens. In view of this, Hackman proposed that the species 
should be known as Cosmetopus fulvipes (Zett.). The genus 
Cosmetopus is distinguished from Microprosopa in the male 
by a ventral apophysis on the front femur which fits into a 
notch in the tibia, while the female is distinguised by the 
shape of the palpi, more elongate and widening subapically 
in Cosmetopus but lancet shaped, i.e. widest just after the 
middle in Microprosopa- 

Our specimens were submitted first to Dr J. R- Vockeroth, 
who confirmed that they belonged to the genus Cosmetopus. 
He wrote on March 16th 1972 that these specimens were not 
longus Walker, so he assumed that they must be dentimanus 
Zetterstedt, ‘the only other Palaeartic species known’. He 
further remarked that he and Hackman did not agree on the 
identity of the type female of C. fulvipes Zetterstedt; Vock- 
eroth considered it to belong to dentimanus but Hackman 
(as mentioned above) had decided it to be bergrothi (=longus). 
Dr Vockeroth sent one of the flies to Mr H. Andersson at Lund 
for comparison with type material; recent information received 
by us from Dr W. Hackman (in. litt, 15.x-1973) has confirmed 
that Vockeroth’s view is correct. Dr Hackman has said that 
he was mistaken in synonymising bergrothi with fulvipes and 
he now accepts the synonymy of dentimanus Zetterstedt = ful- 
vipes Zetterstedt and in the case of the other species longus 
Walker=bergrothi Becker. 

The three British females would therefore appear to belong 
to the species Cosmetopus dentimanus Zetterstedt and we 
are adding it to the British list under this name. The female 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI1/74 


of this species is apparently distinguished from that of longus 
and that of a yet undescribed Swedish species (Hackman, in 
litt.) by having less spatulate palpi. Dr Hackman refers to 
variation in colour of the antennae and palpi in dentimanus 
females. In the British specimens the third antennal joint is 
entirely yellow while the palpi are widely darkened apically, 
being only slightly paler towards the base. Apparently in 
Swedish specimens there is variation in the colour of the 
third antennal joint, which may be dark on the apical third 
only or on the apical two thirds, in both instances having the 
palpi dark only at the tip, while two Finnish specimens have 
a strongly darkened third antennal joint, only yellow at the 
base and entirely dark palpi. As Cosmetopus are nowhere 
common and only limited material is available of all species 
(both European and Nearctic), Dr Hackman reasonably com- 
ments that the taxonomic value of these colour characters is 
difficult to judge but he suggests on the basis of the variation 
in the Fennoscandian specimens that the colour of the third 
antennal joint and palpi may vary independently. 

There appears at present to be no reason to doubt that 
our specimens are conspecific with C. dentimanus, but the 
discovery of males in this country is hopefully awaited so that 
this may be confirmed without doubt. The possibility certainly 
cannot be excluded that the Leckford specimens represent an 
undescribed species,, bearing in mind the far cry of their 
habitat from the previously known haunts of this species. 


Distinguishing characters 

C. dentimanus is a slender bodied predominantly grey 
dusted fly (length 5 mm.) with yellow legs and slightly yellow 
tinged wings. As it runs to Microprosopa in Collin’s (op. cit-) 
key, it is probably most helpful to detail the salient features 
(apart from the generic characters mentioned above) by which 
it may be separated from M. pallidicauda. With the aid of 
these distinctions there should be no possibility of confusion 
resulting in the identification of future material collected of 
these species. A representative specimen will be deposited in 
due course in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History). Should the male be taken here it may be easily 
recognised from the figure by Séguy (1952) of the entire insect 
(lateral view). 

Dusting of body ashy grey in pallidicauda; golden yellow 
tint on dorsum of thorax in dentimanus. 

Bristles of head and thorax all black in _ pallidicauda; 
verticals, ocellars, vibrissae and pleural bristles yellow in 
dentimanus, although other bristles are black. 

Frontal stripe mainly pale dull yellow, grey above, in 
pallidicauda; bright orange yellow in dentimanus (the head is 
otherwise mostly yellow but for the grey dusted occiput in 
both species). 

Antennae entirely black in pallidicauda; at least partly 
yellow in dentimanus (mainly yellow in British specimens with 
only slight darkening along entire anterior margin of third 


A SPECIES OF THE BOREAL GENUS COSMETOPUS BECKER = 107 
joint). 

Palpi entirely yellow in pallidicauda; darkened at least 
apically in dentimanus (mainly greyish brown, slightly paler 
at the base in British specimens). 

Fore femora in the female of pallidicauda with only fine 
pale hairs beneath; in dentimanus these femora have a strong 
ventral swelling on the basal three-fifths bearing thick pale 
hairs and at the point where it rapidly narrows to the slender 
apical portion a few short black spines are present. 

Mid and hind tibiae with one or two posterodorsals as well 
as anterodorsals in Microprosopa; mid tibiae with a median 
anterodorsal and hind tibiae with two anterodorsals (one 
median, the other basad to it) but no posterodorsals on either 
in dentimanus. 

Habitat considerations 

The Leckford locality of C. dentimanus may be summar- 
ised as the banks of a small calcareous river running through 
peaty fenland and with a rich flora at the transition between 
open fen, carr and drier fen woodland. 

Cosmetopus, according to Dr Vockeroth (in litt.) belongs 
to the group of genera within the Scatophagidae, which prob- 
ably have predaceous larvae living in subaquatic or aquatic 
situations. Other genera in Britain probably belonging to this 
group are Microprosopa, Pogonota, Chaetosa and Trichopal- 
pus although only in Spaziphora has the life cycle been fully 
worked out — the predaceous larvae in sewage beds and stag- 
nant water (Lloyd, Graham & Reynoldson, 1940). The oviposi- 
tors in these genera are apparently of the type found in Scato- 
phaga itself, suggesting that the eggs are probably inserted 
into a wet substrate, e.g. soil while the phytophagous genera 
(e.g. Norellia, Gimnomera, Cordilura, Delina, etc.) have ovi- 
positors of different types enabling them to oviposit in their 
respective food-plants. It would appear likely then that the 
larval habitat of C. denttmanus at Leckford is the river itself 
or the peat of the adjacent fen. 

Although flies of the genus Cosmetopus are recorded from 
moist habitats (Hackman, op. cit.), the existing records are 
from Northern Europe (Fennoscandia and Siberia) in boreal 
or subarctic situations and from the Swiss Alps. In view of 
the previously known distribution of the genus, therefore, its 
discovery in this lowland locality in southern England is parti- 
cularly remarkable albeit that the concentrated collecting we 
have carried out on the Leckford Estate has shown it to have 
a very rich Dipterous Fauna, including at least thirteen species 
of Scatophagidae. There are many localities of a similar 
nature elsewhere in Britain and the fly must surely turn up in 
other places if looked out for. 


Acknowledgements 
We would like particularly to express our thanks for the 
kindness shown in elucidating the identity of the flies recorded 
here by Dr J. R- Vockeroth (Ottawa), Mr H. Andersson (Lund) 
and Dr W. Hackman (Helsinki). The flies were collected in 


158 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


the area administered by the Leckford Estate (John Lewis 
Partership) but not within any of the series of small nature 
reserves which have been set aside for long term entomolo- 
gical study and we have to thank the administrators of the 
Estate for the opportunity to participate in the Biological 
Survey which has been in progress there now since 1969. 


References 

Becker, T. (1894). Dipterologische Studien. I. Scatomyzidae, Berl. ent. 
Zeit., 39: 77-196. 

Becker, T. (1900). Beitrage zur Dipteren-Fauna Sibiriens. Nordwest- 
Sibirische Dipteren gesammelt von Prof. John Sahlberg aus 
Helsingfors im Jahre 1876 und Dr E. Bergroth aus Tammerfors 
im Jahre 1877, Acta Soc. Sct. Fenn., 26: 66. 

Chandler, P. J. & Stubbs, A. E., (1969). A species of Norellia R.-D. 
(Dipt., Scatophagidae) new to Britain, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. hist. 
Soc., 2 (4): 120-124 

Chandler, P. J., (1970). A supplementary note on Norellia R.-D. (Dipt., 
Scatophagidae), Proc. Brit. ent. hist. Soc., 3 (1): 12. 

Collin, J. E., (1958). A short synopsis of the British Scatophagidae 
(Dipt.), Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 13 (3): 37-56 

Hackman, W. (1956). The Scatophagidae of Eastern Fennoscandia, 
Faun. Fenn., 2: 1-67. 

Lloyd, L. L., Graham, J. F. & Reynoldson, T. B. (1940), Materials for a 
study in animal competition. The fauna of the sewage Bacteria 
Beds Ann. appl. Biology, 27: 122-150. 

Nelson, J. M. (1965). Scoliaphleps ustulata Zetterstedt (Dipt., Seatopha- 
zidae) new to Britain, Entomologist, 98: 65. 

Nelson, M. (1972) Coniosternum tinctinervis Becker, a Scatophagid 
ily new to Britain (Diptera), Entomologist’s Gaz., 23: 247-248. 

Sack, P. (1937). Die Fliegen der Palaarktischen Region (EF. Lindner). 
62. Cordyluridae. 1-103. Berlin. 

Seguy, E. (1952). Diptera. Fam. Scatophagidae. IN Wytsman, P. (Ed.), 
Genera Insectorum, 209: 1-107 


Andricus lignicolus (Hartig) (Hym.: Cynipidae) 
in S.E. England: A Species New to Britain 


By Marcaret M. HutTcHINSON 
(The Croft House, Inval, Haslemere, Surrey) 


On 25th October 1972 J found six small galls which I took to 
be poor specimens of the agamic form of Andricus kollari 
(Hartig) (“Oak marbles’’). They were on a small tree of Quer- 
cus robur along the Bhinefield Ornamental Drive near 
Brockenhurst in the New Forest. They were woody, rough 
and scaly. Four had emergence holes. I took the other two 
home and numbered them 438vs (very small) and 439vs. I 
kept them in separate phials with the oak marbles I was study- 
ing for breeding. 

On 29th June 1973 I opened them. 438 was empty; 439 
contained a dead perfect insect that was brown like a small 
specimen of A. kollari. I kept it with its gall as an instance 
of a small gall producing a perfect insect and not parasites as 


ANDRICUS LIGNICOLUS (HARTIG) 159 


is generally the case. 

On 29th September 1973 I found on Wiggonholt Common 
near Pulborough, West Sussex, a cluster of three galls similar 
to those from the New Forest. On a nearby tree were a few 
more. I also found Andricus corruptrix (Schlechtendal) 
agamic form, and A. kollari. I felt sure now that these galls 
were not A. kollari for on close examination they were all 
scaly, light grey brown with “light red” (as in a paint box) 
patches where the scales burst open. ‘They all measured 
between eight and ten millemetres across by seven to eight 
tall. They grew from leaf scars, evidently unsurping the 
place of 1973 buds. 

On 4th October I found a similar gall’at Inval, Haslemere, 
my home. On visiting Wiggonholt Common again on 22nd 
October I found a number more, most of which I left, but 
brought home a twig with nine galls on it. 

From 30th October to 3rd November I was in the New 
Forest where I found similar galls in small numbers in six 
different localities. All were on Q. robur. At Inval again I 
found one on a large Q. robur and one on a stunted growth 
on 12th November and 9th December respectively. These I 
left on the trees, marking their twigs with coloured string. 

There seems no doubt that this is a new gall to Britain, 
Andricus lignicolus' (Hartig), clearly illustrated in Dr Van 
Leeuwen’s ‘“Gallenbock” and described by him also in 
Tijdschrift v. Entomologie, 1956, vol. 98. It is closely allied 
to corruptrix and kollari, and all three use Quercus cerris as 
the host of the sexual generation. 

Young specimens of corruptrix have the same warty ap- 
pearance and same colouring when seen under magnification. 
As they become weathered the scales wear off, at least over 
the top, which becomes shiny and lobed, and are therefore 
quite unlike lignicolus in shape as well as in size, for they are 
much smaller. 

The mature insects of corruptriz I have found to emerge 
between late May and early August. Van Leeuwen gives July 
as the month in which lignicolus emerges. 

One very small lignicolus that was growing up against a 

larger one yielded a female Chalcid parasite, Mesopobus 
tibialis (Westwood) on 2nd December 1973. Mr John Quinlan 
of the Department of Entomology, British Museum, who has 
been kindly helping me with my investigations, identified this 
parasite. Both he and I have specimens of lignicolus from 
which we hope to procure perfect insects. These may then 
be examined by Mr Quinlan and positioned in the key to 
British Hymenopterous gall causers. 
Now, here is the rub. As long ago as 1968 I had brought 
in an insignificant, malformed ‘oak marble” which I only 
kept because I failed to throw it away. In March 1969 I found 
it had yielded up its insect, but it was mouldy and had NO 
LABEL. I still kept it for interest. On examining it recently 
it proved to be Andricus lignicolus, and is actually the first 
record for the British Isles. Well — one lives and learns! 


160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


Notes on the Genus Uretheisa Hubner (Lepidop- 
tera: Arctiidae) in the Western Pacific with 
Larval Descriptions 


By GapveENn S. ROBINSON 
(Dept. of Zoology, University of Durham) 


and H. S, RoBINSON 
(P.O, Box 5090, Raiwaga, Suva, Fiji) 


Following the discussion of the Fijian species of Utetheisa 
Hubner by G. S. Robinson (1971) we obtained and bred larvae 
of Utetheisa lotrix stigmata Rothschild, Utetheisa pulchel- 
loides marshallorum Rothschild and Utetheisa clareae 
Robinson from Fiji. Lotrix specimens were from Tavua, 
northern Viti Levu, pulchelloides from Singatoka, southern 
Viti Levu and clareae from Savusavu, southern Vanua Levu. 
In June 1971, G. S. Robinson obtained larvae of Utetheisa 
salomonis Rothschild from the southern coast of Efate, New 
Hebrides. These were bred both in the New Hebrides and in 
Fiji. Alcohol-preserved specimens and inflated larval skins of 
all species have been prepared. The larvae, illustrated in 
dorsal and lateral view in the plate, are of a pattern consistent 
within species and markedly different between species. They 
can be identified as follows: 


U. pulchelloides marshallorum Rothschild (plate X, fig. 2) 
Base colour bright lemon yellow with black pattern- 
ing. Dorsal stripe interrupted by single black bands. 
Head dark tan. 
Foodplants: Boraginaceae especially Messerschmidia 
argentea. Feeds on upper epidermis of leaves. 


U. salomonis Rothschild (plate X, fig. 3) 
Base colour orange-brown with black patterning. 

Dorsal stripe not interrupted, though it carries bands 
of darker ground colour at the centre of each segment. 
Head black or brownish black. 
Foodplants: Boraginaceae especially Messerschmidia 
argentea. Feeds on upper epidermis of leaves. 

U. clareae Robinson (plate X, fig. 4) 
Base colour pale lemon yellow with black patterning. 
Dorsal stripe not interrupted. Head light tan, 
Foodplants: Boraginaceae especially Messerschmidia 
argentea. Feeds on upper epidermis of leaves. 

U. lotrix stigmata Rothschild (plate X, fig. 1) 

Base colour lemon yellow with black and orange 
patterning. Dorsal stripe interrupted by pairs of 
black bands with an orange band between. Head light 
tan. 

Foodplants: Papilionaceae especially Crotalaria spp. 
Feeds on leaves (but see footnote), 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 


PLATE X 


Utetheisa lotrix stigmata Roths. 
Utetheisa pulchelloides marshallorum Roths. 
Utetheisa salomonis Roths. 
Utetheisa clareae Robinson 
Dorsal and lateral views of larvae x2 


ee ceiy een re 


ae 


ocean 


ee 


NOTES ON THE GENUS UTETHEISA HUBNER 161 


The distribution and development of these four species 
may be explained in the western Pacific area by the distribu- 
tion of the foodplants. Crotalaria and associated Papilion- 
aceae are common in all the islands and well spread across 
lowland areas especially where these are cultivated, Accord- 
ingly any dispersal of U. lotrix can find a ready home and if 
blown from one area to another by strong winds has no 
difficulty in finding supplies of foodplant. 

The three remaining species find themselves in a very 
different situation. The only endemic species of the Boragin- 
aceae is Messerschmidia argentea (Linn. f.) Johnston (Tourne- 
fortia argentea Linn, f.) and the distribution of this plant is 
very specialised. It occurs only at high tide mark, usually on 
the prevailing windward side of islands, where there is coral 
sand. The latter substrate appears to be necessary for seed 
germination. 

Messerschmidia thus forms a very thin interrupted band 
along limited stretches of coast and a dispersal of any of the 
three Boraginaceae-feeding species has therefore a limited 
chance of reaching the foodplant and if blown from it, little 
chance of returning to it or coming across a new supply. 

Observation of the colonies of each of these three species 
shows them to be consistently sedentary in behaviour. The 
imagines rest always on the foodplant and if disturbed fly into 
the wind in a circle and return to it and it would appear that 
this specialised behaviour is essential to their survival, 

This behaviour of course ensures that each colony tends 
to become increasingly inbred and to retain only sedentary 
individuals and the likelihood of speciation in the Boragin- 
aceae-feeding group could therefore be expected to be high 
and this is in fact the case. 

U. lotrix on the other hand has entirely different behaviour. 
The imagines settle on all types of vegetation and when dis- 
turbed fly widely to leeward and accordingly the colonies 
which are a feature of the Boraginaceae—feeding species do 
not exist in lotrix which is widely spread and therefore un- 
likely to speciate. In fact only one subspecies of lotrix has 
been described and we are in some doubt as to whether stig- 
mata is consistently separable from typical lotrix as suggested 
by Jordan (1939). 


Footnote: Swain (1971) states that U. lotrix feeds on seed-pods of 
Crotalaria and illustrates an undoubted larva of lotrix on a stem of 
Crotalaria below a damaged pod. The authors have never seen dam- 
age to seed-pods by lotrix even on stands of Crotalaria where infesta- 
tion is very heavy. In captivity larvae cannot be induced to eat seed- 
pods even when given no other food. The larvae of the Hypsid 
species, Argina cribaria Clerck, might, with their orange and black 
bands, be mistaken when small for larvae of lotrix and these do dam- 
age seed-pods in exactly the manner shown in the illustration. It is 
possible that Swain’s larva is an innocent bystander at the scene of 
another’s crime. 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


During the Royal Society and Percy Sladen New Hebrides 
Expedition in 1971, G. S. Robinson collected a long series of 
U. salomonis Rothschild from several islands. Utetheisa 
lotrix was collected from only one locality and a single faded 
male specimen of what we consider to be Utetheisa pulchel- 
loides vaga Jordan was collected at light at Wintoua, South 
West Bay, Malekula. This Australian subspecies is a migrant 
to New Zealand (Fox, 1973) and this is the first record of it 
from the tropical Pacific (see footnote). The distribution of 
Utetheisa species in the New Hebrides is shown on the map. 

In June 1971, H. S. Robinson collected U. lotrix stijmata 
Roths. from MHoniara, Guadalcanal, British Solomon Is. 
Protectorate. Utetheisa salomonis has been collected from 
the coast of New Caledonia (J. D. Holloway — pers. comm.). 

We have been able to examine photographs of the type 
(in the U.S. National Museum, Washington) of Utetheisa idae 
Gates Clarke (1940—see also Forbes, 1941). it is a specimen 
of Utetheisa pulchelloides marshallorum Rothschild (syn. n.). 
The type locality of this species is given as Swain’s Island, 
Newfoundland and we believe the type locality to be 
erroneous. We consider that Swain’s Island, American Samoa 
is the probable source of the specimens. 


Summary 
The larvae of the four Utetheisa species inhabiting the 
islands of the western Pacific are described. Choice of food- 
plant of the species is related to distribution and behaviour. 
New locality records of Utetheisa species are given, Utetheisa 


idae Gates Clarke is synonymised with Utetheisa pulchelloides 
marshallorum Rothschild. 


Acknowledgements 

We are indebted to Mr A. H. Hayes of the British Museum 
(Natural History) for the photographs of the type of Utetheisa 
idae Gates Clarke and for drawing our attention to its exis- 
tence. Dr K. E. Lee of the CSIRO Division of Soils, Adelaide, 
prepared the map of the New Hebrides. G. S. Robinson 
gratefully acknowledges support by the Royal Society, the 
Percy Sladen Trust and the Science Research Council of the 
research of which this paper is a part. 


References 


Forbes, W. T. M. (1941). The position of Utetheisa galapagensis 
(Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). J. N. Y. ent. Soc., 49: 101-110. 

Fox, K. J. (1973). Migrant Lepidoptera in New Zealand. N. Z. Entom- 
ologist, 5: 143-146. 


Footnote: The capture of U. pulchelloides vaga Jordan on Malekula 
on 10.x.1971 coincides with a massive immigration of vaga into New 
Zealand: Fox (1973) records the first New Zealand arrivals on 
4.x.1973. 


PLATE XI 


168° 169° 170° 


| | 
‘NEW HEBRIDES 


SCALE 
KILOMETRES 50 0 50 100 KILOMETRES 


15° 


ESPIRITU 
SANTO 


| PENTECOST 


LEKULA 


Gan: 


i votes 


EPI 
@ 


Paik 


. 


% 


x vaga 


& salomonis 


| %& stigmata 


ERROMANGA 


ANEITYUM 8 


170° 


Map of the New Hebrides showing localities of collection of Utetheisa 


species. 


ae ieee ete 


Moai ye alla 


M.V. RECORDINGS, HAMPTON WOOD, WARWICKSHIRE 163 


Gates Clarke, J. F. (1940). A new species of Utetheisa from Newtound 
land (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 42: 42-44. 

Jordan, K. (1939). On the constancy and variability of the differences 
between the Old World species of Utetheisa (Lepidoptera, 
Arctiidae). Novit. zool., 41; 251-291. 

Robinson, G. S. (1971). The genus Utetheisa Hubner in Fiji with a 
description of a new _ species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 83: 123-130. 

Swain, G. (1971). Agricultural Zoology in Fiji. xix+424 pp., 13 figs., 
374 pls. HMSO, London. 


M.V. Recordings, Hampton Wood, 
Warwickshire 


By A. F. J. GARDNER 
(Wood Cottage, Grove Fields, Hampton Lucy, Near Warwick) 


For the last two years I have been running a Robinson 
moth trap with a 125 watt M.V. bulb in the garden of my home 
which backs on to Hampton Wood. This wood consists of 
approximately 18 acres and is situated between the villages of 
Barford and Hampton Lucy near Warwick. It was cut consider- 
ably around wartime and left for grazing cattle, consequently 
there are few species of low-growing plants and large bramble 
and hawthorn thickets have grown up. The trees are mainly 
deciduous and in some variety with about a dozen conifers sur- 
rounded by large clearings. 

I have taken 296 species of larger moths at light, except 
for Saturnia pavonia L. which flew to a cage of newly hatched 
females situated in the garden. The following is a list of the 
more interesting species taken:— 

Clostera curtula L., two; Achlya flavicornis L., common; 
Polyploca ridens F., three; Leucoma salicis L., one; Lycophotia 
varia de Vill., two; Rhyacia simulans Hufn., fairly common; 
Spaelotis ravida D. & S., three; Polia nitens Haws., five; P. 
nebulosa Hufn., one; Orthosia populeti F., one; Xylomyges con- 
spicillaris L., one; Cucullia umbratica L., fairly common; C. 
chamomillae D. & S., fairly common; C. verbasci L., fairly com- 
mon; Lithophane semibrunnea Haw., two; Dryobotoides 
eremita F., fairly common; Eupsilia transversa Hufn., one; 
Tiliacea aurago D. & S., fairly common; Cryphia perla D. & S., 
four; Apamea unanimis Hiibn., one; Apamea ophiogramma 
Esp., ten; A. scolopacina Esp., one; Eremobia ochroleuca D. & 
S., two; Celaena leucostigma Hiibn., one; Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., 
one; Cosmia pyralina D. & S., fairly common; C. affinis L., 
fairly common; C. diffinis L., thirteen; Rhizedra lutosa Hubn., 
three; Nonagria typhae Thunb., one; Nycteola revayana Scop., 
one; Polychrisia moneta F., four; Plusia festucae L., two; Tri- 
chiura crataegi L., fairly common; Gastropacha quercifolia L., 
five; Lithosia complana L., three; Geometra papilionaria L.., 
two; Nycterosea obstipata F., two; Larentia clavaria Haw.., six; 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI1/74 


Mesoleuca albicillata L., one; Perizoma bifaciata Haw., one; 
Euphyia unangulata Haw., fairly common; Chloroclysta miata 
L., one; Rheumaptera undulata L., one; Chesias legatella D. & 
S., one; Chiasmia clathrata L., one. 

Numbers of species per month in 1972 were: January (1); 
March (13); April (21); May (41); June, 72; July, 145; August, 
139; September, 78; October, 46; November, 21; December, 3. 

Numbers of species per month in 1972 were: January 1; 
March, 13; April, 21; May, 41; June, 72; July, 145; August, 
AuZust, 108; September, 63; October, 37; November, 14. 

The highest catch on any one night was 5,000+ on 22nd 
July 1972. 


Joint Committee for the Conservation of British 
Insects 


RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES—GENERAL LIST 


Recently, lists of Macrolepidoptera, and of Odonata and 
Orthoptera, which this Committee considers are at risk in 
Britain have been published. The Committee has now com- 
piled a short list of other British insects which it also considers 
should be collected with restraint. Because such insects are 
not subject to the same pressures from collecting it has not 
been necessary to compile a long list despite their much 
greater numbers. Moreover the criteria adopted in selecting 
species for inclusion on the list have not been exactly the 
same as those which are appropriate for the more popular 
groups. Only species which are either particularly conspicuous 
or easily collected, or which are known to occur in only one re- 
stricted locality have been included. In some cases both these 
criteria apply. 

The committee is aware that it may be criticised for sug- 
gesting that species outside the popular groups may be vulner- 
able to over-collecting. It appreciates that in many cases the 
knowledge does not exist which would enable a fully informed 
decision to be taken on such matters. On the other hand the 
Committee believes, first, that a policy of restraint in collect- 
ing very restricted species is necessary because they are 
especially vulnerable to threats of other kinds. Secondly, it 
believes that each case should be judged on its merits, as far 
as this is possible. Thirdly, it is anxious to avoid any impres- 
sion that the collectors of the more popular groups, particu- 
larly Lepidopterists, are alone being singled out for implied 
criticism. The ‘general list? has been kept short, partly be- 
cause of a lack of up-to-date information and partly for the 
reason stated above, but more particularly because the Com- 
mittee believes that long lists are self-defeating. 

The Committee urges all entomologists to follow the 
advice given in the ‘Code for Insect Collecting’ and to exer- 
cise restraint in collecting the following species: 


ABNORMAL SEX-RATIO IN ZYGAENA CARNIOLICA SCOPOLI 165 


Hemiptera-Heteroptera 
Geotomus punctulatus (Costa) (Pentatomidae) 
Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Goeze) (Coreidae) 
Hemiptera-Homoptera 


Cicadetta montana (Scopoli) (Cicadidae) (New Forest 

Cicada) 
Lepidoptera (‘‘Microlepidoptera”’) 

Hypercallia citrinalis (Scopoli) (Oecophoridae) 

Nothris verbascella (Hitbner) (Gelechiidae) 

Aethes rutilana (Hiibner) (Cochylidae) 

Agrotera nemoralis (Scopoli) (Pyralidae) 

Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (Denis & Schiff.) (Ptero- 
phridae) 

Stenoptilia pneumonanthes (Bittner) ‘Pterophoridae) 


Coleoptera 
Omophron limbatum F. (Carabidae) 
Chrysolina cerealis (L.) (Chrysomelidae) 


A Possibly Abnormal Sex-ratio in Zygaena 
carniolica Scopoli (Lep.: Zygaenidae) 


By TorBeEN B. LARSEN 
(P.O. Box 1567, Beirut, Lebanon) 


Introduction 

In August and September 1973, I paid repeated visits to 
the area of Jabal Kesrouan on the Lebanon Mountain range 
with a view to collecting large-scale quantitative information 
on Zygaena carniolica Scopoli. The phytogeographical 
characteristics of the area, on the lower fringes of the Subal- 
pine Zone, have been summarised elsewhere (Larsen, 1974, 
Pabot, 1959). The quantitative results will be published later, 
but as information on the sex-ratio was not part of the over-all 
investigation these results will be noted here. They turned out 
to be so interesting that special attention will be focused on 
this aspect if the author remains in Lebanon. 


Material 

The whole of the Jabal Kesrouan above 1700 m. is dotted 
with almost discrete colonies of the butterfly; each colony has 
thousands and thousands of individuals, while intervening 
ground only displays very occasional specimens. On 19-8.1973 
215 specimens were caught in a random sample of one such 
colony, 97 of which were in perfect condition and were kept. 
On the same day 456 pupae were collected, of which 170 
successfully hatched and developed. Most of the rest were 
parasitized. 

The investigation was made in the later part of the season 
for the butterfly. The very first few pupae had been found in 


166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


late June, and by late July the species was super-abundant in 
the colony*. By September only occasional fresh specimens 
could be found. The prime season appears to be 20th July to 
SOth August or so. This is long, but the length is not surpris- 
ing as the species hibernates in the first larval instar and de- 
velopment must be heavily influenced by local microclimatic 
conditions. Accordingly there is no reason to suspect that the 
two samples should deviate from the theoretical sex-ratio of 
100 males to 100 females. 


Sex-ratios of Two Samples 


The table below gives the sex-ratios of the two subsamples 
and the total samples, as well as the deviation from the ex- 
pected norm when measured against the theoretical ratio 
using the binominal approximation to the normal distribution 
(see statistical appendix). 


Table 1 
Sex-proportion of two samples of Zygaena carniolica and the combined 
sample, with value of the u-test in relation to the expected proportion 
of 0-500 


Sample — N per cent per cent value of 
male female u 
97 freshly hatched ; eh 
specimens 97 71 29 4.6 
170 specimens 
bred from pupae 170 67 33 4.7 


Combined sample 267 68 32 6.8 


The values of u are all significant at the 0.00001 level, and 
only the fact that samples from other times of the season are 
not available leaves the conclusion somewhat tentative. How- 
ever, as the samples were certainly drawn in the later part of 
the main season, one would, if anything, have expected a 
slight preponderance of females. 


Discussion 

Abnormal sex-ratios in insects are highly unusual. A sum- 
mary article (HAMILTON 1967) lists 26 species, all with a 
strong preponderance of females. The only butterfly with an 
abnormal sex-ratio which has been extensively studied is 
Acraea encedon where predominantly female populations are 
found (OWEN 1971). A number of moths have regular or ir- 
regular parthenogenetic broods (IMMS 1923, LEMAIRE 1969, 
SEVASTOPULO 1972). No records exist of predominantly male 
populations of insects. 

The evidence presented is strongly suggestive that the sex- 
ratio in Zygaena carniolica on the Jabal Kesrouan is 200 males 


*About 150,000 on an area of 4,000 m? 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 167 


to 100 females. I very much hope to prove this suggestion 
through a longitudinal study throughout the period of flight of 
the species, but would appreciate additional information on 
other populations of Zygaena. It should be noted that huge, 
discrete populations, such as the one studied, may be among 
the most conducive to genetic abnormality. The possibility that 


a population-limiting factor is activated by density must be 
entertained. 


Statistical Appendix 


When the expected frequency of males to females is 0.50, 
we are faced with a binomial situation, which in view of the 
high number and high @ may be transformed to a normal dis- 
tribution. The significance test thus becomes: 


h—0-50 


eae 
N 


where h signifies the observed frequency, 0-50 the theoretical 
® frequency and N the sample size (HALD 1952). 


References 
Hald, A. (1952). Statistical theory with engineering applications. Japan. 
Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex-ratios. Science, 156: 477-88. 
Imms, A. D. (1923). A general text-book of Entomology. London. 
Larsen, T. B. (1974), The Butterflies of Lebanon. Beirut. E. W. Classey 
250 pp. i11. 
Lemaire, C. (1969). Un cas de parthénogénese chez les Lepidoptéres 
Attacidae: Goodia kuntzei (Dewitz)—Alexanor vi: 47/48. 
Owen, D. F. (1971). Tropical Butterflies. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K. 
Pabot, H. (1959). Rapport au Governement du Liban sur la Vegetation 
Sylvo-pastorale et son Ecologie, FAO Technical Assistance Pro- 
gramme Report, No. 1126 (PA/59/8/6161). Rome (Mimeograph). 
Sevastopulo, D. G. (1972). Decachorda aspersa Bouv. A second partheno- 
genetic Saturnid.—The Entomologist, 105: 135-36. 


Notes and Observations 


Mytuimna (ALETIAI L-ALBUM (L.) (L-ALBUM WAINSCOT) IN 
Essrex.—In view of Dr Watkinson’s note on this species (in 
Ent. Rec., 85: 268) it is perhaps worth mentioning the occur- 
rence here of a ° and ¢ of M. l-album at m.v. light on 6th 
October 1972 and 8th October 1972 respectively. Although 
eggs were obtained they appear to have been infertile. —A. J. 
Dewick, Curry Farm, Bradwell-onSea, Southminster, Essex. 

[Is this the first record of I-album for Essex, also its furthest 

north appearance in Britain?—Edit. ]. 


168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/7T4 


An UNusuAL FooDPLANT FOR PHYLLONORYCTER MESSANIELLA 
(ZELLER).—In October 1972 I discovered in my garden, on the 
leaves of a young tree of Tilia tomentosa, a number of small, 
rather square underside mines, apparently made by a species 
of Phyllonorycter. Hering (Bestimmungstabellen der Blatt- 
minen von Europa, 1957) stated that mines had been found on 
Tilia in various parts of Europe including Great Britain, but 
that no moths had been bred from them. 

I accordingly collected some 50 mines, and during the win- 
ter kept half in a plastic box in a cold room, and half in a 
flower-pot outside. When nothing had emerged from either 
batch the following spring, I examined the contents of the 
box and found a dead and very mouldy moth which looked as 
though it had emerged the previous autumn, and which I sent 
for determination to Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. On a second 
specimen, which had died in pupa when ready to emerge, I 
operated myself. Both proved to be Phyllonorycter messaniella 
(Zeller), which is abundant in the neighbourhood on Quercus 
ilex and also occurs regularly, though less commonly, on Car- 
pinus. 

It seems likely that P. messaniella occasionally affects some 
Limes, but that it is not able to flourish upon them; this would 
account for the species not previously having been bred. It is 
also possible that smooth-leaved Limes are not acceptable; T. 
europea and T. platyphyllos in my garden and elsewhere in 
this district appear unaffected, and mines on T. cordata would 
probably have been found by Lepidopterists looking for other 
species. Mines and moths were both under-sized, but the same 
tree was again well patronized in the Autumn of 1973.—D. W. 
H. FFENNELL, Martyr Worthy Place, Winchester. 


CoNISTRA RUBIGINEA D. & S. (DoTTED CHESTNUT) IN NoRTH- 
SuRREY.—I wish to record that on the night of 6th April 1974 
at Ashtead Common, Mr Brian Chesney and I ran two Heath 
traps and one m.v. lamp and took a fair cross section of the 
species associated with Ashtead at this time of year. The 
weather was clear and fair with a full moon and at times a 
gusty wind, and among the moths noted were Orthosia munda 
D. & S. (Twin-spotted Quaker), Cerastis rubricosa D. & S., 
Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. (Purple Thorn), Biston strataria 
Hufn., (Oak Beauty) and Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. (Early 
Tooth-striped). 


About midnight after switching off, we began to collect up 
our equipment, when to our great delight, a slightly worn 
specimen of Conistra rubiginea D. & S. (Dotted Chestnut) 3 
was spotted in the grass alongside the Tilley lamp. This is only 
the third specimen to be found in the North-East Surrey area, 
the others having been taken at West Humble (1948) and at 
Tadworth (1951) (cf. L. K. Evans and K. G. W. Evans, A Survey 
of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Croydon and North-East Surrey, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 169 


377). The only other place where I have personally taken this 
species was at Chobham Common, Surrey.—PETER A. MARTIN, 
22 Wingate Crescent, Croydon, CRO 3AL. 14.iv.1974. 


ALCIS JUBATA (THUNBERG) IN IRELAND. — In the period from 
July 13 till July 28, 1972, Mr Th. Blokland, one of the mem- 
bers of the Netherlands entomological Society, made a holi- 
day trip with his family in a covered waggon in the south- 
west corner of Ireland. Although the circumstances were not 
very favourable for collecting, he succeeded in catching a 
series of Lepidoptera and afterwards sent me a list of the 
species taken. To my surprise Alcis jubata was among them. 
It is a very rare species in the Netherlands at present or pos- 
sibly even extinct. 

Donovan does not mention it in the Catalogue of 1936, nor 
in the supplement of the same year. But Baynes in his Revised 
Catalogue (1964) cites a specimen taken at Killarney, Co. 
Kerry, in 1941. 

Mr Blokland took two males and one female at Leap, be- 
tween Clonakilty and Skibbereen, Co. Cork, on July 21, 1972. 
A very interesting addition to the distribution of the species 
in Ireland indeed! — B. J. Lempxe, Oude Yselstraat 12 III, 
Amsterdam 1010. 


CAPYS ALPHAEUS (CRAMER) (LEP.: LYCAENIDAE) EMERGING 
FROM A PROTEA-HEAD IN GERMANY. — As at many times in the 
past, my mother-in-law ordered a wonderful bunch of South 
African Proteas to be sent to us shortly before Christmas; my 
wife arranged half of the bunch in the bedroom and the other 
half in the living room. One evening, late in January with 
heaps of snow outside the window, I walked past the flowers 
in the bedroom and noticed a butterfly taking off from one of 
the almost dried out Protea-heads. It landed on the brown 
carpet and we caught it with a kichen sieve. I noticed that it 
was not a local butterfly which could occasionally hibernate in 
warmer places. In contrast, it was clean, the colours were 
bright and its wings were not damaged. Because of the obvious 
connection between the flowers and the butterfly our interest 
was aroused and we tried to identify it from Purnell’s pocket- 
book (Southern African Series) “What butterfly is that?’’, 
which we happened to have at home, since the author is my 
wife’s uncle. We recognized it from one of the coloured plates 
as the male of Capys alphaeus and the life story given in the 
book fully explained this extraordinary occurrence. 

Since we did not like the idea of its disappearing into the 
vacuum cleaner one day, we kept the butterfly in a large glass, 
where it died about a fortnight later. The specimen has been 
sent to Mr C. G. C. Dickson, of Cape Town, South Africa. — 
Epuarp Horer, 8058 Erding, Dr.-Lehmer-Str. 36, Germany. 


170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


A FuRTHER RECORD OF INFURCITINEA ARGENTIMACULELLA 
STAINTON IN Kent.—Whilst in the East Blean Woods area of 
Kent on the 30th July 1972 I took a small Tineid moth flying 
in the sunshine. I did not look at it very closely at the time 
and on returning home was surprised when a closer inspection 
revealed it to be this species. 


As far as I am aware East Blean is one of only two locali- 
ties in Kent where the moth is found, the other being at Folke- 
stone. The lichen on which the larvae feeds occurs in the East 
Blean area but no feeding site has yet been discovered.—E. S. 
BRADFORD, 38 Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts. 
22.11.1974. 


AGROTERA NEMORALIS Scop. IN Kent. — On the 18th June 
1973 I took a specimen of this moth amongst Hornbeam in the 
East Blean area of Kent. Another specimen was seen, but 
escaped when the net entangled in some branches while I was 
attempting to capture it. Both were observed to settle on the 
underside of a leaf, adopting the same posture as does Endo- 
tricha flammealis D. & S., and the first was taken in a tube, 
being just within reach. 


One of the objects of a B.E. & N.H.S. field meeting to the 
West Blean Woods on the 9th May 1971 was to see if this 
species still existed there, but a blank was drawn though a 
large area was searched. The moth does, in all probability still 
occur in the West Blean Woods.—E. S. BraDForD, 38 Oakwood 
Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts. 22.11.1974. 


HIBERNATING LARVAE.—On 20th March 1974 I visited Brat- 
ton Castle on the northern edge of Salisbury Plain and at this 
time of year I amuse myself by counting the number of 
Drinker Moth larvae I can spot at rest on grass stems at the 
sides of the paths. Up to this year my record had been 12 on 
any one day but on this occasion my total reached 69. They 
seemed to be everywhere and ranged in size from an inch in 
length to three parts grown. 


In my garden I have a number of Ringlet larvae hiber- 
nating in the open on pots of grass and they too have come 
through the winter with very few casualties. I have in the past 
overwintered grass feeders on many occasions but have always 
been plagued by mould which has attacked both the larvae 
and the grass. This past winter has been exceptionally mild 
and, although I have taken no special precautions, I have seen 
no sign of mould. I am wondering if there is any connection 
between this and the satisfactory overwintering of the two 
species I have described. The Marsh Fritillary too has had a 
good winter and I have already seen many nests of larvae that 
have come up to sun themselves. — Majsor-GENERAL C. G. 
Lipscome, Crockerton House, Nr. Warminster, Wilts. 24.iii1.1974, 


OBITUARY i bTid | 


O.M.H. 


The auto-obituary of the late P. B. M. Allan appears here- 
under having just come to light from beneath a collection of 
dry leaves eminently suitable for pupation. 


BENEATH THIS TREE LIE 
THE EXUVIAE 
OF 
AN OLD MOTH-HUNTER 
WHO WENT TO EARTH 
The 3lst Day of December 1973. 


From earthly cage by Atropos set free 

His hope is pinned to Immortality; 

Mors pallida Hor. caught him in her net: 

The bush no more he’Il beat; for here he’s set. 
His nights with sugar, lamp, and sheet all past, 
Now, box’d securely, lies relaxed at last. 


READER! 

DIG NOT HERE 
BUT PONDER ON THE 
METAMORPHOSIS 
THAT AWAITS YOU 


Obituary 


FRANK HENRY LEES (1883-1973) 


On November 18, 1973, there passed away at Torquay one 
of the most successful and fortunate collectors of our mac- 
rolepidoptera. For during his long and rewarding life of 90 
years Frank Lees not only made a most erudite study of this 
group of insects, but had himself taken probably more rarities 
than anyone else has ever done, especially among the moths, 


172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI/74 


Born on May 16, 1883 in Birmingham, he spent his first 55 
years in that famous cradle of field collectors and was a con- 
temporary of such eminent sons of that city as the late Pro- 
fessor Sir Beckwith Whitehouse and Colonel W. Bowater who 
also died recently at the age of 90. In company with these 
and other well-known entomologists of that region he built up 
over the years an exceedingly fine collection of the lepidop- 
tera of the Birmingham area as well as from other parts of 
the British Isles. 

It was while at King Edward’s Grammar School that Frank 
Lees was first instructed in the pursuit and study of butter- 
flies and moths by his uncle, Richard Wakefield. His nephew 
found it a relaxing pastime in later years especially those 
just before and after the 1914-18 war when he was running 
his own brass foundry firm and became a Government con- 
tractor for a special lamp he invented. Just before he retired 
from his business in 1935 he was lucky enough to accompany 
Sir Beckwith Whitehouse to Dungeness during that fabulous 
late summer of 1934. He records how on September 18 that 
year he spotted part of a moth protruding from a hole in one 
of the upright sleeper posts and from its hindwings he at once 
realised it was the Alchemyst (Catephia alchymista Schiff.) of 
which another specimen was taken near Deal the previous 
August. Only two days previously he had taken at sugar one of 
five examples of the Scarce Arches (Apamea zollikoferi Freyer) 
in this wonderful locality which also produced for him a Red- 
headed Chestnut (Conistra erythrocephala Schiff.) on Septem- 
ber 29, yet another great rarity. Almost exactly a year later 
he was present with Sir Beckwith this time in the Ham Street 
woods when a Conformist moth (Lithophane furcifera Hufn.) 
came to the sugar patch, altogether surely an unsurpassed 
sequence of rare captures. 

In the year of his retirement in 1935 Frank Lees moved to 
Maidencombe just east of Torquay which was to be his per- 
manent home for the next 37 years. His house was set fairly 
high on a cliff overlooking a small bay and it was indeed in a 
most strategic position for attracting rare migrant insects. 
During the 1939-45 war two such species which came to his 
light were the Golden Twin-spot (Plusia chalcites Esp.) and the 
_ Slender Burnished Brass (Plusia orichalcea Fab.). He was also 
fortunate there during the great invasion of the Striped Hawk 
(Celerio livornica Esp.) which was prevalent in southern Eng- 
land during the early summer of 1943. In 1947 he took a fe- 
male Ni moth (Plusia ni Hiibn.) from which he bred out a 
superb series. Hardly a year passed without his obtaining some 
species of special interest, especially when he started running 
a mercury vapour trap. In that remarkable early immigration 
in the spring of 1952 the first British example of the Levant 
Blackneck (Tathorynchus exsiccata Led.) came to his light on 
March 20, while six years later on October 1, 1958, he took the 
second British specimen of Stephen’s Gem (Plusia biloba 
Stephens) a species emanating from North America, 


PLATE XII 


FRANK HENRY LEES 


CURRENT LITERATURE iS 


Frank Lees became a great lover of Devon and its lepidop- 
tera and was a founder member of the entomological section 
of the Devon Association. He was a regular attender at its 
meetings which he infused with his great knowledge and en- 
thusiasm. But an increasing leg disability in the early 1960’s 
made it more and more difficult for him to go far afield from 
his home so that he devoted most of his time mainly to keep- 
ing records of his captures, though he seldom contributed 
them to the literature. In 1967, the Devon Association acquir- 
ed his fine collection which is now fittingly housed in a part 
of Exeter University, while his Kent rarities of the 1930’s 
have gone to Reading University. 

Though perhaps not so well-known to the majority of 
entomologists, he had a great many friends equally imbued 
with the enthusiasm of the chase, whom he was always de- 
lighted to welcome whenever they were in South Devon where 
he was the most kindly of hosts. He was of the most genial 
disposition, always ready to give help and information on his 
favourite subject through his fund of knowledge of the lepi- 
doptera. He will indeed be sorely missed by all who knew 
him and to his son and family is tended full expression of 
sympathy. C.G.M.de.W. 


Current Literature 


Studying Insects: a Practical Guide by R. L. E. Ford. 16 colour- 
ed and other plates, 47 line drawings. Warne, 1973. 
£2.50. 

This, the revised edition of the author’s Practical Ento- 
mology deals with conserving living insects as well as provid- 
ing an introduction to insect study and collecting. Included 
are chapters on conservation; insect classification and insect 
structure; catching insects and their treatment for collections; 
breeding specimens and their care in all stages; preserving lar- 
vae; labelling and preservation of collections. Although mainly 
concerned with Lepidoptera, other groups are considered and 
there are chapters on ants, humble-bees and wasps. Appen- 
dices include the ‘‘Code for Insect Collecting”, foodplants and 
times of appearances of British butterflies, and a short list of 
books, notes on societies, magazines (from which we regret to 
note that he omits the “Record” yet includes two periodicals 
now defunct) and suppliers.—J.M.C-H. 


A Field Guide to the Insects of Britain and Northern Europe 
by Michael Chinnery. 4 to. 352 pp. plus 60 coloured 
plates: Collins, £2.95. 


For some time now, attempts have been made to produce 
an insect handbook to enable the interested traveller to iden- 
tify insects seen on his holiday. So far such books in the 
English language have been translations from other lan- 
guages. The present book, as well as being written in the 


174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


English language (translation, however well done, is apt to 
lose something of the original intention) covers the subject 
more widely; with the exception of the larger orders of Lepi- 
doptera, Diptera and Coleoptera (where identification is to 
super family level) one’s finds may be identified to generic 
level. 

The book commences with a list of contents followed by a 
list of coloured plates, ‘he names of the artists, Denys Oven- 
den, Brian Hargreaves and Gordon Riley, are given in a foot- 
note, mentioning the numbers of the plates executed by each. 
Acknowledgements follow, after which there is a short page 
giving instructions for using the book, and then a comprehen- 
sive Introduction, giving notes on the biology of insects, col- 
lecting and preserving them, illustrated with line drawings. 

The cover-papers, back and front, carry coloured illustra- 
tions of insects typical of various genera or super families, 
with a reference to the plate on which they are illustrated, or, 
in the case of the minute insects, the page on which they are 
dealt with, thus giving a first step towards determination. The 
caption page for the plate gives a page reference, and the in- 
formation given there may narrow the identification to the 
genus, if not to the species, some of which are mentioned. 

After the notes on collecting and preserving insects, there 
is a note on the classification of insects, explaining the system 
of orders given by Imms in 1957, which is the system adopted 
in this book, and also pointing out the existance of ‘‘lumpers” 
and ‘‘splitters’. This is followed by a note on The Key, ex- 
plaining its use, and then there is a key to the orders with 
very clear line drawings of the example of the particular order 
reached at the appropriate clues. These drawings make clear 
the dissimilarities between groups of the same order, and the 
key is one which can easily be followed by the most inexper- 
ienced reader after reading the previous page explaining its 
use. 

The four orders of Apterygote insects are then dealt with 
with clear line drawings of typical species. The notes on the 
orders bring these primitive insects well into perspective, with 
dorsal and lateral illustrations of the four major groups of 
springtails. 

The Pterygote insects are then dealt with in the same way 
with keys to the genera in which the distinguishing features 
are very Clearly illustrated, the excellent coloured plates 
showing typical species for each genus, with the exceptions 
previously mentioned, where superfamilies take the place of 
genera. As mentioned in the Acknowledgements, some of the 
keys have been borrowed from the Royal Entomological 
Society Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 
and from the Frederick Warne publication Land and Water 
Bugs of the British Isles by Southwood and Leston. 

After the orders, there are four plates illustrating the 
diverse forms of larvae of Lepidoptera followed by a Glossary 
of scientific terms used, a selected bibliography classified 


CURRENT LITERATURE iS 


under the orders, a list of entomological suppliers, and finally, 
an, index. 

A very important attraction is the fact that while the 
author assumes the absolute ignorance of the reader, he 
does not talk down to him, but treats his subject in a manner 
completely understandable to beginner and entomologist 
alike, with no wasted words. To the inexperienced, this book 
is an excellent start, to the more experienced, it is valuable 
for reference to orders which are not included in his particu- 
lar studies. 

The book is well printed on good paper and well bound in 
cloth boards; the quality of the plates reflects great credit on 
both artists and the colour-printers. It should find a place on 
the bookshelves of every family with an interest in nature, 
no matter how trivial this may be, for the book will soon en- 
courage closer study of the subject. It also has a place on the 
shelves of the entomologist for quick reference. It gives excel- 
lent value for the moderate price and could not be bettered 
as a gift to teenagers upwards.—S.N.A.J. 


The Evolution of Melanism by Bernard Kettlewell: xv+ 423+ 
3539 pl. (3 col.): Claredon Press; Oxford University 
Press. £10.25, 

The sub-title of this book is: “The Study of a recurring 
Necessity with special reference to Industrial Melanism in 
the Lepidoptera” and this well indicates the sphere of this 
subject covered in this book. Dr Kettlewell, in his many years 
of studying this piece of evolution which has been taking 
place before our eyes, has written many papers on melanism, 
and it will be a great help to students and to others interested, 
to have much of this material gathered under one cover to- 
gether with some hitherto unpublished aspects of the matter. 

In his preface, Dr Kettlewell points out that during his 
work on melanism in the Lepidoptera, he has been dealing 
with a subject which contributes to the survival of living crea- 
tures in general, and he has dealt with this phenomenon as 
applied to other orders in Chapter 3, where he mentions cases 
of melanism in practically all spheres of animal life under the 
headings of Cryptic Melanism, Aposematic Melanism, Thermal 
Melanism and Barrier Melanism Under these headings, ex- 
amples of many interesting phenomena are given. 

Quoting from this preface he says: “In every instance I 
describe, I am anticipating that the reader has some know- 
ledge of biology (though not an intimate one of the Lepi- 
doptera), genetisc (though I shall discuss the atributes of 
polymorphism) and a minimal experience of methods of statis- 
tical analysis as well as of presenting scientific aids and ap- 
proaches. Without knowledge of such techniques, it is use- 
less to attempt to analyse the many different uses of melanism 
in nature’. This seems to me to confine the book to the stu- 
dent, for whom it was, of course, intended, but the inclusion 
of a glossary of the scientific terms used in genetics would 


176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/V1/74 


have widened the book’s appeal to many lepidopterists in 
addition. Many years ago I asked Dr Cockayne whether he 
could not produce a “Gentics without Tears”, but he replied 
that this was an impossibility, so perhaps my wish for a glos- 
sary is not, after all, relevant, 

The very long list of acknowledgements gives an idea of 
the interest taken round the world by both professionals and 
amateurs in Dr Kettlewell’s studies, and this is endorsed by 
the alacrity with which permission has been given for the re- 
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laria and its two melanics f. carbonoria and f. insularia from 
centres in Britain 1952-70. This material is tabulated by coun- 


S: 

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CONTENTS 


Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) erythrogenella (de Joannis). A Species New 
to Britain. A. M. EMMET ........ BRAC OOR GOO nO Maru C bos 129 


The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. D. G. SEVASTOPULO ........ 131 
Colecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1973. C.G.M.de WORMS.. 137 
A Review of Indian Phytoseiid Mites with a Note on their Zoo- 


geography. (SitK. GUPTAY oi scaseiee dcosts see sere eee 141 
Local Rarities and New Derbyshire Records for 1973. F. HARRISON i144 
Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae II], A. M. EMMET ...... 147 


A Species of the Boreal Genus Cosmetopus Becker (Dipt,, Scato- 
phagidae) New to the British isles, taken by the River Test in 
Hampshire. P. J. CHANDLER and A. E. STUBBS .......... 154 


Andricus lignicolus (Hartig) (Hym.: Cynipidae) in §S.E. England: 
A Species New to Britain. M. M. HUTCHINSON ............ 158 


Notes on the Genus Utetheisa Htibner (Lep.: Arctiidae) in the 
Western Pacific with Larval Descriptions. G. S. and H. S. 
ROBINSON) Hei aie sie levels Siate oserejerene aeieunens Gvomnsle ae olarar aon pete etcn taal 60 


M.V. Recordings, Hampton Wood, Warwickshire. A. F. J. GARDNER 163 
Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. Rare and 


Endangered species: General List ...........-.....0...0000.. 164 
A Possibly Abnormal Sex-ratio in Zygaena carniolica Scopoli. T. 
BS IGARISTENG: Gicce co isda: acsieraucae cia iexcrarcionls emetoteveiololalens ence eters eee 165 
Notes and Observations: 
Mythimna l-album (L.) in Essex. A. J. DEWICK .........- 167 
An Unusual Foodplant for Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller) 
IDE \i'fo 18 IMMAMIMMHLIG Soodocccccocaouco0d00be0D De COKKC 168 
Conistra rubiginea D. & S. (Dotted Chestnut) in North Surrey. 
PA ANTARRUTIING ac, ce caecnayeietvas cco x enoteneval orahesots ol rons penet meee 168 
Alcis jubata (Thunberg) in Ireland. B. J. LEMPKE 169 
Capys alphaeus (Cramer) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) emerging from a 
Protea-head in Germany. E. HOFER ..............-..-- 169 
A Further Record of Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stainton in 
Kent, .E) S) BRADEORD) Wa. secre eeeieliclerier ethereal 170 
Agrotera nemoralis Scop. in Kent. E. S. BRADFORD ...... 170 
Hibernating Larvae. Major-General C. G. LIPSCOMB ...... 170 
Obituaries: 
An Old Moth-hunter .....-..-.-0--cnccceceesccesvacerresetas 171 
Frank Henry Lees .....-.. ce cece creer eer rete terre ct teaes 171 
Current) iterative) selects cieielelessavele cleleololetelp intel inl> eis) s\(e) Nols! elo ii-tattemals 173 


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A Recently Discovered Race of the Cape 
Lycaenid Phasis thero (L.) 
By C. G. C. Dickson and C. W, WyYkKEHAM 
No. 31 


This new member of the Phasis thero (L.) group, while 
certainly resembling basically nominate thero, can be distin- 
guished immediately from the nominate race or any of the 
other described members of the group by means of several 
distinctive features which are readily apparent. 


Phasis thero cedarbergae subsp. nov. 

Both sexes differ from nominate Ph. thero in the rela- 
tively shorter and deeper forewings, the more darkly marked 
underside (at least that of the forewing) and in certain features 
which are noticeable in the silvery-white markings of the 
hindwing underside, the series which occurs discally forming 
a particularly sharply and neatly defined broken chain of thin 
lunular markings. 


Male. Upperside. 

Forewing. Orange-red marking much as in nominate race 
(in the holotype, normally developed); if noticeably reduced, 
there is a fairly proportionate reduction in the size of the 
markings—not, generally, a complete disappearance of some, 
with others remaining prominent. 

Hindwing. Much the same as that of nominate race, in 
examples with the marking largely absent: no male specimens 
of cedarbergae which have been seen as yet have had any 
very prominant development of the orange-red marking sub- 
marginally, and the majority have only had a trace of it to- 
wards the anal-angle—in some barely apparent. 


Underside. 

Forewing. The dark marking, including that which occurs 
postdiscally and above innermargin, broader in general and 
more conspicuous than in nominate thero; the lighter portion 
of the wing immediately adjoining innermargin tending to be 
of a more whitish-grey tone. 

Hindwing. Dark zones inclined to be more pronounced 
than in nominate thero, though not invariably so. Light discal 
series as described initially. 

Length of forewing: 18-:5-21:5 mm. (19-5 mm., in holo- 
type). 


Female. Upperside. : 

Forewing. Marking, in most specimens, of a more orange 
tone than in male, as is not infrequently the case in nominate 
race also. 


*Papilio thero Linnaeus, 1764. Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 328, n. 146. 


178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/ VI1IL1/74 


Hindwing. In general, as in nominate race, with the de- 
velopment or otherwise of the submarginal series of orange- 
red markings varying in individual specimens (in one para- 
type absent altogether and in two others only very fragment- 
ary and dull, and not apparent in the upper part of its length), 
With one exception, this has not, in any of the specimens 
under examination, reached anything like the maximum de- 
velopment which may be attained in some females of nomin- 
ate thero. 

Underside. 

Forewing. Features very largely as given for male, 

Hindwing. As a whole, like that of male. The components 
of the discal series of silvery-white markings are in the fe- 
male also, sharply and neatly defined in the lower half of the 
series, below the main “key” marking. (In one paratype the 
latter is extremely narrow and practically linear for the 
greater part of its length.) 

Length of forewing: 21-25-25-0 mm, (23:5 mm., in allo- 
type). 

Body and ancillary parts, in both sexes, very much as in 
nominate race; end of antennal club usually less noticeably 
tipped with orange in cedarbergae. 

3 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Cedarberg, 
18.xi.1972 (C. W. Wyekham); in Coll. C.W.W. 

2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as holotype; also 
allocation of specimen. 

Paratypes presented to British Museum (N.H.): data as 
holotype, 1 6, 1 2 (C.W.W.); British Museum Reg, Nos. Rh. 
17320 and Bh. 17321. 

Paratypes in Coll, C. W. Wykeham: as holotype, 18.xi.1972, 
EH Sa YO HS ai VA es, MOS IDSs, G) we, 4 © 2 
(C.W.W.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Dr Jeffrey Kaplan: as holotype, 25.xi. 
1972; Wis Se aE): 

Paratypes in Coll. K. M. Pennington: as holotype, 11.xi. 
1973, 1 36,1 2 (C.W.W.). 

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as holotype, 18.xi. 
1972, 1 do, 2.xii.1972, 1 2, 11.xi.1973, 1 d,1 2 (C.W.W.). 

Paratypes in Coll. National Museum, Bulawayo, Rhodesia: 
as holotype, 18.xi.1972, 1 d, 129 (C.W.W.). 

In one of the male paratypes the postmedian chain of 
silvery white markings of the hindwing underside is incom- 
pletely developed below the large central marking distad of 
the cell. While there is some variation in the degree of de- 
velopment of the dark marking of the underside, its greater 
development, in the forewing anyway, is in general, certainly 
characteristic of this race. The different proportions of the 
forewing, combined with the other characters, raises the pos- 
sibility of another species being involved; but, as the present 
insect and the nominate one are not, as far is known, other 
than allopatric, these differences do not in themselves give 
any proof of a specific difference. 


A RECENTLY DISCOVERED RACE 179 


The male genitalia of Ph. thero thero have been described 
and figured by Murray in Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 44 (6) (1956) and 
by Stempffer in Bull, Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 10 (1967). 
The figures in the present paper give views of the dissected 
parts of the genitalia of Ph. thero cedarbergae and, for com- 
parison, of Ph. clavum Murray; also the armatures of nomin- 
ate thero and cedarbergae. Reference to the parts and any 
necessary explanation as to the form of mounting, etc., is 
given in the legend to the plate. It has not been possible, up 
to the present, to detect any constant differences of signifi- 
cance between the genitalia of thero thero and thero cedar- 
bergae; some which at first appeared to exist seem to have 
been due only to normal individual variation in specimens and/ 
or to small discrepancies in mounting, including the degree 
of compression of the valves. In the case of Ph. clavum, 
valves of this insect which have been examined have had the 
small sharp bulge below the main distal projection produced 
into a definite projection (as in the figure) and the tegumen 
and uncus combined have been larger in proportion to the 
rest of the armature than in the other taxa, 


Another, unusually large, localised race of Ph. thero from 
Du Toit’s Kloof, C.P. (alluded to by Clark and Dickson in Life 
Histories of the South African Lycaenid Butterflies, p. 197 
(1971) has, judging by a single preparation, valves with a 
more definite, smaller projection, rather approaching that of 
clavum; and this insect will receive further investigation. 


With regard to the habitat and habits of Ph. thero cedar- 
bergae, C.C.W. notes: “This race of Phasis thero was found in 
November, 1972, in the Cedarberg Mountains not far from 
Cedarberg Post Office in low-lying scrub growing along the 
side of the Matjes River. The butterfly does not seem to wan- 
der far from its food-plant and it feeds mainly at Bramble 
flowers which grow amongst the shrub which appears to be 
the larval food-plant. The fight is very irregular and fairly fast. 
When approached the insect usually takes cover in the thick 
scrub and is therefore difficult to net. The best time for speci- 
mens seems to be early morning or late afternoon, when they 
are less active than at other times.” A fresh female speci- 
men of Ph. clavum was taken by Dr Jeffrey Kaplan in the 
same spot on 25th November 1972. 


One additional taxon, Phasis braueri (described by the 
senior author in Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 80 (11) (1968)), 
completes the recognised members of this group. 


The early stages of Ph. thero thero have been described 
and figured by Murray in J. ent. Soc. sthn Afr., 2 (1939) and 
those of this species, Ph. clavum and Ph. braueri by Clark and 
Dickson (1971) (op. cit.). 


“Blencathra’, Cambridge Avenue, 
St Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. 


180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VI111/74 


Genitalia of Phasis. 

Fig. 1. g¢ Genitalia of Phasis thero thero (L.) (left valve removed). 
(Melkbosch Strand, C.P.). 

Fig. 2. Left valve of above preparation. 

Fig. 3. ¢ Genitalia of Ph. thero cedarbergue subsp. nov. (ieft valve 
removed). (From type-locality). 

Fig. 4. Left valve of above preparation. 

Fig. 5. Valves. juxta and aedeagus of Ph. thero thero (L.) (2nd speci- 
men). (Melkbosch Strand, C.P.). 

Fig. 6. Valve of Ph. thero thero (L.) (3rd specimen). (Klip Berg, 
nr. Darling, C.P.). 

Fig. 7. 6 Genitalia of Ph. clavum Murray: basic portion of armature. 
(Piquetberg Mtn., C.P.). 

Fig. 8. Valves, juxta and aedeagus of above specimen of Ph. clavum 
Murray. 

Figures 16 times natural size. 

Note: Valves represented by Figs. 2 and 4 mounted under slight pres- 

sure, that by Fig. 6, under greater pressure. 


The Early Stages of Lampronia praelatella (Denis 
& Schiffermuller, 1775) (Lepidoptera : 


Incurvariidae) 
By A. M. EMMET 
-Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 


Stainton (1859: 296) states that the larva of praelatella 
feeds “in a flat case on the underside of wild strawberry 
leaves. ix-v’”. Meyrick (1928: 840) repeats this information, 
adding that the case is made of leaf fragments. Ford 1949: 
188) likewise repeats what his predecessors had written, but 
states further that “the larva drops off the leaves at the 
slightest disturbance.” Here Ford must have been quoting 
from another authority, since we know from his collection, 
which is now housed in the British Museum (Natural History) 
that he never himself bred praelatella. Jacobs (1949: 212) 
writes “the larva... feeds in a flat case on the underside of 
Fragaria leaves, often two or three to a leaf. The case is 
shaped like a figure 8. The larva is known in the case stage 
from August to May, and the adult moth appears in June; 
probably before entering the case stage the larva will be 
found to feed in the fruits or mine the leaves of the food- 

lant.” 
4 These statements give an incomplete and, in certain re- 
spects, an inaccurate account of the life history. The female 
has a chitinous ovipositor and, like many other members of 
the Incurvariidae, it pierces the leaf of the foodplant and Ovi- 
posits beneath the cuticle. The egg is usually laid near the 
margin of a strawberry leaf, in many instances, near the 
apex. The larva in its first instar is a leaf-miner, consuming 
all the parenchyma between the upper and lower epidermis. 


PLATE XIV 


A RECENTLY DISCOVERED RACE 181 


I have found these mines tenanted in late July and early 
August, there sometimes being more than one mine in a 
leaf. At the end of the first instar, in mid-August, the larva 
excises a small, fiddle-shaped case made from leaf-fragments 
(i.e. the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf) and there- 
after feeds externally. At this stage Jacob’s observation about 
communal feeding is correct, but it is most unlikely to con- 
tinue to apply after hibernation. 


I have failed to overwinter the larvae and there is there- 
fore a gap in my observations. These are resumed in mid- 
May, when the larva is almost full-grown. The case, which is 
still fiddle-shaped, now measures about 6X4 mm. It is three- 
coloured. At the centre is the original leaf-fragment, now 
pale brown; surrounding this is a greyish silken extension, 
needed to accommodate the growing larva; beyond this 
there is a white outer rim, constituting a second and final 
extension. The circumference of the case is covered in short 
strands of flossy silk. 


Like certain other members of its family, it likes the leaf 
it feeds on to be partially withered. It therefore cuts off a 
large section of leaf, amounting to about one-third of the 
average-sized strawberry leaflet. It then spins its case se- 
curely to the underside of the leaflet, not necessarily the one 
from which the food has been taken, and attaches the severed 
leaf-tip to the underside of its case. Thus we have a sort of 
sandwich with the growing leaf above, the severed leaf below 
and the larval case as the filling in between. From this 
position the larva consumes the withering leaf it has provided 
for itself. It feeds ‘on the underside of strawberry leaves” 
only in so far as that is the situation in which it is found when 
feeding; its pabulum is the whole of the withered leaf, not 
just the lower surface. There is no question of the case 
“dropping off the leaves at the slightest disturbance”: it is 
firmly attached by silk to the leaf above. The flossy silk 
perimeter of the case is probably the consequence of its at- 
tachment to a succession of leaves and subsequent severance. 


In captivity, however, the behaviour is different, unless 
the larvae are reared on a potted plant simulating natural 
conditions. When they are kept in a container, their food 
has a tendency to wither, obviating their need to sever sec- 
tions of leaf. In these circumstances, they tend to feed 
directly on the staler portions of the food provided for them, 
without spinning their cases to the leaves. When alarmed 
the larva retreats into its case, relinquishing its foothold; 
consequently the case does indeed fall readily from the leaf. 
Ford’s description, therefore, fits the larva in captivity but 
is not applicable to its behaviour in the field. 

Once the larval pattern of feeding has been recognised it 
is easy to find the case. The collector looks for leaves with 
the apical third missing. The line of severance may be 
straight, but is more often in a curve, roughly centered on the 


182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


apex of the leaf. When the case has been found, the leaf 
may be picked boldly since its silken attachment is secure. 

Pupation takes place inside the case and one knows when 
this has occurred since the exuviae are extruded through the 
anal end. The aperture then springs back to a tightly shut 
position showing no trace of ever having opened. It is worth 
putting on record that of the eighteen larval cases I col- 
lected, all produced imagines without any parasites. 

The moth has mainly a western and northern distribution. 
I have found it in Herefordshire, Westmorland and Co. Clare, 
in the last two localities on limestone. It seems to be rare 
in the south-east of England, though Stainton (1859: loc cit.) 
records it from Pembury in Kent and Morris (1872: 28) from 
Brighton; and Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt recorded it from Ham 
Street, Kent in 1957 and again in 1974. The larvae I have 
described were taken at Arnside Knott, Westmorland on the 
12th May, 1974, where by a lucky chance I met Dr Lena 
Ward of the Biological Records Centre, Monks Wood; with the 
help of two assistants she was carrying out a survey of 
juniper. When we reached the spot where I had taken mines 
the previous July, we started to search and it was she who 
found the first case. The imagines emerged between the 9th 
and 29th of June. 


REFERENCES 


Ford, L. T. (1949). A Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera. Lon- 
don. 

Jacobs, S. N A. (1949). The British Lamproniidae and Adelidae. 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 209-219. 

Meyrick, E. (1928). A revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. 
London. 

Morris, F. O. (1872). A Natural History of British Moths, 4: 28. 
London. 

Stainton, H. T. (1859). A Manual of British Butterflies and Moths, 2: 

296. London. 


Those Mild Winters 


By Dr M. W. HARPER 
Cotham, Upperfiields, Ledbury, Herefordshire 


The winters of 1971/72 and 1972/73 have been excep- 
tionally mild in a decade of comparatively mild winters. In 
Herefordshire I have been able to record common species of 
winter and early spring moths with greater frequency and in 
some species these records appear to indicate some spread- 
ing of emergence during these two winters and also in a few 
instances to prolonged survival of individuals. , 

Operophtera brumata L. appeared during the first week 
of November of both seasons, which is the usual initial ap- 
pearance of this species in this district. However, I re- 


THOSE MILD WINTERS 183 


corded the species as late as the 10th, 13th, 20th, 21st and 
22nd January 1972, and on Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, Sth and 24th 
January 1973. Similarly, Erannis defoliaria Clerck was seen 
as late as Srd, 10th and 26th January 1972, while in the fol- 
lowing year it appeared on 2nd, 3rd and 24th January 1973. 
Another species Poecilocampa populi L. was last seen on the 
14th January 1972. On the following year the last was seen 
as early as 14th December 1972, having made it’s first ap- 
pearance on 29th October. 


Of the late winter or early spring species of Geometridae, 
the most remarkable were the earliest dates that I have ever 
recorded for Phigalia pilosaria D. & S. A male appeared on 
18th December 1971, while the last was noted on 25th March 
1972. The following year, an even earlier male moth was 
seen on the 10th December 1972, and another on 28/12/72, 
while the last appeared on 21st March 1973. This demon- 
Strates a considerable spread of appearance of over three 
months for these two seasons for this species. However, 
Theria rupicapraria D. & S. and Erannis leucophaeria D. & 
S. were not to be enticed out so easily. The former ap- 
peared as late as 3rd February 1972, and 12th January 1973, 
while the latter species was first seen on 7th February 1972, 
and 25th January 1973. Alsophila aescularia D. & S. ap- 
peared in abundance from 24th January to 3rd May 1973, 
again a period of over three months. 


This generally mild weather that prevailed for so much 
of these two winters, also enticed hibernating moths to fly. 
Conistra vaccinii L. was noted frequently throughout January 
and February of both winters, while Eupsila transversa Hufn. 
was seen on 2/12/1971 and 20/2/1973. A single specimen 
of Acleris cristana D. & S. seldom seen away from sloe and 
hawthorn thickets appeared at light on 28th January 1973. 
On Ist December 1972 a single Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. 
was found crawling up a hazel stem at night, and I found a 
further specimen at rest in the daytime on oak on 13/12/72. 
This last moth had disappeared a few days later when I re- 
visited the tree. 

There has always been some controversy about the habits 
and eventual fate of Conistra ligula Esp in winter. There 
are infrequent records in the past of the moth’s appearance 
in the early months of spring, but unlike its close relative C. 
vaccinil, it is not usually considered to be able to hibernate 
successfully. In Herefordshire, moths are seen feeding on ivy 
blossom plentifully from late September and throughout 
October. In 1972 I found the species still out on 5th, 6th, 
26th November and also 10th December. Dr B. Miles re- 
corded a male on 4th January 1973 at light in Hereford, and 
on 25th January a female appeared at my porch light in Led- 
bury. This last moth I placed outside in a gauze container 
with moss and dead leaves and I was surprised to find that 
she survived without artificial feeding until the middle of 


184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


March. A few days later on the 19th I noticed that the moth 
had just died, having laid ova within the container, and only 
days before the first flowering male sallow catkins appeared 
in the wild. Despite careful search in the spring over a 
number of years I have failed to find C. ligula at light, sugar 
or sallow blossom. 


Finally, on New Year’s Day (1/1/1973), I found a slightly 
worn female Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. at rest on an oak tree 
near Ledbury. The moth had disappeared when I re-examined 
the tree two days later. The females of this species are elusive 
in the wild and are less frequently seen at light than the males. 
Records of both sexes appear at light in the last week of Octo- 
ber and the first fortnight of November in this area. It is pos- 
sible that the females normally survive longer than the males 
in the wild and the mild weather prevalent at the time may 
have a further influence on survival. 


The present winter of 1973/74 has also been mild but I have 
not observed any unusually early or late appearances of our 
common winter or early spring species to date. Although 
mild, the weather has been more violent with strong winds and 
rain. This combined with the need to conserve lighting has 
greatly reduced the number of records. 


Studies on the Occurrence and Distribution of 
the Genera Cionus and Cleopus (Col. : 
Curculionidae) in South Hampshire, 1973 
By P. Cunnincuanm, B.Sc., M.I.Biol. 


Department of Biology, City of Portsmouth College of 
Education 


Introduction 


Weevils of the genera Cionus and Cleopus have interested 
the writer for some 3-4 years, but it is only during 1973 that 
detailed observations have been made and recorded. These 
beetles unlike most other weevils, live both as larva and 
imago ectophagously on their food-plant (though inside the 
young flower bud in the case of the young larvae of Cionus 
hortulanus). Various species of the two genera are sometimes 
found to co-exist on the selfsame plant specimen, the com- 
mon figwort Scrophularia nodosa; and at least one species of 
Cionus is found on both Scrophularia nodosa and S. aquatica. 
Attempts to ascertain how various species, in spite of ap- 
parent competition, can co-exist are a subject of present in- 
vestigations. 


: The species which are the subject of this report are — 
Cionus hortulanus Geof., C. alauda Hbst., C. tuberculosus Scop., 


STUDIES ON THE GENERA CIONUS AND CLEOPUS 185 


Cleopus pulchellus Hbst. No other species of these genera 
were observed. 


Geographical Areas Covered 


These observations have been in areas up to some 15 miles 
north and north-east of Portsmouth, together with one (fruit- 
ful) visit to the extreme west of Hampshire County. Twenty- 
nine (29) sites where Scrophularia spp. have been found have 
been examined; and also about the same number of sites of 
Verbascum spp. The mixed suburban/semi-rural/open rural 
nature of the areas, together with their considerable size, has 
precluded anything approaching full or systematic examina- 
tion. 


Materials and Methods 


In most cases small numbers of specimens were collected 
from infested sites. The perfect insects have a good defence 
mechanism: on one’s approach they frequently ‘play possum’, 
and releasing their hold. fall to the ground where they are all 
‘but impossible to find. This reaction appears to be most highly 
developed in C. hortulanus and least in C. alauda. On rare 
occasions, the weevils may take to the wing. This seems asso- 
ciated with high temperatures—above about 25 deg. C. Speci- 
mens observed on the food plants may conveniently be caught 
with the aid of a specimen tube about 2-5 cm in diameter — 
though practice involving both stealth and speed is required. 


Where larvae only, or larvae in addition to perfect insects 
were found, the former were collected. fed and allowed to 
reach the imago stage before identification was made. Placed 
in a plastic Petri dish perforated with twenty or so small holes 
made with a heated pin, the larvae thrived and reached 
maturity when fed every 2-3 days on lightly moistened leaves 
of the food-plant. 


In one case it was possible to make a strong prognosis that 
more than one species was represented by comparing and find- 
ing considerable differences in the weights of co-existing pupae 
and imagos. The suspicions were subsequently confirmed after 
the puvae hatched. 


Observations 


The reports on sites of Scrovhularia spp. are presented in 
tabular form (sections A and B). Both infected and uninfected 
sites are included so that some indication of frequency is 
avparent. Map references are not included: work is intended 
at the sites in future seasons. There can be little doubt how- 
ever that both food plants and weevils are common and widelv 
distributed. Section C of these observations reports with refer- 
ence to Verbascum spp. 


186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


A. Sites of Scrophularia nodosa (x=present. —=absent) 
Site No. of Brief description of site Incident “4 
letter plants and appropriate notes light S es 
(estimate) 3 Ss 3 
Open = = '} 
exposed 3 8 © S 
site=1-0 5 E 2 = 
ive 3 » 
~n 
n ~n ” 3 
3 = = {Sy 
= s = ° 
Spee sone Tay 
GUO yeh eae © 
A c.00 S.W. facing grassy slope 
(since ‘cultivated’ by Local 
Authority). 0-7 x x — x 
B c.20 Roadside bank rural but 
fairly busy lane. 0:3 SSeS SS 
C 1 Bridle-path running E-W 
between high hedges. 0:2 —_- —- — — 
D c.6 Roadside bank, rural- 
residential area. 0-5 —- —- =—> = 
E c.20 Rural District Council road- 
side dump for road sweep- 
ings. Beneath beech. 0:15 —- —- —- — 
F 3 Roadside verge, rural, 
light traffic. 0-2 —- —- =—>— = 
G c.20 Waste ground adjacent to 
private garage complex 
(1972). Not infested 1973. 0:6 x — — 
H c.15 W.—facing chalky bank 
A3 Portsmouth-London 
Road. 0:8 x x _- — 
J c.20 Roadside verge. Heavy 
infestation 1969-1970. 
(None 1972 and 1973). 0-5 x = = = 
3 Rural footpath, sparse 
hedge both sides (1972). 0:4 =S=S FS OT 
L c.200 Clearing in wood (oak. 
beech, ash. hazel) site 
c.40 X 100 m. 0-5 — x x o— x 
0-15 
M & 2 Fairly open woodland (two 
Mi nearby sites combined). 0:07 —- -—- —- = 
N 4 Rural footpath. sparse 
hedge both sides. Small 
oaks in hedge. 0:4 —- - =—- = 
-P c.12 Footpath in mixed wood. 
(plants flowering very 
sparsely) 0-02 = =—- SS 
Q 4 Dell in mixed wood, 
species’ identification not 
certain. (few larvae only: 
none taken). 0-05 x? i 
Qi 2 Woodland adiacent to Q. 0:02 a 
R c.10 Fairly open woodland, 
mixed; behind suburban 
development. 0-08 -_- — x — 
2 Chalky bank, S.W.—facing 
rural road. 0-4 NSS 
AY 2 Side of grassy lane adiacent 


to area of bracken and 
mixed wood, 0-6 Ra Ye Be 


STUDIES ON THE GENERA CIONUS AND CLEOPUS 187 


U c.20 Track on N. slope of 

sparsely wooded hill, chalk 

downs. 0:3 — 
V 1 Sparsely colonized verge of 
new by-pass, coniferous 
wood nearby. 0:3 = 
Roadside bank, rural road. 0-15 i 
Suburban/rural garden. 0:3 —-_ —_ — 
Beside unmade road 
running N.—S. Meadow to 
E., trees to W. 0:3 —- —_ —_ — 


alee 


wo 
jee) 
em Doh 


B. Sites of Scrophularia aquatica (x=present, —=absent) 
x c.15 Roadside ditch—rural road. 0:25 —_ — x — 
Y est. Roadside ditch and its 
1000 gently sloping banks— 

rural road. 0-7 — — > -— 
Z c.20 River bank of small river 

c.6 metres wide. 0:7 —- —- —- — 
AA c.20 Bank of deep stream c.6 

metres wide (11 November 

1973). 0:7 —_—- — x — 


C. Sites of Verbascum spp. 


In spite of examining an estimated 500 specimens of dark 
mullein Verbascum nigrum at some 20 sites, and also examin- 
ing an estimated 80 specimens of hairy mullein Verbascum 
thapsus at some 10 sites; no weevils of any species whatsoever 
were found there by the writer. 


Discussion 


Of the four species of weevils, only Cionus tuberculosus is 
reported here as being found on both Scrophularia aquatica 
and S. nodosa. Cionus hortulanus has been found on S. nodosa 
and on no other species of plant (except on grasses and 
brambles adjacent to S. nodosa during “flying weather’’). The 
assertion of LINSSEN (1959) that dark mullein is the food 
plant of C. hortulanus is therefore suspect. SHERF (1964) re- 
ports four plant species as substrates for C. hortulanus; viz. 
Verbascum nigrum. V. phlomodes, Scrophularia aquatica, and 
S. nodosa. Up until this time, observations here reported admit 
to only the last-mentioned species as a food plant for this wee- 


vil. 


Further, the writer found no specimens of Cionus scro- 
vhulariae L. whatsoever. Its descrivtion (LINSSEN 1959) as a 
“widespread species though local in distribution . . . . which 
occurs on Scrophularia aquatica ....S. nodosa and Verbascum 
thavsus’”’ is consistent with FOWLER (1891) as to food plants. 
As to distribution, FOWLER remarks “rather local, but com- 
mon where it occurs’’.His report includes reference to Winches- 
ter. Southampton, New Forest; but the Portsmouth district 
and Portsdown are not listed—conspicuously absent, one may 
remark, as Portsmouth and Portsdown feature frequently in 
reports on other beetles. The apparent absence of C. scrophu- 


188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


lariae thereabouts is within the writer’s experience. SHERF 
(1964) reports SCOTT (1937) as having found larvae of C. scro- 
phulariae on Celsia areturus, Buddleia globosa and Phygelius 
capensis; flora that had been imported into Europe. Thus this 
weevil may be both rarer and less specialized in its food plants 
than is generally assumed. 

The range of situations in which Scrophularia spp. infested 
with Cionus spp. and Cleopus pulchellus have been found is 
wide: incident light, substrate, degree of exposure of site (and 
probably ambient air humidity and temperature) varied 
greatly (see sites H.L., and R.; under Observations). No con- 
clusions can be drawn here, though there is some indication 
that infestation is not restricted within a narrow range of 
habitats for those plants that these weevils utilize. 


Acknowledgements 


I here acknowledge confirmation and correction of identi- 
fication of species by R. T. Thomson of Department of Ento- 
mology, British Museum (National History). My thanks are 
also expressed to Dr. M. Ashby who introduced me first to 
Cionus spp., and to Mr Mark Smith who introduced me to a 
number of sites listed in the observations. 


References 


Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., Warburg, E. F. (1964). Excursion Flora of 
the British Isles. 

Fowler, W. W. (1891). The Coleoptera of the British Islands, Vol. V., 
Reeve. 

Linssen, E. F. (1959). Beetles of the British Isles, Series II, Warne. 

Martin, W. K. (1969). The Concise British Flora in Colour, 2nd Ed., 
Ebury & Michael Joseph. 

Sherf, H. (1964). Die Entwicklungs-stadien der mitteleuropdischen 
Curulioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie), in Abh. 

senckenb. naturforsch. Ges., 506: 1-335. 


Observations on British Butterflies in 1973 


By Dr C. J. LuckENsS 
52 Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton SO2 4JG 


The hibernating buuterflies started moving out of their 
Winter quarters fairly early in 1973, and our first Aglais urti- 
cae L. was noted in Southampton on March 7th, with Gonep- 
teryx rhamni L.. following two days later. These two species 
were seen in and around Southampton throughout the first 
half of March, and Nymphalis io L. joined their ranks just 
after this when the weather was warm and sunny for several 
days. Toward the end of the month I spent a good deal of my 
spare time exploring a wood near Romsey where numbers of 
fresh Brephos parthenias flew in the sunshine, and where 
Polygonia c-album 1. was recorded on March 21st. The month 


OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 189 


went out with windy, cold weather — though we heard our 
first Chiff-Chaff on the 27th. 

The three Spring Pierids emerged during the second week 
in April, and were flying in strength along with the bright 
form of Pararge aegeria L. in Hut Wood, near Chandlers Ford 
on April 25th. A week later this wood was virtually unrecog- 
nisable under the broad swathe of M27 roadworks. 

The generally fine weather continued, and it was a real 
delight to see a favourite butterfly, Antocharis cardamines L. 
at Whiteparish on May 4th. Rather unusually, twice as many 
females as males were seen on this occasion, and nearly every 
sizeable spray of Cuckoo flower had at least one orange ovum 
in situ. Clossiana euphrosyne L. was flitting around in the 
rides of the Romsey wood on May 14th, and two days later 
this butterfly was out in abundance at Whiteparish. We 
watched female euphrosyne ovipositing on all types of low- 
growing plants, but usually where there was some Viola 
canina nearby. Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas 
L., and a few Pyrgus malvae L. were also seen here. 

The fine weather conditions deteriorated a little on May 
17th, but several freshly-emerged Hamearis lucina L. were 
seen when a part of Crab Wood near Winchester was visited. 
This butterfly is strongly entrenched here in local colonies, 
but, though I believe it is unusual in the wild for lucina to 
rely solely on Primrose as a food plant, I could find no Cowslip 
growing in the wood at all. Along with large numbers of C. 
euphrosyne, several Callophrys rubi L., Erynnis tages L. and 
P. malvae were also flying. 

During intermittent sunshine on May 24th, my elder 
son and I went out to the downs near Winchester. Aricia 
agestis D. & S. L. phlaeas, and C. pamphilus flew freely in the 
bright spells, but only two or three Cupido minimus Fues. were 
seen. 

A favourable weather forecast the following day sent me 
off on a search for Melitaea cinxia L. on the Isle of Wight. 
Conditions crossing the Solent were superb, and remained so 
on the island until I reached Blackgang, where I saw to my 
chagrin that the south coast was covered by a thick, chilling 
cloak of mist. This rolled around the Undercliff until about 
5 p.m., when quite suddenly it cleared, and only then did 
cinzia fly. I found this butterfly extremely local, and there 
were long stretches of suitable-looking undercliff where it was 
completely absent. 


The next day remained hot and sunny, and we all went to 
the Chiddingfold Woods. Clossiana selene D. & S. and C. 
euphrosyne were both on the wing, though their numbers 
seem to decrease every year in this locality. I saw only two 
or three Leptidea sinapis L. all afternoon. A quick look at 
a West Sussex wood on our way back, however, happily re- 
vealed L. sinapis in its usual abundance. 

Wet weather intervened, but June Ist was fine and gener- 
ally sunny, so I travelled up to Oxfordshire to look at a colony 


190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VILI/74 


of Euphydryas aurina Rott. On arrival I found this attractive 
insect flitting over the rough ground in fair numbers, but I 
was surprised to see many specimens already worn and 
tattered. After watching these butterflies for some time and 
talking to Mr and Mrs R. Stockley, who had arrived about mid- 
day, I decided to go to a nearby wood to look for larvae of 
Strymonidia pruni L. — only to find that my car keys were 
missing. These remained so in spite of a long search, and 
my car was eventually removed to Oxford by courtesy of the 
A.A. Thanks to the kindness of the Stockleys, who ferried 
me to phone boxes and went miles out of their way to get me a 
train connection, I eventually got home that night, and at the 
crack of dawn travelled back with spare keys. I managed to 
stop for an hour in a wood outside Oxford (a fact unknown to 
my wife to this day) and to my delight obtained a single S. 
pruni larva, which promptly the next day attached itself for 
pupation. 

During mid-June, several larvae of Thecla betulae L. were 
obtained from blackthorn thickets in the Alton area, and also 
from a wood a few miles outside Southampton, where most of 
my entomological activities were concentrated at this time. Al- 
most the first blackthorn bush I tapped in this wood produced, 
at one stroke of my stick, two fully-fed larvae of this local 
hairstreak. 

My parents had very courageously offered to look after 
our children for a week, so near the end of June we all travel- 
led to their house in Sussex. From there, on the 29th, I made 
a flying visit to Blean Woods to inspect a colony of Mellicta 
athalia Rott. in a secluded corner of the main woodland block. 
My wife and I first found this colony in 1968, visited it in 1970 
and 1971, and it has gone from strength to strength. (Vide 
1971, Ent. Record Vol. 83, p. 261). I was delighted to obtain 
a superb ab. cymothoe Bertolini (= navarina Selys) almost 
identical to that illustrated in the new South’s British Butter- 
flies. This variety was flying with dozens of typical examples, 
but looked very distinctive on the wing. 

The last day of the month was spent on the road westwards, 
and July Ist found us in Mid Wales watching Argynnis aglaia 
L. in the Vyrnwy valley. There were fresh C. selene on a hill- 
side near Bala. 

Having several days of Eisteddfod ahead of us, I persuaded 
my wife that we ought to take advantage of the continuing 
fine weather on July 2nd to visit the Great Ormes Head near 
Llandudno. On the way over I looked for Coenonympha tullia 
Mull. between Bala and Ffestiniog, and, after several stops, 
found a strong but local colony. This butterfly was flying 
among peat hags and heather in exactly the same habitat that 
I saw it first many years ago in North Skye. The weather on 
the Great Orme was superb, and as we twisted down the 
western escarpment in the car, Eumenis semele f. thyone 
Thompson constantly flitted about beside the narrow road. We 
stopped the car in a small rock cutting, and on the steep hill- 


OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 191 


side above us were literally clouds of Pebejus argus f. caer- 
nensis Thompson. They particularly favoured dwarf brambles 
for their resting places, and many of these bushes were 
studded by dozens of little blue butterflies. 


In the assiduous pursuit of his interests the entomologist 
can sometimes be misunderstood by the public at large. I re- 
ceived some very strange looks from passers-by when I called 
to my wife that I had just seen “‘a female so blue that I thought 
she was a male!” E. semele thyone was also very abundant, 
but not quite as plentiful as the blues. 

After spending the morning at the well-known Wrexham 
Horse market on July Sth, we travelled east into Shropshire. 
An entrance was chosen into Whixall Moss virtually at random, 
and to our surprise we found C. tullia philoxenus immediately 
— flying in small numbers over a rather restricted area of 
peat moss. However, I can hardly believe that we contacted 
the only colony in this fortuitous way, and it would have been 
interesting to explore further if time had permitted. The day 
was beautifully rounded off when we stopped beside a river 
on the way back to Corwen, and a Merlin dashed over some 
alders and started chasing Swallows in front of us. Unsuccess- 
ful, he eventually swept over the trees mobbed by a twittering 
crowd of his erstwhile quarry. 

On our way back to Sussex on July 7th, a rather skillful 
manipulation of our route took us through Wyre Forest around 
lunch-time. Two or three Argynnis cydippe L. sailed among 
swarms of Aphantopus hyperantus L. and Maniola jurtina L. 
along a ride bathed in bramble blossom. 

We spent a few days with my parents near Haywards Heath, 
and on July 9th I went over to my favourite wood for Apatur4, 
iris L. in West Sussex. This fine butterfly was not forthcoming, 
but ten other species were noted, including Argynnis paphia 
L., A. aglaia, Maniola tithonus L., and Thecla quercus L. 
Limenitis camilla L. was more abundant than I have ever seen 
it before, and among them was a superb ab. nigrina Weymer. 
This evaded the net by soaring over a vast sea of brambles; 
but the next day it was there in the same spot. I netted it as 
it flew by me, hit a spray of foliage in the follow-through, and 
to my intense disappointment retrieved a ruined specimen 
from the net. 

After our return to Southampton I was pleased to see A. 
cydippe in the New Forest. Several of these butterflies were 
flying in one of the enclosures along with a few A. paphia on 
July 13th. 

The following day I drove to Alice Holt in the late after- 
noon, and, in a well-known observation area, saw two A. iris 
flying high and powerfully around one of the largest oaks. 
They occasionally winged off down the ride and then returned 
to dashing restlessly around the tree-tops. T. quercus and L. 
camilla were about in good numbers, and as I left I collected 
two half-grown Puss moth larvae from a sallow. 

A brief visit to the New Forest on July 16th produced a 


192 EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIL1/74 


fine A. paphia f. valesina. One or two more of this variety 
were seen during the next two weeks, and A. paphia in general 
did quite well in the Forest this year. P. argus, also, seemed 
well up in numbers on the heathland. 

Apart from a solitary Celestrina argiolus L. (a scarce 
species in 1973) seen in our garden on July 22nd, the next 
noteworthy entomological event was a visit to the West Sussex 
Woods on July 28th. Here, male L. sinapis of the second 
brood were in fair numbers—mostly at rest, as the weather 
was rather cloudy on this occasion. 

On the last day of the month Melanargia galathea L. was 
common at Whiteparish, and several T. quercus were also 
seen, but A. iris failed to appear. The following day I dropped 
into a wood a few miles outside Southampton, and to my sur- 
prise found a fine Hyles gallii Rott. at rest in bright sunshine 
on a scabious leaf. 

A down near Stockbridge was the selected ground on 
August 3rd, and there Hesperia comma L. was flitting about in 
profusion. Lysandra coridon Poda was also common but al- 
ready rather worn. I finished up at Alice Holt in the late 
afternoon, and to my delight found a single ovum of A. iris, 
after searching the sallows for about an hour. H. comma was 
still abundant on the Stockbridge down on August 7th, but 
some were starting to show signs of age. Large numbers of 
M. jurtina were flying there, and several had irregular pale 
patches on their wings. I took one with a silvery-pale ground 
colour replacing all the usual dusky brown. 

An early start, and a fine sunny day spent searching the 
woods and downs of Sussex, enabled me to record twenty-six 
species of butterfly on August 13th. The first port of call was 
a copse in West Sussex. Both sexes of L. sinapis were flying 
in good numbers, with a few worn A. paphia and the commoner 
Satyrids; thistles and fleabane attracted many N. io, A. urticae 
and the occasional P. c-album; Large and Small Skippers, and 
fresh Polyommatus icarus Rott. were about; and there were 
several P. megera settling on the warm dusty track. 


I left the comparative shade of the woods for the open 
downs, and on a long slope of hillside near Lewes L. coridon 
was out in strength. Some coridon females were just emerging 
and were in cop. before their wings were dry. A. agestis was 
in evidence also, and my first Vanessa cardui L. of 1973 dis- 
played on the downland path. On the other side of the Ouse 
Valley E. semele skipped about the steep slopes of a chalk pit. 
It seems curiously local on these downs, and one can walk for 
miles without seeing a single specimen. I was disappointed 
to miss Lysandra bellargus Rott. which is usually quite 
common here in several places, but it often seems to emerge 
a few days earlier in the Eastbourne localities so I pressed on 
toward these. Sure enough, on a south-facing escarpment 
favoured by this delightful butterfly, the first brilliant males 
were flying. I was pleased to see that H. comma was still 
present in this locality. 


PLATE XV 


Cheilosia sahlbergi Beck.. profile of head 
A: 4 (after Becker) 
B: © (original) 


CHEILOSA SAHLBERGI IN BRITAIN 193 


Another chalk hill, this time in Wiltshire, was visited on 
August 18th, when we drove to the Heytesbury area. Around 
the vallum of an ancient hill-fort there were scores of A. 
urticae sunning on the scabious. L. coridon was also out in 
abundance, and a female approaching ab. semi-syngrapha was 
taken. 

During the late summer V. atalanta became unusually 
abundant, and we could count on seeing at least half a dozen 
(along with two or three P. c-album) on fallen apples in our 
garden any sunny day in September. Though the last butter- 
fly seen by us in 1973 was A. urticae (on valerian on November 
4th) the continuing fine weather in Autumn allowed V. 
atalanta to fly right up to the end of October. During October 
one of my H. lucina pupae coloured ready for emergence, but 
as it failed to mature a night of mild frost must have been 
responsible for its untimely demise. 

However, the highlight of the end of the season for me 
was another iris larva which I found on October 13th; at the 
time of writing, both this, and the product of the August ovum, 
seem to be hibernating successfully on growing sallows in 
our garden. 


Cheilosa sahlbergi (Diptera :Syrphidae) in Britain 


By MartTIN C. D. SPEIGHT 
(Dept. of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Eire) 


In 1962 I caught a specimen of Cheilosia sahlbergi Becker 
(1894) in the Scottish highlands and subsequently recorded its 
occurrence in a note on Scottish hoverflies (Speight, 1966). 
However, the characteristic features of the species were not 
mentioned then, and no description of the species is available 
in English, so I have attempted to list its diagnostic features 
here. In the head-profile figures accompanying Becker’s 
original description (Becker, 1894) the male is labelled as the 
female in the legend, and vice versa, which is a bit confusing. 
Head profiles of C. sahlbergi are also figured in Bankowska 
(1963), but the illustration of the male does not tally very 
well with Becker’s figure. The figure of a male head profile 
accompanying this note is taken from Becker (1894), enlarged 
for parity with the figure of the female, which is taken from 
the Scottish specimen. 

Whilst in Ireland I have collected two more Cheilosia 
species in the black-legged, hairless-eyed group which are 
none of those currently known from the British Isles, and 
which so far defy identification. If there are other Dipterists 
who have collected species in this group which do not key out 
satisfactorily using Coe (1953), I would be most grateful for 
the opportunity to examine the specimens concerned. 

I can find no points of disagreement between my specimen 
and the description Becker gives of C. sahlbergi. This species 
can be distinguished from the other species with all-black legs 


194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


and hairless eyes which are known from the British Isles (in- 
cluding the two un-named species mentioned above) from its 
possession of the following combination of characters: 


3 Thorax finely punctured, with long black hairs and much 
shorter yellow-brown hairs, shining blackish-green; scutellum 
with long, black hairs at margin; tergite 2 with a patch of 
long, black, outstanding hairs at each lateral margin; short, 
black, adpressed hairs towards the centre of each tergite, ab- 
dominal hairs otherwise fawnish-yellow. Additional features: 
frons and vertex black-haired; 3rd segment of antennae dark 
red-brown, as deep as long; face bare, yellowish-grey dusted 
on the genae (for profile see fig. 1: Becker does not show the 
facial dusting in his figure). 

°Thorax finely punctured, shining olive-green, with two 
longitudinal bands (easily seen by looking along the thoracic 
dorsum, from in front) of long black hairs occurring within a 
general covering of shorter yellow-brown hairs; scutellum 
with 4-6 long, black bristles at margin. (Sack (1932) in his 
description of ° C. sahlbergi does not mention the bands of 
black hairs on the thorax, though these are precisely de- 
scribed in Becker’s original description and obvious in the 
Scottish specimen). 


Additional features: Frons narrower than an eye, more or 
less flat but with a shallow, shining, hairless, longitudinal de- 
pression; frons with long, yellow-brown and black hairs; face 
dusted on genae (for profile see fig. 2); abdominal hairs 
sparse, brown; wing-length 6.5 mm. 


C. sahlbergi is seemingly a montane species on the wing in 
May and early June, known from Finland, Germany, Poland 
and Switzerland. The Scottish specimen was caught on flowers 
of Potentilla erecta in a somewhat boggy area near a stream, 
on open montane heathland at an altitude of 2,500 ft., on 
Beinn a’ Chuallaich in Perthshire. 


Acknowledgements 
I first sent this specimen to J. E. Collin, who suggested it 
was C. sahlbergi. More recently E. Torp Pedersen (Zool. Inst., 
Jelling, Denmark) kindly examined the fly and came to the 
same conclusion. J am also indebted to Adrian Pont and Ken 
Smith (Nat. Hist. Mus., London) for providing information. 


References 

Bankowska, R. (1963). Syrphidae. Klucz do Oznaczania owadow Polski, 
27, (34), 2386 pp. 

Becker, T. (1894). Revision der Gattung Chilosia Mg. N. Acta Acad. 
Leop. Halle, 62, 521 pp. 

Coe, R. L. (1953). Syrphidae. Handbooks for the Identification of 
British Insects, 10, (1). R. ent. Soc. Lond. 

Sack, P. (1932). Syrphidae, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg., 4 (4), 451 pp. 

Speight, M. C. D. (1966). Hoverflies. Ann. Rep. Scottish Field Studies 
Association, 1966: 21-22. 


PLATE XVI 


SEMIOTHISA SIGNARIA HUBNER NEW TO BRITAIN 195 


Semiothisa signaria Hubner (Lep.:Geometridae) 
New to Britain 


By R. ToMLINSON 
01 King Street, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex 


I captured this moth, a d in good condition (Plate XVI, fig. 
5), at m.v. light in the interior of Essex in the summer of 
1970. That particular night was overcast, mild with little wind 
and ideal for the collector, with many species coming to my 
light and sheet. I showed the specimen to Mr H. C. Huggins 
who urged me to take it to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 
Accordingly, on 12th August 1971, I submitted the moth to Mr 
D. J. Carter who shortly after kindly wrote me to say that his 
colleague Mr’ D. S. Fletcher had examined the specimen and 
identified it as Semiothisa signaria Hiibn., a species new to the 
British list. 

I immediately communicated the above information to the 
Essex Naturalists’ Trust who were delighted with the discovery 
but asked me as a safeguard not to publish an account of it. 
However, in the three years that have elapsed since then and 
despite a light having been regularly operated in the locality, 
no more signaria have occurred. It was agreed with the Essex 
Trust therefore that the above facts could be published though 
omitting certain details. 

Prout (in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World—Palearctic 
Region—Geometrae (1912), 346, plt. 18g) says the moth flies in 
June and July and describes it as follows: “Distal margin of 
forewing with scarcely appreciable sinus, tooth at 3rd radial of 
hindwing not long, ¢ antennal serrations not very long. . . no 
black mark at anterior half of distal margin”. He figures it in 
colour. The moth is also figured in colour in Kirby (Butterflies 
and Moths of Europe (1903), plt. 47, fig. 8). Hofmann (Die 
Raupen der Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas (1893), plt. 42, fig. 6) 
gives a coloured figure of the larva which is green with whitish 
lines, head reddish. It feeds on Pinus sylvestris in August and 
September. Mr D. J. Carter informed me that “the foodplant 
of the species in Germany was recorded as Picea excelsa’’. 
Chretien (in Lhomme, Catalogue des Lepidopteres de France 
et de Belgique, 1: 399) says the larva “makes a hole in the 
needles of pine, wriggling in almost entirely in order to nourish 
itself” (Chalmers-Hunt’s translation). 

The species has a wide distribution abroad, its range ex- 
tending from France through Central Europe, Russia and be- 
yond. 

T am indebted to Mr D. J. Carter, Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 
Mr D. S. Fletcher, Mr H. C. Huggins and others for informa- 
tion in the preparation of this article. I also wish to thank Mr 
Peter York for the photograph and to acknowledge permission 
given by the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) to 
reproduce it here. 


196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/ VI11/74 


The Butterflies of the Maltese Islands 
By ANTHONY VALLETTA, F.R.E.S. 
257 Msida Street, B’Kara, Malta G.C. 


The publication of my book “The Butterflies of the Maltese 
Islands” in 1972 has brought to light the visit to our islands 
of four other butterflies in July 1963. I got this information 
through a letter sent to me some time ago by the collector 
of these butterflies Fit. Lt., K. A. Harrison, who going 
through the book which he bought in London noticed that 
these four species were missing. He also sent me the “bits 
and pieces” of their wings to confirm his finds. 

Unfortunately, these butterflies were never recorded and 
consequently they did not come to my knowledge when I was 
doing the research, and that is why they were not included 
in the book. 

These four species are: Catopsila florella Fab., Euchloe 
ausonia Hub., Tarucus theophrastus Fab.. and Philotes baton 
Bergstrasser. 

In his letter Mr Harrison writes: “I was so fascinated by 
the number of butterflies I saw during my 3 days in Malta 
that I made a small, representative collection. I know that 
this was the one and only occasion that I have ever caught 
any butterflies abroad, (I am not really a collector) so there 
is no doubt that these specimens were taken in Malta. My 
interest in butterflies was somewhat less ten years ago than 
it is now, so I really didn’t know what I was collecting. I just 
caught one or two of each type and they have been kept in 
an old tobacco tin ever since. I didn’t manage to identify 
them until I got “A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain 
and Europe” by L. G. Higgins and N. D. Riley some two years 
ago. 
Checking with a friend, P. R. Grey, who collected in Malta 
and whom I met last year, my Malta list didn’t agree with 
his. It was only when your book came out that I realised I 
had some unrecorded species. My luck in discovering four 
species in one go, in one locality, seems almost unbelieveable 
and I have actually wondered if there can be some doubt. 
But I know really that there is no doubt.” 

The short stay of Flt. Lt. Harrison with us must have 
coincided with an exceptional big migration of butterflies 
from nearby countries. G. florella is one of the most com- 
mon butterflies of Africa. It appeared for the first time in 
Gran Canary and Tenerife in 1964 where it has settled. Its 
capture in Malta in July 1963 makes its first record of ap- 
pearance in Europe. E. ausonia has a wide range of distribu- 
tion. It is quite common on the coast of N. Africa and 
through Europe to Asia Minor. T. theophrastus is found 
throughout Africa, Southern Spain, Asia Minor and east to 
India. P. baton is widely distributed in Italy including Sicily, 
Corsica and Sardinia, as well as in Spain through central 
Europe to Asia Minor. 


A TORTRIX NEW TO BRITAIN 197 


A Tortrix New to Britain: Pammene luedersiana 


Sorhagen (1885) 
By G. H. YoupDEN 
18 Castle Avenue, Dover, Kent 


A Tortrix new to Britain has recently come to light among 
some of the Genus bequeathed to me by the late Dudley G. 
Marsh of Littlebourne, near Canterbury . The specimen (Plate 
XVI, figs. 1 and 2) was caught by Dudley G. Marsh on 23rd 
May 1964, when we were collecting together in Scotland. From 
my diary I recollect that we were tramping over heather try- 
ing to net Isturgia carbonaria Clerck but there were many 
Ematurga atomaria L. and Eulia politana Haw. which toget- 
her with a high wind made catching and identification difficult. 
This specimen must, I think, have been netted by him during 
the afternoon, which was cloudy with sunny intervals. It is 
labelled “Aviemore. D. G. Marsh. 23.5.64’’. 


I am indebted to the Editor and to Dr J. D. Bradley of the 
British Museum (Natural History) for the identification of this 
rarity. I understand that there is only one other example of 
this species in the British Museum, which was taken in Greece. 
It has however, been recorded from Scandinavia and South- 
east Europe, though little or nothing seems to be known of 
the life-history. Diakonoff and Bentinck (1968, De Neder- 
landse Bladrolers, 96) state the larva is probably on Cynipid 
galls on oak. 

I should like to thank Mr Peter York for the photographs 
and to acknowledge the permission given by the Trustees of 
the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) to reproduce them here. The 
specimen was exhibited by the President, Mr J. M. Chalmers- 
Hunt, at the Meeting of The British Entomological and Natural 
History Society on 10.i.1974. It has now been presented to the 
British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 


Antennal Variation in Erioptera pilipes (Fabricius) 
(Diptera: Tipulidae) 
By E. G. HANcock 
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, City of Liverpool 
Museums 

Two specimens of Erioptera (Trimicra) pilipes (Fabr.), one 
of each sex, from the Rothampsted light trap set at Leighton 
Moss, Lancashire (SD478 750) showed quite distinctly that the 


last four antennal segments were abruptly smaller than the 
rest. Fresh material from South Lancashire and Gillingham, 


198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


Kent, supported this observation. As this was in disagreement 
with both Coe (1950) and the original generic description, the 
specimens of this species in the collections of the British 
Museum (Natural History) were examined. On a world wide 
basis 27 specimens were found to have the last four segments 
smaller, 15 had the last 3 smaller than the rest and 3 were 
undifferentiated towards the tip. 23 out of the 24 specimens 
from the British Isles were as my specimens, now in the refer- 
ence collection in Liverpool Museums. 

Osten Sacken (1861) states in erecting his genus Trimicra 
that “the last three joints (are) conspicuously narrowed and 
shortened’. Subsequent authors have confirmed this (Alex- 
ander and McAtee, 1921; Wood, 1952). Even since the original 
description of this subgenus of Erioptera, the supposition that 
the antennae are invariable in this respect has been repro- 
duced whenever it is discussed. This has been done in spite 
of a later paper by Osten Sacken (1886) in which he states 
that ‘‘ the fact that the last 3 joints are abruptlv smaller re- 
mains to be proved in the numerous exotic Trimicrae” and a 
reference in Edwards (1923) to a T. pilipes specimen from New 
Zealand in which the terminal joints “are scarcely differen- 
tiated from the next’”’. 

Alexander (1962) in the most recent summary of the sub- 
genus Trimicra states that there is a surprising range in the 
physical size, hairiness of the legs, degree of intensity of the 
wing pattern and the course and length of vein 2A but fails to 
notice the eaual variability in the antennae. For this reason, 
keys in Coe (1956) and Cole (1969), for example, might confuse 
the beginner when mentioning specifically that only the last 
three are smaller than the rest. 

Thanks are due to the B.M. (N.H.) for facilities to examine 
their collections and to J.S.S. Charles for sending material 
from Kent. 


References 
Alexander, C. P. (1962). Opuscula Zoologica, 61: 1-5. 


Alexander, C. P. & McAtee, W. L. (1921) Diptera of the Super family 
Tipuloidea found in the District of Columbia. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus., 58: 385-435. 


Coe, R. L. (1950). Handbks. Ident. Brit. Insects, TX (2): 1-6. 


Cole, F. R. (1969). The Flies of Western North America, University of 
California Press. 


Edwards, F. W. (1923). A preliminary revision of the Craneflies of New 
Zealand. Trans. N. Zeal. Instit., 54: 265-352. 


Oston Sacken, C. R. (1861). Descriptions of nine new North American 
Limnobiaceae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13: 287-292. 


Osten Sacken, C. R. (1886). Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift, 30(2): 153-242. 


Wood, H. G. (1952). The Craneflies of the South-west Cape. Ann. S. 
Afr. Mus., 39: 1-327. 


PLATE XVII 


ABERRATIONS OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA 199 


New and Inadequately Described Aberrations of 


Abraxas grossulariata (Linn.) (Lep.:Geometridae) 
By G. EVELYN HuTCHINSON 


Osborn Memorial Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, 
Conn. 06520 U.S.A. 


This paper has been written to give formal descriptions 
and illustrations of certain new aberrations of the magpie 
moth, mentioned in a discussion of some aspects of poly- 
morphism in a contribution to a forthcoming volume in me- 
mory of my former student, the late Professor Robert H. 
MacArthur. I take the opportunity also to publish notes on 
inadequately described, though named, forms of the species. 
Nearly all the material discussed is in the Rothschild- 
Cockayne-Kettlewell Collection now in the Natural History 
Museum in South Kensington, but reference is made to 
material in the Royal Albert Museum, Exeter and the York- 
shire Museum, York. My thanks are due to Mr A. L. Good- 
son of Tring, Mr D. J. Carter of the Natural History Museum, 
Dr Colin Simms of the Yorkshire Museum and the authorities 
of the Royal Albert Museum for their help when visiting the 
collections in their charge. 

The terminology of the wing pattern used throughout the 
paper is that of Hutchinson (1969), as given in plate XVIII. 


Plate XVII 
New or inadequately described aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata, 
a. ab. perpallida n.; holotype, Enniskillen; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M 
b. ab. perpallida n.; allotype, Aberdeen, Royal Albert Museum 
Exeter, 
ec. ab. perpallida n.; ? Annersley, probably this aberration. R.-C.-K. 
coll, B.M. 
ab. depauperata n.; holotype, Hornsey Rise; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. triumvirorum n., holotype, Croydon; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
eppingensis n.; holotype, Epping; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. eppingensis n. paratype, Epping; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. chalcobares Raynor; holotype, Doncaster; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
cf ab. chalcobares; no precise locality, ex Oberthitr coll.; R.-C.-K. 
coll. B.M. 
j. ab. raynori Porritt; holotype, Tolson Museum, Huddersfield, after 
painting by Miss Gallwey; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
k. ab. odersfeltia Porritt; holotype, Tolson Museum, Huddersfield, 
after painting by Miss Gallwey; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
l. ab. mixta Porritt; holotype, Tolson Museum, Huddersfield, after 
painting by Miss Gallwey; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
m. ab. aureofasciata Porritt; holotype, Tolson Museum, Hudders- 
field, after painting by Miss Gallwey; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. cockayni n.; holotype, Huddersfield; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. cockayni n.; paratype, Manchester; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. nigrofusa Raynor; Lancs stock, bred 1919; R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
ab. lactea-sparsa Raynor; Lancs, stock, bred 1919; R.-C.-K. coll. 
BLM. 


mr pos © 2B 
jab} 
(oy 


29 O5 


200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


ab. perpallida n. Black markings on the dorsal side of 
forewing limited to a small antemedian (AMDB2) spot at the 
base of the wing, a small costal spot, the extreme costal part 
of the antefascial black band, and small blackish-brown ter- 
minals. The three small but fairly conspicuous markings thus 
present just within the costa, are characteristic; in the holo- 
type their pigment is confined to the dorsal surface. Discal 
spot brown; some faint brownish markings representing the 
central part of the antefascial and the postfascial black mark- 
ings are present at the sides of the yellow fascia. Hindwing 
without discal spot but with small terminals visible only dor- 
sally. Abdomen yellow. Span 42 mm. 


3, holotype. Enniskillen, Northern Ireland (J. E. R. Allen, 
1908) R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. (Pl. XVIIa). All dark markings are 
slightly larger on the right than on the left hand wings. 

2, allotype. Aberdeen, Scotland (reared W. L. Newman 12 
July 1910) Royal Albert Museum, Exeter (Pl. XVIIb). Very like 
the holotype but with indications of a proximal as well as a 
distal antemedian spot at the base of the wing and with a 
blackish discal spot. 

3, ? Annersley, England (A. T. Mitchell) R.-C.-K. coll. B.M. 
This specimen differs from the two types in having some 
black pigmentation ventrally below the spots within the 
costal margin of the forewing and in having a row of black 
spots on the abdomen; in other respects its dark markings 
are less developed, the terminals being obsolete on the fore- 
wings and absent on the hindwings, though the left hindwing 
has a brown discal spot (Pl. XVIIc). The scaling is somewhat 
defective. Attribution to perpallida is perhaps a little ten- 
tative. 

All three specimens, in spite of slight differences, look 
very much alike in their pallid coloration, relieved primarily 
by the three dark marks just within the costa of the forewing. 
Very extreme ab. dohrni Koenig, referrable to ab centrali- 
puncta Raynor, have no costal spot (Aberdeen, Newman 10. 
VII. 1910; R.-C.-K. coll.) or lack almost all dark pigmentation 
except the discal spot (Roydon, Suffolk. G. J. Baker 18. VIII. 
1955; R.-C.-K. coll.). 

If my sexing is correct, perpallida cannot be the unknown 
_ phenotype simultaneously expressing both dohrni and pauci- 
signata Lempke which would be expected to be very pale, 
but which may be lethal (Cockayne 1937). 

The ? Annersley specimen, the Aberdeen specimen of 
ab. centralipuncta and a very similar specimen, but with a 
faint violaceous suffusion (Angleterre, Oberthiir coll.; with 
label “Figured Etudes d’Ent. 1896 20 Pl. 21 fig. 360. Lep. 
Comp. 1925. 22 (2) Pl. 599. fig. 5113’) were placed at the end 
of the series of ab. paucisigqnata by Cockayne. 

ab. triumvirorum n. Anterior wing with the dark markings of 
the costal half obsolete, represented by very feeble anteme- 
dian spots, a brownish faint discal and traces of brownish 
postfascial markings which become somewhat stronger in the 


PLATE XVIII 


PFB1 


PEB 2a10 


TB I-7 


Diagram, based largely on the Linnaean type which is how- 
ever, a little too heavily marked to be quite representative, of 
Figure 1. Diagram, based largely on the Linnaean type which is 
however, a little too heavily marked to be quite representative, of 
the black (heavy black) and yellow (stippled) markings on the upper 
surface of the wing in A. grossulariata. AMPY, proximal antemedian 
yellow marking, AMPB, proximal antemedian black band, AMDY 
distal antemedian yellow mark, AMBD 1+2, 3, the three antemedian 
black spots, the first two fused. CB costal black spot fused to DB 
discal black spot, SB subdiscal black spot, AB anal black spot, AFBC 
costal and AFBA anal portions of antefascial black band; PFB 1, 
PFB 2-10 postfascial black markings, FY yellow fascia. TB 1-7 black 
terminal spots. Hind wing symbols as forewing with prime. 


ABERRATIONS OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA 201 


anal part of the wing; anterior terminals obsolete, posterior 
three small but conspicuous; hindwing with a full set of ter- 
minals, though the first is subobsolete, pigmented both dor- 
sally and ventrally; abdomen with three rows of black spots; 
span 44 mm. 

? holotype. Croydon (G. C. Goldthwaite) R.-C.-K. coll., 
B.M. Distinguished by the obsolescence of all the dark mark- 
ings on the wings save the last three terminals of the forewing 
and all but the first of those of the hindwing. Though the 
latter markings are small, they are quite conspicuous by 
contrast (PI. XVIIe) with the rest of the wing. 

ab. depauperata n. All black pigment absent, discal spot 
dark brown, distal black fascial markings replaced by 
yellowish brown merging into yellow fascia. terminals brownish 
yellow on both wings. Span 31 mm. 

? $ holotype, Hornsey Rise, 1913, R.-C.-K .coll. This small 
and rather wretched-looking specimen is of interest, as show- 
ing that when black pigment is absent, some, but not all, of 
the dark markings are still indicated by a brown pigment. It 
was labelled ‘albino’ by Cockayne, but this is an inappropriate 
description as yellow and brown pigments are present (PI. 
XVIId). 

ab. nigrolutea Raynor (1907). This aberration was de- 
scribed as lutea Cockerell with an unusual amount of black 
on the front wings. The descriptions (1907, 1920) give no in- 
dications of the disposition of the black. Ten specimens in 
the R.-C.-K collection are referred to the aberration, the most 
extreme being one of Raynor’s labelled ‘Yorks. ex2 ’20”. 
The only one bearing the name nigrolutea, on a label on the 
pin, is stated to be from “Harwood Sale 1912.” This specimen 
presumably gives some idea, in default of a known type, of 
what Raynor meant by “an unusual amount of black on the 
forewing.” It is like Lempke’s figure (Lempke 1951, fig. 8) 
of ab. nigrofasciata Raynor in which the antefascial band and 
the postfascial spots tend to fuse over the yellow fascia, but 
with the black somewhat more extensive and the pale areas 
suffused with yellow, the hindwing being pale yellowish with 
indications of a deeper yellow fascia. Raynor’s most extreme 
specimen is comparable, but the black markings are more ex- 
tensive, approaching ab. hazeleighensis Raynor. The name 
nigrolutea clearly designates more than one genetically dis- 
tinct phenotype, and is moreover unnecessary, the specimens 
to which it refers being reasonably named lutea-nigrofasciata, 
lutea-hazeleighensis etc. 

ab. rubrolutea Raynor (1909). This is an intense form of 
lutea in which the ground colour of the forewings is reddish- 
orange, with the hindwings slightly paler. It would not be 
surprising if it proved to ke homozygous lutea combined with 
the gene that converts the ordinary yellow or yellowish 
orange fascia of grossulariata into the reddish orange fascia 
of igneofasciata Raynor (1909). The R.-C.-K. collection con- 
tains five specimens of rubrolutea; of these four were bred 


202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VITI/74 


by Raynor between 1909 and 1927, the earliest one being just 
too late to be designated a lectotype. The fifth specimen, 
presumably wild-caught or bred from a wild larva, is from 
Angmering, Sussex 1898; it is just as splendid as the others. 
There is also a specimen of rubrolutea-nigrolineata, marked 
Lancs. ex 11 ’23 and one of the rubrolutea-lunulata, labelled 
Lancs. Quibell Ex 4.1926. It must be admitted that although 
these seven specimens are highly characteristic when ex- 
amined by themeselves, some specimens of supposedly homo- 
zygous lutea approach rubrolutea. 

ab. nigrosparsata Raynor (1903). This aberration seems to 
have appeared in South Wales before 1900 (Barrett 1901). 
Porritt (1921) gave an account of its increasing proportion in 
the Huddersfield population between 1905 and 1917, when 
nearly 10% was of this form. Subsequently the species be- 
came very scarce and when it reappeared in numbers, the 
proportion of nigrosparsata was much reduced. 

Through the kindness of Dr Colin Simms, I have been able 
to study the collections in the Yorkshire Museum. Of the 
twenty specimens collected by T. H. Allis before 1870, and 
clearly selected to show as much variation as possible, in- 
cluding a nice ab. actinota Raynor, there are no typical 
nigrosparsata, though one specimen has some extra black 
spots, larger than in that form, on the hindwing. In the H. 
Dobson collection, made between 1905 and 1925, there are 
sixty-eight specimens of A. grossulariata of which twenty-one 
are nigrosparsata to varying degrees. Although the series 
again clearly contains all the more aberrant specimens that 
Dobson could collect and is certainly not a random sample, 
it is evident that at York, as at Huddersfield, it was far easier 
to obtain nigrosparsata in the first quarter of the present 
than in the middle of the last century. 

ab. eppingensis n. All black markings somewhat enlarged 
and some of them greatly so, but in a very irregular and 
asymmetrical manner. Span 41 mm. 

2, holotype; and 4 2 paratypes with one of uncertain sex 
(Pl. XVIIf, g) Epping, England, (June 1933, H. D. Smart) R.-C.-K. 
coll. B.M. 

The aberration is presumably genetically determined; the 
individuals of the typical series may well be sisters. In the 
strong asymmetry of the pattern on the hindwings as well as 
of that of the forewings, ab. epingensis presumably differs 
from the “small, rather dark, prettily marked form, of which 
a great many individuals have the markings asymetrical on 
the forewings” recorded by Stonell (1905) from Perth, but un- 
happily, like so many other forms of A. grossulariata, ap- 
parently never figured. 

ab. chalcobares Raynor (1907). The whole of the pale 
area of the forewing, except the white between the post- 
fascial black marks and the termen, yellow, suffused with 
dark grey, as in ab. nigrotincta Raynor, giving the uniform 
bronze appearance of the ground colour, implied by the 


ABERRATIONS OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA 203 


name. The hindwing is dark grey as in nigrotincta, yellow 
being limited to a well marked fascia of a kind also often 
found in ab. dohrni. The specimen, marked type at the side, 
bears a label ‘bred Doncaster 1903’. Raynor says it was 
“reared from a Lancashire larva, by a friend of mine in 1904, 
and generously presented to myself”. The date is pre- 
sumably given incorrectly by Raynor; if the county of origin 
is correct, the friend may have been none other than Leonard 
Doncaster. It is however just possible that both date and 
locality are given wrongly in the original description and that 
the larva came from Doncaster, Yorkshire. 

Though known from the unique type for seventy years, 
ab. chalcobaris has apparently never been figured (PI. XVITh). 


Below the type in the R.-C.-K. collection, there is a speci- 
men without indication of locality, from the Oberthir col- 
lection, in which the forewing has all the pale areas proximal 
to the fascia suffused with grey, as in chalcobares but with- 
out the yellow of the latter form; the hindwing has the 
typical pattern of grossulariata (Pl. XVIIi). 

ab. raynori Porritt (1920). The whole of the area proximal 
to the yellow fascia is obliterated by black; the fascia is wide 
and seems to be somewhat irregular, with its distal margin 
displaced proximally; the postfascial black spots are some- 
what elongate, but owing to the proximal displacement of 
the fascia, the white space between these spots and the ter- 
minals is very wide; the antefascial band of the hindwing 
consists of large irregular blotches. 

This form, of which no figure has been published, was 
reared by Porritt from an original pair and is said to have 
bred true, so is probably an autosomal recessive. 

I have not been able to study the Porritt collection in the 
Tolson Museum at Huddersfield, but believe it is desirable to 
figure this (Pl. XVIIj) and the next three forms from water- 
colour paintings by Miss Gallwey, prepared for Cockayne 
(1937). exhibited by him’, and then placed in the R.-C.-K. col- 
lection. 

There are a number of specimens in that collection in 
which the whole or almost the whole of the area between the 
basal antemedian yellow mark and the yellow fascia is black. 
These differ from ab. hazeleighensis Raynor mainly in the 
clear orange-yellow fascia and the distinct postfascial white 
area; only one has all the characters of raynori. 

ab. odersfeltia Porritt (1920). Like the preceding but with 
some white proximal to the yellow fascia. The postfascial 
black spots moreover are not elongate and the hindwing is as 
in typical grossulariata. The pattern has a washed out or 
dilute appearance. 


In the report of the Annual Exhibition and (Conversazione of the 
South London Entomological and Natural Society, at which these 
paintings were exhibited by Cockayne, there is no mention of that 
of ab. raynori, but it clearly belongs with the others then shown. 


204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


Porritt’s description is not at all clear and does not agree 
with the illustrations of the type (Pl. XVIIk). There is a speci- 
men in the R.-C.-K. collection from Huddersfield which re- 
sembles the painting fairly well, and another, with postfacial 
black marking obsolete except near the anal margin and a 
very washed-out appearance, from the New Forest, presumably 
belongs here. 

ab. mixta Porritt (1920). Described as differing from 
odersfeltia in having the broad costal black band interrupted 
by two white spots and in lacking the washed-out appearance. 
The figure of the type (Pl. XVIII) is not in very good agreement 
with the description. Porritt had six or seven specimens 
reared from wild larvae taken at Huddersfield and believed 
that there was a specimen in the Sydney Webb collection; 
this may have been an insect figured by Barrett (1901; Pl. 321 
fig. lc). There are three specimens in the R.-C.-K. collection 
labelled as ‘‘near ab. mixta Porritt.” They do not seem to me 
to belong with this aberration. 

ab. aureofasciata Porritt (1920). Proximal antemedian 
black band obsolete; costal margin with a wide black band 
interrupted centrally, apparently produced by fusion of the 
distal antemedian and costal spots and by the spread of the 
costal part of the antefascial black markings proximally down 
the costa; a second antemedian distal black spot, elongate 
towards the subdiscal and a third towards the anal spot; 
yellow fascia of a deep golden colour, very wide, bordered 
with small postfascial spots, which are separated from the 
small terminals by a wide white area. 

The painting of the type (Pl. XVIIm) of this beautiful form 
was placed in the R.-C--K. collection with such well-marked 
synthetic derivatives of dohrni as ab. gloriosa Raynor. No 
information is available about the underside of the wing. Ab. 
aureofasciata is however almost certainly an independent 
mutant occurring very rarely in nature; three specimens were 
reared from wild larvae taken at Huddersfield by Mr James 
Lee. 

In the R.-C.-K. collection there are specimens bred both 
by Raynor and probably by Onslow (21 VIII 2 26) also. 
These are labelled as aureofasciata-nigrocostata. In them the 
golden yellow extends from the fascia almost to the base of 
the wing. They look like dohrni combined with aureopicta 
Cockayne. 

ab. cockayni n. Forewing with distal antemedian black 
spot fused with costal and costal part of antefascial black 
marking to produce a heavy costal stripe interrupted on 
its extreme costal border by a minute white spot; antefascial 
markings extended proximally to form a stripe parallel to 
the costal stripe and separated from it by a narrow elongate 
white mark which may be divided; anal spot fused with 
anal part of antefascial black markings; anal part of yellow 
fascia extended proximally above the fused anal spot towards 
the base of the wing; antefascial black spots of hindwing well 


ABERRATIONS OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA 205 


developed, abdomen ringed with black. Span 46 mm. 

2, holotype, Huddersfield (PI. XVIIn); and ten ¥ paratypes, 
mainly from Kent (no precise locality, Bexley) and the north 
of England (Hull, Huddersfield (2), Manchester, Liverpool) or 
without precise locality (Pl. XVIIo). 

The torm was separated by Cockayne as showing the 
“orange fascia extending towards the base, ab. nov,” but was 
never described. I have much pleasure in dedicating it to 
his memory- 

There is some variation in the minute white mark on the 
costa, in the extent of the linear pale area on the disc and 
in the colour of the latter; in one Huddersfield specimen it is 
yellow. Ab. cockayni is formally nigrocostata-nigrolineata, 
or what Onslow (1919) calied nigrocostata +++, but with 
the yellow of the fascia extending proximally as in raynori or 
aureopicta. As it has occurred a number of times in nature it 
is probably due to a single gene, which may possibly be sex- 
linked. 

ab. lactea-sparsa Raynor (1907). This is a peculiar form 
described by Raynor as ‘of the flavofasciata (i.e. dohrni), 
type only that the hindwings have the horizontal band of 
black central spots well developed; but the peculiarity is that 
the forewings are densely dusted with blackish brown.” The 
original specimen came from a Hazeleigh larva. 

There are six specimens, all bred by Raynor, over this 
name in the R.-C.-K. collection. They are quite variable but 
resemble one another in having such black marking, except 
the terminals, as are present on the forewing, with ill-defined 
edges, as if they had been smeared parallel to the venation. 

The degree of smearing is variable; it is most noticeable 
in the region of the fascia and is confined to the forewings. 
In the series examined the markings of the hindwings are 
small. Kaynor’s description is obviously vague, and so far as 
the hindwings are concerned is not applicable to these speci- 
mens. None of them bear individual labels indicating that 
they are ab. lactea-sparsa. Nevertheless the form that they 
exemplify is highly characteristic (Pl. XVIIq) and it is unlikely 
that Raynor would have refrained from naming it. It may 
well be due to a single gene and have nothing to do with 
dohrni. 

ab. nigrofusa Raynor (1920). Described as a form of dohrni 
having the greater part of the forewing clouded with blackish 
brown, a description which hardly separates it from lactea- 
sparsa. The single specimen in the R.-C.-K. collection, bred 
by Raynor, looks like a synthetic form involving lactea-sparsa 
and one of the nigrocostata genes (Pl. XVIIp). 


References 
Barrett, C. G. (1901). The Lepidoptera of the British Isles. vol. II. 
Heterocera Geometrina. London. 
Cockayne, E, A. (1936). in Abstract of proceedings of meeting of 14 
Feb. 1935. Proc. Trans. S. Lond. entom. nat. Hist. Soc. 1935-6: 1. 


206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VII1/74 


—— (1937) in Annual exhibition and conversazione. Proc. Trans. 
S. Lond. entom. nat. Hist. Soc., 1936-7: 43. 

Hutchinson, G. E. (1969). Some Continental European aberrations of 
Abraxas grossulariata Linn. (Lepidoptera) with a note on the 
theoretical significance of the variation observed in the species. 
Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 43: 1-24. 

Lempke, B. J. (1951). Catalogus der Nederlands Macrolepidoptera, X. 
Tidschrift| voor Entomol., 94: 227-320. 

Onslow, Hon. H. (1919). The inheritance of wing colour in Lepidoptera 
1. Abraxas grossulariata var. lutea (Cockerell.) J. Genet, 8: 
209-258. 

Porritt, G. T. (1920). Descriptions of ten new varieties of Abraxas 
grossulariata. Entom. month. Mag., 56: 99-102. 


, (1921). The Huddersfield varieties of Abraxas grossulariata 
with description of a new variety. Entom. month. Mag., 57: 

128-135. 

Raynor, G. H. (1907). Further notes on Abraxas grossulariata. Entom. 
Rec., 19: 83-84. 

, (1909). Further notes on Abraxas grossulariata. Entom. Rec., 


21: 270-272. 
—., (1920). A compendium of the named varieties of the large 
» magpie moth Abraxas grossulariata with label list... obtainable 


only of the author, Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex. 


Stonell, B. (1905). in Abstracts of proceedings of meeting of 12th 
May, 1904, Proc. S. Lond. entom. nat. Hist. Soc., 1904-5: 66. 


Phyllonorycter mulleriella Zeller (amyotella 
Duponchel) (Lep.: Gracillariidae) in Britain 


By A. M. EMMET 
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex 


My wife and I spent last Christmas in north Lancashire, 
and on the afternoon of Boxing Day we went for a walk on 
Arnside Knott, which is just in Westmorland. There are many 
young oaks growing on the Knott, and these tend to retain 
their dead leaves through the winter until the new growth re- 
places them in the spring. So we started to search on these 
trees for vacated mines of the Ectoedemia subbimaculella 
group for recording purposes. We were not very successful, for 
E. albifasciella Heinemann was the only species we could find, 
and so I rather casually turned my attention to the Phyllon- 
orycter mines which were far more numerous. I collected a bag 
of about three dozen and subsequently kept them indoors in a 
warm room. About half produced parasites (still to be deter- 
mined) and there were ten Phyllonorycters; eight of these 
were quercifoliella Zeller and the other two were mulleriella. 
These latter emerged on 22nd and 31st January. Since 
mulleriella is) an extremely scarce and local species which has 


PHYLLONORYCTER MULLERIELLA ZELLER 207 


seldom, if ever, been recorded in recent years, | have done a 
little research into its distribution. 

Meyrick (1928) gives the range as ‘Gloucester, Worcester, 
Lancashire to Durham”’. This ‘indicates two areas for its occur- 
rence, the west midlands and the north of England. Let us first 
consider the midlands. 

The Gloucestershire records seem to be based on captures 
made by Sircom in the Bristol area in the middle of the last 
century. The only exact locality I have traced is Brislington, 
which is, in fact, in Somerset. Brislington is now a very urban 
suburb of Bristol and is no longer a likely locality. One of the 
specimens of mulleriella in the Bankes collection at the British 
Museum (Natural History) is labelled ‘‘ex coll. Mason”. There 
was a good nineteenth century collector called Mason who 
lived at Clevedon, on the Somerset coast about five miles out 
of Bristol, and if this was his specimen, it may have come from 
north Somerset. Fletcher and Clutterbuck (1943) quote Mey- 
rick as the authority for the occurrence of mulleriella in 
Gloucestershire, and can add nothing else except that a 
Gloucester schoolmaster gave Clutterbuck a specimen without 
date (? data) in 1932. The Victoria County History for Wor- 
cestershire (1901) includes mulleriella solely on the authority 
of Meyrick without knowledge of his source. The neighbouring 
county of Herefordshire is far better worked, because it had 
J. H. Wood, a resident microlepidopterist of distinction; but 
Wood does not include mulleriella in the list he wrote for the 
Victoria County History of Herefordshire (1908), nor is there 
a specimen in his collection. So it would seem that only the 
Bristol area has well authenticated records, and there is no 
reason why it should not still be present in good localities such 
as Leigh Woods or Goblin Coombe. 

Records for the north of England are more numerous. The 
Victoria County History of Westmorland (unpublished, but ex- 
tant in proof form in the library at the British Museum) is the 
most precise, for it states that T. H. Allis took a specimen 
near Windermere in 1849 (recorded by Stainton in 1850) and 
that Hodgkinson captured ‘“‘a few” at the same locality in 
1888; there were, however, no subsequent records up to 1908. 
The Bankes Collection has seven specimens taken by Hodg- 
kinson, which may be the ones from Windermere. Other north 
country localities culled from the several works listed below 
under ‘References’ are as follows: Cumberland: Keswick 
and Carlisle; Durham: Darlington; Yorkshire: Richmond, 
Scarborough and York. Threlfall has twelve specimens in the 
Bankes Collection; he lived at Preston in Lancashire but also 
collected in Westmorland. Sang, who was the authority for 
Richmond as a locality and probably also for Darlington, also 
has a specimen in the Bankes Collection. One other in that 
collection is labelled “ex coll. Shepherd’: I have no know- 
ledge of the collector or his district. Neither Ford nor Waters 
ever took mulleriella, but the former has four specimens “ex 
coll. Hanbury”; here again, I have no further particulars. 


208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIli/74 


The mine of mulleriella is indistinguishable from that of 
quercifoliae, and both species pupate in a translucent cocoon 
edged with frass; when held up to the light, the cocoons. ap- 
pear to be placed in an elongated black “U”. In this aspect 
they differ from some of the _ other oak-feeding 
Phyllonorycters, which encase their cocoons completely in 
black frass. Ford (1949) states that mulleriella is “reputed to 
feed on leaves at the top of a tree”. This seems to me like 
an aetiological theory to explain away failure to find the mine; 
at any rate, the mines I found were within easy reach of the 
ground. 

I recommend collectors to gather mines of the type I 
have described and in the localities such as those I have men- 
tioned, and it may well transpire that mulleriella is not such 
an elusive quarry after all. 


REFERENCES 

Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge and Clutterbuck, C. Granville (1943). Micro- 
lepidoptera of Gloucestershire. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Fld. Club, 
28:; 58-66. 

Ford L. T. A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, London. 

Meyrick, E. (1928). A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, Lon- 
don. 

Morris, F. O. (1872). A Natural History of British Moths, London, 

Stainton, H. T. (1859). Manual of Butterflies and Moths, II. London, 

Turner. A. H, (1935). Lepidoptera of Somerset, Somerset Archaeolo- 
gical and Natural History Society, Taunton. 

The Victoria County Histories of Cumberland (1901); Herefordshire 
(1908); Lancashire (1906); Worcestershire (1901); Yorkshire 
(1907) and Somerset (1906). 


Albarracin and Vicinity, Spain, in July 1973 


By JoHN and MARGARET DACIE 
10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, London, SW19 


and JAck and DoroTHy GREENWOOD 
The Thatches, Forest Road, Pyrford, Woking, Surrey 


The following is an account of a 2-week entomological 
holiday spent in Spain in the regions of the Sierra de Albar- 
racin and Valencia between 20th July and 3rd August 1973. We 
flew from Heathrow to Valencia, collected two hired cars at 
Valencia airport and then drove via the City — in which we 
found it only too easy to get lost — up the coastal road to 
Sagunto and thence inland on a metalled road with many 
hairpin bends in a N.W. direction to Teruel (elev. 916 m) 
where we stayed at the excellent Parador Hotel, situated in 
pine woods just beyond the town on the Zaragoza road, in all 
a 150 km drive. The bedrooms and public rooms were ex- 
cellent, the meals attractive and well served, the staff cheerful 
and most helpful. Albarracin (elev. 1182 m) is about 25 km W. 


ALBARRACIN AND VICINITY, SPAIN 209 


of '[eruel on a minor road and we spent the next 7 days col- 
lecting mainly in the mountains to the W. of Albarracin, up 
to an elevation of 1855 m. Except for a storm on our last night 
in Teruel the weather was almost uniformly fine and hot. 

The first village reached on the Albarracin road is Gea de 
Albarracin; beyond this the road climbs up through a rocky 
valley, and on the 21st July we collected on uncultivated rocky 
ground between the roadside and a stream about 5 km above 
the village. Butierflies were plentiful and pale L. albicans 
arragonensis were particularly conspicuous, being mainly 
males in fine condition. More than 40 species were caught or 
noted in this area. M. daphnis was not uncommon and one 
dark female was netted as well as several males. 

On the 22nd July we drove further, past Albarracin to 
Noguera, resisting the temptation to stop and collect at likely 
places en route; at Noguera we took the road to the right and 
climbed the steep ascent towards Bronchales. Just before the 
Summit we stopped at a bend in the road where there was a 
damp area and an abundance of flowers and there we saw for 
the first time P. apollo and B. hecate. About 1 km further up 
the road, near the summit, the countryside opened out into 
flowery meadows between pine forests, and in this area H. 
semele and H. alcyone were abundant and we took M. russiae 
cleanthe also. Then, turning left before actually reaching 
Bronchales, we drove along the road to Greigos until we 
reached clearings in the pine forests and ultimately well 
watered open meadows. It was in this area that we found in 
abundance L. coelestissima in fresh condition but only males. 
A. damon and A. fabressei were flying, too, but in lesser num- 
bers. On the way back to Teruel we walked up a dry river 
bed near Albarracin and found C. prieuri and S. actea both in 
fresh condition and almost all males. S. actea we later found 
to be widespread in dry rocky localities but C. prieuri we 
found only in this single locality. 

On the 23rd July we drove via Albarracin to near the vil- 
lage of Moscardon. This is an upland area of flowery slopes 
and pine forests, with a stream dammed to give ponds, where 
cattle were watered. Butterflies were generally abundant, 
particularly the satyrids, M. galathea lachesis, H. semele, H. 
alcyone and B. circe, with lesser numbers of M. russiae 
cleanthe. In one area C. iphioides was plentiful in fine con- 
dition and we found for the first time a few male A. arethusa, 
and quite numerous H. lycaon, again almost all males. B. 
hecate was the commonest fritillary and it was flying in the 
company of B. ino and a few M. parthenoides. 

On the 24th July, another brilliant and hot day, we re- 
visited several dry river valleys between the Gea de Albar- 
racin and Albarracin and this time in addition to H. semele, 
H. alcyone, C. briseis, C. prieuri and S. actea we came across 
a colony of P. fidia in fresh condition. Then we drove once 
more to Moscardon. Butterflies were abundant as before: L. 
coelestissima were plentiful on open grassy slopes and A. 


210 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 36 15/ Vi1i/74 


arethusa appeared more abundant and were presumably just 
emerging. 

On the 25th July we explored an area south of Albarracin. 
This proved to be on the whole less productive: the terrain 
was less mountainous and more arid and was partly cultivated 
and no particularly interesting or “new” species were noted. 
On the 26th July we paid a return visit to the mountains above 
Noguera and Griegos and spent most of the day looking in 
likely clearings in the pine forests for E. zapateri, but none 
was found. Butterflies were, however, generally abundant and 
many P. apollo were seen. Three “new” species were noted: 
P. napi, in one locality only, and a single female H. alcipron 
and one male P. nivescens. 

On the 27th July it was cloudy in the morning and we ex- 
plored the pine-covered heathland in the vicinity of the hotel. 
Several fresh male H. statilinus were caught and two P. c- 
album. On the 28th July we made our final trip to the moun- 
tains beyond Albarracin, visiting the locality between Noguera 
and Bronchales where we had stopped on the 22nd July. This 
time we found a small colony of L. nivescens at the margin of 
a pine forest and in the same area one N. polychloros was 
caught, the only one seen in the whole trip. In the afternoon 
we re-visited the Moscardon area and caught two more P. 
nivescens and also two M. daphnis, one a brown female. 
There was still no sign of E. zapateri and we concluded that 
the species had not yet emerged. 

On the 29th July we left Teruel and drove towards 
Valencia. We stayed at a hotel on Monte Picayo which rises 
steeply from the narrow coastal plain approximately 21 
km north of the city. This is a new hotel, modern and ex- 
pensive in contrast to the very reasonable charges of the 
Parador but beautifully situated on the hillside with specta- 
cular views over the plain to the sea. About two-thirds of 
the way from Teruel to Segorbe en route to the coast the 
road descends through a steep escarpment. We halted here 
and collected briefly at its base on the way to the small town 
of Pina in a rather dry area of heathland and pine trees. P. 
fidia was quite common as were female S. actaea, but L. 
albicans arragonensis was probably the most common of the 
dozen or so species flying. In this area, as well as in Teruel 
we were struck by the many signs of the fierce fighting in 
the civil war 35 years ago. 

On the 30th July we explored the neighbourhood of Monte 
Picayo and spent most of our time walking up the road 
which wound through rather arid pine-covered hills above 
the Monastery Sancti-Spiritu. This appeared to be an area 
of natural forest but some of it was being developed and 
houses built. About 20 species of butterflies were noted. P. 
fidia was common and some females were seen, but H. stati- 
linus, although present, was less frequent. A few almost 
fresh E. tages were seen, presumably members of a second 
brood. 


ALBARRACIN AND VICINITY, SPALN 211 


On the Slst July we drove up the ‘Teruel road and ex- 
plored a valley running North near Segorbe where a river 
had been dammed. About 22 species were noted in this area 
including L. bellargus and P. malvoides neither of which we 
had seen previously, and we were rather surprised to catch a 
single male P. nivescens at this relatively low altitude 
(approx. 360 m). 


On the lst August we again drove towards Segorbe but 
this time we branched North up the Vall de Uxo road before 
reaching Segorbe. On rough ground near Azuebar we found 
H. statiinus to be common and we noticed a single rather 
worn, L. bellargus. We left the Vall de Uxo road, and drove 
via Azuebar and Chovar towards Eslida, the road climbing 
and twisting steeply through wooded hills. About 3 km 
beyond Chovar the road crosses a stream and following a 
track winding up a narrow valley we came across for the 
first time Q. quercus ibericus in quite large numbers flying 
around the tops of cork oak trees, and in the same area C. 
argiolus. By the roadside in this area we saw several P. 
pandora, again for the first time. 


On the 2nd August we drove south to Valencia and then 
inland to the small town of Pedralva, finally taking a bye- 
road North which led us eventually to Segorbe on the Teruel 
road. The countryside varied from agricultural to wild rocky 
hills and pine-covered heathland, and we collected at several 
likely places. By the riverside at Pedralva we found Z. knysna 
and S. pirithous in quite large numbers flying low over lush 
vegetation, but in rather poor condition. (One Z. knysna had 
been caught in a damp place just below the hotel on Monte 
Picayo the previous evening.) These captures suggest that 
Z. knysna extends further North up the Mediterranean lit- 
toral than had been thought. Finally, on our way back to 
the hotel we called in briefly, rather late in the afternoon, at 
the place where we had seen Q. quercus ibericus and P. pan- 
dora the previous day- Several more of these species were 
seen as well as M. didyma in fresh condition. The following 
day we returned to London after a thoroughly enjoyable and 
successful trip. 


In all 95' species of butterfly were noted. Moths were not 
llumerous, in spite of regular inspections of the hotel 
lights, and relatively few were disturbed during the day. The 
entire area was very sparsely populated so that for hours 
at a time we saw no other human beings apart from light 
traffic on the roads. On one occasion two other collectors 
were seen in the Albarracin area but were not near enough 
to speak to them. 


We are most grateful to Dr Lionel Higgins, Lt.-Colonel 
and Mrs Manley and Baron Charles de Worms for much 
helpful advice. 


212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 45/VIII/74 


LIST OF SPECIES CAUGHT BETWEEN 21st JULY AND 2nd 
AUGUST 1973 

Papilionidae (3 species): Papilio machaon L., a few only, 
scattered. Iphiclides podalirius Dup., widespread, but not 
common. Parnassius apollo L., plentiful in the Sierra de 
Albarracin. 

Pieridae (10 species): Pieris brassicae L., a few only seen, 
near Valencia. P. rapae L., widespread and common. P. napi 
L., a few only in one locality near Noguera. The form is 
closely similar to, if not identical with, dubiosa Rober; and 
the black spot in SS in the male is unusually large. Pontia 
daplidice L., widespread and quite common. Aporia crataegi 
L., a few only, near Albarracin. Colias crocea Geoffroy, wide- 
spread and often common; many f. helice. C. australis Verity, 
widespread and quite common. Gonepteryx rhamni L., wide- 
spread but not common. G. cleopatra europaea Verity, 
widespread but not common. Leptidea sinapis L., widespread 
but not common. 

Nymphalidae (19 species): Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 
scarce, in the Sierra de Albarracin. Nymphalis polychloros L., 
one only, in Sierra de Albarracin. Inachis io L., scarce. 
Vanessa atalanta L., scarce. V. cardui, widespread and quite 
common. Aglais urticae L., common in the Albarracin area. 
Polygonia c-album L., a few only, scattered. Pandoriana pan- 
dora D. & S., one locality only, near Segorbe. Argynnis paphia 
L., widespread in the Albarracin area. Mesoacidalia aglaja 
L., widespread and often common in the Albarracin area. 
Fabriciana adippe chlorodippe H.-S., often common in the 
Albarracin area. F. niobe f. eris Meigen, one only, near 
Noguera. Issoria lathonia L., widespread in hills. Brenthis 
hecate D. & S., common in colonies in the Sierra de Al- 
barracin. B. ino Rott., common in Sierra de Albarracin, 
often flying with B- hecate. Melitaea phoebe D. & S., a few 
worn specimens in Sierra de Albarracin. M. didyma occiden- 
talis Staudinger, fairly common and widespread near 
Valencia. Mellicta deione Geyer, only one, near Segorbe. M. 
parthenoides Keferstein, scattered in Sierra de Albarracin, 
mostly worn. 

Satyridae (23 species): Melanargia galathea lachesis Hb., 
generally common in Albarracin area. WM. russiae cleanthe 
Boisd., quite common in Sierra de Albarracin. Hpparchia 
alcyone D. & S., common and widespread. H. semele cadmus 
Frihst., common and widespread. H. statilinus Hufn., widely 
distributed but not on the whole common. Pseudotergumia 
fidia L., widely distributed and locally quite common. Chazara 
briseis L., locally common in the Albarracin area. C. prieuri 
Pierret, one locality only near Albarracin. Satyrus actea Esp., 
quite common in the Albarracin area. Brintesia circe F., 
locally common in the Albarracin area. Arethusana arethusa 
D. & S., local in Sierra de Albarracin. Maniola jurtina hispulla 
Esp., widespread and common. Hyponephele lycaon Kuehn, 
widespread in Albarracin area. Pyronia tithonus L., wide- 
spread and common. P cecilia Vallantin, locally common in 


ALBARRACIN AND VICINITY, SPAIN 213 


dry places. P. bathseba pardilloi Sagarra, widespread but 
worn. Coenonympha pamphilus L., scarce. C. dorus Esp., wide- 
spread and quite common but worn. C. arcania L., a few only 
in Sierra de Albarracin, worn. C. iphioides Staudinger, 
locally common in Sierra de Albarracin. Pararge aegeria 
aegeria L., widespread; common by hotel at Monte Picayo. 
Lasionhata megeda L., widespread, but not common, worn, 
L. maera L., few only in Sierra de Albarracin, worn. 

Lycaenidae (25 species); Quercusia quercus ibericas 
Staudinger, one locality only, near Segorbe. Nordmannia 
ilicis Esp., common in the Albarracin area but worn. WN. 
esculi Hb., probably common in Albarracin area but worn. 
Strymonidia spini D. & S., scattered in Albarracin area; a few 
fresh. Lycaena phlaeas L., widespread but scarce. Heodes al- 
ciphron Rott., scarce in the Sierra de Albarracin. Lampides 
boeticus L.., widespread but not common. Syntarucus pirithous 
L., near Valencia, locally common. Zizeeria knysna Trimen, at 
Monte Picayo and near Pedralva. Celastrina argiolus L., near 
Segorbe and at Monte Picayo-. Plebejus argus L., few, Sierra 
de Albarracin. Lycaeides idas L., few, Sierra de Albarracin. 
Aricia cramera Eschscholtz, widespread. A. allous montensis 
Verity, widespread and quite common in Sierra de AI- 
barracin. Cyaniris semiargus Rott., near Albarracin, few only. 
Agrodiaetus damon D. & S., locally quite common in Sierra 
de Albarracin. A. fabressei Oberthiir, widespread in AIl- 
barracin area. Plebicula escheri Hb., few in Sierra de 
Albarracin. P. nivescens Keferstein, scarce in Sierra de AI- 
barracin: one near Segorbe at lower altitude. P. thersites 
Cantener, widespread and locally common. Meleageria 
daphnis D. & S., two colonies in Albarracin area. Lysandra 
albicans arragonensis Gerhard, widespread and often com- 
mon in Albarracin area, and also near Valencia. L. caelestis 
sima Verity, locally plentiful in Sierra de Albarracin. Te 
caelestissima caerulescens Tutt, scarce in Sierra de Albarracin. 
L. bellargus Rott., two small colonies near Segorbe. Poly- 
ommatus icarus Rott., widespread and often common. 

Hesperiidae (15 species): Pyrgus malvae malvoides 
Elwes & Edwards few only, near Segorbe and Valencia P. 
serratulae Rambur, one only Sierra de Albarracin. P. cirsii 
Rambur, widely distributed in the Albarracin area. P. 
onopordi Rambur, scarce in the Albarracin area. P. fritillarius 
Poda, scattered in the Albarracin area. Spialia sertorius ser- 
torius Hoffmannsegg, widely distributed and quite common 
worn. Muschampia proto Ochs., widely distributed and quite 
common. Carcharodus alceae Esp., widely distributed but not 
common. C. lavatherae Esp., one only, near Teruel. C. boe- 
ticus Rambar, quite common, Albarracin area and near 
Teruel. Erynnis tages L., a few near Valencia, quite fresh 
Thymelicus actaeon Rott. widespread but not common. T. 
sylvestris Poda, widespread. Hesperia comma L., scattered 
in Sierra de Albarracin. Ochlodes venatus faunus Turati, 
widespread but not common, 


214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VITI/74 


1973__ A Remarkable Year 
By B. GoATER 
22 Reddings Avenue, Bushey, Herts 


Reading over some back numbers of the Record, I came 
across an article written twenty years ago by the late Mr P. 
B. M. Allan when he was Assistant Editor of this magazine, 
exhorting entomologists to submit more ‘Collecting Notes’. 
This has roused me to look back on 1973, a year during which 
I made personal acquaintance for the first time with twenty 
of our macrolepidoptera, and which therefore ranks as an 
outstanding one. Perhaps my success reflects a slothful lack 
of effort in the past, plus good fortune beyond average, but 
I like to believe that the quarry was about in good numbers, 
and I did visit several places where I had not been before. 

Mr Austin Richardson and I saw the New Year in on Islay, 
and observed that the well wooded south-east corner of the 
island might richly repay an entomological visitor during the 
summer months. This is an area of extensive bog containing 
Myrica, out from which arise long strips of rocky outcrop 
which are clothed with oak, hazel, birch and alder, them- 
selves festooned with lichens. We resolved to return at a 
more propitious season. 

The first moths of the year were seen at Elstree, Herts., 
on January 25th—males of Theria rupicapraria (D. & S.) and 
Apocheima pilosaria (D. & S.). Their appearance coincided 
with some mild weather. Nothing else was seen until Feb- 
ruary 21st, when males of Alsophila aescularia (D. & S.) were 
out in force. However, during the intervening period my 
mother obtained two small larvae of Helicoverpa armigera 
(Hiibn.) from the local greengrocer at Chandlers Ford, Hants. 
They were in tomatoes from the Canary Is., and duly pupated 
in sand in the airing cupboard. One emerged in due course, 
but the other died after forming up, when I took it out of the 
heat into an ordinary warm room. Late in February I 
brought into the warm a lot of pupae of Orthosia miniosa 
(D. & S.), and sprayed them. Within four days, the moths 
began to emerge in arush. The eggs had been obtained in 
1972 from a Welsh female, and the young larvae started off 
on bursting oak buds in Herts. At the beginning of Whit- 
week, they were about half grown, and the local oak leaves 
were beginning to coarsen, but I took them to Scotland with 
me, and there the buds were just opening. I was able to finish 
them off on this pabulum, and bred fine full-sized moths. 
During this same visit to Wales, I obtained eggs from a female 
O. gracilis (D. & S.) from Borth Bog. These larvae developed 
virus disease; the five pupae I got were given the same treat- 
ment as the miniosa, and also emerged at the same time, but 
produced miserable little specimens. 

The local Orthosia species were on the wing on March 
19th. and on the same day. numerous cocoons of Pammene 


1973—A REMARKABLE YEAR 215 


regiana (Zell.) were found under the bark of old sycamores 
on Stanmore Common, Middx. The first moth emerged on 
April 15th. 

The first major entomological foray of the year was 
for Eupithecia irriguata (Hiibn.) in the New Forest, and such 
was the state of the season that I judged it would be out by 
April 20th. Unfortunately, the weather turned unpredictable 
at that time, with rain, cold nights and unpleasant wind. 
Several days and nights were spent among the great oaks, 
but I succeeded in finding only one specimen, in heavy rain, 
resting under the bough of a yew, on May 6th. During the 
same period, search was made for larvae of Chloroclystis 
chloerata (Mab.). Singletons were beaten from blackthorn 
flowers in two new localities in South Hants and the moths 
bred, but the peculiar weather conditions (sleet on April 
22nd!) had resulted in some bushes being over, others held 
back, and only a few in good condition for the larvae, which 
must feed up very quickly indeed. Visits to a row of ash 
trees by the River Itchen at Shawford at dusk resulted in 
several larvae of Atethmia centrago (Haw.). I collected many 
fallen cones of spruce from which Cydia strobilella (Linn.) 
emerged in quantity during May, but had no luck with pine 
cones collected in the New Forest for C. conicolana (Heyl.), 
though there were old cones with emergence holes in the 
bracts lying on the ground nearby. 

During May, moths were coming out in quantity in the 
breeding boxes, including several Trisateles emortualis (D. 
& S.). The larvae had been beaten the previous autumn 
from dead beech leaves, and had pupated in flimsy cocoons 
among the leaves. I was also pleased to see numbers of 
Eupithecia valerianata (Hiibn.). I had taken a worn moth on 
the shore of Loch Insh, Inverness-shire, the previous summer, 
and later found larvae in some plenty extremely locally. I 
had forebodings about parasites which thankfully proved 
unfounded. 


On May 25th, I set out for Scotland again. On the way, I 
failed to find larvae of Orgyia recens (Hiibn.), and had my 
first sight of the country round Grassington. There was only 
time for a quick walk before nightfall, amply rewarded by 
the sight of masses of Primula farinosa Linn. in flower. We 
drove on through the night and reached Callander in the 
small hours in rain. Nevertheless, in our tent we were warm, 
dry and full of anticipation of good things to come. Next 
morning, we were off up into the hills near Killin to search 
for larvae of Entephria flavicinctata (Hiibn.), and found about 
twenty, all sizes and very procryptic resting on the brown 
shoots just below the fresh green growth of the current year. 
They fed well on cultivated Saxifraga, but all save four were 
parasitised. 

Every entomoligist will tell you of his béte noir — the 
species he cannot find. One of mine is Paradiarsia sobrina 


216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


(Dup.), and I failed again at Aviemore in 1973, in spite of 
kindly efforts by a number of friends to ‘put me right’. 
Anarta cordigera (Thunb.) was well out, and I took a very 
black specimen and a female with yellowish stigmata. Acro- 
nicta myricae (Guen.) seems to have recovered well from a 
period of comparative scarcity, and several were found rest- 
ing on rocks over the whole area, and also at Braemar. On 
two occasions, two were found on one rock, and a cocoon 
was found from which a moth emerged a few days later. The 
days spent at Aviemore were sunny and warm, and many 
tortricids were flying by day, including Olethreutes mygin- 
dana (D. & S.) amonst Arctostaphylos along the railway on 
Granish Moor, Ancylis uncella (D. & S.) and A. unguicella 
(Linn.). The large resinous galls of Petrova resinella (Linn.) 
were common on small pines near Loch Vaa, but this year no 
moths were bred from them. On May 28th, we ascended on 
to the high ground above Glen Feshie and rummaged under 
the reindeer moss for pupae of Psodos coracina (Esp.), find- 
ing many, and also larvae ready for pupation. Unfortunately 
their period of emergence came over a heat wave which 
caused many to dry up and others to emerge deformed, 
especially the males. 


On the following day we moved on to Braemar, and on 
30th, having obtained the necessary permission, I went up 
the mountain to look for larvae of Zygaena exulans sub- 
ochracea White. After some time, I began to find the larvae 
on patches of Empetrum on the tops, locally. Most were 
well grown and, though easy enough to see once ‘spotted’, 
were surprisingly easily overlooked, in spite of their olive 
black colouration and row of bright yellow spots down each 
side. Disaster struck again, this time in the shape of mites. 
The larvae reached maturity satisfactorily, finishing their 
growth on Lotus, then failed to make any but the flimsiest 
cocoons from which they fell on to the damp lichens I had 
collected from their habitat. Rather to my surprise, they 
then pupated successfully, but later I noticed the pupae 
going flat and found them covered with small mites which 
had sucked them dry. Only one moth emerged. 


We then moved south by stages, birdwatching on the way, 
to the Lincolnshire coast where the objective was Athetis 
pallustris (Hiibn.), arriving on a ‘typical’ pallustris evening— 
wet and horrible. I stayed up all night while my ornitho- 
logical friend slept, and caught a few moths, but no pal- 
lustris. The next day was warm and sunny, and we ex- 
plored the neighbourhood. I noticed masses of Cerastium 
arvense Linn. growing on the dunes, and immediately thought 
of Eupithecia pygmaeata (Hiibn.), another moth I had never 
taken. In a short time I saw what was certainly this species 
flying over a clump of the plant, but missed it. Later, though, 
I gained the knack of walking very slowly among the massed 
flowers and striking at any small brown moth that moved, 


1973—A REMARKABLE YEAR 217 


thus collecting a fine series of both sexes in beautiful condi- 
tion (and confounding a cherished belief that all pugs are 
unrecognisable, unless bred!). They seemed to fly all day 
in the sunshine, and could often be seen with probosces in- 
serted into the Cerastium flowers. Incidentally, the books 
give Stellaria holostea Linn. as the foodplant. The flowers of 
this and the Cerastium are rather alike, but surely the Stellaria 
flowers are well over by the time pygmaeata larvae would 
be around, whereas the Cerastium goes on flowering all 
through the summer. I believe the two plants were confused 
in the past, and the mistake handed on through the litera- 
ture, but am prepared to stand corrected by anyone who 
has found the larva on Stellaria holostea. 

The next night, June Ist, I set up my little actinic on the 
edge of a patch of meadowsweet, and at 2355, a slightly rub- 
bed male pallustris came in. At 0145, a second, immaculate 
fluttered on the sheet and was boxed, and then exactly an 
hour later a third specimen. This was fresh, but of a pale 
straw colour and quite unmarked; it was spoilt by having 
both antennae broken off short. Mr Peter Rogers, nearby 
with two m.v.’s and an actinic, got none, nor did anyone the 
following night in apparently similar conditions — __ still, 
clear and cool. There is still so much to be learned of the 
habits of this mystery moth. 

The next excursion of any consequence was in the company 
of Mr Bernard Skinner, who kindly took me to a locality in south 
London for one of my ‘missing’ clearwings, Conopia myopae- 
formis (Borkh.). One battered looking apple tree, evidently the 
product of a spat-out pip years ago, was full of the early stages 
of this insect, and between us we eased out several of the 
tough cocoons from under the bark, containing either larvae 
or pupae. We saw one fresh pupa case sticking out from a 
cleft of bark. My first moth emerged two days later, on 9th 
June, and others followed over about a month, though some 
perished on account of the heatwave to which reference has 
already been made. Some other pupae collected at the same 
time yielded Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) and a melanic 
Chloroclystis rectangulata (Linn.). 

About this date I was investigating a promising-looking 
larch wood and adjacent ground very close to the M.1 as it 
skirts Watford. I had already taken a few Eupithecia lariciata 
(Freyer) there, including melanics. and on June 8th, I was de- 
lighted to discover a flourishing colony of Hepialus fuscone- 
bulosa (Deg.) taking subsequently both sexes in three distinct 
forms. It was necessary to set the actinic going before dusk 
in order to get them. Three other species of Hepialus were 
present in the same ride, and I feel sure that the fifth species, 
sylvina (Linn.) would be there later in the year. On June 25th, 
I had another pleasant surprise, namely that Ptycholomoides 
aeriferanus (H.-S.) was common in the same wood. 

Meanwhile, on June 17th, I wes on part of Stanmore Com- 
mon with the family and, as ever, cast an eve over the hases of 


218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 86 15/VIII/74 


some sallows for signs of Sphecia bembeciformis (Hiibn.). 
Immediately I saw a capped exit hole just like one that Ber- 
nard Skinner had shown me a few days earlier. After lunch, I 
returned with a saw and cut down seven small stems, about 
the thickness of one’s wrist, all containing one or more visible 
capped burrows. To my agreeable surprise, these stems pro- 
duced 35 moths in the first week of July. They all emerged be- 
fore 0700, and by breakfast time were buzzing noisily about in 
the aquarium tank in which the stumps had been placed, and 
which stood in a sunny window in the dining room. The one 
exception to this pattern was interesting. On one of the days 
during the emergence, I lifted out a stump to examine more 
closely the empty pupa cases, and discovered an extruded one 
poking from the cut bottom of the stump into the sand. It 
must have been there all day, and it was now late in the after- 
noon. As soon as the pupa was freed from its position, the 
moth, a large female, emerged and dried its wings perfectly. I 
ended up with many more moths than I required, so released 
several pairs on the bases of sallows where I knew the species 
to be absent, in the hope of finding out something about the 
life span. 

My parents-in-law moved early in the year to East Dean, 
near Eastbourne, to a very likely-looking place overlooking 
Birling Gap. This spot will figure in the narrative later, but my 
first visit was made with the family, on the weekend of 23rd 
June. We managed a little preliminary entomological explora- 
tion, and while sweeping larvae of Eremobia ochroleuca (D. & 
S.) in abundance from flowering Dactylis, I chanced on a 
forester which turned out to be Adscita globulariae (Hiibn.). I 
could find no more, and reckoned I was too early. There was 
plenty of the greater knapweed about. 

On June 28th, I went with Mr David Agassiz and Dr Ian 
Watkinson to the north Kent coast. We could find no Idaea vul- 
pinaria (H.-S.) and were probably too early; on the other hand, 
we were almost too late for larvae of Malacosoma castrensis 
(Linn.), and found only about half a dozen between us. After- 
wards, we went down to Hamstreet woods. The night became 
rather cold; I collected a number of variable Pseudosciaphila 
brandariana (Linn.) and one Acylis laetana (F.) at m.v. 
light, Ian got a fresh Moma alpium (Osb.), but there was little 
else of note. 

Next day, the family and I went off to the Wye Valley for 
the weekend, arriving before dusk in beautiful, mild conditions. 
We got the youngsters into their tent and set up the actinic 
tube under the limes, and were joined by Mr Brian West with 
m.v. equipment. The main objective, Palaeodrepana harpagula 
(Esp.), was just emerging, and I had twelve perfect males at 
the tube between 2300 and 0100. I was pleased also with 
several Hydrelia sylvata (D. & S.), three Salebriopsis albi- 
cilla (H.-S.) and several Ephestia parasitella Staud. besides 
seeing a large number of other characteristic species of this 
interesting region. The following night T was joined by Dr 


1973—A REMARKABLE YEAR 219 


Michael Harper, when between us we saw at least 30 har- 
pagula, all males, more sylvata (D. & S.), single Autographa 
bractea (D. & S.), female Selenia lunularia (Hiibn) and one 
more albicilla. I kept one of the several female Anaplectoides 
prasina (D. & S.) which came to the light, and had obtained 
many eggs by morning, from which large numbers of moths 
were bred at the end of the year. On July lst, we all went up 
_to Ledbury to spend the day with Michael and his family. 
The fine, sunny weather persisted, and in the morning we 
went to a local quarry where we found several very fresh 
Bembecia scopigera (Scop.). The first, which was a minute 
male, was swept, but later we netted four more, two of which 
were females, flying over a steep bank which was covered 
with Lotus. We found several Eupithecia tenuiata (Hiibn)., 
freshly emerged, at rest on posts and stumps under some 
large sallow bushes. 

During the following period, numbers of Eupithecia trisig- 
naria H.-S. emerged ex larvis collected the previous autumn 
from heads of Angelica in Wicken Fen. The moths were even 
duller and more nondescript than some bred in 1972 from 
Ledbury. 

On July 6th, I made my first ever visit to the Lake Dis- 
trict, meeting Mr Geoff. Senior at Beetham in the evening. I 
was a little early for the rendezvous, so amused myself by 
pottering about the district in fine drizzle, finding numerous 
Eudonia crataegella (Hiibn.) on an old limestone wall. The 
night was rainy, and we carried our batteries and actinics far 
up into the limestone woods to a locality for Perizoma tae- 
niatum (Steph.), arriving after dark, hot, disagreeable and 
sweaty. We got no taeniatum, and lugged everything, slip- 
ping and swearing, back down to the car. Back at Mr Jerry 
Brigg’s home we were made welcome, and fished two tae- 
niatum out of his trap, one ruined by water. I was particularly 
delighted to meet Jerry again, for we met about 20 
years ago, in the New Forest, and had corresponded inter- 
mittently since. He was just as I had remembered him, 
though I doubt he could say the same of me. 

The following day was much brighter, and the three of us 
went down to Leighton Moss Nature Reserve, where Jerry 
runs a trap and maintains the Lepidoptera records. We 
talked birds with the Warden, and collected a nice Catoptria 
falsella (D. & S.), a crambid I do not see very often, several 
bractea and Abrostola trigemina (Werne.). Afterwards, 
Geoff and I went up on to Arnside Knott, where we hoped 
for yet another new species, Photedes captiuncula (Treits.). 
We found it at once, though not very commonly, and were 
able to take a short series of very fresh examples. We dis- 
covered its exasperating habit of flying off, quite slowly, 
through thickets of young sycamore saplings in which it was 
impossible to wield a net effectively, and we missed more 


(To be continued) 


220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/VIII/74 


Editorial 


On behalf of all our subscribers we wish to express our 
appreciation and thanks to Mr and Mrs Redgrave on their re- 
tirement for having so ably run the finances of the Record for 
some years now, and to welcome our new Treasurer, Mr P. J. 
Renshaw. 


Dr Ian Watkinson who is going to live abroad has had to 
relinquish his position as Publicity Officer. We take this oppor- 
tunity to heartily thank him for his past services and to ex- 
tend a welcome to Mr E. H. Wild his successor. 


Notes and Observations 


VICE AMONG THE VANESSIDS. — I was on a coastal hillside 
near Plymouth, 16th April 1974, when I observed a worn 
Aglais urticae which I assumed to be a male and whose un- 
usual behaviour attracted my curiousity. It was flying in close 
and persistent pursuit of a solitary Inachis io over a small bed 
of nettles. When the I. io eventually settled, the urtzcae settled 
alongside and began to tap it with the tips of its antennae. The 
io remained stationary for about five minutes with its wings 
closed. Strangely the urticae was not deflected from its pur- 
pose by another of its own species flying around the bed. 
Eventually the tapping grew more intense so that it became 
audible and the io became restive. The urticae then moved 
round to behind the io and tapped it on the edge of its closed 
wings. The io then began to open its wings for about ten 
seconds at a time, allowing itself to be tapped on the upper- 
side and on the slightly raised abdomen. From the shape of 
-the abdomen, it seemed to be a male. Both butterflies seemed 
to be excited and engrossed by this activity which continued 
for at least another five minutes. Then the io flew about a yard 
away with the urticae again in close pursuit and took shelter 
behind a large dock leaf. I waited for another minute or so, 
but neither butterfly reappeared and I took it that the re- 
mainder of the proceedings were not for my eyes, so I went on 
my way. 

I should be interested to know if there are similar observa- 
tions on record, and whether anyone can explain this as any- 
thing other than perverted courtship behaviour.—Paut, JrF- 
FERY, | Badminton Close, Harrow, Middlesex, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 221 


INACHIS 10 L. AB. DYOPHTALMICA GARB. NEAR HAILSHAM, SUS- 
sEx.—On 8th August 1973, I noted a number of Inachis io L. 
in a thin belt of deciduous trees and heathland surrounding 
one of the Forestry Commission’s plantations near Hailsham. 
Of 10 specimens examined all possessed the small blue spot 
below the ocellus characteristic of ab. dyophtalmica Garb., and 
it would seem that the entire colony was of this form.—I. C. 
Beavis, 104 St. James Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 


NoTES ON A COLONY OF HESPERIIDAE AT TUNBRIDGE WELLS, 
Kent. — In July of last year I noted that in a small isolated 
colony of Hesperiidae in a built-up area of Tunbridge Wells, 
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. was by far the dominant species. Out 
of 18 specimens examined the numbers of each species present 
were as follows:—16 T. lineola Ochs., 1 T. sylvestris Poda, 1 
Ochlodes venata Brem. & Grey.—I. C. Beavis. 104 St James 
Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 


ODONTOSIA CARMELITA ESP. AT 'TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT.—On 
the night of 21st April, while inspecting the m.v. trap in my 
garden which is in a built-up area, I took a male specimen of 
Odontosia carmelita Esp. on a door illuminated by the trap 
Apparently this is the first record for division 13 of Kent (cf. 
Chalmers-Hunt, The Butterflies and Moths of Kent., vol. 2).— 
I. C. Beavis, 104 St. James Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 


THE BEDSTRAW HAWK (HYLES GALLII Rott.) In 1974.—Whilst 
‘‘dusking” in my garden at Batheaston, near Bath, at approxi- 
mately 10.15 p.m. on 13th June 1974 I chanced upon Hyles 
gallii Rott. The moth which was fresh was feeding from the 
white variety of Sweet Rocket.—Bryan W. Moore, Church Cot- 
tage, Batheaston, Bath. 


CRYPHIA MURALIS (FORSTER) IN WILTSHIRE.—This moth came 
to my m.v. trap here on 5.viii.1969(1), 20.viii.1972(1) and singly 
on 1, 2, 13.viii.1973. The specimen taken in 1972 appears re- 
ferable to f. impar Warren. Barrett (1960, The Lepidoptera of 
the British Isles, 6: 209) gives Chippenham as one of the local- 
ities for Cryphia muralis, so the species would appear to have 
been established here for many years. It is, however, accord- 
ing to de Worms (The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire, p. 86) a 
species of “very rare occurrence in the County”. — P. M. 
Heatu, 145 Malmesbury Road, Chippenham, Wiltshire. 


PHILEREME TRANSVERSATA HueFn. (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) IN 
IRELAND. — From a full-grown larva that I took feeding on 
Rhamnus catharticus at Rinnamona, Co. Clare, on 29th May 
1974, a female Philereme transversata Hufn. (Dark Umber) 
emerged today. I think this is only the second Irish trans- 
versata on record (cf. Baynes, Suppl. Revised Cat. Irish Macro- 
lepidoptera, 17).—J. M. CaHatmMers-Hunt, 26.vi.1974. 


222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/ ViLl/74 


DISTRIBUTION OF SOME GRECIAN BUTTERFLIES. — The Field 
Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe of Higgins and 
Riley is no doubt part of the luggage of many entomologists 
on their journeys abroad, even if they are not especially inter- 
ested in Lepidoptera. This explains why I got a letter from the 
Dutch orthopterist Dr. F. Willemse in which he informed me 
of two interesting captures of butterflies for the Grecian fauna. 

1. Charaxas jasius L. Creta, Lakki, 450 m, 25 km south of 
Chania, two specimens on 3 August 1973. On map 53 of the 
Field Guide the island is not yet indicated as belonging to the 
distribution area of the species. It can be blackened now in 
the next edition. 

2. Pseudochazara mamurra graeca Stgr. On Mount Ori, Iti 
Ori, south-west of Lamia, near the refuge above Ypati, 1800- 
1900 m, 5-7 August 1972, one specimen. The mountain lies half 
way between the Parnassus and the Tymfristos and according 
to Dr. Willemse is very interesting, because it harbours both 
the Orthoptera occurring on the Parnassus and those of the 
Tymfristos. It now appears that this also holds good for P. 
mamurra.—B. J. LempxKe, Oude Yselstraat. 12.iii, Amsterdam 
1010, Holland. 


TRICHOPTERYX CARPINATA BORKH. ATTRACTED TO BISTON 
STRATARIA HuFN.—During 1973 I bred some Biston strataria of 
which 75 were females which I was able to use in the spring of 
1974 over a period in an assembling trap. In addition to male 
strataria attracted, I found a male Trichopteryx carpinata in 
the trap on the morning of 25th March. and others on 27th and 
28th. Dr. Kettlewell, who has carried out much work on 
assembling tells me that he has not previously heard of the 
association of these particular species and considers that this 
record should be published. (see 1955, E. B. Ford, Moths; H. B. 
D. Kettlewell, Female Assembling Scents, Entomologist, 79: 
8-14, and 1973, Evolution of Melanism). 


It is interesting to note that only one specimen of carpinata 
came to the M.V. light trap during the same period 150 yards 
away. This was on 8th April. 

The males of the species referred to at the references 
quoted have well pectinated attennae, whereas carpinata has 
no pectination. — L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green, Min- 
stead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 


MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM L., PLUusIA GAMMA L., AND 
OTHER MIGRANTS IN SOUTH DEVON AND THE LIZARD.—It seems of 
interest to report the sudden arrival of several common 
migrant species on the south-west coast in late June. This be- 
gan on the evening of 22nd June when we had Silver-Y’s com- 
ing to our static trap in quantity. It was plugged in at the Mul- 
lion Cove Hotel overlooking a steep cliff. Up to this date this 
insect had been absent but for the next few nights it seemed 
to flood the trap. Agrotis ypsilon Hufn. and Peridroma porphy- 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS LES 


rea D. & S. were also in small numbers with a tew Nomophila 
noctuella D. & S. These species also persisted at Hope Cove 
near Salcombe where Mr Messenger saw a Humming-bird 
Hawk flying over valerian on the morning of 28th June.—C. G. 
M. bE Worms, Three Oaks, Shores Road, Horsell, Woking, Sur- 
rey. 2.vii.1974. 


SoME UnusuAL DaTES at HoRSELL DURING MAy AND EARLY 
JunE 1974—The remarkably fine and warm spell which ushered 
in the latter half of May seems to have brought out species in 
some instances several weeks earlier than I normally see them 
in my m.v. trap here. I have therefore thought it of interest 
to enumerate these somewhat early records. May 18: Tethea 
ocularis L., Eupithecia arceuthata Mab.; May 20: Apatele alni 
L., Semiothisa liturata Clerck; May 30: Hadena suasa D. & S., 
Phalera bucephala L.; June 1: Noctua pronuba L.; June 2: 
Apatele leporina L., Mysticoptera sexalisata Retz., Hydrelia 
flammeolaria Hufn.; June 3: Alcis repandata L.; June 8: 
Hepialus humuli L.—C. G. M. pz Worms, Three Oaks, Horsell, 
Surrey. 


DISCOLOXIA BLOMERI CuRT. IN HAMPSHIRE.—On the night of 
14th June 1974 I took a male D. blomeri in my M.V. trap here. 
I understand from Mr Barry Goater that this is a new county 
record for Hampshire.—L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green, 
Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 


A TETRATOLOGICAL BRooD oF LARVAE OF DANAUS CHRYSIPPUS 
iL. (Lep.: DANAIDAE).—A small brood of eighteen larvae reared 
ab ovo contained no fewer than four larvae with structural 
abnormalities. One larva had an additional pair of tentaculae 
on the 6th somite. slightly smaller than the normal pair on the 
Sth, another had one additional tentacula on the right hand 
side of the 6th somite, and two had small black points in the 
centre of the subdorsal spot on the 6th somite, one on the right 
side and one on the left. 


This is the third occasion when I have reared a brood of 
larvae containing more than one structural abnormality. The 
other occasions were a brood of Leucania irregularis Wk. 
(Noctuidae) (1948, Entomologist, 81: 38) and a brood of 
Euxanthe wakefieldi Ward (Nymphalidae) (1965, Entomologist, 
90: 107), both instances of spiral segmentation. 


It is also the second occasion that I have reared a larva of 
chrysippus with additional tentaculae; a larva reared in Cal- 
cutta had a complete set of tentaculae on the left side only, 
from the 2nd to the 12th somite inclusive, the other side hav- 
ing normal complement of tentaculae on the 2nd, 5th and 11th 
somites (1946, Entomologist, 79: 90). — D. G. SEVASTOPULO, 
F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya. 


224 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/ VILI/'74 


LEPIDOPTERA OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL CORNWALL — SUPPLE- 
MENT.—The following species can now be added to the original 
list published in the Entomologist’s Record, vol. 85 (12): 273- 
276. The insects were kindly identified for me by Dr J. D. 
Bradley of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Reference should 
be made to the original paper for the key to locality abbrevia- 
tions. TORTRICOIDEA (contd.):—Acleris latifasciana Haw. 
(M); A. aspersana Hiibn. (C); Bactra lancealana Hiibn. (Retal- 
lock); Brachmia gerronella Zett. (M); Cnephasia interjectana 
(Haw). (GM); C. stephensiana Doubl. (M.P.); Cydia succedana 
D. & S. (R); Epinotia nisella Cl. (GM); E. tenerana D. & S. 
(M.P); Epiphyas postvittana Wkr. (P); Eupoecilia angustana 
Hubn. (M); Olethreutes lacunana D. & S. (Clift.) — Jane E. 
MarSHALL, 37 Layton Crescent, Croydon, Surrey, CRO 4EA. 


ABNORMAL LARVAE OF PAPILIO DEMODOCUS EspP. (LEP.: PAPI- 
LIONIDAE).—Iwo larvae, out of a number reared in connection 
with experiments in pupal dimorphism, were abnormal in their 
final instar. The abnormality consisted of the presence of 
small subdorsal points on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th somites, 
vestiges of the scoli of the earlier instars, in addition to the 
usual small scoli on the 12th somite. 

A somewhat similar larva of the closely allied Papilio 
demoleus was reared in Calcutta and recorded by me (1948, 
Entomologist, 81: 199). — D. G. Srvastoputo, F.R.E.S., P.O. 
Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya. 


ATOLMIS RUBRICOLLIS L. ON THE CoRNISH Coast. — While 
staying in Mullion, Mr J. Messenger and I motored over to the 
vicinity of Helston on 24th June to visit the Loe, the large lake 
to the south of the town. We parked our car near Porthleven 
and walked nearly a mile along the rough path of a low cliff. 
When we reached the beach bordering the lake my companion 
showed me a specimen of the Red-necked Footman he had 
caught flying at the entrance to the beach. The weather was 
overcast with a slight wind and the time was 3.30 p.m. Shortly 
afterwards at this same spot the whole air seemed full of 
these footmen flying up from the short grass by the beach. We 
caught several and one more about half an hour later flushed 
apparently from the beach itself, altogether a most unusual 
site for this insect and especially in dull weather. We did not 
see them anywhere else. The nearest large trees seemed to 
have no lichen on their trunks. In fact the only lichen we could 
find was on some old wall, so whence their origin? Were they 
breeding nearby or had they flown in across the sea, Their 
usual habitat is woods where they fly freely in sunshine, some- 
times in great numbers. We kept a female which obliged with 
a large batch of ova, so have high hopes of breeding them.— 
C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Shores Road, Horsell, Woking, 
Surrey. 2.vii.1974. 


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CONTENTS 


A Recently Discovered Race of the Cape Lycaenid Phasis thero (L.). 
(On (C5 (G5 IDIUSHESOMN Evavel (Gy WG WESIDISUNIME 4 JGaecn e590 00050025 


Early Stages of Lampronia praelatella (D. & S.) (Lep.: Incur- 
Varilidae)e i) Act IVER VUNG caer tetaebe cienctstene) otal echeicio eee epee 


Those Mild Winters. Dr M.W. HARPER :.....-......-22-+--ss00-= > 


Studies on the Occurrence and Distribution of the Genera Cionus 
and Cleopus (Col.: Curculionidae) in South Hampshire, 1973. 
PL GUININTEIN IG BEA ei ere eT UU ate ere ecient 
Observations on British Butterflies, 1973. Dr C. J. LUCKENS .... 


Cheilosa sahlbergi (Dipt.: Syrphidae) in Britain. MARTIN C. D. 
H 


RaAUTOIMIETINSOIN Ge ee eae eile et rae Se eo ctr een ee 
The Butterflies of the Maltese Islands. ANTHONY VALLETTA 


A Tortrix New to Britain: Pammene luedersiana Sorhagen. G. H. 
YO WDNR see bene URS a I ae 


Antennal Variation in Erioptera pilipes (Fabricius) (Diptera: 
Tipulidae)! s BG: HANCOCK (yagi eee ee aan eee ene 


New and Inadequately Described Aberrations of Abraxas grossul- 
ariata (Linn.) (Lep.: Geometridae). G. EVELYN HUTCHIN- 
SLO)N eae ee tren RE ReeRE eS SIN tH A EMMI Riot Mae cicieia’g(O.6-0 OA. d oo 0 
Phyllonorycter mulleriella Z. (amyotella Dup.) Lep.: Gracil- 
pvebielee)) sin Jebenteuia, AN, IMC, TOIMOMOSYD oad ooncponcacocdooe ace 


Albarracin and Vicinity, Spain, in July 1973. JOHN and MARGARET 
DACIE and JACK and DOROTHY GREENWOOD .......... 


1973—A REMARKABLE YEAR. B. GOATER ........... chon aesn ¢ 
Editorial) J; MM CHALMERS HUNT 22055222. as.0see ee sece eo ra ayatetne 


Notes and Observations: 
Vice among the Vanessids. PAUL JEFFREY .............. 
Inachis io L. ab. dyophtalmica Garb. near Hailsham, Sussex. 
ECS BHA VIS! hc h i cleaais clea slenthoetete eek oe Lee aCe 
Notes on a Colony of Hesperiidae at Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 
Ce SS EVANVIES (4) erccsree sve pec taeiesenciel vats aioe ee 
Odontosia carmelita Esp. at Tunbridge Wells, Kent. I. C. 
THAW ADS es sind aa nlaics Schecter Wa tee PSs cose ghetto 
The Bedstraw Hawk (Hyles gallii Rott.) in 1974. BRYAN 
Wis AME © © RIBS | eit as ficsers ora lo aane ge eA a inca ee 
Cryphia muralis (Forster) in Wiltshire. P. M. HEATH .... 
Philereme transversata Hufn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Ireland. 
Ap IMC (Cap NICMOS ISROINGD Loose aodasdebonpaooddbbocooe 
Distribution of some Grecian Butterflies. B. J. LEMPKE .. 
Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. attracted to Biston strataria 
Tain Tse Wee SG GES 0 eee Nis enn ea 
Macroglossum stellatarum L., Plusia gamma L. and other 
Migrants in South Devon and the Lizard. C. G. M. de 
WORMS iy Bicarecticen diene Gr icieiale ae tetanic ate tata ene 
Some Unusual Dates at Horsell during May and early June 
L94 Co Gavi de: WiOR MS 25s eee ae reat 
Discoloxia blomeri Curt. in Hampshire. L. W. SIGGS ...... 
A Teratological Brood of Larvae of Danaus chrysippus L. 
(Lep.: Danaidae). D. G. SEVASTOPULO ............ 
Lepidoptera of South ang Central Cornwall — Supplement. 
DANE EVAR SUA TC TS tea cuntelaeiais craru cca ena i cione es 
Abnormal Larvae of Papilio demodocus Esp, (Lep.: Papi- 
Ihioygutcleye)/- 1D), (Cig SIAWANSHMOIAGILIO) Soa ccocoonannaensooonr 
Atolmis rubricolis L. on the Cornish Coast. C. G. M. de 
A 2@.) 5 3)\ Co We eee ome aOR eam IN We tanya Yaw ais aio 


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220 


Butterflies of Majorca 
By M. J. PERCEVAL 
Holmesdale Cottage, North Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey 


Since my visits to Majorca some years ago it had been my 
intention to study the material I collected there. For one 
reason and another this was delayed rather longer than I 
would have wished. When I started, the lack of any compre- 
hensive and reasonably up to date information on the 
Rhopalocera of the island became immediately apparent. The 
most comprehensive work is that by Rebel. His initial paper 
dealing with 26 species from the Balearic islands was published 
in, 1926. This was followed in 1934 by a supplementary note 
adding three more species. After a gap of 32 years Bretherton 
mentions 29 species from the islands, presumably based on 
Rebel’s earlier work. In 1970 however, Manley and Allcard 
showed 31 species in their Check List, but their accompanying 
notes were not comprehensive and referred to only a few 
species of special interest. 

The information given by Rebel is now more than 40 years 
old, and in some cases much older than that, where he refers 
back to even earlier reports for his evidence. In an endeavour 
to update this informaton I have examined the limited number 
of more recent reports that I have been able to trace. While 
Rebel, Bretherton, and Manley and Allcard have treated the 
Balearic Islands as a whole, my own work and all the other 
recent reports I have traced relate only to Majorca. This 
paper therefore is only concerned with the butterflies of 
Majorca and not the other islands of the group. I have no 
evidence that all the species that occur in Majorca also occur 
on the other islands, although probably most of them do. 
Majorca is however substantially larger than any of the other 
islands, having an area of 3390 sq km compared with Minorca’s 
760 sq km and a total of about 700 sq km for the rest, the 
largest of which is Ibiza. 


PLAT#H XIX 


A) Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. male Holotype, upper- 
side. Formentor. 

B) Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. male Paratype, upper- 
side. San Agustin. 

C) Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. female Allotype, upper- 
side. Formentor. 

D) Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. female Paratype, upper- 
side. San Agustin. 

E) Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. male Holotype, under- 
side. Formentor. 

F) Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. female Paratype, under- 
side. Formentor. 

All taken July 1965, Majorca 


226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


Most writers have commented upon the paucity of species 
found in Majorca. While it is well known that islands usually 
support less species than the neighbouring mainland areas this 
situation is particularly marked in this case. Undoubtedly the 
unsuitability of much of the habitat is a contributory. factor. 
The island is very dry, especially in the summer months. Al- 
most all the suitable areas are heavily cultivated and, while the 
mountains reach to 1500 m, they are often almost devoid of 
vegetation. The arid condition also result in many specimens 
from the island being less than normal size, especially in 
summer broods, because of dessication of larval food plants. 

Majorca is 190 km from the Spanish mainland, 270 km 
from the North African coast and 420 km from Sardinia. It 
would be expected therefore that its butterfly population 
would be primarly influenced by that of Spain. This is how- 
ever, not always the case. While all the 31 species listed by 
Manley and Allcard occur on the Spanish mainland. all but 
four also occur in North Africa and all but seven occur in 
Sardinia. As will be seen from the following notes on indivi- 
dual species however, the four absent from North Africa and 
five of the seven absent from Sardinia are rare or doubtful 
residents of Majorca. 

As the more recent reports all relate to the months of 
April, May and July only, I have also included the earlier note 
by Smith as this deals with October. Reference to the authors 
in the notes on each species relate to their observations as 
follows: 

D. Smith: Three weeks in October 1951, mainly round 

Palma. 

Myself (1): 10th-3lst July 1965, mainly in the south of the 

island. 

Myself (2): 2nd-17th April 1966, Puerto Pollensa. 

P. R. Grey: Two weeks in mid May 1966, no localities 

given. 

B. R. Dickson: 10-22nd July 1966, Palma. 

T. R. New: 2nd-14th April 1967, mainly near Palma. 

S. N. A. Jacobs: 3rd-17th May 1970, Cala Mayor, Palma. 
The following notes deal only with the 31 species listed by 
Manley and Allcard. A few other species have been mentioned 
in very early reports. including Iphiclides podalirius L. and 
Parnassius apollo L. both of which were discounted by Rebel 
pending further evidence which as far as I know has not been 
forthcoming. 


Carcharodus alceae Esp. Only noted by New who records two 
worn specimens. The only other report I can find is that of 
Muschamp in 1904. This species does not appear to be 
common in Majorca. 

Gegenes nostrodamus Fab. No recent report of this species, 
in fact a single male taken at Torrent de Polverin in the Sierra 
Burguesa west of Palma on Ist August 1932 (Rebel 1934) 


BUTTERFLIES OF MAJORCA 227 


appears to be the only record of the species from Majorca. 
It’s present status on the island is thus in doubt, although it is 
a very inconspicuous species and it could well have escaped 
attention. 


Papilio machaon L. Noted in all recent reports except that of 
Jacobs. The species is common and widespread in the island. 
Specimens from Majorca are quite distinct from those of the 
Spanish mainland. They are more heavily marked and have 
wider post discal bands. I have not seen third generation 
specimens but Smith records that his taken in October were 
also heavily marked. The size of Majorcan specimens is 
variable. The first generation is usually large, I have one 
female with a forewing measurement of 48 mm, however, 
Smith notes that his specimens were small. 

A number of subspecies have been described from southern 
Europe and the Mediterranean area and the exact status and 
distribution of each I have found difficult to find. I consider 
that Majorcan specimens are not ssp. hispanicus Eller from 
the Iberian Peninsular, nor are they the central European ssp. 
bigenerata Vrty. as suggested by New. While they show some 
similarity to some North African Specimens (ssp. mauretanicus 
Vrty.), I consider them to be ssp. sphyrus Hiibn. They closely 
resemble Verity’s description and illustrations of this sub- 
species from southern Calabria, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia. 


Leptidea sinapis L. JI have found no recent records of this 
species. The last report I can find is of a single female taken 
between Esporlas and Banalbufar on 10th August 1932 (Rebel 
1934). Earlier reports record the species from Alcudia. It’s 
current status is thus in doubt. 


Pontia daplidice L. Recorded in all recent reports except 
Grey and Jacobs. My specimens of this fairly common species 
illustrate well the reduction in size of Majorcan specimens 
already mentioned. While the spring form of this species is 
usually smaller than the summer one, in my Majorcan series 
the reverse is the case. Higgins and Riley give the male 
forewing measurement of this species as 21-24 mm. however, 
my July specimens from San Agustin on the western outskirts 
of Palma measure 17-21 mm. and average 19 mm. 


Pieris rapae L. Noted by Smith, myself (1) and (2), Dickson 
and New. Smith and New found it to be very common, I 
found it less so. Those on the wing in April were normal, but 
my July specimens are small and pale with the usual grey 
dusting on the hindwings absent. 


Pieris brassicae L. Only recorded by New, five specimens, and 
myself (1), one male. My single specimen was an interesting 
one, being very small and having the forewing spot in S3 
present on the upperside, ab. nigronotata Jach. 


228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


Colias crocea Geoffroy. Noted in all reports except Jacobs. 
Most indicate, however, that it was not common although TI 
found it quite numerous in some localities, especially near 
Santa Ponsa, west of Palma on the coast. My series of this 
species exhibits quite noticeable seasonal variation. The second 
generation (Julv) is usually smaller and the ground colour 
of the males is paler than those of the first generation 
(April). The upperside of the hindwings in the males of the 
first generation have a heavier and more extensive dusting 
of black scales. The females include both f. helice Hub. and 
f. helicina Obth. 


Gonepteryx cleopatra Ll. Recorded by all except Jacobs. I 
found it quite common on both my visits. My specimens are 
the tvpe ssp. cleopatra L. which also occurs in North Africa 
and Sardinia but not in Spain where it is replaced by ssp. 
europaea Vrty. My Majorcan specimens are small and the 
orange area on the forewing of the males is less extensive 
than in ssp. europaea Vrty. I have not found ssp. balearica 
Bubacek, described in 1920 as larger than normal with an 
almost uniform yellow-green underside in the males. 


Gonepteryx rhamni L. Not noted in any recent reports. 
This species is not listed by Rebel, and Bretherton states 
that it does not occur in the Balearics. Manley and Allcard, 
however, include it in their check list. I understand from 
Mr Allcard in correspondence that it is included in his list 
on the basis of the report by Holford (1915). Rebel dis- 
counted Holford’s report as a case of mistaken identity and 
having studied Holford’s paper I consider this to be almost 
certainly the case. During his stay on the island Holford 
recorded his observations day by day. Between 16th 
February and 3lst March he noted eight specimens of G. 
cleopatra, all of which were male. During the same period 
he also records five female G. rhamni. However he records 
no female G. cleopatra and no male G. rhamni. In the 
absence of any confirmed report of G. rhamni, it seems safe 
to assume that these unlikely records are in error and that 
the specimens listed as female G. rhamni were in fact female 
G. cleopatra. The only other mention of G. rhamni is that 
by Jones in 1906 who simply notes “G. rhamni and cleopatra 
—occasional specimens”. ‘These were observations of speci- 
mens on the wing and again were probably incorrect identifi- 
cations. I can find no reliable evidence that this species 
occurs in Majorca. 


Charaxes jasius L. Not mentioned in any of the recent 
reports. Manley and Allcard, however, state that the species 
is found in plenty on the island and they illustrate three 
specimens, Mr Allcard informs me that these were bred 


BUTTERFLIES OF MAJORCA 229 


from ova found on the island and that he found the species 
in late August and early September in 1958 and 1960. Rebel 
(1932) records it from Arta and Ratjada in the north-east 
of the island. 


Pandoriana pandora D. & S. In recent reports only noted 
by myself (1). I took one large female at San Agustin, just 
west of Palma. I saw a few others in this area and also 
in the south-east corner of the island near Puerto de Campos. 


Vanessa cardui L. Noted in all recent reports. Smith found 
it common in October and I found it common but worn in 
April. It was recorded as less common in other reports, 
Grey saw only one, New a few and I saw only one in July. 


Vanessa atalanta L. Smith found this species commonly. I 
saw a few at Puerto Pollensa on my second visit and also 
found a fully grown larva which pupated and subsequently 
emerged when I returned home. New also notes it as fairly 
common. 


Nymphalis antiopa L. No recent records of this species. 
Rebel notes it as very rare in the Balearics and the last 
actual report I can find is that by Muschamp in 1904. It is 
probably only a very occasional migrant to the island which 
would be at the southern extremity of its range. It does 
not occur in North Africa, Southern Spain or Sardinia. 


Pararge aegeria L. Common in Majorca and recorded in all 
recent reports. Majorcan specimens are generally small, the 
average male forewing measurement of my specimens is 20 
mm. The orange markings on the upperside are more ex- 
tensive than in my specimens from southern France and 
northern Spain. The underside hindwing markings are dis- 
tinctive. The submarginal area is pale mauvish and the 
ocelli are small. The usual dark wavy lines in the discal and 
post discal areas are very much reduced and in some cases 
absent. The light yellow post discal marking extending down- 
wards from the costa is also much reduced or absent. In 
some specimens the submarginal mauve colouring extends 
inwards along V4. The impression is of a much less mottled 
appearance than usual in this species. Having studied a 
long series of ssp. sardoa Vrty. from Sardinia I consider 
Majorcan specimens referable to this subspecies, although 
the underside hindwings tend to be somewhat darker and 
richer in colour than is usual in specimens from Sardinia and 
the lack of markings seems more extreme. I would how- 
ever need to study a longer series from Majorca to confirm 
this latter point. 


230 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


Lasiommata megera 1. Smith records this species as probably 
the most abundant he encountered. I found it much less 
numerous although I saw it on both my visits. It was also 
noted by Dickson and New. As is well known, the Majorcan 
race of this species is interesting as a substantial proportion 
of specimens are ab. intermedia Muschamp, half way be- 
tween the nominate race and ssp. paramegaera Hitibn. from 
Corsica and Sardinia. 


Coenonympha pamphilus L. A common species recorded by 
all but Grey. My summer specimens are small and all f. 
lyllus Esp., some extreme. Spring specimens are darker. 


Pyronia cecilia Vall. Noted by Grey, Dickson, New and my- 
self (1). I found it common in July but almost all the speci- 
mens I saw were female. Grey records seeing only males in 
May. This would seem to be a species in which the difference 
in the emergence time of the two sexes is particularly 
marked. My Majorcan specimens appear identical to my 
specimens from the Costa Brava. As specimens from this 
latter area have been named ssp. catalana de Sagarra, 
Majorcan specimens seem referable to this subspecies. 
(Note: Grey’s reference to Maniola tithonus is really to this 
species, he subsequently corrected this error). 


Maniola jurtina 1. The only recent record of this species is of 
the few seen by me in July. Thomson (1969) lists the Majorcan 
population as ssp. hispulla Esp. which also occurs in most of 
Spain, Sardinia and probably Corsica, but not in Africa where 
it is replaced by ssp. fortunata Alpheraky. 


Pseudoterqumia fidia L. Noted by Dickson and myself (1). I 
found this species at San Agustin among the pine woods and 
also near Formentor in the north of the island. J consider 
that the Majorcan race is a separate subspecies, distinct from 
both those in North Africa and on the European mainland. It 
is best marked subspecies of this species. 


Pseudotergumia fidia balearica ssp. nov. 


Upperside. Male: The ground colour is lighter than normal. 
The post discal marking on the forewings of this species are 
usually very faint or absent altogether, in ssp. balearica 
however they are prominent. There is one divided one in S4 
and S5 and a second and larger one centred in S2 but ex- 
tending into S1 and S3. In this subspecies the androconial 
bands are more noticeable than usual as they are the samo 
pale colour as the post discal markings. The two ocelli on the 
forewings and the small white spots between them are nor- 
mal size but the ocelli have faint pale rings round them. 


BUTTERFLIES OF MAJORCA 231 


Female: The markings of the female of this species are 

more distinctive and prominent than in the male. While 
there is a certain amount of individual variation, the Norta 
African subspecies usually differ from the European ones in 
two main respects. On the forewings the post discal mark- 
ings tend to be better developed in the European subspecies, 
especially in ssp. paleia Fruhstorfer, but the yellow rings 
round the ocelli are usually absent. In the North African sub- 
species the reverse is the case, the post distal markings are 
poorly developed but the yellow rings are prominent. This is 
especially so in ssp. hebitis Rothsch. and also in ssp. inter- 
media Rothsch. Ssp. balearica combines the features of both 
ssp. paleia and ssp. hebitis in having prominent post discal 
markings and also well developed rings round the ocelli. As in 
the male, the ground colour is lighter than normal. 
Underside. The underside of this species is different in North 
Africa and European specimens. North Africa ones have 
been named f. albovenosa Astaut. as the nervures are more 
prominently marked with white giving the underside a more 
segmented look than in European specimens, especially on 
the hindwings. Ssp balearica is of the European type, not f. 
albovenosa. The colouring is not the usual greyish but more 
buff coloured. The overall impression is of it being paler than 
normal with less contrast between the light and dark areas. 
This is particularly marked in the females some of which are 
very pale and washed out looking. 
Size. The size of ssp. balearica is variable. My series was col- 
lected in two areas. The Holotype and Allotype were taken 
near Formentor, the male Holotype has a forewing measure- 
ment of 33 mm and the female Allotype 34 mm. Paratypes 
from this locality are of similar size, however those from San 
Agustin are smaller, the males are 28 mm and the females 
30 mm. 

My series was taken between 12th and 30th July 1965. 
The Holotype, Allotype, 3 male and 5 female Paratypes are in 
my collection. 


Lycaena phlaeas L. New records three specimens, all f. eleus 
Fab. I found the species quite common in certain localities in 
July, especially at Santa Ponsa. All my summer specimens 
are f. eleus Fab., they are small but not so heavily suffused 
with black as my specimens from the Costa Brava. The only 
specimen I took on my second visit in April was not of this 
seasonal form but f. caeruleopunctata Ruhl. 


Syntarucus pirithous L. Noted as very common and wide- 
spread by Smith. I found it common in July. New records it as 
less common but he found a few specimens near Genova. J 
found it commonest in the garden of the house in which we 
stayed in San Agustin where it was attracted to certain 
flowers. It also occurred at Santa Ponsa. 


232 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


Lampides boeticus L. Two specimens recorded by Grey and 
also noted by Dickson. One found by New at Genova. I did not 
see this species on the island. This however, seems more a 
question of bad luck than because of its rarity. 


Celastrina argiolus L. A few recorded by Smith, I found it in 
one locality near Soller in July and New noted one specimen 
from Palma. On examining my Majorcan specimens and 
checking them with specimens from other areas, I find that 
this species is represented in Majorca by ssp. mauretanica 
Rothsch. not the usual southern European ssp. calidogenita 
Vrty. Ssp. mauretanica is mainly North African, but also 
occurs in Andalusia. Majorca is perhaps the northernmost 
extent of its range. 


Aricia cramera Esch. Noted by Dickson, New and myself (1). 
New records this species as fairly common but I found it only 
in one place near Santa Ponsa. My specimens are small, the 
upperside ground colour is lighter than usual and the red 
markings are complete on all wings and well developed, 
particularly in the female. The underside ground colour is 
a rich brown. 


Polyommatus icarus Rott. Smith, myself (1) & (2) and New. 
Probably the best known of the island’s species, ssp. balearica 
Rebel. The main features of this subspecies are its small size 
and bright colouring. Smith took one female, I found it quite 
numerous in July and found one male at Puerto Pollensa in 
April. New notes it as common round Palma. Manley and 
Allicard record finding similar specimens on the Spanish main- 
land at Benidorm. ‘This small subspecies may not therefore 
be restricted to the Balearics. 


Lysandra bellargus Rott. Rebel (1926) showed this species with 
a question mark against it and expressed some doubt about 
earlier records. However, both Bretherton and Manley and 
Allcard list it. I know of only one recent report, Mr Allcard in- 
forms me that he found it flying in the grounds of the Fenix 
. Hotel, Palma in the latter part of August 1960. 


Nordmannia esculi Hiib. No recent evidence of this species 
from Majorca. In fact as far as I know, only one specimen 
has ever been recorded there and that was more than 40 
years ago. A single female was taken on 19th Sept. 1932 at 
El Terreno, an area now absorbed into the suburbs of Palma 
(Rebel 1934). It does not occur in the other Mediterranean 
islands. 


Nordmannia ilicis Esp. As far as I know this species has 
never been recorded from Majorca. Manley and Allcard 


BUTTERFLIES OF MAJORCA 290 


include it in their check list for the Balearics on the basis of 
a single record from Ibiza (de Sagarra 1920). This could 
have been a stray specimen, Ibiza is only 90 km. from the 
Spanish mainland and thus substantially nearer than 
Majorca. The Balearics are outside the normal range of this 
species which only reaches Northern Spain and does not 
occur in North Africa or Sardinia. 


Callophrys rubi L. I found it at Puerto Pollensa in April and 
New records it as common in meadows round Palma and also 
further inland. My Majorcan specimens are the light ssp. 
fervida Stdgr. which is also found in Sicily, Sardinia, North 
Africa and parts of Spain. 


On the basis of the above, there are 25 confirmed species 
on the island. The position of the remainder is more 
doubtful. There are a further three that have been recorded 
there in the past but the present status of which is in doubt, 
these are G. nosrodamus, L. sinapis and N. esculi. In addi- 
tion N. antiopa probably occurs as a rare migrant. The re- 
maining two on Manley and Allcard’s list, G. rhamni and N. 
ilicis, | do not consider occur in Majorca on current evidence. 
Despite it’s popularity as a holiday centre, information from 
the island is limited. I would be most grateful therefore, for 
any further information or unpublished records concerning 
the island’s Rhopalocera, especially with regard to the 
doubtful species mentioned above and of course any addi- 
tional ones. Any such information sent to me at Holmesdale 
Cottage, North Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey, would be very 
much appreciated. 


REFERENCES 


Bretherton, R. F. (1966). A distribution List of the Butterflies 
(Rhopalocera) of Western and Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. 
Br. Ent., 17: 1-94. 

Dickson, B. R. (1967). Further notes on Majorcan Insects (Editorial 
Note). Bull. amat. Ent. Soc., 26: 98 

Grey, P. R. (1966). Lepidoptera in Majorca—May 1966. Bull. amat. 
Ent. Soc., 25: 133-134. 

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D, 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies 
of Britain and Europe. London. 

Holford, H. O. (1915). Notes on Butterflies in Majorca in Jan., Feb. 
and March 1914. Entomologist, 48: 55-57. 

Jacobs, S. N. A. (1970). Majorea, 3-17 May 1970. Ent. Rec., 82: 208-210. 

Jones, A. H. (1906). Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Balearic Is- 
lands. Entomologist’s Mon. Mag., 42: 170-171. 

Manley, W. B. L. and Allcard, H. G. (1970). A Field Guide to the 
Butterflies and Burnets of Spain, 

Muschamp, P. A. H. (1904). Majorca—Eight Days Entomology, Two 
New Butterfly Aberrations. Ent. Rec., 16: 221-223. 


234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


New, T. R. (1967). A note on the Butterflies of the Balearic Islands. 
Ent. Rec., 79: 171-173. 

Perceval, M. J. (1967). More butterflies in Majorea. Bull. amat. Ent. 
Soc., 26: 95-97. 

Rebel, H. (1926). Lepidopteren von den Balearen. Dt. ent. Z. Iris., 
40: 135-146. 

Rebel, H. (1934). Lepidopteren von den Balearen und Pityusen. Dt. 
ent. Z. Iris., 48: 122-138. 

Sagarra I. de. (1920). Alguns lepidoptera de la illa d’Eivissa. Butll. 
Inst. catal. Hist. Nat., 20: 117-120. 

Smith, D. (1953). Butterflies seen in Majorca during October 1951. 
Entomologist., 86: 29-31. 

Thomson, G. (1969). Maniola (Epinephile) jurtina (L.) (Lep. Saturi- 
dae) and its Forms Ent. Rec., 81: 88. 

Verity, R. (1940-1953). Le Farfalle Diurne d’Italia. Florence. 


POSTSCRIPT 


Since completing this paper I have seen the newly pub- 
lished book Mariposas de la Peninsula Iberica by Miguel R. 
Gomez Bustillo and Fidel Fernandez Rubio. The distribution 
maps in this fine publication show three additional species 
from Majorca, Pieris napi L., Issoria lathonia L., and Chazara 
prieurz Pierret. The latter is included on the basis of a single 
specimen taken at Mal-Pas de Formentor in the northernmost 
part of the island. No additional information is given con- 
cerning the other two species, but I understand in corres- 
pondence with Dr Gomez Bustillo that both were recorded by 
Senor J. Fernandez. The finding of C. prieuri is particularly 
interesting. The I. lathonia record comes as no surprise, the 
surprising thing is that such a strong migrant has not been 


1973 —A Remarkable Year 


By B. GOATER 
22 Reddings Avenue, Bushey, Herts 
(concluded from p. 219) 


than we caught. I saw, and netted, one Pyrausta cingulata 
(Linn.). I had never seen so many plants of Epipactis atro- 
rubens (Hoffm.) as there were growing on the broken lime- 
stone on the Knott. Returning to the wood, I succeeded in 
boxing a perfect specimen of the usually very lively 
taeniatum off an ash stem. 

Geoff was keen to introduce me to Meathop Moss, so after 
the briefest possible interlude for a meal, we hurried to that 
locality, so different from the places we had visited earlier 
in the day. It was good to see Coenonympha tullia (Mull.) in 
numbers — the first English specimens I had seen, and to 
net about a dozen of the local form of Idaea muricata (Hufn.). 
We also noted Catoptria margaritella (D. & S.) among lots of 


1973—A REMARKABLE YEAR 235 


Crambus pascuella (Linn.) and fewer nemorella (Hiibn.), 
Scopula ternata (Schrank) was nearly over, and Carsia 
sororiata (Hiibn.) just emerging. The evening went bitterly 
cold and we abandoned the idea of going to Sandscale War- 
ren, where Geoff and Jerry had had a bumper catch a few 
nights back. Instead, we went to Whitbarrow after paying 
our respects to Black Tom’s Lane. I netted a couple of very 
fresh bractea as they flew at dusk to a single spear thistle, 
but moths soon stopped flying and we went home to bed. 

The next excursion was to East Anglia with David 
Agassiz on July 12th. Warm and overcast. The first stop 
was at Thorpeness, where idaea ochrata (Scop.) was quite 
common and readily put up from the long grass. We also 
netted some Dichrorampha gueneeana Obr. and Thiodia 
citrana (Hiibn.) before rushing on to Barton Broad, where 
the objective was Plusia putnami gracilis (Lempke). A cold 
mist descended over the low ground, as so often happens, 
but nevertheless we achieved moderate success, and three 
gracilis fell to us before dawn. David wanted Pelosia mus- 
cerda (Hufn.) and we managed three, while I was contented 
with a fresh Diarsia florida Schmidt which really does look 
a bit different from rubi in an indefinable way, and Scopula 
immutata (Linn.). Several second brood Ectropis bistortata 
(Goeze) turned up. 

During July, numbers of Eupithecia expallidata Doubl. 
were emerging, from larvae collected in Hampshire. This 
is an uncommon species in that county, owing to the local 
distribution of the foodplant, Solidago. 

The Family holiday commenced on July 26th. We were 
to camp our way northwards through Scotland to the Orkney 
Is., where we would be the guests of [an and Daphne 
Lorimer. Our ‘whistle stop’ tour began in Lancashire, where 
we revisited the taeniatum locality in heavy, overcast con- 
ditions and I managed to catch six good specimens fairly 
easily, at any rate much more easily than would have been 
possible in sunny weather, when they leap off their resting 
place on tree or rock and dash away through the dappled 
shade, leaving the pursuer foundering among roots and 
rocks. There remained time to flirt with another new species 
Eustroma reticulatum (D. & S.) in one of its spots near the 
shore of Lake Windermere. After rather a long and fruitless 
search, we circled back and found it within a few yards of the 
car, quite easily disturbed from bushes and herbaceous 
growth near the foodplant, Impatiens. A few more came to 
the actinic soon after dusk, and I returned the following 
morning early before moving on to seek a few more. I was 
well pleased with a short series in good condition. 

The first stop in Scotland was the flavicinctata ground 
where the parasitised larvae had been taken earlier in the 
year. Now the moth was common and very fresh, some speci- 


236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


mens having their wings still limp. These were disinclined 
to fly from the shaded rocks on which they were sitting, and 
were most difficult to see. Others flew more readily. Among 
them were numerous fresh Xanthorhoe munitata (Hiibn.), 
all males. We stayed in the area next day, botanising and 
enjoyed seeing Erebia epiphron (Knoch) in some numbers, 
flying whenever the sun came out. A few of the better 
specimens of Udea alpinalis (D. & S.) were netted and re- 
tained. 


On July 29th, we moved on to Rannoch and searched for 
hours for Cramous ericella (Hiibn.). Eventually I found one 
very fresh specimen on boggier ground than I had expected 
but saw no others. One large larva of Xylena vetusta (Hiibn) 
was found on Myrica. 1 had bred this species from the egg, 
but had not seen the wild larva before. That night, after the 
midges had piagued us, I ran the actinic for a short time near 
some mountain ash trees, but saw no sign of Venusia cam- 
brica Curt. The only visitor of any note at all was Syngrapha 
interrogationis (Linn.). 

Next day we moved on to Speyside after hobnobbing with 
the family of one of the boys from school whom we met by 
chance while shopping in Kinloch Rannoch—small world. We 
found many midges sheltered in the quarry at Dalwhinnie in 
the morning, but braved them to iook up the colony of flavi- 
cinctata there and find it flourishing. i was rather surprised 
to find one rather worn Eupithecia distinctaria H.-S. resting 
under an overhanging rock. We then visited a locality for 
Semiothisa brunneata (Thunb.) and found both sexes quite 
common but impossible to get in perfect condition. While 
the rest of the family was picking bilberries for supper (and 
an excellent meal they made), an Osprey circled overhead, 
calling, and later we saw it, or its mate, standing on a nest 
on the top of a dead pine. We wondered how many people 
had motored past this nest on the way to the famous Loch 
Garten pair! 

In the evening we set up a leisurely camp just to the north 
of Aviemore, planning to have a go in the later hours for 
sobrina, at light or sugar. Glancing at our sailing papers, I 
saw we were due to sail in the morning from Thurso, and not 
the day after, so panic packing up and a long drive up to the 
Caithness moors instead of the sobrina hunt! The Fates are 
surely determined to keep this species and me apart; I de- 
fiantly ran the actinic for an hour before retiring, and at- 
tracted many small Lycophotia porphyrea (D. & S.) and a 
few rather worn Diarsia mendica (Fab.) of the normal Scot- 
tish moorland form, quite unlike those we were to see in 
Orkney a few days later, and far less fresh. 

Though I have made several visits to Shetland, my pre- 
vious experience of Orkney had been limited to two days in 
the early spring of 1950, on the way up to, and back from, 


1973—A REMARKABLE YEAR 237 


Shetland. My appetite for its insect life had been amply 
whetted by several pages of meticulously prepared typewritten 
‘gen’ which Ian Lorimer had sent me as soon as he knew the 
visit was decided. Jane was rather more sceptical of the far 
north and its proverbial rains, gales and harrs. The bovs 
were ready for anything, and assumed that everything would 
be interesting — a commendable attitude of mind. Looking 
back, I may say that for Jane, the holiday ‘exceeded her wildest 
expectations’, the children claimed to have enjoyed every 
moment of it, and I had an orgy of bug-hunting in as congenial 
company as one could possibly get, in a kaleidescope of birds 
and plants and whisky and towering cliffs and waves and 
boats, and fine views and finer people. 

We arrived in Stromness in mid-afternoon, and drove 
straightway to Scorradale. That evening, eager to sample 
the local insect fauna, I went out dusking with Ian along a 
track at the edge of moorland, and into a small disused 
quarry. The local munitata were very like those from the 
Scottish mainland, and quite different from the Shetland 
race. I collected several Chloroclysta truncata (Hufn.) of a 
form resembling C. concinnata (Steph.), and obtained a num- 
ber of eggs. The lepidopterous inhabitants of Orkney have 
been fully described by Ian Lorimer (1970, Entomologist’s Gaz., 
21: 73-101). and it would be tedious to offer a complete list 
of the species and forms which we encountered during the 
following fortnight. A m.v. trap was operated in the garden 
at Scorradale every night and most of the local specialities 
turned up. Dark forms of Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.) were 
fairly common but erratic in appearance: several would ap- 
pear one night, then there would, be a gap of some days be- 
fore more were seen. Once, a specimen was found inside the 
house, but searches of the outhouses were quite unsuccessful, 
and none were to be found fluttering against the windows of 
such buildings at dusk, as I had hoped. 

Our first outing with the Lorimers was to South Ronald- 
say, reached by driving across the Churchill barriers from 
island to island—very sporting in a high wind with the tide 
running. The boys were taking part in one of the many 
regattas, and in between willing them onwards to the finishing 
line, I scrambled about on some low cliffs, amongst sopping 
vegetation, searching for larvae of Eupithecia pulchellata 
hebudium Sheldon. These were rather common, and of all 
sizes, in flowers of foxglove, and struck me as being very 
dark coloured, glossy olive black. Ian said, ‘Take plenty, 
they will be heavily parasitised’”’, so I did, and now have many 
perfect looking pupae. I seem to have been rather fortunate 
with pug larvae recently, after having suffered many dis- 
appointments in the past with parasites. 

Two localities which thrilled us more than most were the 
sandhills on Burray, which teemed with butterflies during 
the day, mostly a fine form of Argynnis aglaja (Linn.), Poly- 


238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 TX 14 


ommatus icarus (Rott.) and Maniola jurtina (Linn.), and with 
moths at night, and the fine cliffs at Yesnaby, the tops of 
which were covered with the extremely local Primula scotica 
Hook., many still in excellent flower. I paid a visit to these 
cliffs one night, and picked up larvae of Hadena confusa 
(Hufn.) on the sea campion. This species, and Eupithecia 
venosata (Fab.) were to be had in all localities where they 
were sought among the foodplant. On Burray, I caught 
Luverina testacea (D. & S.), which was new to Orkney. The 
dunes were covered in places with Galium verum Linn., 
which was searched on hands and knees for young larvae of 
Hyles gallii (Rott.). Three moths had been taken on successive 
nights in Kirkwall in early July by a friend of Ian’s, but we 
had no luck. 

Another high spot for all of us was a visit to Hoy on a 
beautifully sunny day. The ladies basked in the sun and 
supplied food, the youngsters explored, and the entomologists 
clambered about the heavily wooded, steep sided Berriedale, 
searching and beating for larvae. It was incredible to come 
across well grown birch and aspen tucked away in this 
ravine, and we regretted the spot was so inaccesible. We 
returned laden with larvae, including Achlya_ flavicornis 
(Linn.), Hydriomena ruberata (Freyer) and Acleris hastiana 
(Linn.). the last two species on Salix aurita Linn. A colony 
of half grown Puss Moth larvae was also found on this plant. 

We started the long journey home on August 16th, gazing 
wistfully back on the receding islands with memories of their 
harriers and short-eared owls and innumerable other happy 
recollections, and where those interesting forms of Xestia 
castanea (Esp.) and Paradiarsia glareosa (Esp.) were just 
starting to emerge, and we made a promise to come back. 

There was not time for collecting during the drive south, 
but we noticed a lot of very promising country along the north 
coast, and in some of the Sutherland glens. 

A weekend visit to Portland on August 31st was abortive 
so far as migrant birds went — the previous week there had 
been several rare warblers, Woodchat Shrike and others to 
tempt us. but they had gone, and there was not even a Fire- 
crest. The night was cool and windy, but I was somewhat 
mollified when a verv fresh Epischnia bankesiella Rich. came 
in to the actinic, which I had set up among a mass of Inula 
in a sheltered hollow in the cliffs. Quite a lot of common 
moths came along, but Leucochlaena oditis (Hiibn.) was the 
only other local speciality, and there were no migrants. 

On September 15th. we made a rendezvous with Mr Austin 
Richardson in the Chilterns to look for larvae of emortualis, 
and though we found evidence of their nibbling we got no 
larvae, and supposed we were too late. 

The last entomological excursion of the season was to 
East Dean to stay with my in-laws again. Everybody seemed 
to be making for Easthourne when we drove down on the 


SOME RECORDS OF CRANEFLIES FOR 1973 239 


Friday evening, and we arrived with nerves somewhat frayed. 
The evening, or what was left of it, was still and warm, and 
I got the trap set up in the garden and then said, “Hello”. 
In the morning it was full of moths, and many were settled 
on the lawn and on nearby bushes. Commonest among 30 
species were Agrochola lychnidis (D. & S.) (217), Omphalo- 
scelis lunosa (Haw.) (113), Eumichtis lichenea (Hiibn.) (56) 
and Lithophane leautieri (Boisd.) (14). The next night, which 
was humid following a heavy thunderstorm, produced even 
more moths. I counted 268 lunosa and 240 lichenea, and 
there were 19 leautieri, and there had been a migration, as 
was evidenced by the presence of Uresiphita limbalis (D. & 
S.), Cyclophora puppillaria (Hiibn.), Orthonama obstipata 
(Fab.) and a few gamma and saucia. After this, I felt the 
time was ripe to turn to birdwatching again, and I saw no 
more moths apart from a few Ptilophora plumigera (D. & S.) 
on November Ist, in the Chilterns. 


Some Records of Craneflies for 1973 


By E. G. Hancock 


Department of Natural History, Bolton Museum, Civic Centre, 
Bolton 


The lists which follow are complete observation and cap- 
ture records for the localities given. The selection of these 
lists to the exclusion of those from all the other sites visited in 
1973 is based on the interest of some of the species present 
and the potential which is felt these sites hold for further re- 
cording. For example, one trip to a quarry near Ingleton 
yielded Dicranota guerini Zetterstedt, an insect with a re- 
stricted distribution in England and local in habit. The sand- 
dune records are very scanty but indicate that the habitats 
present in the dunes support rare species even in the South 
Lancashire system which is greatly exposed to public pressure 
and where developments encroach with a frightening regular- 
ity. 

North Wales contains such a vast area for study that one 
has to be selective not only in presenting lists but also in sites 
visited for there are not enough weekends in the season to go 
to all the attractive-looking places. Therefore, a montane area 
near Beddgelert and an isolated wooded valley south of Llan- 
gollen have been selected. The former did not contain manv 
species at very high altitudes but the weather at the time of 
the visits was not very good. Tipula subnodicornis Zett, was 
abundant over the marshes and tarns. Molophilus ater Meigen 
was an interesting capture being flightless and restricted to 
early in the year. The area around the village of Pandy has 
become a favourite collecting locality. There is a disused gran- 
ite quarry and native woodland with the river Ceiriog and 
streams and seepages draining into it. It holds many niches for 


240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/7 14 


aquatic and semi-aquatic insects as well as the usual terrestrial 
species. 

The records presented include data from A. E. Stubbs and 
A. M. Hutson to whom I am grateful for the lists they made. 


South Lancashire Dune System 

Infrequent visits to parts of the open dunes show that a 
number of interesting species occur here. The two sites 
visited in 1973 are Birkdale (SD (34) 3013) and Hightown (SD 
(34) 2902), but the latter is a sad remnant of what was once 
an area of the same quality as that north of Ainsdale NNR. 
Obviously, the area will repay further visits. B=Birkdale. H= 
Hightown. 

Nephrotoma appendiculata Pierre, 3, B, 30.vi. N. cornicina 
L., °, B, 5.viii. N. quadristriata Schummel, 733, 1°, B, 5.viil; 
first recorded in 1923 by H. Britten but no records in interim 
period (Kidd & Brindle, 1959). Tipula solstitialis Westhoff, 
1°, 13, B, 5.viii. T. lateralis Meigen. abundant in Dunes, v, 
vi, viii. T. oleracea L., common. v, viii, B. T. varinennis Mg., 
236, Be 1G6:v. Limonia chorea Mest, os) Ay 2 wit | Paymorionl. 
3, 30.vi 3, 5.viii, B. L. modesta Mg., 266, H, 2.x. L. ventralis 
Schummel, 2, B, 5.viii. Helius pallirostris Edwards, ¢, B, 30.vi; 
this species is noted here for the first time in Lancashire, 
there are also specimens in the Manchester Museum collected 
by A. Brindle in 1965. Pedicia immaculata Mg., 33. B. 16.vi. 
Limnophila ferruginea Mg., 3S, H, 2.x. Gonomuia tenella 
Tonnoir, common v, vili. B. Erioptera pilipes F., 3, B, 16.v. 
E. trivialis Mg., B, viii; H, x. E. vicina Tonnoir. common. B, 
5 vil Ormosia \hederae Curtis. 76. Bo 16.15 So Ge eee 2a 
Molophilus griseus Mg.. 3. B, 5.viii, coll. A. M. Hutson. M. 
obscurus Mg., common, B, 5.viii. M. pleuralis de Meijere. ¢, 
B, 5.viii, coll. A. M. Hutson. Trichocera hiemalis Degeer, 2¢¢2, 
Ho  negelationis.\s. 2cGicr, Hepa 


White Scar Quarries, near Ingleton, Yorks (SD 718753), 
7.X.1973. 
Tinula czeziki de Jon. abundant. T. vaaana M¢g.. abundant. 
T. staegeri Nielsen. 3, °. T. marmorata Mg.. 2¢¢. Dicrano- 
myia autumnalis Staeger, ©. D. didyma Mg., abundant. 
Trycyphona immaculata Mg.. 3. Dicranota querini Zetterstedt, 
- 336, 322. D. bimaculata Schummel, 236, 3°°. Eriovtera 
trivialis Mg., 2, 666. E. diuturna Walker, 5d¢d, 29°. &. 
fuscipennis Mg., o. 
Llyn Dinas, near Beddgelert, Caerns. (SH 6749). 
28.iv.1973. 
Tipula vittata Mg., 233. T. subnodicornis Zett.. abundant. 
T. lateralis Mg., 3. Dicranomyia chorea Mg., common. Tricu- 
phona immaculata Mg.. 3, °. Erioptera trivialis Mg., 7. Molo- 
philus ater Mg., 3. Sylvicola fenestralis Scopoli, ¢. 
Cnicht, near Llyn Dinas, 1800 ft. (SH 655480), 1.ix.1975. 
Ormosia pseudosimilis Lundstroem, d. 


Pandy, near Glyn Ceiriog, Debighs. (SJ 1935), 1973 


OBSERVING BUTTERFLIES AT AYRES ROCK, AUSTRALIA 241 


(except where stated). 

Nephrotoma appendiculata Pierre, 2.vi, common. N. 
flavescens L., 1.vii, 3, G. Y. McInnes. N. quadrifaria Mg., 2.vi. 
3. Dolichopeza albipes Stroem, 2.vi, 3. Tipula fulvipennis 
Degeer, 26.viii, ¢d. T. marmorata Mg., 15.x.1972, A. E. Stubbs. 
T. meigeni Mannheims, 2.vi., ¢. T. paludosa Mg.. 26.viii, 
common. T. rufina Mg., 11.vi.1974, 3. -T. scripta Mg., 26.viii, 
2. T. signata Staeg., 15.x.1972, A. E. Stubbs. T. staegeri Niels. 
15.x%.1972, A. E. Stubbs. Tf. variicornis Schumm. 11.v.1974, °. 
T. varipennis Mg., 2.vi, 3. T. vittata Mg., 11.v.1974, ¢. Cylin- 
drotoma distinctissima M¢g., 26.viii, common. Limonia chorea 
Mg., common at all visits. L. didyma Mg., 15.x.1972, A. E. 
Stubbs. L. duplicata Doane, 2.vi, 26.vili, 9, 2¢¢. L. flavipes 
F., 2.vi, common. L. fusca Mg., 24.vi, 3. L. macrostigma 
Schumm., 2.vi, ¢. L. mitis f. lutea Mg.. 2.vi, 3. L. modesta 
Mg., 26.viii, 3. L. morio F., 26.vili, 6 L. nubeculosa L.. common 
at all visits. L. stigma Mg., 26.viii, 2°°, L. stigmatica Mg., 
26.vili, 23 3. L. tripunctata F., 2.vi, common. Pedicia immacu- 
lata Mg., 24.vi, common. P. occulta Mg., 2.vi, 3. P. rivosa L., 
24.vi, 3d. P. straminea Mg¢., 2.vi, 26.viii, 2°, ¢. Dicranota subtilis 
Loew, 15.x.1972, A. E. Stubbs. Ula mollissima Haliday, 
20.iv. 1974, °, J. JI. Harris. Paradelphomyia ecalceratus 
Edwards, 15.x.1972, A. E. Stubbs. Limnophila apicata Loew, 
LeVIS. J. I. Harris. L. ferruainea, Mg., 26.viii, 3. L. maculata 
Mg., 26.vili, ¢ (typical). L. nemoralis Mg., 26.viii, 2¢¢ 
(typical). L. submarmorata Verral, 2.vi, 3 (typical). Gnomyia 
simplex Tonnoir, 2.vi. abundant locally. Lipsothrix remota 
Walker, 11.v.1974, 3. Erioptera fuscinennis Mg., 24.vi, several. 
E. lutea Mg. f. taentonata Mg.. common at most visits. E. 
trivialis Mg., 2.vi, 3. Cheilotrichia cinerascens Mg., common. 
Ormosia nodulosa Macquart, 11.v.1974, 3. Molophilus pusillus 
Edwards. 26.vili, 3 common. Silvicola punctatus F., 11.v.1974, 
3, 2. S. fenestralis Scopoli, 11.v.1974, 9 


Observing Butterflies at Ayers Rock, Northern 


Territory, Australia, Nov. 13-15, 1973 
By Rev. P. C. Hawker, F.S.A. 
St. Botolph’s Vicarage, South Park, Lincoln. 


Ayers Rock is now a tourist MUST. It stands some 850 
miles W.N.W. of Adelaide and some 200 miles S.W. of Alice 
Springs. It is really in the bush and has only been regularly 
visited in the last few years. Opal Air does a direct service 
from Adelaide and there are road and air trips from Alice 
Springs. 

This remarkable limestone rock is 600 ft. high and some 
5 miles round and it is claimed that it is the largest mono- 
lith in the world. The Aborigines know it as Uluru and to 
them it is a most holy place. 

We flew up by Opal and back the same way stopping at 
the Opal Mining centre of Cooper Pedy en route, and just 


242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/T4 


catching a glimpse of the underground homes where the 
locals live to keep cool. On the way up we also called at a 
remote Government School in the Warburton ranges. 

I had the good fortune to be in the co-pilot’s seat during 
this time, for on leaving the Warburtons, Ayers Rock stood 
out on the horizon with the Olgas to the west of it. After 
miles and miles of bush with little scrub the sight of this 
vast rock was spectacular. 

We were soon taken to the Inland Motel (run by ‘Lynn of 
the Inland’) with a well stocked bar, a swimming pool, and 
air-conditioning. That evening we photographed the rock at 
sunset and next morning at sunrise. After breakfast we de- 
cided not to climb the rock (had we not flown over it?) but to 
walk round it instead. 1973 had been a wet year in the bush 
and there were numerous pools by the rock. It was very hot 
and the dry thorns on the way there were somewhat trying. 
But the several caves with Aborigine paintings alone would 
have made this trip worth while. 

Quite the most outstanding things entomologically were 
the vast hoards of Pyrameis cardui kershawi (McCoy). These 
insects ... and I had noted the same type of activity amongst 
them in the National Park nr. Adelaide .. . acted not unlike 
the English Speckled Wood. They liked shaded area, and did 
not fly very fast or far. Yet they were everywhere. On the 
dark side of trees. On damp pieces of soil, on the side of the 
Rock itself. Along billabongs (water courses). Not very 
observable till one was right on top of them. But the number! 

A few Terias smilax (Donovan) were about. Zizera lab- 
radus labradus (Godart) was reasonably numerous. A few 
Lampides damoetes (Fab.) were seen. By some of the pools 
of water (especially at one very sacred pool) a few Papilio 
demoleus sthenelus (Macleay) were flying. One single speci- 
men of Candalides (probably heathi Cox) was seen. And there 
were quite a number of specimens of Danaida chrysippus 
petilia (Stoll). 

Another feature of the bushes round the rock was the 
large number of delightful small finches. Flies were all too 
numerous and we did see a number of grasshoppers and one 
_ possible locust. 

Never has beer tasted so good as it was when we at last 
reached the motel again after our 6 mile walk. And we rested 
in the afternoon. But the memory of all those cardui will 
remain with me. 

CORRIGENDA 
Reference “The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills” by D. G. 
Sevastopulo (antea: 85: 263-266, 86: 18-23):— 
_ 263 line 2 from bottom for “limnicae” read “limniace”’. 
. 266 line 20 for “‘Papilionae” read “Caesalpinaceae’’. 
_ 20 line 9 from bottom for “Sideroxyon’ read “Sideroxylon”’ 
_ 21 line 9 from bottom for “Salmis” read “Salamis” 
», 22 line 5 for “Feburary” read “February”. 


ho} oy hes the} 


— 


A NOTE ON SOME WATER BUGS 243 


A Note on some Water Bugs (Hemiptera-Heter- 
optera) Collected on Cape Clear Island, 
West Cork 
By T. K. McCartuy 
Department of Zoology, University College, Cork, Ireland. 


Cape Clear Island, lying off the south west corner of the 
Irish mainland is apart from the Fastnet Rock, the most 
southerly point of Ireland. The island is approximately 1,500 
acres in extent and composed almost entirely of Old Red 
Sandstone. The climate is exceptionally mild, though there is 
a little shelter to protect most of the island from the effects 
of salt spray. The islands aquatic habitats consist of an eleven 
acre mildly brackish lake, L. Errul, some reed beds with a 
series of small pools, Ballieragh bogs, and several wells and 
small streams. A considerable volume of information has 
accumulated in recent years regarding the flora and fauna of 
the island (Sharrock, 1973). However, it appears that the 
aquatic Heteroptera have not been studied. Likewise few, if 
any, records exist for these insects from any of the other 
Irish offshore islands. Thus it is felt that the following 
records, made largely in October 1973, will be of interest. The 
nomenclature is that used by Macan (1964) and localities may 
be identified more precisely by reference to Sharrock (1973) 
though all are referable to the 10 km square V92 on the 
Irish Grid. 


HYDROMETRIDAE: Hydrometra stagnomum (L.), Shore- 
line L, Errul. VELIIDAE: Velia sp., 1972, Well near L. Errul.; 
Microvelia, reticulata (Burm.), Central Bog. GERRIDAE: 
Gerris odontogaster (Zett.), West Bog and Central Bog. NEPI- 
DAE: Nepa cinerea L., Shore-line L. Errul. PLEIDAE: Plea 
leachii Mac Greg., Central Bog. NOTONECTIDAE: Notonecta 
glauca L., West Bog; N. obliqua Thunb., East Bog. CORIXI- 
DAE: Corixa punctata (Illig.), Central and East Bog; C. affinis 
Leach, Central and East Bog; Hesperocorixa linnei (Fieb.), 
West Bog; H. castanea (Thoms.), West Bog and Central Bog; 
Sigara stagnalis (Leach), Central Bog; S. nigrolineata (Fieb.), 
West and East Bog; S. semistriata (Fieb.), Central Bog; S. 
scottii (D. & S.), West Bog; Callicorixa praeusta (Fieb.), Cen- 
tral Bog and East Bog. HEBRIDAE: Hebrus_ ruficeps 
(Thoms.), West Bog. 


Though I recognise this list is incomplete, I feel that these 
preliminary observations do indicate a paucity of species 
when contrasted with the adjoining mainland. However, 
since many of the species as yet unrecorded from here are 
known to undertake extensive migrations (Southwood, 1956), 
it is probable that the islands water bug fauna is limited by 
the restricted environmental mosaic and the climate of the 
island rather than by opportunities for dispersal. 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/TA 


Interspecific Competition in Butterflies 
By D. G. SEvastoputo, F.R.E.S. 
(c/o Reynolds & Co., P.O. Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya) 


I refer to Dr Luckens’ short paper under this heading 
(1974, Entomologist’s Record, 86: 71-72) and to his last para- 
graph in particular. JI am always troubled when a situation 
exists for which there appears to be no rational explanation. 
Dr Luckens (1971, Entomologist’s Record, 83: 261-262) refers 
to Argynnis aglaia L. displacing A. cydippe L. “by natural 
competition”. Baron de Worms (1972, Entomologist’s Record, 
84: 219-223) writes of Papilio andraemon Hbn. displacing 
“several other species of Papilio in some regions of the island 
(i.e. Jamaica) as the larvae infest citrus trees’. I simply pose 
the very ordinary question “How?” Surely this is the basis 
of all science. 

Dr Luckens’ suggestion of the need for lebensraum does 
not satisfy me. In my garden in Calcutta three species of 
citrus-feedins Papilio were present—vpolytes L., demoleus L.. 
and polymnestor Cr. — the two former common, the latter 
rare, but there was no sign of one displacing another. Here 
in East Africa the same situation exists, in my garden there 
are three citrus-feeding Pavilio—demodocus Esp. (common), 
niraeus L. (uncommon) and dardanus Brown (rare); in a patch 
of forest in the Shimba Hills the above three species are 
equally common with two others, ophidicephalus Ob. and con- 
stantinus Ward, rather less so. These Rutaceae-feeding Papil- 
ios are not aggressive either towards their own kind or to 
other butterflies, and if three or four species can co-exist 
peacefully in India and Kenya, why should andraemon dis- 
place its congeners in Jamaica? 

There are butterflies that do avpear to require lebensraum, 
to use Dr Luckens’ term, many of the Charaxes like to settle 
on a commanding twig and from there launch attacks on other 
passing butterflies, but here again my garden harbours five 
species, and the patch of Shimba Hills forest at least nine, of 
comparable size and habits, although they do not all have the 
same food-plant. 

I can, however. put forward a possible explanation for the 
displacement of the native American Pieris napi L. and P. 
protodice Bsd. & Lec. by the introduced P. rapae L. It is true 
that all feed on various species of Cruciferae, but Bowden’s 
experiments in hybridising would appear to indicate that the 
American species, at any rate, have very definite preferences. 
Tf the introduced ravae emerge a little earlier than the native 
species, possibly lay more eggs, have fewer parasites (at the 
beginning at any rate), and have a wider range of food-plant, 
a situation could easily arise where the native species had its 
preferred food-vlant much reduced, or even wiped out, by 
the more prolific and earlier emerging introduction, which 
would continue to thrive on food-plants unacceptable to the 
native species. 


EREBIA ZAPATERI AB. PSEUDONEORIDAS AB. NOV. 245 


Erebia zapateri ab. pseudoneoridas ab. nov. 
By M. J. PERCEVAL 
Holmesdale Cottage, North Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey 


Erebia zapateri Obth. is restricted to the Montes Univer- 
sales, a limited area in Terue] and Cuenca, Central Spain. 
The species varies very little. One form and a few minor 
aberrations have been named (Warren 1936). I consider this 
new aberration worth describing, particularly in view of the 
suggestion that this species and the much more widespread 
Erebia neoridas Bdv. may be conspecific (Manley and Alicard 
1970). 

The female Holotype was taken on 9th August 1973 at 
Bronchales, Teruel, and is in my collection. 

Forewings: Upperside; In addition to the usual twin apical 
ocelli, there are two slightly smaller white pupilled ocelli in 
S2 and S3. Underside; an Additional white pupilled ocellus 
in S2 corresponding with the one on the upperside. 

Hindwings: Upperside; three small white pupilled ocelli 
in S2, S3 and S4, enclosed in a red band divided by the 
nervures. Underside: normal. 

If I had not seen this specimen taken and was unaware of 
its data, I would almost certainly have identified it as a rather 
bright specimen of E. neoridas. On both the upper and under- 
sides it is virtually indistinguishable from some specimens of 
E. neoridas. Unfortunately the specimen, although fresh, is 
not in perfect condition. It was taken by my five year old 
son whose technique shows more enthusiasm than finesse. 

I illustrate the specimen together with one of E. neoridas 
for comparison. Specimens of E. neoridas with all ocelli ex- 
cept the twin apical ones absent and thus resembling E. 
zapateri, have been named as ab. margarita Obth. Ab. pseu- 
doneoridas now shows that this situation also exists in re- 
verse with specimens of E. zapateri resembling E. neoridas. 


PLATE XIX 
G) Erebia zapateri ab. pseudoneoridas ab. nov. female Holotype. 
Bronchales, Teruel. 9th August 1973. 
H) Erebia neoridas Bdv. female. Col der la Quillane, Pyrenees- 
Orientales. 26th August 1966. 
REFERENCES 
Manley, W. B. L. and Allcard, H. G., (1970). A Field Guide to the 


Butterflies and Burnets of Spain. 
Warren, B. C. S. (1936). Monograph of the Genus Erebia. London. 


NEOLUCIA SERPENTATA (H.-S.) (Lep.: Lycarnipar).—A_ fur- 
ther find in our garden at Brighton near Adelaide was the 
common blue Neolucia serpentata HIL.-S. This was on 6th 
October 1973 and is an addition to my list (cf. Ent. Rec., 85: 
189).—Rev. P. C. Hawker, St Botolph’s Vicarage, South Park, 
Lincoln. 


246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


Phaonia exoleta Mg. (Diptera : Muscidae), 
New to Ireland 


By Martin C. D. SPEIGHT 
(Dept. of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Eire) 

I am most grateful to Mr Adrian Pont (Brit. Mus. (N.H.)) 
for determining a long series of bred specimens from Howth 
Head, Co. Dublin (Irish grid. ref. 0.27/38) as belonging to this 
rare species. I collected these as puparia and full-grown lar- 
vae at the beginning of April 1973. They were found in tun- 
nels in sodden wood on the “ceiling” (see diagram) of a large 
rot-hole in a live sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), in company 
with larvae of species of fannia (Muscidae) and Brachyopa 
(Syrphidae). Apart from Chironomids, the only Dipterous lar- 
vae in evidence in the pool of water in the ‘“‘bowl” of the rot- 
hole were of Myiatropa florea (L.) (Syrphidae). In Fonseca 
(1968) Phaonia exoleta is recorded in the British Isles only 
from central Wales and five scattered localities in England 
ranging North to Nottinghamshire. Fonseca mentions that it 
has been bred from rotten elm. 

The larvae I collected pupated almost immediately and the 
flies then emerged between late April and the middle of May 
1973. The sycamore containing the rot-hole is a large tree be- 
side a path in more or less closed canopy mixed woodland, 
with old beech, pine and birch trees and a certain amount of 
fallen and rotten timber. The area is known to have been 
wooded for some hundred years, but the woodland is today 
largely artificial: there are patches of Eucalyptus, Tilia platy- 
phyllos and Castanea, together with an understorey of Rhodo- 
dendron and bamboo! Despite the incongruous array of exotic 
trees and shrubs, parts of these woods still possess a reason- 
ably diverse and profuse deciduous-woodland ground flora, an 
unusual feature for woodland in Ireland, and indicative of con- 
tinuous tree cover on the site for a considerable period of 
time. I have deposited specimens of P. exoleta from this series 
in the British Museum (London) and the National Museum 
(Dublin). 

Reference 
‘Fonseca, E. C. M. (1968). Muscidae. Handbooks for the Identification of 
British Insects, 10 (4b). R. ent. Soc., London, 


Notes and Observations 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN KENT. — A single male 
Acherontia atropos L. was taken at M.V. light in Orlestone 
Woods, near Ham Street, on the night 22nd-23rd July 1974. 
The moth arrived at 2.30 a.m., the weather conditions being 
warm with slight drizzle and strong, gusty winds — P. A. 
SoxoLorr, 26 Pinchbeck Road, Green Street Green, Orping- 
ton, Kent, 24.vii.1974. 


PLATE XX 


Diagram 
Rot hole in Sycamore, showing distribution of Dipterous larvae 
mentioned in text 
Key 
B=Brachyopa sp. larvae (died before pupation); F=Fannia sp. indet. 
larvae and puparia; M=Myiatropa florea larvae; P=Phaonia exoleta 
larvae and puparia; :::=areas of rotten wood, sodden due to seepage 
down within trunk, from above. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 


HYLES GALLII ROTT. IN CHESHIRE IN JUNE 1974. — On the 
18th June 1974, Mr G. Kenyon found a male Hyles gallii Rott. 
(Bedstraw Hawkmoth) in perfect condition in an MV trap 
which we were operating at Disley in Cheshire. 

Last year appears to have been an exceptionally good 
year for H. gallit and an examination of the Entomologist’s 
Record reveals records of adults and larvae from localities 
as far apart as Cornwall and Argyllshire. The earliest record 
of an adult was on 16th July and most of the records come 
from the last two weeks in July. In previous years the end 
of July and early August also seem to be the normal time 
of appearance of this moth in Great Britain. Thus the early 
date of this present record and appearance of the specimen 
suggest that it had recently emerged from a pupa which had 
successfully overwintered in the locality. It is perhaps worth 
noting, however, that Newman (1965, Hawkmoths of Great 
Britain and Europe) points out that on the continent the moth 
is double-brooded and that whilst most of those found in 
Britain are of the second brood there are a few records from 
the last century of specimens being caught in May. Whilst 
the implication would appear to be that these specimens were 
migrants from the first brood it is of course possible that they 
too may have overwintered in this country. 

In spite of the large number of records of H. gall: from 
Great Britain in 1973 it is interesting to note that no speci- 
mens of this or of other migrant Sphingids were caught in 
the eleven MV traps we were operating daily in the Greater 
Manchester area throughout the 1975 season as part of a 
survey of the frequency of melanic moths in the area. No 
further specimens of H. gallii have been found in the six 
other MV traps we are operating this year, three of these 
being within three and a half miles of the trap at Disley.— 
J. MuGGLeTon and G. Kenyon, Department of Zoology, 
University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL. 


BUTTERFLIES FEEDING ON ANTIGONON LEPTOSUS (POLYGO- 
NACEAE).—I was most interested to see that this plant was 
attractive to butterflies in Sri Lanka (F. M. G. Stammers, Sri 
Lanka, 1974, Ent. Rec., 86: 56). This is a very popular plant 
with tropical gardeners, and my gardens in both India and 
East Africa have always had it growing in masses, but I can- 
not ever recall seeing butterflies feeding on it. My experience 
with the plant extends well over forty years. Other local 
entomologists all confirm that they do not consider Anti- 
gonon attractive to butterflies, and I wonder if there was not 
some other inconspicuous, but attractive, plant growing 
among the Antigonon which was the real attraction. 
Antigonon does not seem to be particularly attractive to bees. 
It seems to be quite scentless.—D. G. SEVASTOPULO, c/o Rey- 
nolds & Co., P.O. Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya. 


248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


Day FLyinG DIPTERON TAKEN IN M.V. Trap.— On 4th July 
1974 1 took a Bee-fly (Bombylius discolor Mikan) in my M.V. 
trap. | understand frora Mr Alan Stubbs that day flying dip- 
tera are only occasionally reported as coming to M.V. traps 
aud he cannot recall a previous record of its occurrence in this 


species. — L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, 
Lyndhurst, Hants. 
SOME NOTES ON CACOECIMORPHA PRONUBANA Hiign. — The 


larvae of Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hubner, a species which 
is common in my Orpington garden, were noted in exceptional 
abundance during the early Spring of 1974. The larvae are 
normally most in evidence in the garden during July and 
August, feeding between the terminal leaves of Privet shoots 
(Ligustrum vulgare), or between spun-leaves of Ivy (Hedera 
helix) or Buddleia davidii. During February and early March 
1974, large numbers of over-wintering larvae were discovered 
spinning in the terminal leaves of Lavender shoots (Lavun- 
dula sp.), and an ornamental Veronica sp. yielded 48 larvae 
from the 52 shoots on the plant. Of particular interest was a 
row of ten two year old Chamaecyparis leylandii. Every one 
of these tiny trees contained between two and nine pronubana 
larvae, but in this case the larvae were only found on the 
lateral shoots at ground level in rather inconspicuous 
spinnings about half way along the shoot. Both foliage and 
bark were consumed and all infested shoots subsequently died. 
Most of the larvae were removed, but six were left and pro- 
tected by a muslin sleeve. Ali six had pupated by mid-March 
—four in situ and two within folds of muslin. The first imago 
was noted on April 18th, a rather early date for this species. 
One unusual observation was that from about fifty over- 
wintering larvae actually collected, not a single parasite was 
reared. — P. A. SoxoLorr, 26 Pinchbeck Road, Green Street 
Green, Orpington, Kent, 24.vii.1974. 


LYCAENA PHLAEAS L. AB. RADIATA TUTT IN THE ISLE oF WIGHT 
—J captured a female specimen of this aberration near Vent- 
nor on 16th August 1974. It seems unlikely that ab. radiata 
has not previously been observed on the Island, but I have 
been unable to discover any previous record. The specimen 
appeared in the second brood of a restricted colony of the 
species. There had been a very good first brood of which I 
examined several hundred specimens but found no significant 
variation.—T. D. FEARNEHOUGH, 26 Green Lane, Shanklin. 


Current Literature 
Fresh Water Life by John Clegg. X+283 pp., 16 coloured 
plates, 48 half tone photographs and 88 text illustra- 
tions. Frederick Warne, London. £6. 
This fourth edition has been completely reset and revised 
to meet the needs of the more scientific reader without sacri- 


CURRENT LITERATURE 249 


ficing its appeal to those with a more general interest in 
Natural History. The line drawings are all new and there are 
additional colour plates and pnotographs. ‘his book should 
prove especially useful to Vith form and First Year degree 
students in the biological sciences. After a brief historical in- 
troduction and an outline of classification, the author gives a 
useful account of the chemical and physical factors in the 
environment. This is followed by the main subject of the book, 
a review of the plants and animals in their major taxonomic 
groups with emphasis on behavioral and structural adapta- 
tions. Though not intended as an identification manual, 
readers should be able to track down the family and 
sometimes the genus of their finds. This section is full of 
interesting material on habits and life histories. For reasons of 
space, some generalisations at the genera level are unfortun- 
ate. For example, the hoary legend of multiple fission follow- 
ing encystment in Amoeba has been resurrected in spite of 
the publications of McKinnon or Hyman. 

‘here tollows a chapter on techniques for studying fresh- 
water life and a final very interesting section on freshwater 
biology in the service of mankind. 

There is a useful bibliography and the book is well indexed 
and attractively bound.—E.H.W. 


Crop Pests in Tanzania and their Control by Eberhard Bohlen. 
142 pp. with 252 colour photos on 42 plates and 18 b/w 
text illusts. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin. DM 64= 
approx. £11. 

This slender handbook of tropical African crop pests will 
be found useful far beyond the borders of ‘Tanzania. The pre- 
sentation is excellent but impractical, in clear sanserif type on 
heavily glazed paper that becomes instantly self-adhesive when 
wet with rain, spray or sweat, and could be troublesome in the 
field. The fine collection of colour photographs of pests and 
their damage will be most appreciated by the reader with ex- 
perience of the difficulties of insect macrophotography. It is a 
pity that the black and white illustrations in the second part 
of the book are poor by comparison. The text is well arranged, 
starting with brief accounts of the imain pests in systematic 
order. General recommendations for chemical control in this 
section are useful, if sketchy, but occasionally misleading. 

The second section deals with crops alphabetically and 
their pests systematicaly arranged. This will be the most use- 
ful part of the book to the farmers and extension workers 
that form its stated target audience. They will, however, be 
somewhat at sea in planning control programmes. In succes- 
sive paragraphs one finds similar doses of the same insecticide 
recommended for different pests. If an application were to be 
made each time a pest is recognised, gross over-treatment 
could result. The book would have been much improved by a 


250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


set of spraying programmes, one for each crop, designed to 
provide the optimum control of its pests. A further deficiency 
is the lack of guidance on how to recognise a potentially 
“serious infestation”. 

The chapter on beneficial insects is two pages long and 
apart from a remark in the preface and a note in the glos- 
sary, represents the only concession to the concept of inte- 
grated control. The fourth chapter, on pesticides, gives the 
essential information on most of those in common use. Useful 
tables, the glossary, and a compact index, complete the book. 

There are a few minor mistakes in the names of insects, 
but these scarcely detract from the general impression of a 
well-ordered and valuable boo. The only deterrent to pur- 
chase will be the price which at present exchange rates :s 
ludicrously high for so small a volume.—W. A. Sanps. 


Obituary 
K. M. PENNINGTON, A.F.C., M.A., B.C.L., F.R.E.S. (1897-1974) 

Kenneth M. Pennington, the well-known South African 
Lepidopterist, died after a brief illness, in Pietermaritzburg, 
Natal, on January 23rd, 1974. He was born on September 25th, 
1897, in Greytown, Natal, and was educated at Michaelhouse 
and Natal University, subsequently serving in the Royal Flying 
Corps in the First World War. When a pilot in Mesopotamia, 
he was awarded the Air Force Cross for a particularly hazard- 
ous flight he successfully made; but was later shot down by 
the Turks, and was involved in a second crash within 20 
minutes of being rescued by another pilot. 

On returning to South Africa at the end of the war he be- 
came engaged to Ruth Frampton, of Greytown, and after his 
marriage took up a Rhodes Scholarship, and obtained his 
B.C.L. at Oxford. He then practised as a solicitor and barrister, 
for a period, in Pietermaritzburg, Although doing very well in 
his profession, he decided after two years to return to his old 
school, Michaelhouse, as a schoolmaster, and he remained 
there for 35 years until his retirement in 1958. He spent the 
last 15 years of his life very happily, with his wife, on his 
small farm, ‘“Yellowwoods’, in most beautiful surroundings in 
the Natal Midlands, and was able to continue to devote much 
of his time here to the butterflies of this region which is so 
rich in insect life. 

Ken Pennington was one of the most talented of the half 
dozen amateur entomologists who have so greatly increased 
our knowledge of Southern African butterflies during the last 
50 years. 

He was probably the most expert, and certainly the most 
widely travelled collector in Southern Africa: a man who 
seized on the opportunities offered by motor travel and who 
utilized them to. the full in order, not only to explore new 
areas as they were opened up, but also to re-investigate known 


PLATE XXI 


K. M. Pennington and youthful admirer 


OBITUARY 251 
localities all over the sub-continent. He undertook long jour- 
neys to Mozambique, Rhodesia, Botswana and South West 
Africa and, in addition, covered most of South Africa itseit. 
One factor which contributed to the great success of these trips 
was his remarkable flair in selecting worth-while localities for 
intensive investigation and it is a measure of his skill that 
many of his discoveries were made in supposedly well collected 
areas. 

The collection which he built up, beginning in 1912 under 
the guidance of his father, Archdeacon G. E. Pennington, was 
without doubt the most complete private collection of Southern 
African butterflies. Yet he was much more than a collector: 
he added greatly to our knowledge of their life histories, 
habits and geographical distributions. 

In 1966 his contributions to Southern African entomology 
were marked by his election as President of the Entomological 
Society of Southern Africa. 

The wide scattering of species which carry the specific 
epithet penningtoni can give only a hint of the full number of 
new species which have been described as a result of his activi- 
ties. Material recognised as new by him has formed the basis 
of new species descriptions by N. D. Riley, Brig. W. H. Evans, 
N. H. Bennett and G. E. Tite of the British Museum of Natural 
History; H. Stempffer of the Paris Museum; Dr G. van Son of 
the Transvaal Museum and C. G. C. Dickson of Cape Town. 
From 1948 onwards he himself began describing increasing 
numbers of new species and he named some 27 of these as 
well as 2 new subspecies. His taxonomic judgment was sound, 
and despite the fact that the bulk of his descriptions have to 
do with the difficult lycaenid genera Thestor, Poecilmitis and 
Lepidochrysops, there is little doubt that the new taxa which 
he defined will stand the test of time. 

Ken Pennington was always a moderate collector and he 
‘Was never guilty of capturing more specimens than were neces- 
sary to represent the species in his collection. Nevertheless 
he was always generous with his material and would immedi- 
ately respond to requests for specimens made by other workers 
in connection with taxonomic studies. He was instrumental in 
encouraging and helping many aspiring young entomologists. 

When one considers the breadth of his entomological 
achievements it is difficult to realise that they represent only 
one small facet of the life of this remarkable man. In his 
Capacity as a master at Michaelhouse he will be remembered 
with great affection by many hundreds of boys who came under 
his influence. A man of exceptional integrity and great per- 
sonal charm he set an example of service which few other 
schoolmasters can ever have matched. 

K. M. Pennington is survived by his wife Ruth, his daugh- 
ter Dawn and son Rex (now Rector of Michaelhouse); we ex- 
tend our sincere and deep sympathy to them in their loss. 

C.B.C., Salisbury, Rhodesia. 


202 


ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X/74 


ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF K. M. PENNINGTON 


1940 


1946 
1948 


1951 


1951 
1952 
1993 


1956 


1962 


1963 
1967 


1967 


1967 


1968 


1970 


1970 


197) 


Notes on early stages and distribution of some rare 
South African butterflies. J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 3: 128- 
130. 

Notes on some rare South African butterflies. J. ent. 
Soc. sth. Afr., 9: 20-27. 

Two new species of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalo- 
cera) from South Africa. J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 10: 164- 
169. 

Description of female of Lepidochrysops swanepoeli 
Penn. (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) and variation in male. 
J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 14: 148-149. 

Note on Lepidochrysops hypopolia Trimen. J. ent. Soc. 
sth. Afr., 14: 201. 

Notes on the distribution of some South African butter- 
flies. J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 15: 90-95. 

New species and subspecies and other additions to the 
butterflies of Southern Africa, together with new records 
of little known species. J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 16: 94-111. 
A new species of Thestor Hiibner (Lepidoptera, Lycaeni- 
dae) from the Western Cape Province and notes on the 
life history of Desmolycaena mazoensis Trimen. J. ent. 
Soc. sth. Afr., 19: 33-36. 

Descriptions of a new Neptis, new Lycaenidae and re- 
cords of rare species and additions to the list of 
Southern African Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera). J. ent. 
Soc. sth. Afr., 25: 266-286. 

A check list of the butterflies of Natal and Zululand. 
Durban Mus. Nov., 7: 27-70. 

Descriptions of two new species of Poecilmitis Butler 
(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 29: 
121-123. 

The progress in our knowledge of the Rhopalocera 
(Lepidoptera) of Southern Africa, and data on the great 
migration of Catopsilia florella Fabricius in 1966. J. ent. 
Soc. sth. Afr., 30: 121-125. 

A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke from the 
South Western Cape and a new species of Poecilmitis 
Butler from the North Eastern Cape, (Lepidoptera, 
Rhopalocera, Lycaenidae). Novos Taxos Ent., 51: 1-9. 
A new species of Poecilmitis Butler (Rhopalocera) from 
the South Western Cape. Novos Taxos Ent., 56: 1-8. 

A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke from the 
South-Western Cape (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Lycae- 
nidae). Ann. Natal. Mus. 20: 377-379. 

A new species of Stigionympha van Son from Namaqua- 
land (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Satyrinae). Novos Taxos 
Ent., 80: 1-5. 

A new species of Thestor Hiibner (Lepidoptera, Lycaeni- 
dae) from the Southern Cape. Novos Taxos Ent., 95: 1-7. 


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CONTENTS 


Butterflies) of) Majorca: Mu J.) PERCEVAL (2) uanen ee een eee 225 
L19(S— Ay Remarkable Year: By GOADER nos eee ee eee eee 234 
Some Records of Cranefiies for 1973. E. G. HANCOCK. ............ 239 


Observing Butterflies at Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia, 
Wow Usps, MNOGy y TIE eR (Co EVAR aa NI Eos donaasobanccese 241 


COLTS EI ay Teer UT aa UO Lilies aa Lee 242 


Note on some Water Bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) Collected on 


Cape Clear Island, West Cork. T. K. McCARTHY. ............ 243 
Interspecific Competition in Butterflies. D. G. SEVASTOPULO. .... 244 
Erebia zapateri ab. pseudoneoridas ab. nov. M. J. PERCEVAL. .... 245 


Phaoni aexoleta Mg. (Diptera: Muscidae) New to Ireland. MARTIN 
GND pups od SCH cE Rm a ae nor ean ee non AU RON ar lta Gs Sec oly 246 


Notes and Observations: 
Neolucia serpentata H.-S. (Lep.: Lycaenidae). REV. P. C. 


TEAS WAKER eh. (J itd atedier isle ean ala au hsb pa Neuac tM Ohare er ee 245 
Acherontia atropos L. in Kent. P. A. SOKOLOFF. .......... 246 
Hyles gallii Rott. in Cheshire in June 1974. J. MUGGLE- 
TON} andy! GIB NY ON i eee OURS ee 247 
Butterflies feeding on Antigonon leptosus (Polygonaceae). 
Di GLO SEVASTOPULO Ree SOR AUN ay aN 247 
Day Flying Dipteron taken in M.V. Trap. L. W. SIGGS. ...... 248 
Some Notes on Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hubn. P. A. 
SOR OE OBB i iadiis ain g lal el aevedete ct-epve a ere fetel Slava e tolee alee ae an 248 
Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. radiata Tutt in the Isle of Wight. T. D. 
PHAR NPHOUG Hees eee als a ee SRE ee 248 
Current TALE ATIT SU ye eee Lame te Shale loveseat RCRA Al elie ele aca nL AtL ARON Wanna 248 
Obituary : 
Kenneth May Pennington reine cies wrle latent) atelier «-toho atellealetey ete toket 250 


The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Volume 3. 
JME CHAE MER S=EUUIN ii ions caalie atts wlalidlatererauaite aioe cheat (111) 


T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTL/ND 


OL. 86, Nos. 11 and 12. November/December 1974 


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é ST) 
Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.z.8. 3} 
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of the 
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This book is the only fully comprehensive 
reference work to deal exclusively with the 
biology and ecology of British centipedes. All 
the species to be found in the British Isles, 
including those doubtfully recorded, are fully 
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of the natural history of the group as a whole, 
an explanation of the principles governing 
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PLATE XXII 


azIs [einyeu vo1my (ds snyyojpdsy) jue[d-pooj pue *5 ‘osewy “¢ Sly 
BAIS] Josie, A[qeiepisuod e worz ‘ednd ‘p-§ ‘SsIA 
gt ‘xordde x ‘(SM@IA [e19},e] PUe [eSIOP) Ie{suUI [BUY ‘eAIeT Z-T “Ssly 
(‘T) Difiyy sapie0)py jo seseis Ajreq 
weyoyAM “N ‘H :010Yd 


205 


The Early Stages of Aloeides thyra (L.) (Lep.: 
Lycaenidae) with Notes on Ant Association, 
Distribution and General Ecology of the Species 


! By A. J. M. Ciaassens, M.Sc., Ph.D. 
203 High Level Road, Sea Point, South Africa 


and C. G. C. Dickson, M.Sc. 
Blencathra, Cambridge Avenue, St Michael’s Estate, 
Cape Town, S. Africa 


Summary 

An account is given of the early stages (larva and pupa) 
of the South African Lycaenid butterfly, Aloeides thyra (L.), 
with detailed field observations and reference to ant associ- 
ation. The habits and distribution of this butterfly are con- 
sidered, and some other members of the genus are referred 
to incidentally. Hitherto unknown, the larva of Al. thyra is 
described and figured, while a fuller description is given of 
the pupa than has appeared in any works in the past. 


Introduction 

Up to the present, very little has been published on the 
early stages of Al. thyra, and nothing concerning the larva of 
this species, which seems to have remained quite unknown, 
until very recently. 

Trimen (1887) found a pupa of Al. thyra near Cape Town 
under a stone. The pupa has also been found by the late 
Gowan Clark under stones on Lion’s Head as far back as 1906, 
and some 20 years ago by C. G. C. Dickson in the same locality, 
also under stones. 

A fairly complete account, with some figures, of what was 
considered to be the life-history of Al. thyra has been given 
by Clark and Dickson (1952), but it must be emphasised that 
these observations, apart from the reference to the pupa, 
apply strictly to the subsequently described species Al. 
depicta Tite and Dickson (1968). 


New Material 

Larvae: ‘Two final instar larvae of Al. thura were found by 
the first author on 7th October 1972 and 8th September 1973. 
On both occasions the larvae were situated in small depres- 
sions in the soil under stones covering nests of the small, black 
sugar ant Acantholepis capensis Mayr. (Formicidae: Cam- 
ponotinae). An earlier instar larva was discovered clinging to 
the underside of a stone covering the nest of the ants in which 
the second final instar larva was found. 

Pupae: Three pupae were found by the authors in two 
nests of A. capensis on 7th October 1972 and the first author 
collected another two pupae under similar circumstances on 
28th October 1972 and 26th September 1973. All material 


254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1/74 


referred to above was obtained from the same area on the 
slopes of the Twelve Apestles above Camp’s Bay. Another 
pupa was found on the slopes of Signal Hill above Ocean View 
Drive, Sea Point, on 27th September 1973. The latter speci- 
men was also associated with A. capensis and like most other 
pupae found by the present authors, was attached to the un- 
derside of a rock. The cast skin and head-piece of the larva 
seem usually to remain in position at the anal end of the pupa 
and may become partly embedded in the silk spun previously 
by the larva on the surface of the rock. 


The Larvae 

_ The larva, found in 1972, was in the late final instar and, 
when fully extended decidedly elongated, and narrowing 
towards the distal end. When first discovered it was 20 mm 
long under full extension. (The specimen found in 1973 at- 
tained a length of 24 mm when fully extended). The colour 
was greyish-green, with longitudinal reddish-brown lines and 
two rows of orange patches on the dorsal surface. The colour 
some days before pupation was dull green, with medio-dorsal 
darker-green streak and some very poorly defined traces of 
other longitudinal lines. Apart from very minute specialised 
setae, rather short black spines were scattered over the body 
as a whole. Lateral setae on the ridge and at the extremities 
of the body were largely light-coloured, some darker and in 
general longer than other setae on the larva. 

The tubercles were of the highly specialised form usual in 
this group and related species and, when extruded from their 
short spined casings, curved over towards the honey-gland 
with their long hair-like processes fully extended and spread 
out, the action of the tubercles being very rapid. The head 
was very dark greyish or brown-black, the neck-shield incon- 
spicuous against its background and of a greyish tint. 

The much smaller, earlier instar larva approximated 
closely in form, colouring and marking to the final instar as 
described. The setae were less numerous but longer in pro- 
portion to the size of the larva, as might be expected in an 
earlier instar in this group. 

The larva of Al. thyra is very close to that of depicta T. 
and D., as figured by Clark and Dickson (1971). The colouring 
and pattern are very similar in each case. Some differences 
in detail are apparent in other respects—these including the 
smaller setae and lenticels on certain parts of the larvae. 

Shortly after the larva was put in a glass container it 
attempted to burrow into the soil but soon discontinued this 
activity and moved uvwards against the glass above the soil. 
The larva made no attempt to feed on fine leaved Aspalathus 
with fresh flowers but wandered about the glass, spinnin” 
silk as it went along and resting in a contracted attitude at 
the upper end of the track of silk. Finally it was placed on top 
of the Aspalathus where it remained without changing its 
position and, after a few days pupated without any apparent 


PLATE XXIII 


(7X) MOIA [e1O}Pe] ‘ednd 
(7X) MesIA [BSIOP ‘edndg 
“z ‘“xoidde x) MolA [eso7e] ‘yeJSUL [BUTT O}e] “BAe 
“z -xoidde x) Mora 
[esiop ‘(jSoyT AjesseT ssuryseul Joyjres) reysut [euly oye] ‘BAIeT 
(GTX) (@PXLE “EMOL adep ‘pea Ss.uorT) A ‘oseuy 
(GTX) 
QuETeSG “al O) TED SHALesevinl Teer yseoqoyey JO 'S) P ‘oseuy 
(I) p4shiyy sepreoly 


wieyoyAM N “H :070Ud 


EARLY STAGES OF ALOEIDES THYBA (L.) 200 


attachment, on 3lst October. The butterfly, a moderately 
sized female (fore-wing measurement 15.5 mm) emerged on 
21st November. 

The larva found in i973 pupated but the imago which be- 
came visible through the pupal shell failed to hatch. ‘The 
smaller larva was seen to feed on Aspalathus but died within 
a few days. 

During the first days of its captivity the final instar larva 
described above was kept under observation together with 
some specimens of the ant A. capensis. The ants were seen 
running back and forward over the dorsal surface of the larva 
and whenever an ant arrived at the extended tubercles on 
segment 11 the latter were suddenly retracted. The purpose 
of this strange behaviour was not understood and the obser- 
vations were stopped due to the ants escaping from the con- 
tainer. 

Much has been published on the supposed function of the 
retractile tubercles of the South African Lycaenidae. From 
the observations on numerous species, the larvae of which 
possess the highly developed type of tubercles found in A. 
thyra, it has seemed obvious that if ants are too persistent in 
their efforts to obtain the secretion from the honey-gland, they 
will be deterred by the action of the tubercles when these 
come into full play (Clark, 1940; Dickson, 1940; Clark and 
Dickson. 1956). Clark & Dickson (1956) suggested that the 
tubercles could perhaps be used in the same way to prevent 
small insects other than ants from interfering with the honey- 
gland. Malicky (1969, 1970) suggested that the tubercles of 
butterfly larvae may be rudimental structures of organs which 
have no or little function in attracting ants or in deterring 
them. 


The Pupae 

The pupa found by the second author in 1972 was 14.25 
mm in Jength, robust in proportion and of a general green 
colour. The head piece and old larval skin were attached to 
the anal end. The colour changed gradually and by 24th 
October was largely amber, but brown in places, especially on 
the thorax, above the wing cases, and at the anterior end of 
the pupa. The small spiracles were distinct, under magnifica- 
tion, and dark brown. Very small spines were scattered over 
much of the surface of the pupa but there were no cremastral 
hooks. By 27th October the colour of the forewings was ap- 
parent through the wing-cases, and a large female (forewing 
measurement 18.5 mm) emerged just before 8.30 a.m. on 30th 
October. The wings took an appreciable time to expand, 
showing little or no increase in size for the first eight minutes 
and only attaining their full size 20 minutes after emergence. 
In view of the small size of the host ants and the very narrow 
exits that suit them, one wonders how the comparatively large 
butterfly escapes from the ants’ nest. The unusually long time 
taken by the newly emerged imago to complete wing expan- 


256 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI11/74 


sion may be part of the answer to this problem. Unfortunately 
three of the remaining pupae kept under observation were 
parasitised and another two did not hatch although in both the 
latter cases the wing pattern of the imago became visible 
through the pupal skin. The pupa found on 7.x.1972 produced 
a parasitic fly Blepharella setigera Corti (Diptera: Tachinidae). 

Note: It must be stated that the illustrations of both the 
larvae and the pupae represent the advanced phase, in all 
cases, when the larvae had lost most of the marking as de- 
scribed in the text, prior to pupation, and the pupae had as- 
sumed a dull tone. 


Distribution and Ecology 

True Al. thyra appears to be restricted to the South Western 
Cape, or very nearly so, some of its known localities ex- 
tending up or near to the West coast for a considerable dis- 
tance to the North of Cape Town, i.e. at least well beyond 
Saldanha Bay. The distribution of Al. thyra was at one time 
considered to be much wider, owing to other taxa which have 
ae been separated as distinct species having been included 
with it. 

Al. thyra occurs in various habitats, virtually from the sea 
shore to considerable elevations in mountainous country. It 
habitually settles on the ground or on stones, with its wings 
closed and the underside colouring and pattern rendering it 
inconspicuous against this background. 

The flight period extends from late August or September 
to April or the early part of May. 

Male specimens are as a rule fairly constant in their upper- 
side markings but females may vary noticeably in the develop- 
ment of the dark areas of the upper-side. On the under-side 
both sexes vary greatly in general ground-colour and in the 
detailed pattern of the hind-wings—even if the basic pattern 
of this marking is always present. The ground-colour as a 
whole, of the underside, may range through shades of grey- 
brown, warm-brown or reddish-brown to a beautiful wine- 
colour, this variation occurring in both sexes and apparently 
being found in almost any locality which is frequented. by the 
species. 

The ant A. capensis with which the larvae and pupae of 
Al. thyra were found associated are common on the moun- 
tain slopes of the Cape and they were abundant on the slopes 
of the Twelve Apostles above Camp’s Bay and on the slopes of 
Signal Hill above Sea Point where the authors searched for 
the early stages of thyra. The workers of the ant are shiny 
black and about 4 mm long. The queens, of which usually 
more than one is present in a nest, are about 6 mm long and 
of a dull brown colour. The species is without soldiers. 

The ants are too small to be able to carry the compar- 
tively large Al. thyra larvae into their nests and it may be 
assumed that the larvae crawl into the nests, guided perhaps 


Lawbher7 


Lan 


Saldarrtnt Bai 
Oude Fosp\e 


yeer ta o7Jen7 


PAV 


Groo7 S LOL tihergel 


elhbo, 


Baa uwi 


Ca 

Lis 

Blink werer 
Twelve 4 


Llar. types 


Siveran, 


Siare. 


Sas Fswss 


Wal jesfparl Cr 


@ 
STU) Bay 


— P 
0 ye} 
ee 
er] a 
Say, ' 
oe , 
ea Ss 
2s. 
i 
~~ 


eater) 


: 


Lakers Bay \w 


Lange Vie, * Chwillien 


@ Recelinghuys 


WEED meng 
pay 98 ee 
Oipants River Mins. 
BoecvermschP@ 
pushers 
@ De Hoek 
fda ewer Berg 
UE ee 2 Lasgebeor 
Cen Tae Gy mo 
@ Food Lands Hts O(E/jeipecrer 
Yeerfontern Ritkeech tastec/ Msg © biage/ Vici Pans. 
Arrselein Berg @ Kacbensatzes Kee! 
Watesihey @ S @ De Deoras 
terriers tit’ SOUTH tana, WESTERN 
in in eis lenges Sass ‘Ale Oda@acks We booms Berger 
Groot SpringfurtiNy wBrvbpericn | buapias Hat « Breetnd 20 Not 0 basen res 
Pe lh bosch Sread, © Wkipseure! 0 Neale fan en Hills 
Blaauwderg Stra OVirres Hak Feerlte Dy Tips 
i oe eeeHile Hoof A OHS 
ti en Feodeber 
Cape Town OAT ME aos rams Rs “Deara River Rtedebery 
Lids Heed. & @ Freasch Hoek Mas. 
Blinkwarer Ravi *itellerbesch APE 


0 Herwcmus Hrs. 
Meismond 


20 60 80 


25 50 


© Zenacence/ 
"Greyran 


OSuelerdan 


© Brevastarp 


The distribution of Aloeides thyra (L.), as known to the authors 


Ay 

WA a 
, ee ee eee se 
wu al Sanya iycavee (sana 


a 


ie =o 15 mee pani sey cienher nie emma eee sono 


Bb oi it? va, rin ‘ 


EARLY STAGES OF ALOEIDES THYRA (L.) 257 


by the sense of smell. It is of interest to note that the 
pupae of Al. thyra recorded by Trimen, Clark and Dickson 
(Loc. cit.) were all found under stones but not associated 
with ants. These pupae presumably were left behind when 
the ants abandoned their nests and were unable to carry 
them into their new abodes. 

Al. thyra larvae do not seem to associate with the much 
larger spotted sugar ant, Campanotus maculatus Fabr. 
(Camponotinae) which is also common on the slopes of the 
Twelve Apostles and which were found to be closely associ- 
ated with the early stages of the Lycaenid butterflies Lepido- 
chrysops trimeni (Bethune — Baker) and L. methymna 
(Trimen),. 

It might be assumed, from the fact of both the larvae and 
pupae being found in ants’ nests, that the larvae of Al. thyra 
is not phytophagous throughout its life-cycle. We have no 
evidence, however, of this being so and it is felt that further 
observation in this direction is desirable. The later larva 
which is mentioned and figured, did in captivity feed on the 
food plant up to the time it was ready to pupate. 

Other related species or groups are known to be very 
closely associated with ants, sheltering in their special 
structures, the hollow stems which they frequent, or other 
concealed places, in the larval state, but coming out to feed, 
usually at night, on the food-plant which the species happens 
to use. Several species of Aloeides, including A. depicta. 
have been reared through the entire larval state on Aspal- 
athus laricifolius Berg. and without any ant association. It 
is possible, therefore, that under natural conditions the larva 
of Al. thyra only shelters in ants’ nests, while remaining 
phytophagous. 

Al. thyra seems nearly always to be found in the vicinity 
of Aspalathus laricifolius Berg,. and the second author has ob- 
served eggs being laid in nature at the base of these plants, 
sometimes in sand and on occasion two or more together. 
It may be mentioned that Al. pierus (Cram.) has been seen 
to behave in the same manner when ovipositing, although in 
the case of this species plants other than the known food- 
plant (also Aspalathus) may be selected for this purpose. 


Acknowledgements 
The authors wish to thank Mr H. N. Wykeham for pre- 
paring the photographs for this article, and Dr Jeffrey Kaplan 
for furnishing several localities of the species. Thanks are 
also extended to Dr R. W. Crosskey of the British Museum 
(Nat. Hist.) for identifying the parasite. 


References 
Clark, G. C. (1940). On the Life-Histories of some South African 
Lepidoptera. J. ent. Soc. Sth. Afr., 3: 42-56. 
Clark. G. C. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1952). Some South African 


258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X11/74 


Butterflies. Cape Town. 

Clark, G. C. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1956). The Honey Gland and 
Tubercles of Larvae of the Lycaenidae. Lepid. News (U.S.A.), 
10 (1-2): 37-40. 

Clark, G. C. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1971). Life Histories of the South 
African Lycaenid Butterflies. Cape Town. 

Diekson, C. G. C. (with Gowan Clark), (1940). Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 
32 (6): 545-554. 

Dickson, C. G. C. (1953). J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr., 15 (1): 73-76. 

Malicky, H. (1969). Versuch einer Analyse der (kologischen Bezie- 
hungen zwischen Lycaeniden (Lepidoptera) und Formiciden 
(Hymenoptera), Tidschr. Ent., 112 (8): 213-298. 

Malicky, H. (1970). New Aspects on the association between Lycaenid 
larvae (Lycaenidae) and ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) J. 
Lepid. Soc., 24 (3): 190-202. 

Murray, D. P. (1935). South African Butterflies. A Monograph of 
the Family Lycaenidae. London. 

Tite, G. E., and Dickson, C. G. C. (1968). The Aloeides thyra com- 
plex. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 21 (7): 369-388. 

Trimen, R. (1887). South African Butterflies, 2. 


Discovery of Larvae and Natural Foodplant of 
Least Carpet, /daea vulpinaria Herrich-Scha ffer 


(rusticata sensu auct.) (Lep. : Geometridae) 
By B. K. WEstT 
36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent 


Having previously associated this species in north-west 
Kent with common elm (Ulmus campestris L.) and with that 
alone, althouch to my knowledge the larva has never 
actually been found feeding upon it, I was interested in July 
1972 to find in a very restricted location at Bexleyheath, Kent, 
the moths on many occasions settled upon a wall far removed 
from any elm. Subsequently I noticed freshly emerged speci- 
mens drying their wings there, and so realised that the locality 
must support a colony attached to something other than elm. 
As there were half a dozen isolated and neglected plants of 
Alyssum saxatile L. growing there, I suspected this might be 
the food-plant, and so during the summer of 1973 examined 
these carefully on several occasions, first for eggs and later 
for larvae, but without success. 

In May this year, I made a number of further unsuccess- 
ful daylight searches. However, on 17th May, I visited the 
locality after dark and with the aid of a torch, searched the 
flowers and leaves, but again without success. I then examined 
the considerable accumulation of dirt and dead leaves be- 
neath the clumps and still finding no larvae, as a last resort 
shook some of the debris over a newspaper. Examination of 
this revealed an abundance of small spiders and two small 


GROTE IN HILDESHEIM 259 


Geometrid larvae. Then, by carefully lifting the foliage and 
searching debris beneath the plants, I discovered over a 
dozen more larvae several of which I took. These duly 
pupated and the first J. vulpinaria emerged on 16th June, 
when incidentally I noticed the first feral moths of the season 
on the wall beside the plants. 

Although larvae were not observed eating dead or 
withered leaves, I found two on partly eaten withered 
foliage, and the larvae in captivity completed their growth 
on this. Later, I found eggs at Bexleyheath attached singly 
and insecurely to debris within the clumps of A. sazatile. 

In conclusion, it is interesting to note that the moths 
are to be found only in the vicinity of Alyssum. Similar 
clumps of catmint (Nepeta sp.) and perennial rock cress 
(Arabis sp.) do not have S. vulpinaria resting on their 
adjacent walls. 


Grote in Hildesheim 
By gon) WILKINSON, PheD). elo.) BR LES: 
228 Ninth St. N.E., Washington, D.C., 20002 


In a recent brief biography of Augustus Radcliffe Grote, 
the distinguished nineteenth-century American lepidopterist 
(Wilkinson, 1971), I was able to furnish little new informa- 
tion concerning the least documented period of Grote’s life, 
his residence in Hildesheim, Germany, from 1895 until his 
death in 1903. A recent opportunity to examine German 
sources as well as a complete set of the publications of the 
Roemer-Museum (Hildesheim) has revealed some pertinent 
additional facts about the last years of that controversial 
entomologist who was called by his contemporary Tutt (1903) 
“the best loved and best hated lepidopterist in America’. 

Grote emigrated to Germany in 1884, after selling his 
famous collection of American Lepidoptera to the British 
Museum. Upon taking up residence in Bremen, he event- 
ually married his second wife. Gesa Maria Ruyter, daugh- 
ter of a wealthy tobacco merchant. His faltering financial 
condition revived, Grote was once again able to devote him- 
self to entomological pursuits (Wilkinson, 1971). After a 
long and productive residence in Bremen, at least regarding 
publication, Grote moved to the nearby town of Hildesheim. 

Our chief sources for this little-known end to Grote’s 
amazingly productive life have been his few obituaries, such 
as Tutt’s, which explained that “his reawakening of the 
sleepy museum at Hildesheim, to which he attached him- 
self as an honorary helper some few years ago, is fresh 
in the memory of all of us, and there must be few British 
lepidopterists worthy of the name who are not familiar with 
the quarto brochures that have issued thence of late years” 
(Tutt, 1903). Grote’s German friend Wilhelm Bode ex- 
plained that “ ... seit 1895 bewohnte er Hildesheim und 
war bis zu seinem am 12. September v. Js. erfolgten Tode 


260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XII/74 


am Roemer-Museum tatig, dessen entomologische Abteilung 
er verwaltere. Die Schmetterlingssammlung dieses Instituts 
hat er geradezu musterhaft aufgestellt und niitzte iiberall, wo 
er konnte, dem Museum durch seine reiche Erfahrung und 
seine vielfachen Beziehungen zum Auslande”’ (Bode, 1904). 

The facts reveal that Grote and his family moved to 
Hildesheim in the early spring of 1895, presumably soon 
after the actual writing of his classic “Collecting Noctuidae 
by Lake Erie” (Wilkinson, 1974). The last issue of The 
Canadian Entomologist containing a contribution mailed by 
Grote from Bremen was published in June, and the 15th June 
number of The Entomologist’s Record included Grote’s 
“Spring Notes” from Hildesheim. His papers show that he 
began to collect widely in his new locality, and quickly con- 
ceived the idea of a published monograph on the Lepidoptera 
of the vicinity. He soon became associated with the provincial 
museum which upon the death of one of its founders, Senator 
Dr Hermann Roemer, had been named the Roemer-Museum 
in 1894. This small but very well-stocked repository dis- 
played antiquities, other objets d’art, and a considerable 
natural history collection. 

Grote took the insect displays and study specimens in 
hand, and diligently arranged these as honorary curator, also 
serving on the board of directors of the Vereins fiir Kunde 
der Natur und der Kunst. His own collecting in the surround- 
ing area resulted in a fine series of local specimens for the 
museum, but this was not enough for Grote; he solicited 
insects from correspondents in far parts of the world, includ- 
ing his American friends;:as example, his boyhood comrade 
Edward Graef sent a collection from Brooklyn in 1896. 
Grote made considerable progress in acquisition, mounting 
and arrangement of the Hildesheim insect collections in the 
eight years before his death in 1903, so that in the following 
year the Museum could point with pride in its published 
guide for visitors to the especially extensive and attractive 
holdings of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera assembled by Grote 
(Roemer-Museum, 1904). 

Grote’s own publications during his last years in Hilde- 
sheim approached the remarkable record of productivity 
established in his later American period. Ninety-one titles 
are listed by Derksen and Scheiding-Gollner (1965) from the 
time of Grote’s removal to Hildesheim until the conclusion 
of their bibliography at the end of 1900, and the present 
author has traced scores of additional papers in various 
American, English and German journals during Grote’s last 
few years. He continued to favor The Canadian Entomolo- 
gist with numerous contributions. Several significant papers 
were transmitted to the Proceedings of the American Philo- 
sophical Society, and others range from The Entomologist’s 
Record to the Insektenborse. (The author has fortunately 
acquired a bound volume of Grote’s final publications, includ- 


GROTE IN HILDESHEIM 261 


ing a number of ephemeral German papers, which will hope- 
fully contribute to the completion of his bibliography). 

Grote’s wide-ranging interest in the Lepidoptera, which 
had considerably broadened during his earlier German years, 
was similarly pronounced during his residence in Hildesheim. 
His papers covered a spectrum of topics from a continuing 
critique of Francis Walker’s type specimens at the British 
Museum to an increasing concern with the evolution of the 
Lepidoptera and the resulting classification of the Rhopalo- 
cera. The transition from his earlier pre-occupation 
(eminently useful as it was) with naming species and genera 
indicates a profound awareness of the direction entomology 
was taking, and Grote’s studies of such topics as wing neura- 
tion make very interesting reading for those interested in the 
development of contemporary concepts (although of 
course serious study of wing neuration in the Lepidoptera 
originated in the eighteenth century). 

In Hildesheim, Grote continued to express the same 
reverie about his American residence and sense of “exile” 
which was evident in his Bremen writings (Wilkinson, 1974). 
He felt that his American friends had forgotten him, which 
was not entirely true, as American investigators continued 
to send him specimens for identification and comment, and 
sometimes contributed to the museum at Hildesheim. His 
sense of isolation was always present, though often sub- 
merged. Shortly before leaving for Hildesheim, Grote con- 
tributed some verses to a celebration for his early Brooklyn 
teacher at the State Street School, Joseph Deghuée, recalling 
the early influences which now meant so much to him: 

A moment pause! The air is stirred 
From far across the main; 
A scholar’s waiting for the word, 
Wants to be heard again. 
Look round the board! Of all you taught, 
If few attend today— 
If any of us came to naught, 
If others made their way. 
All loved you. More can not be said, 
O, teacher wise and true! 
The light that you upon us shed, 
In love returns to you. 
Fill for the absent ones a cup, 
Whose hearts are yours always. 
And fill the goblet brimming up 
A thousand healths—Deghuée! (Grote, 1895a). 

Grote’s poem hardly rises to the level of his much earlier 
verses in Rip van Winkle: A Sun Myth and Other Poems 
(1882), some of which demonstrated unusual skill, but it sug- 
gests the reminiscences which haunted him in his later years. 
Even in the delight of field experiences, which Grote de- 
scribed with a literary quality subordinate to few other ento- 


262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XII/74 


mologists, there was a sense of loss; collecting the magnifi- 
cent Emperors Apatura ilia and iris, during his first summer 
in Hildesheim, Grote noted that both species had been “un- 
usually abundant... Although very difficult to capture, eight 
or nine specimens were netted on July 9th, while feeding on 
droppings on the wood roads, or resting a moment on the 
bushes fringing the paths. At least fifty were seen during 
the morning. While engaged in the exciting chase, the 
perspiration (from the exertion and the great heat of the 
day) starting from every pore, the hunter could not help re- 
membering the charming paper on Iris in the April number 
of the Record, and wishing, with all his heart, that the 
talented author [Hewett, 1895] had shared the wild joy and 
deep despair experienced on the occasion. The specimen, 
which was almost in the net, was evidently so much fresher 
—yjust from the chrysalis—than the one really bagged, that 
the failure to catch it cast a gloom over all existence. One 
lovely Iris was struck by the ring of the net, and dropped 
in the grass, from whence it arose wildly, and, in less than 
half a second, had soared over the highest oak. One peer- 
less beauty lost a good bit of one hind wing in the struggle, 
but is otherwise so bright, that now, on the setting board, 
with the damage covered up for the moment by the paper 
strip, it reconciles one to this sad life” (Grote, 1895b). 


So despite his feeling of isolation, Grote had not lost his 
inimitable talent for describing the chase, so evident in some 
of his earlier works, and he had not lost his characteristic 
and curiously perverse wit; in a communication to The 
Canadian Entomologist he complained that “I find my name 
Melanomma auricinctaria changed to M. auricinctarium. I 
protest against this alteration in my original spelling. In 
all cases the gender implied originally by the author should 
be conformed to subsequently ....If I conceive of 
Melanomma auricinctaria as a golden-ringed, black-eyed 
woman, there is none competent to contradict me and insist 
that I should conceive of it as a golden-ringed, black-eyed 
stone!” (Grote, 1898). 

Preserving his characteristic idiosyncracies to the last, 
A. Radcliffe Grote died in 1903, but not until he had wrought 
a considerable change at what Tutt had called Hildesheim’s 
sleepy museum. Grote not only contributed to the Roemer- 
Museum’s insect collections, but the Mitteilungen aus dem 
Roemer-Museum series was initiated and, at least for a while, 
largely supported by his contributions on the Lepidoptera. 
Seven of the nineteen numbers published before Grote’s 
death were written by him. They are described in the follow- 
ing bibliography, compiled from a complete series of the 
Mitteilungen at the Geological Survey Library, Washington, 
D.C., and incomplete sets at various other American 
libraries. 

No. 1. Systema Lepidopterorum Hildesiae juxta opera 


GROTE IN HILDESHEIM 263 


praeliminaria, quae ediderunt Bates, Scudder, Gulielmus 
Mueller, Comstock, Dyar, Chapman compositum. Pp. [1-4]. 
In Latin, dated August 1895. An arrangement of the Lepi- 
doptera of the Hildesheim area into suborders, super- 
families and families, with type species for families. No 
wrappers present in examined copies, although they may 
well have been printed. 

No. 2. Not by Grote. 

No. 3. Die Apateliden. Pp. [1], 2-18, 2 plates. In German, 
dated January 1896. A monograph on the family Apatelidae 
(Lepidoptera), of Grote’s superfamily Agrotides. 

Blue printed wrappers. 

No. 4. Not by Grote. 

No. 5. Not by Grote. 

No. 6. Die Saturniiden (Nachtpfauenangen). pp. 
[1], 2-28, [29-32], 3 plates. In German, dated June, 1896. A 
discussion of the family Saturniidae, with evolutionary dia- 
gram, figures of wing venation and chaetotaxy, and a list of 
the Saturniids of North America and Europe. Blue printed 
wrappers. 

No. 7 System der nordamerikanischen Schmetterlinge. 
Pp. [1-4]. In German, dated 10th November, 1896. A divi- 
sion of North American Lepidoptera into suborders, super- 
families and families, the latter with types, in the manner of 
No. 1. No wrappers present in the only copy examined, 
although they may have been printed. 

No. 8. Die Schmetterlingsfauna von Hildesheim. Ersten 
Theil: Tagfalter. Pp. [1], 2-44, [45-52], 4 plates. In German, 
dated February, 1897. A discussion of the classification of 
the Rhopalocera of Hildesheim (suborders, \superfamilies, 
families), their charateristics and types; an evolutionary dia- 
gram; diagrams of wing venation; these followed by an in- 
troduction to the butterflies of the Hildesheim area and a 
catalogue. The plates are of wing venation. The catalogue 
includes type species, as well as localities and dates of cap- 
ture of specimens. Grey printed wrappers. 

No. 9. Entwurf eines diphyletischen Stammbaumes der 
europdischen Tagfalter. Pp. [1-4]. In German, dated August, 
1897. Title page and diagram, “Versuch eines diphyletischen 
Stammbaumes der europdischen Tagfalter, wesentlich 
begriindet auf die Entwickelung des Fligelgedders.” No 
wrappers present in the only copy examined, although they 
may have been printed. 

No. 10. Not by Grote. 

No. 11. Systema Lepidopterorum Hildesiae. Zweite 
Folge. Phylogenie und Begrenzung der Tagfalter-Familien, 
hierzu Stammbaum und Tafel. Pp. [1], 2-10, 1 plate. In 
German, dated April, 1900. The second fascicle of No. 1. A 
classification of the Hildesheim butterflies, with an evolu- 
tionary diagram and a plate illustrating wing venation, Grey 
printed wrappers. 


264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/X11/74 


[Grote’s attempt to produce an extensive work on the 
Lepidoptera of the Hildesheim region was realized by his 
friend Wilhelm Bode (1907), who published a catalogue on 
the same plan, with additions and emendations]. 


References 
Bode, W. (1904). A. Radcliffe Grote. Allg. Z. Ent. 9: 1-6. 
Bode, W. (1907). Die Schmetterlingsfauna von Hildesheim. Mitt. 
Roemermus. Hildesheim, 22. 
Derksen, W., and U. Scheiding-Géllner. (1965). Index litteraturae 
entomologicae, 1864-1900, II. Berlin. 


228. 

Grote, A. R. (1882). Rip van Winkle: A sun myth and other poems. 
London. 

Grote, A. R. (1895a). Untitled poem. In Deghuee alumni. Can. Ent., 27: 
228. 


Grote, A. R. (1895b). Notes of the season. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 
7: 64-65. 

Grote, A. R. (1898) Corrections. Can. Ent., 30: 327. 

Hewett, G. M. A. (1895) Iris. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 6: 145-147 

Roemer-Museum, (1904). Allgemeiner Fiihrer durch die Sammlungen 
des Roemer-Museums. Hildesheim. 

Tutt, J. W. (1903). Current notes. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 15: 272. 

Wilkinson, R. S. (1971). Foreword. In Grote, A. R. An illustrated 
essay on the Noctuidae of North America. Hampton, Middlesex. 

Wilkinson, R. S. (1974). The genesis of A. R. Grote’s “Collecting 
Noctuidae by Lake Erie’. Great Lakes Entomol. 7: 16-18 


A Note on some Water Bugs (Hemiptera-Heter- 
optera) Collected on Cape Clear Island, 
West Cork 


(Concluded from p. 243) 


In conclusion, the writer wishes to thank Dr G. A. Walton 
for advice and for confirming identifications. 


References 

Macan, T. T. (1964). A revised key to the British water-bugs (Hemip- 
tera-Heteroptera). Freshw. biol. Assoc. sci. publ., 16: 1-77. 

Sharrock, J. T. R. (1973). The Natural History of Cape Clear Island. 
Poyser, Berkhamstead. 

Southwood, T. R. E. (1956). The Zoogeography of the British Hemip- 
tera-Heteroptera. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 
111-125. 


LYCAENA PHLAEAS L. AB. CUPRINUS PEYERIMHOFF IN THE ISLE 
or Wicut. — I captured a fine fresh female of ab. cuprinus 
near Ventnor on 19th August 1973. The summer brood of 
phlaeas was in good numbers at this locality and I also ob- 
served several specimens of ab. caeruleopunctata Ruhl.—T. 
D. Frarnenoucnu, 26 Green Lane, Shanklin, 


NOTES ON BRITISH CIONINI (COL.) 2609 


Notes on British Cionini (Col.) mainly arising 
out of Mr Cunningham’s findings in the 
Portsmouth Area 

By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. ‘ 
49 Montcalm Road, London, SE7 8QG 


Mr P. Cunningham’s valuable survey of the figwort- 
weevils (Cionini) of the Portsmouth area of South Hamp- 
shire (antea: p. 184) prompts a number of questions, etc., 
which, with a few related points, I thought it might be worth- 
while to touch on; hence the following brief comments, often 
with reference to the writer’s experience of these pretty and 
highly interesting little beetles gained in the course of nearly 
half a century’s intermittent collecting in southern England. 
The points calling for remark are ranged under five head- 
ings in roughly the sequence in which they occur in Mr 
Cunningham’s paper. 

For purposes of convenience and brevity, Cleopus pul- 
chellus will be considered throughout as though it were a 
Cionus — as indeed it was so treated in all the literature up 
to quite late. 


1. Means of protection. — Mr Cunningham makes the 
interesting observation that the death-feigning reflex ap- 
pears to be weakest in C. alauda. May not this fact be 
somehow connected with its peculiar coloration? For Cionus 
alauda is one of a small group’ (for which I would propose 
the descriptive term ornithocopromimes) whose character 
istic style of coloration—basically white, with darker shades 
intermixed, or with grey and brown moitlings, clouds, or 
marblings—causes them to be easily passed over, when at 
rest, as small pieces of bird-dropping. In proportion to the 
success of this mimicry, evolutionary pressure to develop a 
death-feigning reflex (even though its possession would be 
an added advantage) would tend to be slackened. 


Our other Cionini have no such resemblance or very little. 
When sitting in the middle of a leaf, for instance, the adult 
weevils are conspicuous enough; but in fact they are very 
often to be found at or near the tips of the shoots amongst 
flower-buds or seed-vessels where their somewhat disrup- 
tive (?) coloration makes them, perhaps, less easily seen. The 
curious velvety-black spots at base and apex of elytra, so 
characteristic of the tribe, probably play some part here. 
The brownish-green or grey-green tint of the hortulanus- 
group species may well be procryptic in effect. 

The short, fat, sluggish and indeed slug-like larvae are no 
doubt protected both by their covering of slime and by their 


1The majority of them are small moths 


266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1/74 


likeness to the seed-vessels of the plant. This resemblance 
would apply also to the cocoons. 

It should be noted that the freely exposed larvae and 
cocoons of the Cionini are very closely paralleled in another 
weevil group, the Phytonomini (Hyperini). The two tribes 
are not usually considered to be closely allied as far as imag- 
inal structure is concerned, in which case they would seem 
to present a remarkable instance of convergent evolution as 
regards the biology of the early stages. 

2. Mixed colonies—The normal maximum (possibly oc- 
casionally exceeded) is four species coexisting on the same 
plant specimen, these in my experience being scrophulariae, 
alauda, hortulanus and pulchellus together on a plant of S. 
nodosa. Such a community is by no means rare. One gene- 
rally finds in these cases that one or both of the smaller 
species present (alauda, pulchellus) are fewer or much fewer 
in numbers than the other, larger, species—suggesting that 
the former are experiencing some stress of competition. Pre- 
sumably tuberculosus can replace scrophulariae locally 
in mixed colonies (but see under 4); or the two might co-exist 
with probable elimination of one of the others. Evidence on 
this matter would be of interest. The commonest combina- 
tions are of either two or three species in company; to find 
one species, other than tuberculosus, in sole possession of a 
single figwort plant? is so much more unusual that the 
question arises whether there may not be some (obscure) 
advantage to the weevils in some degree of interspecific sym- 
biosis. In fact I cannot recollect ever having met with such 
an instance personally; but as Mr Cunningham has so found 
hortulanus several times, as well as tuberculosus, most likely 
my memory is at fault here. 

When two species are found cohabiting, they seem more 
often to be either alauda and scrophulariae, or pulchellus 
and hortulanus, than any of the other possible pairs. Again 
however, more precise observations are needful. 

As to the alternative host-genus, Verbascum, the experi- 
ence of both of us is so different from what it has been with 
Scrophularia ‘see the following section) that, in spite of the 
statements of Fowler (1891) and other authors, it would ap- 
pear improbable that as many as four species could be found 
living together on any one mullein plant, in a state of nature, 
in Britain. 

3. Foodplants.—Though al] 7 of our recorded Cionini are 
stated in the literature to occur on Verbascum (mostly V. thap- 
sus, the hairy mullein) as well as on Scrophularia, and one (G 
longicollis) on the former only, nevertheless it is general ex- 
perience that they are more commonly found on the two fig- 
wort species, S. nodosa and S. aquatica. I have myself met with 


J refer, of course, to established breeding populations, not to casual 
individuals 


NOTES ON BRITISH CIONINI (COL.) 267 


only three of the weevil species on mullein (as far as records 
and memory go): these are hortulanus (a few times), thapsi 
(thapsus auct.)—frequent on the North Downs about Box Hill 
in Surrey, also but rather less often on S. nodosa — and pul- 
chellus once, sparingly, near Marlborough in Wilts. In each 
case the plant was V. thapsus. C. pulchellus alone is not re- 
corded by Fowler from Verbascum, but mine is not the only 
such find. 

Despite what has just been said, it is surely extraordinary 
that no Cionini at all were found on any of about 500 plants of 
V. nigrum and about 80 of V. thapsus examined by Mr Cun- 
ningham. Fowler gives V. nigrum (dark mullein) as a foodplant 
of C. alauda but it is possible that some of his host data may be 
taken from foreign works: in our insular fauna many insects 
tend to have more specialised habits or tastes than they do 
abroad. Linssen (cited by Mr Cunningham) copies Fowler’s 
data almost throughout his two volumes and is highly un- 
reliable for up-to-date information; he must certainly be wrong 
in stating that dark mullein is “the” foodplant of C. hortu- 
lanus, though it may perhaps be a foodplant. 

I can assure Mr Cunningham that other species besides 
tuberculosus are to be found on the water betony, Scrophu- 
laria aquatica; those I have encountered are (definitely) scro- 
phulariae and alauda, e.g. in East Kent, and (less certainly) 
pulchellus. I am inclined, however, to doubt whether hortu- 
lanus breeds on S. aquatica—unless perhaps quite exception- 
ally. In any case-J agree that in general nodosa is much the 
more favoured plant. 

There are by now a good many references in the literature 
— and others unpublished — to the occurrence of various 
species of these weevils on buddleia in gardens. That they will 
breed freely on this and certain related exotic plants seems 
odd in view of their normal restriction in the wild in Britain to 
only two genera of the Scrophulariaceae when there are many 
others also available. 

Much doubtless remains to be learnt about host-prefer- 
ences, etc., in the various species. The findings rather suggest 
that there may be local or regional differences in this respect 
which in the present state of knowledge are quite unaccount- 
able. 


4. Relative incidence, etc. — It is possible to arrange our 
species in order of general or overall frequency. This of 
course will differ somewhat according to the individual collec- 
tor or observer; my own experience indicates the following 
order for the southern and S.E. districts at least (proceeding 
from more to less common): scrophulariae, hortulanus, alauda, 
pulchellus, tuberculosus (very local), thapsi (ditto, and only on 
the chalk), longicollis. This brings me to the second exceeding- 
ly strange negative finding reported by Mr Cunningham: the 
apparent absence of C. scrophulariae in the areas worked by 


268 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1/74 


him. | think most coleopterists would place this as on the 
whole our most frequent species, of almost general distri- 
bution in at any rate the southern counties. Perhaps in certain 
districts it tends to be replaced by tuberculosus, which I have 
never found in company with scrophulariae, and only once 
both in the same locality (Rickmansworth, Herts.). C. tuber- 
culosus has been very local to me; near London I have found 
it only on the N. and N.E. fringe, but there abundantly in a few 
spots, especially on S. nodosa along hedgebanks; Fowler’s 
“marshy places’, therefore, is not always apt. C. hortulanus, 
I would say,—often with pulchellus—is commonest in shaded 
situations, e.g. beside woodland paths or in clearings. I am not 
aware of ever having found it mixed with the very similar- 
looking thapsi, a species of downland, chalk cuttings, etc. 

With gregarious insects such as these, terms like ‘common’ 
and ‘rare’ are naturally to be understood as relating, not to 
the numbers of a species in an average colony, but to the fre- 
quency of its colonies in the area in question. Thus even the 
most local species may be as numerous, where it occurs, as the 
least local. At the same time it will be evident that none is 
really common in the sense of occupying nearly all (apparent- 
ly) suitable habitats in a given area—which in fact is true of 
the great majority of insects in varying degrees. 


5. A further species from Portsdown. — To complete the 
record of these weevils in the area of Mr Cunningham’s re- 
searches, it should be noted that the first known British 
examples of Cionus longicollis Bris. were taken by H. Mon- 
creaff in 1871 “off a plant of Verbascum thapsus growing in 
an old roadway at Portsdown”. In Ent. Mon. Mag. 1894, 30: 
100, where this record is given, G. C. Champion points out that 
some of the specimens were previously determined as C. 
thapsi; this may, therefore, be the basis of Fowler’s record of 
the latter “Portsdown ... (Moncreaff)’ though there is no 
reason why both species should not have occurred there. C. 
longicollis has a very restricted distribution in this country; 
Moncreaff remarked in a letter to Champion that he never 
met with it again, but it was later reported from Harewood 
Forest in N. Hants. by J. R. Tomlin. Its British headquarters at 
the present time is the Suffolk/Norfolk Breckland. However, 
it is tempting to speculate that it could yet persist in some 
out- of- the-way nook in the original district; if so, I hope that 
Mr Cunningham will be fortunate enough to rediscover it. 

In conclusion, I should like to urge those who encounter 
these and other species of the two plant genera concerned 
(particularly Verbascum) to examine them well for weevils. 
There are on the Continent several species of Cionini and 
Gymnetrini not yet known to occur here, but of which some 
might possibly be found if their hosts are searched. Warm 
sheltered hollows or south-facing slopes of the chalk probably 
offer the best chances. For instance, Cionus olens F. was once 


DIMORPHISM IN PAPILIO PUPAE 269 


taken in Britain (one specimen, locality unknown) but has not 
been found since and requires confirmation; it lives on the 
hoary mullein, V. pulverulentum. Another Cionine, Stereony- 
chus fraxini Deg., is common e.g. through Denmark, and ought 
to be found with us even if only rarely. Its foodplant is the 
common ash, the foliage of which is not known to support any 
British beetle and thus may receive too little attention from 
collectors. 


Dimorphism in Papilio Pupae 
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S. 


c/o Reynolds & Co., P.O. Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya 


Before describing a recent experiment with Papilio demo- 
docus Esp., I propose making some general remarks and re- 
capitulations. 

Broadly speaking the pupae of the African and Indian 
Papilios, with which I am well acquainted, both at first hand 
and from literature, can be divided into two groups, those 
which are highly procryptic in shape, and those which are 
not. The former, which includes the cylindrical, stick-like 
pupae of Chilasa Moore and the dried, curled leaf-like pupae 
with projecting subdorsal processes of Polydorus Swains., are 
usually monomorphic and brown in colour, although the pupa 
of C. paradoxa (Zinken-Sommer) is said to be green or brown 
‘according to the colour of the twig to which it is fastened’ 
(Talbot, Fauna of British India, Butterflies, i, 2nd edit.), and 
that of P. dasarada (Moore) is said to be greenish yellow with 
lilacine stripes (Taibot, loc. cit.). On the other hand the pupae 
of Troides Hbn., Papilio L. and Graphium Scop. are not par- 
ticularly procryptic and are usuaily dimorphic, having a green 
and a dark form. Possibly polymorphic would be a better 
term as, although the green forms are fairly constant, the 
dark forms vary quite considerably in shade, and P. demoleus 
L. and P. demodocus have a pink form as well. There are 
exceptions to this, for instance the highly specialised, flattened, 
leaf-like pupa of P. dardanus Brown is, as might be expected, 
always green. Another exception is the pupa of Graphium 
pylades (F.), which is always green, but this exhibits a certain 
degree of dimorphism in the presence or absence of small 
purplish marks above the subdorsal pale line. The invariable 
green coloration of the pylades pupa is something of a puzzle, 
the larvae are common on a small tree of the food-plant 
growing in my garden, but I have never found a pupa formed 
under its leaves and, as the pupa often undergoes a fairly 
long diapause, it seems likely that it is formed away from the 
food-plant, which is deciduous. Incidentally Talbot’s state- 
ment that the pupa of Trozdes is sustained by separate lateral 
threads attached to a tubercle on each side of the pupa is in- 
correct. A little thought will show that this form of attach- 
ment is a physical impossibility as the tubercles do not exist 


270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XII/74 


when the threads are spun. The pupa is actually supported 
by a girdle in the usual way, but the portion across the dorsum 
is not visible as it has been embedded in the cuticle by the 
een of the pupa when it was newly formed and the cuticle 
soit. 

An exact para!lel occurs in the larval coloration of the 
choerocampine Sphingidae in general and the genus Rhagas- 
tis Roths. & Jord. in particular. There are species whose 
larva is always green, others where it is always brown, and yet 
others where the larva is dimorphic—either green or brown. 

A point that I have never seen recorded in print is the 
fact that it is impossible to forecast the final colour of Papilio 
pupae in the pharate stage, in some other species—Danaus 
chrysippus (L.) (Danaidae) with its green or pink pupa, and 
many species of the genus Colotis Hubner (Pieridae) with 
their green or straw-coloured pupae, for example—the final 
colour of the pupa is plainly discernable in the late pharate 
stage, but the dark colour of Papilio pupae does not develop 
until after the final larval skin has been shed and the pupa 
is in the process of hardening. Empty pupa shells of chry- 
sippus and Colotis are visually indistinguishable, colourless 
and transparent, irrespective of the original colour of the 
pupa, but the colour of the empty pupa shells of Papilio re- 
main distinct after the imago has emerged. 

Probably the oldest explanation for this dimorphism was 
that it was a means to match the surroundings in which the 
pupa was placed and there was considerable discussion and 
experimentation to ascertain how the dimorphism was acti- 
vated, whether, for example, the stimulus was visual through 
the eyes or through special colour perceptors placed some- 
where on the body. (Poulton, 1892). 

Collecting and breeding the citrus-feeding P. polytes L. 
and P. demoleus in India, I found so many exceptions to this 
‘matching’ theory that I became dissatisfied and conducted 
some rather crude experiments with the two species. The full- 
fed larvae, after passing their final evacuation, were confined 
in circular tins, enamelled inside in various colours, both 
natural and unnatural, and covered with a piece of glass, and 
left to pupate. The overall results, which were too small to be 
statistically significant, did little to confirm the ‘matching’ 
theory, but it was noticed that those larvae that slipped 
through their girdles and pupated at the bottom of the con- 
tainer produced a far higher proportion of brown pupae than 
those that had pupated successfully suspended by their 
girdles. This suggested that movement by the larva immedi- 
ately prior to pupation might be a factor controlling the pro- 
duction of brown pupae. (Sevastopulo, 1948). 

In 1956 a paper was published (Hidaka, 1956) describing 
experiments with the Japanese species P. xuthus L. and P. 
protenor demetrius Cr. It was stated that all pupae formed in 
a small, dark box were of the brown form and that, in July 


DIMORPHISM IN PAPILIO PUPAE 271 


and August, when the weather was very hot, the majority of 
the pupae were green. It is not altogether clear from the 
text that these green pupae were not formed in the small, 
dark boxes, but the inference is that they were not. For this 
reason the experiments were carried out in June, September 
and October. The first series of experiments consisted of 
tying a fine silk ligature tightly round the pharate pupa at 
either 7 a.m. or noon following the evening during which the 
larva suspended itself. The result of the 7 a.m. ligature was 
to produce a parti-coloured pupa, the part posterior to the 
ligature green and that anterior brown. When the ligature 
was placed at noon, all the pupae were completely brown. 
The second series consisted of destroying various ganglions 
and it was found that pharate pupae without the ganglion of 
the head, the suboesophageal ganglion or the prothoracic 
ganglion always produced green pupae, whilst those that 
were without the ganglion of the meso-thorax or the first 
abdominal somite mostly produced brown pupae. From this it 
was deduced that it was essential that the complex of the 
cervical, the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglions to be 
intact during the prepupal period if a brown pupa was to be 
produced, and it was suggested that the brown colour was 
the result of a hormone produced, or controlled, by them. 
West (see below) refers to additional Japanese papers, but I 
have not seen them. 

Very little else appears to have been published until 
fairly recently when the suggestion was put forward that the 
dimorphism in the pupae of P. demodocus might be seasonal, 
green pupae appearing in the rainy season and brown in the 
dry (Owen, 1971). 

About the same time another paper appeared (Oldroyd, 
1971), pointing out that chemically the difference between the 
empty pupa shells of green and brown pupae of P. memnon 
L., was the presence of melanin in the latter and its absence in 
the former. 

A further paper (Clarke & Sheppard, 1972) gave details 
of the proportions of green to brown pupae of the American 
Battus philenor (L.) found in the wild and described experi- 
ments with large numbers of pupae of P. polytes bred in cap- 
tivity. In philenor there appeared to be some relationship be- 
tween the thickness of the twig on which the pupa was 
formed and the colour, thin twigs producing green pupae and 
thick ones brown. From the results of the experiments with 
polytes, it was suggested that the normal pupal colour was 
ereen and that brown pupae only appeared as the result of 
certain stimuli. 

In the course of personal correspondence, Professor 
Clarke informed me of experiments carried out with philenor 
in America which suggested that the stimulus needed to pro- 
duce brown pupae was roughness of the surface to which it 
was attached. 


272 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1/74 


I, therefore, decided to work on those lines with P. demo- 
docus. The apparatus was simple — glass jars of approxim- 
ately 4” in height and 1%,” in diameter were lined, either in- 
side or out, with sandpaper, the mouth being covered either 
by a piece of sandpaper with a weight on it, or by a piece of 
glass with sandpaper above. The larvae were placed in these 
pupating jars immediately after they had passed their final 
evacuation, usually some time in the evening, and the jars 
were kept in a closed wooden box until pupation was com- 
pleted. The results were as follows: — 


Smooth surface Rough surface 
Green pupae 11 (23-40%) LG La89%) 
Brown pupae 25 (53-20%) 90 (94:34%) 
Pink pupae 11 (23-40%) 2 (Sao) 


There can be no doubt from these figures that the rough sur- 
face produced more brown pupae than the smooth, but is this 
purely the effect of the surface, or does the rough surface 
tend to make the pupating larva wander further before it 
finally settles down and spins its girdle? 

The above figures have been somewhat distorted by a 
factor that was not appreciated until it was too late, but 
which does tend to support the hypothesis that the brown 
pupal colour results from movement. During the early part 
of the experiment, larvae were not very numerous and it was 
possible to rear each larva, often from the egg, in a separate 
container. Later in the experiment larvae became far too 
numerous for this to be possible and they were reared in 
batches of about twelve larvae until half way through the 
last instar when they were separated and transferred to 
individual containers. All through the experiment, either by 
accident or design, an occasional larva was allowed to pupate 
in the container in which it had fed among the leaves. During 
the first part of the experiment, when all larvae were being 
reared separately, all these pupae were green, in the latter 
part they were invariably brown. Similarly no green pupae 
appeared in either the rough or the smooth containers during 
the second part of the experiment. Unfortunately this was 
not realised until too late, otherwise the contrast between 
the two sets of figures would have been far greater. It is pro- 
posed to repeat the experiment using only larvae that have 
been reared separately. 

(to be continued) 


PYRONIA TITHONUS L. AB. ALBIDUS COCKERELL IN THE ISLE OF 
Wicut.—I captured a specimen of this aberration on the 
downs above Ventnor on 4th August 1973. The specimen is 
female and unfortunately damaged, and still more unfor- 
tunately it had already disposed of all its eggs. It is interest- 
ing that in the same area, E. Cornell captured a specimen of 
ab. albidus in 1920 and J. Lobb a specimen of ab. minckii in 
1961.—T. D. FEaARNEHOUGH, 26 Green Lane, Shanklin. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 275 


Lepidoptera Aberdeenshire and 
Kincardineshire 
By R. M. PALMER 
(Continued from page 44) 


X. castanea Esp. 

Scarce and local (Trail, 1878). Widely distributed and not 
rare (Reid, 1893). 

A. Common. Blacktop; Derncleugh (Cowie, 1902). Not un- 
common. Tyrebagger Hil; Kintore; Fintray; Corby Loch 
(R.M.P.). Ordie; Dinnet; Ballater (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Blackhall, scarce (Horne, 1904). St Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 
(E.C.P.-C.). 


X. sexstrigata Haw. 
A. & K. Common. 


X. xanthographa D. & S. 
A. & K. Abundant. 


X. agathina Dup. 

A. Inverurie, not uncommon (Trail, 1878). Nigg (Cowie, 
1902). Forvie N.N.R. (R.M.P.). Ordie, 1971; Dinnet, 1971 
(E.C.P.-C.). Bennachie, 1973, one (R.M.P.). 


Naenia typica L. 

Common (Trail, 1878). Abundant (Reid, 1893). 

A. Not uncommon. Murcar Links; Nigg; Hazelhead (Cowie, 
1902). Scarce. Dyce, 1968, 1971 (R.M.P.). Aberdeen (E.P.). 

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894). Durris Forest, one, 1969 
(E.P.). 


Eurois occulta L. 


Local and scarce (Trail, 1878). Widely distributed and not 
uncommon (Reid, 1893). 

A. Occasional Murcar Links; Nigg; Derncleugh (Cowie, 
1902). Forvie N.N.R., one, 1970 (R.M.P.). Ballater, one, 1971 
(EAC -C.,). 

K. Blackhall, scarce (Horne, 1904). 


Anaplectoides prasina D. & S. 

A. Fyvie, once (Trail, 1878). Very rare; Fyvie, Hazelhead 
and Pitcaple (Reid, 1893). Scarce; Hazelhead, Cluny and Mony- 
musk (Cowie, 1902). Not uncommon; Newmachar, Dyce, Tyre- 
bagger Hill, Bucksburn, Fintray (R.M.P.). Park, one, 1971 
(E.P.). Dinnet, 1970; Cambus o’May, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Blackhall, scarce (Horne, 1904). 


Cerastis rubricosa D..& S. 
A. & K. Quite common. 


274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XII/74 


Anarta myrtilli L. 
A. & K. On all moors (Trail, 1878). On all inland moors, 
but scarce near the coast (R.M.P.). 


A. eordigera Thunb. 

A. Morrone Hill, rare (Trail, 1878). Braemar, scarce 
(Cowie, 1902). Linn of Dee, at about 1300’, common, 1973 
(D.B., R.M.P.). Between Kemnay and Inverurie, one, c. 1967 
(W.McW.). 


A. melanopa Thunb. 

A. Braemar, rare (Trail, 1878); not uncommon (Cowie, 
1902). Morrone Hill, 1960; Mountains north of Braemar, 1964 
(E.C.P.-C.). Ben Avon, 3500’, 1970 (R.M.P.). Beinn a Bhuird, 
3600’, 1970 (R.M.P.); 1973 (N.B.). 


Discestra trifolii Hufn. 
Local and rare (Trail, 1878). 
A. Rare, Pitcaple (Reid, 1893). 
K. Muchalls (Palmer, 1972). 


Hada nana Hufn. 

Abundant (Trail, 1878), Common, mostly on the coast 
(Esson, 1890). 

A. Braemar (James, 1912). Common at Forvie N.N.R., also 
found regularly at Dyce, Newmachar, Kintore (R.M.P.), and 
Braemar (E.C.P.-C.), at Crathie, 1969 and Ballater, 1973 
(EGE @>)) 

K. St. Cyrus (Gunning, 1896). 


Polia hepatica Clerck 

A. Castletown (Braemar), abundant (Trail, 1878). Ordie, 
1973: Cambus o’May, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Scarce, Banchory (Cowie, 1903). 


Mamestra brassicae L. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on Brassicae (R.M.P.), especially 
cauliflower (M.S.), also gladioli in Aberdeen, 1969 (M.S.). 


Lacanobia thalassina Hufn. 

Local and scarce (Reid, 1893). Local but not rare (Trail, 
1878). 

A. & K. Quite common (R.M.P.). 


L. oleracea L. 
A. & K. Very common. 


L. biren Goeze: bombycina sensu auct. 

Local, rather scarce (Trail. 1878), 

A. Not uncommon. Derncleugh, Blacktop, Kintore (Cowie, 
1902). Corby Loch, scarce but regular; Dyce, one, 1969 (R.M.P.). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 275 


Braemar, 1960, 1964 (E.C.P.-C.). Larvae on Saxafraga azoides 
at Ballater and Crathie, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.). 
K. Blackhall (Horne, 1897). Banchory R.T. 


Ceramica pisi L. 
A. & K. Common. 


Hecatera bicolorata Hufn. 
A. Dyce (Palmer, 1972). Cults, one, 1971 (A.D.). 


Hadena rivularis Fab. 

A. Scotston Moor; Inverurie (Trail, 1878). Ballater, one, 
1973 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Not uncommon on the coast (Cowie, 1902). Banchory 
R.T., one. 


H. confusa Hufn. 

K. St. Cyrus (Gunning, 1896); larvae in seedheads of Silene 
cucubalus, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). Frequent on the coast to Stone- 
haven (Cowie, 1902). 


H. bicruris Hufn. 

Common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Fairly common, Kintore and Cluny (Cowie, 1902). Dyce, 
1972 (R.M.P.). 

K. St. Cyrus (Gunning, 1896). Fairly common on coast 
(Cowie, 1902). St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961, larvae in seedheads of 
Melandrium album (E.C.P.-C.). Cove, Muchalls (R.M.P.). 


Cerapteryx graminis L. 
A. & K. Common. 


Tholera cespitis D. & S. 

A. Apparently local and scarce. Tyrebagger Hill and Kin- 
tore, 1968 (R.M.P.). 

K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). Cove, 1968 (R.M.P.). 
Banchory R.T., 1973. 


Panolis flammea D. & S. 

Scarce and local (Trail, 1878). 

A. Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902). Braemar (W.McW.). Balgow- 
nie, Aberdeen, one, 1971 (A.D.). Ballater, one larva, 1971 
(E.C.P.-C.). 


Orthosia stabilis D. & S. 

Local but common (Trail, 1878). Common (Cowie, 1902). 

A. & K. Common (R.M.P.). Reid (1893) omits this species— 
T suspect accidentally (R.M.P.). 


O. incerta Hufn. 
A. & K. Abundant. 


276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1I/74 


O. gothica L. 
A. & K. Abundant. Larvae on strawberry (M.S.); and goose- 
berry (Shaw, 1957). 


Mythimna conigera D. & S. 
A. & K. Common. 


M. ferrago F. 
A. & K. Fairly common. 


M. impura Hiibn. 
A. & K. Very common. Larvae on various grasses (R.M.P.). 


M. pallens L. 
A. & K. Common. 


M. comma L. 

A. Apparently scarce. Kintore, one, 1968; Kemnay, 1969 
(R.M.P.). Cambus 0’ May, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Durris, 1969 (E.P.). 


Cucullia umbratica L. 

Locally common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Not uncommon. Murcar links; Nigg; Blackburn; Echt 
(Cowie, 1902). Park, one, 1971 (E.P.). 


Cleoceris viminalis F. 

A. Braco (Reid, 1893). Occasional at Kintore, Burnharvie. 
Cluny, Monymusk (Cowie, 1902). Kintore, common, larvae on 
sallow; Forvie N.N.RB., 1970 (R.M.P.). Ballater and Ordie, 1971] 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Banchory RB.T., 1973. 


Dasypolia templi Thunb. 
Widespread but nowhere common (Trail, 1878). Occasional 
on coast south of New Bridge of Don (Cowie, 1902). 
A. & K. Widespread and not uncommon (R.M.P.). 


Aporophyla lutulenta D. & S. 

Scarce and local (Trail, 1878). 

A. Pitcaple (Reid, 1893). Scarce; Murtle Den, Blacktop, 
Cluny, Monymusk (Cowie, 1902). Brimmond Hill, one, 1968. 
(R.M.P.). Ballater and Dinnet, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Muchalls, 1969 (R.M.P.). Banchory R.T., 1973. 


A. nigra Haw. 
Common (Trail, 1878). 
A. & K. Common on the coast, scarcer inland (R.M.P.). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 277 


Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn. 

A. Rare. Braemar; Echt (Trail, 1878). Derncleugh, abun- 
dant; scarce elsewhere (Reid, 1893). Locally common. Black- 
top; Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902). Tyrebagger and Brimmond 
Hill, common, 1968 (R.M.P.). 

K. Blackhall, common (Horne, 1904). Banchory Devenick, 
1968 (E.P.). 


Xylena vetusta Hiibn. 

Local but common (Trail, 1878). Abundant (Reid, 1893). 

A. Common. Cults; Blacktop; Derncleugh; Murtle Den 
(Cowie, 1902). Nigg (E.P.). Old Aberdeen (D.B.). 

K. Cove (E.P.). Muchalls (R.M.P.). 


X. exsoleta L. 

Common (Trail, 1878). Less common than X. vetusta (Reid, 
1893). 

A. Plentiful, localities as for vetusta (Cowie, 1902). Mony- 
musk and Kemnay, scarce, Dyce, one (1972) (R.M.P.). Old Aber- 
deen, not uncommon (D.B.). 


Allophyes oxyacanthae L. 

Rather scarce (Trail, 1878). 

A. Scarce, larvae not uncommon at Pitcaple (Reid, 1893). 
Common. Rubislaw: Mannofield; Murtle Den (Cowie. 1902). 
Not uncommon; Dyce, Bucksburn, larvae on apple (R.M_P.). 
Aberdeen (E.P.). 


Dichonia aprilina L. 

Rather scarce (Trail, 1878). 

A. Rare. Murtle Den: Tillyfourie; Pitcaple (Reid, 1893). 
Tillyfour oak wood near Monymusk (W. McW., R.M.P.). Dinnet 
oak wood N.N.R. (D.B.). 


Blepharita adusta Esp. 

Abundant (Trail, 1878). 

A. Scarce, Corby Loch and Dyce (R.M.P.). Crathie; Braemar 
(E.C.P.-C). 


Antitype chi L. 

Common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Locally common. Bucksburn; Dyce (R.M.P.). Aberdeen 
(E.P.). Ballater (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Muchalls (R.M.P.). Cove (E.P.). 


Eupsilia transversa Hufn. 
Local but common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Common. Hazelhead; Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902). Aber- 
deen, 1943 (G.M.). 

K, Muchalls, common (R.M.P.). 


278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XII/74 


Conistra vaccinii L. 
A. & K. Locally common (R.M.P.). 


Agrochola circellaris Hufn. 
Abundant (Trail, 1878). 
A. & K. Fairly common (BR.M.P.). 


A. lota Clerck 

A. Inverurie, not uncommon (Trail, 1873). Pitcaple (Reid, 
1893). Kintore, common (R.M.P.). 

K. Durris Forest (E.P.). 


A. macilenta Hubn. 
A. & K. Not uncommon (R.M.P.). 


A. helvola L. 

Rare (Trail, 1878). Very common (Esson, 1890). Locally 
abundant (Reid, 1893). 

A. Common at Cults, Derncleugh, Blacktop, Murtle Den 
(Cowie, 1902). Fintray; Kintore (R.M.P.). 

K. Banchory Devenick (E.P.). Banchory R.T. 


A. litura L. 
A. & K. Common (R.M.P.). 


A. lychnidis D. & S. 
Muchalls (Palmer, 1972). 


Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn. 

Widely distributed and not uncommon (Reid, 1893). 

A. Rare. Braemar; Inverurie; Strathdon (Trail, 1878). 
Locally common. Countesswells; Blacktop; Murtle Den 
(Cowie, 1902). Braemar, 1959 Dinnet, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.) Kin- 
tore;; Fintray (B.M.P.) 

K. Cove (E.P.). Banchory R.T. 


Atethmia centrago Haw. 
K. Banchory R.T., two, 1973. 


Xanthia togata Esp. 

Scarce and local (Trail, 1878). Not common (Esson, 1890). 
More abundant than X. icteritia (Reid. 1893). 

A. Freguent; Rubislaw, Newhills, Nigg, Murtle Den 
(Cowie, 1902). Locally common; Forvie N.N.R., Corby Loch, 
Dyce (R.M.P.). Kemnay (W.McW.). Larvae in sallow catkins 
(R.M.P.). 

K. Banchory (R.M-.P.). 


X. icteritia Hufn. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on beech (E.P.). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 279 


Acronicta leporina L. 

A. Inverurie (Trail, 1878). Fetternear, larvae (Reid, 1893). 
Cluny and Monymusk, scarce (Cowie, 1902). Scarce; larvae on 
birch, Dinnet Muir, 1968 (E.P.).; 1969 (R.M.P.); 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 
Braemar, one, 1973 (N.G.). 

K. Banchory (Reid, 1893). Blackhall, scarce (Horne, 1904). 
Glen Esk, a larva, 1969 (R.M.P.). Banchory R.T., one, 1973. 


A. psi L. 
A. & K. Common. Larvae on apple, cherry, hawthorn 
(R.M.P.); rose (M.S.); rowan, Malus (E.C.P.-C.). 


A. menyanthidis Esp. 

Not uncommon, larvae generally in wet bogs and heaths 
(Reid, 1893). 

A. Common; Scotston moor and Inverurie (Trial, 1878). 
Plentiful; Cults, Culter, Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902), Braemar 
(James, 1912). Scarce on mosses and moors, larvae on heather 
at Corby Loch and Forvie N.N.R. (E.P.). 

K. Blackhall (Horne, 1904). 


A. euphorbiae myricae Guen. 

Locally common (Trail, 1878). Common, larvae on low 
plants (Reid, 1893). 

A. Dyce. one. 1972; larva more often than imago and every 
year at Dyce on blackcurrant, once on potato (R.M.P.). Tyre- 
bagger Hill, larva on ribwort plantain, 1968 (R.M.P.). Crathie, 
larva on Saxifraga azoides, 1970; Ballater, larva on S. azoides, 
1971 (E-C.P.-C.). 

K. Blackhall (Horne, 1904). Cove, a larva on ribwort plan- 
fain 1975 (ESP:). 


A. rumicis L. 
A. & K. Not uncommon. Larvae on sallow and sweet gale. 


Cryphia domestica Hufn. 

A. Aberdeen (Trail, 1878). Dyce (Reid, 1893). Rubislaw: 
Bridge of Don (Cowie, 1902). Dyce and Bucksburn, common, 
1973. (R.M.P.), Aberdeen, common (E.P.) 

K. Stonehaven (Trail, 1878). Cove (E.P.). 


Amphypyra tragopoginis Clerck. 
A. & K. Generally common. Larvae on sallow, dock, lupin. 


Rusina ferruginea Esp. 
A. & K. Common. 


Thalpophila matura Hufn. 
Not common (Esson, 1890). 
A. Collieston (Reid, 1893). Balgownie (A.D.). Rattray Head, 


280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XII/74 


1954; Forvie N.N.R., 1957 (E.C.P.-C.). 
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


Euplexia lucipara L. 
A. & K. Quite common. 


Phlogophora meticulosa L. 

Common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Frequent. Hazelhead; Blacktop (Cowie, 1902). Aber- 
deen, not uncommon (E.P.). Dyce; Newmachar (R.M.P.). Larvae 
on potato (Shaw, 1962). 

K. Cove (E.P.). 


Cosmia trapezina L. 

Rare (Trail, 1878). 

A. Murtle Den (Reid, 1893). Nigg (Cowie, 1902). Old Aber- 
deen, one, 1971 (D.B.). Dinnet, one, 1971; Ballater, two, 1971 
(E.C.P.-C.). Dyce, one, 1972 (R.M.P.). 


Hyppa rectilinea Esp. 

Local, not rare (Trail, 1878). Sometimes common (Esson, 
1890). 

A. Frequent. Cults; Countesswells; Blacktop (Cowie, 1902). 
Kemnay area, c. 1960-65 (W.McW.). Braemar, not uncommon, 
1959-64 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Blackhall (Horne, 1904). Banchory Devenick, one, 1968 
(EsP») 


Apamea monoglypha Hufn. 
A. & K. Abundant. 


A. lithoxylaea D. & S. 

Local and scarce (Trail, 1878). Not rare on coast (Reid, 
1893). 

A. Rather scarce. Bucksburn; Dyce (R.M.P.). Aberdeen, 
formerly common, now only occasional (E.P.). Ordie, 1973 
(ECP -G)): 

K. Not uncommon, Portlethen and Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). 
Stonehaven area (Dalglish, 1894). 


A. exulis assimilis Doubleday. 
A. Very rare (Trail, 1878). Murtle Den (Cowie, 1902). Bal- 
later, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 


A. crenata Hufn. 
A. & K. Common. 


A. furva britannica Cockayne. 

Rare and local (Trail, 1878). Widely distributed but scarce, 
commonest on the Kincardine coast (Reid, 1893). 

A. Scarce. Murcar links; Nigg (Cowie, 1902). Dinnet, 1971 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 281 


(R.M.P.). Cambus o’May, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Scarce. Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). Cove, quite common 
(E.P.). Muchalls, quite common (R.M.P.). St. Cyrus, 1961 
(E.C.P.-C.). 


A. remissa Hiibn. 
A. K. Common. 


A. unanimis Hiibn. 

Rare and local (Trail, 1878). 

A. Near Inverurie, very rare (Reid, 1893). Near Dyce, two, 
1969 (R.M.P.). 


A. sordens Hufn. 
A. & K. Widespread and not uncommon. 


Oligia strigilis L. 

Singly, very rare (Reid, 1893). 

A. Scotston moor, one; Echt, one (Trail, 1878). Scarce. 
Hazelhead; Rubislaw; Cults; Blacktop (Cowie, 1902). Dyce, 
quite common (R.M.P.). Aberdeen, quite common (E.P.). 
Dinnet, 1971; Ellon, 1973 (R.M.P.). Ballater, 1971; Ordie, 1973 
(E.C.P.-C). 


O. latruncula D. & S. 
A. Newmacher, one, 1968 (R.M.P.). 


O. fasciuncula Haw. 
A. & K. Common. 


Mesoligea literosa Haw. 

Local, not very common (Trail, 1878). 

A. Murcar links; Nigg; Cults; Blacktop (Cowie, 1902). Com- 
mon on the coast, Nigg (E.P.), and Balmedie (R.M.P.)., scarcer 
inland at Dyce (R.M.P.). Ballater, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Common on the coast, at Cove (E.P.)., and Muchalls 
(R.M.P.). St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


Mesapamea secalis L. 
A. & K. Abundant. Larvae on barley (M.S.). 


Photedes minima Haw. 

A. Not common. Nigg; Loch of Park; Old Aberdeen (Trail, 
1878). Scarce. Murcar links; Scotston moor; Murtle Den 
(Cowie, 1902). Widespread and in places abundant (R.M.P.). 

K. Durris, common (E.P.). Banchory RB.T. 


P. pygmina Haw. 
Locally common (Trail, 1878). Very common, moors and 


waste ground (Reid, 1893). 


282 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1/74 


A. Common on Tyrebagger Hill, Corby Loch and Fintray 
(R.M.P.). 
K. Cove Bay (E.P.). Banchory R.T. 


Luperina testacea D. & S. 

Abundant (Trail, 1878). Abundant on coast, rarer inland 
(Reid, 1893). 

A. Common. Murcar links; Nigg (Cowie, 1902). Forvie 
N.N.R., common Dyce, one, 1973 (R.M.P.). 

K. Cove, common (E.P.). St Cyrus N.N.B., 1961 (EC: P-€): 


Amphipoea lucens Freyer. 

A. Common at Corby Loch, Newmachar and Newburgh 
(R.M.P.). Ballater, 1971; Ordie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Banchory R.T. 


A. erinanensis Burrows. 
A. Ordie, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 


A. oculea L. : nictitans L. 

A. Old Aberdeen (D.B.). Common at Balmedie. Kintore and 
Fintray (R.M.P.). Ordie, 1971; Ballater, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. St Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). Banchory R.T. 

Note: Owing to confusion over these Amphipoea species 
prior to 1941, the old records for “‘nictitans” and ‘‘var. paludis” 
are given separately hereunder. They are nictitans: abundant 
on coastal sandhills, at Echt and Inverurie (Trail, 1878); com- 
mon. var. paludis, one or two (Reid, 1893); nictitans: very 
common, Murcar links, Nigg, Cults, Blacktop (Cowie, 1902). 


Hydraecia micacea Esp. 
A. & K. Abundant. Larvae most commonly on potato, also 
on strawberry, raspberry, iris, rhubarb (M.S.). 


Gortyna flavago D. & S. 

A. Old Aberdeen, one (Trail, 1878). Dyce, very common 
since 1970; Corby Loch; Newmachar (R.M.P.). Newburgh (D.B). 
Turriff (D.G.). 

- K. Banchory, one (Trail, 1878). Muchalls; Stonehaven 
(Cowie, 1902). Banchory B.T. 


Celaena haworthii Curt. 

Local but abundant (Reid, 1893). 

A. Local. Stocket moor (Trail, 1878). Corby Loch, common 
(E.P.). Near Fintray, common (R.M.P.). Forvie N.N.R., one, 
1975 (E.C.P.-C.); one, 1971 (R.M.P.). Dinnet, 1971; Ordie, 1971 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Banchory RB.T. 


C. leucostigma Hubn. 
A. Rare. Fyvie (Trail, 1878). Kemnay (W.McW.); one, 1973 
(G.D.). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 283 


Nonagria typhae Thunb. 
A. Newmachar; Newburgh (Palmer, 1972). 


Rhizedra lutosa Hubn. 
A. Fyvie, one (Trail, 1878). Newmachar, 1968 (R.M.P.). 
K. Banchory-Devenick, 1968 (E.P.). 


Hoplodrina blanda D. & S. 

A. Rare. Old Aberdeen; Inverurie (Trail, 1878). Murcar 
links, common (Cowie, 1902). 

K. Stonehaven, one (Dalglish, 1894). On the coast (Horne, 
1897). St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). Cove, not uncommon 
(C1) 


Caradrina morpheus Hufn. 

Excessively rare (Reid, 1891). 

A. Old Aberdeen, one (Trail, 1878). Murcar links (Cowie, 
1902). Dyce, common; Monymusk (R.M.P.). Ballater, 1973 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). 


C. clavipalpis Scop. 
A. & K. Usually common. 


Stilbia anomala Haw. 

Scarce (Trail, 1878). Rare (Esson, 1890). Abundant in many 
localities (Reid, 1893). 

A. Rare. Blacktop; Kintore (Cowie, 1902). Common on the 
coast. Balmedie; Forvie N.N.R.; Newmachar; Old Meldrum; 
Dyce (R.M.P.). Ballater, 1971; Ordie, 1971; Dinnet, 1971 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Cove, common (E.P.). Banchory R.T. 


Pseudoips fagana F. 

Not common (Trail, 1878). Common in oak woods (Keid, 
1893). 

A. Kemnay (W.McW.). 

K. Banchory, larvae on oak (E.P.). 


Colocasia coryli L. 

A. Scarce and local. Echt; Fyvie; Inverurie; Peterhead 
(Trail, 1878). Common. Larvae on sallow (R.M.P.). Larvae on 
Betula pubescens (E.C.P.-C..)} 

K. Common (R.M.P.). 


Diachrysia chrysitis L. 
A. & K. Common. 


Polychrysia moneta F. 

A. First recorded 1945 (G.M.). Aberdeen, two reared from 
pupae on larkspur; Kemnay, common, c. 1948-55 (W.McW.). 
Aberdeen, 1956, 1958 (G.M.). Not recorded since. 


284 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 86 15/XI1/74 


Plusia festucae L. 

Scarce (Trail, 1878). 

A. Frequent. Rubislaw; Mannofield (Cowie, 1902). Dyce, 
common (R.M.P.). Aberdeen (E.P.). Kemnay (W.McW.). Glen- 
tanar, 1969 (E-P.). Braemar, 1970 (E-G-P.-C.); 1973 (N:G.). 
Ondies 97s (Esk Ey): 

K. Frequent. Portlethen; Muchalls (Cowie, 1902). 

Note: The early published records may have included those 
of the next species. 


P. putnami gracilis Lempke. 

A. Less common than P. festucae. W. McWilliam has eleven 
specimens in his coll., all from Kemnay, four of which are re- 
ferable to this species, the rest to festucae. Dyce, one, 1972 
(R.M.P.). 


Autographa gamma L. 
A. & K. Common, usually in the autumn. 


A. pulehrina Haw. 
A. & K. Quite common. 


A. jota L. 

A. Cluny, scarce (Cowie, 1902). Dyce, common (R.M.P.). 
Aberdeen, regularly (E.P.). Braemar, 1970; Ballater, 1973 
(E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Banchory-Devenick (E.P.). St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 
(ESC 3P2-C>): 


A. bractea D. & S. 

Rare (Esson, 1890). 

A. Echt; Peterhead (Trail, 1878). Not uncommon, Rubislaw; 
Mannofield (Cowie, 1902). Dyce, not uncommon; Brimmond 
Hill (R.M.P.). Aberdeen (E.P.). Braemar, 1970; Cambus 0’ May, 
1970, 1973; Dinnet, 1973; Ordie, 1973; Ballater, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). 

K. Muchalls (Trail, 1878). Portlethen (Cowie, 1902). Black- 
hall (Horne, 1904). Muchalls (R.M.P.). Cove (E.P.). St Cyrus 
N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.). 


Syngraphe interrogationis L. 

A. Abundant at Braemar, rare elsewhere (Trail, 1878). Oc- 
casional. Cults; Hazelhead; Blacktop (Cowie, 1902). Common in 
the highland areas. Linn of Dee; Braemar; Dinnet; Glentanar; 
Forest of Birse (R.M.P.). 


Abrostola triplasia L. 
A. & K. Not uncommon. Larvae on Urtica. 


Callistege mi Clerck. 
A. Aberdeen (Trail, 1878). Kintore (Cowie, 1902); common, 
1972 (R.M.P., E.P.). Dinnet (Palmer, 1972). 


(to be continued) 


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‘The Entomologist Record’ 


CONTENTS 


Early Stages of Aloeides thyra (L.) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) with Notes 
on Ant Association, Distribution and General Ecology of the 
Species. A. J. M. CLAASSENS and C. G. C. DICKSON ...... 


Discovery of Larvae and Natural Foodplant of Least Carpet, 
Idaea vulpinaria H.-S. (rusticata sens. auct.) (Lep.: Geo- 
metridae).“3Bs Ke WES yokes hrieh sos sc dbion se9 Sake Sonor 


Grote in Hildesheim. R: (So WUGKINSON: 2c aq. ge tee 


Note on some Water Bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) Collected: in 
Cape Clear Island, West Cork. T. K. MecCARTHY .......... 


Notes on British Cionini (Col.) mainly arising out of Mr Cunning- { 
ham’s findings in the Portsmouth Area. A. A. ALLEN ...... 


Notes and Observations: 


Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. cuprinus Peyerimhoff in the Isle of 
Wisht. Ds HEAR NE ETO UG Eb sem aati: sci) ener 


Pyronia tithonus L. ab. albidus Cockerell in the Isle of Wight. 
TDi FRARNEROUGH eae 


T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND 


\ 


Se ph ee he 


EF n> 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 


SPECIAL INDEX ~< 


Pa. 


Vol. 86, 1974 


For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of ‘““A-—Check 


List of British Insects’, Part 2, 


1972 by Kloet & Hincks. Where the contributor 


has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Regarding all the other Orders, 


any newly described taxa (species, 


(Clarendon) type, and taxa new to the British fauna by an asterisk. 


PAGE 
LEPIDOPTERA 
abbreviata (Eupithecia) ............ 98 
absinthii (Cucullia) .................. 61 
aceris (Stigmella) ..................... 151 
acheloia (Byblia) ..................... 21 
achine (Lopinga) ...................5. 49 
achlys (Eurypheura) ............... 20 
actaea (Satyrus) ...... 52.53}, 20). 
210, 212 
acteon (Thymelicus) ...... 48, 52, 213 
acuminatus (Charaxes) ............ 18 
adippe (Argynnis) ... 49, 71, 87, 
99 194, 212, 244 
admatha (Acraea) ................++. 23 
adrasta (Bematistes) ............... 22 
adusta (Blepharita) ....... 13> 87, 2H 
advenaria (Cepphis) ............ 60, 87 
aegeria (Pararge ... 2, 4, 33, 48, 
73, 98, 99, 189, 213, 229 
aeneella (Stigmella) Se AG areas 122) ail 


aeriferanus (Ptycholomoides) ile DING 


aescularia (Alsophila) ... 84, 97, 

0, 183, 214 
aestivaria (Hemithea) ............... 101 
AciNIOPS, CELEDIA) «6/2 soc. <6 escent es 37 
affinis (Cosmia) .............-.--- 90, 163 
affinitana (Phalonidia) ............ 70 
affinitatum (Perizoma) ............ 99 
aganice (Bematistes) ............... 22 
agathina (Xestia) ............... 13), 2783 


agestis (Aricia) ... 


aglaja (Argynnis) ... 11, 37, 50, 

71, 190, 191, Did. 237, 244 
aglea (Danaus) ONS NE ee 56 
agrimoniae (Ectoedemia) ......... 80 
albicans (Lysandra) ...... 209,210, 213 
albicilla (Salebriopsis) ...... 218, 219 


albicillata (Mesoleuca) ... 87, 116, 164 


albicolon (Sideridis) .................. 34 
albifasciella (Ectoedemia) ... 108, 
130, 147, 206 
albina (Appias)  ...............20000+ 56 
albipunctata (E. tripunctaria) 
albovenosa (Simyra) ............ 88, 102 
alceae (Carcharodus) ... 1, 5, 213, 226 
alcetas (Everes)  ...............00000+ 16 
alchymista (Catephia) ............... 172 
alciphron (Lycaena) ...... 45, 48, 
210, 213 
alcon (Maculinea) ................+. 17 
alcyone (Hipparchia) ...... 51, 52, 
ZOOR 2, 


alecto (Chaerocampa) ............ Dig ee 


genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold 
PAGE 
alexis (Glaucopsyche) ......... 45, 48 
algae: (Archana) ie eeeeees se oecnee 102 
alpinan(DySeconia) ie eeeee eae eee 5) 
aAllousMGAWICIa) eee Ree cause evescee 2S 
Allin CANCROMUGIA)) sogoedensoccoodcas 87, 223 
alnianay (RECIS)e neces eee ee 56 
aliianian(Ennomos) eee eee 137 
alphacusm(Capys)ieeeeeereeeeeeeeeeece 169 
alpicolan CXeStia) ieeeeeeeet ee eeeeeeee 44 
alpinalisn (Ud east eaeeee eee 236 
alpium (Moma) ...... 34, 60, 117, 218 
altaw(Ne pis) ane aseconee nee eee 21 
alternatay (Epinnhoe) mene eaeee 12 
amanga (Axiocerses) ............... 133 
Amaral CAmPphene) aeeseeeeeeeeee eee 133 
amata (T. griseata) 
ambigua (Hoplodrina) ......... 60, 139 
amenraiday (Pentila))ieteeeeeeeeeaeeecce 131 
anacardii(Salimis)jeeeseeeeeeen ee eee 21 
anceps (Apaniea) ieee sree eeeeeeeeree 34 
anceps) (Benided) aeeeeeeaeeeeee 86, 87 
anchises (Coeliades) ................-- 134 
andraemon (Papilio) ............... 244 
anellay) @amonia)) )eeeeeeeeeceee 45, 48 
anemosay (Achaea) ieee eee eee 23 
angustana (Eupoecilia) ............ 224 
annulata (Cyclophora) ............... 87 
anomala (Stilbia) ............... 125 283 
antalus) (arachola) ie ise eee 132 
anthelea (Pseudochazara) ...... Deioinc: 
antilopel(Bnecis) eee eee ene 22 
antiopa (Nymphalis) ...... 34, 52, 
96, 229 
antiqua (Orgyia) ......... 14, 41, 94 
anynana (Mycalesis) ............... 18 
apelles (Spindasis) .................. 132 
aphnaeoides (Epamera) ............ 132 
apollo (Parnassius) ...... 51, 209, 
210, 212, 226 
apnlinay (Dichonia) ices ee eee PAT] 
aquilonaris (B. sifanica) 
arcania (Coenonympha) ...... SS 
arceuthata (E. intricata) 
arduinna (Melitaea) .................. 15 
anelau(Semalea)es.-4- eee eee 136 
arcolai@xylocampa)) senescence 97 
arethusa (Arethusana) ... 52, 209, 
210, 212 
argentimaculella (Infurcitanea) ... 170 
argiades (Everes) ......2..060.---00--5 16 
argiolus (Celastrina) MIDS SEOs 
47, 48, 59, 192, 211, 213, 232 
argus (Plebejus) ... 51, 100, 191, 
192, 213 


il 


PAGE 
ariadne (Ariadne) 22..2.55..-.4:.--- 56 
aridella (Pediasia) .............-.... 70 
arion (Maculinea) .................. 118 
aristaeus (Hipparchia) ......... 16, 60 
aristolochiae (Atropheneura) ...... 56 
armigera (Helicoverpa) ...... 124, 214 
RiriederDes, (CNMI) Gocbcsnsonesencos 36 
ashworthii (Xestia) .................. 12 
aslauga (Teriomima) ............... 131 
asperaria (Rhoptria) ............... 48 
aspersana (Acleris) .................. 224 
asteris (Cucullia) ..................... 60 
asterope (Ypthima) .................. 18 
atalanta (Vanessa) ... 4, 14, 36, 
57, 59, 60, 73, 87, 94, 
193, 212, 229 
athalia (Mellicta) awe 48, 49, 
99, 190 
Atomaria (Ematurga) ... 11, 48, 197 
atricapitella (Stigmella) ...... 103, 153 
atrifrontella (Ectoedemia) ... 108, 148 
atropos (Acherontia) ...... 5, 24, 
28, 39, 246 
atymnus (Loxura) .................. 56 
aubyni (Acraea) ...................5- 131 
augur (Graphiphora) ............... 44 
aurago (Xanthia) ....................- 163 
aurata (Pyrausta) ................2000. 5) 
aurella (Nepticula) ............ 79, 151 
aurinia (Euphydryas) 15, 37, 
87, 190 
auromarginella (Nepticula) ...... 129 
ausonia (Euchloé) ...... 3, 4, 46, 
48, 196 
australis (Aporophila) ............... 139 
australis (Colias) ............... 52, 212 
autumnaria (Ennomos) ............ 60 
avellana ((Apoda)) 255.22 60 
aversata (Idaea) .................. 70, 116 
ayresii (Lachoptera) .................. D2: 
baja CXestia)| ise ca enone 13, 44 
bajularia (Conibaena) ... 100, 101, 146 
baliodactylus (Pterophorus) Audi 58 
bankesiella (Epischnia) ............ 238 
barkeri (Euchrysops) ............... 133 
basiguttella (Stigmella) ............ 103 
bathseba (Pyronia) .................. 213 
batis (Thyatira) ............... 100, 138 
batone(Philotes) eee 196 
bellargus (Lysandra) ... 24, 192, 
211, 213, 232 
bellienn(Py res) eee enone Sl. Sy 
bembeciformis (Sphinx) ............ 218 
bennetim(Asdistis)\iaa ee 70 
betulaes(ihecla)ies eee) eee: 62, 190 
betularia (Biston) ......... 99, 102, 
116, 176 
betulicola (Stigmella) ............... 151 
bibulus (Lachnocnema) ............ 132 
bicolorana (B. prasinana) 
bicolorata (Hecatera) ............... 275 
bicolorata (P. rubiginata) 
bicruris Gliadena) i) 275 


PAGE 
bicuspis (Harpyia) .................. 146 
bifaciata (Perizoma) ... 88, 116, 164 
bilineata (Camptogramma) ...... 12 
biloba (Autographa) ............... 172 
bilunaria (S. dentaria) 
bimaculata (Lomographa) ......... 87 
binaria (Drepana) ...... 102, 138, 145 
biren (Laconobia) .................. 274 
biseriatus (Acada) .................. 136 
bistorta (Ectropis) ................++ 235 
blanda (Eurema) ..................... 56 
blanda (Hoplodrina) .................. 283 
blomeri (Discoloxia) ............ 87, 223 
boeticus (Charcharodus) ........... 213 
boeticus (Lampides) ... 2, 4, 133, 

DiBhe232 
bohemani (Charaxes) ............... 19 
boisduvali (Pseudacraea) ............ 20 
bolina (Hymnolimnes) ............ 56 
bombycina (Polia) .................. 163 
borbonica (Pelopidas) ............... 136 
bore: (Oeneis)i ee eee 83 
borelii (Gortyna) ......... 73, 104, 140 
bractea (Autographa) ... 14, 116, 
235, 284 
braesia (Acraea) ...............000055 23 
branderiana (Pseudosciaphila) ... 218 
brassicae (Mamestra) ......... 138, 274 
brassicae (Pieris) ...... 4, 11, 35, 
48, 212, 227 
braueri (Phasis)  ....................- 179 
brevilinea (Photedes) ............... 88 
brigitta (Eurema) ..................... 56 
briseis (Hipparchia) ...... 34, 53, 212 
brumata (Operophoptera) ......... 182 
brunnea (Diarsia) ... 44, 87, 99, 
100, 115 
brunneata (Semiothisa) ............ 236 
brutus (Charaxes) 9.....0)0...2222. 19 
bucephala (Phalera) ............ 40, 223 
buxtoni (Hypolycaena) ............ 132 
cactal\(Salamis) ees eee eee 21 
cactorum (Cactoblastis) ............ 29 
caeculus (Hemiolaus) ............... 132 
caerulea (Pilodeudoryx) ............ 132 
caesar (Andronymus) ............... 136 
caesiata (Entephria) .................. 12 
caja (Atctia) 2 eee 41, 102 
calabra (Rhodostrophia) ............ 48 
c-album (Polygonia) ... 60, 140, 
145, 188, 192, 193, 210, 212 
cambrica (Venusia) ............ 89, 236 
camilla (Ladoga) ...... 100, 101, 191 
camillus (Cyrestis) ................-. 21 
campina (Mycalesis) ............... 18 
candiope (Charaxes) ............... 18 
caniola (Eilema) .................. 45, 48 
canopus (Netrobalame) ............ 135 
capenas (Ampittia) .................- 135 
captiuncula (Photedes) ............... 219 
capucina (Ptilodon) ............ 40, 102 
carbonaria (Semiothisa) ...... 94, 197 
cardamines (Anthocaris) ...... 5), 
45, 48, 83, 86, 98, 189 


PAGE 


cardui (Cynthia) ... 4, 14, 22, 24, 
BO 124s 192212229) 


carmelita (Odontosia) ... 41, 59, 
carniolica (S. onobrychis) 
carpinata (Trichopteryx) ...... 85, 
98, 168, 
castanea (Xestia) ... 14, 90, 238 
castanella (Stigmella) ............... 
Gaston (@haraxes) 2.0) )0c) eee eee. 
castrensis (Malacasoma) ............ 
cecilia (Pyronia) ...... 46, fee il, 
1 3 
Eelenion Gaippotion) |. 20.2.0 2.60.2.02 
celonica (Ypthima) .................. 
centaureata (Eupithecia) ............ 
centrago (Atethmia) ... 70, aie 
ILS). 
cespitis (Tholera) ...... 138, 139, 
chalcites (Chrysodeixis) ............ 
chamomillae (Cucullia) ............ 
characterea (A. epomidion) 
chariclea (Clossiana) ............... 


chenopodiata (Scotopteryx) ... 14, 


i115}, 

chi (Antitype) ............ 705 M37 
chilom(Aicraea) oe 
chloerata (Chloroclystis) ...... 26, 
, 98, 100, 

chriemhilda (Eurephene) ......... 
chrysippus (Danaus) ...... So, 223}, 
242, 

chrysitis (Diachrysia) ......... 102, 
chrysorrhea (Euproctis) ............ 
cinctaria (Cleora) ..................... 
cingulata (Pyrausta) .................. 
cinxia (Melitaea) ......... 45, 48, 
circe (Brintesia) ...... 50, 51, 209, 
circellaris (Agrochola) ............... 
een (CAMS). bheadeabsudeossbodeseron 
cissus (Cupidopsis) .................. 
cithaeron (Charaxes) ............... 
citnago |@santhia)) 00.0... 
citrana (Thiodia) ..................... 
citrata (Chloroclysta) 14, 70, 
citrinalis (Hypercallia) ............... 
Clareae (WUtetheisa) ie. 
clathrata (Semiothisa) ............... 
clavaria (Larentia) ............ 146, 
clavipalpis (Caradrina) ...... 140, 
elavisn(NorOvisyy er ie ee he 
LAV UTM CPMASIS) eho. eso teeccsehoeess 
GIS, (CEE CID GA 
cleopatra Gsoneptery) wee 2e 
3, 4, 46, 47, 48, 52, i) 
cloanthe (ea antis; BENS a eOeoe 
defoliaria (Erannis) ............ 84, 
degenerana (Nycteola) ............ 
degeneraria (Idaea) ............... 2). 
deione (Mellicta) ..................... 
demodocus (Papilio) ... 224, afl 
269, 

demoleus (Papilio) ...... 56, 224, 


242, 244, 269, 
dentaria (Selenia) ............... 14, 


242 
221 


PAGE 
depicta (Aloeides) ............ DISET 
deplana (Eilema) ............... 102, 116 
depuncta (Eugnorisma) ............ 43 
derasa (H. pyritoides) 
derivalis (Paracolax) ............... 101 
designata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 7M, && 
dia (Boloria ss eset 51 
didyma (Melitaea) ... 45, 48, 211, 212 
didymata (Perizoma) ...... LS OG 
diffinis (Cosmia) ............ 89, 90, 163 
diluta (Cymatophorina) ............ 59 
dimidiatay((daea) yea eee eee 102 
dinochares (Virachola) ............ 132 
diocles@Varachola) eee eee 182 
diomus)(Spialia) eee 135 
diopolis (Virachola) .................. 132 
disa (Brebia)\-J54..cee- eee 83 
dispar @iycaena)icsss.-secseeree 68 
dissoluta (Archanara) ......... Si), WO 
distinctaria (Eupithecia) ............ 236 
ditrapezium (Xestia) ............ 88, 100 
dival\(Gorgyia)) sacs ee 135) 
dodonaea (Drymonia) ... 86, 87, 

88, 99 
dodoneata (Eupithecia) ............ 145 
dolabraria (Plagodis) ......... 101, 145 
clytian(Chilasa) it ae 56 
c-nigrum (Xestia) ... 44, 73, 91, 140 
coelestissima (Lysandra) ... 209, 213 
columbinay(Phalanta)y ee 2 
comes (Noctua) ...... 14, 43, 70, 
115, 140 
comma (Hesperia) ...... S35) 1928S 215 
comma (Mythimna) ......... 100, 276 
complana (Eilema) ......... 87, 88, 
100, 163 
cComus(Artitropa) ieee 136 
concinnata (Chloroclysta) ......... 237] 
confusa @lladena)) ee 38, 275 
confusa(Spialia) ae eee 135 
conicolanal (Cydia) i...) see 215 
conigera (Mythimna) ............... 276 
conjugata (S. marginepunctata) 
conspicillaris (Egira) ............... 163 
constantinus (Papilio) ............... 244 
contigua (Laconobia) 28, 34, 99 
contrarius (Charaxes) ............... 19 
convolvuli (Agrius) ... 9, 25, 39, 
35° 12. 95, 96, 116, 124 
coracina (Psodos) NES. EA NA ed 216 
coranus) (Cymothoe)) ese 20 
cordigera (Anarta) ...... 94, 216, 274 
Coren (Euplora) eee eee 56 
coridon (Lysandra) ...... Dao 
101, 138, 192, 193 
corinna (Coenonympha) Arai 46, 48 
cornella (Argyresthia) ............... 27 
coryli (Colacasia) ......... 86, 98, 283 
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ... 102, 146 
costalis (Hypsopygia) ............... 70 
cramera (Aricia) ............... PHS). 2232 
crassalis (Hypena) .................. 116 
crataegella (Endonia) ............... 219 
crataegella (Stigmella) ............... 76 


iv 


PAGE 
crataegin(Aporia)) a. sseeneece ee eeeeee DAD, 
crataegi (Trichiura) ...... 38, 59, 163 
crenata (Apamea) ...... 13, 100, 

116, 280 
cribrella (Myelois) .................. 145 
crinanensis (Amphipoea) ......... 282 
Chinas (Bapilio) eee ee eee 56 
cristana eer) ee setae ie 183 
croceus (Colias) ... 4, 34, 48, 73, 
139, 141, 212, 228 
croesella (Adela) eet eee eee 54 
cuculata (Catarhoé) ............... 88 
cucullina (Ptilodontella) ............ 89 
cursonmal (Bux) eee 42 
curtula (Clostera) ............ 102, 163 
cydippe (A. adippe) 
cypricola (Maniola) ............ Sus 
dahliiy(Diarsia)) | eee ee eee 44 
damiue(Acraca) ei ye ai 23 
damoetes (Lampides) ............... 242 
damon (Agrodiaetus) ......... 209, 213 
daphne (Brenthis) ............... 49, 50 
daphnis (Meleageria) 51, 60, 
209, 210, 213 
daplidice (Pontia) ... 1, 2, 4, 48, 
NO D2 
dardanus (Papilio) ............ 244, 269 
dariaves (Virachola) ............... 132 
dasarada (Polydorus) ............... 269 
decentellay(Etainia) a.) eee 121 
deceptor (Hypolimnas) ............ 21 
decimalis (Tholera) .................. 138 
decolorella (Blastobasis) ............ 27 
dolorosa (Euchrysops) ............... 134 
domestica (Cryphia) 70, 163, 279 
dorus (Coenonympha) ......... 51, 213 
dromedarius (Notodonta) ... 40, 
TOSI NOOM102 137138 
dromus (Spialia) a rere An ACI 135 
dryope (Eurytela) ..................... 21 
dubia (Hypolimnas) .................. 21 
dubitatay(@riphosa) nee ee 12 
dulcellay(Nepticula) eee. 151 
duplaris (Ochropacha) ......... 87, 137 
duponcheli (Leptidea) ............... 51 
echenis@Abisatra) yee ee eee 56 
efformata (Aplocera) ............... 138 
egean(Bolygomia) yee eee 51 
egeria (P. aegeria) 
exina (ACraca) iste niet eee 23 
elinguaria (Crocallis) ............... 12 
elmiaa(Gomalia)) |e pee 135 
elpenor (Deilephila) ...... 34, 99, 100 
elymia(Photedes),).f.0.420 eae ee 88 
emortualis (Trisateles) ...... 215, 238 
encedoum(Acraca) ae eee 23 
epaea (Bematistes) .................. 22 
epiphron (Erebia) ............... 3723.0 
epomidion (Apamea) ......... 14, 145 
eponinam(Actraca) i aye ee 23 
equatorialis (Acraea) ............... 23 
eremita (Dryobotodes) ......... 34, 163 
ericella (Crambus)4e6.45),..4/0s 236 
eroides (Polyommatus) ............ 17 


PAGE 
eros (Polyommatus) .................. 52 
erosaria (Ennomos) ............ 140, 146 
erynnis (Artitropa) .................. 136 
erythrocephala (Conistra) ......... 172 
eryihrogenella (Ectoedemia) ...... 129 
escheri (Plebicula) ......... 47, 48, 213 
esculi (Nordmannia) ... 52, 213, 232 
esebria (Acraea) ................00005 131 
etesipe (Charaxes) .................. 19 
ethalion (Charaxes) .................. 19 
eucharis (Delius) ...................-. 56 
eunomia (Argynnis) .................. 82 
euphorbiae (Acronicta) ...... 216, 279 
euphrosyne (Boloria) ...... 37, 45, 
48, 82, 96, 98. 189 
eurutus (Pseudaxraea) SER AG AN ea dB 20 
exclamationis (Agrotis) ............ 42 
expallidata (Eupithecia) ...... 60, 
101, 235 
exsiccata (Tathorynchus) ......... 172 
exsoleta (Xylena) ..................--. 277 
extersaria (Ectropis) .................. 87 
exulans \(Zygaena) imc-ceee ene eeeee 216 
exulis (Apamea) ....................- 280 
fabressei (Agrodiaetus) ...... 209, 213 
fagana (Pseudoips) ............ 87, 283 
fagi (Hipparchia) 165, 51% 52553 
fagi (Stauropus) ............ 87, 99, 100 
falsella (Catoptria) .................. 219 
fascelina (Dasychira) ............... 41 
fasciana (L. pygarga) 
fasciaria (Hylaea) ....................- 14 
fasciuncula (Oligia) .................. 281 
fatuellus (Baoris) ..................... 136 
favicolor (Mythimna) ............... 71 
ferrago (Mythimna) ............... 276 
ferrugalis (Udea) ............... 95, 116 
ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 14, 116 
ferruginea (Pelopidas) ............ 136 
ferruginea (Rusina) .................. 279 
ferula (Satyrus) .................. Sanos 
festucae (Plusia) 28, 90, 163, 284 
fidia (Pseudotergumia) el 209, 
210, 212, 230 
filipendulae (Nepticula) ............ 151 
fimbrialis (Thalera) .................. 52 
fimbriata (Noctua) ............ 43, 90 
flammea (Panolis) ............... 85, 275 
flammea (Senta) ................0.00- 59 
flammealis (Endotricha) ............ 170 
flammeolaria (Hydrelia) ...... 87, 
99) 223 
flavago (Gortyna) ............... 90, 282 
flavicinctata (Entephria) AIS). 
235, 236 
flavicornis (Achlya) ...... 85, 97, 
163, 238 
flesus (Tagiades) ..............0.0000. 134 
flocciferus (Carcharodus) ......... Sy 
florealis (Aporodes) ...............+:- 5) 
florellay(@atopsilia)i eee 196 
floridag(Diatsia) ee eee ee 235 
floslactella (Nepticula) ............... 75 
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 14, 70 


PAGE 
fluctuosa (Tetheella) ......... 87, 100 
forestan (Coeliades) .................. 134 
formosana (Enarmonia) ............ 217 
formosana (Lozotaenoides) ...... 7/l 
foulquieri (2. bellieri) 
fragariella (Nepticula) ............... 151 
fraxini (Catocala) ..................... 34 
freija (Argynmis) ..................065 82 
frigga (Argynnis) ..................... 82 
fritillarius (Pyrgus) .................. AN} 
fuciformis (Hemaris) ............... 39 
fucosa (Amphipoea) ............ Til, 90 
fulgurata (Neptidopsis) ............ 21 
fuliginaria (Parascotia) ... 28, 57, 92 
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ......... 42 
fulvata (Cidaria) ............... 14, 101 
furcata (Hydromena) ......... 14, 70 
furcifera (Lithophane) ............ 172 
furcula (Harpyia) ... 40, 87, 102, 138 
feruncula (Mesoligia) ............... 137 
furva (Apamea) .............0..0600+ 280 
fuscantaria (Ennomos) ......... 90, 
137, 140 
fusconebulosa (Hepialus) ...... (ah AANA) 
fuscovenosa (Idaea) .................. 99 
galathea (Melanargia) ... 48, 192, 
209, 212 
galba (Chilodes) .................. eS) 
galenen(Atenica))) tss5so0-.. ss cseeees 20 
galenus (Celaenorrhinus) ............ 134 
galiata (Epirrhoé) ............... 14, 139 
gallii (Hyles) ...... 2S), Ate BS); 58, 
94, 95, 96, 116, 123, 124, 
141, 146, 192, Dok 238, 247 
gamma (Autographa) ... 14, 73, 
91, 95, 100, 115, 116, 124, 
139, 222, 284 
garega (Asterope) ....................- 21 
em dNepticulla)) a sscs-co-ceeecs scence. 151 
geminipuncta (Archanara) ... 59, 90 
gerronella (Brachmia) ............ 224 
gigantella (Schoenobius) ............ 70 
glareosa (Paradiarsia) 14, 44, 
70, 115, 238 
glaucippe (Hebomoia) ............... 56 
globulariae (Adscita) ............... 218 
glyphica (Euclidia) ............ 34, 87 
gnoma (Pheosia) ............... 40, 102 
gothica (Orthosia) ... 85, 97, 98, 276 
gracilis (Orthosia) ......... 98, 99, 214 
graminis (Cerapteryx) ......... 12, ZS 
griseata (Timandra) .................. 138 
Prscellan @lnifunrcula) .ossceec.c.5- 151 
griseola (Eilema) ..................... 116 
grossulariata (Abraxas) 102, 
37, 138, 199 
guderiana (Charaxes) ............... 19 
gueneeana (Dichrorampha) ...... 235 
halterata (Lobophora) ............... 146 
harpagula (Paleodrepana) ... 218, 219 
harpax (Axiocerses) ...............0-. 133 
hastata (Rheumaptera) ............ 87 
hastiana (Acleris) ...................5. 238 
haworthii (Celaena) ............ 13, 282 


PAGE 
hecabes(Eunenia) sees eee eeenenee 56 
hecate (Brenthis) ieee 209, 212 
Reclar(Colias) iene eto Reena 82 
hector (Roly dons) ieee eee 56 
Inline) (OMRONGIED)) Soccenacadaceosseccos 56 
ave CLYVEREME)) coocqonodecoosonbueccaee 83 
helvola (Agrochola) ......... MSse2718 
hepatican(Rolia) ye eee eee eee 274 
hera (E. quadripunctaria) 
hierta(Precis) Manan ee eee 22 
hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia) ... 90 
hippocratess (Eivieres) meee eee 134 
hippothoes@2ycaena) in aes 83 
hintanian (ey cia) ye eee eee 85, 145 
hirundo (Leptomyrina) ............ 133 
hispidaria (Apocheima) ...... 84, 120 
homeyeri (Spindasis) ............... 132 
hucherardi (H. osseola) 
hom uli Genial) eee eee eee 223 
hyale, (Colas) was Ue ieee 15 
hybnerella (Stigmella) ............... 77 
hylasM(Neptis) eee eee eee 56 
hylaxs(Zizula) yee ee eee 134 
hyperantus (Aphantopus) ... 38, 
49, 191 
hypermnestra (Ideopsis) ............ 56 
icarus (Polyommatus) ... 36, 48, 
S33} AAO) I1Bi7/, 138, 192, 
‘ 213% 232, 238 
TCLETIL ANN OXCanit hia) Meee eee 278 
idae (U. pulchelloides) 
GEIS (LSVCAIENGIES)) occcosteedeensoooe S33) AIS) 
iduna) (Euphydryas) 2. ee. 83 
ignobilella (Nepticula) ............... V7 
lian (Apaturas 2h ee 50 
ilicis (Nordmannia) ...... 47, 48, 
0), 52, 213, 23 
llithyia(Byblia)aee ees 21 
imitariay(Scopula) ress eee 146 
immutata(Scopula) see ee 235 
impura (Mythimna) ...... P25 NBS. AUS 
incerta (Orthosia) ......... So, Yh, ZS 
meerta (Pardaleodes)) 9, 136 
indigata (Eupithecia) ............... 145 
ino (Brenthis) ............ sso A709, ZZ 
insigniata (Eupithecia) ............... 28 
msignis: (Aicraea)s...sia eee ee 23 
interjecta (Noctua) ~ NO2, WIS, Ws) 
interjectana (Cnephesia) ............ 224 
interjectaria (1. fuscovenosa) 
interrogationis (Syngrapha) ... 13, 
25, 236, 284 
intricata (Eupithecia) ............... 223 
io (Inachis) ... 14, 36, 188, 192, 
AA, ZERO), Zl 
iobates (Cupidopsis) .................. 134 
iphioides (Coenonympha) ... 209, 213 
Iphitav (Precis) (Vey heey an 56 
ipsilon (Agrotis) ...... 14, 42, 91, 
116, 139, 222 
iris (Apatura) ...... 49, 50, 117, 
191, 192 
inrepularis) (Hladena)) i... see 101 
irregularis (Leucania) ............... 223 


vi 


PAGE 
irriguata (Eupithecia) ............... 214 
rbAcoinelel (Gas) Sosonsccoeseassocdeee 33 
jacobaeael(iynia)) eeaecceecesceee 42, 48 
Hahlusas(@haraxes)eeeeeesceeee eee 19 
janthina (Noctua) ......... 14, 43, 115 
jasius (Charaxes) ... 3, 4, 18, 46, 
47, 48, 60, On: 228 
TESS (AVAIMINS)  Acocébsosoobacoboosee 133 
johnstoni (Gorgyra) .................. 136 
jota (Autographa) ............ 100, 28 
(Poe NaI (CANS) Sossgns0eeo0330¢2053 89, 169 
juniperata (Dhera) a eee 121 
jurtina (Maniola) ... 14, 37, 45, 
47, 48, 99, 101, 191, 192, 
Di 230, 238 
Katiakofii (Neptis), sc.5:ca26--4s6--0e 20 
KIC WINAy (Spialia) mecesscee esse eee 135 
Ihnen (TEM ICCA))  coossncsosdboosacedee 56 
knysna (Zizera) ......... 134, 211, 213 
labradusn(Zizceria) rere eee eee 242 
lacertinaria (Falcaria) ......... 99, 102 
lacunana (Olethreutes) ............ 224 
laetana (Ancylis) ..................... 218 
laiusedcibythea) ieee eee 131 
l-album (Mythimna) ... 73, 124, 
139, 167 
lancealana (Bactra) .................. 224 
lanestris (Eriogaster) ............... 33 
lapponatia G@Lycia) sy ete) s-.sc eke 85 
lariciata (Eupithecia) ............... 217 
larydas (Anthene) .................. 133 
lastin@Anithene)) seca eee tee eeeeee 133 
lasti(Charaxes) pee ee eee eee eee 18 
lathonia (Argynnis) ...... 50, 212, 234 
latifasciana (Acleris) ............... 224 
latruncula (Oligia) .................. 281 
lavatherae (Carcharodus) ...... 175 213 
leautieri (Lithophane) ... 29, 60, 239 
ledam(Viclanitis) i meeeet eee sees 56 
ledan(Physcaeniina) ieee eee 18 
legatella (Chesias) ...... 90, 116, 164 
lepida (H. perplexa) 
leporina (Acronicta) ... 87, 100, 223 
leucapennella (Caloptilia) a csivee 117 
leucophaeria (Agriopis) ... 84, 97, 
120, 183 
leucostigma (Celaena) ...... 137, 
163, 282 
levana. (Araschinita)aee ete. pcre 49 
libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ......... 14, 70 
libeoni(Coeliades) pos. nee 134 
lichenea (Eumichtis) ... 73, 139, 239 
ligea (Brebia) ~ Uiin2, Asoc oboe 50 
lignata (O. vittata) 
lioulaa(Conistra) 3... ee: 145, 183 
ligustri (Craniophora) ............... 34 
ligustri: (Sphinx)... sche-h ose oe tes 88 
limbalis (Uresiphita) ............... 239 
limniace (Danalis), . hee eee 56 
linearia (Cyclophora) ... 87, 115, 137 
lineata \(Hivles)).).) 2.) bee. 172 
lineola (Thymelicus) ...... 48, 88, 
101, 221 
lingeus (Cacyreus) ...,...20---150064, 133 


PAGE 
lintingensis (Precis) .................. 56 
literosa (Mesoligia) ... 101, 116, 
137, 281 
lithoxylea (Apamea) ......... 100, 280 
litoralis (Mythimna) ............ 34, 90 
litura (Agrochola) ............ 140, 278 
liturata (Semiothisa) ... 100, 116, 223 
livornica (H. lineata) 
lonicerae (Zygaena) ................-. 100 
lorisona (Virachola) .................. 132 
lota (Agrochola) ............... 73, 278 
lotrix@Utetheisa) yess eee eee eee 160 
louisella (Etainia) .................. 121 
lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ............ 42 
lucens (Amphipoea) ............... 282 
lucernea (Standfussiana) ...... 14, 
Abey  5y7/ 
lucida (Actizera) ...................+- 134 
lucina (Hamearis) ............... 86, 189 
lucipara (Euplexia) ............ 14, 280 
lucretia (Pseudoacraea) ............ 20 
lecretioides (Pseudathyna) ......... 20 
fuctiosay Gliyita)) ae eee ee eee eee 34 
luedersiana (Pammene) ............ 197 
lugens) (Baoris)) ses5s-se eee eee eee 136 
lunaria (S. lunularia) 
lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ...... Wis 
115, 140, 239 
lunularia (Selenia) ... 28, 87, 145, 219 
lunulata (Anthene) .................. 133 
lupina (Hyponephele) ............ See Se) 
lupulinus (Hepialus) ............... 14 
luridata (Scotopteryx) ............... 99 
lurideola (Eilema) ............... 41, 137 
lutea (S. luteum) 
luteolaria ((Sterrha) ese -eee eee 14 
luteum (Spilosoma) ............ 99, 100 
lutosa (Rhizedra) ... 73, 140, 145, 
163, 283 
lutulenta (Aporophyla) ...... 116, 276 
lycaon (Hyponephele) S293) 
209, 212 
lychnidis (Agrochola) ...... 140, 
239, 278 
machaon (Papilio) ...... 2, 4, 45, 
46, 48, 52, 81, 96, Dip Wi 
macilenta (Agrochola) Bean ten 91, 278 
mackenii (Acleros) .................. 136 
macularia (Pseudopanthera) .. 87, 94 
maculata (Sarangesa) ............... 35 
maera (Lasiommata) ... 3, 4, 51, 213 
malathana (Euchrysops) neath 134 
malyae (BYa811S) ene eee ee eeee 189 
malvoides (Pyrgus) ...... 48, 211, 213 
mamurra (Pseudochazara) ... 16, 222 
Matiiiin (Penis) hepa 48 
mardania (Euryphene) ............ 20 
margaritata (Campaea) ............ 101 
margaritella (Catoptria) ............ 234 
marginaria (Agriopis) ... 84, 85, 120 
marginepunctata (Scopula) ... 5, 
139 
marginicolella (Nepticula) ......... 78 
maritimus (Chilodes) ........... 88, 90 


PAGE 
matuapa (Acraea) ................5. 23 
matura (Thalpophila) ............... 279 
mauritialis (Hypsipygia) ............ 114 
medus (Orotriaena) .................. 56 
megacephala (Acronicta) ......... 100 
megera (Lasiommata) ...... 3, 


14, 34, 48, 86, 138, 192, He 230 
melanopa (Anarta) 94 


melicerta (Neptis) .................. 21 
memnon (Papilio) .................. 271 
mendica (Diaphora) ............... 33 
mendica (Diarsia) ......... 14, 44, 236 
menyanthidis (Acronicta) ... 13, 279 
meolans (Erebia) ...)...............0- 50 
meridionalis (Ornithoptera) ...... 110 
mesomella (Cybosia) ............ 88, 100 
messaniella (Phyllonorycter) ...... 168 
methymna (Lepidochrysops) ...... 257 
meticulosa (Phlogophora) ... 14, 

73, 280 
mi (Callistege) .................. 87, 284 
miata (Chloroclysta) ............ 97, 164 
micacea (Hydraecia) ... 91, 102, 

140, 282 
micra (Teriomima) .................. 131 
microtheriella (Nepticula) ......... 5) 
millefoliata (Eupithecia) ............ 60 
miniata (Miltochrista) ... 88, 100, 117 
minima (Photedes) ............ 100, 281 
minima (Teriomima) ............... 131 
minimus (Cupido) ......... 36, 86, 189 
miniosa (Orthosia) ............ 86, 214 
mirza (Azanus) ..................000005 133 
missipus (Hypolimnas) ......... Mil, SO 
monacha (Lymantria) ......... 59, 102 
monachella (Monopis) ............ 28 
moneta (Polychrysia) ......... 163, 283 
monoglypha (Apamea) ......... 14, 280 
morpheus (Caradrina) ............... 283 
motozi (Sarangesa) .................. 135 
mucronellus (Donacaula) 2 WO, Wes) 


muelleriella (Phyllonorycter) 117, 206 


multistrigaria (Colostygia) ......... 85 
munda (Orthosia) ............... 34, 168 
mundana (Nudaria) .................. 41 
munitata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 236, 237 
muralis (Cryphia) ............ 137, 221 
muricata (Idaea) ...................5- 234 
murinata (Minoa) ..................... 87 
muscerda (Pelosia) ............ 137, 235 
musculosa (Oria) ..................0.. 25 
mygindiana (Olethreutes) ......... 216 
myopaeformis (Conopia) ............ 217 
myricae (A. euphorbiae) 
myrtilli (Anarta) ...... 1A, 80, 88- 
98, 274 
Matias Clad al) ese. sab edeceee 274 
nanata (Eupithecia) ...... 12, 98, 115 
napaea (Boloria) ..................... 82 
napi (Pieris) ...... 14, 35, 45, 48, 
71, 82, 98, 101, 140, 210, 
234, 244 
Mastesa(EoliasS) a. os-ieec cece 83 
natalensis (Spindasis) ............... 132 


PAGE 
natalicay (Aicraca) yeeeseeseeeer eee eeee 23 
Matalicay (ecGeCIS) mene eeneeeeeeeee eee 22 
neander (Andronymus) ............ 136 
nebulata (Euchoeca) ............... 88 
mebulosay(Polia) ease eee 163 
nemoralis (Agrotera) ......... 165, 170 
nemorella (Crambus) ............... 235) 
neophron (Euphedra) ............... 20 
neonidas)(ETeoia) eeeeeeeees eeeeeee ee 245 
inal (DEVS) | Goadaocopgacoseccabucco: 34 
MehiSSay GAUphina) yee eases eee 56 
meurica (Archanara) ............... 89 
ite Ginichoplusia) eeereeee een cere 172 
nictitans (A. oculea) 
michnenin (Cephosis)mimeeeeteee eee 56 
nigra (Aporaphyla) ...... 73, 140, 276 
nigricans (Euxoa) ............:.. 42, 116 
ninandeepiosia) weeeeeeee nee es eeeeeeee 56 
miobenCAneynnis) meee eee 212 
MIGAVSK(RapiliO) Mereeeencee eee eee 244 
miselian(E pinotia) eee eee eee 224 
mitens@Nepticula)meceseeeeee eee 151 
nitens (P. bombycina) 

nivescens (Lysandra) ... 210, 211, 213 
noctuella (Nomophila) ...... 116, 223 
farounavel (COXSG) Sbccdosteoonsavsosucooscodc 82 
nostrodamus (Gegenes) ............. 226 
nubeculosa (Brachyonica) ......... 85 
nubilalisy(Ostrinia)n eee eee eee 24 
nuptam(Catocala) Neceeepeeeae eee 137 
WAGES (RIGNTA)) Gococcossnpboasconace 136 
Ny Scusu@ualicada) ieee eee eee eee 56 
obductella (Oncocera) ............... 57 
Obeliscay (EUxoa) peer 42, 90 
obesalis (Hypena) .................. 90 
oblonga (Apamea) ............... Aly 
obscuratus (Gnophos) ............... 139 
obsolete (Mythimna) ............... 59 

obstipata (Orthonama) ... 25, 26, 
116, 163, 239 

occulta (Eurois) ...... Sie 58, 96, 
123% 273 
ocellata (Cosmorhoé) 12, 90, 139 
ocellata (Smerinthus) ............... 34 
ochrascens (Deloneura) ............ 131 
ochratayddaca) eens eens 235 
ochrearia (Aspitates) ............... 139 

ochroleuca (Eremobia) ...... 89, 
138, 146, 163, 218 
ocularis (Tethea) ......... 87, 100, 223 
oculea (Amphipoea) ......... 138, 282 
oditis (Leucochleana) ............... 238 
oleracea (Laconobia) ............... 274 
olivata (Colostygia) .................. 11 
oncaea (Acraca)) ee eee 23 
onobrychis (Zygaena) ............... 165 
onopordi (Pyrgus) ..................0.. 213 
00) (Dicyela)) (oy Pee ea ae 117 
ophidicephalus (Papilio) ............ 244 
ophiogramma (Apamea) ...... 88, 163 
optilete (Vacciniini) .................. 83 
opima (Orthosia) ...................:. 86 
opuntiae (Dactylopius) ............ 29 
or (Tethea) ...... 59, 87, 88, 100, 101 


Vii 


PAGE 
Cryo) (NGI) soocopoasnoconcdasoe 43 
oreas (Lepidochrysops) ............ 65 
orichalcea (Diachrysia) ............ 172 
orientalis (Euphaedra) ............... 20 
onithyay (Precis) \eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee Dips XS 
ornitopus (Lithophane) ...... 34, 183 
ortygia (Lepidochrysops) ......... 65 
osseola (Hydraecia) .................. 138 
ostrina (Eublemma) ............... DF 
ostninaniay (daca) ase sae eee perce sence 5 
otregiata (Lampropteryx) ......... 90 
ottomanus (Heodes) .................. 17 
oxyacanthae (Allophyes) ............ 277 
oxyacanthella (Stigmella) ... 77, 
Ap, Sys 
oxytropis (Zygaena) ............ 45, 48 
palaeno (Colias) ..................00 82 
pallene (Aphinolaus) ............... 132 


pallens (Mythimna) ... 


pallidella (Trifurcula) ............... 148 
pallustris (Athetis) ...... 34, 216, 217 
palpina (Pterostoma) 41, 99, 
100, 102 
paludellus (Calomotropha) ......... 70 


paludis (A. fucosa) 
pamphilus (Coenonympha) ... 10, 

37, 48, 86, 98, 189, 213, 230 
pandora (Argynnis) ... 211, 212, 229 
pandrose (Erebia) ....................5 83 
paphia (Argynnis) ... 34, 49, 50, 

88, 99, 191, ne 212 


paphos (Glaucopsyche) Pe ae 5 
papilionaria (Geometra) ion 163 
paradisea (Abantis) .................. 135 
paradisea (Ornithopetra) ......... 109 
paradoxa (Chilasa) .................. 269 
paradoxa (Stigmella) ............... 76 
parasitella (Ephestia) ............... 218 
parhassus (Salamis) .................. 21 
parthenias (Archiearis) ......... 97, 188 
parthenoides (Mellicta) ...... 209, 212 
pascuella (Crambus) ............... 235 
pastinum (Lygephila) ............... 100 
paulinay@Appias) eres eee eee 56 
pavonia (Saturnia) ... 13, 38, 94, 163 
pectinataria (Colostygia) ............ 11 
peculiaris (Lepidochrysops) ......... 133 


pedaria (A. pilosaria) 


pellucida (Hipparchia) ......... Sgt id 
pendularia (Cyclophora) ............ 90 
perla (C. domestica) 

perlucidalis (Eurrhypara) ......... Sy 
petplexan(Eladena) epee ae teeeeeeee 48 
persicariae (Melanchra) ............ 34 
perspicua (Henotesia) ............... 18 
petversaria (Peribatodes) ......... >) 
petasitis (Hydraecia) ............... 137 
jyeireyen! (UAVS) sanscopensascoosounoc 23 
petropolitana (Lasiommata) ...... 83 
jMebieayey (HS EN) --cocsnacopnodoanener 131 
phaenareta (Euploea) ............... 56 
phalanta (Phalanta) .................. 56 
phicomone (Colias)\ pe.) see. ee 15 


PAGE 
philenor (Battus) ..................... ABT] 
philippus (Hypolycaena) ............ 132 
phlaeas (Lycaena) ...... 4, 11, 36, 

SB IB, ike. 213. 235 248, 264 
phlomidis (Spialia) S Posuds ganebeeee AG 
phoebe (Melitaea) ............... 48, 212 
phoeniceata (Eupithecia) ...... 26, 

29, 60 
phragmitidis (Arenostola) ... 88, 
102, 116 
picatal(@Alaena) sf. eeeee eee eee 131 
pierus (Aloeides) .................... Dahl 
joa ((CHOSWENA)) Sconccoscsonansononasone 102 
phillaana (Caprone) .................. 135 
philosaria (Apocheima) ... 84, 97, 
0, "183, 214 
pinastri (Hyloicus) ............ 88, 90 
piniaria (Bupalus) ..................... 100 
pirithous (Syntarucus) ...... 113337 
Pili; FB, ZBil 
pisi (Ceramica) .................. 135 27> 
pisistratus (Coeliades) ............... 134 
placidus (Acleros) .................. 136 
plagiata (Aplocera) ...... 48, 90, 118 
plagicolella (Nepticula) ............ 76 
plantaginis (Parasemia) ...... 14, 41 
plecta (Ochropleura) ...... 12, 43; 
73, 120 
pleione (Charaxes) ............ 19, 61 
plexippus (Danaus) ............ SHE MMe 
ploetzi- (Acleros) ie eee eee 136 
plumbaria (S. luridata) 
plumigera (Ptilophora) .. 91, 140, 239 
plutomEuptera) ee eee eee 20 
pneumonanthes (Stenoptilia) ...... 165 
podalirius (Iphiclides) ... 48, 51, 
212, 226 
polaris (Boloria) ....................- 83 
polaris (Clossiana) .................. 82 
politana (A. pulchellana) 
polychloros (Nymphalis) ...... 36, 
S25 2105 212 
polycommata (Trichopteryx) ...... 84 
polymnestor (Papilio) ............... 244 
polytes (Papilio) ......... 56, 244, 270 
pomona (Catopsilia) .................. 56 
popularis (T. decimalis) 
populata (Eulithis) .................. 11 
populeti (Orthosia) ............ 84, 163 
populi (Laothoé) ... 39, 99, 102, 183 
populi (Poecilocampa) HuBSokione 38, 140 
porcellus (Deilephila) ......... 28,738) 
porphyrea (Lycophotia) ... 12, 44, 
TB, il, SIS MNS) 139, 163, 
222, 236 
postvittana (Epiphyas) ............... 224 
potatoria (Philudoria) 13, 34, 102 
poterii (Nepticula) .................. 151 
praecox (Ochropleura) ......... 43, 90 
prasina (Anaplectoides) ...... 116, 
219, 278 
praelatella (Lampronia) ............ 180 
prasinana (Bena) ............... 100, 115 
prieuri (Chazara) ...... 209, 212, 234 


PAGE 
procellata (Melanthia) ............... 87 
promissa (Catocala) .............-..-. Vi7/ 
promutata (S. marginepunctata) 
pronuba (Noctua) ... 43, 70, 73, 
ils, 272233 
pronubana (Cacoecimorpha) ...... 248 
protenor (Papilio) .................. 270 
PROLOM(SlOpenia)! | <..5..---.----2-2++-- 213 
protoclea (Charaxes) .............-. 18 
Procodice ((PICTIS) nee. ues... 71, 244 
pruinata (Pseudoterpna) ...... 99, 101 
prunaria (Angerona) ............... 100 
PHpAtanCEUMlGhIS)) -.. 22. 25.5.-0+c+- ee 89 
pruni (Strymonidia) ............ 16, 190 
pseudozeritis (Chloroselas) ......... 133 
PSUMCNCLOMICA) 220. ..2...- 5 OR ZY 
pudibunda (Dasychira) ............ 99 
poudorellan(Acraca) (220 5..ccace+s----- 23 
pudorina (Mythimna) 59, 99, 100 
pulchellana (Argyrotaenia) ......... 197 
pulchellata (Eupithecia) ............ 237 
pulchelloides (Utetheisa) ............ 160 
pulchrina (Autographa) ............ 284 
pulmentaria (Chlorissa) ............ 5 
pumilata (G. rufifasciata) 
pumilio (Gegenes) ............... BI Mies) 
punctaria (Cyclophora) ............ 87 
punctatissima (Pardopsis) ......... 131 
punctiferalis (Dichocrocis) ......... 114 
punctinalis (Serraca) ......... 60, 87 
pumiceal(AXIOCETSES)| -222.---.- 2: 133 
puppillaria (Cyclophora) ...... 25,239 
purpurascens (Aslauga) ............ 131 
pusaria (Cabera) ....................- 138 
pusillata (Eupithecia) ............... 14 
pustulata (C. bajularia) 
putnami (Plusia) ............... 235, 284 
putrescens (Mythimna) ............ 89 
UTIs (Acxylita)) it. 2.) aona eo secciiers seer 43 
pygarga (Lithacodia) ......... 87, 100 
pygmaeata (Eupithecia) ............ 216 
pygmaeola (Eilema) ............... 101 
pygmina (Photedes) ...... 90, 102, 281 
pylades (Graphium) .................. 269 
pyraliata (Eulithis) .................. 99 
pyralina (Cosmia) ................2.5+- 163 
pyramidea (Amphipyra) ............ 138 
pyranthe (Catopsilia) ............... 56 
pyritoides (Habrosyne) ...... 100, 115 
pythodorus (Charaxes) ............ 19 
quadra (Lithosia) ............... 52, 116 
quadrifasiata (Xanthorhoé) ... 88, 146 
quadripunctaria (Euplagia) ...... 51 
quercifolia (Gastropacha) ......... 163 
quercifoliae (Ectoedemia) ... 108, 
147, 208 
quercifoliella (Phyllonorycter) ... 206 
quercinaria (Ennomos) ...... 38, 139 
quercus (Lasiocampa) ... 13, 38, 
89, 94 
quercus (Quercusia) ... 3, 4, 52, 
535 Wil, Wile Aili, Als) 
quickelbergei (Lepidochrysops) ... 65 
quinquella (Ectoedemia) ... 130, 148 


PAGE 
Giumiming: UNCTGA)) sconagsacoshocoaoncsonce 23 
tfabbaiae (Acraca)) reese eens DD, 
rapae (Pieris) ...... 4, 11, 35, 45, 
48, 71, 98, 212, 227, 244 
ravida (Spaelotis) ... 88, 89, 90, 163 
RECSOS (OMAN) srocosonossocosnesanoond DiS 
rectangulata (Chloroclystis) ...... 217 
Keculimeam (aly ppa)) me saeeeeee eee eee 280 
reducta (Limenitis) ...... 2 3nd 
Aue 212 
regiana | (eaAmmenc ieee PAIS) 
memissar (Apamlea) wetneee ee eee reer aee 281 
repandaria (Epione) .................. 70 
repandata (Alcis) ... 12, 99, 100, 
HONS Wile; 223) 
resinellay (Petrova) eee eee 216 
reticulatum (Eustroma) ............ 235 
revayana (Nycteola) ............ 34, 163 
rhamni (Gonepteryx) ... 86, 97, 
98, 144, 188, 212, 228 
rhododactyla (Cnaemidophorus) .. 165 
rhomboidaria (Peribatodes) ... 48, 
70, 101 
ridens (Polyploca) ...... SS ee 63 
ripartii (Agrodiaetus) ............... SyIl 
mivularisn Ladera) iwesecses ee seeereer 275 
roboraria (Boarmia) ............... 100 
roborella (Stigmella) ......... 10329153 
robustanay(Bactra)s eee eee 70 
ROSIN (NIGMS) Goconcsbncosbooncosdooc 20 
Moyer (WEN SINED)  Sasccoonosobacbouooee 131 
rosimon) (Castaliuis) ys. 56 
TLOxclanal (Sigil) Meee eee eee 4 
ruberata (Hydriomena) ............ 238 
rubi (Callophrys) ...... 36, 48, 83, 
86, 189, 233 
Tmloyt (DYNEIN) Yonccodooanadoncoses: 14, 44 
rubi (Macrothylacia) ...... 13388) 94: 
Rubiginatay (Plemiy ria) eee 100 
rubiginata (Scopula) ............ 70, 88 
rubiginea (Conistra) ............ 98, 168 
rubivora (Ectoedemia) ............... 130 
rubricollis (Atolmis) ......... 34, 224 
rubricosa (Cerastis) ...... 85, 98, 
168, 273 
Ruta (Cociobia)y mee eee 102 
ouniewere (UIGEYEERY)  sooonoonadespenavocoodee Sill 
ruficapitella (Stigmella) ...... 103, 153 
ruficornis (Drymonia) ............... 98 
rufifasciata (Gymnoscelis) ...... 5, 14 
rumicis (Acronycta) 14, 138, 279 
rupicapraria (Theria) ......... 183, 214 
russiae (Agapetes) ............ 209, 212 
rutilana (Aethes) ..................... 165 
sabadius (Eagris) ...................+- 135 
saclavay(Neptis)iyee ee eee 20 
sacraria (Rhodometra) ... 17, 24, 
96, 116, 124, 146 
safitza (Mycalesis) .................. 18 
sagittata (Perizoma) .................. 137 
salicata (Coenotephria) ............ 11 
salicis (Leucoma) ............... 33, 163 
salomonis (Utetheisa) ............... 160 
samiatella (Stigmella) ......... 103, 151 


x 


PAGE 
sannio (Diacrisia) ............... 41, 48 
Satisn(ACraca))) ven cieeeeb terest pl 
satura (Blepharita) .................. 34 
saucia (Peridroma) ............ 34, 116 
scabriuscula (Dypterygia) ... oe a 
scipio (Erebia) .............---..---+++ 49 
scolopacina (Apamea) ......... 88, 163 
scopigera (Bembecia) ............... 219 
scutosa (Protoschinia) ............... 34 
secalis (Mesapamea) ...... 14, 70, 281 
segetum (Agrotis) ......... 42° 73, 90 
sejuncta (Coeliades) .................. 134 

selene (Boloria) ...... iS BW 2 
87, 98, 99, 100, 189 

semele (Hipparchia) ...... ils 37, 

Sil, 37/5 sks, USE Ie AAS), ZilA 
semiargus (Cyaniris) ...... 83, 96, 213 
semibrunnea (Lithophane) ......... 163 
semirubella (Onocera) ............ 71 
senex (Thumatha) ............... 59, 88 
serella (Nepticula) .................. 151 
Semeniy (IGE) asoocsocccdondonacedace. 116 
sericealis (Rivula) ..................... 145 
sericopeza (Etainia) ......... AT USI 
serpentata (Neolucia) ............... 245 
serratulae (Pyrgus) ...............00: 213 
sertorius (Spialia) ............... SP, AN} 
sexalata (Pterapherapteryx) .. 100, 223 
sexstrigata (Xestia) ... 115, 137, 273 
Sichela(Betrelaea) meesteee eee eeaeee 133 
Sifanican(Boloria) esac eee eee 82 
signaria (Semiothisa) ............... 195 
silaceata (Ecliptoptera) ...... 70, 137 
silas (Argiolaus)  ..................05- 132 
silenusm(Epamera) ie Sse 2sss- seer 132 
similella (Microthria) ............... 117 
Similisn(DAnaus) Meee esses 56 
similis (Euproctis) ............ 34, 102 
simulans (Rhyacia) ... 25, 28, 33, 

89, 163, 237 
sinapis (Leptidea) ... 45, 48, 50, 

SINS Os EO Se mliG Osa OD D2 
sintenisi (Pseudochazara) ......... 16 
Ssmilaxe@lenias) eee ase eee 242 
sobrina (Paradiarsia) ... 44, 216, 236 
sobrinata (E. pusillata) 
solidaginis (Lithomoia) ...... 59, 277 
sordens (Apamlea) iepessceese-e)-eeecer 281 
sororiatan(Carsia) meee eee 235 
sparganii (Archanara) ............... 90 
sparsata (Anticollix) ............... 102 
sphendamni (Etainia) ............... 121 
sphinx (Brachionycha) ............ 184 
spini (Strymonidia) ......... 5), Ba 23 
spinosella (Ectoedemia) ............ 79 
sponusai(Catocala)ieetsneea eee eae 117 
stabilis (Orthosia) ............... 85, 275 
statices (CAdscita) Sastes eae eee 87 
statilinus (Hipparchia) .. 210, 211, 212 
stephensiana (Cnephasia) ......... 24 
stellata (Astictopterus) ............ 135 
stellatarum (Macroglossum) .. 28, 

39> 1582222 


PAGE 

straminea (Mythimna) ............ 89 
strataria (Biston) ... 97, 98, 168, 222 
Striatas(Spiris)) e.es- acces sss seen 46 
strigilisi (@lisia) eee eee 281 
strigillaria (Perconia) ............... 98 
strobilella (Cydia) ................... areal IS) 
suasa (Laconobia) ... 34, 88, 90, 

137, 223 
subbimaculella (Ectoedemia) 108, 147 
suberivora (Stigmella) 103, 129, 153 
subflavidus (Gorgyra) ............... 135 
subpunctata (Teriomima) ......... 131 
subsericeata (Idaea) .................. 48 
succedana (Cydia) .................. 224 
suspecta (Parastichtis) ......... 89, 278 
svenssoni (Stigmella) ... 103, 151, 153 
sylvata) (Abraxas)is sss seeee seen 87 
sylvata (Hydrelia) ............ 218, 219 
sylvestris (Thymelicus) .. 48, 213, 221 
sylvina (Hepialus) ...... 138, 139, 217 
syriaca (Hipparchia) ...... 1, 3 4 AG 
syringaria (Apeira) .................. 146 
taeniatum (Perizoma) 219, 234, 235 
tages (Erynnis) .. 35, 52, 86, 189, 

210, 213 
tantillaria (Eupithecia) ............ 146 
tarsipennalis (Polypogon) ......... 100 
telecanus (S. pirithous) 
temerata (Lomographa) ...... 99, 101 
templii(Dasypolia) ye eee 276 
tenebrata (Panemeria) ............... 87 
tenerana (Epinotia) .................. 224 
tengstromi (Nepticula) ............ 151 
tenuiata (Eupithecia) ......... 102, 219 
terea (Precis) so see eee eee 22 
ternata (Scopula) ............... W235 
terpsichore’ (Acraea)i geese eee 23 
testacea (Luperina) ... 102, 138, 

238, 282 
testata (Eulithis) ........5..... 11, 102 
tetralunaria (Selenia) ... 102, 138, 168 
thalassina (Lacanobia) ............ 274. 
theobene (Cymothoé) ............... 19 
theophrastus (Tarucus) ............ 196 
theroe (Pass) esse eee eee 177 
thersites (Plebicula) .................. 213 
thores(@lossiana))) see eee eee 82 
thrax (Achlyodes) ............... pat) 
Hanne (NEE) soodocccbonccsaconsansce 253 
tiberius (Euxanthe) .................. 18 
tithonus (Pyronia) 101, 191, 212, 272 
Lityrusy@Lycaena) ep esas aeee eee 52 
tityisi(Elemaris) yi areeee eee eee 39 
togata (Cxanthia) eee eee 278 
tormentillella (Nepticula) ......... 151 
torminalis (Stigmella) ............... 151 
tragopogonis (Amhipyra) ......... 279 
transversa (Eupsilia) ... 163, 183, 277 
transversata (Philereme) ............ 221 
trapezina (Cosmia) ...... 70, 138, 280 
tremula (Pheosia) ......... 40, 100, 102 
trepida (P. anceps) 
triangulum (Xestia) ............ 44, 115 


PAGE 
tridactylus (Pterophorus) ......... 58 
tridens (Acronicta) .................. 145 
trifolii (Dicestra) ............... 90, 274 
trifolii (Lasiocampa) ............... 90 
trigemina (Abrostola) ............... 219 
trigeminata (Idaea) .................. 100 
trigonophora (Neptis) ............... 20 
trimeni (Lepidochrysops) ......... 257 
tripartita (Unca) ..................00. 48 
triplasia (Abrostola) ............... 284 
tripunctaria (Eupithecia) ......... 11339/ 
trisignaria (Eupithecia) ............ 219 
tristata (Epirrhoé) ............ 14, 87 
tritici (Euxoa) ............ 42, 88, 90 
trochilus (Chilades) ......... Bee s4. 
truncata (Chloroclysta) 14, 140, BST 
NUKE (NOT OLIS) i cs ses sas ceereee seinen 89 
tullia (Coenonympha) ... 16, 38, 
190, 191, 234 
tumidana (Acrobasis) ............... 117 
typhae (Nonagria) .. 59, 90, 102, 
B283 
typical (NiaAeMIa)) | ee ketes. secseoe- se ces: 273 
ulmariae (Nepticula) ............... 151 
ulmi (S. ulmiphaga) 
ulmicola (S. ulmivora) 
ulmifoliae (S. ulmivora) 
ulmiphaga (Stigmella) ...... 150, 151 
ulmivora (Stigmella) ............... 149 
ulula (Dyspressa) ............... 45, 48 
umbra (Pyrrhia) ............... 34, 163 
umbratica (Cucullia) ... 99, 163, 276 
unangulata (Euphyia) ... 87, 88, 
100, 163 
unanimis (Apamea) ........... 163, 281 
umcellan(Ancylisy ys cc oll! 216 
undulata (Rheumaptera) ... 146, 164 
moguicellal(Aneylis) .00..0.....0... 216 
unipuncta (Mythimna) ......t...... 72 
urticae (Aglais) .. 14, 36, 39. 86, 
139, 188, 192, 193, Os 220 
usambara (Hypolimnas) ............ Pail 
vaccinii (Conistra) .. 84, 85, 183, 278 
valerianata (Eupithecia) ............ 215 
varanes (Charaxes) .................. 18 
varia (L. porphyrea) 
venata (Ochlodes) ... 14, 48, 213, 221 
venosa (S. albovenosa) 
venosata (Eupithecia) ............... 238 
venustula (Elaphria) ............... 60 
verbascella (Nothris) ............... 165 
verbasci (Cucullia) .................. 163 
versicolor (Oligia) «0. .....2....0.)s06 145 
versicolora (Endromis) ............ 38 
vespiformis (Synanthedon) ......... 146 
vestigialis (Agrotis) .. 14, 42, 88, 90 
vetusta (Xylena) 13, 85, 89, 116, 
145, 236, 277 
VICLORIAeN(SPINGASIS) | 22.) -ccese+s0. 132 
AN CANICAM CEVA) ioe csc cce sels ase ek 45, 48 
viminalis (Cleoceris) ............... 276 
vimineticola (Nepticula) ............ 151 
vinula (Cerura)  ..........e.s0cs0000. 40 
Wiolaw(Charaxes)) \....c.ccc eck seesas 19 


PAGE 
wiolaen (hele hinta) ieeseneseeeeeen seca 56 
wiolettaa(Charaxes) wescevaeeeeeeeees 19 
viretata (Acasis) ............... 60, 102 
virgaureae (Lycaena) ............... 17 
viridaria (Phytometra) ............... 14 
vitellina (Mythimna) ...... 24, 96, 124 
vittata (Orthonama) ...... 7 90S 1387 
vulpinaria (Idaea) 2, 5, 48, 218, 258 
wakefieldi (Euxanthe) Apes 2 18, 223 
w-album (Strymonidia) ...... S97 
w-latinum (Laconobia) ............ 87 
xanthographa (Xestia) ... 14, 73, 


SAS ae273 
xerampelina (A. centrago) 


TMS CPE IbIC)). scoocdddivobonssostos 270 
xvlostellanGelutella) ieeees-eeeereeeeee 116 
ypsillon (Enargia) ............... 34, 73 
Zapaterin(erebia)eeeeess see 210, 245 
Zebra(Spialia)meeosace cece. i13}5) 
Zetes CACTACAN aie a aree ee eee 23 
ziczac (Eligmodonta) ... 40, 100, 102 
zollikoferi (Luperina) ......... 34, 172 
ZONAtAMCNCTACA) eee eee eee DD, 
ZOomMay (Charaxes) yey see -eeeceeeeees 19 
ACARINA 
Amibivdromiellaeee anna ee eeeeee eee 141 
Amblyseius cucumeris ...... 141, 143 
fallacis, finlandicus, 
largoensis, ovalis ............... 143 
Gy dnodromusy ee eeeee eee eee 141 
Cy dNOseius yee: sec eee 141 
emipterOSeilism-eereeee ee cece eeecee 140-3 
IndodromUseyeneeeeeceteee seer 142-3 
hos Koycreith Isenaeis sae eels eet bee GN a aN! 142-3 
Oligonychus magniferus ............ 141 
Phytoseius macropilis ............... 143 
My phlodromipsy cece eee ee 141 
Ry phlodromius eee reece eee 141-3 
bakerivernhenanisien seer ee 143 
COLEOPTERA 
Chrysolina cerealis .................. 165 
Cionus alauda, hortulanus, 
tuberculosus ......... 184-8, 265-8 
longicollis ......... 266, 267, 268 
LETTS AMOROUS D2 ME aia 268-9 
scrophulariae ......... 187-8, 266-8 
EAST ARE UN en NNN ISS 267, 268 
Cleopus pulchellus ...... 185-8, 265-8 
Omophron limbatum ............... 165 
Stereonychus fraxini ............... 269 
DERMAPTERA 
Anechura_ asiatica, bipunctata, 
feae, nayarae, zubovskii ...... 91 
ITOMOtAGES! CUE ee a 91 
Skalistes lucasi. ............... 6-8, Pl. 
linsleyi, smithi, vara ......... 8 
DIPTERA 
Bombylius discolor .................. 248 
Brachyopal Spt: ssesesso-csees aooccoee 246 
Callicerayspinolac yey 93 
Chaetosaw is Seen UME A A 157 
PUNCHIPES eae 154 
Cheilosia (nomencl.) ............... 92 


sahlbergi* ............ 193-4, PLXV 


Xil 


PAGE 
Cheilotrichia cinerascens ......... 241 
Coniosternum tinctinervis ......... 154 
Cordilura ees sce eee sae eteeoee neha 157 
Cosmetopus bergrothi, fulvipes, 
FON SUS Maen etancacecneceeeee seen 155 
dentimanus) uenseease-teecoeee 154-8 
Cylindrotoma distinctissima ...... 241 
Melina yy er tes wcthaaswecsaccnecceace: 157 
Dicranomyia autumnalis, chorea, 
Cady ay aaa ies, cm etcieststtornials 240 
Dicranota bimaculata ............... 240 
PUSHIN He esarassceniecesces 239, 240 
SUDtIISH tase secre eoee esses 241 
Dolichopeza albipes .................. 241 
Erioptera diuturna, trivialis, vicina 240 
fUSCIPpenis) eee sess. eeeee 240, 241 
lutea f. taeniolata ............ 241 
pilipesttacsseent cases ace = 197-8, 240 
ANIA SP see peers seek sean t ea nase ee 246 
Gimnomenrausee eee eee eee eee 157 
Gonomyia simplex .................. 241 
Lene llaveesteeasceasececancoausctas 240 
Helius pallirostris ..................... 240 
Limnophila apicata, maculata, 
nemoralis, submarmorata ... 241 
fernuUginea so.9..5. seen: 240, 241 
Limonia chorea, modesta ... 240, 241 
MOIO; VEMETALlIS) see saseees ee 240 


didyma, duplicata, flavipes, 
fusca, macrostigma, mitis f. 
lutea, nubeculosa, stigma, 


stigmatica, tripunctata ...... 241 
Wipsothrixe nemOtay se-seccsssosceseee 241 
IMicCrOPprosOpa...)-c.ke.ccseccseee eee es 154-7 

haemorrhoidalis, heteromy- 

ZATIA erste tae wieiSR cee eC eee es 154-5 

pallidicauda ............ 154, 156-7 
Molophilus ater ............... 239, 240 

griseus, obscurus, pleuralis ... 240 

DUSILNISY Qeressee eter: dene cer oeson 241 
Myiatropa florea .................006. 246 
Nephrotoma appendiculata ...240, 241 

cornicina, 4-striata ............ 240 

flavescens, quadrifaria ......... 241 
Norellia ispinipes res-ses-nessnes ec: 154 
Ormosia hederae, pseudosimilis ... 240 

nodulosa ........ 2.01 eweias => ++. 241 
Paradelphomyia ecalcarata ......... 241 
Pedicia immaculata ......... 240, 241 


occulta, rivosa, straminea ... 241 


PAGE 
Bhaoniavexoletameeresss ee eee eee a eeeeee 246 
Pogonota (Seiichi eae eee il3)7/ 
Scatophasarsyccteuebas ce eeeeee 157 
Scoliaphleps ustulata ............... 154 
Spaziphora (Spathiphora) ......... 157 
Sylvicola fenestralis ......... 240, 241 

PUNnCtata Ae eek ses erence enee 241 


Tipula czizeki, lateralis, mar- 
Morata, oleracea, pagana, 
solstitialis) Gaehen ee eee eee 
hinatal oe cee eee a cee 124-5 
fulvipennis, meigeni, palu- 
dosa, rufina, scripta, signata, 


VATIICOTINIS aacecne emote 241 

staegeri, varipennis, 

Vittata se Saye Mea cee 240, 241 

subnodicornis ............ 238, 240 
Trichocera hiemalis, relegationis 240 
sirichopal puss seca eee ee eeeeeee 157 
Tricyphona immaculata ............ 240 
PIM Chay eee hee eee eee 198 
Ula mollissima .....................0. 241 

HEMIPTERA 

Callicorixa praeusta .................. 243 
Cicadetta montana .................. 165 
Corixa affinis, punctata ............ 243 
Geotomus punctulatus ............... 165 
Gerris odontogaster .................. 243 
Gonocerus acuteangulatus ...... 165 
Ife brusnuticepsieesess eee eee eee eeeeee 243 
Hesperocorixa castanea, linnei ... 243 
Hydrometra stagnorum ............ 243 
Microvelia reticulata ............... 243 
INeparcinencalene- pee eree eee eee eee eEeeee 243 
Notonecta glauca, obliqua ......... 243 
Pleat leachiil) oss5esseeccte eee eee 243 
Sigara nigrolineata, scotti, semi- 

Striata, stagnalis ............... 243 
Velia’ sp. oi ee teeter meee 243 

HYMENOPTERA 

Andricus kollari, lignicola* ...... 158-9 

COPTUPITIXd Saha neeceeee nee ee eee 159 
Mesopobus tibialis .................. 159 

ODONATA 

AnaxiimperatOt. eeeeeerre eeee-eeeee 74 
Hemianax ephippiger ............... 73 
Macrodiplax cora .............0..060+ 74 
IMME — soonsobeedocodsebnennes 6 
Orthetrum sabinum .................. 74 
Pantala flavescens .................. 53-4 


Tholymis tillarga ..................... 74 


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