Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http: //books .google .com/I
w »
(A I-)
W UJ
Bj to
o. D
w O
" X
ii
s o
1
GRAMMAR
OP THB
NEW ZEALAND LANaUAGE.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE
BY
E. MAUNSELL, LL.D.
ARCHDEACON OF AUCKLAND
THIRD EDITION
MELBOURNE, SYDNEY, AND ADELAIDE
AUCKLAND: N. G. LENNOX (late E. WAYTE)
MDCCCLXXXII .
2>#v.
»4<u^
1 9 MAY 1935
^/r.^ v^"^
PEEFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
The reader has here before him the analysis of
a "strange language," unlike anything known in
Europe, with rules of construction and an idiom
peculiar to itself. He must, therefore, when speaking,
endeavour to divest his mind of European rules of
speech, and adopt those of the Antipodes.
His wisestj shortest, and most effectual course will
be to Btvdy the exam/pies — get them off by heart, think
of them, and make them the models upon which he
frames his sentences. I can conceive no course more
beneficial than making a vocabulary out of them, on
some plan or scheme of his own. The rules and dis-
sertations he can refer to, at his leisure, as guides in
cases of difficulty.
May, 1882.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
Independently of minute and numerous subdivisions,
it may, perhaps, be correct to state that there are
spoken in this, the northern island, seven leading dia-
lects, each more or less distinguished from the other,
viz. : — 1st, the Rara^va, or that spoken to the northward
of Kaitaia; 2nd, the Ngapuhi, or that spoken in
that portion of the island as far south of Kaitaia as
point Rodney on the eastern coast, and Kaipara on
the western ; 3rd, the Waikato, or that spoken in the
district lying between Point Rodney and Tauranga on
the east, and Kaipara and Mokau on the west ; 4th,
that spoken in the Bay of Plenty ; 5th, the dialect of
the East Cape and its neighbourhood, in which,
perhaps, may be included that of Rotorua, though in
these two places many little differences might be
detected ; 6th, that spoken in the line of coast between
Port Nicholson and Wanganui, though here, also, at
least four different branches might be traced ; 7th, and
last, that spoken between Wanganui and Mokau.
The dialect of Taupo may be, perhaps, considered a
mixture of those of Rotorua and Waikato.
TUl PREFACE.
All these may be stated to bear to each other a
remarkable radical affinity. Many words, it is true,
may be found in one which are unknown in another ;
but the grammar of any one will give a great insight
into the texture of all.
The Waikato dialect is very generally known
throughout the larger portion of the island. It has
deeply tinctured that of Taupo, is well known at
Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty, and has been carried
to the summits of Taranaki by the-mtiltitudes whom
its fierce warriors once dragged from thence in slavery,
and whose chains have since been snapped by the
power of the Gospel. Ngapuhi to the northward are
well acquainted with it, from the number of slaves who
had been fetched from thence by the warrior Hongi ;
and a little before his time it was carried to the neigh-
bourhood of Port Nicholson by two large and distinct
migrations — one by Ngatitoa, who were the original
possessors of Kawhia ; another by Ngatiraukawa, who
formerly occupied Maungatautari, and as far as Taupo.
The four tribes, also, who now occupy the banks of
the Thames, resided formerly for a very long period
in "Waikato, and, being sprung from the same stock,
speak a language so similar that a critical ear can
scarcely tell the difference between the dialects of the
two people.*
* Marutuahu, from Kawhia. is the great progenitor of the
Thames tribes, and his name is often used to designate that
people. Kawhia, we may add, is the place at 'which, according
to the accounts of the people of Waikato, Taranaki, as well as
those of Ngatiruanui, the early immigrants, landed.
PREFACE. IX
The origin of this people, — ^what part of this island
was first occupied, — ^whether it was not colonized bj
different migrations from different islands, — are points
as yet buried in darkness.
; That it was not occupied by merely one migration
has ever been the opinion of the author since he heard
of the different condition and habits of the people of
the East Cape and those of "Waikato. A survey of
the different dialects will confirm the conjecture, and
nowhere can we get a- better illustration than at Taupo.
For that magnificent lake, in the centre of the island,
and the point of meeting for two parties, as they
approach from either coast, presents also a remarkable
diversity in the languages spoken on the eastern and
western banks. On the eastern, the dialect corres-
ponds closely with that of Rotorua, from which it is
distant about a four days^ journey ; on the north-
western, which is occupied by a remnant left by the
Ngatiraukawa in their great migration to the south-
ward, the dialect is remarkably similar to that spoken
in Waikato.*
The points of similarity between the fundamental
principles of the Hebrew language and those of Maori
have been occasionally noticed : not, however, because
the author entertains any opinion that the two
* These remarks might also be extended to Rotoma lakes,
on the north-western extremity also of which are residing
another remnant of Ngatiraukawa, whose dialect is, as far
as the author recollects, diflferent from that spoken by
Ngatiwokaaue.
X PREFACE.
languages can claim any direct relationship to each
other. Upon this only would he insist, in reply to
those who would bind him down to the model of some
of the European grammars, that Maori, like Hebrew,
is altogether diffei-ent from those languages in
structure ; that every subject of scientific inquiry
must have rules and an arrangement suited to its
nature ; and that, as it would be absurd to construct
the English on the basis of the Latin, so would it be
more out of course to think of finding in Maori
declensions, conjugations, modes of comparison, «fec.,
ifec, as accurately defined, or conducted on the same
principles, as those of languages so polished, and so
adapted for expressing as well the minutest varieties
in thought as the tenderest emotions of the feelings.
And here the author would acknowledge his obli-
gations to Professor Lee for his theory of the Hebrew
tenses. On no other hypothesis can a satisfactory
solution be given of the Maori tense.
The student is requested to notice that the remarks
that are more suited to a beginner are printed in
large type, and that matters which are of less import-
ance to him are contained in the smaller. It will be,
perhaps, most advisable for him to omit the perusal of
the latter until he has mastered the former.
Waikato Heads,
February, 1842.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
ORTHOEPY.
The letters of Maori
Of the sound of the vowels
Of the diphthongs
Homogeneous sounds, when thej meet in a sentence
Of the consonants
A table of peculiarities of pronunciation in the principal
dialects.
CHAPTER II.
OP THB ABTICLK.
The articles
Of the definite article te
Of its plural nga
Of the indefinite article he
Of te tahi when used as an article
Of the particle a,
CHAPTER III.
OP THE NOUNS.
Nouns primitive and derivative
Compound words
Verbal nouns
Proper names '
Gender of nouns
Number of nouns
Of the postfix ma
Reduplication of nouns
Cases of nouns.
XU CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
OF THE ADJECTIVES.
Their gender, number, and case
Beduplication of.
CHAPTER V.
OF THE NUMEBALS.
Of the cardinals
Their prefixes
Their manner of combination, &c.
Prefixes for denoting —
Persons
Distribution
Fractions of length.
OrdiTuds,
Three ways for denoting them.
CHAPTER VI.
OF THE PRONOUNS.
Of the personal pronouns
Of the possessive pronouns
Of the relative pronouns
Of the demonstrative pronouns
Of neit na, and ra
Of the interrogative pronouns
Mode of supplying the Refect of distributlYe pronouns
Of the indefinite pronouns.
CHAPTER VII.
OF THE YEBBS.
Verbs primitive, derivative, and compound
Mood
Tense
Imperative mood
Paradigm of tense in simple sentences
Passive voice (table of examples)
Remarks on
Verbal nouns (their formation)
Neuter verbs
Participial adjectives.
CONTENTS. Xlll
CHAPTER VIII.
jof the prepositions.
List of prepositions
Bemarhs on them
Proper meaning of na^ ma^ &c.
CHAPTER IX.
OF THE ADYEBBS.
Primitiye and deriyati^e adverbs
Classification and list of adverbs and adverbial expressions.
CHAPTER X.
9
OF THE PABTICLES.
Atn, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, n, hokl, kan.
CHAPTER XI.
Of the conjunctions.
CHAPTER XII.
Of the interjections.
CHAPTER XIII.
OF. THE SYNTAX
Preliminary Remarks*
Terms explained
Complex and incomplex propositions
Remarks on the general features of Maori
Epanorthosis.
CHAPTER XIV.
SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.
Ko an article
Its peculiar features
The omission of the article
He and te tahi
The particle a.
XIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XV.
SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.
NouDs in apposition
Article prefixed to them
Preposition
Exceptions
Clauses in epanorthosis, irregularity of
The answer to a question, construction of.
Possessive Case denotes
Intensity
Date of an act
Useful in predication
Used instead of other cases
Position of, when the governing word is twice repeated
Governing word often omitted
Material, or quality, of a thing how denoted by a sub-
stantive
The form of the substantive often used for that of the adjec-
tive.
Oljectvoe Case,
Position of
How compound words govern others
Kai prefixed to a verb
Te prefixed to proper names
Ngati and rangi
O and A, distinction between.
CHAPTER XVI.
SYNTAX OP THE ADJECTIVES.
Position of adjectives
Verbal adjectives
Exceptions
Many adjectives to one substantive
One adjective to two or more substantives
Of the forms occasionally assumed by the adjective
Comparison of adjectives.
CONTENTS. XV
CHAPTEK XVII.
SYNTAX OP NUMERALS.
Particles prefixed to numerals
Case following
Positiont of numeral
Repetition of numeral
Tua and whaka as numeral prefixes.
CHAPTER XVIII.
SYNTAX OP PRONOUNS.
Position of pronouns
Often omitted
Singular and dual often denote a tribe
Other uses of
A pronoun in the singular will refer to a noim in the plural
In the third person will refer to the first or second
person
Used for the conjunction and
The noun belonging to the pronoun of ten omitted
Belative pronaunSf the substitutes for them.
Denumstrative Pranoum,
Useful as auxiliaries
Other peculiarities of
Neif fuif and ra
Interrogative pronouns (strange use of).
CHAPTER XIX.
SYNTAX OP THE VERB.
The Verbal Particles,
E
Ana
E—am^
Ka
I
Kia
Kia and hi te, distinction between
Sometimes no verbal particle prefixed
^i as used in connection with the verb
Whakaj uses of
xvi coNTEirrs.
Adverbs as auxiliaries
Defect of substaDtive verb, how supplied
Prepositions as auxiliaries
Tendencj of Maori yerb to assume the form of a sub-
stantive
The finite verb may follow the oblique case
Predication performed by the possessive case
Ckunpound tenses
Other circumstances which affect the time or yoice of a
verb
Verbs associated to qualify each other
Bepetition of verbs
Of other words
Passive verbs, use of
Sometimes supplanted by the active
Neuter verbs which assume the passive form.
CHAPTER XX.
OF THE PBBP0SITI0N8) ADYBBBB, AND CONJXTNCTIONS.
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS.
&dj. — adjective,
adv. — adverb,
n. — noun,
verb. adj. — verbalized a^eetive,
V. — verb,
▼. a. — verb active,
vide S. — denotes that further information will he found in
the Syntax,
GKAMMAR OF THE NEW ZEALAND
LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
OF THE PBONUNCIATION OF MAORI.
The letters of Maori are as follows : —
NAME.
A
a as in fall, fat.
E
as a in acoroi.
H
ha.
I
i as i in French or ee ixxBUep,
K
ka.
M
ma.
N
na.
0,
P
pa.
R
ra.
T
ta.
U
«.
W
wa.
NO
nga.
OF. THE SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS.
A
Has three sounds; the slender, somewhat broader,
and the full broad sound.
1. Th#i3lender ; as in hat, pat.
2. Tb« somewhat broader ; as in mar, far, father
^» The full broad ; as in wall, hall, kc
2
PRONUNCIATION.
The following is a list of words classified under
these heads : —
1.
patu, to strike,
xnatua, a father,
mamma, the
moon,
tflki, to drag a
canoe in mater,
raatenga, death,
tarlDga, ear.
pokaru, "broken,
pakeke, hard.
tangata, a wan,
tahUj to burn.
2.
patu. partition of
a lunise.
mdtvLSk, fathers.
marama, light.
tflki, take from
tJiefire,
m/7teDga, Jiead.
taringa, waiting
for,
pakarua, v. p.
broken.
pakeke, to creek,
• • •
tahuhu, a ridge-
pole.
3.
whan a, to hick
wahi, a place,
whaki, to confess,,
ware, a plebeian.
tdngata, men.
whare, a house.
The second and third heads difier but little from each
other, and it sometimes may be difficult to decide
under which of the two the sound should be classed.
The reader is requested to notice that the distinc-
tions above made are not founded so much on the
length of the sound as on the differences of the
sounds themselves. If the length of the sound be
considered, other classes (at least two) might easily
be established ; but the learner would, we fear, be
more perplexed than benefited by the addition.
The speaker should remember that in some com-
pound words the last syllable of the first word, if it
end in a, is pronounced strong ; e,g, —
Patunga-poaka, place wliere pigs are killed; Ma-
hinga-kai, a cultivation ; Mata-pu, tlie lead of a gun^
a bullet ; Ta te tutua tu, tJie plebeian! s manners.
Note. — ^There are exceptions to this rule which it would be
well for the student of observation to notice.
f
•In pronouncing such words as kata, mata, tata, the
speaker must be careful not to slur over the first a,
PRONUNCIATION. 3
as if it were keta, meta, &c. It should be pronounced
clearly and distinctly.
E
Is pronounced as a in bate, hate, &c., only not
quite so slow, or so broad. Perhaps the final e in the
French words cafe, felicity, would be a closer resem-
blance ; e,g. koe, rea, re, kete, ma^6, <enei, rere.
(2.) As e in jt?06tical, ^/lere; e.g, <ena, rengarrenga.,
Jcete, rere.
Few sounds in Maori are more frequently mispronounced
by foreigners than e. ToJie, ngare, kum-ea, hoea mai te waka,
te reinga, te rangi, rewera., korero, have been all so carelessly
pronounced as to sound to the native ear as if spelt to7^i,
ngari, kumia, horn mai ti waka, to reinga, to rangi, rewara,
kororo. The reader should also be careful not to give e the
diphthongal sound of ei ; as in ne, the interrogative par-
ticle, &c.
I is pronounced like the French i ; as ee in sleep,
green, &c. ; when distinctly and fully pronounced, it
imparts much melodiousness to the sentence; e.g,
ariki, k^k^ to cJiatter, &c.
In the following it has a shorter sound : — K^ki,
crowded ; m^ti, t^ti, &c.
N.B. — The speaker should be careful not to onfoand i with
the Maori e ; as in such words as wakatoi, hoi, &c.
Has a long and a short sound— a long ; as tOtaj 7o
drag,
A short ] as toto, blood,
N.B. — ^We have no sound in Maori to correspond to the o in
not, hot, pott &c.
u.
This sound is also uniform in kind, and always
corresponds to oo in book, &c. It sometimss, however,
FEOKUirCIATION.
experienoeii a more quick, sometimes a more slow
pronunciation.
The following table exhibits two variations, begin-
ning with the shorter :—
1.
iiir\f a knee,
tttttl, game as iujpakihi cf
N^apubi.
kftktt, a shell,
ktihu.
titti, to pay.
2.
itiiUt disobedient,
tutu (mann), a birdstand,
kOkti, a pigeon,
tutua.
huna.
ata, to draw water.
In prononncing t^, the speaker will have to guard against
the error of those who prefix the aspirate when no aspirate ie
admissible. According to them w, vtu, &c. are pronounced as
if spelt hu, hutu.
He will also have to beware of the more common and
stubborn error of giving u the diphthongal sound of n in ouhep
tube, mate, dec. Tonu, ketn, tonutia, are, in this way, pro*
nounced as if spelt toniit, toniutia, ketiu.
Ut again, is sometimes, by careless speakers, confounded
with Of and vice versa. Thus ihn, nose; niho, tooth; have
been erroneously pronounced as if spelt iho, nihu.
OF THE DIPHTHONGS.
This portion of Maori literature has been as yet
but little explored ; and as each person's notions will
vary with the acuteness of his ear, and the extent to
which his judgment has been exercised, we may be pre-
pared to expect a considerable discrepancy of opinion.
We shall therefore proceed with caution, and ofier
only what may be most useful, and most necessary for
the student
The field of discussion may be much limited if we
first define what we mean by the word "diphthong."
The best definition we can find, and the one most
suited to the nature of the diphthong, is, we think.
PRONUNCIATION. 5
that of Mr. Smith in Walker. " A diphthong,*' he
says, " I would define to be two simple vocal soundg
uttered by one and the same emission of breath, and
joined in such a manner that each loses a portion of
its natural length, but from the junction produceth a
compound sound equal in the time of pronouncing to
either of them taken separately, and so making still
but one syllable."
Following this definition, three tests for a diphthong
suggest themselves —
1. The emission of the two sounds by the same
breath.
2. Their amalgamation, or, more correctly, their
coalescing ; for each vowel in the Maori diphthong is
distinctly heard.
3. The abbreviation in the natural length of each
simple sound.
In applying these rules to the diphthongs, it will be
perhaps most prudent to divide them, under the pre-
sent imperfect state of our knowledge, into two
classes : — 1. The certain, or those of the diphthongal
character of which there can be but little question.
2. The doubtful, or those upon which inquirers may
be likely to entertain different opinions.
The diphthongs which we consider certain are as
follows : —
aa, ae, ai, ao, au, ee, ei, 11, oo, ou, uu.
On these we will offer a few remarks.
Those diphthongs which are formed by a double
letter, such as aa, are distinguished by a stronger and
fuller sound ; as in Wakaaro, rapt&t&tu, <&;c.
AE
Is a sound for which it is difficult to find a parallel
in English, and which most speakers confound with ai
in such words as waewae, waeroa, paewae, <&c
6 PRONUKCIATION.
The English aye comes perhaps closer to it. It must
be pronounced broad and open, and care must be taken
to keep out the squeezed sound of the i.
AI
May be well represented by the i in shine.
AG
Has no representative in English that we are aware
of. In pronouncing it, the speaker must be careful to
let the be distinctly, but not too prominently, heard ;
and considerable care will be required to keep it dis-
tinct from au in the following words, as otawhao,
whawhao, tao, hao, &c. ; neither, again, must the
speaker divide the diphthong into two syllables, as
some speakers do in otaota, &c.
AU
May be pronounced like ou in drought, trout, pound,
EI
•
May be represented by the ai in haily pail, <fca
Care must be taken not to suppress altogether the i,
as is sometimes done in such words as tenei, penei,
ike.
OU
Is a sound of some difficulty. There is no sound
that we are aware of in the English language that
exactly corresponds to it. Low, sow, mow, <fec. may
be made to resemble it, by pronouncing them slowly,
and letting the sound die away into u.
Most foreigners are apt to pronounce it ns a simple o. The
first syllable of ^/f<n« is one of very difficult pronunciation.
Without great care it will be variously pronounced, as if koitou,
kotou, or kutu.
By not attending to these distinctions the speaker will often
lose the benefit of a good thought. A speaker, guarding hi&
PRONUNCIATION. 7
hearers against spiritual temptations, borrowed his illustra-
tion from ^pmiTtahi (the perch for the parrot, by which it is
caught), telling them that Satan often presents poukakas to
attract them to ruin ; unfortunately, however, instead otpmt-
kaka he used j?<7kaka, a »qtuill of wiiid and rainy and only
expressed his point by exciting their risibility.
The doubtful class of diphthongs are mau (as in
inau,yor thee, tau, thy), ai (as in maia, brave), ea, eo,
eu, io, iu.
On these we do not wish at present to make many observations.
We believe that there is a considerable difference amongsfe
Maori speakers respecting them. Our own idea is that there
may be a few occasions on which some might be considered
diphthongs ; and that those occasions are, the position of the
syllable, whether at the end of the word or elsewhere, as also
whether it come under the influence of the accent.
We cannot dismiss this subject without mentioning two par-
ticulars, very necessary to be remembered by all who wish to
attain to an accurate pronunciation of Maori. First, as it is in
English, every sentence is to be pronounced as if one word. 2.
Homogeneous vowels will, when they meet, almost always run
into a diphthong.
The following sentence, Jtoia i wJilrhvhiria ai eiato ratott
«ri, would be thus pronounced by a native: hoiai-whiH'ivhiria'
eia'to-raUmri, K&ia ia i Hri at would i*un hoiai-aiHriai,
This same subject of homogeneous vowels coalescing into
diphthongs is one which has not received the attention it
merits.
OF THE CONSONANTS.
H,
This is the same as the English h.
It is not, however, known on the western coast of
New Zealand, to the southward of Mokau, in the dis-
trict of Taranaki. Its place is supplied by a curious
stammer or jerk of the voice. A gentle sibilancy
accompanies its pronunciation amongst Ngapuhi,
which some speakers erroneously confound with sh.
8 PRONUKCIATIOK.
K has the sound of the English ^ ; as in kill, i&a
M, JV, P.
M, N, F, have the same sound as in English.
R
R has two sounds: (1) rough; as in rain, river,
&c. ; e.g. kahore, rorea, roro, roto.
(2) The second is more soft, and is formed by a
gentle jar of the tongue against the palate ; so gentle,
indeed, is the vibration that most foreigners pronounce
it like <i or Z, as in raro, ruru, rimu, pouaru, pari,
muri, mariri, koiri, korikori, kouru, maru.
T.
This is a letter which few Europeans pronounce cor-
rectly. It is not pronounced like the t in temper, tea,
<fec. ; but rather like the sharp tk of apa^Ay, sympa^Ay,
A^Aens, apo^Aecary. Those who watch a native's
tongue while pronouncing this letter, will find that
the rule for attaining this sound is, to apply the tongue,
not to the root, but to the top of the teeth, and hardly
emit a.
W
Has two sounds — one simple, as that in wind, <fec. ;
e.g. wai, water ; waka, a canoe ; ware, a plebeian.
2. An aspirated w, as in when, where, &c. ; whai,
follow ; whare, a Jwuse, &c.
NG.
The speaker should be careful in uttering this sound
not to separate the n from the ^, as is sometimes done
by foreigners. The n and g intimately coalesce, and
those who have learned to pronounce the French encore
will find no difficulty in catching it. The following
rule will, we trust, help the beginner : —
PBONUKCIATION.
Press the middle of the tongue to the roof of the
mouth, near the throat, and simultaneously relax the
pressure, and pronounce na. Of course care must be
taken that the tip of the tongue does not touch the
palate.*
Following is a table setting forth a few of the variations in
pronnnciation of the leading dialects of New Zealand.
It will be obserred that the name of a place is employed to
denote the dialect for which that place and its vicinity are
remarkable.
NgapuhL
Waikato.
East Gape.
Botoraa.
Taupo.
Eari
Keri
Eeri
Eari
Eari
Tatou
Tatou
Tatau
Tatau
Tatou and
Tatau
Tatou
Matou
Matou
Matau
Matau
Matou and
Matau
Matou
Kat-ou
Batou
Batau
Batau
Batou and
Batau
Baton
Koro & Korua
Eorua
Koutou
Eoutou
Eoutau
Eoutau
Eoutou and
Eoutou
Taua or Tao
Taua
Taua
Taua
[Eoutau
Maua or Mao
Maua
Maua
Maua
Baua or Bao
Baua
Baua
Boua
Hei
Hei
Hai
Hai
HaiandHei Ei
Eei
Eei
Eai
Kai
EaiandEeii Eei
Tutei
Tutai
Tutai
Tutai
Tutai
Tutei
Wha
Wa
Maoa
Maia
Maoa
Maia and
Maoa
Hohou
Whawhau
Hohou and
0-ou
Whawhual
Teina
Teina
Taina
Taina
Teina
Teina
Tarai
Tarai
Tarei
Tarei
Tarai
Heoi
Heoti
Heoti
Eoi and
Eoti
Eua
Eua
Eoua
Eua<&Eoua
Eu
Eia
Eia
Eia
Eia
Eia
Ei
Horo
Hoboro
0-oro
Topa
Tao
Tao
Tao
Boa
Bo
Tonu
Tonu
Tou
See also the letters ng and h,
* This sound is not known in the Bay of Plenty. Its place is supplied by
a simple n, further southward by k»
10 OF THE ARTICLE.
CHAPTER 11.
OF THE ARTICLE.
§ 1. The articles in Maori are as follows : —
(a) The definite article te and its plural nga ; e,g,
te tangata, the man,
nga tangata, tlte men,
(&) The indefinite articles Jie, tetahi, and its plural
etahi ; e.g.
Sing, he maripi, a knife,
Plur. lie maripi ena 1 are tJioae knives ?
te tahij maripi, a knife.
e tahi maripi, some knives.
, (c) The arthi^itic particles a and ko ; e.g,
a Hone, John.
ko koe, you,
§ 2. Te is not so uniformly definite as the English
ike ; being sometimes used —
(a) Where no article would be employed in English^
i.e. in cases where the noun is taken in its widest
sense; e.g,
I ma te kaipuke, went by ship.
He kino te tutu, disobedience is sinful,
Ko te rangi me te wenua e pahemo, lieaven and
earth shall pass away.
(b) Sometimes it is employed instead of the English
a; e.g.
He mea kaha te hoiho, a horse is a strong thing,
E kore te tangata tika e wehi i te mate, a virtuous
man will not /ear death.
OF THE ARTICLE. 11
(c) Sometimes it is use.d instead of the pronoun?
some ; e,g, ■ • -
Xei tahaetia e te tangata, lest it should he stolen
by some "person ; na te tangata noa atu, hy some
person or other,
{d) It is employed for many other purposes which
the English the does not recognize. We shall only
mention the following: —
Te tini o te kaipuke, how many ships t/iere are t
Note. — It has been asserted that ^^ is sometimes used in the
plural number, as in the preceding example, *' te kaipuko,""
and in the following-;— ^^ tini o te tangata, ma^y men; ka reka
te y\i\\\^ peaches are ftweet,
\Ve are more inclined to think that we have in these exam-
ples the operation of a figure of frequent occurrence in Maori,.
Tiz. , synecdoche, and that one of a class is made to represent
a whole class.
Expressions of this kind are common in English, without
involving the plural number of the article ; e.g. tJie fruit of
,the treet a great many, a few men, <Jr. Bishop Lowth's
remarks on these instances are quite to the point : —
** The reason of it (he says) is manifest from the effect whicb
the article has in these phrases ; it means a small or great
number, collectively tjiken, and therefore gives the idea of a.
whole, that is, of unity. Thus likewise, a hwidredj a thou^
sand is one whole number, an aggregate of many collectively
taken ; and, therefore, still retains the article a, though joined
as an adjective to a plural substantive ; as, a hundred years,**
(e) Lastly, te is sometimes employed before proper
names ; e.ff,
Te Furiri, Te Uira.
Note 1. — To define the rule by which the article is prefixed
or omitted before proper names is a work of some difficulty,
usage being very irregular.
Note 2. — Sometimes te is blended with o into one word y
as in the following example :— ki to Hone whare, to the hovs&
of John, instead of ki te whare o Hone.
Note 3.^— The student should be careful, in speaking, to
distinguish between the article te and the negative particle
13 OF THE A&TICLB.
t0. The latter should always be pronounced more distinctly
and forciblj than the article.
§ 3. yga may with strict propriety be called the
plural of the definite article. There are a few
exceptions, or, i*ather, slight yariations, which we do
not diink it necessary to mention.
§ 4. He varies in some respects in its uses from the
English a.
(a) It is used sometimes where no article would
be employed in English ; e,ff.
A, ho atu ana e ratou he moni ki a ia, and tliey
gave him money,
(6) It is occasionally used in the same sense as
^om^ in English ; e.^.
Kawea he v^bi, fetch some water.
(c) It is used in the plural number ; e,g.
He uwha kau aku poaka, 7ny j^^ *^^ aUfernales.
He tini oku kainga, m,y farms are many.
§ 5. A great many uses of the indefinite article are
shared by he with te tahi. We shall mention here a
few of them : —
Ho mai te tahi maripi, give me a knife,
Tahuna mai te tahi rama, kindle a light,
N.B. — Te tahi exactly corresponds with the definition given
\)y Bishop Lowth of the English article a, *' It determines it
(ihe thing spoken of) to be one single thing of the kind,
leaving it still uncertain which." A similar use of the
numeral one we find in French, sometimes in Hebrew, and
more than once in the New Testament (vide Matt. zxi. 19, and
Mark xiv. 51).
We need not look abroad for parallel instances ; our indefi-
nite article an being, as every etymologist is aware, the Saxon
article which signifies one,
(b) Etahi may be considered as corresponding to
the partitive article des of the French. It determines
OF THE ARTICLE. 1$
the things spoken of to be any number of things of
the kind, leaving it uncertain how many, or which of
the things they are. It closely resembles the adjective;
some of English, and we enumerate it here among
the articles because it only diifers from te tahi (which
is clearly an article) in being its plural ; e.g,
Maku e tahi ika, give me some fish,
§ 6. il* is a regular attendant on the personal
pronouns; e,g,
a koe, y(m ; ki a ia, to him,
(b) It is also the article by which the names of
individuals and tribes are always preceded ; e,g,
a Hone, kei a Hone, with John ; ia NgapuhL
Note 1. — Whea the particle ko is prefixed to either the
proper name or the pronoan, a is omitted ; e,g,
ko Hone, ko ia.
(2.) It is also omitted after the prepositions e^ may mo, no-,,
na, o, a. The prepositions with which it is retained are i, hi, .
kei, and their compoands — i mnga i, &c. ; e,ff.
i mnga i a Hone, above John.
Note S. — Europeans who haTe not made the langoage a.
study, often very incorrectly substitute e for a before a proper -
* Some, perhaps, may object to our regarding a ag an article, and may
remind xa of the definition that an article is ** a word prefixed to substantives .
to point them out, and show how far their signification extends." This,
however, is to make rules precede investigation, and our reply is, that if
Bishop Lowth, from whom this definition is derived, had been writing on
the Greek article, he would, most probably, have never given such a
definition. Every scholar is aware of the disputes that have been agitated
among the learned respecting the uses of this article, and that some have -
even maintained ** that Its use is guided by no rule at all." The fact is,
every language has its xiecnliarities, and it would be absurd to maintain
that because any given part of speech has certain powers in one language, it
must have the same in another.
We denominate this article arthritiCt because it is, as the Greeks would
say, an arthnmt a linU> of the word to which it is prefixed, though it in no •
way defines the extent of its tdgnification ; unless, pertiape, we consider that,
by its denoting the word to be either a pronoun, a proper name, &c., it thus,
in a certain measare, restricts its application, and thus accords with the-
definition which some writers would give of the article, viz , *^ an index t«.
the noun."
14 OF THE ARTICLE.
came ; e.g, thej will say, hei lita e te Warn ? where is te
iVam? and, again, kaa tae mai eNanaia — Xanaia has arrived,
£, as we shall show hereafter, is the sign of the vocative case.
A is omitted before soch words as the following, kei te
Paheha, kei nga Maoris &c.
Note 3. — A is sometimes in Waikato prefixed to appellatives ;
-e.g. ki a tuahangata, a papa, a kara.
(c) A is also prefixed to the names of places, and
to prepositions, and adverbs which have assumed the
iorm of substantives, when in the nominative case;
e.g,
Kua horo a Pukerangiora, Fukera7igiora (the
fort) Juis been stormed, Kua tukua atu e
ahau a Whangarei mo Hone, I /tave given
Wluingarei to John, Kua kainga a runga o
nga puka nei, tJie tops of tJie cabbages liave been
eaten off,
A hea ? wJiat place ? A Rangitoto.
Note. — Sometimes a is prefixed to the name of the place
when the people of the place, and not the place itself, are
intended ; e,g, ka mate i a Waikato, wUl be killed hy Waikato.
Some speakers are often guilty of solecisms from not
remembering that a is not prefixed to any of the oblique cases
of the names of places. Thud we heard some old residents in
the land say, Haere ki a Pokuru — Oo to Pokuru, Haere ki a
-Waitemata — Qo to Waitemata, According to this form,
Pokuru and Waitemata are not places, but persons.
(d) A is always prefixed to any inanimate thing to
which a name has been given — i.e, to trees, canoeSy
^hips, boats, meres,* guns, &c. ; e.g,
Kei te tua i a Buhaia, ^le is ciUting dawn (tite
tree) RvJi/iia, E waihape ana a Karapaina,
Columbine is tacking. Mo to tahaetanga i a
Pahikoura, for your liaving stolen (tJie mere*)
Fahikoura,
* The '* mere" is a native weapon for war made of the axe stone. It is
■«n article of great yalue, and descends from father to son as an oAa, an heir-
loom in the tribe.
• OP THE ARTICLE. 15
I toa ai a Hongi i whakawirinaki ia ki tana pu
ki a Tanumia, Hongi was brave because he
trusted in his gun Tanumia.
Note 1. — Stars also oome under the operation of this rule,
e.g. Eo wai tena whetu 1 runga 1 a Tawera 7 what star u
that above Tawera 1 ♦
Ena ara a, Matariki,f Matariki has mad^ his appearance.
Houses, caves, and such like are regulated bj rule {c) ;
e.g.
Heoi ano nga tangata kei a Pnra o Waikato, all the people
have mustered off to Punwwaikato — Whereowhereo*s
lumse ail the Waikato river.
J^owai hei whakahua i ta tatou whangai hau ?
I a wai ; i a Tu.
Ko hea te haua mai na ? ko Puhimatarenga, &c.
2. The following sentences are incorrect : —
E haere mai ana te Mihavn.
Eua mate te Earaiti.
N.B. — The speaker should distinguish between the article
and the preposition a, as in the following sentence: —
Ekore ahan e kai i a nga tanrekareka, I will not eat {the
food) of the slaves.
The preposition a in these ellipitical sentences should always
"be pronounced peculiarly strong.
He should also note the following : —
Ela mea (with short a) is " to do,''''
Ei a mea (with long a) is to suc7i an oney to otir friend,
or, in common parlance (give it), to what do ye call him.
'For Ko (see Syntax, chap, xiv.)
* Tawera Ib the morning star.
t This star makes his appearance about the month of Jnne, in the first
month of the New 2<ealander, and creates an important eposh in his a^cnl-
:tural operations.
16 OF THB K0UK8.
CHAPTER III.
OF THE NOUNS.
CLASSES OF NOUNS IN BBSPECT TO ORIGIN.
Kouns in Maori may be comprised under three
classes — ^primitive, derivative^ and verbaL*
(a) Nouns primitive are those which designate
animals^ plantSy nvmbers, members of the animal body,
some of the great objects of the natural world,
N.B. — It is often imposBible tb distiDgoish between primitiTe
and deriyatiye noons.
(6) Nouns derivative, which are altogether the most
numerous, comprise —
(1.) Nouns derived from verbs, i.e, the verb, in its
simple form, used as a noun ; e,g.
He noho noa iho taku, it is a simple sitting of
mine ; I Ivave no fixed object in stopping (here).
He haere pai to haere ? Is your going a good
going, ie, cure you going with good intent ?
(2.) Nouns derived from adjectives ; e.g.
He aha te pai o tena mea ? whaJt is the tocrth of
ilvat thing ?
Keihea te pakaru ? where is the broken place ?
(3.) Nouns derived from adverbs and prepositions ;
e.g.
* We are aware that verbal nonos shoald properly have been daised under
derivative; but as we sball often have to spetdc of them as a distinct dass^
and as, moreover, they closely resemble in some respects the participial fonn
of the verb, and are very freqnently need instead of the finite verb itself^
we have consulted our convenience in thus distinguishing them.
OP THE NOUKSr 17
He kore rawa, it is nil,
Engari a reira e pai ana, there (or that place) is
better,
Kua ki a roto^ the inside is full,
Parua a tua, coat the other side (with raupo).
(4.) Compound Words. — ^These are always formed .
by two words placed in immediate juxtaposition,
without any elision of either ; e.g,
Hia kai (desire food), hunger ; mate moe (crav-
ing sleep), sleepiness ; hoa riri (angry fri&iid),
enemy ; mahi atawhai (cherishing act, <kc.)y a
clierishing, dtc, ; kai whakaako (one that
teac/ies), a teacher ; kai whakamarie (one tJiat
pacifies), a pacifier ; tangata atua, a man
having a god ; tangata pakeha, a 7nan /laving
a European to live with him ; he hunga kainga,
a people liaving a place to reside on; ahu
taonga (bent on gain), avariciousness ; ahu
whenua (having tlie mind occupied vnth the
ea/rth), industriousness, or peaceableness ;
whenua rangatira (a noble land, not disturbed
by invasions) peace ; houhanga rongo, making
peace; ngakau whakakake, pride; he whare
kore (a no Iwuse), Iwmelessness ; he horoi kore
(a no soap)^ soaplessness ; whakaaro kore^
thoughtlessness, tfcc,
(c) Verbal nouns are well worthy the attention of
the critical student. They are of very extensive uses
in Maori, and a proper introduction of them will give
animation and elegance to the sentence. The rules
for their formation will be found hereafter. See
Vebbs.
They are generally employed to denote tim^, place,
object, mecms, or some accompaniment on, or relation
of, the act or quality of the ground form. — Other
uses of them wiU be mentioned in the Syntax.
3
18 OF THE NOUXS.
To set forth the various uses of the verbal noun,
here would carry us beyond our limits. We shall,
therefore, only give a few examples — sufficient, how-
ever, we trust, to lead the critical student into more
extensive inquiry :—
Ko tona moenga tena, that is where he slept.
Te pumautanga o te whakaaro, Ui/efull assurance
of Iiope ; te whakangarungarunga o te wai, t/te
trovblinig of live water,
Te peheatenga i meatia ai, Me 'numrher in which
it was done,
Te patunga poaka, the place where the pigs are
killed,
Kahore aku kete kumara hei whakahokinga atu
mo to puka, / Ivave no basket of kumara with
which to send hack (i.e, to pay /or the loan of)
your spade,
I te hanganga o te ao, wlven the world was nuide.
I ana inoinga, in his prayers (i,e, when he
prayed),
Ko tona kiteatanga tenei, this is the opportunity
for looking for, or seeing , it.
To tatou nuinga, the rest of owr party,
I taku oranga, while I live.
Note. — Instances will sometimes occur in which the simple
root, or the verbal form, may be indifferentiy used in the
sentence. The critical student, however, will generally be
able to see the reason ; ejg. te here o tona ho, the thong of his
»1boe ; te herenga o tona hu, the holes, ^e, by which the thong
iifagtened.
Proper Names should perhaps have been classed
under the head of derivative noims.
They are epithets arbitrarily assumed, as among
the Hebrews, from some circumstance, quality, act, or
thing. Sometimes they are simple ; e.g. ko te Tawa,
Toiwa (a tree) Sometimes compound ; e.g, Tangikai,
cry for food. They are generally known by a prefixed ;
when a is not prefixed, by the context.
OP THE NOUNS.
19
Note. — Sometimes we meet with English appellatiyes
employed as appellatives in Maori, but with the form peculiar
to proper names ; e.g. — a mata, the mUtress ; a pepi, the hahy ;
a te kawana, the governor. These, however, must be regarded
as solecisms, and as in no way supported by Maori analogy.*
We sometimes also meet with a Maori proper name employed
as an appellative ; i,e. if an individual of a particular
district has been remarkable for any quality, his name will
often be predicated of any other in whom the same feature
of character is discernible — thus,. Ropeti, of Waikato, was
remarkable for making a great show of hospitality ; hence,
to any person else who has been detected acting in a similar
way, it will be said, &> Bopeti, there U Eopeti.
As all these terms are necessarily limited in their use to a
particular district, we need not notice them further.
OF GENDER, NUMBER^ AND CASE.
Maori, as we may premise, admits of no such
thing as declension by inflection, i.e. by a variation
of the ground form. All the relations it is capable
of expressing are denoted by words, or particles, pre-
£xed or jooa^-iixed to the noun.
Gender op Nouns. — Distinctions of gender are
but seldom recognized in Maori. Only two are ever
noticed — viz., the masculine and feminine. These
are always expressed by different words ; e,g.
HALE.
Hatua 1
or > father.
Papa )
Tamaiti )
or > son,
Tamaroa )
Tungane, brother
female.
of a
FEMALE.
Whaea, mother,
Tamahine \
or } davghter,
Eotiro )
Tuahine, mtor of a man.
* It is trae that we have mentioned (pages 14 and 15) a tew cases wUch
might seem to warrant snch a use. But those dearly belong to a different
class.
20
OF THE NOUNS.
MALE.
Autane, brother-in-law of a
female,
Tangata, man,
Koroheke, old man,
Tourahi and Toa, male of
brute animals.
Tane, a male, mostly of the
human species.
FElft ALB*
Auwahine, sister-in'laiv of
the man.
Wahine, wojnan,
Rarohi, old woman,
Uwha, female of bnites.
Wahine, female.
In salutation, the sex of the person is almost always
denoted by the address ; e.^.
To tlie man,
E hoB., friend !
E pa,
E mara, —
E koro,
E kara,
ETa,
E Hika,
To the female,
r E kui )
\ S- to the married woman,
( E tai I
rEko \
\ E Hine j
to the girl.
Note 1. — It should, however, be noted that these modes of
address will vary in different districts. Thus, in Waikato JSI
Tai and U ho are often addressed to the male, and E hui to
the girl ; again, also, tane and wahine will be often found
applied to the brute creation, and tourahi, in Waikato, is
most frequently applied to the gelding.
Note 2. — The speaker should notice that the relationship
of individuals of the same sex is designated by the same terms
as the corresponding ones of the opposite sex ; e.g.
John*s
elder brother is Tuakana.
younger brother teina.
hrother-in-law taokete.
Mary'^s
elder sister is Tuakana.
ymmger sister teina
sister-in-law taokete.
The distinction of sex in the other branches is
generally designated by tane and wahine post-fixed
to the relation ; e.g,
Hunaonga wahine, daughter-in-law,
Hungawai Xajib^ father-inrlaw, \
OP THE JfOUNS. 21
Number. — Substantives in Maori have tvx) numbers,
singular and plural.
The singular is known by the singular articles
te and tetahi, or by one of the singular pronouns
connected with the noun ; e,ff.
Te whare o Hone, the Iwiose of John,
Toku paraikete, my blanket.
The plural is known by (1) nga, e tahiy or (2)
one of the plural or dual pronouns preceding the
noun; e,ff,
nga wahine, the women,
dha tupuna, my forefatliers,
(3.) Sometimes the plural is designated by o,
without te or nga preceding the noun ; e.g,
Kei Hone matua pea, with JohrCs uncles perlmps,
(4.) In a few cases we meet with an alteration in
the ground form ; e,g,
Tamaiti, son ; Tamariki, sons^ or children,
(5.) In some trisyllables the first syllable of the
plural is pronounced long; as in matua, tt^puna,
wahine, tdngata.
Note. — Examples of these two latter heads are not of
frequent occurrence.
(6.) We frequently meet with wa joined to the
proper name, in a sense corresponding to hoi amphiy
and hoi peri in Greek, to denote th^ person and his
company ; e,g,
Kei a Kukutai ma, with KuJcutai and his party*
(7.) Sometimes also ma is in the same sense post-
fixed to appellatives ; e.g,
E mara ma ! E hoa ma ! E ko ma 1
22 OF THE NOUNS.
(8.) Sometimes an oc^ o/^ repeated, or many things
of the mnie kind, are denoted by a reduplication of
one or more syllables ; e,ff,
Kakata, ajreqttent laughing,
Mamahi, over-work,
EimokimOy a winking of tlie eyes.
Case. — The distinction of case in Maori is exceedingly
simple. As it is not the character of the language to decline
either nouns or adjectives by a variation of the termination, it
is evident that, in this respect, Maori is altogether different
from Greek and Latin. Are we, then, to adopt the cases that
those languages so clearly need ? We are aware that some
contend for them. But we are also assured that their adoption
would be, not only useless, but often exceedingly perplexing.
It is true that prepositions may be found in Maori, as well
as in English, that correspond with the cases that are to be
found in those languages. But that, we submit, is not the
question. Our business, we conceive, should be to inquire how
the dependence of words on each other is denoted in Maori,
and then look out for a system that will meet, not a few
selected cases, but all the various possible conditions.
Now, in Maori the different connections and relations of one
thing to another are denoted by prepositions ; there are
upwards of twenty prepositions ; and these are capable of
being much increased in number by combination with each
other ; all having distinct meanings, different relations, and
therefore distinct cases. Are all these, then, to be reduced to
the six cases of Latin ? Those who please may make the
experiment with the following : — Kei runga i te pouaka ; kei te
kainga ; ho atu ki a ia ; me titiro atu ki a ia ; patua ia ki te rakau ;
hei tua i te whare, &c.
The simple and comprehensive cases of Murray^s English
Grammar seem^ therefore, the best adapted for Maori, though
we will confess that our own judgment is against allowing any
possessive case to Maori.
In English, it is true, that case may be recognized ; because
the ground form undergoes a change to denote it. Even in
Hebrew, something analogous also might be admitted. Bafc
in Maori the possessive case is expressed, like all the other
oblique cases, by a preposition. It may, indeed, be said that
in the pronouns we find a possessive formed by inflection.
But this might justly be questioned : for it is very probable
that noku and naku are compounds of no oku and na aku, and,
when a native speaks slowly, it may be observed that he
pronounces those words aa if ao spelt
OF THE NGUNS. 23
1. What is called the accusative case in Latin is
most frequently denoted by i. This particle is
different from the preposition i, and is only employed
to denote the passing on of the action of the verb to
the noun ; e,g, Ko wai hei keri i te mara? wlw is to
dig the field ? Vide Prepositions (^.), chap. viii.
2. The vocative case is always denoted by e ; e.g,
EHone! John!
CHAPTER IV.
OF THE ADJECTIVE.
Maori adjectives have no peculiar or appropriate
form. They know no distinction of gender, number,
case, or comparison.
In common with substantives, adjectives admit
often of reduplication to denote repetition^ or many
things of the sa/me Mnd^ &c. — vide chap, iii., § 8, page
22—e,g.
Mahi kakata — a freguerU laughing.
He rakau kikino kau — theg are all bad trees.
Note. — Comparison in Macri is foimed by jpeHphrasU, for
which vide Syntax.
24 OF TEE NUMERALS.
CHAPTER V.
OF TtJB NUMERALS.
Numerals in Maori abound in distinctions that are
not to he met with in other languages.
Tahi, one, has sometimes a form peculiar to itself,
being prefixed by ko. All between tahi and tekau
may be prefixed by c All the simple numbers — i.e.
all less than ten — ^will, when preceding the higher
numbers, take their ordinary prefixes ; e,g,
E rua, two — e rua rau, two hundred.
Ka torn, three — ka torn nga rau, t^iree hundred^
or it is 300.
Kia wha, let it be four ; kia wha mano, let it
be /our thousand, &c.
E rima, it is Jive — ka rima mano, Jive tJumsand,
&o.
Ka rima tekau, ^fy, &c., <fec. — i.e. I Iiave reached
My-
Numbers between ten and twenty are expressed by
ten and unit ; e.ff,
E ono — six ; tekau ma ono — (ten and six J sixteen,
E whitu — seven ; tekau ma whitu — seventeen.
Twenty, and all numbers between twenty and a
hundred, may be expressed in two ways : —
1st (which is now the more general), by a unit
preceding ten ; e.g. e ono tekau, (six tens) sixty ; ka
twa tekau, ninety, &c.
2ndly, by hoko prefixed to the unit ; e.g. hokorua,
twenty.
OF THE NUMERALS. 25
Note. — The Maori mode of coanting has always, heretofore,
been by pairs ; thus, hohoruay twenty, stands for twenty pair^
i.e. forty, and so on. When they wish it to be understood
singly, they postfix tahi'taki to the numeral adjective ; e,g,
hokorua taki-tahi^ twenty. Sometimes topu ov pu is postfixed
to make it more clear that the double of the number is intended ;
e,g. e waru topu (eight dotibled)^ siofteen.
Ngahuru, with Ngapuhi, denotes ten, and tekau, eleven. In
the central part of the island, as far as Taupo. ngahuru and
tekau represent, both of them, ten.
In expressing a sum of tens and unitSj the smaller
number follows ten or its multiple, and is connected
with it by the numeral conjunction ma ; e,g, thirty ^
Jour is denoted by " e torn tekau ma wha."
In expressing a sum of hundreds, with tens&Tid uriitSy
^he tens are postfixed to the hundreds without a ma
intervening; e,g, 136 is expresed by " ko tahi rau,
e torn tekau, ma ono."
A sum of tJwuscmds, hundreds, tens, and units is ex-
pressed in the same way, the particle ma only inter-
vening between the ten and the unit; e,g. 1136 is
expressed by "ko tahi mano, ko tahi rau, e torn
tekau, ma ono.''
' Note. — It should be here noticed that this is the new mode
of reckoning brought in by Europeans, and now fast spreading
over the land. The old mode is not so convenient in calcula*
tion, but it is often heard ; 240 would, according to it, be thus
expressed, Eo tahi rau ma rua, literally one kutCdred and two.
Two here stands for (twice ten) twenty doubled.
250 would run thus : — Ko tahi rau ma rua pu tautahi, one
hundred and two double, and a tautahi, an odd one,
4,900 would run thus : — E rua mano mo wha, hokorima te
tnma, two thousand, four hundred double; fifty double is the
tuma, the excess.
For all beyond a thousand there is, we suspect, a consider-
able diversity in the nomenclature of different tribes. In
Waikato and Taupo 10,000 double {i,e, 20,000 according to our
reckoning) would be a tini; ten tini (i.e, 100,000 double)
would be indifferently called ngera, rea^ hea. All beyond that
would be denominated by a tini makehua, a tuaururi mhaioio
for maioio), tini whakarere, &c.
26 OF THB NUMERALS.
For denoting a number of persons less than ten^
toko is generally prefixed to the numeral ; e,ff.
Tokowhitu tatou, we are seven in number.
For denoting distribution^ tataki is prefixed to the
numeral : kia tataki rua pu nga utu i te tangata, let
each man have /our payments.
NOTB. — Tataki prefixed does not always denote distribution;
e,ff, Ea tataki>hia nga wbakato o ta kontoa mara? Ifom
many baskets (are these) tJiat have been sawn in your eultiva*
turn?
In measuring length a fraction is denoted by huka ;
e.g.
E ono whatianga, huka to te whitu, It is six
whatia/ngas* lo^ig^ not quite seven.
E warn maro,* huka to te iwa, It is eight maro^
not quite nine,
Obdinals. — The ordinal numbers are formed : —
1. By tv>a prefixed to the cardinal ; e,g. tua toru^
third ; tua iwa, ninth,
2. By wliaka prefixed ; e,g, whakatekau, tenth,
3. By the simple cardinal with the definite article :
ko te wha tenei o aku haerenga mai, this is the fourth of
my comings here ; i.e, this is the fourth time I have
come here.
* Whatianga corresponds to the ancient cabit ; maro is what a man can
measure with his extended arms.
OF THB PRONOUNS. 2T
CHAPTER VI.
OF THB PRONOUNS.
The. personal pronouns of Maori are as follows : —
SINGULAR.
Ahau, or au, /.
Koe, thou,
lAy he.
DUAL.
{Taua, ]/(m and I,
Maua, he and I.
Korua, you two,
Eaua, tJiey two.
PLURAL.
{Tatou, you all and myself.
Matou, tliey and myself,
Koutou, ye.
Ratou, they,
^e first person dual and plural has, as may be*
seen in the above table, two forms, tau>a and tatouy
maua and matou; the former class may be denominated
inclusive, the latter exclusive. For example :
The speaker of a company, who is addressing a
person just come in, uses matou : e tatari ana matou
ki a koe, we are, or Iiave been, waiting for you. If
he means that only himself and another have been
waiting, he uses maua : e tatari ana maua kia a koe ;
but when he addresses the whole company, he usea
tatou : Tatou ki te kai, letups go to dinner. If, how-
ever, he is addressing only another besides himself, ho
uses tav<i : Taua ki te kai, Ut vs (two) go to dinner.
Again, if he says, No matou t«nei kainga, he tells
you, tiie hearer, that he and others possess this farm.
If he says. No mava, tenei kainga, he tells you that
28 OP THE PRONOUNS.
lie and some oiher person already mentioned possess
it. If, however, he use tatou : No tatou tenei kainga,
he means that all that he is addressing have a share
in it. If he says, No taua tenei kainga, he tells you,
the hearer, that it belongs to you and himself.
Note. — The student will find hereafter that the dual number
is sometimes used for the plural.
lu adflressing au individual, ia is sometimes used in the
:8econd person by Ngapuhi ; e.g. E ia. It is used in a very
strange combination also with tvai by some tribes ; e.g.
Ko wai ia ? wJio said so ?
The Personal Pronouns admit, in the singular, of
4leclen8ion ; e.g.
SINGULAR.
i\'(wi. Ahau, or Au, /.
Po88. Naku, or Noku, mine.
Obj, Ahau, or Au (preceded by some preposition),
e.ff.
Ki a au, or, ki ahau, to me.
E a hau, or, e au, by me*
Maku or Moku, ybr me.
SINGULAR.
JVowi. Koe, ifvou.
Po88, Nau, or Nou, thine.
Obj. Koe (preceded by some preposition) ; e.g.
kei a koe, loith thee.
Mau, and Mou, /or you,
SINGULAR.
JV^om. Ia, lie.
JP088. Nona, or Nana, his or hers.
Obj. Ia (preceded by some preposition); e.g.
I a ia, from him, or from Iier.
Mona and Mana, for him, or for her.
Pronouns, in common with nouns, have no gender.
There is no word in Maori to denote the pronoun it.
OF THE PRONOUNS, 2^
Its place is generally supplied by some artifice of the-
construction, as will be shown in the Svntax.
OP THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
As the possessive pronouns are closely connected,
with the personal, they may be mentioned next.
They are as follows : —
SINGULAR.
Toku, or taku, or tS.ku, my,
Tou, to, or tau, thy.
PLURAL.
OkUy aku, or S.ku, my,
Ou, o, au, thy.
Tona, tana, or tana, his, Ona, ana, S.na, his.
The other possessive pronouns are fonned from the-
dual and plural of their respective pronouns by pre*
fixing o ; eg,
o\ ' > of us two,
\ maua, J •^
o korua, of you two,
o raua, qftliem two.
f tatou, )
\ matou, j
o koutou, yowr,
o ratou, tlieir.
Such words as himself, his own, my own, &c. are=
expressed in Maori by some adverb added in the sen-
tence ; e.g, Nona ake ano tona aroha ki a tatou, hi»
love to us was his own ; i.e, was self-derived.
The adverbs most usually employed for this pur-
pose are ake, ano, noa, ilw, tonu,
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
For these there is no distinct form in Maori. Some-
timei| they are wholly omitted in the sentence ; e,g,
Ko te tangata tenei i patua e Hone, this is the
man that was beaten by Jolvn,
At other times their place is supplied by some arti-
fice of the construction. (See Syntax, chap, xvii., § b,\
50 OP THE PRONOUNS.
DEMONSTRATIVE* PRONOUNS.
The demonstratiye pronouns are as follows : — Taua,
•teivei, tena, tera^ and their respective plurals, aua^ eneiy
-ena^ era,
Tenei is applied to the object nearest at hand, or to
the point of discoui*se to which the speaker had last
:alluded ; te^na to an object near to or connected with
you, the person spoken to ; tera to an object farther
remote; e.ff.
No Hone tenei ware, this is JohrHs Iwuse,
No Penehamine tena, thtU one near you.
No Kukutai tera, that one farther off is KuhitaHs.
The same distinction is to be observed in the plural
number.
It may be questioned whether tenei and its branches are not,
like to (vide article e, 2, page 11), compounded of two words —
viz. te and nei, &c. They can always, at least, be resolved
into them ; e.g. Ho mai tena mea, give me that thing ^ is the
tsame as Ho mai te mea na. There is, however, a little differ-
ence in the uses of these two forms, which the attentive student
will discover by observation.
Nei, nat and ra are mostly added (like the ci and la of
French) to point at the object more forcibly.
AVhen the speaker wishes to denote the object with family
iarity, eontempt, &c., he generally uses the resolved form ;
^.g. Ea hinga ahau i te ws^atakariri ki te tangata neif I fall
fcith anger at tJie fellow here.
Sometimes we meet with nei and its branches twice repeated ;
-e.g. tenei na, tera ra.
Kei, &c. are often used in asking questions ; e.g, Nei na ?
Is this it ? Ra ra ? /* that it ?
Note. — The speaker should be careful in speaking not to
■confound this demi-pronoun with the interrogative particle JVip.
Sometimes we meet with ia used as a demonstrative,
Tona wenua kai ha ia^ i/mt is tlie very land of
food.
Note. — Anei and ara are often used by Ngapiihl for enei
4tnd era.
OF THE PRONOUNS. 31
THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
The interrogative pronouns are wai, aJui, tehea (and
its plural ehea), kohea, and sometimes (particularly in
Waikato) peliea,
Wai is applied (1) to persons, and (2) to animals or
things, as canoes, ships, <fec., to which the name of a
man has been given, and is always the pronoun used
in asking the question, What is his name? It is
sometimes applied to counties, &c. ; but, in such cases
koliea is the pronoun most frequently used.
The following are examples of the uses of wai and
kohea : —
Ko wai tena ? Wlw is that ?
Na wai tenei ? Whose is this ?
Ko wai tena kuri % Wlw is tJiat dog ? i.e, what
is his name ?
Ko wai tena poti ? ko, Wikitoria, Wliat boat is
tJiat ? — Ans., Victoria,
Ko wai tona ingoa ? WJiat is his name ?
Ko wai tena whenua 1 Wliat country is tliat ?
Kohea tenei ? What place is this ?
Note. — Wai will sometimes take the plural form by haviog
4na postfixed ; e.g. Ko wai ma ena ? Who are they ?
Alw, \a applied to everything in which kind is
denoted ; so also is pehea, sometimes.
EXAMPLES.
He aha tena mea 1 wJiat (insect, animal, or thing)
is thatt
Ko Hone aha ? which John was it ? — (was it John,
the Baptist, or John tlie Apostle ?)
He aha a Erihapeti ki a Hone 1 wliat (relation)
is Mizaheth to Joha f
2^a te aha ? from what cause f (why ?)
Pehea ana to whakaaro ? wha/t is your thought ?
i,e. wliat do you think ?
32 OF THE PRONOUNS.
E taea te pehea 1 wIkU can he done f Iww can U
he heljjed ?
He kai pehea tena kai 1 wliat kind of food is that ?
Note. — The above seoteoce decides the right of pehea to be
considered a pronoun. Most of the compounds, however, of
hea — such as koJiea, pehea^ nohea, ihea, mohea, ice, — ought most
probably to be considered as belonging to the class of adverbs.
The student will find, as we proceed, that the lines of dis*
tinction between the various classes of pronoun, adverb,,
preposition, noun, verb, and adjective are frequently but
faintly marked, and that the same word may be often noticed
as standing in four or five different ranks.
Tehea, and its plural ehea, is applied to which of a
number, and is used to denote persons or things ; e.g,
Ko tehea tau e pal ai 1 which do you choose ?
Ko ehea tangata au e ki nei ? which men do you
speak of?
THE DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS.
Ea>ch and every one are expressed by the demon-
fitrative or possessive pronoun, and the noun twice or
thrice repeated ; e.g,
Haria mai e tera tangata, e tera tangata, tana
kono riwai, hring each man his hasket of potatoes,
la tangata ia tangata, each man,
I tenei ra i tenei ra, each day,
E warea ana ki tana mahi ki tana mahi, each is-
engaged with his own particular husvness,
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
Some otiier and any are most frequently denoted
by te tahif and its plural e tald,
. Kua kite ahau i e tahi, I saw some (oftliem).
Ko e tahi kihai i kitea e ahau, some I did not sec
Kahore kau ahau i kite i te tahi^ I did not see
any at all.
OP THE PRONOUNS. 83
WIiateveTy whatsoevery &c. are expressed in various
vays, as may be seen in the following examples : —
Ko nga mea katoa e mea ai ) « ^ j
I ^, I whatever ye do, —
koutou: or, V />« i ••• ^n
xr i s i \ Col. ui 17.
Ko nga aha noa, &c. &c. )
Ko ta koutou e inoi ai i toku ingoa, whatever ye
oak in My Turnie.
Kia ho atu ki a ia tana mea 6 inoi ai ia, to give
her wliatsoever she would ask, — Matt. xiv. 7.
Ka kai koutou, ka- inu, ka alia ranei, wliether ye
eat or drink, or wliatever ye do, — 1 Cor. x. 31.
34 OF THE VERBS.
CHAPTER VIL
OF THE VERBS.*
§ 1. Classification. — Thej may be distributed
into —
(a) Primitive, i.e, underived from other words;
e.g.
Noho, to sit,
Hopu, to catch,
(h) Derivative, i.e, such as are derived from words
of same other root ; e,g.
E kakahu ana i tona, is putting on his garment.
I ahatia koe 1 What was cUme to you ?
Penatia, do it in that mamjner.
E hau, if it blow,
Narungatia mai, push it in/rom above,
E pai ana, it is good.
This class is by far the most numerous. Under it
also may be comprised —
(1.) Verbs formed by reduplication ; e,g,
Korerorero, to hold conversation with, &c
* There are many things connected with this sul^ect that will, no doubt,
often appear strange to the European reader ; and he will frequently ha-ve
to be careful lest he be mided by theories derived from occidental grammars.
In those languages the verb is a leading word in the sentence, and by it
exclusively is the office of affirmation or predication performed.
In Maori, on the contarary, a pure genuine verb is by no means of frequent
occurrence. Almost any word denoting a thing or quality is capable of
sustaining that office, and predication is as frequently implied as expressed.
In considering, therefore, the Maori verbs, we> shall have to examine not
only those words which have been invested with the properties belonging
to that class, but also those forms in which no mark of predication is
exprased. The term predication we have adopted, for want of a better,
to denote those functions which are peculiar to the verb, and which are
sometimefl described by grammarians under the terms <* afflrmatioii" and
** assertion.'*
OF THE VERBS. 35
{2,)Compownd verbs, i,e, verbs formed from two
or more words joined together ; e,g.
Morte-matapihUia mai, give it me by the window,
Whaka-ngoi-koretia, made weak.
Note. — ^As the same word is very frequently used in Maori
as verb, substantiye, adjective, and adverb, it is often
Impossible to determine under which of the above classes it
should be ranked ; neither, indeed, will it be necessary, as the
origin of the verb in no way affects its grammatical relations.
§ 2. Number, Person, and Gender. — Maori verbs
are not declined by inflection — i,e. by variation of
the ground form; and therefore know nothing of
number, person, and gender.
§ 3. Mood and Tense. — ^As neither the ground
form nor the auxiliary particles experience any varia-
tion from change of mood, we cannot recognize any
grammatical form for denoting moods in Maori, and
shall not therefore enter any farther into the subject
4it present.
Note. — The only variations we have been able to discover
are —
let. Those for denoting the imperative mood.
2nd. The prefixing of the particle whaka to the verb, and
thus causing a Hiphil or causative conjugation.
§ 4. Tense. — Maori abounds in a variety of forms
for denoting modifications of time. They are desig-
nated by verbal particles, adverbs, prepositions,
and the articles lie and te placed in connection
with the verb. The force of these, again, is, in
a large majority of cases, determined by the con-
text ; and we believe ourselves to be correct in saying
that there are, in this language, but few absolute
forms for determining tense ; for example :
E moe ana^ he is sleeping.
I reira e moe ana, tliere was he sleeping, or tlwre
he slept
36 OF THE VERBS.
/ riri au, I wcis angry.
Mo te cJia koe i riri mai ai ki a au ? why are you
angry with me ?
Ka haere ahau, / vnll go,
Na ka whakatika a Hone, then John rose.
See also Prepositions (mo).
Note.— The verbal particles are words which have no
meaning in themselves, bnt which, prefixed to a word, endue
it with the qualities of a verb. They correspond to the
auxiliary verbs of English, but do not admit of the same
varieties of application : neither can they lay claim to the
rank of verb substantive. Thus, in Maori we have no direct
form for such phrases as the following, I am^ you will, &c.
§ 5. They are as follows : — e, ana, ka, kua, t, May
Jieiy me, katuz, aua, and kei.
Their uses will be best ascertained by examining
the paradigm at the end of this section. A more full
consideration of them and of the other modes of con-
struction, which are therein contained, will be deferred
to the Syntax.
§ 6. It may be naturally expected that, in an un-
polished language like Maori, there should not be
much that is artificial or complicated in the arrange-
ment of the tenses. They are in form either simple
or compound.
§ 7. A simple sentence* is that which consists of
only one time ; e,g.
* We have adopted the term ** sentence " in preference to " proposition,"
lest the student should be led into perplexity by conceiving that we nsed the
terms simple and compound in the same senses as those in which they are
used by logicians.
From our examples he will see that we should call a sentence simple even
though the subject and predicate be complex terms.
By noticing whether, when the sentence is translated, one or two verbs are
intix>duced, and whether either of them is dependent in time on the other,
the student will easily make the distinction that we are desirous of establish-
ing. The importance of this distinction will be seen in our examples of a
compound sentence (page 37). For, in the first, e^na, which is present in
a simple sentence, is now past; in the second, kva is future, though it
strictly belongs to the past tense ; in the fourth example, this same particle
stands for the pluperfect potential.
OF THE VERBS. 37
E pai ana, it is good.
Kaliore ahau i kite, / did not see (it),
Ko tatou katoa, ano he hipi, hua marara ke ; we
all, as sJieep, have gone astray,
Kaa mate to tatou Kai whakaora i runga i te te
ripeka, our Saviour died upon the cross,
A conipownd sentence is that in which two times
are introduced ; e,g,
1. Me i reira ahau e pai ana, if I Jwd been tliere
it would have been well,
2. Akuanei, tae rawa atu, kua mate ; it will come
to pass, tliaty when I have got tliere, he will be
dead.
3. Kua mate ahau, e ora ana nga rakau nei, / shall
die before tliese sticks decay,
4. Me i whakararatatia i mua, ^i6a rarata tenei ; if
it Jwd been tamed before, it would have been
tame now.
Of this, however, more hereafter.
It will often be very necessary to notice the circum-
stances connected with the uttering of a sentence — i,e.
whether it be emphatic ; whether it be the answer to
a question ; whether a large measure of certainty is
designed to be implied, k^, &c.
§ 8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds in
more minute distinctions than any other part of the
verb. We present them all here, chiefly because the
sentences in which they occur are, for the most part,
simple.
1. The most common form for expressing the im-
perative of an active verb is by its passive ; e.g.
AOTIVE FORM. IMPERATIVE.
Patu, to strike. Fatua, strike (it).
Tua, to fell. Tuains^ feU (it).
38 OF THE TERBS;
2. fa) If the verb be neuter, the simple ground
form is used ; e.g.
Haere, go.
Hororo, Toahe liaate.
Tena, he prompt, he quick.
Kati, he quiet.
Whetero, put out yowr tongue.*
(6) Occasionally, however, we find the passive form
used, when the meaning of the verb is neuter ; e.g.
Hapainga, let us start.
Takiritia, idem.
Kokiritia, dask/orward (in pursuit, &c.)
Hoea tatou, let us paddle.
Sometimes both active and neuter verbs will take
the verbal prefixes e, Ha, hei, me, kaua, aua, *kei,
before them to denote the imperative.
(c) B is used sometimes to denote the imperative of
active and neuter verbs. It is chiefly used with the
second person singular, dual, and plural.
It is nevet found in the first person singular, but is
occasionally used in the first person dual and plural.
We know of no instance in which it is employed in
the third person, and we believe the following sentence
to be incorrect : — E aroha mai te Atua ki a tatou, ?way
God love us.
(d) Kia is capable of being used in all the persons
of the imperative. It is the particle most frequently
used with the first person. In the second, it is chiefly
used with verbalized adjectives (page 43); e.g. kia
* In speaking of actions done by members of the body, Maori never
flupposes the indiyidnal, bat rather the member, to perform the act.
Thus, such expressions as ''lift np your head,'* **open your mouth,"'
''stretch out your leg," would not be rendered, as we .hare heard some
speakers express it, by **huaia ake to matenga," '*hamamatia to waha,"
kxi^ but rather "kia ara ake to matenga," '*hamama tou waha,"
'*wharoro tou waewae."
We have, indeed, occasionally heard a native say, wheterongia (whate-
rong^ Ngapuhi) tou arero, titahangia ; but these jdirases are rare.
OF THE TERBS. 39
oti ; though occasionally it is prefixed to the verb. In
the third person, it' is used before either adjective or
verb.
The dehortative and cautionary particles kav4)^ cma^
kei, belong strictly to the imperative.
(e) Under this head we should perhaps also mention
the particle me. It will be observed that it does not
take the passive after it ; e,ff.
Me patu te te poaka.
Me hang& te taiepa.
(/) The only particles the imperative of passive
verbs will admit before it are kia^ kaua, aiuiy and kei.
Following is a table of sentences illustrative of the
above remarks. Other forms are given by which the
imperative is sometimes denoted : —
1st Form. — ^Whakaakona ahau, teach me,
2nd. — ^Whakatika, a/rise.
Noho atu, remain away.
Hoki mai, c(yme back.
Noho puku, ait quiet.
Tupeke, jump,
Pepeke, draw wp your legs,
3rd. — ^£ ara, arise.
£ noho, sit dovm,
Haere koe, e hoki, goy return.
£ kai, eat,
£ ngaki taua, let us two dig (it),
4th. — ^Tena koa, kia wakamatau ahau, give it here, let
me try it.
Kia kaha, be strong.
Kia hohoro, make liaste.
Kia ara (te pou), let (the post) be upright,
Ko tena, kia nekehia atu, a^ for that, let it be
moved a/way (by them).
Kia maia tatou, let us be courageatis, &c.
40 OF THE VERBS.
5tli. — E ! kaua ahau e haere ki reira. Pish ! lei me
not go tliere.
Aua e tukua, do not let it go.
Kei ngaro, take care lest it be lost,
Kei whakarongo atu tatou, let us not listen^ &c»
6th. — Ka oti tena, me ngaki a konei e koe, when that
isfimshedy this place must he dug by you,
7th. — Maku etahi, (give) me some.
8th. — Hei konei koutou noho ai, do you stop here.
9tL — Kati te tahae i aku merene, cea^se stealing my
melons ; i.e. do not, &c.
10th. — E tae koe, ka tono mai i a Hone, when you
a/rrive there, setid John Jhere.
lltL — Tatou ki te to, t06 to drag ; i.e. let us go to
drag (the canoe).
12th. — Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, (before you send
the pigs) let the messenger be sent here.
TENSES.
PRESENT SINGULAR.
1. E patu ana ahau, / am striking, or strike.
2. E patu ana koe, you are striking, &o.
3. E patu ana isi, lie is striking, &c.
. DUAL AND PLURAL.
1. E patu ana maua, or matou.
2. E patu ana korua, or koutou*
3. E patu ana raua, or ratou.
OTHER FORMS FOR THE PRESENT.
1. Kahore ahau e pai, / am not willing.
2. Ko au tenei, here I ami (lit, this is I).
3. He tangata kino koe, you (a/re) a bad mjo/n.
4. Ko toku matua ko Kukutai, Kvhaiai (is) my
father.
OF THE VERBS. 41
5. Ka pai, it is good.
6. E haere mai, she is coming,
7. E pai ranei koe ? are you willing ?
8. E ki nei (or na) koe, you affirm,
"9. Kei te patu, he is killing (it) (lit at the killing).
10. Noku tenei wahi, this place is mine (lit., mine
this place).
PAST TENSE.
I . I reira ahau i te ata nei, / (was) there this mormng.
' 2, Ko Rawiri te matua o Horomona, David (toas)
tlie foLtlier of Sohnion,
3. He tangata mohio a Horomona, Solotnon (was)
a wise man,
4. I haere ano ahau, / went.
5. Nau i whakaatu, you disclosed.
6. Ka haere a Ihu, Jesu^ went.
7. E ngari a Hone ka kite, John rather saw it (not
I)-
8. Haere ana a Ihu, JestJts went.
9. He ua tena, tJuU vxis rain, it rained (used
chiefly in animated description).
10. He tini aku korerotanga ki a ia, 7nany (have
been) my conversations with him.
II. Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, Hie messenger had
been sent (before the otiier thing was d<me).
12. Kihai i pai mai, he was not pleased.
13. Ka te tuku tena wahi (Ngapuhi), tliat place has
been given to, <fec.
14. Kua patua te poaka ? has the pig been killed 9
15. Kua oti noa ake taku mahi, my work has been
finished this some time.
16. He mea hangH naku te purutanga, tlie handle
was made by myself [lit., the handle (was) a
thing made of mine (actively)].
FUTURE.
1. Ka haere ahau, / will go.
2. E riri mai koe ? will you be angry f
42 OF THE VERBS.
3. Maku e patu, / toiU MU (it) [lit. the killing (it
is to be) for me].
4. Ko koe te haere ? are you (tJie person) that is to
go?
5. Tera e mate, he vjiU die (perhaps) (lit. that will
die).
6. E kore e tukua, it toiU not be let go.
7. E tae koe ki Waitemata, when you go to Waite-
niata.
8. Akuanei ko ia kua tae, the cJuznces are tliat he
vnU get there first (lit. presently it is he that
Juis arrived).
9. Kowai hei tiki ? wlio is to fetch it ?
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Haere ki te whiu, go to drive (it), (lit. go to the
diiying).
Fai kia haere, willing to go,
E kor e eahei te tohe, / cannot press you (lit,
the pressing cannot be effected).
§ 6. Voice. — Maori verbs, in respect of voice, m&y
be considered under the three well-known heads of
etctivCf passive, and neuter.
§ 7. The active is the simple root modified by one
or more of the words already mentioned ; e.g, e patu
ana ahau, / am striking.
§ 8. The j9a««ii?e is the root varied in its termination;
e.g. e patua ana ahau, / am struck.
Note. — ^Verbs derived from the simple adjective will
generally rank nnder the head of neater. Under this cla»
also do we reduce a species of verbs in the arrangement of
which we have felt some difBcalty — viz., such words as
pakaru, broken ; marere, conceded, &c., i.e. words which are
neuter in form, but passive in meaning ; which correspond in
meaning to the past participle passive of the European lan-
guages, but are not traceable to any root. After much con-
sideration we are inclined to think that they may most
satisfactorily be regarded as adjectives, and classified accord-
OF THE VERBS.
4a
inglj. Thus, in the foHowing sentence, " Eaa pakarn to waka
i te ngaro/* tlie canoe has been broken by the waves, we should
regard pakaru as an adjective, or rather a verbalized adjective,
just as much as we should kino in the following : " Rua kino-
te waka i te parn/* the canoe is bad, or uncomfortable, through
theJUth*
To any who wish to regard such a class as passive participles^
we would reply that the preposition i (not e) following them
clearly determines them as belonging to the neater family ;
and that, though their meaning may not coincide with our
definition of a neuter verb, yet we feel no difficulty on that
head : for we only act in common with other grammarians^
who have laid it down as a useful rule, " a potiori nomenJU.^*
For a table of such words, see farther on.
In the passive we meet with variation in the termi-
nation of the ground form.
§ 9. ACTIVE VOICE.
A, to drive aioay, <fec.
Ka (v. n.) to hv^ (as afire)
Maka, to throw away
Wakama, to make clean
Hura, to expose (by taking
offtlie cover)
Whakateka, to denounce as
fodse
Aroha, to love
Tua, to fell (as a tree)
EAranga, to. knit (a native
basket, &c.)
Mea, to do
He (verb, adj.) imctcqiMinted
withy &c.
Kukume, to pvU
Bere (v. n.) sail, as a boat,
and tofiov) as water
Whakatete, to milk
Paihere, to bind in bundles
PASSIVE VOICE.
Aia.
"K&ngia,
Maka.
W&k&maMa,
Hura^ia, orHura7i^ia.
Wakatekaina / Wha-
katekaia
Axoh&ina, or Arohafia.
Tu&ma, or TneJcina,
Banga^ia.
( Mea^ia.
< Meinga.
( Meingatia (Ngapuhi).
^engia.
Kumea.
{Bern
"ELerengia.
WakAtetekia.
Paihere^ta.
44
OP THE VERBS.
{
Ope, to gatlier, <kc. (in Jiand-
fuh)
Whakapae, besiege^ or to
(iciyaae falsely
IfV^hakaae, asaent to
Hi, to fish with a hook
Kiringi (v, a.), ^ spiU
UVhaki, to confess
Arahi, to guide
Whawhaki, to gather (as
grapes, &c.)
Xikiniy to pinch
"Whangai, to feed <
Pupuhi, to fire (a gun)^ or
to blow with tlie mouth
Pai (adj.), good
Ho-mai ) . . f
Hc^atu / ^ ^^'^ {
IfVaiho, leave
Ko, to dig -|
Mono, to calk
Horo (part, adj.), tumble
down, as a land-slip
Soro, io swallow
Whakato, to sow or plant
Takoto (v. n.), to lie
Aro, to rega/td with favour
Manako (same as oato)
Toko, to propel by poles
HOngo, to hear
UVhawhao, to stow
{
{
Opehia.
Whakapaea.
WhakaLSL&ngia
or
Whakaae^ta.
Hia.
Kingi^ia.
RingiAia.
Whakina. ^
Arahina.
Whakiia.
Khdtia,
Whangaia.
Whangain^a.
Puhia.
T&ingia,
Ho-mai.
Ho-atu.
Waiho.
Koui.
"Kongia,
Monoa.
Horongia.
Horomia.
Wakato/bia.
Wakatow^ta.
Takotoria.
Aiongia,
ManakoAMt.
Tokona.
Bangona.
WhBjowhina*
Whaoa
OF THE VERBS. 45
XJtuutu, to draw loater JJtuhia.
Utu, to pay Utua.
Ruku (v. n.), to dive 'Rukuhia.
Tu (v. n.), to staQid Tnria.
Whakau, io kindle WhakB,nngia,
Hohou, to hind fencing, <fec. Houhia.
Whawhau (Waikato), idem WhauwAia.
Maumau (part, a.), wasted Maumauria.
TataU; to fight against Taurm.
Tatau, to count Taua.
Hahau, to seek Hahaums.
Whakahou, to make new Whakahou^ia.
Mate-nui, mTich coveted Mate-nui<m.
Tangata-whenua, a denizen Tangata-whenua^ia, to
be "naturalized.
(a) It will be seen that the above arrangement is
made according to the final letter of the ground
form, and that each division contains some examples-
of re-duplicated words, and of words ending in diph-
thongs.
(b) That, in words ending in a, the passive ia
mostly made by adding to the last syllable ia, ngia^
kia, hia, ina, atia^ kina.
(c) That some verbs receive no additions to the^
last syllable, as niaka. On the Eastern Coast ia takes
the place of 3imple a in the passive ; e.g. maka,
makaia.
The speaker should be always careful, in pronouncing the
passive a, to throw the emphasis strongly on the last syllable.
The following words are of this description : — Panga, to thrmv
away ; pana, to shove a/may ^ &c. ; kanga, to curse ; wakamana,
to ratify f Sec. ; taunaha, to bespeak ; unga, to send ; waha, to^
carry on the back.
(d) That some verbs have sometimes two or more
terminations for the passive ; as arohatia, arohaina^
46 OF THE VERBS.
arohangia. We may here remark that some words
liave difTerent passives in different districts ; e,g.
Whangainga (Ngapuhi), Whangaia (Waikato).
(e) That in words, one or more of the syllables of
which are repeated, the reduplication will frequently
be dropped in the passive ; e.g.
Kikina, kinitia ; tapatapahi, tapahia, kc.
Note. — It mnst^ however, be noticed that there are many
•ezceptioDS to this rule, and that the omitting or retaining the
redapUcation is often left to the option of the speaker. In
those instances, however, in which he wishes to denote with
peculiar emphasis the distributioHf repetition^ &c. implied
hj the reduplication, he always, as far as he can, retains
it; e.g.
Titititia, strike every one of the nails.
Patapatua, strike mUh mtmy blowsj &c.
(/) In a few instances we meet with a passive
formed by a change of the first syllable ; e.g.
Bongo, to hecMT y rangona (passive) ; wakarongo,
wakarangona (passive).
Examples of this rule are very few.
(g) Of the passives of compound verbs, two
•examples are given at the end of the table. The rule
for their formation is the same as that for the passives
of simple verbs : the final letters, in both cases, being
the only thing on which they depend. Occasionally,
however, we meet with a word resolved into two parts,
-and each part put into the passive voice ; e.g.
Kaihau (v. act.), to sell the property of an indi-
vidual without giving him cmy part of the
payment ; Kain^o-hau^ta (passive).
There is another form, similar to the preceding,
which requires to be mentioned here, viz., when two
T^erbs follow each other in immediate succession, one
OF THE VERBS. 47
of which acts as a kind of adverb or qualifying word
to the other, they will both sympathize with each
other in voice — will either be both active or both pas-
sive ; e,g,
Toia haeretia, dragged cbUrng ; literally, dragged
gone,
Tukua whakareretia, let d<ywn with a dash,
Kai moe, eat sleeping, i,e, while lie is eating he is
sleeping.
In such phrases the latter of the two verbs will
generally take tia for its passive form.
{h) Occasionally a passive word may be met with
which has no active — as paroMgia e te moe, oppressed
by sleep ; rokohina and rokohangay wailw, Iiomai, and
hoatu,
(i) Passive verbs are used in a more extended
'sense in Maori than what is commonly met with in
other languages, not excepting, perhaps, even the three
passives of Hebrew,
The following are a few illustrations of the various
uses : —
Haere, to go, y, tl ; te huarahi i Imerea e ia, the
road hy which he travelled,
Neke, move a/way (yourself) v. n. ; nekehia atu,
imp., move (tlie thing) away ; kua nekehia, wobs
moved away,
Titore, diffisus ; Titorehia, imp., diffinde, adj.
Oioi contrem^,or nuto,Y. n. ; oioia, imp.; a>gita, v.a.
Hiri, a/ngry; riria, angered (e.g, ka riria ahau e ia).
Pai, good ; kia pai, let it (the thing) he good,
Wakaj^aia, imp., put it (tlie place, &g,) to rights,
Waka/TOingia, to be a^xepted or approved of,
Xorero, to speak; korerotia, mijide the subject of
conversation,
Whakaaro, v. n., to think ; whakaarohia, imp.,
think (of tJie thing) ; whakaarohia iho, thirJc
(of yomrself, &c.)
48 QF THE VERBS.
Kau, gtjoiin, v. n.; ka kauria (te awa), is summ aver
(the stream) ; ka wakakauria (te hoiho), (tli&
Jwrse) is inade to swim over,
Kakahu, a garme^U ; kakahuria (tou), put on your
(garment); wakakahuria (te tamaiti), put on
the chiWs clotlies,
Whangai, to feed ; whangaia ma te ngohi, given as
food for tliefislies,
Tae, to arrive at (a pla>ce); ka taea Waitoke^
Waitoke has been arrived at,
Taea noatia tenei ra, untU it is arrived (at, i.e.
up to) this day,
Huri, to turn (a grindstone, &c.) ; kia hurihia taku
toki, tliat my axe may be twimed — i,e, gr<mnd.
Whawhao, to stow or put into a basket, &c.
Kua whaowhina te kete ki te tupeka, tlie basket
wa>s stowed (with) tobacco — i,e, liad toba^xo put
into it,
Manene, to beg ; kei manenetia koe ki te tupeka,
lest you should be begged for tobacco — i,e, lest
tobacco sJioiUd be begged from you,
Horihori, to tell falsehoods ; ko te mea i horihoria
e koe he tangata, the thing you erroneously said
was a man ; ko te mea i whakahorihoria e koe^
tlie thing you denounced as false.
For further remarks on this part of the Maori
Terb, vide chap. xix.
{k) Note. — The student will sometimes find that the simple
root is used with a similar variation of meaning ; e,g,
Waha, to carry on the hack ; e wah&, get on my hack.
He paipa hei pnru mo taku tupeka, a pipe to pliig my
tobacco : into which toping my tobacco,
Te waka e to na, the oanoe that lies dragged up there.
Te rakau e pou na, the stake that ig fixed there,
Eei tehea whare nga tangata ? Kei te whare e ngiha mai
na, In which hnise are the people ? In the house that
hums ; i,e, in the house in which the lights hum,
Kei te too te kaj, food is heing cooked (in the oven).
OF THE VERBS.
49
SenteDces, boweveri like the last of these are mostly
employed when emphasis and brevity are desired more than
aociiracy.
§ 12. The verbal nouns also (for which vide chap.
3, § c.) experience considerable variations in meaning,
lliey are in most cases formed from the passive voice
of the root ; and as the rules for their formation may
be easily learned by comparing a few with their re-
spective ground fon^s, it may ^rhaps b« sufficient to
give the nouns derived from the verbs of the last
mentioned table : —
PASSIVE VOICE.
Maka,
Wakama^ia,
Hura^ia,
Wakatekatna,
Aroha^ta,
TuaA;tna,
Mea^ia,
"Kenffia,
Kumea,
BeroTz^ta,
Paihere^ta,
BingiAta,
WhakiTia,
Elini^ia;
Whangaia,
Homai,
Waiho,
Kota,
Horo,
Horomia,
Bangona,
Whaoto/ttna,
VERBAL NOUNS.
Anga»
Kan^a.
MakaTz^a.
WakamaA^n^a.
HuraAo^a.
Wakatekan^a.
Arohaton^a.
Tu&kanffa,
M-esita/nffa.
HeoTi^o, or H,enga,
Kximenga,
BSnga.
Paihereton^a.
Hian^a.
RingiAoTU/a.
Whakin^a.
"Klnitcmffa.
Whangain^a.
Homai^o^a.
Waihoto^a.
Kjoanga.
Horon^a.
"Bioromanffa,
"RoiDgcmga,
WhAOwJuinga,
50
OP THE YBRR8.
XJtuAta,
TJtuhangcL
RukuAia,
"Rukuhmiffa.
Jtiou^ta,
HovJianga,
TauWa,
Tatauranya.
Tauia,
Tauanga.
Houfia,
ISiontanffa.
Sometimes where it is desirable to make a distinction, on
account of the greatness of the difference between the two
branches of the same root^ a different form will be adopted for
each meaning ; e,ff,
Whanannga, is a relation : whanantanga, a birth : Kit-
eanga is the opportunity in which a thing may be seen ;
kitenga generally denotes the act of seeing. Again,
waha^t^a is a carrying on the hack, waht'n^a a breaking.
§ 13. Neuter verbs, — On these but few remarks
are required. For the distinction between the prepo-
sition t, by which they are followed, and the particle
», which follows active verbs, vide i (prepositions, §
10, note, page 57).
That they sometimes take the passive form may be
seen in the illustrations of the passive voice. In some
cases, also, their passives change their nature, and
become similar in meaning to the passives of active
verbs, e,g,
Nohoia tou kainga, dwells or occupy ^ your farm,
Ka hengia mai ahau e ia, / shall he (liter cdly)
ignored by him.
§ 14. As the verbalized adjectives may be most
conveniently classed under this head, we shall insert
here a table of the principal of them : —
Ea, paid for.
He, unacquairded vnth.
Hoha, wea/ried at.
Horo, stormed (as a fort, &c.)
Mahora, given (as a feast).
Makini, gapped.
OF THE VERBS. 51
Mana, rcUified, <fec.
Mao, ceased (as rain).
Maoa, cooked (as food).
Marere, fcdlen to the ground, dtc,
Maringi, spiU.
Maru, bruised, beaten, <Shc.
Matau (sometimes with Ngapuhi) ; e,g, E kore
e matau i a au, understood.
Mate, dead,
Mau, caught,
Mawheto, loosed (as a knot).
Mimiti, dried up,
Moti, destroyed, So. (corresponding to the phrase
clean sweep (Waikato).
Motu, cut.
Mutu, ended,
Oti, finished,
Ongeonge (same as Hoha).
Pahure, parsed by,
Pahemo, idem.
PS,kani, broken. N.B. — Pak^ru, is active.
Pareho, consumed.
Pan, idem.
Kiro, departed.
B»ite, completus, perfectus (sometimes).
Riwha, gapped,
Tahuri, overturned.
Toremi, sunk into (as into a bog, <&c.)
Tu, wounded, dtc.
Whanau, brought forth or bom,
Whara, hurt (by accident).
Wera, burnt.
Ngaro, lost, destroyed, <fjc,
Ngenge, tired,
Ngonga, beaten (same as Maru).
Like adjectives, these words will assume the form
of a verb when in connection with the verbal parti-
52 OF THE YEKBa
ciples. Indeed (as we have already observed), our
impression is, that, the more we examine, the more
shall we be led to think that a genuine verb is by no
means a common thing in Maori ; and that substan-
tives, adjectives, and other classes are the fountains
to which most of the verbs of the language may be
traced.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 53
CHAPTER VIII.
OF THB PREPOSITIONS.
Scarcely any part of Maori is more worthy of
attention than the prepositions. In no language,
that we are acquainted with, are their powers so
extensive. While, in common with those of English
and Hebrew, they serve to express those relations
which in some languages are chiefly marked by the
different endings of the nouns, they extend their
influence still farther, and are, in many instances, of
material importance in determining the time of the
sentence in which they are placed.
They are simple and comi)ound. ^The simple are
those which, in construction, take no other preposition
into union with them. The principal prepositions of
this class are as follows : —
E,6y.
I, hy^ with^froniy tOy through^ in^ at^ than,
Ki, tvith, tOf/oTy at, according to, in.
Kei, a^.
No, of, from,
Na, ofy hy^ through,
Mo,,^ (or hecoAiae of), for (possession), at, Aa,
&c,
Mskj/or, by, concerning,
Hei, aiyfor,
0,0/
A, at,
£^0, at.
To, up to.
The compound prepositions are those which, like
the composite of Hebrew, require one or more of the
54 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
simple prepositions to set forth their meaning. They
are as follows : —
Runga, upon or above,
BarOy beneath,
Mua, before,
Muri, behind,
Roto, or ro, inside,
Waho, outside,
Tua, otJier side,
Fahaki, other side, or this side of (used in describ-
ing the position of an object).
Tai, idem.
Waenga, mictst of,
Tata, near,
Tawhiti,/ar oJ\
The meaning and uses, however, of the above, both
simple and compound^ are exceedingly various, and
the attention of the student is therefore requested to
the following notices respecting them * : —
E, by (applied to the agent, not to the instruvient),
is always prefixed to the agent when a passive verb
precedes ; e.g,
Kua kainga e te kuri, was devoured by the dog,
Kua kitea e Hone, was seen by John,
Kua patua te ngaru e te ua, the waves were beaten
down by tlie rain.
When neutert verbs assume the passive form, the
agent follows, as in regular transitive verbs, and is
preceded by e ; e.g,
Katahi ano a kona ka takotoria e te tupeka, nmo
for tlie Jvrst time has that place been laid upon
by tobojcco — now for the first time has tobacco
lain there.
* Many of the following remarks belong properly to the Syntax. The
student, however, will, we trust, find it advantageous to have the whole
subject placed thus— in one connected view before him.
tBy neuter verba here are intended also verbalized adjectives, {yidt
Verbs, note, under head " Neuter.")
OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 55
Kangia e te ahi, kindled upon by tJie fire^ i,e,
having a fire kindled (there).
Verbal nouns, and verbs preceded by such words
as JbohorOy oti, dheiy heiy pau, taea, taihoa, taria, &c,
-will take e after them ; e,g.
Ngaunga 6 te ra, a scorching by the stin»
Kua oti te patu e au, the killing lias been finished
by me ; i,e. I have killed (it).
• E kore e ahei te hapai e ahau, t/ie lifting cannot
be accomplished by me ; i.e. I cannot lift (it).
The following, also, are instances in which e is
found after the active verb — after a verb, at least,
active in form : —
Me wero e koe, you w/ust stab it.
Me wewete e ia, he must let it go.
He mea lujmgd e te ringaringa, a thing made by
the ha/nd,
Ka te arai mai i taku ahi e koe (a Waikatocism),
(see /) you exclude the fire from me,
1, BY (follows a neuter verb, no matter whether
the agent be animate or inanimate).
Kua mate i a Hone, killed by John,
Pakaru i te hau, broken by the wind,
Ka mate ahau i te wai, / am dead by water ; i.e,
I am thirsty.
2. With.
Kia haere atu ahau i a koe? Sliall I go with
you?
Ka riro mai i a au, will dej^art with rne ; i,e, I
shall take, or obtain it.
In this latter sentence foreigners often make mistakes, and
render it, ka riro mai ^i a au. Wherever obtaining y recewing,
taking, Sec, for possession, or such like, is intended, i mostly
signifies the person, ki the place; as in the following
examples : —
56 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
Ka riro to kotiro i te kainga maori, your iervant girl nriU
he taken away hy {ths people) of toe native plaee,
Ka riro to kotiro hi te kainga maori, your servant girl
wUl go to the native plaee.
If the following passage were properly and correctly
translated, how different would its meaning be from
that intended by the speaker ! Kia riro atu ratou i
te hunga nanakia, rescue them out /ram the crml
people. The true meaning of the passage, as it standsi
is — Let them depart irvto the power of tlie cruel,
3. From.
/hea koe ? From whence do you (com>e) ?
Ki tetahi rongoa t a Hone, /or some medicine
from, John,
Inoia he ngakau hou t a la, pray for a n&uo
liea/rt from him.
For the difference between i and no, see the latter preposi-
tion, § 4, page 62. Under this head may be mentioned a
partit%ve tense in which i is sometimes taken ; e.g,
Tangohia i a Hone, take some of John*s,
4. To (denoting possession, used somewhat similarly
to the dative we find in Latin when sum is used for
habeo)f e,g,
/ a au tenei kainga, this is my fa/rm {or posses-
sion),
Kahore he maripi i a au, there is no knife with
me ; I have no knife.
Beginners are often misled by natives and each other in the
use of this preposition. Such sentences as the following are
incorrect — /a koe haere, go thou; /a koe korero, you said.
It should be simply — Haere ; and, Nan i korero.
5. Through (or in consequence of).
E kore e tae mai nga raupo i te ua, tlie raupo
cannot be brouglU here in consequence of the
rain.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 57
6. In, or at.
To tatou matua t te rangi, out Fatlier in Heaven,
I hea tenei e takoto ana ? Where has this been
lying f In the cupboard.
£ aha ana koe t kona ? What are you doing t^iere ?
7. At (past time).
/ te aonga ake o te ra ka haere mai matou, on the
next day we came here.
8. At (future).
/ te ra hoi*oi whare ka haere ake koe ki a matou,
on Saturday you wUl come to us.
9. Than (used in comparison) ; {vide S. adjectives^
chap, xvi.)
E rangi tenei i tena, this is better tham, tliat,
10. Under this head may be classed some instances
that cannot well be reduced to any of the above
rules : —
E hara koe i te rangatira noku, you are not my
master.
E hara i a koe (a kind of jocose phrase, corres-
ponding, perhaps, to that of some in England),
you are a pretty feUow.
The following examples seem to be opposed to
rule 1, and are therefore deserving of notice.
They are perhaps confined to Waikato : —
£a timu te tai t a tatou, the tide for tis (to pull
foith) will ebb.
EEaere mai ki te wahi ruru i a koe, come to the
spot sheltered for you.
Kei te moe t ona karu, he is indulging his eyes
with sleep.
The student should ever be mindful of the distino-
tion between the preposition i and the particle by
which the accusative (as it would be called in Latin)
is denoted. This particle has, of itself, no specific
meaning.
58 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
It follows an active verb, whereas the preposition
follows the neuter, and signifies by. The uses of the
two words are totally opposite, as may be seen in the
following example : — A young teacher wishing to say,
si7i prodiices pain, thus expressed his sentiment : Ko
te kino ka whanau i te mamae. Now, whanau is not
an active verb. It is a verbalized adjective. It is
used correctly in John iii. 8 — ^Whanau i te Wairua,
bam of tlie Spirit, The sentence, therefore, that we
have adduced, if strictly translated, would run thus :
Sin is bom of, or prodiLced by pain,
KI, WITH (denotes the instrument) ; e.g.
Patua ki te rakau, beaten with a stick.
When used in this sense it very rarely follows neuter verbs ;
for example, it would not be correct to say, Ka mera i a su H
te ahi, H will be bwned up by me with fire. Some passive verb,,
as talivna, ^o.^ should, in this case, precede instead ot.wera.
The following form, however, is correct : —
E kore e ora ki tena, will rvot be satisfied with
tliat quantity {of food),
E kore e oti ki tena, wiU not be completed with
that.
Many speakers confound the instrumental character of this
preposition with another use of the word with, which, we
believe, is seldom denoted by ki. ■
If, for example, we had to translate into Latin the following
sentence, " to speak with fear '* (i.e timidly), how incorrect
would it be to render fear into the ablative that is used for
denoting an instrument ! All would see that dieere metu does
not express that meaning, and that cttm metu dieere^ or some-
thing to that effect, was the true rendering. So also here,
wherever appenda/fe^ con/nectiofit and such like is intended, ki
is, we believe, a preposition that is very seldom called into
use. We therefore disapprove of such a sentence as the
following : —
Inoi atu ki te ngakau aroha, pray with a loving heart.
It should, however, be noticed that Id is sometimes found in
other uses of the word with^ in which no instrumentality is
designed ; e.ff.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 69
TakQ mahinga ki a koe. my working with you ; i.e. my
work in your service.
E riri ana ki a koe, is angry with you.
This last example, however, might perhaps be most correctly
translated at ; as in the following : —
£ titiro mai ana ki a koe, is looking at yov,
2. To.
Ho mai ki a au, give it to me.
Haere ki Manukau, go to Manvkau,
Te rohe Id a koe, the boundary to you ; i.e, for or
of your side.
3. For.
Tetahi ki a koe, {fetch) a {garment) for yourself,
4. At (past time).
I tanumia ki reira, was buried tJiere,
I maku ki runga ki te poti, was wet on board tlie
boat,
5. At (future time).
Xi te mane ka hoe mai, on the Monday will pully
or paddle, here,
Kei roa ki reira, be not long tliere,
6. According to.
E ai ki tana, according to what lie says ; i.e, as
he would have it, &c.
Ki ta ratou, ki taua taro na, he kikokiko, accord-
ing to them, as concerning tJmt bread, it is
flesh; i,e, they maintain that that bread is
flesh.
In quoting the sentiments of any writer, the most appropriate
form for the phrase •* according to " would be ki ta^ as in the
above example. Thus the gospel according to St. Matthew might
be well rendered by " ko te rongo pai ki ta Matin ; " the ruloy
according to my opinion, is, Sec, "ko te tikanga, ki taka
whakaaro, ko, &c."
It is used, also, where if would be employed in
English: —
Ki te haere ahau, if I go.
60 OF THE PRBPOSITIONS.
Sometimes (in Waikato) it is used pleonastically : —
Kahore ki te matara te haere mai, it vhm not 8uck
a distance hut he miglU Iiave come.
Frequently, in consequence of the elliptical character
of the language, it is found in various other uses^
which it is difficult to reduce to rule. The following
are a few examples : —
E noho ana koe ki te kai mau 1 ore you staying
from food ?
Te tatau ki a au, t?ie door to me ; i,e, open the
door for, or to, me.
Ka riro te waka ki a koe, the canoe for you will
he g&rie ; i,e, the canoe that is to take you
will, &c.
Heoi ano ki a tame ko te whare, let the tent he
tlie only thing for the hull {to carry),
Taria e hoe ki a au, delay yowr pulling {or
paddling) /or me; i,e, wait for me.
Tikina atu tetahi kete, ki te kete nui, ki te kete
hovL^/etch a haskety let it he a large hasket^ let
it he a new haskeU
I riri ahau ki reira, thereupon^ or at that thing j
was I angry,
I haere mai ahau ki a koe ki te waka ki a au, /
luLve come to you for the canoe for me ; i,e. to
get a loan of your canoe.
From the above sentence the student will form an idea of
how much the business of language is performed in Maori by
prepositions.
K.EI, AT. — It denotes chiefly present time ; e.g,
iTiSihea ? Kei te kainga. Where is it? At tlie
settlement,
2. At (future time). It is not unfrequently found
in such constructions as the foUowiug : —
Kei te mane ka haere mai, on Monday he will
come liere.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 61
3. Sometimes, in animated language, it is used
instead of ko before ike nominative case ; e.g,
Kei te ringaringa o Ngakete ! aroarohaki kau
ana ! the hand of Ngakete^ it vxis all a quiver,
4. Occasionally, in Waikato, it is used in the
following construction : — Kua riro kei te hoe mai, he
is gone to fetch it {the canoe). We are aware that it
has been said that there should be a stop at riroy and
that properly the above may be said to consist of two
sentences, as follows : — He is gone^ he is fetching it.
We are, however, certain that many sentences will be
heard in which no stop can be detected in the native
pronunciation.
5. Sometimes it is used in the sense of like : —
Kei te ahi e toro, like fire that hums.
Koia ano kei te kowhatu, exactly as if it were a
stone,
KO, OF (the sign of the possessive case). In this
signification he is the only article that it will admit
before it ; e,g.
He wanaunga no Hone, a relation ofJohrCs.
The following construction, however, is an excep*
tion : —
Elatahi ano te potae pai no Hone, for tJie first
time tJie good hat ofJohrHs; i,e. what an excellent
hat is that of John! s !
In denoting the possessive case, no follows he^ and o follows
te^ or nga. The following sentence is incorrect : —
Ano he tamariki o te Atoa, cb% children of Ood,
2. From (that time).
No te mane i haere mai ai, he came here (last)
Monday.
62 OF THE PBEPOSrriONS.
3. From (that cause).
No reira i kino ai, from that cause was he dis-
pleased.
In all examples of this and the preceding head, no will tale
a past tense after it.
4. From (that place).
No Matamata tenei tangata, this Tnan belongs to
Mata'mata.
There is a distinction between this meaning of no and that
of i (mde i. 3, page 56), which is very useful and important. No
signifies the place to which you belong, whether it be England,
Rotorua, &c. I signifies the place you have been visiting as a
mere sojourner.
Thus, if we were to ask a person, " No hea koe ? " he would
most probably reply, "No Hauraki, no Waikato," or some place
of which he was a denizen ; but if we were to ask, **I hea
koe ? " he would then mention some place he had been just
visiting. This distinction does not seem to be so clearly
recognized at the northward as it is in all the central parts of
the island.
NA, OP (the active form of no).
Na wai tena kuri ? wJwse is tJiat dog f
2. By.
Na Hone i patu, vxis beaten by John,
Note. — Na does not in this sense take a passive after it.
It is not quite certain that na does, in such sentences as the
above, signify by. The subject will be more fully considered
in the Syntax (chap, xix.)
Na, in this sense, always takes i after it. The following
sentence is incorrect : — ^Nana hoki hia tohutohu enei mea, ?ie
nlso has appointed these things. For na followed by ka {vide
Ma. 6, Syntax, chap, xix.)
3. Through, by (what cause, instrumentality,
Ac.)
Na te aha i mate ai, Jrom what did lie die ?
Sometimes, in this use of it, it is followed by a
passive voice, with ai.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 63
Na te aha i pahuatia ai ? for wliat cause was he
plv/ndered ?
Na te aha i meinga ai ? why uxts it done ?
Sometimes (but rarely) it is followed by an active
verb : —
Na te mea i tuhituhi atu ai au, tlie reason of my
writing (w because) <kc,
4. By (place, conveyance, &c.)
Na uta, by land,
Na te kaipuke, by ship,
Na Hauraki, (went) by HawraJci,
MO. — N.B. Mo and ma seem to be future forms of no and
na in many particnlars.
1. For or because op (followed most frequently by
a past tense, even though the meaning be present),
e.g.
Mo te aha koe i aroha ai ki a te Karaiti ? why
do you love Christ ?
Mo te aha koe i mauahara tonu ai ki a au ? why
do you bear a continual grudge to me ?
Mo te tutu ki te kura i whakatikia ai, for dis-
obedience in school were {tliey) deprived (of
them).
Sometimes, however, it is followed "by other par-
ticles : —
Mo te aha kia riri kau ] why sJiould he be angry ?
Mo te aha koe ka tutu nei kia au ? why a/re you
thus disobedient to ms?
2. For (denoting appropriation^ use, or some action
passing on to the noun, or pronoun, to which it is
prefixed).
Ho mai 7m>ku, give to ms (for my u^e),
Hei kainga wiou, as a farm for you (or land to
reside upon).
64 OF THE PREPOSITIONS. *
He patu mokUf a beaUng far Toe ; %.e. to beat me.
He raka mo taku pouaka, a lock for my box,
Murua mai moku, take it (from them) for me —
i.e. as a thing for me, for my benefit, use, &c,
3. For (in exchcmge), he utu mo taku mahL
Sometimes (but rarely) it is found in the following-
construction : —
Me aha te utu mou 1 what is the payment for
you to be?
4. For.
Whakawateatia he huarahi mo mea ma, clear a
road for owr friends.
5. At (future time).
Mo amua haere 91^ go at a future period.
6. Concerning.
Nga kupu i korerotia ki a koe mo Tipene, the
report that t/oa^ related to you concerning
Stephen,
We have observed mo used by foreigners in sentences in
which for would appear to be pleonastic, as open the door for
me; dress this wound for mOt Sec. We have no hesitation,
however, in affirming that mo is never used in such a con-
struction.
7. Used with a verbal noun to denote a prepcMre^
ness, d:c,, for some future act ; e.g.
Mo nga haererenga ki reira ko era kai, that
WHEN / go therey there may be food (ready for
me) \ %.e. I cultivate at that place that I may
have food when I visit it.
MA. The active form of mo. It implies always
future time.
1. For.
Ma wai tena kuri ? /cw* whom is thai dog ?
OF THE PREPOSITIOKS. 65
2. By, or, more strictly, yb?'.
Ma Hone e patu, let it he killed by John; lit.
let the killing be for John.
3. By (what means, &c,)
Ma te whakapono ka ora ai, by faith sliall (we)
be saved.
4. Sometimes it is used to denote a simple future : —
J/aku e korero, / will speak {to him),
5. It is very frequently employed in hyjyothetic and
contingent propositions ; e,y.
Ma nga Pakeha e tohe, kaua e noho, If the
Europeans press {to stop ivith them), do not
remain.
Man e pai, ka haere au, If yott ^^^eo^e / will go.
Haria atu : 7nana. e whakapai, wiana e whaka-
kino, take it {to him) : {it ivill be) for him to be
pleased with it, {it mil be) for him to be dis-
pleased {with it),
A very common way of denoting contingency is to
associate ma or na with a personal pronoun, even
though the latter have no direct meaning in the
sentence ; e.g.
He tangata Atua, ka puta mai ki a ia te kai, ka
whiua te tahi ki tahaki, hei whakahere i tona
Atua, mana ka pau i te kuri ranei, Trmna ka
pau i te poaka ranei. A man wlio 1ms a God,
if food is brought to him (to the man), part (of
it) is thrown to one side as an offering to his
God. (As chance m/iy Iiave it) it may be eaten
by the dog, or it may be eaten by the pig.
Nana ka nui te hau, nana ka iti, even though the
wind be strong, even though it be light {still
does he carry on),
6. By (with reference to place or conveyance), in
the same sense as rut {vide Na 4, page 63).
6
66 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
KA, BY, same as Ma 6.
HEI, AT (always future), applied to places inten-
Hei kona tatari, at that pJxice stop,
Hei reira korero ai, therettpon speak,
Hei konei, be (yoti) here — a farewell.
2. It is often used to denote purpose, object, use, dccy
where in English we should use as, to, for, instead^ dtc. ;
Haria etahi kanga liei o mou, take some corn as
viaticum for you,
Hei aha tena ? Hei rewa mo te poti, what is that
for? As a mast for tJie boat,
Kowai hei tiki 1 who is to fetch (it) ?
Sometimes we hear the following : —
Aua Jwi pena, do not so,
3. Occasionally (but rarely) it is used to denote
frequent action ; e.g,
Ko wai hei ruke tonu i nga riwai nei, who is
this tlvat is continually throwing about the
potatoes ?
Note. — A very strange use of this preposition is to be found
iu some parts of the south-eastern coast ; as in the following
examples : —
Haere koe hei rakau, go fetch a stick,
Haere koe hei wai, go fetch nater.
On the western coast such an address would be a most
offensive curse.
O, OP ; e,g,
Te whare o Hone, the Iwuse of John,
A, OF, the active form of o,
Te mahi a Hone, JohnHs work,
N.B. — ^We sometimes meet with to and ta ; e,g,
Ko to Hone whare, JohtCs house.
Such words, however, are clearly composed of te and o, or a.
OP THE PREPOSITIONS. 157
A (diflferent from the article a, as also from the
foregoing).
At. — A te mane, on, or at, the Mmiday (we will
go), &c.
KO.
At. — Ko reira noho ai, at that place stop,
Ko reira korero ai, then speak,
TO, UP TO. — The following is the only construction
in which we have heard this preposition : —
To nga hope te wai, tlie water is up to tJie loitis,
Ka to nga uma te wai nei, the water is up to the
breast
N.B. — To almost always takes a plural number after it.
Compound Prepositions. — One or two examples
will be a sufficient illustration of all.
Rwiiga is capable of the following combinations : —
I rimga i, ki runga ki, ki runga i, ki runga o, no
runga no, no runga i, o runga o, kei runga kei, kei
runga i, hei runga i, hei runga hei, mo runga mo,
&c. &c. The first preposition in the combination and
the meaning of the sentence will generally determine
the last.
Sometimes the adverbs ake and iho (vide Adverbs),
as also the particles atu and mai, are postfixed to the
preposition to increase its force j e.g.
E ngari tena i runga ake, tJiat which is above (it)
is better,
A muri ake nei, hereafter,
A singular use of roto (or ro) may be found in the neigh-
bourhood of the East Cape; e.ff.
Kei ro whare, inside the hoiise,
Kei ro pouaka, in the box.
A similar use of waetiga may be found in all parts of the
island ; e.g,
Kei waenga riwai, in the inidst of the potato {field),
Kei waoiga mara, in tits midst of the cultivation. .
68 OF THE PREP0SITI0K8.
A very common and elegant use of runga is when
it is employed in the sense of amongst^ on, or imth, to
denote coTicomitancy^ kc. kcy as in the following
examples : —
I hokoua e koe i runga i te he, yoii purcJujtsed it
on a bad title,
Kei runga tenei i te mahi, we are nmo on the
work; i.e. are busily engaged at work.
E karakia ana i runga i te he, lie worships on
sin; i.e. while he worships God he practices
sin.
The preceding examples suggest a good approximation to a
form of expression which we confess we have been unable to
find under the preposition M ; i.e. with noting concomitancy
{vide kif page 58), as in the following examples : — " Pray with
faith ; " " love God with your whole heart. " In these sentences
we should have no hesitation in using runga. As in the
sentence :
Kia haere atn te inoi i runga i a te Earaiti, let the prayer
go forth upon Christ.
The other compound prepositions may often be
rendered very useful by giving them, as in the above,
a figurative acceptation according with the nature of
the subject. One or two examples will sufiice.
Tua is thus employed : —
He tan ki tua, a year is on the other side ; this
day year, wliat a long time (you intend to be
absent) !
He mate kei tua, misfortune is on the other side ;
i.e. awaits you.
Kei tua o te ra tapu nei, next week.
The student should carefully remember that m/vbri
and Tiiua do not exactly correspond with behind and
before in English, and that tua is very frequently
employed to denote those words.
We have heard the following very erroneous
expressions from some old settlers : —
OP THB PREPOSITIONS. 69
Tutakina te tatau o te uroaro, shut tlie door of
ilie front ; i,e. the front door.
Kei muri i te whare, behind tlie Iioitse,
Muri and mvxi (as well as the substantive aroaro)
are chiefly employed in connection witK living objects.
When allusion is made to the date of events, the
student will remember that the prepositions a, mo,
mo, a, lie% kei, ho, Iiei a, and ko a denote future
time, and that no, i, and o will always indicate past
time.
These prepositions will sometimes be found to
occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and adverbs.
Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting
what would be represented by a preposition in
English. Though their proper place belongs to the
dictionary, we beg the reader's permission to insert a
few here : —
Puta noa i tera taha (make its appearance out at
the oilier side) ; — through.
A taea noatia tenei ra i arrives on to\
or < or > this day,
A tae noa ki tenei ra ( till it readies )
A Mangapouri atu ana, even to Mangapouri,
I te takiwa (in the interval) ; — between,
I te ritenga atu (in tlie line or direction of) ; —
aifite, and contra — over against,
Ki tona oroaro (to his front) ; — before.
I tetahi taha ona i tetahi taha (on one side, on
one side) ; — rownd about him,
Ki t€ra taha (to tJie otJier side) ; — across (a
stream).
The prefix whaka, when in union with a word, will
impart the meaning of towards, and change it into an
adverb; e.g,
Kumea whakarunga, pvll upwards.
Haere whaka te pa, ^o towards the pa.
70 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
I hoatu ai e ahau i whahcuiro ki tona matua, /
gave it to him in consideration of his father
(propter),
Kihai ahau i whakaae, i whakaaro koki ki a
Hone, / did not assent on account of John ;
Le.for John^s sake.
The above form deserves, we think, the notice of our
missionary brethren, as supplying a good approximation to a
use of the word by, which we have not been able to find under
the preposition ki or ww), viz. when it is used in adjuration.
If, for example, we had to translate into prose the following
stanza : —
By thy birth, and early years ;
By thy griefs, and sighs, and tears ;
Jesus, look with pitying eye,
Hear, and spare us when we cry,
we should feel very reluctant to use either hi or mo. For, in
that case, our Lord's hearing would be represented as a thing^
to he accomplished or purchased by Himself with His birth and
early years — a version quite foreign from the origin«l.
We should therefore prefer something to this effect : — " Wha-
karongo mai, tohungia hoki matou, &c., wakamaharatia toa
whanautanga, &c.," or, " kia mahara hoki ki tou whanautanga
ki tou taitamarikitanga, &c. &c."
Some, perhaps, would prefer : — " I whanua nei hoki koe, i
taitamariki, &c. ; " neither should we object to such a form.
All we contend for is, that M and mo will not answer, and that
they would often, in such kind of sentences, convey very
erroneous doctrines. Approximation to such a meaning is all
we can hope for ; and that is the best which differs least in
$61186 from the original.
OF THE ADVERBS. 71
CHAPTER IX.
OF THE ADVEKBS.
The adverbs of Maori may be considered under two
heads, primitive and derivative.
The primitive are but few in number.
The derivative are very numerous, and may be thus
ranked : —
1st. Those which require some preposition to
exhibit their application ; e.g.
Ki hea, no reira.
2nd. Those which are derived from words of other
parts of speech.
3rd. Those phrases which supply the place of
adverbs.
The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in
the variety of adverbs. Though, strictly speaking,
most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we
shall mention them : —
1st. Because many foreigners are much perplexed
from not being acquainted with them ; and,
2nd. Because, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge
of them is of great importance to the composition of
elegant Maori
Note 1. — Some of the following adverbs might, it will be
seen, have been easily classified under other heads. It was
necessary, however, to have a classification, aud it is not of
much consequence under which head a phrase of equivocal
character should be classed.
Note 8. — Some of the adverbial particles are fully con-
sidered in the next chapter.
72
OF THE ADYEBBS.
Adverbs may be reduced to the following classes :
— ^to those of time, place, order, quantity, qualilyy
manner, affirmation, negation, comparison, interrogar
tion, and intensity.
ADVERBS OF TIMR*
presently.
Aianei,
Anaianei,
Akuanei,
Akuaina,
J/banaianei, for this preseiU occasion.
iVbnaianei, )
/naianei, / runo.justrww.
/naianei-nei-ano, cU, or since this present moment.
Nonai-akenei, a few minutes^ days, <S^ ago.
* These adverbs of time are arranged aooording to their times, past,
present, and fntnre. For the time of those adverbs which are compounded
with prepositions, see the Simple Prepositions, chap. viii. The principal cam-
pound adverbs are hea, aheay mua, muri, atnatay apopo^ reira. Th^ axe
chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we
shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these com-
binations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the
class of substantives :~
^hea?
/To hea?
JVbhea?
JVa hea ?
7 hea?
i/o hea?
l/ii hea?
ifihea?
A^^hea?
/hea?
Ohea?
J^^hea?
A popo.
Ko apopo.
Mo apopo.
J/ri apopo.
A mna.
Aoamna.
Abmua.
JVo mna.
jVa mna.
/mna.
i/o mna.
Mo a mna.
J/amna.
A7mua.
Keimxok.
/mua.
Omua.
^<f<mua.
A hea?
Ko ahea ?
Hri ahea ?
Mo ahea?
iVb mkhea?
/nahea?
A muri.
Ko muri.
iVb muri.
Namxai,
/murL
Mo muri.
Ma muri.
Ki muri
Kei muri.
/muri.
Omuri.
Ko anaianei.
Hei anaianei.
Mo anaianei.
/naianeL
Onaian^
Reira ko and konei, &c. will take the same combination as muri. It will
be observed that some of the above adverbs take n between them and the
preposition.
dow7i to this
present time.
OF THE ADVERBS.
A moroki noa nei
A mohoa noa nei
A tae noa ki, ) teneira(lit.untilitis
taea noatia ) amved to this day)
A, e noho nei (Waikato), [lit. down
to this (time) in which (we) are
sitting]
Rapua Te Atua i tona kitetiga ai, karangatia atu
kei tata a7ia ia, seek tJie Lord while He niay he
fourvd, call upon Him while He is nea/r.
While He may he f(mndy might also be rendered by,
i tona kiteatanga,
Ahea ? at wJiat future time ?
Apopo, to-morrow.
A tahi ra, tlie day after to-morrow.
A mua, hereafter.
Wawe ^
E kore e taro, it will not he long f
E kore e roa, idem f
E kore e wheau, idem )
Tenei ake {this afterwards) ^ hy-arvd-hyeyliereafter
Kei taku kitenga i a ia, when I see him.
rn 1^ j 'I (leave henceforward)
Apopo ake nei, idem.
A muri ake nei, hencrforth.
Mo a mua, at a future period.
E takoto ake nei {it lies liereafter)^ henceforward.
A, ake, ake, ake, ybr ever.
Kia mo — ata te maranga, rise ea^ly (lit. let the
rising be at dawn).
Ko reira, on t/uU occasion, tJien (future).
Meake, or perhaps more correctly mea ake,
presently, or, vxis on the point of.
Km mea (ka hoki mai au 1) {shall I return f)
after a little wlUle.
74 OP THE ADVERBS.
Ka mutu, when finished^ hy-andrbye,*
Ka mea, after a little inte^-vcU, id&ni ; e.g. ka mea
ka haere ake, hy-andrbye you vnll follow us,
Nonahea ? since, or at wJmt time (jxist) 1
iV^onaiiahi ) . ,
r I.- t yesterday,
/nauani J •^ ^^
-^^ I + I,' i ^^^^ ^^y before yesterday (lit.
/ |t;amra| from or on the other day).
^ ^ la slwrt thne ago (lit. from
\ > tahi ra atu < or,onthe other day besides,
) ( or beyond).
J \ ia\ia,,f(yi^merly.
J > nanamata, a long time ago, or in old times,
iV^o-tua-iho, time out of mind.
Inamata {Waikato), iinmediately, directly, &c,
E haere ana tenei au, I will go immediately,
Penei * nanahi ka tae mai a Hone ma, it was this
time yesterday wlien, &c.
Kia penei apopo ka \\, we shall land about this
time to-^morrow.
y -< muri > afterwards,
Muri ^ u. f afterwards,
-l^ > te aonga ake, next day.
* Ka mutu and ka mea generally denote future time, and imply a short
interval between the time of speeding and the act. Though the former
expresses an ending of something else, it does not always intend it ; for it is
often used when the person addressed is not engaged at anything. As
there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of
phrase which is translated *' it came to pass" ** it shall come to pass^ some
hare adapted ka mea as a substitute, and in some cases, perhaps, it must
stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a
more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted ; viz., a simple cf, or
navai a, or tenei aJi-e, &c. We, for example, should hare no scruple in trans-
lating the following sentences :— " So it came to pass when all the men of war
were consumed^' &c.->nawai a, ka poto nga tangata hapai patu katoa te
mate, &c. ; " and it shall come to pa^s if ye hearken" &c. — a tenei ake, ki te
whakarongo koutou, &a ; " and it came to pass when he heard" &c. — a, te
rongonga o, &c
OF THE ADVERBS. 75*
No te atatu, early in the morning,
No reira,yro?w tliat time, occasion, &c.
I tenei ra i tenei ra (lit. this day, )
this day) > continually,
I te ao i te po (lit. day and night) j
Tena ano, do it again,
Ka -j , V waenga, at midnight,
Kahore i puta atu te kupu, kua whakatika, / had
not spoken {i.e, immediately, as soon as I
had spoken) he arose,
Haere po, go hy night
Haere awatea, go by day,
OF PLACE.
Ko hea (whea Waikato), whither,
Hei hea, at what place (future).
7-1 > from what place, whence.
Ki ko, thitJier,
7 I k h\c I ^^^^ ^^^^ {dioA that) place,
Kei reira te pakaru kei reira te paru ; lit. there
the broken place there the repair ! Wheresoever
it is broken there coat with rawpo,*
Kei waho e noho ana, he is sitting outside,
NOTB 2. — JTi reiray no reira, hei relra^ &c., correspond^
in most cases, with ki kona, no kona, fiei kona; with this-
difference, however, that the na and ra follow the rule already
noticed (page 30.)
Haere iko te tokitoki, haere iho te tahutahu,
burn off the felled timber, and immediately as
soon as it has been chopped up (lit. go down
the chopping, go down the burning).
* For the diilerenoe between nHy noi and ra^ vide Piononns, page 30.
76 OF THE ADVERBS.
Ko te tahutahu ko te ko, ko te tahutahu ko te
ko, immediately as soon as, &c.
Tokitoki iho, ko atu, dig it immediately as soon
as it is chopped up (lit. chop downwards, dig
forwards).
Ora noa
Me i kotahi (lit. if it
had been one) y all hiU, &c.
Wahi iti, a little bit
Whano
Me mea tatau a tau te utu, the payment is to be
a thing counted per year ; i.e, it is to be
rented yearly,
I tenei tau i tenei tau, yea/rly.
He tau pea mahi atu, he tau pea mahi atu, this
(manuring of the tree) is, perhaps, a work of
every year, done yearly ; kei te hauhake riwai,
tv^ iho kei te kumara, (we) are now (engaged)
at digging up potatoes, afterwa/rds (we shall
be) at the kumara.
Xa maha nga haerenga, rruim/y have been his
goings, i,e. he has gone frequefiitly,
Hoki ake ko aua kupu, koki ake ko aua kupu,
he repeats the same words over and over again
(lit. return up, those very words, return up,
those very words).
Na wai-a, at length, so it woa, it came to pass,
Tatari noa, a, waited a long time,
A oti noa, until finislwd,
Kia tae mai ra ano, until lie arrives,
Ka tahi ano, now for the first time,
Ka tahi ano he mea pai, it is a good thing indeed.
Ka tahi au ka mea atu, tlien 1 said,
OF ORDER.
I noho ai, he hau tetahi, he kai kore ka rua, (we)
remained away, \st, (because of) the wind ;
2ndly, (we) hdd no food.
OP THE ADVERBS. 77
Ka rua aku haerenga, / have gone twice (lit. mj
goings have been two).
Whakatepea te ko, kaua e pokapokaia, dig in.
regular progression^ not liere and there (lit.
ordina fossionefni).
Me haere wakatepe te korero, relate the matter
in order (lit. the speech must go in order).
Hiuihia ko roto, turn (it) inside out
Hurihia kottiatia te papa, turn the board on the
other side.
Matua (Ngapuhi) Jlrst ; kia matua keria, let if
he first dug.
Mataati ( Waikato) hopukia mataatitia, caughtfirst.
Kua huri koaro te tangata wero,* tlie tangata
wero has turned adversely.
Ho mai ki rao'o nei, give it down here.
Kei haere ki tawhiti, do not go far.
Whiua ki tu^, throw it to the other side.
Neke atu ki tahaki, move to one side, .
Kumea whakarunga, pull upwards,
Whakawaho, outwards.
Whakaroto, inwards.
A, ta^ noa ki te Pukatea, even to the Pukatea.
Haere ilw, cofne down (to me).
Piki ake, climb up (to me J.
Maka atu, thrown a/way.
Kukea ake e ahau, thrown away by me.
Maka mai, throw it here.
I te tahi taha i te tahi taha (lit. on
one side, on one side)
A karapoi noa (lit. until it sur- 1 j i .
/k ^ > round about
rounds)
A porowhawhe noa, id
A potaipotai, id
* The tangata wero is the person who advances to meet a party, and
throws a spear at them. If, in turning to retire, he tam» to the side
diflFereht from that from which the spear was darted, it is a hnri koaro, and
a bad omen.
78 OF THE ADVERBS.
Peliea te mataratanga 1 Junv/ar ?
A, hea atu ra ano ? how far toill you go ?
A, hea 'iioa atu^ one kiiowa not wliere,
Tautauamoa rawa tana kai, tana kai, ectch man
eats separately (Le, by hvmself),
Riri tautauanway fighting^ each by himself.
Kaua e uniruatia te whangai, donH feed (tJie
child J in rapid succession, vnthout any stop.
Me whakahipahipa etahi rangi (lit. let some days
be made uneven), i.e. do it every alternate day,
or at irregtda/r periods,
Haere tahi, go together.
A, te tukunga iho {well, tJie letting down, at last,
finally) i.e. the isa'oe of such conduct, &c.
E kore e ro^o-kainga, kua ruaki, he vomits imme-
diately, as soon as he ha^ eaten (it).
I te oro^ohangaanga o te ao, wiven first the world
was made.
Kati inanahi ka haere mai koe, stop yesterday
you came here ; i.e, you started about this
time yesterday.
OF QUANTITY.
Ho mai hia maha, give abundantly.
Ho mai katoa mai, give entirely, or wholly.
Tena hoki te tahi taro, give me also, or besides,
some bread.
Ho mai kia iti, give me (let it be little), paulidum.
Kia penei, let it be so much.
Poto rawa, consumed totally.
Koia ano te pai ! Iiow excellent !
Ano ! (fee, idem.
Roa poto nei ano (long short), i.e. moderately
long.
Kahore atu, no other besides.
Tikina aiu hoki, fetch anotlver besides.
I ki mai ano hoki ia, he said moreover.
OP THE ADVERBS. 7^
OF QUALITY.
Haere tupato, go cautiously.
Kia ttaita ki te mahi, be strong to work^ i,e.
work industriously.
Kia kaJia te hoe, jmU (the oa/r) strong,
Noho whakaaro kore, sit witJwut thought, i,e,
thoughtlessly.
He aha i aweke ai te mahi ? te tuJcu noa iJw te
tuku noa iho^ why is the work done neatly and
not (rather) heedlessly (lit. and not rather let
it down in any way, let it down in any way).
Haere wehi, go fearfully.
Kai haere, go eating, i.e. eat as he walks,
Tu taluvnga* stand nakedly, i,e. staked.
— kau, idem.
Haere noa atu, go without guide, fear, cfcc. «fec.
Tangohia huhtia koretia iJiOy taken without cause,
%,e. causelessly.
Ohia rvoa iho au ki te patu, / struck (him) unin-
tentionally.
E hara i te mea totika; n^t intentionally,
Patua maoHtia, killed intentionally, in tlie com-
7non way, cfec,
— marietia, inteniio^iaUy,
I tukua whakareretia, let doion by a dash, not
with care.
Te kalva te tuku, dwi!t let it down violently, i.e.
do it gently.
Tukua rnarietia, let it down gently, peaceably.
Xia ata tuku, — gently.
Kahore ano kia ata maoa, 7wt quite dojie (i.e.
in cooking).
Te ata pai niarie o te rangi i nanahi ! wliat an
exceedingly Ji lie day teas yesterday !
He pupuhi iu>a, firing without an object.
Tahntujn is o\\\y to be found as adverb.
80 OF THE ADVERBS.
Til kau ana, stand empty, idle, &c.
Marie ano ahau i haere mai ai i ora ai koe, I
have came fortunately by which you were
saved; i.e. I have come just in time to save
you, or it is well that I came to, <bc.
OF AFFIRMATION.
Maori is very well supplied with affirmative and
negative particles, all of which differ by very slight
shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of
which will be best learned by practice.
Ae,* yes,
Ina, idem.
Aana, idem.
Koia, idem.
Ae ra, idem.
Ae ra hoki, yes truly, &c.
Ae ra pea, idem.
Koia ha hoki, idem.
Ae ko, yes (you are correct).
Koia pea, yes, perhaps; (sometimes used ironi-
cally for a negative) yes indeed !
OF NEGATION.
Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal
particles. We have given some explanation of them
in chap. vii. (vide paradigm of the tenses), and we
shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax.
* Ae and ina, do not always strictly imply affirmation ; e^g. Eahore h&
kete ? He kete ano ; ae ra^ tikina' atn. Is there no basket T There is a
basket; yes, then^ go fetch it. The word answer in Hebrew, and that oor-
resix)nding to it in the Greek Testament and Septoagint, affords, we think,
a parallel to this nae of ae. It is putting a command, &c. into the form of
an absent to some preyious sentence. N.B. — Ina is often used to denote
energy, certainty, &c. ; e.g, ina ka riri au, certainly, in that case, I Mill be
angry.
OP THE ADVERBS. 81
Hore, no ; hore rawa, by no means,
Kahore, not and no.
Kaho )
Kao } ^-
Kihai, not,
Kore, idem.
Te, idem ; te kaha, donH do it violently,
Aua \ ♦
Auaka f ,
Kaua ( ^'^*-
Kauaka )
Kei, do not, and talce ca/re lest, or lest,
Aua hoki (used in some parts of Waikato for
no, no), not at all,
E ha/ra koe i te rangatira noku, you a/re not my
master,
Kiano (Ngapuhi), not yet.
Haunga,* not (denoting exclusion, or exception) ;
e.g.
Haunga tena, not that (Imt the other),
Aratakina mai te poaka ; haunga te mea pure-
pure, lead the pig here ; not the speckled (hut
the other).
Kahore haunga (Waikato), used sometimes in-
stead of Ihaunga,
Aua I
& \ I do not know,
Au )
Meho (Waikato) ) not at all (used in abrupt
Hori j replies).
* Some, we believe, maintain tliat the adverb besides should be alwajrs
Tendered by havnga. It is trae that wherever exclusion or negation is
indicated by that word, haunga will generally answer ; e.g, E rua teuton
xatoa, kaunga nga wahine. They toere twenty besides (that is, not counting) the
women. In the leading sense, however, of besides— -viz. that of moreover,
addition to — haunga will, we are sure, seldom find a use ; as in the following
examples :— " besides, you know," ** nobody thinks so besides yourself, *
** there is nothing there besides the box," ** besides her he had no child."
82 OF THE ADVERBS.
OF COMPARISON.
Meatiaf P<^j^y do it thna.
or \ ^ ,* \ do itin tJiat manner,
[ peratia j
Fenei, kua ora, thiL8 (in that case, if that had been
do9teJ lie would Jiave been saved.
Xoia ano tena, exactly so.
Me mahi motu!w,ke, vxyrk separately.
Haere ana ia, ko tana kotahi, he went by himself^
alone.
Waihoki, likevnse, also.
Ano kua mate, as though he were dead.
Me te mea, <fec. (Waikato), idem.
Koia ano kei te wai, exactly as if it were water.
Haere a parera, walk like a dv/ik.*
Wakatangat-a nui, act manfvXly.
Wakatupu tangata, idem.
OF INTERROGATION.
Maori has many particles which indicate interroga-
tion, and which correspond, in some particulars, with
the enclitic particles ne and nuvn, of Latin ; e.g.
E pai ana ^ rve'i are you inclined ? are you ?
Ine (Waikato) differs but little in its use from
ne.
Baneiy ianei, iana, and iara are always incorpo-
rated into the sentence, and generally denote a ques-
tion ; e.g.
E pai ana ranei koe 1
* Some f oreignera, we observe, give tMs adverb a more extensive meaninet
than we have allowed it. In snch phrases, for example, as the following : —
** Held by the hand," " built by the hand," &c., they would say, " purutia a
ringaringatia," " hanga a ringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of
opinion that such expressions are very rare in genninc Maori. " Pumtia
ringaringatia," " hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way pre-
ferable.
OF THE ADYBRBS. 8S
Koia ? * Indeed ? (when used by itself).
Oti, else,
Narte-aha? u)hy?
Me pehea? How m/ust it he done?
Rand is very frequently used in the sense 6t
-whether.
lanei, iana^ and iara are sometimes pleonastic ia
Waikato.
OF INTENSITY.
I - Pai raioa, tino tika, tino pai rmoay kino whahcb-
harahara^ tika pu^ he noa iho, tini whaka/rerey tika
tonu ; all these adverbs stand for very, or some modi-
£cation of it ; e,g,
I hoki rawa mai koe ihea ? taAa^ is the eoeacty or
Zflw^, place from which you have returned ?
Pokuru iliOy pokuru iho te namu, densely ch^-
tered the sandflies.
Kahore kau, not at aU.
Haere ra pea, go now, / say, &c.
Haere ra, idem.
Maori, as might be expected in the language of a rude people^
abounds in adverbs of intensitj. We shall have to mention
flome of these hereafter (vide Adjective, comparative degree.
Syntax). They sometimes elegantly supply the place of
verbal particles, as we shall have occasion to show when we
treat on the syntax of the verbs.
From the preceding table the student will see that Maori
has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and
that the chief process by which a word may be converted
into an adverb is by placing it in immediate connection with
the verb or adjective.
* Koia, when -paxt of an interrogative sentence, is, as far as we have
observed (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Hacni
have not followed the role), almost always used in rejoinder ; e.g.l pehea
ioia ahau ? what then did J Mjf f The speaker here sappoaea that the
hearw had disputed his statement, and uses koia. Oti is used in a some-
what similar construction with the meaning of eUe; e.g. He aha oti? lefuU
elsethenUUr
84 OF THE ADYEBBS.
It should perhaps be here noticed — Ist. That Maori inclines
to this mode of eonstniction. Thus, where we should say^
The men and the women muet all roll the log, a native would
most probably employ the adverb— ^.^. Huri tane hnri
wahine, Soch a mode of constmction, though loose, is, how-
erer, concise and emphatic.
2nril. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same
rariations as the yerb— admits of number, voice, and the form.
of the verbal noun. For this, however, vide Syntax ii^
Adverbs.
3rd. That another process for the creation of adverbs i»
by prefixing whaka or a to the preposition, noun, or adverb.
fi 4th. That the compound prepositions, especially when time-
and place are denoted, will very often take the adverbi^
form.*
5th, and last. It would be a very useful exercise for the-
stndent to examine those sentences the place of which would
be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of
their construction. Some, for example, he will find rendered
by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substanti ve-
in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c
* It has been objected by a learned friend that the componnd prepositions
are more properly adverbe, and that in such a sentence as *< kei roto i te>
whare," i is the governing preposition, and roto is an adverb. We snbmit^
liowever, that if a proposition be ** a particle denoting the relation of on»
sabstantire to another, then roto is a preposition, for it clearly indicates a
looed relation between roto (or i roto, if yon please) and the thing spcdcen of..
Those who feel sceptical on this point, we woold beg to examine the corn*.
pofdte prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew preposition under-
(tahalh) is recognized as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may^
require the prepositions /rom and to in combination with it to exhibit ite--
meaning. So also, in English, snch prepositions as cuxording to, oui at, out
of, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the sapplementary prepositioa
annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted that where there is a:,
break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the-
fcnrmer must be considered as an adv^b ; thus, in the sentence, ** Kei raro,
kei te whare," " it U below, itUin the house;'* raro is here, as it is in English^
»n adverb joined to i«, the line of connection being broken by a comma..
In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the oom-
lK>and preposition (or rather, in this case, the adverb) must also follow it.
OF THE PABTICLES. 85
CHAPTER X.
OF THE PARTICLES.
We have thought it better to devote a separate
^chapter to the consideration of the following particles
of Maori; first, because those words, though they
strongly partake of the nature of adverbs, are yet
sometimes used as conjunctions; secondly, because
we are of opinion that a distinct consideration of them
will be the best way to impart clear and comprehensive
views of their nature.
An accurate acquaintaDce with these epea pteroenta
^*< winged words") of discourse is in most languages of very
difficult attainment : but in Maori, particularly, do thej re-
quire our study ; that language not conceding to the verb the
same prominent place that it occupies in other languages, and
Tather (as we have already observed) transacting the business
of predication by pronouns, particles, &c.
They are mainly used for embellishing, defining, and
impressing a thought, and may, with the prepositions, be justly
denominated, The hinges of Maori.
To enumerate them all would be an endless task, and perhaps
a useless one : for, in no part of Maori is there so great a dis-
crepancy in the various districts. The following, we think, are
the most general in use, and most deserving of notice : — Atu,
mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau.
Atu and mai are, in most respects, exactly oppo-
site ; atu indicates an emanation forth or action from,
the latter an approach or direction towards, the
speaker.
JKahore ahau e rongo atu, E kore e rongo ma% will
I do not hea/r forth. not hear towards (me
or ua),
E rangona mai ranei
tatou ? shall we be
heard towards (us) f
86
OF THB PABTICLES.
Tu aiUf Stand out of my Kati mat i kona, stanch
fooy. tau>ard8 me there where-.
you are.
Tikina atu, go there and Tikina may fetch hence,
bring here, i.e. fetch
thence.
£ tatari atu ana matou ki
a koe, we are waiting
forth to you.
E kore ahau e kaha atu, Mau mai ano, for you.
I shall not he strong truly hither,' Le. it i»
forth, i.e. shcdl not be for you to strike the-
able to take it there. first blow, &c.
N.B. — Atu will sometimes lose its pecaliar meaning after a
▼erb (vide Verbs, S.) It will also occasionally stand for ether .*-
Tera ata ano, that is another; i e. there are other besides.
Ahe and Iho. — The general uses of aike and tAo are,
of the former up, and of the latter down, to the-
speaker :
Haere ahe, corns up (to us).
Heke iho, come down (to us).
B til iho, he stands up tliere, i.e. down towards-
Te mea e ngangautia ake, the thing about which,
there is that contention below, lit. is contended
up towards (us).
Sometimes they will stand, the one for up, the^
other for down, to the object of the action ; e.g.
E kore ahau e roa aJce, I am not tall enough to
reash up (to it).
Ho aJce ki a ia, give it up to him.
Pataia iho te mate, ask doum (to him) his
sickness.
Ake and iho will sometimes denote propriety, pecu--
lia/rity, self-existence, <fec. ; e.g.
Maku ake sLao, for myself alone.
Mona iho ano tena, tha^ is for himself alone.
OF THE PARTICLES. 87
E hara i te toka tu ake, not a rock tJiat has stood
of itself,
Ake wi]] sometimes signify the otiier side of the
speaker, whether it be before, behind, to one side of,
(Aove, below, &c, ; e,g, haere alee to a hearer in front
will mean, come behind me ; to a person behind, it will
signify, come to my front.
N.6. — Iho docs not seem to have uny correspoading opposite
to this meapiug of alte.
Sometimes, also, ake is employed to designate a
motion by another towards some place with which the
speaker may be in connection ; e,g,
Ka mea, ka haere ake ki Waitemata, yb^Zoie? me by-
and-bye to Waitemata,
He aha te tikina ake ai he ti ma te turoro nei ?
why has not tea been fetched (from my residence)
for ilds patient ?
E puta mai, ka karanga aJce ki a au, wlien he
conies you wUl call to me (wlw am now going
away).
Under these two last rules should, perhaps, be men-
tioned the following examples : —
Tangohia ake te ngarara i taku tuara, take the
insect off my ba^k.
Ma koutou e urunga aJce, do ymi of the bow of the
canoe steer, i.e. so paddle that tlie stem, where I
am, mag be directed rightly.
Note 1.— There are other subordiDate meanings of ake and
ihoj of which examples have been given under the adverbs,
and which do not, we think, require any further notice.
Note 2. — Aks and i?io are often used after verbs, in a manner
somewhat corresponding to that of the verbal particles (vide
Verbs. S.)
Ai is a particle of great use. It is chiefly employed
as a substitute for the relatives who, which, wliat, and
88 OF THK PABTICLES.
has reference to the time, place, manner, cause, meanSy
intention, &c of an action; as in the following
examples :
No te ra horoi whare i haere mai ai, started for
here on Satwrday,
I tona kitenga ai, when it toas seen,
Te whare i moe ai ia, the house in which he slepU
Te peheatanga i meatia ai, the way in which it
was done.
Te take i patua ai, the cause for which he was
beaten.
Ma te aha e ora ai ? by what means be saved ?
I tuhituhi ai au nau hoki i utu i ena riwai, /
have loritten to you because you paid for the
other potatoes.
Occasionally, however, it is heard as a simple
expletive; e.g.
I mua ai, formerly,
2nd. It is employed with the verbs to denote a
sequence, and, occasionally, an opposition of action,
and might be translated by ^^ and then,^^ "<o," and
sometimes *'but"
Haere, ka hoki mai ai, go, and then return.
Haere ki reira noho ai, go there to stop.
Kua hereherea, noho ai, kawea atu ana ki a te
Paki, slie was enslaved, and remaiiied such for
some time, then was carried to Paki.
Ko te pa ano tera ; noho ai ia ki Horotitt,
that indeed is his village ; but lie dwells at*
Horotiu,
Sometimes, especially at Tanpo, and, we understand, at the
East Cape, ai is often used where the sequence or opposition of
action is but faintly, if at all, expressed. The following is
correct in Waikato : E pa, kei hea tetahi wahi mo matou ?
kokoa kotoatia ai e koe te whenua n^i^ friend where is there a
OF THE PARTICLES. 89
portion for us ? why, you have monopolized the whole of the
land.
Note 1. — The place of ai may be often supplied bj nei^ ma,
or ra ; e.g, kola anau i haere mai nei.
Note 2. — Ai is often erroneously omitted and erroneously
introduced by foreigners, and those who wish to propound a
statement accurately will do well to observe its use.
For ait as used in connection with the verbal particle and
the verbs, see Syntax.
.l7M>.— This is a particle much used in assertions
and replies. Its meaning will vary with that of the
word to which it is postfixed.
Indeed; Tenei cmo nga tangata o toku kainga te
mahi nei i te kino, Here truly are the people,
Ko ia ano te tikanga o te aroha, id demum est
Ji/rma amicitia,
"Naka ano taku, mine is my own,
Kati ano, atop I say (or beg of you).
Also ; No Waikato ahau, no Rotorua a/no, lam,
fr&m, WaikatOy fr&m Rotorua also.
Only ; Kotahi aru) taku, one only is mine.
(Anake would not here be used.)
Irmnediately ; akuanei, nei ano, now, insta/nUy,
Same; Ko nga kau ano nga kau, t^iey are the
very same cows.
Different; He tangata ano tena, that belongs to
a/nother perso7i.
Again or another ; Tikina ano, fetch another.
Same as ; Ano e moe ana, as if he were sleeping.
Self; Mana amx>,for himself,
I whakaae mai ranei % I whakaae wm>. Was
he willing % He was willing.
It is used in combination with other particles, as
follows : —
Heoi anw, that is aU.
Ano hoki, also.
90 OF THE PARTICLES.
Ha ano^ until.
Nei anOf this is it, or here it is, &a
Koia ano / how (fine, dtc.J !
A e noho nei a7u> / and is he still here f
Ano ra, whakarongo mai, (yes or no) ; InU Uatefi.
to me; i.e, / do not deny what you say ; only
listen to me.
Ko tena ano ra, t?iat one I say^ or theU also.
Ana, in the beginning of sentences, seems with
Ngapcdii to admit of a wider application than what
is generally heard in Waikato ; e,g. Ano'ksk tae ki te
whare, amd when he came to the house.
N.B. — Noy also, with the same people, seems to admit of a
somewhat similar application.
EavAB, particle corresponding in its use with nei
and ra, and is frequently used to supply the place of
the relative which ; e.g.
I kite ra koe, which you saw.
There ; e takoto mai ra, it lies there.
It is sometimes used, in commands and energetic
sentences, for tJien.
Haere ra, go then.
Heoi ana ra, that is aU about it then.
Often in replies : E pai ana ? Ae ra.
Koa is a particle used mostly in correcting, <fea>
another speaker or oneself : —
E pa, e he ana hoa koe, my fri&nd, you a/re
wrong.
Aana koa, yes (you a/re right).
It is difficult to define its meaning in the following
phrases : —
Tena I
& > koa, show it here, or give it to me.
Na j
OF THE PABTICLBS. 91
E hara hoa (iana or ianei or iara) ra % what else ?
E ngaro hoki koa iana, <fea, that^ I confess, is-
( right y wrong, &c,J
Ba koa ka kai iho ia i te ata o tana kai, (even
though the offering he devoured) still (does the
god) eat the shadow of the food ; — yet, never-
theless.
U is often used as a mere expletive. Sometimes it^
has force in exculpatory sentences ; e,g,
E taea te aha u ana i te mamae ? how covld the^
poor fellow help it from the pain ?
Note. — Thoagh often used as an expletive, u will not,
however, admit of being thnist into every sentence. Some
foreigners seem peculiarly fond of using it. The following use
of it is, at least in Waikato, erroneous : '* A he tangata nut
hoki a Hone, he rangatira hoki u a ratou."
ffoki. — Some of the uses of hold have been inserted
under the adverbs. We shall give a brief view of the.
principal of them here. Its more general uses are,.
fUso^for, heccmse: —
He mea hoki ka tae mai ahau, in consideration of
my having come,
Koia hoki, yes truly (he is right), &c,
Ina hoki (the same as mei of Waikato), viz. or
you may judge from.
Kahore ano i tae mai, ina hoki te pu, tg rangona,
he has not a/rrived, as we may judge from the
gun, its not being hea/rd.
Nei hoki, and rui, or ra, hoki ; Hopukia te poaka»
Kua mau ra hoki, Oh, it has been ca/ught.
Kati te tohe, qua riro atu nei hoki te ulu, cease
importuning, inasmuch as the payment has been.
given.
This form we approve much of for expressing the^
following : " for the death of the Lord Jesus Christ/^
kua mate nei hoki, kc, i.e. inasmuch as, <fec.
^2 OF THB PARTICLES.
Ki te titaha hoki ra, weU <Aen (if you wanH give
that), give me an aace.
Ho mai hokij give it, / sa/y,
Kau ; Riri hau^ cmgry withovi cause.
E ngenge ana koe t Ngenge kau I Are you tired f
Why should I he tired ? (lit. tired at nothing I )
E mau hau ana te taura, is barely fastened^ i.e*
it has only the name of being /ast&ned
Ka mahi kau ahau, work for nothing.
Tu kaUy stand idle, naked, ka.
OF THE CONJUNCTIONS. 93^
CHAPTER XI.
OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.
Mej cmd ; Te kete me nga riwai, the basket and the^
potatoes.
While; Me te Hongi, me te tangi, and saluting j,
and crying ; i,e. while saluting he is crying.
With; * E mahi ana me te whakaaro ano ki te
utu, be is working, and is at tbe same time
mindful of payment.
Haere liabi me i&, went together with bim.
As ; Me koutou boki i wakarere i to koutou kainga^
as ye also left your country.
It]
Me s & > mua, as formerly.
(to)
Me mua,t idem.
As far as ; Me konei, m^ Waitemata, as far as
from here to Waitemata.
If; Me he msa e pai ana, if he is willvng* Me i
kabore koe, if it bad not been for you.
J/a, onJ (a numeral conjunction). (Vide Numerals^
page 25.)
Mei ( Waikato), inasmuch aSy as you m>ay judge from^
(Vide hoki. Same as irui hoki of Ngapidii.')
• This particle will often sapply a good snbstitnte for with, when it denotes
oonnection, &a, a meaning which we belieTe to be bat seldom expressed by
ki (vide ki. Prepositions).
f Some foieignezB, we obeervey use in« i tnua; tUs, however, is deddedljr
erroneoQS.
'94 OF THE CONJUNCnOKS.
f
JToia, therefore; koia i riri ai, therefore was he
angrt/.
Xa and a. — ^These particles are of very great use in.
Maori. They correspond very closely with particle
vahv of Hebrew, and may be recognized in our
translations as occupying the place of amd^ then^
therefore^ hwt^ &c. '♦It was," says Gesenius, in
v&hv^ " a part of the simplicity of ancient language
to mark merely the connection of ideas, without
^expressing those nice distinctions of thought which
are designated by the use of caudal, advereativey
disjunctive^ and other conjunctions. The prefix vahv
retains this variety of signification, though other more
definite conjunctions are also in use." This is precisely
iJie case with Maori.
Iruiy lui {anoby Waikato), when ; Ina korero ahau,
when I speak.
Or, if (occasionally), chiefly in cases in which con-
tingency is attached to when :
Ma wai e whai, ina tore ? who is to follow it (the
canoe) if it drifts f
Heoi (Ngapuhi) and heoti (Waikato) is a particle which
•corresponds sometimes with a and na in its uses. It generally,
however, implies opposition, and might be translated by Imt^
■&C. Sometimes, also, it has the meaning of 90^ then^ and
sometimes (particularly In Waikato) It is, in the end of
sentences, redmidant.
Aray and then, <fec. ; e»g,
Ara te meatanga atu a Hone, and then John
replied.
* NOTB. — Ara is very often used as an adverb for videlicet^
forsooth, &c.
^^ I reira.
^^ j for that cause, therefore.*
* The learned student will, however, notice that these words, as well as
Jtoia^ are only prefixed to conclnsions which are the natwal and neeemuj
OP THE CONJUNCTIONS,
95
Mpna i tahae, because he stole.
Inake ano ; InaJce ano i kore ai e tupu, a good
reason indeed why it did not grow (ihenc«y
from tliat cause J.
Ina whai ano (Waikato), idem.
Otira
Otiraia
la
Eaia
Atiia (Waikato) )
Huatu
Kapre, and kahore
Tena ko tenei
Tena )
Ko /
but, and nevertheless.
sometimes
E ngari
E rangi
E ngaro
)
sometim^es
All these belong to the
adversative class, and
denote but, with some
peculiarity, however, of
the meaning and con-
struction which can only
be learned by practice.
E ao ia
Ahakoa, although ; Ahakoa roa noa te tohe e kore
e marere, altliough you importune long, it wiU
not be granted.
Note. — Ahakoa will almoet always precede in the seDtence^
^eet of a preceding proposition. For example, we might use mo refra^ te.,
& each a sentence as the following : — " Men are sinners, ther^ore men are
exposed to the wrath of God ;" because the preceding proposition is dtearty
« eatue of the latter.
We could not, however, use any of them in such propositions as the toVbonr-
Ing: — "The Tohungas are liars, therefore the New Zealander listens to
liars ;" ^ the sun shines, therefore the sun is a luminous body ;" **inan is
an animal, ther^ore man has sensation ;" because it would not be true to say,
that, because the Tohunga is a liar, he is therefore listened to ; becauae tiie
43un shines it is luminous ; or, that man having sensation is caused by his
being an animal.
Wherever, then, the connection with the preceding inroposition is either
<uxtdental or abstract j we must have recourse to other words, such as no, a,
ra, pea, &c., and these are largely used in our translations {vide Mat. y. 87,
zxiv. 42, and N. T. passim).
The affirmative particles ina and ae ra will often supply a good substitiite
for therefore^ and will be logically correct. For the condndon is the
proposition that we in principio affirm to be true, and having proved it^ we
then authoritatively pronounce it to be so. ( Vide our remarks oa ae, &&,
note, under Adverbs of Affirmation.)
96 OF THE COXJUKCTIONS.
Following are a few examples of phrases which
supply the place of oonjimctions : —
Ki te kahore e pai, (/"he is not pleased.
Ki ie wa haere, i^you go.
Ka pa nan, if it had been yonrs.
Ka pa too (Ngapuhi\ or tau (Waikato) na tatou,
if it had been we that had done it.
Patu, ka aha ? If 1 beat him, what better will
he be ? lit. beat him, what is (effected ?)
I tika ano i a au, titiro ana koe wahia iho, I had
jnU it all to rights, and you go a7id break it in.
pieces.
E korerotia atu ana, e whakatika mai ana, he is
spoken to, lie rises up, i,e. wlien I speak to him^
he rises up against ma
Fera Iwki nie Hana e whakatoi nei, just cu Ha/na
teases,
Ma/na ka tika, mana ka he, even thov^gh (no
matter whether) it he right or wrong,
Ko reira, then.
The particle ai is very useful in supplying the
place of conjunctions. ( Vide page 88.)
OF THE INTERJECTIONS. 97
CHAPTER XII.
OF THE INTERJECTIONS.
Maori abounds in interjections. The following are
the most common. It will be seen in this part of
speech that there is a considerable variation in the
different tribes.
INTERJECTIONS.
For calling to cmother person nea/r at hand^ Ou !
Ou!
For reply to recall^ O (in a falsetto tone).
For dravnng attention to statements, things, &c. &c,
Inana ! irara ! ira ! (Rotorua).
Aiaiai ! (Taranaki).
Here ! ere ! nene ! re ! (Waikato).
Nana ! (Ngapuhi).
For exdtvng attention, rara ! (Waikato).
Disapprobatory — E, e ! He ! hi ! ha ! aeha ! arara.
Ata ! (Ngapuhi). Ae !
Exclamations made when it has been found that the
speaker was correct (corresponding to ah, you see I
yes, to he sure, drc.) — Na ra nei % Axkrk ! haka !
(Waikato), aheiha (Ngapuhi), ae ra hoki. That
expressive of gratification at some misfortune having
befallen another, Kaitoa !
Of salutation to visitors— Hskere mai, haere mai !
Tauti mai (Waikato), nau mai (Rotorua).
Salutation of one meeting anotlier, Tena ra ko koe ;
or, Tena koe ! (lit. that is you).
In reply to a salutation, Ko koe ra ! It is you !
Of farewell — Hei konei ; stop ! Haere, go !
E noho ! ne % Remain ! Will you ?
8
98 OF THE INTERJECTIONS.
Of wonder, Aue ! Eue ! (Waikato), Taukiri e ! A !
He inati ! (Waikato).
Besides these, there are phrases which are often
used as interjections ; e,g.
Ka toe taku matna, <fec ! Bravo, my father, <fec.,
. corresponding to our thank you,
Ka tae he mamahi mau ! what lieavy work for yoib.
TauhoUy ki a Hone ! (lit stranger to John /) Oh
yes, Mr, John,
Ka mahi a Hone, idem.
Maori delights in interjectional and ironical sen-
tences, and the student who desires to be a good
speaker should pay them much attention, and study
also to catch the tone of voice, <fec.
Some who have not noticed them have turned an
exclamation into a question, and thus altered the
meaning of the sentence. *' How many pigs of John
have better food than I ?" we have heard thus trans-
lated : E hia ranei nga poaka a Hone he pai ke ta
ratou kai i taku, <fec. ? The translation here obviously
differs from the original. It should have been, Ano
te tini, or ti7d noa iho, or ka tae te tint, or kia tini, na
(or ano), te tini, or he tini nga poaka, &c.
And here we may observe that, in translating from
another tongue into Maori, it would be perverting all
use of language to render by merely a verbal corres-
pondence, without any regard to the meaning j and
that, in these idiomatic phrases, it would be best^
unless we wish to establish the maxim of the French
statesman,"^ " that language was merely intended to
conceal our feelings," to make our author employ
those corresponding expressions in Maori which he
would most probably have used had he been speaking
in that language.
We may observe, in conclusion, that Maori has no
» The AbM Talleyrand.
OF THE INTERJECTIONS. 99
good form for such optative interjections es would
thaty kc. There is, it is true, a kind of substitute ;
but it cannot be expressed by our present alphabet.
It is formed by a sharp smack of the tongue against
the palate, and na pronounced after it. The best
form, for the present, is, perhaps, me i, with a peculiar
tone of voice ; e.g. Me i kite ahau ia ia ! If I had but
seen him !^ or, would that I had, &c.
100 OF THE SYNTAX.
Ha
CHAPTER XIII.
OF THE SYNTAX.
PBELIHINABY REMARKS.
Before we proceed to the consideration of the
Syntax of Maori, it will be necessary — Ist, to explain
some terms which we shall be obliged to employ ; and,.
2nd, to make a few remarks on the general featarea
of Maori sentences. Some further remarks on thi&
subject we shall reserve till we come to treat on the
verbs.
The subject of a proposition is that concerning
which anything is a£&rmed or denied. The prediccUe^
is that which is so affirmed or denied of the subjects
Thus, in the following sentence, Kua mate a Hone,
John ?UM died, Hone is the subject, and mcUe is the-
predicate.
Note. — We can scarcely recognize the verbal particles aa
copulas. We believe that their exclusive use is to denote
time.
Propositions, or sentences, we divided inta
simple and compound. Another division is here
necessary — viz., into complex and incomplex. An
ineomplex proposition is that whose subject and
predicate are simple terms ; e,g. He hoiho tenei, thi»
%s a horse,
A complex proposition is that which contains some
qualifying, or otherwise modifying, term in connection
with either stdject or predicate ; e,g, I mate a Hone
hi reira. Ki reira here qualifies the predicate m>ate.
He tokomaha nga Pakeha i Akarana, many a/re th&
foreigners in Auckland, Nga Pakeha i Akarana i&
the subject, and tokomaha the predicate.
OF THE SYNTAX. 101
He arofaa no te Atua i ora ai tatou. This, placed in
due order, is '* I ora ai tatou, he aroha no te Atua,''
we having been saved vxia a love of God. Here, /
ora ai tatau is the subject.
Ko tou utu tena mo to hanganga i te whare 1 J»
that yov/r payment for yowr having built the house t
Here, we conceive, ho tou utu rrvo to hangamga i te
whare is the subjecty and tena the predicate.
In ezamiDing the nature of Maori propositions, the stndent
will soon notice that they are characterized by a remarkable
brevity and abruptness, as well as by the frequent occurrenoe
of ellipses. As a New Zealander is generally unequal to a
train of consecutive thought, so also is his language inadequate
to exhibit with accuracy the various processes of the civilized
intellect, such as comparing, abstracting, &c., or indeed any
ideas beyond the simple and monotonous details of his daily life.
It is, if we may so speak, an animated sketching, intended for
general effect, the more delicate lines being but faintly touched.
The student has already seen that Maori is defective in par-
ticles of illation, comparison, and copulation. The want of a
verb substantive, which is so useful as a copula- in other
languages, will often, where accuracy is desired, cause both
•clumsiness and obscurity of construction.
The process by which a New Zealander constructs his sen-
tences is very similar to that of a child who is just beginning
to speak. For example : If the latter wishes to express, '< la
that a horse ? " ** Give me some bread/* he will most probably
say, "Ahorse that?" '< Me bread." He has the ideas of
himself and bread, and, by pronouncing the one in immediate
succession after the other, attempts to convey the idea of their
mutual connection. So also will Maori, when it wishes to
•express the dependence of two or more ideas on each other^
place them in close connection, as distinct existences, and leave
the hearer to deduce their intended relations. From hence it
may, h priori, be collected — let. That Maori inclines to the
-substantive form, 2nd. That it will have a peculiar tendency
to the indicative mode of statement, 3rd. That it delights in
short sentences. 4th. That it will often, in consequence, of
the frequent occurrence of ellipses, present constructions which
will appear strange to the student of only polished languages,
and even occasionally seem to defy analysis. 5tb. That
the clauses of the sentence will, like its words, be often thrown
together without any connecting particles, and that we shall
often notice in their construction a frequent occurrenoe ot
^pa/northosis.
102 OF THB SYNTAX.
On some of these heads we shall have to remark hereafter^
The last-mentioned feature is, however, of snch importance in
the inTestigation of some of the difficult points of Maori that
we must beg the student's leave to bring it here prominently
before his notice.
Epanorthosis is a figure of frequent occurrence in
all languages, but particularly in those of the East^
It is " the qualifying a former clause by the addition.
of another ; " * e.g. Ka tae te hohoro o ta tatou kai,
te pau I what great haste our food has made (I mean):
^ heing consfwmed. Here te pau is a clause quali-
fying tibe preceding. E rua tahi enei, he roa kaUy.
there are two here, nothing hut long. Ringihia mai^
kia nohinohi, pour me out some, let it he little (i,e^
pour me out a little); e rite tahi ana ia kia koe^
te ahua, he is like you (I mean) the cowntenance ;•
no reira a Ngatihau i tino mau ai, te karakia ai, that^
was the cause why Ngatihau were quite established,.
(I mean) the not adopting Christianity, I riri au.
ki a ia, Jdhai nei i whakaaro, I was angry with him„
(I mean) he did not exercise thought in that matter*.
Ko te tangata tenei, nana nga kakano, this is the man„
his are the seeds (i.e. this is the person whose a/re^
&c.) He aha tau e mea, what is yours (actively)
(I mean) are doing ? i,e, what are you doing f
Haere ana Hone, me tana hoiho. Ka puta pea tena.
ki raro, e tihore ana. So John started and his horse..
He has perhaps reached to the northward (I mean) i»
peeling (^.e. going along at a peeling, or rapid, rate.)
* Est sni ipeius quasi reyocatio, qna id, quod dictum est, e vestigio coni-
gitar."-Gla8S. edit Dathe, page 1,W>.
SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. 103
CHAPTER XIV.
SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.
1. Ko la never used before appellatives without
either te^ te tahi, and its plural e tahi, or one of the
possessive pronouns intervening, and it is almost
always found to occupy the first place in the sentence ;
e.g.
ho taku tamaiti, this is my child,
ho e tahi kua kitea, sorae were seen,
2. In this position, a very common use of it is to
imply the verb substantive.
3. The article he, it will be seen, does not require
its help for such a purpose ; e.g, he rakau tenei, this
is a tree ; he mate toku, a sickness is mime, i,e, I am
sick.
4. All the functions of a (vide page 13) are per-
formed by kOf when the noun, &c., to which it is pre-
fixed, precede in the sentence ; e.ff,
Ko koe te haere, you are the 'person that is to go,
Ko runga kau i Ibdnga, the tops only were eaten,
5. Sometimes it will be found in other parts of the
sentence (a) when the terms of which the sentence
is composed are convertible,* or are intended, at
least, to be represented as similar ; e.g, ko te timunga
atu o konei ko te pakeketanga o waho, the ebbing of
the tide from here is low water outside.
Me he mea ko Pahuru ko Ngakete, if Pdhuru had
been Ngakete, k^
* Oonvortible terms, we need not remind the learned reader, are those the
meaning of whi<di is so similar that they may be sabstitnted one for the
other.
104 SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.
JTo au ra A» ia, land he are (one),
(h) Sometimes, also, when there are two subjects
of which the same thing is affirmed, ho will be pre-
fixed to both j e.g.
Ko Kukutai ho te Wherowhero, rite tahi rauai
Xukutai a/nd Wherowhero, they a/re equal both
of them.
6. It will be seen in the above example that ko will
sometimes represent and; e.g. e takoto nei ko te pihi
ko te poro, it lies here, both the piece and the end (of
the bar of soap).
7. Very frequently, also, ko may be denominated
**the article of specification and emphasis;" e.g.
Noku tena paraikete, that blanket is mine; ko toka
paraikete tena, tliat is my blanket The former of
these two sentences implies that the blanket is his
property ; the latter denotes the same thing, with
some further specification, as being, for example, one
that had been previously describedy worn, &c.
Again, ko Hone i haere, John went.
I haere a Hone, idem.
Here also there is, we think, a difference. The latter
sentence merely says that John went ; the former that John,
as contradistingvished from someone else, was the peison
who went ; literally, it was John (who) went.
8. Sometimes also, in animated description, ko will
follow the verb ; e.g. na ka hinga ko Haupokia, na ka
hinga ko Ngapaka, then fell Haupokia, then feU
Ngapaka.
9. Ko will generally be prefixed to the subject,* e.g^
^0 ta te tangata kai he poaka, he riwai, lie aha, he aha,
the food for rtian is pork, potatoes, et ccetera, et ccetera /
* The learned student will here see that Maori has, in this Irespect, the
advantage over Hebrew ; confusion often occurring in that language from
the want of some means for determining which is the subject and which the
predicate.
SYNTAX OP THE ARTICLE. 105
ho Oropi te whenua taonga, Europe is the land of
property.
N.B. — There are some exceptions to this rule, especially
when tenei, &c. , are employed. ( Vide etiam, rule 5.)
10. Ko\b always prefixed to every title or name of
men or things which stands alone, without the verb ;
^^ Ko te karere o Nui Tireni," the (newspaper)
the Karere o Nui Tireni,
Ko Hone, here is Johriy or, John,
Note. — Occasionally we meet with an exception to this
rule, in emphatic, elliptical, and complementary clauses ; e.y.
<in taunting) tou ngene, ymir ngene ; * taku tirohanga. my
looking f i.e. when I looked ; ka what! tera, te pa, that was
di^conifitedy the pa. ( Vide our illustrations of Epanorthosis in
Preliminary Hemarks, page 102.)
11. It is sometimes used in elliptical sentences like
the following : E pai ana ano ; ko te maeke ra, we wre
willing ; biU the cold — i.e. we should be glad to go only
Jot the cold ; Haere ana ia, ko tona ko taki, lie went by
himself alone.
Note. — It may be seen in the above example that ko is
sometimes used for but ; so also in the following : Me he mea
ko te Paki, e rongo ratou, ko tenei e kore e rongo, if it had
been Paki they would have listened^ but as for this they will
not listeft.
12. In connection with the two preceding rules, we
may observe that ko is almost always prefixed to the
nominative absolute ; e.g. ko taua kupu au^ e kore e
rangona, as for that word of yours, it wiM not he
listened to.
Ko te hunga whakapono, ka ora ratou, believers^
they wUl be saved.
N.B. — In some districts the ko is omitted under this rule.
* Ngene is a scrofnlous tnmonr.
106 SYNTAX OF THB ARTICLE.
14. The omission of the article.
There are some cases in which no article is prefixed
to the noun — (a) when the noun follows immediatelj
after the verb ; e.g. Whakamate tangata, murderaits-
(vide Compound Words, page 17). Haere po, go by
night.
(b) Nouns preceded by the adverbial particles a-
and ttui ; e.g. tatau a Umgata^ count man by man.
(c) When a possessive pronoun is associated with
the noun ; ho mai toku kakahu, give me my garment..
Note. — It is, howeyer, highly probable that the singalar
poBsessiTe pronouns are, like tenei, page 30, compounded of
the article te and the plural form oku^ &c. ; e.g, kei tenei talia
okUf on this side t^me. If it had not been for neif the speaker
would have said toka taha. The n&i, howeyw, attracts the
te, and thus resolves toku into its component parts.
15. He differs in its uses from te tahi and e tahL
(a) He, of itself, often implies the verb substantive.
(VidervleZ.)
{b) He is very seldom found after a preposition*
It is almost always found in the nominative case after
the substantive verb ; e.g. he tangata tenei ; he kino
kau koutou.
Thus it would not be correct to say, I kainga e he kuri, it
was eaten by a dog ; hei tiki i he rakauj to fetch a stick. It
should be e t0 kuri, i te taki rakau.
Note. — ^When we come to consider the verbs, it will, we
think, be seen that in such sentences as Sbmai he wai, patoa
mai he poaka, the noun is still in the nominative.
16. A, A strange use of a is sometimes met with
in Waikato. When two nouns follow each other in
apposition, a is sometimes prefixed to the latter ; e.g.
Ka noho atu tera i te kai mana a te kahawai, he
indeed wiU remava OAoay from the food for hvm / —
the kahawai /
E hoe ana ki Akarana, ki te kai mana a te paraoa,
he is paddling to AvMamd for food for himself— fiofwr^
SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. lOT
Sometimes it occurs in sentences like the following r;
Na wai tenei haere a te po ? Whose going is this (I.
mean) in the night ? i.e, who ever goes by night ?
(h) A personal pronoun following the verb in the-
nominative will very seldom take a before it; e,g.
Whakangaromia iho ratou. It would not be correct
to say a ratou.
To this rule there are a few exceptions ; e,g, in ana ratoa, a
ia tangata a ia tangata, they stood each man,
(c) Proper names are not subject to the above rule ;.
e,g, it would not be correct to say, Whakangaromia.
iho Ngatipaoa, It should be a Ngatipaoa.
{d) When a question is asked in reference to a
preceding remark, a will precede the pronoun \e.g, E
ki na koe. A wai] A koe ra, Tou assert — who?'
Tou^ forsooth.
17. The articles, definite and indefinite, are always-
repeated in Maori, as in French, before every sub-
stantive in the sentence; e,g, Ko te whakapono te
take o te aroha, raua ko te pai, faith is the root of lov0y
and good works,
18. Adjectives used substantively require tho^
article ; e.g. He tika rawa te he ki a ia, ^A6 wrong t^
perfectly right in his opinion.
19. Frequently, also, the article is prefixed to what
would be a participle in English ; e.g. Kei te noho, he-
is at the sitting, i.e. he is sitting ; ka tata te maoa,,
the being cooked is near.
KoTE. — It is, however, probable that all such words as noho,
ftc., should, in coustructious like the above, be regarded as-
sahstantiFes.
108 SYNTAX OF THB NOUK.
CHAPTER XV.
SYNTAX OF THE KOUN.
§ 1. Nowns in Apposition. — When one or more
nouns follow another in apposition, and are equally
•definite in meaning, the same article that is prefixed
to the first will be prefixed to all the rest ; e.g, ZTe
tangata kino koe, he tangata kohuru, you are a bud
man, a murderer; ho au tenei, ho tou matua, this is 7,
yowr father ; mau mai tdha pu, tera i roto i te whare,
lyring here m,y gun, that in the house.
The following sentences are erroneous : — ^Tenei ahan, ho to
koutou hoa, te mea nei, thi» is I, your friendj who says, &c.;
Tlakina to tatou kainga, ko Walkato, take care of our settle^
fnent, Waikato, The ko should have been omitted in the former
sentence : instead of the ko in the latter, we should have had a.
Proper names, and pronouns, will only take their proper
articles ; e,g. Nohea tenei Kingi a Parao ? whence was this
JCiny Fharaoh?
N.B. — There are exceptions to these rules. Some of them
will be mentioned under the next head.
§ 2. The preposition which is prefixed to the first
-of two or more nouns in apposition will be prefixed
to all the rest ; e.g. Naku tenei pukapuka, wa tou
hoa, na Tarapipipi, this letter is mine (i.e. was
written by me), your friend's, TarapipipVs ; kei nga
Fakeha ta matou whakaaro, ta nga tangata Maori,
vnth the Ev/ropeans are the sentiments of us, of the
New Zealandera.
The same usage holds in the vocative case : E hoa,
E Hone, Friend John,
The following examples will show that this rule, which
«eems as yet to have escaped the notice of foreigners, is worthy
■of attention: — Akakite i a Hone tetamaiti a 'Q.Qmi, and hs sam
SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. 10^
Joht^^ the ton cf Jame$, The meaning of this, as it stands, is ^
the son of James 9am John. Eei a konton, nga tangata Maori,
in the opinion of you the Nem Zealanders, This literally
means, tJie Nem Zealanders are ivith you. In the first of these^
two sentences it should be, i te tamaiti. &c. ; in the second, kei
nga tangata Maori. Again : kua kainga e koutou, te kura, i^
ma^ eaten hy you, the school. The literal meaning of this is,
the school have been eaten "by you, Eaa kainga e koutou hh
te kura, it has been eaten by you, the school. As it stands, it
means, it has been eaten by you and the school. Again, if we^
were to say, ** Na Ihowa to tatou Atua, nana hoki tatou i
whakaora," we should imply that our Ood ma>s made by Jehovah,
and that it was he mho sa/ved us. It should be, Isa ^() tatou-
Atua,
There are, howeyer, occasional exceptions to this rule, which
it will often be useful to remember: {a) when brevity of
diction is desired, both preposition and article will be some*-
times omitted before the second substantive ; e,g, i rokohanga
atu e ahau ki Mangere, kainga o te Tawa, (hej was overtahef^.
by me at Mangere, (the) settlement of Tama ; i rongo ahau ki
a Eoiunnunu, hungawai o Panaia, I heard it from Xoiunuunts-
fthejfather-in'lam of Panaia; na te Riutoto, whaea o Paratene,.
it belongs to Riutoto (the) mother of Brou^hton. When a^
pause, also, is made between the two substantives, the prei)osi-
tion will be sometimes omitted before the second ; e.g, kei te
kainga o te Wherowhero, te rangatira o Waikato, at the settle^
fnent of Wherowhero, the Chief of Waikato, E pa, kua kite
ahau i a koe — to mamingatanga hoki ki a au 7 JFHend, I have-
found you out — your bamboozling of me, forsooth.
K.B. — This distinction is very similar to that which obtains
in English for the regulating of the sign of the possessive case..
In such sentences, for example, as the following — " for David^
my servant's sake," we should always have the sign of the
possessive annexed to the latter noun, because it follows the
preceding one in close and unbroken succession. In the-
following, however, "This is Paul's advice, the Christian
hero, and great Apostle of the Gentiles,'' the sign of the
possessive is omitted, because the connection between Paul
and hero is not so immediate as in the preceding example^
So, also, in Maori ; when the latter noun follows in a comple-
mentary clause, as descriptive or explanatory of the former,
and has thus a pause, or comma, intervening, it may occa^
Honally dispense with the preposition by which the former
noun is pre<^ed.
§ 3. And we may here state, that clauses in
epwwrthoaia will frequently reject those rules o£
110 -SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.
government which they, under other circnmstanoes^
would have recognized ; and that they will often
rather partake of the nature of an exclamation (vide
-<;hapter 14, § 10, page 105, note). Thus, in the
•example just adduced, to mamingcUanga is not in the
objective case, as is koe in the clause preceding. It
would appear that after the speaker had said, Ktta
kite ahau i a koe, he recollected himself, and ex-
•claimed, in explanation, to mamingcUanga hold. In a
leisurely constructed sentence he would most probably
have said, '^ Kua kite ahau i a koe, i to," <&c. Again,
in the first example of epanorthosis (page 102), ITa
tae te hoJioro o ta tatou ka% te pau / a native would
not say, te pau, as strict grammar requires, but
rather puts te pau in the form of an exclamation.
§ 4. The answer to a question will always, in its
construction, correspond to the question ; e,g, Na
wai i tango ? Na Hone, Who took it ? John. I a wai
taku pu ] /a Hone, With whom was my gun ? with
•John,
§ 5. There is no form in Maori corresponding to
that contained in the following expressions : " Land
of Egypt," "River Euphrates." To translate these
by " Whenua o Ihipa," <fec., would be to represent
:Bgypt, and Euphrat^, as individuals possessing that
land, and that river. To render them by apposition
ivould, we fear, not much improve our Maori diction;
though it would certainly be more in accordance
with Maori analogy. Here, therefore, necessity must
make a law for herself, and recognize the former
~mode of construction as legitimate. At the same
time, it is desirable that it should be adopted as seldom
as possible. Thus, in the following : " Mount Horeb,**
" Mount Sinai," &c., we should approve of " Mount "
T)eing rendered as a proper name, to which it closely
approximates in English, and for which we think we
may claim the permission of the original. We there-
fore approve of those phrases being rendered :
SYNTAX OP THE NOUN. Ill
■** Maunga Horepa," " Maunga Oriwa," &c. Lastly :
Such forms as "the book of Genesis," &c., shoidd
never, we think, be rendered by te pukapuka o Kenehi,
<fec. ; for a native will thereby be led to believe that
-Genesis wrote the book. The difficulty, however, may
be here easily obviated, for hook may be altogether
•omitted, and " ko Kenehi " simply employed — a form^
hj the way, which is adopted by the Septuagint.
§ 6. The Possessive Case. — This case is much used
in Maori It is employed often to denote intensity ;
•e.g, Ko to Ngatimaniapoto tangata nui ha ia ! Oh^
he is Ngatirrvaniapoto^s great man ; i.e, lie is a very
_great man in that tribe.
It will also, in some instances, supersede the
jiominative or objective of the person ; e.g. the follow-
ing sentence is erroneous : kihai ahau i pai kia
whakakahoretia ia, / was not willing to refuse him, ;
this, as it stands, means to iUspise or make a cipher of.
It should have been, kia whakakahoretia tana;
Jiegative his (reqv^st sub.)
§ 7. It is sometimes useful for denoting the time
from which an action has commenced ; e.g. kahore i
kai, to matou unga mai ano, we have not eaten
since we landed, Moe rawa atu ki "Waitoke. Te
haerenga atu o hea? We slept at, Waitoke. From what
place did you start ? Te taenga mai o Hone, kihai i
rongo. Te tononga iho o te ata, when John ca/me here
we would not listen to him ; (though) he continued to
csk from the break of day.
§ 8. Often the possessive preposition is used where,
in English, a different one would be employed ; e.g. no
Otahuhu tenei ara, this path (leads) to Otahvhu;
kahore he wai o roto, there is no water in it. Ka kainga
« te matua tane te roi o te tuatanga* ki te kainga
* The tua was the religious oeremonj performed by the father, or the AriH
of the tribe, when the child was bom, to remove the tapu from the mother
snd the settlemoit.
112 SYNTAX OF THE KOUX.
tapu. Apopo ake ka kaioga e te Ariki te roi o tana
tamaiti, The fern root of the tuatanoa is eaten by the
father. Next day the fern OF his child is eeUen by the
Ariki (head chief),
§ 9, A word in the possessive case occurring with
another twice repeated will generally follow after the
first of such words ; e,g, ki te tahi taha ona, ki te tahi
taha, at eitlier side of him ; lit. at cne side of him, at one
Hde, Sometimes other words will be found to intervene
between the possessive case and the word that governs
it ; e.g, ko nga tangata katoa tenei o Waimate, Jtere ar&
all the men of Waimate,
§ 10. The word by which a possessive case is
governed is often not expressed in Maori ; e.g, ka
tokowha o matou ka mate, four of us liave died ; e
wha nga ran o te kupenga a Hone, there werejhur
hundred (fishes sub.) of the net of Jolvn ; kei hea ta
Hone 1 where is John*s ? (garment sub.)
§ 11. In the northern part of this island, when &
noun is placed in immediate connection with such
pronouns as noku m4)ku, &a, it will sometimes omit
the article befoi'e it ; e.g. no ratou Atu^ a Ihowa^
whose God is the Lord; ka meinga mona wahi, appoint
him a portion.
Note. — This form is rare in Waikato.
§ 12. When two substantives meet together, one
of which denotes the material of which the other
consists, or some quality belonging to it, the word
denoting the material, quality, &c., will simply follow
the other as part of a compound word ; e.g. he whare
papa, a board house ; ika Tnocma, a sea fish ; he repa
harakeke, a flax swamp ; he oranga patunga, the sur^
fnvorsfrovi a slaughter ; he tangata kupu rau, a man
of a hundred words ; i.e. a deceitful person.
§ 13. Not unfrequently, when some circumstance
or quality is attributed to a person, it will be simply^
SYNTAX OP THE NOUN. 113
affirmed to be him ; e.g. He uaua Idore koe, you are a
rct£B strength ; lie taringa whiti rua (or tua) koe, you
are an erring ear ; i.e, one who does not Jiea/r correctly ;
he kaone tenei, this (heap of potatoes) is a gown ;
i.e. to purchase a gown ; he aha koe ? what are you ?
(ue, what are you come for?) Ko au ra ko ia, I am
lie ; i,e, he and I are of the same mind, &c. ; ko taku
iwituaroa tena, tJiat is my backbone (a form for
making a thing sacred).
Note. — This mode of predication seems to have been much
in use amongst the Hebrews (vide Gen. Ixi. 26). The seven
good kine (are) seven years ; and chap. Ixvi. 34, " Every shep-
herd is an abomination ;'' " That rock was Christ ;" " This is
^ body ;" *' Ye were once darkness," &c.
§ 14. Another particular, also, in which Maori
will be found to resemble Hebrew is the frequent
substitution of the substantive for the adjective.
Thus, we frequently hear he kaJcakore koe, you are
weakness ; he kino te rangi nei, the sky is b&dness,
(S^.; neither must the student imagine, as have some
in the interpretation of the Scriptures, that this
mode of construction is always emphatic.
§ 15. The objective case almost always follows the
verb ; e.g, ka ngau i a au^ he will bite me ; except
sometimes in sentences in which na, ma^ &c. are
used ; e g. nana ahau i tiki ake, he fetched me ; nohvu
ka mate, since I Jiave been poorly.
Sometimes a noun which is ^ural in meaning wiU
take the form of the singular ; e.g. ko nga tamariki
a Kaihau hei taniaiti ki a te Katipa, the children of
KaiJiau are a child to Katipa; i.e. stand in the
relation of children. Ko matou katoa tenei, we a/re
all here,
§ 16. Compound Words. — ^A word in connection
with a compound word will often be governed by one
of the simples of which the latter consists ; e.g. Kai
atawhai % a koe ; one to take care of yotu-^koe here is
9
114 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.
governed by aiawhai ; ki te whenua kai mau, to the
land of food /or you — mau here is influenced by kai^
§ 17. A verb can always be changed into a per-
sonal agent by prefixing kai ; e.g, tiaki is to guard /
kai tiaki is a guard,
§ 18. On the prefixing and omitting of the article
te to proper names.
To lay down any exact rules respecting this subject
is, we fear, impossible; neither, indeed, is it very
necessary, as genuine Maori names are being fast
exchanged for those of foreigners. There, are, how-
ever, a few particulars which deserve notice, {a) A
simple substantive, adopted as a proper name, may qjij
may not have te prefixed, chiefly as caprice regulates^
(6) If, however, the noun be in the plural number, tc
is never prefixed ; e.g, Ngakainga. (c) A verb, and
words compounded of verbs, will generally omit it ;
e.g. Tangi. {d) Numerals, as far as ten, will gene-
rally take it. {e) The proper names which omit te
will be found, perhaps, to be nearly double in number
those which take it.
NOTj:. — The prefixes rangi and rtgati belong chiefly, the
former to the names of females, the latter to the names of
tribes.
On the distinction between o and a,
§ 19. This very useful feature of Maori does not
seem to be clearly recognized in some parts of
New Zealand. It obtains, however, in the other islands
of these seas, and may be satisfactorily shown even now
to exist in those parts of this island in which it would
be least expected ] for example, all will admit that
waku i patu, mine was the Jiaving struck ; i,e, I struck
(him) is different from noku i patu, because I struck
him ; and that ma te aha % will signify hy whai means ?
and mo te- aha ? /or what reason ?
The words in which this distinction obtains are mo
and ma, no and Tia, o and a, and their compounds.
.*
SYNTAX OP THE NOUN. 115
inwia and mana^ nona and nana, toku and taku : the
first and leading distinction between these two forms
is (a) that o implies a passive meaning, a an active.
Thus, he patu moku is a striking /or me, i,e. for me
to suffer ; he patu maku is an instrument for me to
strike with; (6) also implies the inherency and pro-
priety of a quality or thing, as well as the time and
moral cause of an action.
Hence it will almost always be prefixed to the
members of the body, to land enjoyed by inheritance,
to sickness, the productions of nature — such as fruits,
&c. &c. Thus, we seldom hear, aku ringaringa, naku
tena oneone, he mate naku ; o is almost always em-
ployed. Again, we always hear, noku i haere mai nei,
since I camfie here ; mou i tutu, because you were dis-
obedient ; nona te he, his wa>s the error,
(c) is always employed in talking of garments
and houses, which are in wear, use, &c. Thus, naku
tena whare means, / built that house ; noku, &c., /
dwell in it
§ 20. A (long) is prefixed to the ag&at, and implies
that the noun which is connected with that agent is
either an act of it, or an instrument with which, or
sometimes a thing upon which, the action is performed,
such as tools, cultivations, food, words, &c. (as kupu,
korero, because they are fashioned by the tongue) ; e.g,
taku toki ; naJcu tena mara, maku te kupu ki mua ;
kai mau,
§ 21. When the action is intransitive, o is generally
employed ; e,g, te toronga atu o te ringa o Hone ;
tokn haerenga. To this rule, however, there are many
exceptions.
Note. — Visitors, slaves or servants, children (i.d. own
children, or children of whom the individnal has the manage-
ment), husband (tane), wife (wahine) will take the a ; when,
however, Jioa, arikit rangatira, matva, mhanaunga, are nsed, o
will be prefixed. Iteo also will take o (the voice being a part
of the man). Oranga also, though it applies to food, will take
116 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.
matter it; e^» kai hei oranga mo mA^xx^foodto support tts.
In the following passage, *' nona te whiunga i mau ai to tatoa
rongo." the ehaititement of our peace mag vpnn Hlmf the o in the
nom has, we think, supplied a more concise and clear ren-
dering than could have been attained without it If it had
been, '* Nana te whiunga, tec" we should have understood
that it was He who inflicted, instead of suffered the chastise-
ment. It should be remembered that there are two pronun-
ciations of taku and tana, viz. t&ku and taku, t&na and tana ;
the short a corresponds to the o, the long a to the a of via and
na. Of ton, yours, there are also two pronunciations, viz. tou
and to ; the former corresponds to the o of mona<, the latter
sometimes to the a of nuina.
Note. — The to is very frequently used instead of the ton —
chiefly in those parts of the sentence in which euphony requires
that the sound should not be prolonged.
The importance of attending to these distinctions
between the o and the a may be shown by a fe'w
examples. He hangi mau is an oven with which you
irvay cook food ; he hangi m/ou is an oven in which you
are to he cooked, and would be a most offensive curse ;
he taua 7naku is a party with which I may attack
another ; he taua moku is a party come to attack me ;
te ngutu Hone is JohvUs lip ; to ngutu a Hone is
his word^ or report, k/a*
SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES. 117
CHAPTER XVI.
SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.
§ 1. Adjectives generally follow substantives ; e.g,
lie tangata kohuru, a murderer. Sometimes, however,
they will take the form of an adverb, and precede ;
€,g» homai katoa mai nga mea, give (me) all the things.
Sometimes, also, tliey will take the form of a verb
and precede ; e.g. nui rawa taku riri, very great is my
miger — or of a substantive; e.g. he nui taku ririi
idem.
§ 2. The pronominal adjectives, tenei^ &c. and
tauu will always precede ; e.g. tena mea.
§ 3. Adjectives will generally take the form of the
noun with which they are connected ; i.e. if the noun
be of the verbal form, so also will be the adjective ;
e.g. oranga tonutanga, eternal life; rerenga puku-
tanga, sailing hungry.
Note. <-To this rule there are many ezoeptions. Thus, we
have kainga kotahit one eating ; i.e. one meal ; mateoga nui,
patuDga tapo, wbakamutuDga pai, tikinga haDgarau, korero*
tanga tuatahi. In maoy cases observation can alone deter*
mine when such forms are admissible. As a general rnle it
would perhaps be correct to say that when the verbal nonn is
of very familiar use, so as almost to have its verbctl character
forgotten, or when some thing or ringle act is spoken of, it
will sometimes admit after it an adjective of the simple form.
It will, we think, also be found that such common adjectives
as nui, pai,. katoa, and also the numerals, most frequently
follow in the simple form.
J5 4. Under other circumstances the adjective will
follow in the verbal form, especially when diversity,
or a number of acts of the same kind, is intended.
Thus, oku nohoanga katoa will mean all my settte-
118 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.
menta ; aku nohoanga katoatanga, cUl the times in
which I sit down. The following expressions are
objectionable : — Korerotanga whakamuti^, tirobanga
atatoAat, whakinga puktt.
§ 5. It should be noticed, perhaps, here, that 'w^e
sometimes find the verbal noun used as an adjective
or participle, and with a passive meaning : e.g. he toki
tua is an axe to fell with ; ke toki tuakanga, an cuce
which has been used in felling ; he mea whakakor
huranga mai no tawahi, (clothes) worn abroad and
sent here. Whakakahu would in this construction be
seldom used. On the other hand, we meet with pu
whakamoe gun taken to bed with you; poaka
whangai, fed pig.
§ 6. Many Adjectives to one Substantive. — It is
contrary to the genius of Maori to allow many adjec-
tives to follow one substantive. When, therefore, it
is desired to affirm many qualities of the same word,
the word itself will be repeated before each adjective ;
e.g. a great and good man would be thus rendered :
he tangata nui, he tangata pai ; or the adjectives will
be converted into substantives, by taking the article
he before them. Thus, the above sentence might be
rendered, he nuiy he pai tena tangata, he was a greaty
&c. ; a large red blanket might be thus rendered : he
paraikete nui, he mea where. Sometimes the adjective
will be resolved into the verb ; "a great and terrible
God " would be thus rendered : he Atu nui, e wehinr
gia ana.
§ 7. The following are instances in which an
adjective is made to qualify two substantives : — Ko te
poaka raua ko te paraoa, he reka kau^ pork and flour
(they are both) sweety or a (sweetness) ; he mea reka
te poakisi, he me reka te paraoa, idem. Tena koa etabi
hate, etahi tarau hoki, hei nga mea pai : show soine
shirts and some trousers ; let them be good ones, i.e»
show some good shirts^ dhc.
SYNTAX OP THE ADJECTIVES. 119
§ 8. Sometimes the adjective will unexpectedly
assume the form of a verb or substantive, e.g. kei ona
kainga, e (or lie) maha, lie is at his many settlements.
The following form is heard at Taranaki : kia toru he
ra, it will take three days. Sometimes adverbs are
used as adjectives; e,g, he tohunga rawa^ a great
artist y d;c.; te tvno tangata, the very individual. The
following form, in which the verb supplies the place of
the adjective, is, we believe, in general use : a pouri
ana o matou ngakau mo tenei patunga o matou ka rua;
mir hearts are dark at this second m/wrder of otir
Jriends — lit this mv/rder of ourfriends^ it is two.
Comparison of Adjectives. — The comparative degree
is denoted in various ways in Maori, (a) The first,
and most common, is similar to that adopted in
Hebrew, viz. by putting the preposition i (from)
after the adjective ; e.g. e kaha ana a Hone i a Pita,
John is stronger than Peter, (b) Sometimes there is
joined to the adjective some adverb of intensity ; e.g.
e kaha rawa ana a Hone i a Pita, John is Tnuch
stronger, <kc. (c) Sometimes it is denoted by the
adjectives ngari and rangi, the verb following in
epanorthosis ; e.g. e ngari a Hone i a Pita, e kaJia ana.
(d) Sometimes the comparative is denoted by some
approbatory, and the positive by some disapprobatory
term ; e.g. e pai ana tenei paraikete, e kino ana tera,
^is blanket is good, that is bad. (e) Sometimes the
positive is put into the negative form, and the com-
parative into the affirmative ; e.g. e ngari ano te patu
i a au ; aua e tangohia oratia tS,ku kainga, it is better
to kill me, do not take away my settlement while I
live ; i.e. I should rather die than have my possessions
taken from me. E nui ana taku hara, e kore e taea te
muru,- my sin is greater than that it can be pardoned ;
lit. my sin is great, it cannot be pardoned. He hira
te hunga i a koe nei ; e kore e ho atu e ahau nga
Miriani ki a ratou, the people that are tvith tliee are
120 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIYES.
too Tixany for me to give tlie Midianitea into their
power,
(/) Sometimes the positive is made antecedent^ and
the comparative consequent ; e.ff. me patu ano an ka
liro ai toku kainga, you must kill me, and then taJke
my possessions.
(g) Following are two modes of comparison wliich
are sometimes met with : poka he dtu te pai o te ra
tahi t ou whare i nga ra ko tahi mano, o^ie day in thy
courts is better than a thousand. Ma tenei e Tvhaka-
koakoa ai a Ihowa, tera atu i te koakoatanga ki te
okiha, this shall please the Lord better than an ox.
Note. — These two fonns are not much used in Waikato.
The following is sometimes heard, but it is a weak mode of
comparison— r&r« he ann te pai o tenei i tera, the goodness of
this U different from that,
(h) A very common process for denoting an
inferiority of degree is to associate two contrary
qualities: eg, pai kino, indifferently good ; roa poto,
(long short) of moderate length; mangu ma nei,
(black white) blackish,
(i) The adverb tua prefixed to the adjective denotes
a similar kind of comparison ; e,g. tu<i riri, somewha>t
angry ; tua pouri, rather dark, (k) Sometimes com-
parison is implied by reduplication of one or more
syllables; e.g, pouriitrt, darkish (as in twilight). All
ardjectives which, in English, are preceded by some
qualifying adverb — as somewhat, not very, moderately,
as it were, &c. — can be rendered into Maori by one or
other of these three last methods.
Tlie Superlative Degree, — Maori has no direct form
to mark the superlative, but expresses it by various
circumlocutions : (a) by the definite article prefixed,
with or without some word of intensity ; e.g, Ko aa
te kaumatua, / am tJve eldest son ; ko te titio nohinohi
rawa tena, that is the least; ko te nui tenei o nga
rakau katoa, this is tlie largest (lit. the large one) of
SYNTAX OP THE ADJECTIVES. 121
all tJie trees. (6) The form for the comparative-
sometimes necessaiily implies the sense of the super-
lative :' e,g. he tino mohio ia t nga tangata katoa, 7^
is the moat vnse of all men,
(c) Following are two other forms for denoting-
the superlative : e.g. e ngari a Hone e mohio ana ; a.
wailio ana i a Wiremu te tino mohio, John is better^
he tmderstands ; but leave tJie great knowledge with
William ; or, whakarerea rawatia i a Wiremu, &c.
Sometimes a great degree of intensity is denoted
by a repetition of the adjective, with a peculiarly
prolonged sound of the first syllable; e.g. nui, nui
whakaharahara.
122 SYNTAX OF THE NUMERALS.
CHAPTER XVII.
SYNTAX OP THE NUMKRALa
The Partidea prefixed to Numbers.
§ 1. Ko, — This word will often, without te, precede
iahi ; e.g, toku ko tahif myself dUme ; kia ko tah% he
one; Le, pull together. When tahi is used as a
substantive, it will generally take te ; e.g. ko te tahi
tenei, this is one (of them).
§ 2. The numerals between one and a hundred
wiU seldom take any article; but rau and mano will
take either te or lie ; e.g. he rau pea, it is perhaps a
hvmdred ; ko tahi, te rau, or te mano. Sometimes the
numerals lower than a hundred will take the article te,
when the substantive is not expressed but understood ;
^»g. e taea e te tekau te whakanehenehe ki te hoka-
rima ? can tJie ten contend with tlie fifty ?
§ 3. The simple numeral is mostly used in count-
ing ; e.g. tahi, rua, torn, one, two, three, <fec. Often,
however, the verbal particle ka is used in the same
sense ; ka tahi, ka rua, &c., it is one, there are two,
he.
§ 4. Ka, prefixed to the numeral, generally denotes
the completion of a number; e.g. ka torn enei
matenga oku i a koe, this is tlie third tims I Jiave
been ill-treated by you, i.e. this makes up the third, (fee.
§ 5. jS^ is a very frequent prefix of the numbers
between one and ten. It differs from ka in that it
does not so distinctly imply the completion of, or the
-arriving at, a number, and that whereas ka will
generally answer to the question, " How many have
you counted, made," &c., e will be used in reply to
■** How many are there?" e.g. e hia ena kete % How
n
SYNTAX OP THE NUMERALS. 123
many baskets are those 1 It would not, however, be
generally correct to say, E hia ena kete ka oti 1 It
should be ka hia. Again, " Ahea koe hoki niai ai ?
Ka rua aku wikL" When will you return 1 In two
uyeeks^ time. It should be kia rua nga wiki.
Note — This distinction, however, does not bold invariably.
§ 6. Kia, — For its uses, vide Verbal FarticleSy page
138.
§ 7. Note — The particles i and ku^ are occa-
,, sionally found prefixed to the numerals. (Vide those
particles, pages 135-147.)
§ 8. The case and number following tlie numeral. —
In most instances, up to one hundred, the numeral
will require no possessive case after it; e.g, a, ho
mai ana e ratou, e ono nga kete, and they gave six
,. baskets ; lit. they were given by them, there were (or
are) six baskets.
« § 9. Beyond one hundred, however, a possessive
case is very frequently employed ; e.g. ko tahi mano
nga tau, one thousand years,
§ 10. When the noun is in the oblique case, the
numeral will generally follow it ; e,g, hei tapiri mo
enei kete e wlva — as an addition to tliese four baskets.
When it is in the nominative, the numeral will most
frequently precede; e,g, e wJia nga kete, tJvere were
fou/r baskets,
§ 11. It will be noticed that tahi is sometimes post-
fixed to other numerals, and adjectives, without any
variation of meaning ; e.g, e rima tahi, five ; turituri
tahi, wliat a nmse (you are makinj), Tahi will
sometimes take a plural after it. Ko tahi ona hoa,
one were his companions; i,e, he had one companion.
§ 12. Sometimes, when it is desired emphatically
to denote all the individuals or items contained in a
certain number, the number will be repeated; e.g.
124 SYNTAX OF THB NUMERALS.
hokorima hokorxTna iho-^fifly fifty down; t.e. the
whole fifty were killed. E wha, wha mal ano^ /cnvr
four to me ; bring the whole four. In one instance
(riz. that of ma) we have the first syllable redupli-
cated to denote hoth ; e.g. e tika rurua ana ano, tlietf
are both right
§ 13. Sometimes, in Waikato, we meet with an
ironical use of numerals, corresponding to that in
English, <' six of one and half a dozen of the other ;'^
e.g. e whitu warn atu ! they are seven eight other /
E ngari a Hone, e pai ana — e wha atu i a Pita 1 he is
fowr besides Peter; i.e. he is not better than Peter.
§ 14. On the Ordinals. — ^The student has seen
(page 26) the three ways in which these may be
formed.
§ 15. There are, however, some distinctions between
tica and wJuikOy as prefixes, which deserve to be
noticed. (1) Ttta is not frequently found prefix^
to numerals beyond ten. (2) Occasionally, also, a
critical inquirer will, we think, detect a difference in
the meaning of the two particles. Tita seems to
denote the place that a thing, &c. occupies in a series
or gradation ; whaka, a fraction which, being added,
makes the integer. Thus, in announcing a text, we
might say, *' Kei te one o nga upoko, kei te tuawha o
nga rarangi," it is in the sixth cliapter and fourth
'verse. We could not, however, say " Kei te whaJeawha
o/' &C. Again, a native will say, "Ko te ^t^ahia
tenei o nga whakatupuranga ka tae iho ki a koe?
Ko te tekau." WJvat number of generations is this
tJuit reaches down to you ? Answer, the tenth. Here
the generations are represented as following in a
regular succession to the tenth. If the reply were
^'Ko te whakateksLTx tenei," we should understand
that it is one, which, added to the other nine, will
make it ten — a mode of expression which is sometimes
substituted for the following : '< ko te whakakapi
SYNTAX OP THE NUMERALS. 125
tenei o te tekau," this is one which Jills up tJie place
of the tenth. The word whakapu is often also used
either to denote a tally (or surplus one), or the one
which completes the number ; hei whakapu tenei mo
aku riwai, this is a tally /or (or this completes the full
number of) my potatoes.
Note. — In speaking of a tenth, or tithe, of property, we
should prefer whakatehxu to tuatekau, the former being a
fractional tenth, the latter an ordinal.
126 SYNTAX OP THE PRONOUNS.
CHAPTER XVIII.
SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUNS.
§ 1. The personal pronouns follow the verb ; e.g. e
mea ana ahau.
§ 2. They are often, also, omitted after it ; e.g. -Ka
tukua atu te purahorua, ka tae ki te pa, korerotia atu^
Kia mohio i te taua e haere mai nei — na ka te whai
e te pa. Na wai i haere, a : ka tae ki nga whakata-
koto; ka pau te huaki, ka tangi te patu, ka whati
tera, te pa ; the messenger is sent^ (he) arrives at the
pay (it) is told (them), be on (your) guard against the
hostile party (which) is approaching^ so the pa then
pursued. On tlien (they) proceeded, till (they) came
to the ambv^sh, the assault is made, the blow resounds,
tlmt flies, the pa. Sometimes, in Waikato, they are
redundant; 6.^. kei te kai taro mxina, he is eating
bread for him^self. Examples, however, of this con-
struction are not varied or frequent.
In Waikato the personal and possessive pronouns
will frequently take the particle nge before them, but
without any variation of meaning.
§ 3. It was observed (page 28) that there is no-
word in Maori to denote the pronoun it Occasionally,,
however, that word will be designated by ia and its-
branches ; e.g. waiho m>anxi e rapu atu te tahi huarahi
mona, let it (the a^ce) search out a path for itself.
This, perhaps, should be explained by prosopoposia.
Sometimes, also, we hear the following : te paraoa ratia
ko te poaka, flour amd pork ; nga toki ki a ratou^
whakatoki, nga kakahu ki a ratou whakakakahu, axes,
by themselves, garments by themselves.
§ 4. Often the singular and dual of the personal
»««••*»—
SYNTAX OF THE PROKOUNS. 12T
pronouns will be employed to denote a whole tribe or
company; e,g. naku tena, na te Urioteoro, that is inine^
the Urioteoro' 8 ; i.e, the property of my tribe. Kei-
hea taua ? where a/re we two ? i.e. where is our party ?
ko ta Tfuiua ki tena, ta te tangata Maori, that is a
ph/rase of us (two) of the New Zealander, i.e. of the
New Zealanders.
Note. — This form is also often used when the speaker wishes
to propound some remark which would appear harsh if too
personal ; e.g. he aha kei a maua ko Hone ? what is with me an^
John ? i.e. oh, never mind John : of what importance is he ?
§ 5. A pronoun in the singular will often be made^
to refer to a noun in the plural ; ko nga tangata tenei
naTia nga tikaokao, this are persons, his are the fowls ;
nga tangata nona te kainga, the men his is the settle-
ment, i.e. whose is, &c., nga tangata nana i patu, the
men his was the having struck; i.e. who struck..
Tenei matou te noho atu nei, this is we, who am sitting
totoards you.
§ 6. It is a very common thing in Maori to put
into the third person a pronoun which has reference
to either the first or second ; e.g. hei rama aha ? tana
koke noa atu — nana tamxi rakau, a light, for what pwr-
pose? his stumbling away — his is his own stick, i.e.
" What do I want of light 1 I can stumble out my
way — I am accustomed to that kind of work ; " ko
te rangi mahi kai tenei ma tona tinana, this w the day
for procwring food for his body ; i.e. for ourselves ; kei
tena tangata pea, it rests perhaps with that individual ;
i.e. with you ; tonja tangata kaha ko koe, you ao'e his
strong man ; i.e. what a very strong man you are
(ironically) ; haere korua, e Hone, raua ko Hemi, go
you (two) John, they two and James ; i.e. go you and
James.
This last form is, perhaps, peculiar to the Waikato district.
§ 7. When two or more individuals are connected
128 SYNTAX OF THB PRONOUNS.
in English by the conjunctioii and^ they will very
frequently be denoted by the dual or plural of the
personal pronoun of the more worthy person. For
•example, he and / are denoted by vnaiua; you and
Jane ; korua ko Heni; John and James by Hone raua
ko Hemi ; John, James, and Luke by Hone, ratou ko
Hemi, ko Ruka.
In this constTQCtioD the latter noun will be in the nomina-
tive, even though the preceding be in an oblique case ; e.g. te
utawhai o te Atua, ratio, ko tana tamaiti, ko Ihu Karaiti^ the
mercy of God and His Son Jesus Christ. Here, though Atua
is in the possessive case, raua and tamaitii and Ihu Karaiti are
in the nominative.
This strange, though in Maori very common, mode of con-
«tiuction cannot, we believe, be explained in any other way
than by an epanorthosis.
§ 8. The noun belonging to the pronoun is often
omitted, especially in talking of garments ; e,g, keihea
toku ] Where is mine / i.e. my garment. Tikina
atu te tahi ki a koe, /etch some for you ; i.e. fetch
some garment. Ko wai toku ? Who is mine ? — i.e,
my helper.
§ 9. The Relative Pronouns. — Following are some of
the ways in which the defect of the relative pronoun
is supplied in Maori : — (1) Te tangata nana nga
kakano, tlie nmn whose a/re the seeds ; (2) te tangata
i nga kakano, idem ; (3) te tangata i patu net i a
Hone, the man (who) struck John ; or (4) te tangata
i patua a% (hy wJwm, on account of whom J lie was
beaten; (5) Keiheit, he poraka hei to i te rakau?
wlisre is tlisre a block (with which) to dra^g tlte log ?
(6) Keihea he hsi/even^a? where is there a place on
which they (the cows J may run? (7) Ko tenei toku
i mate nui ai, this is mine desired, i.e. this is wha/t I
wished for; (8) Te poaka i patua e koe, the pig
{which) was killed by you ; (9) Kti reira te pakaru,
kei rei/ra te paru, you must coat (with raupo) aU
parts of the house that are broken^
SYNTAX OP THE PRONOUNS. 129
It will be seen in the preceding examples that the
most common means by which the want of the relative
is supplied are by the preposition, as in example 2 ;
(2) by the particles nei, &c., and ai, as in examples
3 and 4 ; (3) by the verbal noun, as in examples 5
and 6; (4) by the possessive case with ai, as in
example 7 ; (5) by the passive voice, as in example
8. Occasionally, also, the personal pronouns, as in
example 1, or the adverb reira, as in example 9,
&c, are used for the same purpose.
§ 10. Demonstrative Pronouns. — (1) These, like
the primitive pronouns of Hebrew, are often used for
the verb of existence ; (2) and the time will frequently
be denoted by the pronoun used; i.e. tenei will
mostly be used for the present tense ; tena, and most
frequently tera, for the future or past, and sometimes
for the imperative mood ; e.g. e haere ana tenei ahau,
THIS / am going ; i.e. I am going ; tend a\i, here I am;
tera e mate, tlmt mil die, i.e. he will die ; tena taku
pu maua mai, tliat my gwn bring Iiere ; i.e. bring my
gun.
The leading distinctions between tenei, tena, and
tera, and also the distinction between them and their
resolved forms — te, nei, &c. — ^have been mentioned
(page 30). Instances, however, are not rare, in which
those distinctions seem to be disregarded ; and others
will occur which it will require some experience and
ingenuity to classify ; e.g. I te po n^i implies that it
has been already dark for some time ; i tenei po may
mean the night of this day. In the following : Kei
hea te awa n>ei ? (wliere is tlie channel thai we a/re
seeking for 1) it is clear tenei could not be employed.
(2) Sometimes only nei will be admitted into con-
nection with the first person (i.6. when the speaker
is denoted as the person looking at the object spoken
of), and ruh into connection with the second person.
B.a has for the most part a vague or general applica-
10
130 SYNTAX OF THB PRONOUNS.
tion.'^ Thus, a person calling to a settlement will
say, Kahore he tangata i te kainga nei ? Is there no
(me at that settlement (at which I am looking) 1 Tf
addressing another who belongs to, or has seen, the
settlement, he will say, I te kainga na (or ra)
at the settlement which you see there, or to which you
belong, &c. Again : Keihea nga kau ? where are the
cows 1 kei kona ano, they are there near you. If he
had said, kei ko, we should have understood him to
mean, " they are ojff, away, in that direction ; " na
kona mai, come by that direct pa>th, in which you are ;
na ko mai, corns by that circuitous one away there,
(3) Nei, (kc, in composition will frequently supply
the place of the relative ; e.g. te taua i muru nei i a
Hone.
(4) Sometimes they will imply a conjunction, or
will otherwise limit the sentence in which they occur,
by implying a connection with a previous sentence or
thing. Thus, kahore au i pai means / am not wUling ;
kahore nei ahau i pai will mean the reason was because
I was not vnlling, or you know I was not, &g. <kc.
Again : I a koutou e tatari ana will denote a mere
general remark, while you are waiting ; I a koutou e
tatari nei denotes while you are thus continuing to
wait; te wahine i whakarerea, the wcmuim who
was divorced; te wahine i whakarerea nei (or ra)
the woman who was divorced under these (or those)
particular circumstances, or on that particular occasion^
The Interrogative Pronowns. — Wai and aha are
often used to add intensity ; ma wai e noho, e au ?
that I should remain is for whom f i.e. I won't remain.
Ko wai hoki ka kite i te hoenga o tenei taua, m^ma
nei ? who saw the departv/re of this hostile pa/rty, we
two 1 i.e. we did not at all see this party's departure
* For ra as an adyerbial particle, tide page 90.
SYNTAX OP THE PRONOUNS. 131
to fight with you. Hei aha ma wai ? for what purpose
is ity for whom ? i.e, what good at all is that for 1
Kahore i rongo, kahore i aha, he did not attend, he did
not what ; i,e. he did not at all listen. Kahore aku
kupu, me he aha, me he aha, I did not utter a word,
if a what, if a what ; i.e, I did not at all speak. Ka
hua ahau lie aha, I thought it was a what; Le, I
imagined it was something rery important you were
going to talk about. Sometimes a personal pronoun
will be associated with an interrogative ; e.g, ko wai
hold taua ka kite atu 1 who, we two, can see it ? i,e.
who knows 1
132 SYKTAX OF THE VERB.
CHAPTER XIX.
SYKTAX OF THE VBRB.
Of tlie Verbal Particles, — The consideration of the
verbal particles, and of the other means by which a
verb is modified in Maori, has been reservid for the
Syntax, chiefly because the investigation of those
subjects will involve also that of compound proposi-
tions, and of other constructions which belong to this
part of gi^mmar.
E (a) is sometimes used for the present ; e.g, e noho
mai, he is sitting there dose at hand, (b) Most fre-
quently it is joined with nei, <fec. ; e.g. e riri nei, who
is avgry uoith me, <fec. (c) It is sometimes used to
denote the future ; e ^. ko wai ma e haere ? who toill
go ? He tokomaha e mate, many will die, (d) It is
chiefly employed to denote contingency, or some future
act on which something else depends ; e.g. e riri ia,
if he be angry ; e tae mai a Hone tonoa ake, if John
comes here, send him after me ; e hau, if there be a
wind.
There is a difference between e and ka as particles of
the future, ^ being of much more extensive use; i.e. being
used with all persons, and in all senses, whether absolute or
contingent (vide 7ta).
There are, however, some constructions in which e is
alwavs preferred — chiefly, we believe, when the verb is pre-
ceded by some word with which it is in connection ; i.e. when
it is preceded by the negative adverb hore, and sometimes
kahore ; e.g. ka fiore e pai, i/* /<« iy not willing ; kahore e taugi,
she did not at all cry. By the preposition ma ; e,g, ma wai e
hanga ? who is to build it ? and by no (sometimes), nohea e
nera ? whence^ i.e. why shovld it take fire ? By the pronouns
tera and ehea ; eg tera e mate, he will die, perhaps ; ko ehea e
patua ? which are to he killed ? By the noun or pronoun in the
SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 133
possessive case (sometimes) ; eg, taku e pai ai, tJtat which I
like ; he aha tau e tohe ? what aie you importuning about 7 By
taihaa and taria ; e.g, tailwa e haere wait going ; i.e. don*t
go far a while,
N. 6. — For the distinction between e and ka, when prefixed
to numerals, vide Numerals, chap, xvii., § 5, page 122.
(e) For e, as prefixed to the imperative mood, vide
page 38 (6). It is generally omitted in that mood
when the verb is followed by atu, maiy ake, iho, &c.
Ana is a particle corresponding in many particulars
with ka. It is most frequently employed, however,
in the continuation of a narrative, and does not often,
except in abrupt and animated discourse, occupy a
place in the leading clause of the sentence.
The following examples illustrate this last remark :
— Ki te kahore e homai, ina ?iaere ana ahau, ka riro,
if U is not given, certainly going I will depart ; ko
nga tangata o Taranaki, aia ana e matou ki te maunga,
tJie men of Taranaki, driven were they by us to the
mountain. It will be seen that the verb preceding
the particle in the above clauses gives a larger measure
of emphasis than if another word had gone before it.
In such animated sentences as the above the speaker
will generally prefer a/na to any other verbal particle.
But another leading use of an>a is to denote a con-
tinuance of action. The following extract from a
translation of the first eight chapters of Genesis, made
some years since by the church missionaries, will
serve as an illustration of this, and our other remarks
on this particle. We may add that, though we suggest
a few trifling alterations in the part quoted, yet,
considering the time in which it was made, it is very
creditable to the Maori knowledge of the translators.
Gh. i, V. 1. I te orokomeatanga i hanga e te Atua te rangl
me te whenna.
2. A kihai i whai ahua te whenua, i takoto kau ; a ngaro
ana i te ponri te mata o te hohonu. Haerere ana te Wairua o
te Atua ki runga ki te mata o nga wai.
134 SYNTAX OF THE YERK
3. Mea ana te Atua, Kia marama ; a kaa marama.
4. A kite ana te Atua i te marama, pai ana ; wehea ana e te
Atua te marama i te poari.
6. A huaina aoa e te Atua te marama, hei aa
In the first Yerse ana can haYe no place ; it would
giYe an unpleasant jerk, as well as the appearance of
leYity, to a commencement so methodical and dignified.
Our translators, therefore, with good taste, employed
t/ I te timatanga % hanga, <bc. In the second verae,
howoYer, in the clause commencing a ngaro ana, &c.,
it is Yery correctly used ; because there is a close
connection between that clause and the one preceding:
In the third Yerse it is, we think, injudiciously used,
because a new subject is now commenced. We should,
therefore, haYe preferred na 'BJl mea te Atua. So also
in the commencement of the fourth Yerse, A kite ana
te Atua i te marama, pai ana. We should prefer A ha
kite, kc Pai ama is, we think, objectionable. It is
too abrupt and unconnected, and makes the pai refer
to the attia rather than to TnaraTna. E pai anay pei^
haps, or he mea pai^ would be preferable. E-ama is
strictly the sign of the present tense ; e.g, e kai ana,
he is eating. Sometimes, when it follows a past time,
its meaning will also be past ; as may be seen in our
' remarks on €ma {vide also our remarks on compound
sentences, page 37).
Ka is a particle of Yery extensiYC use. It is some-
times employed to denote the present tense ; e.g, ka
pai, it is good. It is the particle most frequently
used in historic presents. It is Yery frequently used
to denote future OYcnts, and is often employed in
hypothetic or contingent propositions; e,g, ka mate
koe i a au, you will he kiUed hy m>e ; ka haere ahau,
ka riri a Hone, if I go^ John w%U he angry,
KoTE. — Ka, as a particle of the present, will often differ in
meaning from e, ana. For example, ka tere te waka may
signify the canoe vcUl dnft, or that it drifts ; e tere ana, that
it is drifting.
SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 135
For the distinctions between ka and e, vide e.
Occasionally ka is followed .by te ; e.g, Ka te arai taku
ebi e koe.
/, a particle of the past time (vide kvxji, below),
(a) Sometimes, however, it is employed to denote
the present ; e,g, koia i riri ai, for that cause is he
ungry ? na te aha koe i tohe ai kia haere, why do
you persist in going ? Ka tahi ano te hanganga i pai,
this house (which I am nx)w roofing) is now for the
first time properly don£»
(b) Sometimes i is employed where contingency
is designed ; e.g. he aha koa i pono he titaha, he
titaha ; i pono he hate, he hate, well, it won't signify ;
if an axe Jiappens to be (my payment) let it so Jiappen
(lit. let it be an axe). If a shirt, <Ssc.
Ka whiua te tahi wahi ki tahaki, hei whakabere i
tona Atua, / whiua ranei ki te wahi tapu ranei ; i
whiua ranei ki te wahi noa ranei, he throws a portion
to one side as an offeHng to his God. It may luive
been thrown (i.e. it matters not whether it is thrown)
upon a sacred spot, or upon a spot not sacred.
Kua, the sign of the past tense ; e.g. kua korero
atu ahau ki a ia, / have spoken to him,.
(a) The leading distinction between kua and i is,
we believe, that kua is unlimited {i.e. will not admit
of limitation) and i limited in construction ; and that
the former, when it precedes in the sentence, will be
often found to correspond to the perfect, the latter to
the imperfect of English; e.g. kua kitea te mea i
kimihia e koe/^ has tlie thing been found tJuit was
sought for by you ? Kua ora koe ? Kahore, I ora ano
au ; a, hoki mad ana te mate ; hxive you recovered 9
No, I did recover, but the sickness has returned.
N.B. — It would, however, be very incorrect to affirm, as have
flome good Maori scholars, that kua always corresponds to th&
perfect, and i to the imperfect.
136 BYVTAX OF THE YEBB.
In aooordanoe with the preceding remarks, it maj
be observed — (1) That kua ia seldom used when the
verb ia preceded by the cauge, time, or other qualify-
ing circumstance of the action; i.e. when the verb is
followed by at. For example, we might say kua
patua, .he was killed ; but we could not say, te take
kua patua ai, the cause for which he was kUZed;
neither would it be correct to say, koia kua riri ai ia,
fw that cause was lie angry, (2) It will also, we
believe, be found that, in secondary clauses, in which
the relative is understood, t obtains a much more
general use than kua. For example : In the following-
sentence — " Enei mea kua korerotia e koutou,*' -we
should prefer i korerotia. (3) Kv4x will seldom,
when denoting the perfect or imperfect tenses, be found
associated with the particle ko ; e.g. we very seldom
hear ko Hone kua haere, it tvas John who went. In the
following sentence we disapprove of the use of both
of these particles — E pai ana matou ki a ia, no te mea
ko ia kua atawhai mai ki a matou, uje love him,
because he was kind to vs. We should have preferred
m>ona i atawhai, &c.* (4). When a preposition
immediately precedes, kua will seldom be employed;
e.g. nonahea i mate ai, since what time, or at what
« It is tme tliiat when kva represents the pluperfect, or the priority of one
action to another, it may be frequently found in connection with ko. But this,,
we think, is a further oonfirmal^on of the distinction for which we contend.
For the expression ^he had lovpd vs" is clearly more definite than '*he
loved u»" the former implying that affection had been entertained btfore
some past act— the latter -simply aflflrming that it was entertained, without
reference to any date. Ko we defined as the article of specification and
emphasis, and it is quite natural that it should be associated with a
pei^ect to denote a pluperfect, its ofilce, in such a construction, being to
point out the individual who may be emphatically said to 7mp<? performed the
act— whose was the act which was antecedent, or pest. The sentence *'ko
ia kua atawhai " means, he is the ptrson who teas fitst kind. This emphatic
use of the word ko has been already illustrated under the head of Comparison,
Adjectives : the sentence, " ko tenei te nui o nga rakau '* meaning, this is the
large one of the trees; i.e. this is the one of which we may (emphatically) say,
// is large. So, also, in the following : " akuanei ko Hone kva tae " the
meaning is, presently it will be John who (emphatically) HAS GOT there; i^.
John will have got there fitst.
SYNTAX OP THE VERB. 131
time did lie die ? Nana ano i haere noa mai, he canie
of himself,
(6) Ktui is never used after the negative adverbs
kahore, kihai, and kiano ; e,g, kahore ahau i rongo, /
/lave not heard; kiano i mate noa, he lias not yet
died.
(6) The following, also, are constructions in which
kiui will be found to give place to i : — Me koutou hoki
i whakarere i to koutou kainga, as ye . also left your
country ; me i kahore koe, i/it had not been for yoUy
In the following constructions, however, ktia is
prefixed : — Fenei kua ora^ in that case he would ha/ve
lived ; ano ktia mate, as if lie were dead ; me te mea
kua waruhia, as if it had been planed ; me i kahore
koe hua mate au, if it had not been for you^ I should
have died. In the following, however, i is preferred : —
Me i kahore koe i ora ai ahau, if it had not been for
yoUy (the cause) why I was saved ; i.e, I should have
been lost but for you.
(b) Kua is sometimes employed where a present
would be used in English ; e,g, kua mate, he is dead ,-
kiLa po, it is dark, or is past sunset ; kiui riro, he is
gone,
(c) In animated narrations of past events, kua is.
sometimes employed to give variety; e,g, te taenga
atu o Hone, kua mau ki te hamanu, e tatua ana, te
tino haerenga, so John goes, lie has taken (his)
eartouch box, (he) is girding it on ; the instant
vfw/rching,
(d). Sometimes, also, when the speaker wishes to
convey the idea of a certain and speedy accomplish-
ment, he will (as did the Hebrews) employ the past
tense; e,g, E pa, he aha i kaiponuhia ai to waru?
kua whakahokia mai apopo. Father, why do you withr
Jiold yov/r plane ? It will surely be returned to you
138 8TNTAX OF THE VERB.
io-niorrow ; £ hoa, reia atu ; kua hoki mai koe^
Friend, run and (tell them) you will be bcLck (in
quite time enough) ; e noho ana teuei ; ktut pata iho
te ua, e rere ana ki roto ki te whare, uye cLire sitting
here, hut immediately^ cu soon as it rainSy we ru/n into
the house,
(e) Kua is often prefixed to denote an action
which is to take place, or has taken place previous to
something else, in which latter use it will sometinies
correspond to the pluperfect of English ; e.g, I a koe
hwa riro, afier you had gone. Mo te ara rawa ake
hu/h maoa, that, eocactly as he awakes, it may have
been cooked ; i,e, it may he cooked against he aijoakes.
Me i noho hvua wha na rakau e toia, if I had remcuvned.
Jour logs would have been dragged. Akuanei mau
nga riwai kua kainga, presently, the potatoes that
have been first ecUen will be yours ; i.e, your crop will
be the soonest ripe. Huatu ko tena kua ngakia, no,
hut let that be first dug.
Vide our remarks on ko, when associated with kua
^note to a, 3, page 135).
Note. — The student will see, in the above examples, that
kna^ when employed in this sense, will often enter into com-
i)inations which would not be admitted under other tenses.
KIA. — ^This particle has been already considered,
as far as it is connected with the imperative mood
(vide page 38). There are, however, other uses of itj
which are both varied and important.
(a) It may, in asking a question, be used for the
future ; e,g, Kia haere abau ? Ne ? ShaU I go^
shaUI?
(b) It may also be found where a hypothetic
statement is made, or an expectation, or other refer-
ence to some future event, is implied — a use in which
it will sometimes be found to correspond to the
second future indicative and perfect potential of
SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 139
L .
GBnglish ; e,g, E noho ki konei ; hia hoki mai ra ano
' £diau, Btop here until I shall have returned; Kia titiro
'* £btu matou, ka patua to matou hoa, hei reira ka
*"' ' ^^nrhakatika atu matou, let us have seen {i.e. if we had
^•"" but seen) him strike our friend, we should then Jiaoe
Tisen ; me noho Ma ora, ka haere — you had better
? iA -remain, and when you are well, depart ; e hoe katoa
,r «uia ratou, hia oti te waka o Nini, they are all going
,: when Nink! s canoe is finished ; I i*aro ahau e whaka-
rongo mai ana, Ida inate, Ida mate, a ka ora noa ano
;3f — / woA at the northward waiting for news from here
of his death, but he has recovered,
(c) Often, when intensity of negation, doubt, &c.
is intended, it will be used instead of the proper
:, particles of the present, past, and future : e.g. hore
rawa kia tika, by no means is it correct ; kahore kia
kotahi, not even one ; ko au kia mate, ko ia kia ora ?
i Qnust I (by feeding this pig) starve, while he lias food ?
Icahore ano kia haere noa ! not yet gone /
(2) It is often found, also, in exclamations of
wonder ; e,g, Kia nui ! How large I
(3) In the same sense, also, it is used where an
infinitive would be employed in the learned languages ;
particularly where contempt, disregard, &c. are
denoted ; e.g, Kia whakarongo atu ahau ki o korero
hei aha 1 why should I listen to your talk ? lit. that I
should listen to your talk is for wliat ? Kia ho atu
taku poaka mo tena ! that I should give my pig for
tJuU 1 t.e. I will not give it.
r {d) Kia is frequently employed to denote the
infinitive ; e,g, haere kia kite, go to see,
(e) It will also be employed when the latter verb
is an amplification of the meaning of a preceding
one ; e.g, Ahea hanga ai tou whare, kia oti ? When
will your house be buUt, that it may be finished ? Te
tangata e whiuwhiu ana i ana tikaokao, kia uxiwe te
male I The man who is pelting his fowls that they
140 STlfTAX OF THE VERB.
may he soon dead/ Tanutanu rawa kta ngaro — ^tiry^
bury deep, that it may be concealed (a song). WJiiua,
Ma mamae, beat it that it may be pained ; na kouton
i aki mai kia tata, it ivae you who pressed forwaTd so
as to be near.
Note. — There is a distinction between kia and ki te, when
prefixed to a verb in the iDfioitiTe, which should be noticed.
KIA is, excepting in the aforesaid exceptional cases, seldom
prefixed to a verb in the active voice — ki te almost alwa^-s ;
e,ff, Haere ki te to i te waka. We coald not say kia to.
(2) Kia is almost always prefixed to the passive
verb, ki te very seldom ; e,g, Tikina atu kia tirohia is
/etch it to be seen, Tikina atu ki te titii*o is /etch him
to look at it. The following sentence is erroneous : —
Arahina ki te patu, led to be killed. It should be kia
patua, or e arahina ana e patua ana.
Sometimes, before neuter verbs, either kia or ki te
will be employed ; e.g. I mea ahau kia (or ki t«),
haere.
Verbs following adjectives, by which ability, hahitj
&c. are denoted, will take ki te ; e.g. uaua ki te
mahi, strong to work ; e kino ki te tahae, is displtased
at thieving.
Between the uses of kia and ki te there may be
often a very material difference ; e.g. e riri ana ki te
atu noho means that he is angry at the stopping quiet,
i.e, that he wishes for war ; e riri ana kia ata noho,
means that he is repressing (tJiem) that they ma/y stop
quiet ; ka tohe ki a maua kia waru i te kai i te ra
tapu, they pressed us to scrape food on t/ie Su/nday.
If it had been, Ka tohe ki te waru, (&c., the speaker
would have implied that they (the persons toheing)
persisted in scraping, <fec.
Some foreigners seem remarkably careless in the use
of this particle. We subjoin a few instances in which
it has been omitted, or introduced erroneously. Ko
tana hanga kia korero, his custom was to speak, kc \
SYNTAX OP THE VERB. 141
it should be he korero. E kore ahau e ahei kia mea
atu ; it should be ahei te mea atu. Ko te aroha e
whakahauhau ana i te tangata hei mahi ; it should be
ki te mahi. Whakatika hei patu ; it should be wha-
katika ki te patu, or whakatika atu, pattia.
It may be here observed that (1) some verbs have a
partiality for certain particles ; e.g» hua noa ahau, or
ka hua ahau, / thought ; e kore e ahei te patu. (2)
Some verbs very rarely take any verbal particle into
connection with them. Of this sorb are heoi, or heoti,
kati, taihoa, penei (in that case), and, sometimes^
rokohanga, or rokohina.
(3) Many constructions will be met with in wTiich
the verbal particle is omitted, (a) A common adverb
of quantity or quality following the verb will often
cause the verbal particle to be dispensed with. (6) It
it also omitted in constructions like the following : —
meake haere ; whano mate ; kei te ata haere ai ; taihoa
maua haere atu ; while, on the other hand, we hear
taihoa e haere, &g. (c) In animated discourse, the
common verb will sometimes be used without any kind
•of auxiliary, e.g. kaiponu noa ia, kaiponu noa, tangohia
c au — withJiold it, withhold it as lie might, yet I took
it away,
AI. — Some Maoris introduce this particle into
sentences in which others would omit it. Those
instances, however, may, we believe, be reduced to one
class, viz. to that in which ai is used in connection
with kia.
When kia is prefixed to a verb which is merely an
■explanation, or some other enlargement of the meaning
of a preceding one, it will seldom take ai after it ; as
may be seen in our examples of kia i rules d and e).
But when the intention^ cause, <fec. are to be specifi-
cally denoted, then ai wiU be used. Thus, in the
following sentence : haere kia kite, go to see, kite is a
plainly natural effect of haere^ and at, therefore, is
142 STSTAX OF THE TERB.
omitted. If, howerer, some unusoal act is to be done
that he might see, thai at, most probably, ^vroiild be
employed ; thus, e pOd ki ronga ki te rakau kia kite
m koe, climb up the tree that you mat Me. The dis-
tinction is the same as that between the two foUowing
in English : — ^ and «e« ; climb that you may see.
Again, in the last example of kia (rule e, 1^0), na
konton i aki mai Ida tata, '* nearness" is a natur&l effect
of ** pressing forward," OTcn though they had no specific
intention of being near ; a«, therefore, is not»nsed. If,
howeyer, the speaker wished to say ye pressed /oT%card
tvulT I might be angry^ he wonld employ ai .- kia riri
ai ahan ; because here we have two acts, not neces-
sarily connected, and one spedficaUy performed to
produce the other.
A wrong use of this particle may often seriously
misrepresent the meaning of the speaker. For exam-
pie, if we were to say, E inoi ana ahau kia muma ai
oku bara, we should mean, I pray that (in considera-
tion of my prayer) my sins may be forgiven. Prayer,
here, is made the immediate and effective means by
which this end is obtained. If a native were to say,
'' E inoi ana ahau kia homai ai tetahi paraikete,''
absurd as would be the remark, it would mean that
the blanket is to be given to him, not as a favour, or
as due on other grounds, but simply as a reuxvrd for
his asking. The Bible tells us of another considera-
tion, by which pardon is obtained, and prayer
answered ; and, therefore, in such passages as the
above, we must carefully abstain from ai, Koia nga
tamariki a Hono i haere tahi me ratou ; it should be
i haere tahi ai, E kore ia e poka ke i tana i mea.
It should be i mea ai ; te tangata i he at, the man
who had committed the offence. In Waikato this
will mean, the rrujm through whom they had erred;
it should have been, te tangata nona te he,
(a) Whaka, — ^The leading property of this particle
SYNTAX OP THE VERB. 145
is causative; e.g, tu is to stand, whakatu is to cause
to stand (vtde etiam, page 48, under pai, kau, and
kakahu, and Syntax of Numbers, under Ordinals^
124.)
Note. — In this use of it adjectives and neuter verbs will
be converted into active verbs ; e.g. toe, to be left ; whakatoe to-
jfut hy as a leaving ; e g. whakatoe& etabi ma mea ma, put bg
some for our friends.
In the following example the adjective is made improperly
to retain ^le form of a neuter verb : he mea whahapirau i te
han, a thing blasted by the wind. Its meaning, as it stands,
is, a thing that destroys the wind.
Considerable variety may sometimes be found in the nature-
of the causation implied by this prefix. Thus, puru, to cork fa
bottle^ ^e.) Wbakapurua nga pounamu, to stow^ or pack
(with straw ^ Jf'c.y between) them. Waha, to carry on the back;
whakawaha, to take up the load on the ba^kj e.g. waiho atu e
au e whakawaha ana, as I cams away they were loading them^-
selves with their burdens.
(b) Sometimes it will imply the becoming, or the
being like to, or the /eigning, or exhibiting the root
to which it is prefixed. lS:^quently, also, it will
indicate an origin or propriety in the root ; e.g. Kei
te whakavvNsl a Hone i roto i te rua, John is making
himself potatoes, i.e. (is occupying the place of ) in
the rua (or potato house) ; ka po, ka whaka;s}A ; ka
awatea, ka t^^a^akapua, at night it became afire, by
day it became a cloud ; kia u7^aA^tangata, to act like
a man ; ka riro, ka whakorlLone ki te wai, he will be
off, and becoms like John in the water ; i.e. will be
drowned as John was ; he kupu whaka-te-KjamsLVLO,, a
speech make by Kanaua ; i.e. in his style ; he tangata
«7^Aw-Ngapuhi, a person belonging to, or that
frequently visits Ngapuhi ; he aha kei to tatou hoa ?
Kahore pea. E tc^AaA^matemate noa iho ana, kia kiia
e mate ana, What is the matter with owr friend!
Nothing at all. He is feigning sickness, that he may
be regarded as v/nwell.
(c) Sometimes it will denote reciprocity; e,g, ko
144 8YKTAZ OF THE VERB.
ratou tohcJutTAton hoki, he is one of themselves.
(d) SometiTnes it will denote an action either in-
•eeptive or gradually declining ; e.g. e toha/catutuM
ana te tai, the tide is beginning to get fvll ; e 'wlvdkor
hemohemo ana, he is sinking ; i.e. is on the point of
death, {e) ^metimes it will denote towards (vide
page 69). (/) Occasionally it will indicate some
action corresponding to the sense of the root ; e.g, ka
Wt^^o-ahiahi ratou, they act at sunset ; i.e. they wait
for sunset to make their assault.
The other Auxiliaries of the Verb. — These, it has
heen already observed, are adverbs, prepositions, pro-
nouns, and the articles he and te, placed in connection
with the verb. We proceed to make a few remarks
upon them, and some other forms which the Maori
verb occasionally assumes.
On the Adverbs as Auxiliaries. — These chiefly are
the adverbs of intensity and negation ; we may add,
also, the particles atu, mai, ake, iho.
The adverbs of intensity, as well as the last men-
tioned particles, will frequently lose their distinctive
iorce, and either in some way modify the meaning —
i.e. denote rapidity and certainty of effect, succession
or connection of events, &c. — or be redundant. The
following examples will, it is hoped, sufficiently illus-
trate their use : — Te whakaarahanga ake o te ta, tahuri
tmiu ilio, the putting up of the sail forthwith was it
upset ; akuanei, ahiahi noa, ka tata ta maua te oti,
presently by sunset ours unll be near being finished ;
mo te ara rauxi ake o nga tamariki kua maoa, that
EXACTLY as THE children awake it may have been
<iOoked ; i.e. it may be cooked before they a/wake;
kahore, ha, he kainga ; kainga* rawa atu ki Waitoke,
oh, there is no setUement (in the interval); tJie
* The student will see in this and the other examples that the noun, as
is very nsnal in Maori, assumes the form of a verb. To translate literally
«uch verbs into English is often impossible.
n
8YNTAX OF THE VERB. 145
neareH settlement is Waitoke; tia rawa ki te raukura,
pani rawa ki te kokowai, he braided his hair with
JfeatherSy and besmeared himself with red ochre; te
tino haerenga, so on they started.
K.6. — Between noa ake and noa atu a distiDction will some-
times be found, not unlike that which obtains between thB
perfect and imperfect of English. Noa ake will generally
oonyey an allusion to some date, either present or past ; noa atu
¥ill most frequently refer to the past, without any such allusion ,
e,g* kua mate, 910^ ake^ he has been dead this some time ; kna
mate noa atu^ he died a long time ago ; kua maoa, Tioa ahe te
kai, the food has "been this long time cooked ; kua maoa n4)a atu^ it
was eooked a long time ago; kua mate n^Hi ake i reira, he had been
dead then some time ; kua mate noa atu i reira, he had been
dead a long time jfrevious to that date.
For further illustrations of the adverbs as auxilia*
lies the student is referred to chapter ix. For the
negative adverbs, as employed with the verb, vide
next chapter.
0/ the Prepositions, — The use of these as auxiliaries
is to supply the place of the verb substantive when no
veHj is expressed in the sentence ; e,g. nakii tenei,
this is mine ; kei hea wliere is it? / a au i runga, when
I was at the southward. The tenses they denote, and
those also which they admit after them, have beeii
mentioned (chapter viii.) Other notices respecting them
vnXL be found in the next chapter.*
* Following is a connected view of some of the prindpal means by which
the dd!ect of the sabetantive verb is applied or implied, in Maori : He kuii
Unei, this ia a dog, Tenei a Hone, This is John, Tika rawa, it is vetf
eorreet, Ki te whai ban i te i>o nei, if thet'e be wind in the night, Ac. Ki
te «w ban, iic, idem. Ka ai an hei kianga mai man, I am for an ordering
for yoUy ije. yon find in me one that will obey, kc, Waiho, and sometimes:
metnga, are often used instead of ai, E ai ki tana, it is according to Ms, ije,
as he affirms.
. The following forma are worthy of notice : Bokohanga rawatanga atu e
•hfln £0 Raianal onmy readying (that place) there WA9 Lion! rokohanga
ata, io te tahi tangata o Tanpo i Manngatautari e noho ana, when I got
(there) there was a man of, Ac, Takn hoenga ki roto, to te waka o Hone, a* I
««j paddling up the river, lo! there was the canoe of John, Ac, Some, we
cbsenre, use tent tana for this form. We have never heard it in Waikato ;
M te pera me ton, Mitbe Wte fours, Kana hei pera, Dont say so.
11
146 SYNTAX OF THB VERB.
Verbs which (tsstime the form of a noun.— It has
been already observed that Maori inclines to the
substantiye form. That such is only natural will be
obvious to anyone who will reflect that it is more
easy for an unpolished mind to conceive of things as
existences, thaii to trace them through the varioos
modifications of act denoted in a verb. In many
instances, indeed, a New Zealander is compelled to
adopt this form, in consequence of the Maori verb not
supplying any satisfactory form for the infinitive mood
and the participles. That these two parts of speech
strongly partake of the nature of a noun is D^ell
known ; and we may, therefore, be prepared to find
the forms for denoting them in Maori exhibit a mixed
character — i,e, to be a kind of compound of the verb
and the noun. It may be added, also, that, as in
some Latin authors, the infinitive mood is often used
for the finite verb, • so also, in Maori, will the verbal
noun, especially when a brief and animated mode of
diction is desired, be found very frequently to occapy
the place of the verb.
The following examples illustrate the various
modes in which the Maori verb adopts the substantive
form.
The student will observe that even passive verbs
will submit to the same operation, and receive the
sign of the substantive (viz. the article) before th^n ;
e,g, Tenei au ie tu atu nei, here am I the standing
towards (you) ; he kainga hou te rapua nei, a new
country is the being sought^ i.e.is what we are seeking
for ; ko koe te korerotia nei, it is you who are the being
talked about ; he noho aha tau ? what are you sitting
for ? kua oti te keri, it is finished, the being dug ; ka
* It will alsQ be recollected that the grerunds and participles will, in tbaft
language, often subserve the same office. Thus we have " ante domandam,**
hefore thep are lamed ;*' urit videndo "A« bums when he locJu; " cum BpicaroB
voluptate metiens summom bonnm/' tohereeu Epicurus, voho meaiure$Ok
€hU/ good (y pleasure.
SYNTAX OP THE VEBa 147
lata ahau tepatua e koe, 1 am near the being becUen hy
you; he mohio koe; are you a knoimng ? i,e, do you
•know anything about it %
The following are examples of the verbal noun as
used for the Jmite verb : — Me he mea ko te mahue-
tanga o to matou waka, if it had been the leaving of
cur canoe, i.e, if our canoe had been left to us ; kei
liri mai ia ki te kai ; te taunga iho — ko ia, ko tana
waka, lest he (tJie God) be angry at the food (not
having been given) — tJie alighting (upon him, tlie
priest), dec, i.e, and should then light upon him, &c. ;
iiaere atu ana a Kona ki te kawe wai, Ka pourL Te
kanganga ki te marama. Te tino tikinga iho nei, ka
tae ki a Kona, Bona (the man in the moon) goes to
fetch water. It is dark, Tlie cursing at the moon*
The instant coming doum to him, dsc, i.e. he cursed
at the moon, and she, in anger, came down to him.
Note. — More examples of this very animated mode of nar-
ration might be easily addaced. The student will find seyeral
•others scattered throughout this work. We may observe,
also, that the very frequent use of this form by the natives
constitutes one remarkable feature by which the language, as
fipoken by him, difEers from that spoken by the foreigner.
As a further illustration of the way in which predi-
cation in Maori is sometimes performed by the
substantive, the following forms may be mentioned :
— He mea wJiakamaori no te reo pakeha, a thing
translated from the foreigner's tongice, i.e. it was
translated from, &c. Na Hone tenei, lie mea ho a^u
na Pita — :this is John's ; it was presented to him by
Pita : lit. it was a thing presented, &c. Akuanei,
he noho atu te otinga, presently a remaining away
will be the end, i.e, (we slmll find that) he will remain
away.
It should be also noted that the following verbs
always take the substantive form after them, viz.
hohoro, oti, hei and ahei, pau, taea, tau, timata, heoi.
148 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.
ano, kati, poto; e,g, timata te nuihi, com/mence to
work ; kati te taJiae, stop thieving^ <S:e,
NoTB. — These verbe, it would appear, deserve most jastlj
the appellation of '* auxiliaries " — Ist, as they are real verbs ;
and, 2nd, as by their help we can approximate to manj
forms of the verb in other languages. For example, kua oH te-
HHf mai, has been fetched hence ; e kore e ahH te korer^,
cannot divulge.
The use of the verbal noun, it would appear, is very
preyalent in Oriental languages (vide Lee, " Heb.
<}rain.," second edition, pp. 75 and 76, and Carey's
*• Gram, of the Burman ; " also Humboldt, ** On the
Chinese," as there quoted). The following fornix
however, will often be found in Maori to supersede
it
A noun or pronoun in the oblique case will
frequently, in Maori, take the finite verb after it ; *
e,g, 8 whakapono ana ahau ki a ia i mate i a Fonotio
Pirato.
The expression " ki tana hekenga atu ki te reinga "
is precisely the same as " ki a ia i heke atu ki," 4rc.
Again, Noku i haere mai nei, since I arrived here .-
lit. Jrom or of me {I mean) came here ; ko te rua tenei
o nga wika o Hone, i hoM ai, this is the second week
since John returned: lit. this is the second week of
John (I mean returned) i a iae ngaro ana, whilst lie is
hid; mo ratou kahore i rongo, because tliey would
not obey : lit. for them (I mean) their not having
4^beyed,
Often, also, a noun which in English would be in
the nominative will, in Maori, be converted into the
possessive, the verb following as in the preceding rule ;
• This is an exception to what we find in English and other languages, the-
finite verb in them being very seldom f onnd after an oblique case, ije. after
any case besides the nominatiye, unless the relative, or the personal prohomi^
Trilh some conjunction, intervene. We may observe, also, that the verlwl
particles will be often prefixed to other words besides the verb ; e^f. E kore-
fcoe e pal kia man e hanga ? Are you not teilUng that you thould doitt Kia
ai te kianga, that the land should be yours.
SYNTAX OP THE VERB. 149
'e^g. nahu i patu, I struck: Kt. it was mine (I mean)
t7ie having struck it ; rrmku e korerOy I will speak : K£
44, vnll he for me (I mean) tlie speaking.
It was most probably through ignorance of this and the px&-
ceding rale that some good Maori speakers have adopted the
following very unsatisfactory analysis of the two last
-examples : — " Naku i patu," they would translate, i^ wasgtrmek
by me; *'maku e korero," it shall be spoken by me; and
they thus explain them : — Mi and ma mean by ; and patu
and koreroj though active inform, are passive in meaning. To
this theory, however, there are strong objections. (1.) It can-
not be shown, except by examples derived from this class, that
na and ma, ever signify by ; these words all must admit are the
active form of no and mo — the prepositions which denote the
possessive case. (2.) It will altogether fail in those instances
in which other prepositions besides na and ma are found. In
the following, for example : — ** I a au e noho ana I reira,'*
jrclUUt I woA sitting there ; nona i tango, because he took it;
it will be seen that it is as difficult to determine the nomina-
tives of ** noho " and " tango " as it was to determine those of
patu and korero in the other examples. Those who attend
to the -genius of the language {vide Preliminary Bemarks,
pages 100 and 101, and Syntax of Nouns, sec. 3, page 109)
wilJ, we think, find but littie difficulty in the question. They
will see that there are no participles, adverbs, or relative pro-
nouns in Maori, and that, therefore, we must not be surprised at
a construction which, though loose, is admirably adapted to
supply the defect. That Maori has a peculiar love for the
possessive form in predication, especially when a relative pro-
noun is understood, may be seen in the following examples* : —
Eo Tiaki anake ta matou- i kite, Tiaki was the only person
that we saw : lit Tiaki was our only one (actively) (I mean)
saw ; ka tohe ki ana i pai a% he holds out for what he
desired : lit. he holds out for his (I mean) desired ; he mate
toliu, I am sick : lit., a sickness is mine ; ka tika tau, yon are
right : lit. yours is right ; koe would not be here used ; ko
tuku noho tenei, a, po noa, / will sit here tUl night : lit. thui
is my sitting until night.
The leading meaning of na and T/ia, and their cor-
* That the English langnage had once a sdmilar tendency might, we tidini^
be shown by many examples. Thus we hear, "Aace pity on me," ^'have
her forth," " I have remembrance of thee in my prayer." Many of onr tenses^
also, are formed by this auxiliary; e.g. "7 fuive seen,*" "he had gone," **I
would have loved," &c. The frequent use, also, of this form in the Qreek
nay be seen in Donnegan's Greek Lexicon, under *< eefto," to hold.
150 SYNTAX OF THE YERB.
responding passiyes, no and mo, seems to be, of the one
class, present or pcut ; of the other, future possession.
And most of the examples given in pp. 60—65 <^
their yarious uses might be reduced to those headsL
Thus, " no te mane i haere mai ai " means, literally^
ii was of the Monday (I mean) having come^
*^No reira i riri," it was of that cause (I mean) /A^
having been angry ; ^^Mo a mna haere ai," let it be for
a future period (I mean) the going, <fec.
Com/pound Tenses,* — A compound tense is one
whose time and quality are modified by some other
time or circumstance with which it is connected.
Thus in the examples in page Z^ mei reira ahau e
pid ana, e — ana, which, taken absolutely, is present^
now represents the pluperfect potential ; because it
has a reference to i reira, a past time, and to me, a
particle denoting contingency. Again, in the ex-
ample, akuanei tae rawa atu, hua mate ; kua^ taken
absolutely, refera to past time ; but here it s takeib
relatively, and refers to a future, Le, to the time in
* Ajb the English language supplies but few illnstrations of this mode of
eonstrnction, we will here lay before the student some extracts from
imrafesBor Lee's Hebrew Grammar, as well to i^ow how much this usage
obtains in Oriental langn^iages as to enable him to enter more readily into
the subject. Professor L. says (page 328) :— ** Any writer commencing his
nanati-ve will necessarily speak of past, present, or future events with-
xeterence to the period in which his statement is made." This, he says, is
the **tibsoltUe use of the tense." Again, '*A i)erson may speak of those
events wit^pi reference to some other period or event already introduced
into the context. This is the relative use — *' Hence, a preterite connected
-with another preterite will be equivalent to our pluperfect ; a present
following a preterite to our lmx)erfect,[and so on." Again (page 330) :—
*'Tbey, the Arabians, consider the present tense as of two kinds ; one they
term the real present^ which is what our grammarians always understand
by the present tense. The other they term the present as to the narration ; by
which they mean the time contemporary with any event, and which may^
therefore, be considered as present iHth t7, although past, present, or futnr»
with r^ard to ' the real or absolute present tense." In page 334 is a good
iUiistration from the Persian : — " Last night I go to the house of a friend
and there see a delightful assembly, and enjoy a most pleasing spectacle."
The student will see in the above example that go, see, and enjoy are relative
presents, being presents to last night, the time in which the spetiker, in his
niuigination, now places himsell This mode of construction abounds in the
Old and New Testament — vide, for example, Mark xiv., " He saw Levi, and
aays to him:' Says, here, is present to sauf, though past to the time of the
suuxation.
SYNTAX OF THB VERB. 151
^wUoh I may arrive ; the sentence meaning, literally,
** presently, exactly as I shall have arrived, he is
d^id." llie expression ahcdl have been dead, in
JBSnglish; all will see, is a compound tense of a similar •
character, for it is compounded of a future and a
past tense, and thus represents a second future.
We proceed to lay before the student some
examples of the most important combinations of time
and mood. To exhibit all that are possible would
extend our work beyond its prescribed limits. Some
remarks on this subject have been already made in
treating on the verbal particles.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present, — Ka taka ki hea, e haere mai ana ? they
ha/ve reached what place as they come along ?
Imperfect Tense, — Rohahanga atu e au, i mra e
noho ana, when I arrived he was sitting there : lit,, he
is sitting, <fec. /mua e pai ana, formerly I liked (it) :
lit, I like, kc, E pai amxib i mua — ^id. / pai ano i
mua — id. N^a reira i kore ai ahau e pai, that was the
cause why I did not assent : lit, thence was I not, (I
mean) a/m pleased. / ki hoki ia, a kua oti ; i mea atu
ia, a^ tu tonu iho : he spake, ami it was done ; he
wmma/nded, and it stood fast, Heoi ahau me tenei
tamaiti, ka haere mai : / was the size of this child
when I came here,
I hea koe i mua ka kimi 1 where were you before
that you did not look for it ?
Nei hoki, kua ora, haere ana ki Taranaki, but he
recovered, and went to Tai*anki; Kiia mea atu ra
hoki; e ki mai ana, why I said so, he replies, i.e,
replied.
Perfect Tense, — Ka wha nga wiki e ngaro ana (or
ka ngaro nei), it has been lost these last four weeks :
lit. AB.E four weeks it is lost,
I konei te kuri e kai a/na, mei te huruhuru, a dog
152 SYHTAX OF THE YEBB.
Jica been eating a fowl here, as %oe may judge fr(>m tkiR
feathers. Nokn. ka mate, since I have been poorly.
Pluperfect Tense, — Kihai i hinga ka waiho e koma,
it had not fallen when you left it : lit. it did not fedl,
yoa leave it. / a koe kua riro, cfier you had
gone.
First Future Tense. — Ma Ngatiwhatua e takitaki to
maua mate, ka ea : Ngatiwhatva will avenge autr
murder, (and) a satisfaction uxill be obtained.
Akuanei, rangona raioa^ia mai, e hoko ana ano
koe : presently, I shall hea/r that you akb snu.
purchasing ; lit. presently, exactly as it has beeu
heard, you are, <&c.
Kua mate ahau, e ora ana ano nga rakau nei : these
trees unU live longer t/ian I ; lit. I died, these trees
are still alive.
POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVB MOODS.
Present and Imperfect, — (For examples of these
vide on e, on ka, and on ai, also our remarks on ahei,
taea, kc, as auxiliaries (147).
Pluperfect, — Kua riro au, na te mate o taku kotiro
i noho ai : / would have gone, but I remavned in
consequence of the sickness of my daughter ; lit. I
departed, my daughter's sickness was the cause of
my having remained. E noho ana, na Hone i ngare :
he would have stopped, but John sent him ; lit., he is
remaining, John sent him. E murua a Hone, naika %
ora ai : John would have been plundered, but I saved
him. Me i kahore ahau kuja mate : if it had not been
for me, he would liave died, Kua hemo ke ahau, me
i kaiui ahau te whakapono : / should have fairUed if
I had not believed, Penei kua ora: in that case he
would liave been saved, Ka hua ahau, i haere at^ e
rougo : I thought tlmt they would have listened (which)
SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 153
WflW th^ cause of (my) having gone, -3/aku i runga «
kore e marere : when I am at the Southwa/rd (it) is
^never granted. Ma raua e rere, e kore e kohoro a
Kaiana : when they both run, Lion does not make hoHe,
Me i maku e keri, keihea? if it had not been/or ms to
dig it, where (should I have been now) ? i,e. I should
have dug to a vast distance.*
The following combinations of times are incorrect :
— / te mea i arahina nga Hurai, while the Jews were
^eing led ; it should be, e arahina arva, I kite hoki
ratou i a ia, a, t rere, for tJiey saw him and fled ; it
should be, a, tqtq ana. To ratou taenga atu ki te pa,
i reira ano mahara ana ratou ki a ai, and when they
Jkad readied the pa, they then recognized him; it
-should be, na ka mahara, &c. Ma Hone e whakaki o
ioutou peke, pera hoki me o matou, John will JUL
^our bags as full as ours ; it should be, kia penei me
o matou. It may be here noted that when two
tenses are connected together, not in the way of
government, but are rather in apposition with each
other, the latter will generally be the same as, or at
least correspond to, the former; e,g, the following
constructions are erroneous : — Korerotia atu, mea amaj
speak, saying ; it should be, msatia, A ki atu ana a
Hone, ka mea ; it should be, mea ana, Ka tahi ahau
i kite, n:ow for the fvrst time have I seen ; it should
be, ka kite.
Note. — Sometimes, however, we meet with exceptions to
this rule : — 1. When there is a clear case for the operation of
epanorthosis. 2. When the particles a or na intervene.
The character of the sentence will sometimes be
found to affect the time of the verb ; as, for example
in animated narration, where a large measure of
* The student is recommended to notice the varions forms contained in
the preceding table, and to endeavonr to add to them from his ownobeervar
ition. It would also be most useful to throw into one form all the yarions
examples of simple and compoimd times that he will find in pages 40-49^
«3 well also as those contcdned in the preceding part of this chapter.
154 SYNTAX or THE TSKB.
certeinty, or when contingency is to be denoted, &c;
e.^. Kihai i a ki uta, kna tae ki te whare, kua totoro-
ki te maripi, ki te paoka, £ kai ana, he had not landed
htfcre he had reached the hovMy had stretched otU
(hit hand) to the knife and fork, (he) ie eating j i.e.
immediately as soon as he landed he began to eat ; S
pa ma^ kia kaha. Kahore Kua n, Myfriends, he strtmg
(inpuUing the oar), no, toe have landed, i.e. we are
dose to shore. A request or command, given to be
conveyed to another, will often be put into the
imperative, just as if the individual to whom the
request, &c., is to be delivered were really present;
e,g. Mea atu ki a Hone, Taihoa e haere : say to John^
J^otCt go for a while, £ kite koe i a te Keha, Meters
i .' if you see Keha, (say to him) Gome here.
'SOTB. — This form is generally adopted when the speaker
wishes to be animated and abmpt. Sometimes, as in the first
iple, it is the only form admissible.
Verbs associated to qiwlify each other, — ^It should
here also be noted that when two verbs are associated
together, the latter of which is modified in meaning
by the former, in a way somewhat similar to that in
which the infinitive in Latin is modified by its
governing verb, the two verbs will generally be in the
same tense and voice ; e,g, Kvai haere, haa koroheke
hoki, he has begun to get old : lit. he is gone, he is old ;
kei anga koe, kei korero, donH you go and say, &c, ; e
aratakina ana, e patua ana : it is led to be killed,
Repetition of Verbs. — The same verb will frequently
be repeated in Maori when contingency, intensity,
distribution, diversity, <fec. are intended, and par-
ticularly when the speaker desires to be impressive
and emphatic ; e.g, Ko te mea i tupono i tupono : ko
te mea i kahore i kahore, (the karakia Maori) is all a
work of chance ; sometimes there is a successful hit,
sometimes a failure, lit. that which hit the mark hit
it, that which did not, did not; E pakaru ana, e
SYNTAX OP THE VERB. 155^
pakaru ana ki tana mahi, (it does not much signify)
if it breaks, it it is broken in his service ; Okioki„
okioki atu ki a i a, trusty trust in him : i,e, place your
whole trust in, &c. ; Haere ka haere, kai ka kai : in
all his goings, in all his eatings, i,e, whenever he
^walks, or eats, he retains the same practice ; Heoi ano^
ra, heoi ano : that is all about it, that is aU about it^.
Hapai, ana, hapai ana : raise both ends at the same-
time ; i,e, while you raise, I raise.
Note. — A similar usage obtains in other parts of the:
iBDguage ; e.g. ko wai, ko wai te haere ? whOj who is to go?'
ko tera tera, that is another, or a different one ; he kanohi
he kanohi, face to face ; ko Roka ano Roka, ko ahau ano
abau? Itoka (my vrife) and I are different persons; lit*
Boka is Boka, and I am I.
Sometimes the former verb will assume the form oi
the verbal noun ; e.g. te haerenga i haere ai, the going^
with which he went, i.e. so on he proceeded ; na, ko ter
tino riringa i riri ai, so he was very angry.
Note. — The learned student need not be reminded of the.
remarkable parallel which Maori finds to the four last rules id.
Hebrew. From this cause it will be sometimes found that an.
exactly literal translation will be more idiomatic than another.
Thus, Gten. i. 7, " Dying, thou shalt die," could not be rendered
more idiomatically than if it be done literally : ^' Na, ko ta
matenga e mate ai koe.^'
Of the Passive Verbs, — It has been already observed
(pp. 47-48) that passive verbs are often used in
Maori in a somewhat more extended sense than i»
met with in most languages. It may naturally,
therefore, be expected that their use should be mora
frequent than that of active verbs ; and such we
believe to be the case, Maori seeming to incline
peculiarly to the passive mode or form of statement^
especially in the secondary clauses of a sentence.
Independently of other uses which they subserve.
(such as often supplying a more animated style of'
narration, being sometimes the more convenient — aa
being the more loose or general — ^mode in which to
i
156 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.
.advance a sentiment, &c.), there are two of oos^
«iderable importance which may be here noticed : —
1st. They are most frequently employed when tiie
relative pronoun is understood, and are generally
•equivalent to the active verb with at or nei^ dhc, affcer
it ; e.g. nga mahi i wakahaua e ia, the works tvMeh
were ordered by him. The active form here, without
^i after it, would be seldom used. Vide also the
•examples, pp. 47, 48. 2nd. They sometimes supply
the place of a preposition; e.g. he aha te mea e
cmakia nail wlutt is the inatter about which it is
^eing run f Te tangata i korerotia nei, the man about
wlwni we were talking. The following sentence, Ka
korero ahau ki te whakapakoko, literally meanSy /
will talk to the image; it should have been, Xa
koreroiJia te whakapakoko. This usage, however,
•does not extend to all the prepositions; and, when
some of them are understood, the verb will require
ai after it. The following sentence, for example, is
•eiToneous: Te tangata e kainga ana te poaka, the
man by whom tlie pig is eaten ; it should be, E kai
<ina^ or e kai 9t6i, or e kainga ai.
Constructions will not unfrequently be found in
which the active form usurps the place of the passive,
and vice versd ; e.g. Ko tena kua hohoro te horoi, lei
that be first washed. Kua tahu te kai o te kainga
Tiei, the food of the settlement 1ms been kindled^ i.e,
the oven is kindled for cooking. Kei te uta to matou
waka, our canoe is loading. Ko tehea te patuf
which is to be killed 1 Ko tera kua panga noa ake,
tliat has been much longer on the fire : lit. has been
thrown. Taria e kawJuzki te poti, let not the boat he
taken away (by you) for a while. He mea tiMy a
thing fetched. Kua oti te keri^ it is finished^ the
heing dug. Me wero e koe, it mtist be for, let it be)
stabbed by you. Ka timata tena whenua, te tua, that
land lias commenced (I mean) the being felled. Kei
xeira, a Hone e tanu ana, tliere John (lies) buried.
zjsr-^ -
SYNTAX OP THE VERB. I5t
Ka te a/rai taku ahi e koe, my fire is being stopped up'
hy yoriy i.e. you are intercepting the communication^
&c. Kia rua nga waka e hoe mai e koe, let there he
two ccmoes that will he paddled here hy you. The-
following form is not frequent : — Kei te atawhaitia^
it (the pig) is heing taJcen ca/re of, Kei te takina te-
kai, tlhe food is heing taken off (the fire). When,
ambiguity might arise from the object of the action
Jbeing considered as the ageni, the passive form is
almost always used : e,g, Ka poto nga tangata o reira
te kitea, when all the men of tJiat place have heen seen.
Xa tata tena tangata te nehua, tluU man is nea/r heing-
buried,
I^euter Verbs which assume the passive form, —
Some neuter verbs assume the passive form (1) with-
out any material alteration of meaning: e,g, Ka
hoMa he huanga, if it is come backwards and forwarder
to yoUf it is because I a/m a relation."^ (2.) Most
frequently, however, they derive a transitive meaning^
from the change. Thus, in the example already
adduced, page 48, horihori, to tell falsehoods ; te mea
i horihoria e koe he tangata, the thing which you
erroneously said was a man. Again — ^Tangi, to cry ;■
te tupapaku e tangihia nei, tlie corpse which is being
cried ^ i,e, which is the subject of the crying. He
tangata haurangi, a mad person, Te tangata i
haurangitia nei, a person for wJwm another i*
bewildered.
• The passiye verbs wheterongia, titabangia, &c. to which we allude^
page 38, note, may, we think, on reflection, be most correctly reduced to thii
head.
158 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C.
CHAPTER XX.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, AND
CONJUNCTIONS.
These have been considered at large in chapters viii.,
ix., X., xi., and require now but little notice. We
proceed to consider the prepositions which follow the
verbs, and to offer a few other remarks respecting
them.
Verbal PostJLces, — An active verb will (as was
observed, page 57) take i after it, to denote the object
of the action. Sometimes, however, ki will be found
1)0 supply its place ; e.g. Mohio hi a ia, matau K a ia^
wehi, ki a ia, whakaaro hi tena mea, karanga K a ia,
kua mau ki te pu, seized his gv/n. Whiwhi ki te toki,
obtain an axe, kc.
Between these two prepositions, however, as verbal
postfixes, there is often a very important difference ;
«.g. Na ka whakatiki ahau t a ia A;i te kai,. so I
■deprived him of food; i.e, I withheld food from him.
INa te aha koe i kaiponu ai i to paraikete hi & a,n^
Why did you uoithhold your blanket from me ? He
pakeha hei whakawhiwhi i a matou ki te kakahu, an
European to make us possess clothes. Ki te hoko atu
i taku poaka ki te tahi paraikete moku, to sell my
pig for a blanket for myself. Europeans generally
-employ mo, but erroneously. Sometimes other pre-
positions will occupy the place of i. Ka haere ahau
ki te whangai i taku kete riwai ma taku poaka, / v>Ul
go feed my basket of potatoes for my pig ; i.e. I will
feed my pigs with my basket of potatoes. Hei patu
moku, to strike me with — a form similar to hei patu i
^ au.
SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, <&0. 159
Note. — Occasionally no sign of case will follow the active
verb — ( 1) When the yerb is preceded by such auxiliaries as taea,
pan, taihoa, &c. ; e.g, e kore e taea e ahau te hopu tena poaka,
4f oannct he aoooTnplished hy me (I mean) the catching that
S^ig ; or, e koree taea tena pookas an, te hopv,, (2) When
the verb is preceded by the particle met or by the prepositions
na and m^a; e.g. w>e hopa te poaka e koe, th^ pig mtigt he
•caught hy you ; naka i hopa tena, the having caught that (pig)
9va8 mine. To this rale exceptions are sometimes heard.
Nefiiter Verbs will sometimes take an accusative
<5ase of the noun proper to their own signification ;
e.g. E karakia ana i tana karakia, he is praying his
prayers, E kakahu ana i ona, he is garmenting his
clothes ; i,e, is putting them on.
Note. — Considerable variation will be found in the preposi-
tions which follow such verbs as heoi, ka tahi, &c. ; e.g, Heoi
ano te koti pai nou, the only good coat is yours, Ka tahi ano
te koti pai, nou, idem. Manawa to tangata korero teka, he
pakeha (Taranaki), a Muropean is the greatest person for telling
falsehoods. Ka tahi ano taka tangata kino, ko hoe (or hi a
koe, or hei a koe). Ka tahi ano tenei huarahi ka takahia ki a
koe, you are the first person who has trodden this path If it
had been e koe, the meaning would have been, you now for the
Jint time walk this road. Often, also, the preposition will be
omitted, and the noun put into the nominative ; e.g. Noho
rawa atu he whenua ke, settled in a foreign land. Ka whaka-
moea atu he tangata ke, given in tnarriage to another man,
Te huihuinga mai o Mokau, o whea, o whea, ko te W hero where,
the mtisterings of Mokau, &c. &c. are to Wherowhero, i,e.
Wherowhero is the grand object of interest.
Between i and ki, when following neuter verbs or
adjectives, there is often a considerable difference;
e.g. Mate ki, desirous of ; mate ^, killed hy, Kaha i
lie kino, stronger than sin, i,e, overcoming it ; kaha
M te kino, strong in sinning ; ngakau kore ki tana
kupu, disinclined to, &c.; ngakau kore i, discouraged
by.
Foreigners ofter err in the use of these and other
prepositions ; e.g, I a ia A;i rei^a, while he was there ;
it should be % reira. E aha ana ia ki reira 1 What is
lie doing there ? it should be i reira. Kati hi kona ;
160 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C.
m
it should be t kona. E mea ana ahau kia kai % te
Onewhero, / am thinking of taking a meal at One-
uhero ; it should be, Id te Onewhero. Hei a wai
ranei te pono ) hei a Maihi renei, hei a Pita ranei \
with whom is the truth f with Marsh or with Peter J
it should be, / a wai, <kc. He aha te tikanga o taua
knpu nei kei a Matiu ? what is the meaning of tJiat
expression in Matthew ? it should be t a Matiu.
Again — Kahore he mea no te kainga nei hei kai,
there is nothing in this settlement /or food) it should
be o te kainga nei. Enei kupu no te pukapuka,
these words of the hook ; it should be te pukapuka.
Ko nga mea katoa no waho, all the things oiUside /
it should be waho. He kahore urupa o Kawhia i
kawea mai ai ki konei ? Was there no grave ii>
Kawhia, that you brought him here 1 it should be iVo*
Kawhia. Again — he mea tiki i toku whare, a thing-
fetched from my house. The meaning of this, as it
stands, is " a thing to fetch my house ;" it should be
7io toku whare, as in the foU owing proverb : " He
toka hapai mai no nga whenua.'' In constructions-
like these the agent will take either e or na before it,.
but most frequently the latter. In some tribes to the^
southward of Waikato the following form is iix
common use : — He pakeke ou, yours are hardnesses,
i.e, you ai*e a hard person. He makariri oku i te-
anu, / have colds from the cold (air). The singular
forms tou and toku are mostly used in Waikato, or
the preposition nou ; e.g, he pakeke nou, and maka-
liri noku, or toku.
Prepositions are sometimes used where a foreigner
would expect a verbal particle ; e.g, Kei te takoto a
Hone, John is lying down, I te mate ahau, / wa^
poorly, iVo te tarai ahau i tena wahi, / have been,
hoeing that place. This form belongs chiefly to
Ngapuhi. Ka tae te pakeke o te oneone nei ! kahore i-
te kohatu ! How hard this soil is ! it is not at a stone,.
t.e. it is like a stone. Kahore ahau i te kite, / don^t
be)'
SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C. 161
9^. This last form is used cliiefly in the districts
fiouthward of Waikato.
Adverbs » — Most of the adverbs will (as was observed,
page 84) assume the form of the word with which they
are connected; e.g. Rapt^ mari^, rapi^a marietta,
rapuTZ^a majcietanga, &c. In some districts, however,
they will assume the form of the verbal noun, after
the passive voice ; e.g. Bapua m&rietanga. Instances
will also occasionally be found, in all parts of the island,
in which they undergo no change ; e.g. Whiua pena,
throw it in that direction. Whiua penatia is, throw it
in that rnann^r.
Negative Adverbs. — Most of these will, when in con-
nection with the verb, take a verbal particle before
or after them ; e.g. Hore rawa kia pai ; kahore i pai,
or (sometimes) kahore e pai ; kihai ^* pai ; e kore
e pai ; aua e haere, kiano i haere noa, e hara i a au,
U is not mine, or, it is dijferetit from me (i.e. it was
not I), &c.
Kihai i and kahore i are most frequently used
indifferently one for the other. An experienced
speaker will, however, we think, sometimes notice
points of difference, and particularly that kihai i is
most frequently employed when reference is made to
an act previous to a past act, and kahore i when
some allusion is made to the present time. Thus, in
the following sentence, " Nau i kai nga kai kihai nei
i tika kia kainga e te mea noa," we should prefer
kahore nei i to denote which was n^t, and is not, lawful
to be eaten by a person not tapu. In Waikato, haunga
with kahore sometimes governs a genitive case ; e.g.
Kahore haunga o tena. Kahore, when it takes a
possessive case after it, will require it to be in the
^ Some foreigners, we observe, omit the •' after kihai when it immediately
follows it. That this error, however, arises from the i being blended intc
the ai of kihai in the pronmiciation is clear from its being distinctly heard
when a word intervenes to prevent elision, as in the following example : —
Kihai ahau i pai.
12
162 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, <feO.
plural number, e.y, Kahore aku moui, / Jiave no moneys
lit. there is a uegativeness of mj moneys. So also the
particle m, vide page 91.
In answering a question, the answer will always be
regulated by the way in which the question is put,
■e.g. Kahore i pai "l ae ; Was he not vnlling ? Yes ; i.e.
Yes, he was not willing. If the answer was intended
to be affirDiative, the speaker would have said " I pai
ano."
'1
FINIS.
TESTIMONIALS TO THE FIEST EDITION.
The author cannot conclude without returning many acknow-
ledgments to those kind friends who have encouraged and
assisted him in the prosecution of this work. The following
favourable notices from some of their communications are
here submitted to the reader's inspection : —
" For the purpose of advancing towards a more correct and
idiomatic knowledge of the Maori, I have found, and do dai]j
find, its assistance quite invaluable. Your exertions to supply
a deficiency which was keenly felt by every student of the
Maori tongue cannot fail to be highly appreciated, both here
and at home." — W, Martin, Esq,, Chief J'tistice of New Zea-
land,
" It is the only work that has ever been published that is
calculated to give a sound and critical knowledge of Maori.
I have constant reference to it in the publication of the Maori
Gazette ^ and at all times find it an invaluable assistant." —
George darkey Esq., Aboriginal Protector,
'* To allow you to suffer loss by the publication of your
valuable grammar would be to suffer our justice to be called
in question." — Uev, A, N. Brown, sen.. Church Missionary of
the Southern district,
" I wish you could afford to carry on your work to another
part, and take in prosody, the native waiatas, proverbs, &c. ;
but I must not dictate. You have done well, and your work
deserves the praise and encouragement of every one who feels
an interest in the natives and their language." — Rev. J.
IVhitely, sen., Wesley an Missionary of the Southern District.
" I think you deserve great credit for your performance, and
am sure that when the language is more known you will hear
it. May I thank you to set my name down as a subscriber for
twenty copies of the whole work." — Rev, O, Hadfield, sen..
Church Missionary of the Port Nicholson District.
Walker, May, and Co., Printers, 9 MackiUop-street, Melbourne.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
BELATING TO
^.-gM Maori mm and to Hew Zealand,
^\ OK SALE AT
^^^^oROlj^. G. LENNOX'S Gate Wayte's),
l/^m;^ 100 QUEEN-STREET, AUCKLAND, N.Z.
WILLIAMS'S MAORI DICTIONARY, 128. 6d.
FIRST LESSONS IN THE MAORI LAN-
GUAGE, 3s. 6d.
KORBRO MAORI, FIRST LESSONS IN MAORI CON-
VERSATION, Is.
DAVIS'S MAORI LESSON BOOK, Is.
WILLIE'S FIRST LESSON BOOK, in two parts, 2a. 6d,
each.
LIFE AND TIMES OF PATUONE, THE CELEBRATED-
NGAPUHI CHIEF, by C. O. Davis, 2a
REMINISCENCES OF THE WAR IN NEW ZEALAND,
by Thos. W. GudgeoD, with 12 portraits, 12s. 6d.
THE NATURAL WONDERS OF NEW ZEALAND : ITS
BOILING LAKES, BURNING MOUNTAINS, &c., with
Map, 4s. 6d.
THE THERMAL SPRINGS OF NEW ZEALAND : a Book
of Beautifal Engravings from Photographs, 2s. 6d.
THE ILLUSTRATED NEW ZEALAND BEE MANUAL,
forming a Complete Guide to Modern Bee Culture, by
J. Hopkins, 2s. 6d.
FERNS WHICH GROW IN NEW ZEALAND AND THE
ADJACENT ISLES, plainly described, 28.
THE FERNS AND FERN ALLIES OF NEW ZEALANP,
with Instructions for their Collection, &c., by Geo. M.
Thomson, F.L.S., 12s. 6d.
NEW GUIDE TO THE LAKES AND HOT SPRINGS, AND
A MONTH IN HOT WATER, by Thorpe Talbot, Is.
POENAMO: SKETCHES OF THE EARLY DAYS OF NEW
ZEALAND— THE ROMANCE AND REALITY OF
ANTIPODEAN LIFE, Ts. 6d.
WAITARUN A : A STORY OF NEW ZEALAND LIFE, by
Alex. Bathgate, 68. 6d.
MANUAL OF THE. BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND, by W. L.
Buller, F.R.S., beautifully illustrated, 10s. /^rr
^
r
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11