Full text of "The illustrated history of the Centennial exhibition : held in commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of American independence : with a full description of the great buildings and all the objects of interest exhibited in them ... to which is added a complete description of the city of Philadelphia"

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UNIVERSITY

OF PITTSBURGH

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THIS BOOK PRESENTED BY

J. Badovinac

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FROM THE ART SALLERY.^CENTENlflAL EXKIBITICTT.

iUJj

it-

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

OF THE

Centennial Exhibition,

HELD IN COMMEMORATION

THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.

WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF

THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OF
INTEREST EXHIBITED IN THEM,

EMBRACING ALSO

A Concise History of the Origin and Success of the Exhibition, und Biographies of the
Leading Members of the CcDtennial Cominissioa,

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.
BY JAMES D. McCABE,

author of th.'j "ckxtkxxial hfstorv of the united states,"
"pathways of the holy land," etc., etc.

EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS OF BUILDINGS AND SCENES

IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION.

Issueo by subscription only, and not for sale in the book stores Residents of any State desiriut
a copy should address the Publishers, and an Agent will caiL u^n th«m. See page 875.

PUBLISHED BY

THE Jn"ATIO]S"AL PUBLISHIJ^G COMPANY.

Philadelphia, Pa., Chicago, III., and St. Louis, Mo.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C-

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by

J. :ei. J-OIsTES,

In the OflHce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C-

VIKW iiN 'I'JIK MAIN liUJI.DiiNG, SIKJW iNG THE .SPANISH, KG Yl'tlAN ANJ) DANISH GGUKTS.

^ ^

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PREFACE.

■4 o » • >

HE close of the first century of American Inde-
pendence naturally called for some extraor-
^ dinary and imposing commemoration of the
great event ; and when it was proposed to cele-
brate it by an International Exhibition, in which the
American Republic should display to the world tlie
triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace
during its first century of national existence, and in
which these triumphs should be compared in friendly
rivalry with those of other and older nations, there
was a general and cordial response of a^Dproval from
the entire country. Out of this sentiment the Inter-
national Centennial Exhibition was born. Foreign
nations entered cordially into the competition to which
they were invited, and the enterprise was carried for-
ward to completion with the most gratifying energy
and promptness.

The International Centennial Exhibition was r
grand success. It surmounted its early difficulties and
delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the
beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by it»'

4 PREFACE.

positive and overwhelming success as compared with
the previous great Exhibitions of the world.

It is a success of which the American people have
especial cause to be proud, for it was entirely their
work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe
were the work of the governments of the countries in
which they were held, and were fostered with the great-
est care, and every resource of the state was placed at
their disposal to insure success. The Centennial
Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor
by the American Government, which withheld its aid
until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced
it to come forward and do its share in the w^ork. The
Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people
of the United States, conceived by them, carried for-
ward to its close by them, and made by them the
grandest success of the century.

The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of
our people in their beautiful Exhibition. Thousands
came from all parts of the Union, and yet other
thousands from abroad, to visit the great Exhibition,
and all these went away with the acknowledgment
that, great as their expectations were, they were more
than realized.

Believing that such would be the interest of the
American people in the Exhibition, the author began
at an early day the preparation of this work, in which
he has sought to present to the reader not only the
history of the great enterprise, from its inception down

PREFACE. 5

to its close, but at the same time to give to him a life-
like picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights
and attractions. Apart from his other labors, he
visited every portion of the Exhibition in person,
note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record
faithfully and accurately the various features and
incidents of the great fair which seem to him most
likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. He
ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task,
and that the work will be found of use and interest
by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for
themselves the beautiful and instructive display de-
scribed herein, as w^ell as by the thousands who could
not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Ex-
hibition only by the reports that reach them through
their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit
chiefly the author has written these pages, in which
he has endeavored to enable them to become familiar
with the Exhibition without either the expense or
trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed
that those who visited the- Exhibition w^ill find a
perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Ex-
hibition was a W'Orld within itself, and the visitor
entering its portals was plunged at once into the
midst of so much that w:as beautiful, novel, and at-
tractive that he w^as bewildered. A thorough study
of this eighth wonder of the world through the
medium of some systematic and carefully prepared
account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to tlio

6 PREFACE.

intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered
him in this work.

Those who saw the Exhibition will^ it is believed,
admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented,
whatever they may think of the manner in which
the work is executed.

The engravings in this work have been prepared
especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient
to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Yan In gen
& Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York,
and other well-known houses.

Jas. D. McCabe.

Philadelphia,

December 4th, 1876.

6 PREFACE.

intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered
him in this work.

Those who saw the Exhibition will^ it is believed,
admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented,
whatever they may think of the manner in which
the work is executed.

The engravings in this work have been prepared
especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient
to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Yan Ingen
& Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York,
and other well-known houses.

Jas. D. McCabe.

Philadelphia,

December 4th, 1876.

TllK CENTRAL AISLE OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING.

1. Steel Portrait of George Washinsjtnn Frontispiece.

2. Signing the Declaration of IndepenJeuce by the Conti- ■ "

nental Congress, July 4th, 1776 "

3. ^fain Building of the International Centennial Exhibition

4. View in the Main Exhibition Building, showing the Spanish, Egyptian

and Danish Courts i -

5. Main Entrance to Exhibition Grounds ■

6. Agricultural Hall — International Exhibition , •

7. Scene in Agricultural Hall,' showing the Tobacco Exhibit '

• 8. Memorial Building or Art Gallery — International Exhibition

9. Machinery Hall — International Exhibition

10. Yiew in Agricultural Hall, showing the Brazilian Exhibits ' ■

11. Horticultural Hall — International Exhibition

12. Ceremonies at opening of the Exhibition

13. General View of the Interior of Main Building

14. Food Fishes of the Sea — Exhibited in the United States Govern-

ment Building

15. Grangers' Centennial Encampment

16. Main Aisle in Agricultural Hall, showing the Old Windmill,

etc

17. Yiew at Ninth and Chestnut Streets

18. "William Penn PAGE 18

19. Penn's Treaty Monument 19

20. Penn laying out the plan of Philadelphia 21

21. Monkey House, Zoological Gardens 23

22. Market Street below Seventh 26

23. Ninth and Market Streets 27

24. Declaration of Independence proclaimed in Philadelphia 28

25. Lippincott's Building ii9

26. Market Street above Eighth .♦ 30

27. Corner of Market and Sixth Streets 32

28. Bingham House 33

29. The house in which the Declaration of Independence was written 34

8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

80. Market Street above Seventh PAGE 35

31. National Publishing Company's Building 36

32. Christ Church in 1776 37

33. Young Men's Christian Association Ihiilding 39

34. Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company's Building, Chestnut

Street 40

35. Carpenter's Hall 42

36. Independence Hall in 1776 43

37. Provident Life and Trust Company 44

38. Chestnut Street below Third 45

39. Chestnut Street above Sixth 46

40. Post-Office 48

41. Independence Hall, Philadelphia, in 1876 50

42. Interior of Independence Hall 51

43. Old Bell of Independence Hall 53

44. Public Ledger Building 54

45. German Democrat Building 55

46. Guy's Hotel 56

47. Old Masonic Temple, Chestnut Street 57

48. Continental Hotel 58

49. Girard House 59

50. Chestnut Street at Twelfth 60

51. A Chestnut Street Dry-Goods Store 61

52. Colonnade Hotel 63

53. Chestnut Street Bridge over the Schuylkill, Philadelphia 64

54. Merchants' Exchange 65

55. Eesidence of George W. Childs, Walnut Street 67

56. Corner of Arch and Sixth Streets 69

57. Benjamin Franklin 70

58. St. Cloud Hotel 71

59. Arch Street Methodist Church 72

60. Beth-Eden Baptist Church - 74

61. Horticultural Hall 75

62. Academy of Music ''6

63. Union League Club House 81

64. La Pierre House 82

65. The New Public Buildings 83

66. The National Museum in Independence Hall 83

67. New Masonic Temple 85

68. Aviary, Zoological Gardens 91

69. Moonlight on the Beach at Cape May— Branch of the Pennsylvania

Railroad 94

70. Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul 97

71. Gethsemane Baptist Church. • 99

72. The Old Swedes' Church 101

73. Central Congregational Church 103

74. University of Pennsylvania 106

75. Girard College • 108

76. Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo Ill

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 9

77. Mercantile Library tage 112

78. Baptist Board of Publication, Cliestnut Street 115

79. Academy of Natural Sciences 116

80. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Chestnut Street 120

81. Philadelphia County Prison 122

82. View of the Schuylkill from Laurel Hill, showing the Falls Bridge. 125

83. View of Fairmount Water Works , 127

84. Steamship Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad on the Delaware

River 130

85. Fairmount Bridge 1.34

86. View above the Dam, Fairmount 136

87. Girard Avenue Bridge 138

88. Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge, Fairmount Park 140

89. The Battle of Gerraantown— Chew's House 141

90. A Germantown Villa ! 142

91. The Schuylkill, at Philadelphia 145

92. Bear Pits in the Zoological Garden 146

93. Fountain near Mineral Spring, Lemon Hill 147

94. Monument to Abraham Lincoln in Fairmount Park, Philadelpiiia 148

95. East Terrace, Lemon Hill, Fairmount Park 150

96. Glen Fern, Wissahickon 152

97. Schuylkill Bluff, Fairmount Park ,. 153

98. The Hermit's Well 155

99. The Wissahickon 157

100. Hemlock Glen on the Wissahickon 159

101. Entrance to Fairmount Park at Egglesfield 160

102. Fairmount Park from the Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge 162

103. Drinking-Fountain on the AVissahickon 163

104. Columbia Bridge over the Schuylkill, from the Rustic B/id ;e in the

AVest Park 168

105. The Drive— Wissahickon 172

106. Elephant House, Zoological Gardens 174

107. The AVissahickon at Chestnut Hill 177

108. On the Wissahickon 180

109. Drive in Fairmount Park 184

no. On the AVissahickon Drive 186

111. Restaurant in the Zoological Gardens 189

112. Bridge over the AAlssahickon at A'alley Green 191

113. Bridge over AVissahickon, near Mount Airy 207

114. Centennial Medal— Reverse 212

115. Centennial Medal — Obverse 213

116. Carnivora Building, Zoological Gardens 214

117. Monster Pines, AVest Park 215

lis. View from Belmont, AA^est Park : 219

119. Building of the New York ^lutual Life Insurance Company 222

120. Ravine in AVestern Park, Sweetbriar Vale 225

121. John AVanamaker's New Clothing House, Market Street 220

122. Scene near Tyrone, on the Pennsylvania Railroad 232

123. Scene at AUegrippas, Pennsylvania Railroad 242

10 LIST OF illustrations;

124. The Horse-Shoe Curve, Pennsylvania Railroad page 247

125. Track Tank, Pennsylvania Railroad 249

126. Block Signal Station, Pennsylvania Railroad 252

127. Bryn Mawr Station, Pennsylvania Railroad 256

128. Bryn Mawr Hotel, Pennsylvania Railroad 264

129. Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Altoona 270

130. Interior of a Parlor Car, Pennsylvania Railroad 274

131. Central Dome, Vienna Exposition Building 278

132. Chester Valley, near Philadelphia, as seen from the Pennsylvania

Railroad 282

133. Scene on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia 291

134. The Globe Hotel, opposite entrance to Main Building 297

135. Transcontinental Hotel, opposite ^fain Building 298

136. The United States Hotel, near the Main Exhibition Building.. 299

137. Grand Exposition Hotel 301

138. Centennial Depot, Pennsylvania Railroad, opposite Machinery Hall. 307

139. Doyle's Restaurant 311

140. Centennial Depot of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad , 314

141. Bird's-Eye View of the Centennial Buildings, Fairmount Park, Phila-

delphia 319

142. The Roman Catholic Centennial Fountain 326

143. Statue of Liberty to be erected in Independence Square 328

144. Main Building of the International Centennial Exhibition, Phila-

delphia, 1876 334

145. Delaware State Building 340

146. Connecticut State Building.... 343

147. Ohio State Building • 347

148. Massachusetts State Building 353

149. New York State Building 357

150. Studio of the National Photographic Company 362

151. New Jersey State Building '. 370

152. Colorado and Kansas State Buildii^g 376

153. Arkansas State Building 380

154. The Book Trade Exhibit— Showing J. B. Lippincott & Co.'s Case.... 385

155. The Colosseum, Southeast Corner Broad and Locust Streets 391

156. Eastern Entrance to the Swedish Court 404

157. Entrance to the Spanish Court 409

158. Entrance to the Egyptian Court 412

159. Entrance to the Brazilian Court 422

160. The Spanish Building 428

161. Machinery Hall — International Exhibition 436

162. The Corliss Engine in Machinery Hall 439

163. Cook's World's Ticket Offices, Centennial Grounds 451

164. The German Restaurant -. T. 462

165. Agricultural Hall 471

166. The Carriage Building 47G

167. Interior of Agricultural Hall 484

168. Horticultural Building 508

169. Stairway in Horticultural Hall 511

10 LIST OF illustrations;

124. The Horse-Shoe Curve, Pennsylvania Railroad page 247

125. Track Tank, Pennsylvania Railroad • 249

12G. Block Signal Station, Pennsylvania Railroad 252

127. Bryn Mawr Station, Pennsylvania Railroad 256

128. Bryn Mawr Hotel, Pennsylvania Railroad 264

129. Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Altoona 270

130. Interior of a Parlor Car, Pennsylvania Railroad 274

131. Central Dome, Vienna Exposition Building 278

132. Chester Valley, near Philadelphia, as seen from the Pennsylvania

Railroad 282

133. Scene on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia 291

134. The Globe Hotel, opposite entrance to Main Building 297

135. Transcontinental Hotel, opposite :Main Building 298

136. The United States Hotel, near the Main Exhibition Building 29§

137. Grand Exposition Hotel 301

138. Centennial Depot, Pennsylvania Railroad, opposite Machinery Hall. 307

139. Doyle's Restaurant 311

140. Centennial Depot of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad 314

141. Bird's-Eye View of the Centennial Buildings, Fairmount Park, Phila-

delphia 319

142. The Roman Catholic Centennial Fountain 326

143. Statue of Liberty to be erected in Independence Square 328

144. Main Building of the International Centennial Exhibition, Phila-

delphia, 1876 334

145. Delaware State Building... • 340

146. Connecticut State Building 343

147. Ohio State Building • 347

148. Massachusetts State Building 3o3

149. New York State Building •• 357

150. Studio of the National Photographic Company 362

151. New Jersey State Building 370

152. Colorado and Kansas State Buildii^g 376

153. Arkansas State Building 380

154. The Book Trade Exhibit— Showing J. B. Lippincott & Co.'s Case.... 385

155. The Colosseum, Southeast Corner Broad and Locust Streets 391

156. Eastern Entrance to the Swedish Court 404

157. Entrance to the Spanish Court 409

158. Entrance to the Egyptian Court 412

159. Entrance to the Brazilian Court 422

160. The Spanish Building 428

161. Machinery Hall— International Exhibition 436

162. The Corliss Engine in Machinery Hall 439

163. Cook's World's Ticket Offices, Centennial Grounds 451

164. The German Restaurant 462

165. Agricultural Hall 471

166. The Carriage Building 470

167. Interior of Agricultural Hall.... 484

168. Horticultural Building 508

169. Stairway in Horticultural Hall 511

FOOD FISHES OF THE SEA — EXHIBITED IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IT

170. The Forcing-House, Horticultural Hall PAGE 512

171. Memorial Hall or Art Gallery 519

172. Eagle used in ornamentation of Memorial Hall 521

173. Italian Statuary in the Annex to the Art Gallery 534

174. Photographic Art Gallery 541

175. United States Government Building 546

176. Post Hospital of the United States Army 586

177. "Women's Pavilion, International Centennial Exhibition 590

178. Pennsylvania State Building 600

179. Maryland State Building ,.... 602

180. The British Buildings 608

181. Building of the German Empire .., 611

1S2. Swedish School-House .'..613

183. The Japanese Dwelling 615

184. The Judges' Hall 619

185. Grand American Eestaurant 621

186. The Southern Restaurant 622

187. Restaurant of the Trois Freres Provengeaux 623

188. The Shoe and Leather Building 626

189. Building of the Department of Public Comfort 630

190. Singer Sewing Machine Building 633

191. The Empire Transj)ortatiou Company's Building 636

192. Building of the Campbell Press Company 638

193. The American Xews])aper Building 641

194. General J. R. Hawley, President of the U. S. Centennial Commission... 650

195. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance 654

196. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition 655

197. Professor J. L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial

Commission 65S

198. General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of

Revenue 658

199. Abbe Bolt Forging Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 660

200. The New Post-Office, Philadelphia 662

201. The Wisconsin State Building mh

202. Women's Centennial Concert Garden, Broad Street 670

203. Boat Houses of the Schuylkill Navy 674

204. Commodore James M. Ferguson 679

205. The Baldwin Narrow-Gauge Locomotive, used by the West-End Rail-

way in the Exhibition Grounds 682

206. The Ice-Yacht, exhibited in Machinery Hall 683

207. The Sellers Slotting Machine, in Machinery Hall 685

208. Johnson's Type Casting Machine, in Machinery Hall 687

209. The Sellers Hydrostatic Wheel-Press, in Machinery Hall 689

210. "The Death of the Elk"— Swedish Group in the Main Building 691

211. Brayton's Hydro-Carbon Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 692

212. Group of Paim Trees in Horticultural Hall 694

213. Dead-Stroke Power Hammer, in Machinery Hall 696

214. Sevres Vase, in Memorial Hall 699

215. The Vintage Festival, by Alma Tadema, in Memorial Hall 702

12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

216. Langen Otto Gas Motor, exhibited in the German Section of Machinery

Hall :.PAGE 704

217. Flowers' Centennial Oil-Cup, exhibited in Machinery Hall 708

218. Carved East Indian Furniture, in the Main Building 709

'219. Machinery Section, Agricultural Hall 711

220. Four-Cylinder Soap-Making Machine, exhibited in the French Section,

Machinery Hall 712

221. Interior of Rotunda of Memorial Hall 714

222. "Aquometer" Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall 715

223. Department of Printing Machinery in Machinery Hall 717

224. Becker's "Rizpah Protecting the Bodies of her Sons," in Memorial

. Hall 719

225. Combination Wood Worker, exhibited in Machinery Hall 720

226. Eastman Johnson's "Old Kentucky Home," in Memorial Hall... 722

227. Garlandal's Air-Cooler and Purifying Apparatus, exhibited in Ma-

chinery Hall ■... 723

228. The Stevens Parallel Vise, exhibited in Machinery Hall 724

229. The Italian Department, Agricultural Hall 726

230. Slotting Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery Hall... 727

231. The Sewing Machine Section, Machinery Hall 729

232. Chambers, Bro. & Co.'s Archimedean Brick Machine, exhibited in

Machinery Hall 730

233. Power Punching Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery

Hall 731

234. Dreaming lolanthe, in Butter, in the Women's Pavilion ' 733

235. " Dug-Out" from British Columbia, in the United States Government

Building 734

236. Steam Hammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery Hall.... 736

237. Ferris & Miles' Shaping Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 738

238. Totem-Post, from Haidahs, Queen Charlotte Islands, in the United

States Government Building 739

239. " Diana." Figure in Terra-Cotta, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in

the Main Building 742

240. "Psyche." Figure in Terra-Cotta, exhibited by Galloway & Graff,

in the Main Building 744

241. View of the Interior of the Glass Works 745

242. Chinese Pagoda, in the Main Building 746

243. Kiosk of Stuffed Birds, exhibited in the Main Building 748

244. Patent Folding Bed, exhibited in the Main Building 750

245. The Whitmore Portable Steam-Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall. 752

246. Perforated Veneer Seats 754

247. View of Section of Fish Exhibit, United States Government Building. 756

248. " The Century Vase," exhibited* by the Gorham Company in the

Main Building 757

249. British Museum Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff. 7^19

250. Tumbler Drainer, and Water-Jet, exhibited by Charles Lippiucott &

Co., in Machinery Hall 761

251. Palmer Power Spring-Hammer, exhibited in Machinery Hall 763

252. Exhibit of Seeds in Agricultural Hall 767

CEREMONIES AT THE OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

QENERAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE MAIN liUILDING.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S. 13

253. Ticket-Office of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in the Exhibition

Grounds page 770

254. Soda Fountain, exhibited by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery

Hall 774

255. J.npanese Bronze Vase, in the Main Building 776

256. Baugh's Sectional Mill for Hard Substances, exhibited in Machinery

Hall 779

257. Liberian Ivory Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hall 781

258. Malachite Mantel and Ornaments, exhibited in the Russian Section,

Main Building ". 783

259. Weimer's Suspended Hot-Blast Stove, exhibited in Machinery Ilall.. 785

260. The " \Varwick Vase," exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main

Building 787

261. Weimer & Birkenbine's Furnace Charger, exhibited in Machinery

Hall 788

262. The Twiss Vertical Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 789

263. Terra-Cctta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main

Building 792

264. Theorell's Printing Meteorograi)h, exhibited in the Swedish School-

House 793

265. Mammoth California Grape Vine, in Agricultural Hall 796

266. Centennial Award Medal (Obverse) 798

267. Centennial Award Medal (Reverse). ;.... ; 799

268. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building. 803

269. Patent Car Coupler, exhibited in Machinery Hall 805

270. Blank Books, exhibited by W. F. Murphy's Sons, Philadelphia, in

the Main Building 807

271. The Aquaria, Agricultural Hall 809

272. Alcott's Turbine Wheel, exhibited in Machinery Hall 811

273. Steam Hammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery Hall 814

274. Portuguese Government Building.. # 816

275. View of the Looms, Machinery Hall 818

276. Rhode Island State Building 820

277. Gregg's Impact Brick Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 822

278. Liberian Coffee Huller, exhibited in Agricultural Hall 823

279. "Keystone Soda Water Apparatus," exhibited by Charles Lippincott

& Co., in Machinery Hall 825

280. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited in the Main Building 826

281. Silver Bas-Relief Plaque, Repousse, exhibited by the Gorham Co 828

282. Ornamental Pagoda, in the Chinese Section, Main Building 829

283. Mississippi State Building 831

284. Communion Service, " Gorham Plate," exhibited by the Gorham

Manufacturing Company, in the Main Building 833

285. Drum Roller Printing Press, exhibited by Cottrell & Babcock 835

286. The Runquist Oscillating Governor, exhibited in Machinery Hall.... 836

287. Silver Flower Vase, Repousse Work, exhibited by the Gorham Co... 837

288. Wagner's Chariot Race, in Memorial Hall 838

289. Makart's "Venice doing Homage to Catharine Cornaro," in Mem-

orial Hall 841

14 LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS.

290. Gillinder & Sons' Glass Works in the Exhibition Grounds...... PAGE 843

291. Upright Drilling Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 846

292. Brazilian Government Building • 847

293. "Old Virginia" Building 848

294. Philadelphia City Building 850

295. French Burr Mill, in Machinery Hall 853

296. Steam-Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall 854

297. Conelly's Statue of Thetis, in Memorial Hall 855

298. Embroidered Screen, exhibited in the Chinese Section, Main Building. 856

299. Vermont State Building '. 858

300. The New England Log Cabin and Modern Kitchen 859

301. Planing Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 860

302. Eadial Drill, exhibited in Machinery Hall 861

303. Liberian Coffee Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hall 864

304. Screw-Cutting Lathe, exhibited in Machinery Hall 867

305. Peacock's Feather, containing tlie famous "Brunswick" Diamond,

and over 600 Small Diamonds 869

306. China Vases >...•• 871

307. China Vases 872

308. Centennial Award Medal •• 873

309. Interior View of the Kansas and Colorado Building...

310. General View of the Interior of Machinery Hall

311. The Hydraulic Basin, in Machinery Hall

312. View of the Interior of the Women's Pavilion

313. Interior of the United States Government Building

314. Interior of the Brazilian Court, in the Main Building

315. General View of the Interior of Horticultural Hall

316. The Chinese Court, in the Main Building

317. Exhibit of Garden Seed, in Agricultural Hall

318. Ornamental Vase and Flowers, exhibited in Main Building

319. "Exhibition Vase," exhibited in Main Building

320. The Starch Pavilion, in Agricultural Hall

321. General View of the Interior of Agricultural Hall

322. Pagoda and Group of Vases, in the Chinese Section

323. Japanese Temple in Bronze, Main Building

324. Silver Pitcher, exhibited by the Gorham Co

325. Solid Silver Salver, exhibited by the Gorham Co. Value $3,000

326. Show-Cases in the Chinese Department, Main Building

327. Group of Vases, exhibited in the Chinese Section

328. Bronze Vase, exhibited in the Japanese Section

329. Principal Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad, West Philadelphia..,

330. Improved Stop Cylinder Press, exhibited in Machinery Hall

ftENERAI. VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF MACHINERY HALIi.

THE HYDRAULIC BASIN, IN MACHINERY HALL.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. — HISTOEICAL.

Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn — His. Treaty with the Indians
— Original Plan of the City — Growth of the City — The Revolution —
Occupation by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia —
Its Banking Interests — Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The
Centennial Census — Population of Philadelphia 17

CHAPTER II.

PHILADELPHIA IX 1876.

Location of Philadelphia — Size of the City — Its Regularity — Materials
used in Building the Houses — "The City of Homes" — Philadelphia
Houses — Mr. Kortwright's Statistics — The Public Squares — Market
Street — The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written
— The National Publishing Company's Building — Second Street — Christ
Church — Chestnut Street — A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter's Hall
— The Continental Congress — The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom
• House — The Post-Office — Independence Hall— The Fashionable Prom-
enade—Noted Buildings— The Hotels— The Continental— The United
States :Mint— Walnut Street— The Merchants' Exchange— The Commer-
cial Exchange— An Interesting Site — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia
& Reading Railroad Buildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission —
The Abode of W^ealth and Fashion— Arch Street— The Grave of Frank-
lin—Handsome Churches — Broad Street — The Baltimore Depot — Penn-
sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Academy of Music — The
Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public Buildings — The
Masonic Temple — Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Railroad Depot —
Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank— Old Churches. 24

• 15

lo CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 — CONCLUDED.

Steam Railroads— Their Depots and Ticket Offices— Steamship Lines—
The Piiihidelpliia Markets— Prominent Ciiurches— Cathedral— The
oldest Presbyterian and Roman Catholic Ciiurches — TJie old Swedes'
Church — The Public Schools — University of Pennsylvania— The Medi-
cal Colleges— Girard College— The Philadelphia Library— Mercantile
Library— Ridgway Library— Academy of Natural Sciences— Learned
Societies— The Zcol ogical Gardens— Benevolent Institutions— The Penn-
sylvania Hospital— Insane Asylum— Naval Asylum— Prisons— House of

Correction — Places of Amusement — Cemeteries — Newspapers — Banks

Gas and Water— Street Railways— The Water Front— The Delaware
Shore— Port Richmond— The Coal Wharves— Ship Yards— Camden-
Smith's and Windmill Islands— Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad—
The American Steamship Line — The Old Navy Yard— Greenwich Point
—League Island— The Navy Y.ird- Fort ^lifflin— A Reminiscence of
the Revolution— The Schuylkill River— The Bridges- The Fairmount
and Girard Avenue Bridges— The finest Bridge in America— West
Philadelphia— Germantown— Manufactures and Commerce 92

CHAPTER iV.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Dimensions of the Park— Its History— Improvements— Old Fairmount
and Lemon Hill — View from the Hill— The Waterworks— The Art
Gallery — The Lincoln Monument — Lemon Hill — Reminiscences of
Robert Morris— Sedgeley Park— The River Road— The East Park—
The Storage Reservoir— Old Country-seats — ]\Iount Pleasant— Arnold's
Home — Fort St. David's — The Wissahickon — Romantic Scenery — The
Hotels— The Hermit's Well— The Mystics— Washington's Rock— The
Monastery— The West Park— Solitude— The Zoological Gardens— The
Grounds of the Centennial Exhibition — Lansdowne — George's Hill —
Belmont— Judge Peters — The Sawyer Observatory— How to Reach
tlie Park I44

CHAPTER V. •

THE HISTORY OF THE. CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

The First Proposals for the Exhibition— Initiatory Measures— Action of
the City Councils of Philadelphia— The Memorial to Congress— The Act
of Incorporation— Appointment of the Centennial Commission— Creation
of the Board of Finance— Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia-
Donation of the Exhibition Grounds— The Formal Transfer— Proclama-
tion of the President of the United States— The Invitation to Foreign

co2ste:nts. 17

Powers — The Law for tlie Free Entry of Exhibitors' Goods — The General
Government Takes Part in the Exhibition — TJie Ground Broken, July
4lh, 1874 — Plans of the Commission — Circulars of the Director-General
— Regulations for Exhibitors — Order of tlie Treasury Department —
Work of the Board of Finance — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue
— Its Successful Work — Sale of Medals — Appropriations by Pennsyl-
vania and Pliiladelphia — Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition —
Report of tlie Board of Finance — Action of the States — Appropriations
by Foreign Governments — Congress Appropriates a Million and a Half
to the Exliibition — Tiiird Annual Report of the Board of Finance —
Reception of Goods — Completion of the "Work — Tiie System of Awards
— The Centennial Calendar 167

CHAPTER Vi/

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION.

A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners
from Foreign Countries 230

CHAPTER Vll.

GETTING TO TIIE EXHIBITION — ACCOMMODATIONS FOR

VISITORS.

Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia — Arrangements for Transportation of
Visitors by the Railroads of tlie United States — Settlement of the Question
of Fares — Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia —
How to reach the Exhibition Grounds from the city — The Pennsylvania
Railroad — Magnificent equipment of the Road — The Model Railroad of
the Union — Arrangements of tlie Philadelpliia & Reading Railroad —
The Schuylkill Steamboats — The Street Railway arrangements — Cabs
and Carriages — Regulations concerning them — The Philadelphia Hotels
— Their Capacity for accommodating Guests — The Centennial Lodging-
House Agency — Boarding Houses — Suburban Hotels — Circular of the
Centennial Commission with reference to Accommodations for Visitors. 240

CHAPTER Vlll.

THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION.

Arrangements for the Opening — Programme Issued by the Centennial
Commission — Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May — The Opening
Day — The Rush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant
Points — The Gates Thrown Open — The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene
— Arrival of the President of the United States — Wagner's Centennial
March — Bishop Simpson's Prayer — Whittier's Hymn — Enthusiasm of
the Multitude — Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commis-

18 CO^'TE2sTS.

sion— The Centennial Cantata— Address of General Hawley— President
Grant Declares the Exhibition Open— The Flag Unfurled— The Presi-
dent's Tour Through the Buildings— The Starting of the Great Engine
— Scenes ii he Exhibition Grounds— Illumination of the City 267

CHAPTER IX,

WITHOUT THE GROUNDS.

Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town — The Transcontinental and Globe
Hotels — The United States — The Grand Exposition — The Panorama —
Sio-hts and Scenes on Elm Avenue — The Cheap Hotels — The Beer-Gar-
dens—The Carriage Sheds— The Cheap Museums— The Oil Wells— The
Street Car Concourse — A Busy Scene — Centennial Depot of the Pennsyl-
vania Eailroad — Belmont Avenue — Appearance of the Street — The
Largest Soda Fountain in the World — The Restaurants — The Tropical
Garden— A Delightful Resort— George's Hill— Belmont— The Steam
boat Landing — Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad 296

CHAPTER X.

THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

Topography of the Grounds— The Ravines— The Entrances— The Turn-
stiles—Styles of Tickets used— The Photograph Regulation— The Cen-
tennial Guard— The Fire Department— The Narrow-Gauge Railway—
The Rolling Chair Service— Landscape Gardening— The Flowers— The
Avenues— The Bridges— Bartholdi's Fountain— The Roman Catholic
Total Abstinence Fountain— The Centennial Waterworks— Relief Plans
of Foreign Cities— Statue of Religious Liberty— Statues of Christopher
Colurabirs and Elias Howe— The Hunter's Camp— An Old-Fashioned
Railroad Train— The American Soldiers' Monument— The Ice- Water
Fountain— The Indian Camp ^^^

CHAPTER X!.

THE MAIN BUILDING.

Description of the Main Building-A Monster Edifice-The Interior-
A Magnificent Hall— Decorations — The Galleries— A Beautiful and
Imposhig Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter
Boxes— Telegraph System— The Elevator— Classification of the Display
in the Building— The American Department— The Great Organ— The
Massachusetts Educational Exhibit— The Roosevelt Organ— The Paper
Makers— The Book Pavilion— The Model Post-Office— The Cotton and
Woollen Goods— The Carpet Rooms— American Pottery— Among the
Iron Workers— The Fire-Arnis Exhibit— Rich Costumes— The Tele-
graphic Display— The Gas Fixture Department— A Brilliant Display—

CONTENTS. 1 0

The Jewellers and Silversmiths — The Moorish Pavilion — A Gorgeous
Exhibit of Eare and Costly Objects — The Century Vase — The Cologne
Fountains — The Furniture Display — Model Houses Completely Fur-
nished— The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful Instruments — Concerts —
Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated
Ware — Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments — Beautiful Porce-
lains— Superb Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tile
Exhibit — Eich Iron Work — Eare Furniture — A Eoyal Pavilion — Grand
Display of Cotton and Woollen Goods and Linens — Jewelry — Splendid
Carpets — The Book Display— The Graphic's Art Collection — Eich
Stained Glass — A Gorgeous Show from India — The Canadian Exhibit —
The Manufactures and Natural Products of tlie Dominion — The Educa-
tional Exhibit of Ontario — The Australian Exhibits — The Wonders and
Resources of the Pacific Continent — Pyramids of Gold — Superb PhotO'
graphs of Australian Scenes — Dust from the Gold Coast — Native Dia-
monds— The West Indian Display — France — The French Court — Eare
- Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics of France — The
Silk Court — Beautiful Laces — Statuary — Eeligious Groups — The Book
Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — Articles de Paris —
Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus 332

CHAPTER XII.

TELE MAIN BUILDING — CONCLUDED.

Germany — Location of the German Section — A Superb Display of Porce-
lain— Beautiful Vases — Plate Glass — Bronzes — The Silks — Displav of
the Elberfeld Manufacturers — The Ivory Pavilion — The Chemical Dis-
play— The Velvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church
Decorations — Models of an Ocean Steamer — Tlie Book Pavilion — The
Austrian Court — Magnificent Bohemian Glass— The Meerschaum Pipes
— Exquisite Carvings — Vienna Leather Work — The Italian Court —
Artistic Wood Carvings — Beautiful Jewelry — Glassware from Venice —
Belgium — Magnificent Display of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture
— Fire-arms — A Belgian School and Gymnasium — The Lace Court —
Beautiful Iron Work — Pictures in Tapestry — The Netherlands — A Grand
Display of the Public Works of Holland— The Woollen Goods— Model
Farms — A Dutch Eating-house — Eare and Beautiful Art Works — Educa-
tional Exhibit — The Artisans' School — Switzerland in Miniature — The
Watchmakers — Scientific Instruments — The Swiss School System — Eich
Laces — The W^ood Carvers — Sweden — The Peasant Groups — Scenes in
the Home Life of the Swedes — A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains —
The Bessemer Steelmakers — Display of the Swedish Army — Norway —
Peasant Groups — Tlie Laplanders — A Fine Collection — The Danish
.Court — Etruscan Imitations — Esquimaux Houses and Boats— The Span-
ish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure — Eich Display of the Eesources'
and Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish Industry — The Egyptian

*20 CONTENTS.

Ck)urt — A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land of the Nile — The
Past and the Present — A Page from the Arabian Nights — Rich Robes —
Articles from Central Africa— Egypt's Agricultural Resources— The
Japanese Court— A Wonderful Display— Superb Bronzes— The Lacq-
uered Ware — What the Island Empire Exhibits — The Ciiinese Court —
A Beautiful and Curious Display — Exhibit of the Orange Free State—
Another Sample of Dutch Energy— The Tunisian Court — Eastern Mag-
nificence— Display of the Native Products and Manuftictures of Mexico
— The Brazilian Pavilion — A Superb Edifice — Tiie Empire of Brazil
Illustrated — Exhibit of the other South American States — Display from
the Sandwich Islands — The Russian Exhibit — Rich and Beautiful Ob-
jects from St. Petersburg and Moscow — The Portuguese Court — A Hand-
some Collection — Special Portuguese Features — The Turkish Court —
The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan — The Mineral Annex — The
Carriage Annex 386

CHAPTER XIII.

MACHINERY HALL.

Description of the Building — The Interior — Conveniences for Visitors —
Precautions Against Fire^The Corliss Engine — Distribution of Power
— The American Display — Curious and Interesting Machines — The
Steam-Engines — The First Steam-Engine in America — The Blast Fur-
nace— The Sewing Machines — A Handsome Display — The Suspension
Bridge Exhibit — A Monster Cotton Press — W^eaving Machines — Making
Watches by Machinery — Carpet Weaving — The AVater ^Motors — The
Locomotives — The Railway Exhibit — The Vacuum Pan — The Tobacco
Factory — Making India Rubber Shoes — Making Candies by Machinery
— The Massachusetts Marine — Among the Printing Machines — The Old
Franklin Press— Printing the New York Herald— The Ice Yacht-
American Machine Shops— Nail and Tack :Making— The Hydraulic
Annex— The Tank — The Cascade— The Hydraulic and Blowing Ma-
chines—The British Section— The Road Steamers— Iroii Armor Plate-
Weaving Machines— Railway Models— The Walter Press— The Sugar
Mill— The Canadian Exhibit— The German Section— The Krupp Guns
—The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Belgian
Machinery— The Well-Borer— The Swedish Section and Exhibits— The
Russian Guns— The Brazilian Section— A Handsome and Characteristic
Display '....'. ^^^

CHAPTER XIV.

AGRICULTURAL HALL.

Description of the Building — Interior Arrangements — Classification of the
Exhibit— The American Department— Agricultural Machinery— The
Plows— Harvesting Machines— Threshing Machines— The Cider Mill

CONTENTS. 21

— The Native Wines of America — The Starch Makers — The Windmill —
The Natural History Collection — The California Buflet — The Aquaria —
The Tobacco Exhibit — A Fine Display — Collective Exhibits of the
Agricultural Products of the States of the Union — Daniel Webster's
Plow— The Cape Ann Fisheries—'' Old Abe "—The British Court— A
Small Display — Agricultural Products of Canada — Canadian Machinery
— The French Exhibit — A Fine Display of French Wines — Germany's
Contribution — The Wines of the Rhine land — Agricultural Products of
Austria and Hungary — Exhibit of Russian Products — Italian Wines and
Oils — Bologna Sausages — The Spanish Court — A Complete Exhibit of
the Products of Spain — The Portuguese Collection — Holland's Exhibit
— The Norway Fisheries — Swedish Exhibit — The Japanese Court — The
Tea and Silk Culture — The Brazilian Court — The Cotton Pavilion — A
Remarkable Collection — The Brazilian Silk Culture — Exhibits of
Venezuela and the Argentine Republic — The Liberian Court — The
Pomological Annex — The Wagon Annex 470

CHAPTER XV.

HORTICULTURAL HALL.

Description of the Building — The Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Hall
— The Fountain — Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit — A
Rich Collection of Tropical Plants — A Beautiful Scene — The Forcing
Houses — The East and West Rooms — Exhibit of Gardening Materials —
The Electrical Organ — The Horticultural Grounds — The Guano Pavilion
^-TheTent — Anthony Waterer's Rhododendrons — The Cuban Summer
House 507

CHAPTER XVI.

MEMORLIL HALL.

Description of tlie Building — Bronze Groups of Statuary — The Annex —
Classification of the Art Exhibit — The Reception and Central Halls —
The Paintings and Statues in them — The Art Galleries — Notable Pic-
tures by American Artists — The English Gallery — Masterpieces of the
Modern English Painters — The Older English Artists — The Queen's
Pictures — The South Kensington Exhibit — The French Pictures — The
German Gallery— The Austrian Collection — A Fine Collection of Italian
Statuary — Italian Paintings — The Castellani Collections — Spanish
Pictures — Art Gems from Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the
Modern Dutch School — Notable Pictures from Belgium — Tlie Danish
Gallery — Brazilian and Mexican Art — The Photographic Annex — A
Fine Display of Photographs 517

22 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

Description of the Building — The Grounds — Exhibits of the Various
Departments Outside of the Building — The Monitor Turret — The Great
Guns of the Army and Navy — The Postal Cars — The Transit of Venus
Exhibit — Army Trains — Disposition of Space in the Hall — Exhibit of
the Post-Office Department — A Model Post-Office — The Agricultural
Department — A Fine Display — The Interior Department — Exhibit of
the Patent Office — Historical Relics — A Rich Display of Indian Curi-
osities— The Educational Exhibit — The Census — Photographs of the
Geological Survey of the Territories — A Magnificent Display by the
Smithsonian Institution — The Animals and Fishes of the United States
— The Mineral Collection — The Treasury Exhibit — The Light-House
and Coast Survey Branches — The 2!^avy Department — A Splendid and
Complete Display of the Construction and Equipment of an American
Man-of-War — The Torpedo Service — The War Department — Splendid
Exhibit of the Signal Service — The Engineer Corps and its Work —
Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post Hospital — The
Laboratory — The Light-House 543

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE woman's building. ^

Description of the Building — Its Cost — A Lady Engineer — The Interior
of the Building — The Exhibit — The Looms — Works of Female Artists
— Inventions of Women — Institutions Managed by Women — Splendid
Embroideries — Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing Office . . 589

CHAPTER XIX.

THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION.

The State Buildings — St. George's House — The French Government
Building — The French Stained Glass Pavilion — The German Govern-
ment Building — The Spanish Buildings — The Portuguese Building —
The Swedish School-House — The Canadian Log-House — The Brazilian
Building — The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar — The Turkish and Tu-
nisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars — The Syrian Bazaars — The ^loorish
Villa — The Chilian Machinery HaJl — Buildings of the Centennial Com-
mission— The Judges' Hall — The Restaurants — The Shoe and Leather
Building — The Brewers' Hall — The Butter and Cheese Factory —
Department of Public Comfort — Singer Sewing Machine Cottage — The
Centennial Photographic Association — The American Railroad Ticket
Office — Empire Transportation Company's Building — Starr's Iron Works
The Glass Works^^Campbell Printing Press Building — The American

CONTENTS. 23

Newspaper Building — The World's Ticket Office — The Palestine Camp
— The Women's School-House — The American Kindergarten — The
New England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen — Pacific Guano
Company's Building — The Sheet-Metal Pavilion — The United States
Life-Saving Station— The Elevated Kail way— The Windmills 596

CHAPTER XX.

BIOGEAPHICAL.

General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial
Commission — John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Fi-
nance— Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition — Pro-
fessor John L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial
Commission — General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial
Bureau of Revenue 649

CHAPTER XXI.

THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOUKTH OF JULY, 1876,

AT PHILADELPHIA.

Arrangements for the Great Celebration — Independence Hall Decorated
— The Centennial Legion — The Blue and the Gray — Ceremonies of
July 1st — Congress of Authors — Tlie Great Civic Parade of July 3d —
The Midnight Celebration — Dawn of the Fourth — The Military Parade
— The Exercises in Independence Square — Illumination and Fireworks. 661

CHAPTER XXII.

THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA.

Arrangements for the Regatta- The Prizes— Sketch of the Schuylkill
Navy— Programme of the Races— Biographical Sketch of Commodore
James M. Ferguson — Description of the Races— The Winners 673

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS.

Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock— Description of the Grounds
—The Horse Show— The Noted Animals— The Dog Show— The Cattle
Show— A Superb Exhibit— Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats— The
Poultry Show 697

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE STATE DAYS.

Arrangements for the State Celebrations — New Jersey Day — An Inspirit-
ing Spectacle — Connecticut Day — Massachusetts Day — New York Day
— A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State — Pennsylvania
Day — The Grandest Celebration of All — A Gala Dav at the Exhibition

24 CONTENTS.

—The Fireworks—Rhode Island Day— The Italian Day— Inaugura-
tion of the Columbus Monument— New Hampshire Day— Delaware,.
Maryland, and Virginia Day— The Fireworks— The Delaware Celebra-
tion— Eeception by the Governor of Maryland— The Virginia Celebra-
tion— The Tournament— The Ball— Crowning the Queen of Love and
Beauty— Ohio Day — The Merchants' Reunion— Vermont Day 725

CHAPTER XXV

THE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITION.

Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of the
Exhibition 782

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS.

Ceremonies at Judges' Hall — Announcement of the Awards granted by
the Commission— Character of the Awards — Description of the Medals
— List of the Principal Awards in Each Class 791

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION.

The Fireworks on the 9th of November— The Closing Day— Unfavorable
Weather— The Attendance at the Exhibition— Ceremonies in Judges'
Hall— The Music— Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell— The Te Deum—
Remarks of President John Welsh— Address of Director-General
Goshorn— Speech of General Hawley— President Grant Declares the
Exhibition Closed— Stopping the Machinery— Scene in Machinery Hall. 819

CHAPTER XXViil.

STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE.

Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition-
Gradual Increase in the Attendance— Statement of Admissions— The

. Receipts— The State Days— Other Noted Days— Comparison of the
" Centennial" with Other Exhibitions— Statement of Exhibitors 845

CHAPTER XXIX.

WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED.

Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition— Views
of General Hawley— What General Goshorn Thinks the Exhibition
has Accomplished— Views of President John Welsh, Mr. John Sartain,
Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis

* A. Walker Concerning their Respective Departments 852

THE

ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

OF THE

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

CHAPTER I.

THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL.

Pounding of Philadelphia by William Penn — His Treaty with the Indians —
Original Plan of the City — Growth of the City — The Revolution — Occupa-
tion by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia — Its Banking
Interests — Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The Centennial
Census — Population of Philadelphia.

'^flmk HEN it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first
century of the independence of the United States by an
International Exposition, it was admitted that the
^^&^ proper place for the holding of such an exhibition was
the city of Philadelphia, in which occurred the decisive
event which placed the United States among the nations of the
world, and which the exhibition is designed to commemorate.
Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to
introduce the reader to the great city in which it is held.

The city of Philadelphia, in the county of the same Dame, is
the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. It is the second
€ity in the Union, and is classed as the sixth great city of the
world.

The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn
2 17

^f (^

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ini mediately after taking possession of the province of Pennsyl-
vania granted to him by Charles II. He sent over a body of
colonists in August, 1681, and in 1682 came over himself and
superintended the surveys of the new city. The land was
chosen by him because, he declared, " It seemed appointed for a
town, because of its coves, docks, springs, and lofty land." All
these features have long since disappeared before the rapid

WILLIAM PENN.

growth of his city. During the year 1682 a large number of
colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or
Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth.

The place at which William Penn first set foot on the soil of
his new city was long known as the "Blue Anchor Landing,"
from a tavern of that name, the first house built within the
limits of the city. A little later, under a spreading elm at

OF THE CEi^TENKIAL EXHIBITION.

ShackamJaxon, now Kensington, Penn met the chiefs of the
neighboring Indian tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace
and friendship with them. This treaty was confirmed by no
oath, but it remained unbroken for fifty years, and as neither
side sought to evade its obligations, whicli were simply of peace
iud good will, the colony of Pennsylvania escaped in its earlier
years the horrors of a savage warfare from which the other
settlers sufiered. " We will live," said the Indian sachems,
"in love with William Penn and his children as Ions: as the
moon and the sun shall endure." They kept their word.
" Penn came without arms ; he declared his purpose to abstain

penn's treaty monument.

from violence ; he had no message but peace ; and not a drop of
Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian."

The venerable elm tree which witnessed " the only treaty ever
ratified without an oath, and the only one never broken," stood
unharmed until 1810, when it was blown down by a furious
gale. Its site is now marked by a small obelisk of granite,
which stands on the east side of Beach street, a few steps north
of Hanover. The Second and Third street cars will convey the
visitor to Hanover street, from which he will have but a square
to walk ; but the monument is so surrounded by piles of stone
and lumber that it will require a sharp eye to detect it.

On the pleasant tract lying between the Delaware and the

20 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Scliuylkill, A^hich was purchased from the Swedes, who had on
their part purchased it from the Indians, Penn in 1683 laid out
the capital of his province, which he named Philadelphia,
the city of Brotherly Love, in token of the principles which he
meant should constitute the common law of his possessions. It
was abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, and was
admirably situated for purposes of trade. He did not wish it to
be built after the manner of European cities, but designed it to
be a " greene country town, gardens round each house, that it
might never be burned, and always be wholesome." The streets
were laid off by marking their course through the primitive
forest by blazing the trees, and the building of dwellings was
begun. In the first year of Penn's arrival in the colony, twenty-
three ships with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three
years after its foundation Philadelphia contained upwards of
six hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm friends of
the colonists, and supplied them with wild fowl and venison in
return for articles of European manufacture.

The original plan of the city was a parallelogram, two miles
long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide.
It contained nine streets, running from river to river, crossed
by twenty-one running north and south. A grand square of
ten acres was laid off in the heart of the city, and in each of the
four quarters was a square of eight acres, all for pleasure
grounds and promenades. In the main the original plan is
still adhered to.

The streets running from river to river, with the exception
of High street, were named after the native forest trees. They
were called Vine, Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chestnut, Walnut,
Spruce, Pine, and Cedar. Nearly all of these names remain.
Sassafras is now called Race ; Mulberry is Arch ; High is
Market ; and Cedar is South street. The streets intersecting
these were numbered.

Philadelphia grew rapidly, and t)y the early part of the eigh-
teenth century was the largest and most flourishing city in
America. Its commerce was important, and it increased steadily
in wealth.

20 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Schuylkill, which was purchased from the Swedes, who had on
their part purchased it from the Indians, Penn in 1683 laid out
the capital of his province, which he named Philadelphia,
the city of Brotherly Love, in token of the principles which he
meant should constitute the common law of his possessions. It
was abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, and was
admirably situated for purposes of trade. He did not wish it to
be built after the manner of European cities, but designed it to
be a "greene country town, gardens round each house, that it
might never be burned, and always be wholesome." The streets
were laid off by marking their course through the primitive
forest by blazing the trees, and the building of dwellings was
begun. In the first year of Penn's arrival in the colony, twenty-
three ships with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three
vears after its foundation Philadeli)hia contained upwards of
six hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm friends of
the colonists, and supplied them with wild fowl and venison in
return for articles of European manufacture.

The original plan of the city ^vas a parallelogram, two miles
long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide.
It contained nine streets, running from river to river, crossed
by twenty-one running north and south. A grand square of
ten acres was laid off in the heart of the city, and in each of the
four quarters was a square of eight acres, all for pleasure
grounds and promenades. In the main the original plan is
still adhered to.

Philadelphia grew rapidly, and dt the early part of the eigh-
teenth century was the largest and most flourishing city in
America. Its commerce was important, and it increased steadily
in wealth.

VIEW IN AGtKICULTCTEAL HALL, SHOWING THE BRAZILIAN F.X II [lUTs.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

" In 1711 the city was divided into ten wards. In December,
1719, a printing press was set np, and Andrew Bradtord began
to publish the American Weekly Mercfiiry, which was continued
until 1746. In 1728 the Gazette was begun, which fell to
Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year the building
of a State House was authorized, the site was selected in 1730,
and the building begun in 1732, and completed in 1735. The
bell tower was not erected until 1750, and on June 7th, 1753,
the new ' great bell,' cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the
motto, ^ Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the
inhabitants thereof,^' was raised to its place. This is the bell
celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence,

pt:nn laying out the plan of Philadelphia.

and now in Independence Hall. The first Colonial Congress
met in Philadelphia at Carpenter's Hall, a building still in use
as a hall, September 4th, 1774. Congress held its sessions at
the State House in 1776, and here adopted and signed the
Declaration of Independence. The British forces occupied the
city from September, 1777, to June, 1778."

During the British occupation a census of the city was taken
by order of Lord Cornwallis, and showed a population of 21,767
inhabitants and 5470 houses. After the evacuation of the city
by the enemy, Congress resumed its sessions at the State House,
which remained the seat of government of the Union until the
close of the war. The Convention which framed the Constitu-
tion of the United States met in Philadelphia in 1787, and that

22 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

great instrument was adopted in the same building that had
witnessed the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Upon the inauguration of the Federal government, the national
capital was removed to New York, but in 1790 was restored to
Philadelphia, which remained the seat of government until
1800, when the new city of Washington became the capital.
In 1800 Philadelphia also ceased to be the capital of the State,
which was located at Harrisburg.

The foreign commerce of Philadelphia grew with great
rapidity between the close of the Revolution and the year 1812.
The second war with England almost destroyed this commerce,
which did not return with the peace of 1815, and the completion
of the Erie canal a few years after the close of the war, gave to
New York an advantage which reduced Philadelphia to a
secondary place in our foreign trade.

"Previous to 1839^ the banking capital of Philadelphia waa
large, and for the most of the period previous to 1836, it was
the monetary centre of the country. The first Bank of the
United States, established by Act of Congress, in 1791, with a
capital of $10,000,000, was located here, and the second Bank
of the United States was established here in 1816, with a capital
of $35,000,000. The subsequent failure of the bank under its
State charter in 1839, and the loss of its large capital, greatly
weakened the financial strength of the city, and the monetary
centre was permanently transferred to New York. The revul-
sion of 1837, and the subsequent financial depression, fell heavily
on the city and State, the recovery from them not being apparent
until 1844."

The city retained its original limits until 1854. In the mean-
time the thriving suburbs of Kensington, Germautown, West
Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Richmond,
Penn, Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, had sprung up
around it, making in the aggregate a city much larger than the
parent town, and causing no little confusion and trouble by the
number of adjacent and independent municipal jurisdictions.
In 1854 the State Legislature consolidated the parent town
and all its suburbs in one city under the general name of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Philadelphia. By the same enactment the corporate limits
of the city were made to embrace the entire county q£
Philadelphia.

MONKEY HOUSE, ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

Since the consolidation the city has grown with marked
rapidity. In 1860 the population was 565,529; in 1870,
674,022; and by the municipal census of the 1st of April, 1876,
was 817,448, showing an increase of 21 J per cent, in the six
years that have elapsed since the last Federal census.

CHAPTEE II.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876.

Location of Philadelphia — Size of the City — Its Regularity — Materials used in
Building the Houses — " The City of Homes " — Philadelphia Houses — Mr.
Kortwright's Statistics — The Public Squares — Market Street — The House in
which the Declaration of Independence was written — The National Pub-
lishing Company's Building — Second Street — Christ Church — Chestnut Street
— A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter's Hall — The Continental Congress
— The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom House — The Post-Office —
Independence Hall — The Fashionable Promenade — Noted Buildings — The
Hotels—The Continental— The United States Mint— Walnut Street— The
Merchants' Exchange — The Commercial Exchange — An Interesting Site-
Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings— Offices of
the Centennial Commission — The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch
Street — The Grave of Franklin — Handsome Churches — Broad Street — The
Baltimore Depot — Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Acad-
emy of Music — The Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public
Buildings — The Masonic Temple — Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Rail-
road Depot— Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girafd Bank— Old
Churches.

HE city of Philadelphia lies between the Delaware and
Schuylkill rivers, at a distance of nearly one hundred
miles fr^m the Atlantic ocean, following the course of
the Delaware bay and river. It is one hundred and
thirty-six miles northeast of Washington City, and
eighty-seven miles southwest of New York. The old city is
located in a nearly level plain, elevated above the Delaware and
Schuylkill, but the recent additions, especially those on the
northwest, are built on a fine rolling country, which abounds in
picturesque views that offer a striking contrast to the uniform
flatness of the old city. The corporate limits cover an area of
one hundred and twenty square miles. Its greatest length from
north to south is twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from
24

CHAPTER II.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876.

Location of Philadelphia — Size of the City — Its Regularity — Materials used in
Building the Houses — " The City of Homes " — Philadelphia Houses — Mr.
Kortwright's Statistics — The Public Squares — Market Street — The House in
which the Declaration of Independence was written — The National Pub-
lishing Company's Building — Second Street — Christ Church — Chestnut Street
— A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter^s Hall — The Continental Congress
— The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom House — The Post-Office —
Independence Hall — The Fashionable Promenade— Noted Buildings— The
Hotels — The Continental— The United States Mint— Walnut Street— The
Merchants' Exchange— The Commercial Exchange— An Interesting Site-
Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Eeading Eailroad BuildingST— Offices of
the Centennial Commission— The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch
Street— The Grave of Franklin — Handsome Churches— Broad Street— The
Baltimore Depot — Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Acad-
emy of Music — The Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public
Buildings — The Masonic Temple—Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Rail-^
road Depot — Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard - Bank— Old
Churches.

SCJEN'E IN THE ART GALLERY— CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION:

THE CENTENNIAL EXHlBmON. 25

east to west, eight miles. The densely inhabited portion of the
city covers an area of about nine square miles, extending for
about five miles along the Delaware, and two miles along the
Schuylkill. The greater part of the business of the city is trans-
acted between Vine and Spruce streets, east of Twelfth street.
The wealthiest private section, that inhabited by " the fashion,''
is south of Chestnut, and west of Seventh street. Walnut above
Tenth is considered the most desirable street in the city, and
contains many of the most costly and beautiful residences in the
Union. Arch street above Broad, and Broad along its northern
portion, are handsome residence streets. Market street is entirely
devoted to business, and Chestnut street is the principal retail
thoroughfare, and one of the handsomest streets in the Union.

The suburbs of Philadelphia are noted for their beauty, and
Are tHckly built up with handsome country seats, villas, and
cottages. They abound in exquisite scenery, especially in the
vicinity of the Wissahickon.

Philadelphia is laid out with great regularity. As we have
stated, the original plan of Penn contemplated a city of ten
streets running from river to river, and crossed by twenty-five
others at right angles. Broad and Market streets were to divide
this city into four nearly equal portions, a considerable area
being reserved at the intersection of these streets for a large
public square. This was the famous Penn Square, now the site
of the magnificent City Hall, in course of erection. The streets
are usually from fifty to sixty-six feet in width, with a few of
greater breadth. Those running from north to south are num-
bered, beginning at the Delaware river ; those from east to west
are named. In the older sections of the city the sewage is
defective in consequence of the flatness of the land, but the
higher portions have nothing to complain of in this respect.
Considering its size and importance, Philadelphia is remarkably
deficient in good pavements. The streets are generally paved
with cobble stones, but Belgian and wooden pavements are now
superseding these in the more important thoroughfares. The
general aspect of the city is bright and pleasing, mingled with a
certain degree of primness, due to its Quaker origin. Except

MAKKKi' STREET BELOW SEVENTH.

ORNAMENTAL VASE AND FLOWERS, EXHIBITED IN

MAIN BUILDING.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

in those portions along the rivers it is clean and healthy.
Market street divides it into two portions, called North and
South. The houses are numbered according to a peculiar plan,
one hundred numbers being assigned to each block or square.
Thus 950 would be located between Ninth and Tenth streets.
This system renders it easy to find a building in any part of the
city between the numbered streets. The portion of the city
lying beyond the Schuylkill still retains its old name of West

NINTH AND MARKET STREETS.

Pliiladelphia. It is in this section that the exhibition groundu
are situated.

As a rule the city is built of brick, but of late years many
edifices of brown and free stone, iron, and marble have been
erected, which give to the city a more varied as well as a hand-
somer and more substantial appearance. Philadelphia is
emphatically a "city of homes.'' Of its 140,000 buildings,
130,000 are dwelling-houses, a number greater than the whole

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Louis-
ville in 1870. Of these 60,000 are tlie homes of mechanics.
It is the boast of Philadelphia that her working classes are
better housed, better fed, and better clothed than those of any-
city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as com-
pared with JN^ew York, Boston, Chicago, or St. Louis; Baltimore
alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing Philadel-
phia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a
rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to be the
best arranged internally of any dwellings in this country. They
are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick fronts,
and white marble steps and trimmings. They have, solid white

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PROCLAIMED IN PHILADELPHIA.

wooden shutters which greatly disfigure them. On the first
floor there is a wide hall, a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, and
usually a summer kitchen. On the second floor are two cham-
bers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third floor, two
spare chambers, and one or more servants' rooms. They are
lighted with gas, heated by furnaces in the cellar, and supplied
with hot and cold water. About six thousand new buildings
are erected every year.

A year ago, Mr. Kortwright, the British Consul at Philadel-
phia, thus summed up the leading features of the city, in one of
his official reports to his government:

"Philadelphia has a population of nearly 800,000, and it

THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY

number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Louis-
ville in 1870. Of these 60,000 are tlie homes of mechanics.
It is the boast of Philadelphia that her working classes are
better housed, better fed, and better clothed than those of any
city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as cx)m-
pared with New York, Boston, Chicago, or St. Louis ; Baltimore
alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing Philadel-
phia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a
rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to be the
best arranged internally of any dwellings in this country. They
are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick fronts,
and white marble steps and trimmings. They have .solid w^hite

DECLARATION OF IIsDEPENDENCE PROCLAIMED IN PHILADELPHIA.

wooden shutters which greatly disfigure them. On the first
floor there is a wide hall, a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, and
usually a summer kitchen. On the second floor are two cham-
bers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third floor, two
spare chambers, and one or more servants'" rooms. They are
lighted wnth gas, heated by furnaces in the cellar, and supplied
with hot and cold water. About six thousand new buildings
are erected every year.

A year ago, Mr. Kortwright, the British Consul at Philadel-
phia, thus summed up the leading features of the city, in one of
his official reports to his government:

"Philadelphia has a population of nearly 800,000, and it

THE JAPANESE BAZAAR— CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

lives in an area of 129 J square miles. The city has 1000 miles
of streets and roads opened for use, and over 500 of these are
paved. It is lighted by nearly 10,000 gas lamps. The earth
beneath conceals and is penetrated by 134 miles of sewers, over
600 miles of gas mains, and 546 miles of water pipes. It has
over 212 miles of city railways and nearly 1794 city railroad

lilPPINCOTT S BUILDING.

cars passing over these railroads daily ; 3025 steam boilers ; over
400 public schools, with suitable buildings, and over 1600
school-teachers and over 80,000 pupils. It has over 34,000
bath-rooms, most of which are supplied with hot water, and for
the use of the water at low rates the citizens pay more than a
half million of dollars; it has over 400 placesof public worship,
and accommodation in them for 300,000 persons ; it has nearly

THE ILLU.STKATED HISTORY

9000 manufactorieSj with a capital of $185,000,000, employing
145,000 hands, the annual product of whose labor is over
384,000,000. It exported in 1873 in value over $24,000,000,
and imported in value over $26,000,000; the amount for duties
in gold was nearly $8,500,000 ; the real estate, as assessed for

MARKET STREET ABOVE EIGHTH.

taxation, was over $458,000,000, and there was collected nearly
$9,000,000 for taxes."

Public Squares.

Penn's original plan, as we have said, contemplated a public
square in each of the four quarters of the city. These still
remain, and others have been added.

THE CHINESE COURT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

EXHIBIT OF GARDEN SEED, IN AGRICULTURAL, HALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 31

Independence Square, or, as it was formerly called, The State
House Yard, lies immediately back of iDdependence Hall, ex-
tending back to Walnut street, and from Fifth to Sixth streets.
It has been put in order for the centennial year, and is now a
neat and tasteful ground. The lampposts recently set up at the
entrances to the square are not only quite pretty, but appropriate
also. On the base of the posts appear the names of the original
thirteen States, and above them, on a part made in imitation of
the Independence Bell, is the inscription, " Proclaim liberty
throughout the land," etc. Each lamp, of very beautiful
design, has four representations of the bell upon it, surrounded
by thirteen stars. They add much to the appearance of the
square.

Washington Square lies diagonally opposite Independence
Square, and extends from \Yalnut almost back to Spruce street,
and from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is shaded by fine
old trees, and is a pleasant lounging-place in summer. This
square was once a ^^ Potter's field,'' and here were buried many
soldiers who died from the small-pox, camp fever, and prison
diseases of the Revolution.

Rittenhouse Square lies between Walnut and Locust streets,
and extends from Eighteenth to above Nineteenth street. It is
a handsome enclosure, provided with walks, seats, and a tasteful
fountain, and is a favorite resort for the nurses and children of
the aristocratic neighborhood in which it is located. It is sur-
rounded by elegant and substantial dwellings, some of which
are among the handsomest in the Union.

Logan Square lies between Race and Vine and between
Eighteenth and Twentieth streets. It is the handsomest square
in the city, and a favorite resort. In 1864 the great Sanitary
Fair for the benefit of the Union army was held here. The
entire square was roofed over and the ground covered with
flooring. The trunks of the trees served as so many pillars for
the roof, above which waved the branches of the trees.

Franklin Square lies between Race and Vine streets, and ex-
tends from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is a fine old
square, the principal attraction of which lies in its fine old trees.

THE ILLUSTRATED HLSTOKY

It was originally a biiryiiig-groiiiKl, and was used as such for
many years.

Norris Square, in Kensington, and Jefferson Square, at Third
street and Washington avenue, are very handsome. ' They are
new ; the first four named above constituting the squares de-
signed by Penn.

The streets of Philadelphia are among the most attractive in
the world, and the business streets have few equals.

Market Street

Market street is the great thoroughfare of the city. It is the
grand entrepot of the domestic and foreign commerce of Phila-
delphia, and extends
in an unbroken line
from the Delaware to
the Schuylkill, cros-
ses that river, and
continues its course
to the city line. It
was the High street
of William Penn,
and has .always en-
joyed the pre-emi-
nence it now holds.
It is one hundred
feet wide, and is lined
with magnificent
warehouses from the
Delaware almost to
the Schuylkill.
Some of these are
superb edifices, built
in the handsomest and most massive manner, and are provided
with every convenience for the business transacted within them.
Prominent among these are the splendid buildings occupied by
the great publishing houses of Lippincott & Co., and Claxton,
Rem sen & Haffelfinger ; the mammoth warehouse of Hood,

CORNER OF MARKET AND SIXTH STREETS.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 33

Bonbright & Co., dry-goods merchants ; the vast clothing ware-
house of John Wanamaker & Co., at Sixth and Market, on the
site of the presidential mansion of Washington and Adams
perhaps the largest and most complete clothing establishment
in the world. The Bingham House, at the corner of Market
and Eleventh streets, is an excellent hotel, and a tasteful
structure.

The great width of Market street allows an immense amount

BINGHAM HOUSE.

of traffic to be done upon it. In addition to the lines of the
street railways, tracks are laid from West Philadelphia down
the greater part of the street, connecting with the principal
steam railway lines, and merchants are thus enabled to run the
cars consigned to them directly into their warehouses. The
various railways have branch depots, and the Adams Express
Company has its main depot on this street.

The scene on Market street is always bright and animated,

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and viewed from any point at any hour of the day the street is
thronged with an eager, hurrying crowd of vehicles and
pedestrians.

Adjoining the southwest corner of Market and Seventh
streets is a plain, modest-looking building of brick, now used
as a business house. A stranger would pass it by a dozen times
without notice, but it is among the most noted edifices in the
city, and should be dear to every American heart. It is the

House in which the Declaralion of Independence was written.

In 1776 this building stood beyond the thickly settled por-

COPTEIGBT BLCUBM^

THE HOUSE IN WHICH THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS WRITTEN.

tion of the city, and in what. was. known as " The Fields." A
garden, enclosed by a brick wall, occupied the site of the house
which now stands on the corner. The house was new, and the
situation was so pleasant, that it at once attracted the attention
of that dear lover of nature, Thomas Jefferson, when he came
to Philadelphia to take his seat in the Continental Congress.
" I rented the second floor," he tells us, " consisting of a parlor

INTERIOR OF THE BRAZILIAN COURT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

GENERAL, VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF HORTICULTURAL HALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

and bedroom, ready furnished." He paid thirty-five shillings
a week for his rooms, and in the parlor he wrote the Declara-
tion of Independence upon a little writing-desk three inches
high, which still exists.

MARKET STREET ABOVE SEVENTH.

The desk was bequeathed by him to a friend, and was ac-
companied by a certificate in Mr. Jefferson's own handwriting,
setting forth the place and time of its purchase by him, and the
fact that he had used it in the preparation of the .great and
glorious document with which his name and fame are insepara-
bly connected.

NATIONAI. PUBLISHING COMPANY'S BULLDING.

On Seventh street, just north of Market, is the splendid iron-
front building of the

Naiionai Publishing Company.

The offices, store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., of the Company
rare in the building shown in the accompanying engraving.
Their extensive printing office and bindery are located in two
36

PAGODA AND GROUP OF VASES, IN THE CHINESE SECTION.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

adjoining buildings in the rear of this one. They are fitted up
with every convenience for the manufacture of books, and with
the latest and most improved labor-saving machinery. Every
appointment is perfect in its way, and the work of this immense
establishment goes on from day to day with regularity and
precision. The unusual facilities enjoyed by the Company enable
them to supply large editions of their books with a rapidity
which only a great publishing house can command, and to
supply their agents with promptness and regularity.

The Company was organized in 1863, under the presidency

CHRIST CHURCH IN 1776.

of Mr. J. R. Jones, who remains at its head. Under his able
management it has enjoyed thirteen years of remarkable pros-
perity, and has taken rank as the largest and most successful
subscription book house in the world.

Second Street

Second street is one of the most peculiar features of the city.
It extends in an almost unbroken straight line from the northern
to the southern limit of the city, and is to Philadelphia very

38 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

much what the Bowery is to New York. It is lined for miles
with retail stores of every description, the customers of which
are almost entirely of the humbler class, and it would be hard
to surpass the confusion and the utter disregard of "the eternal
fitness of things" with which these are thrown together. It is
a street which the visitor must see in order to appreciate it
thoroughly.

The most prominent object on Second street is

Christ Church,

Situated north of Market. It stands on the site of the first
church erected by the followers of William Penn. It was
begun in 1727, and was completed in 1754. It is built of
brick, in the old style, and is surmounted by a tall spire, from
which he who has the courage to ascend it will be rewarded
with a noble view over the city, the Delaware, and the sur-
rounding country. The steeple is 196 feet in height, and con-
tains a chime of eight bells, said to be the oldest in America.
They rang out merrily upon the Proclamation of Independence
one hundred years ago, and will join their voices to the glad
chorus of rejoicing that will go up from the great city on the
4th of July, 1876. They were cast in London, and on the
tenor bell is inscribed this legend : " Christ Church, Philadel-
phia, 1754. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London,
made us all." The interior of the church is tasteful, but is
finished in the style of the early part of the eighteenth century,
except that the old high-back pews are gone, and the sitting
arrangements are altered to suit the needs of a modern congre-
gation. In the aisles of the church are buried John Penn, the
first member of the Penn family born in America, Dr. Richard
Peters, Robert Asheton, and many others who were noted men
in their day, but are now remembered only by the scholar.
Washington attended divine service regularly in this church,
while in the city, during the Revolution, and during his resi-
dence in Philadelphia as President of the United States, and
the feet of many of the greatest men of our history have trod
the hallowed aisles of this venerable edifice. Christ Church is

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

the property of the Episcopal Church. In 1772 the Rev.
William White, afterwards the first Bishop of the Episcopal
Church in Pennsylvania, was made Assistant Rector, and in
1789 the first general convention, which adopted the Constitu-

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING

tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States,
met here.

The church is opened. twice -for service on Sunday, and for
prayers on AYednesday and Friday mornings, at wliich time it
may be visited.

SiaiTh BfiOS, /'/^.l

"exhibition vase," exhibited by GALIiOWAY & GEAFF, IN THE

MAIN BUILDING.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 41

Chestnut Street.

Chestnut street is the Philadelphia Broadway. It extends
from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, crosses it by means of a
magnificent bridge, and continues its course through West
Philadelphia to the corporate limits. From the Delaware to
Fifteenth street, it is lined with long blocks of lofty and elegant
stores, and beyond this, to within a few squares of the Schuyl-
kill, the street is built up with handsome residences.

Some of the most noted buildings in Philadelphia are located
on this street. Commencing at the Delaware, we find the
wharf at the lower end of the street lined with river steamers,
and the busy crowded Delaware avenue, which lies along the
river's bank, is noisy with the constant roar of the immense
torrent of business that pours along it. Climbing the hill
which leads up from the river. Front street is reached, "the
high and dry bank '^ that rose above the river in the days of
William Penn. From Front to Third street, the buildings are
massive, very tall, and below Second street are almost entirely
constructed of brick. Above Second street marble and other
stores relieve the monotony of the brick fronts. This part of
the street is devoted to the wholesale dry-goods trade.

On the southeast corner of Third street is the five-story brick
building of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with long
lines of wires radiating from it in every direction. Third is the
Wall street of Philadelphia, and we shall refer to it again. On
the south side of Chestnut, above Third, is the handsome brown-
stone building of the Bank of North America. This was the
first bank established in the United States. It was chartered in
1781, at a time of great financial distress, and one of its prin-
cipal originators was Robert Morris. This able financier made
a good use of the bank- in behalf of the Federal government,
and restored the national credit by its aid. Immediately above
the bank, and separated from it by an alley, is the new build-
ing of the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. It is
one of the handsomest structures in Philadelphia, and its two
banking rooms are among the most beautiful and convenient in

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the Union. The safe deposit vaults are burglar-proof in every

sense of the word.

A little above this building, and standing back from the street
in a court, is a quaint, venerable-looking edifice. This is

Carpenters' Hall.

The Carpenters' Company of Philadelphia was organized in
1724 and in 1770 began the erection of this structure as a
place of meeting. It was finished in 1771. On the 5th of
September, 1774, the Continental Congress, the great Congress

carpenters' hatll,.

of the Revolution, composed of delegates from all the colonies
except Georgia, assembled in this building. It numbered fifty-
five members, consisting of delegates from every colony save
Georgia, whose governor had prevented the election of delegates.
Among the members were many of the most eminent men in
the land. From Virginia came George Washington, Patrick
Henry and Richard Henry Lee; from Massachusetts, Samuel
Adams and John Adams; from New York, Philip Livingston,
John Jay and William Livingston; from Rhode Island, the

OF IHE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

venerable Stephen Hopkins; from Connecticut, Koger Sherman ;
from South Carolina, Edward and John Rutedge and Christo-
pher Gadsden ; and from ^ew Jersey, the Rev. John AYitherspoon,
the President of Princeton College. The members of this
illustrious body were not strangers to each other, though the
majority of them met now for the first time. They had corre-
sponded with each other, and had discussed their wrongs so

INDEPENDENCE HALL IX 1 / / 6.

thoroughly, that each was well acquainted with the sentiments
of his colleagues, and all were bound together by a common
sympathy. ^

The Congress was organized by the election of Peyton Ran-
dolph, of Virginia, as Speaker. Charles Thomson, of Penn-
sylvania, an Irishman by birth, and the principal of the Quaker
High School in Philadelphia, was then chosen secretary. It

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

was proposed to open the sessions with prayer. Some of the
members thought this might be inexpedient, as all the delegates
might not be able to join in the same form of worship. Up

PROVIDENT LITE AND TBXJST COMPANY.

rose Samuel Adams, in whose great soul there was not a gram
of sham. He was a strict Congregationalist. " I am no bigot,"
he said. " I can hear a prayer from a man of piety and virtue,
whatever may be his cloth, provided he is at the same time a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

friend to his country." On his motion the Kev. Mr. Duch^, an
Episcopal clergyman of Philadelphia, was invited to act as
chaplain. Mr. Duch6 accepted the invitation.

CHESTNUT STEEET BELOW THIRD.

"When the Congress assembled the next morning all was anx-
iety and apprehension, for the rumor of fbe attack upon Boston,
which had reached Putman and aroused Connecticut, had gotten

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

as far as Philadelphia. The chaplain opened the session by
reading the thirty-fifth psalm, which seemed, as John Adams
said, ordained by Heaven to be read that morning, and then
broke forth into an extempore prayer of great fervor and elo-
quence. At the close of the prayer a deep silence prevailed in
the hall. It was broken by Patrick Henry, who rose to open

CHESTNUT STREET ABOVE SIXTH.

the day's proceedings. He began slowly and hesitatingly at
first, "as if borne down by the weight of his subject," but as
lie proceeded he rose grandly to the duty of the occasion, and
in a speech of masterly eloquence he recited the wrongs of the
American colonies at the hands of Great Britain, and declared
that all government in America was dissolved, and urged upon

VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE WOMEN'S PAVILION.

INTERIOR OF THE UNITEF STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 47

the Congress the necessity of forming a new government for the
colonies. Toward the close of his speech he struck a chord
which answered in every heart. " British oppression/' he ex-
claimed, " has effaced the boundaries of the several colonies ;
the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New
Yorkers and New Englanders are no more. I am not a Vir-
ginian, but an American." The deputies were astonished at his
eloquence, as well as at the magnitude of the interests with which
they were intrusted.

Opposite Carpenters' Hall, on the north side of Chestnut
street, is the elegant white marble building of the Fidelity Safe
Deposit and Insurance Company. It is built in the Italian
style, is one of the principal ornaments of the street, and is the
most extensive establishment of its kind in the country. Its
vaults are burglar and fire-proof Its immense safe weighs one
hundred and fifty tons, and was constructed at a cost of §60,000.
A handsome iron building, used by the Provident Life and
Trust Company, stands in Fourth street just below Chestnut.
The massive granite buildings of the Jayne estate front on
Chestnut street, east of Third. The central one is eight stories
in height.

On the south side of Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth, is
the

United States Custom House.

This noble structure was originally built for the second Bank
of the United States. It was begun in 1819, and was finished
in 1824, at a cost of nearly $600,000. The bank was char-
tered by Congress in 1816, after the close of the second war
with England. Its capital was $35,000,000, of which the
United States took $7,000,000. It began operations in Jan-
uary, 1817. This was the bank at which Andrew Jackson
struck such hard blows. In 1833 he removed the government
funds from its keeping, and as he steadily vetoed the acts of
C^ongress for a renewal of its charter, the bank passed out of
existence at the expiration of its charter, in 1836. A few years
later the building was purchased by the Federal governmenl
for about half of .*its original cost, and was converted into a

THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY

Custom House. It is constructed of white marble, and stands
upon a platform or dais of stone, isolated from all the surround-
ins: houses. It is an imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and
is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in America.
It has a front of eighty-seven feet and a depth of one hundred

--'"^Sl^iii^ni.nr:.;^:;^::

POST-OFFICE.

and sixty-one feet. It has two massive fagades, one on Chest-
nut street and the other on Library street. Each front consists
of a heavy entablature and pediment, resting upon eight large
fluted Doric columns. The building contains the offices of the
Custom House and the United States Sub-'^easury.

THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOEY

Custom House. It is constructed of white marble, and stands
upon a platform or dais of stone, isolated from all the surround-
ing houses. It is an imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and
is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in America.
It has a front of eightj-seven feet and a depth of one hundred

POST-OFFICE.

ftfAIN AISLE IN AGRTCULTTJRAI^ HALT,, SHOWING THE OLD WINDJIILL, ETC,.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 49

The Post-Office

Is situated immediately above the Custom House. It is built
of a bluish white marble, in the French style, with a mansard
roof. The business of the Post-Office has long since outgrown
its present contracted quarters, and a new building for its use is
in course of construction higher up Chestnut street. The pres-
ent edifice contains, in addition to the Post-Office, the rooms of
the United States District and Circuit Courts and the office of
Ihe United States Marshal.

On the north side of Chestnut street, opposite the Custom
House, is the substantial granite building of the Bank of Phil-
adelphia. Just above it is the Farmers^ and MechaiiM Banhy
a white marble structure. This bank is one of the oldest in the
Union, its charter dating from 1807. The present banking-
house w^as built in 1855. It stands on the site of a spacious
old-time mansion, which was the head -quarters of Admiral
Lord Howe during the occupation of the city by the British in
the Revolution. The bank is the financial agent of the State
of Pennsylvania and of the city of Philadelphia, and is the
depository of the ^'Philadelphia Clearing House." The Clearing
House occupies a portion of the building. Here the banks of
the city make their daily settlements.

Immediately above the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank is the
building occupied by the Pennsylvania Life Insurance and
Trust Company. This company was established in 1812. It
<loes an immense business as an executor, and is said to hold
nearly $100,000,000 in trust. In the same block are the Peo-
ples^ Bank and the Philadelphia Trust and Safe Deposit Com-
pany, both handsome structures. On the south side of Chest-
nut street, occupying the entire square from Fifth to Sixth, are
the venerable buildings of

Independence Hall.

This building is decidedly the most interesting of any in the
<aty. It was designed by Dr. Kearsley, who also planned
Ohrist Church, was commenced in 1729 and completed in 1734.
4

INDEPENDENCE HALD, PHILADELPHIA, IN 1876.

THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

The builder was Edmund Wooley ; the wings were not added
until 1740. The glaztng of the windows was done by Thomas
Godfrey, since known to fame as the inventor of the quadrant.
The original cost of the building was £5,600. The building is
of brick, with marble trimmings, and has an air of stately
dignity and repose, which offers a striking contrast to the hurry
and bustle of the busy street. The central building is the
handsomest, the wings being much plainer as well as smaller.
A tasteful steeple, ornamented with a clock, rises from the cen-
tre of the main building. It was erected in 1828, in place of
the original steeple, which was taken down in consequence of

INTERIOR OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.

being decayed in the latter part of the last century. In front
of the Chestnut street entrance stands a handsome statue of
Washington of white marble, the gift to the city of the children
of the public schools.

The building was erected by the province of Pennsylvania
for the purposes of a State House. The Continental Congress,
composed, of delegates from the thirteen colonies, assembled here

52 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

at the opening of its adjourned session on the 10th of May,
1775; and here was signed the Declaration of Independence,
which has made this venerable edifice for all time the very
shrine of American patriotism.

The interior decorations remain as originally designed by the
architect. Over the doors of the main halls on the first floor
are medallions containing the head of one of the Georges.
The eastern hall — the one on the left of the visitor as he enters'
from Chestnut street — is "Independence Hall.'^ It was in
this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions,
and that the Declaration of Independence was signed. The
hall is substantially unchanged, the only repairs that have been
made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The
old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs
from the ceiling. The walls of the room are adorned with
portraits of the Signers of the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart,
Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush's
statue of Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the
chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and
the table on which the Declaration was signed.

At the opposite or western end of the building is the hall
formerly used by the Court of Common Pleas. It is now a
Museum of National Relics, and contains many rare and
curious articles of historical interest. The collection is being
constantly enlarged.

On the ground-floor of the steeple stands the old bell w^hich,
in 1776, hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed
liberty to the people of America. It was . cast in England,
especially for the State House, in 1752, but was cracked in
testing it. It was then recast by Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia,
who inscribed upon it the strangely prophetic words, '^Pro-
claim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants
thereof.^' On the morning of the 4th of July, 1776, vast
crowds assembled around the State House, as it was known
that the Congress would on that day take definite action upon
the Declaration. The bell-ringer stationed himself in the tow^er
ready to proclaim the good news the moment it should be an-

an(

52 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

at the opening of its adjourned session on the lOtli of May,
1775; and here was signed the Declaration of Independence,
which has made this venerable edifice for all time the very
shrine of American patriotism.

The interior decorations remain as originally designed by the
architect. Over the doors of the main halls on the first floor
are medallions containing the head of one of the Georges.
The eastern hall — the one on the left of the visitor as he enters
from Chestnut street — is "Independence Hall.'' It was in
this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions,
and that the Declaration of Independence was signed. The
hall is substantially unchanged, the only repairs that have been
made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The
old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs
from the ceiling. The walls of the room are adorned with
portraits of the Signers of the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart,
Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush's
statue of Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the
chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and
the table on which the Declaration was signed.

On the ground-floor of the steeple stands the old bell which,
in 1776, hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed
liberty to the people of America. It was cast in England,
especially for the State House, in 1752, but was cracked in
testing it. It was then recast by Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia,
who inscribed upon it the strangely prophetic words, '^Pro-
claim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants
thereof." On the morning of the 4th of July, 1776, vast
crowds assembled around the State House, as it was known
that the Congress would on that day take definite action upon
the Declaration. The bell-ringer stationed himself in the tower
ready to proclaim the good news the moment it should be an-

MEMOKIAL BUILDING' OR ART GAI.LE;JRY — -INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.
365 feet in length andl210 feet in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITION.

nounced to him, and had posted his little son at the door of the
hall to await the signal of the door-keeper. "When the an-
nouncement of the vote was made, the door-keeper gave the
signal and the boy ran quickly to the tower. The old man
heard him coming, and clutched the bell-rope with a firm
grasp. The next instant the glad cry of the boy's voice was
heard. "Ring! ring!'' he cried; and then the deep, sonorous
tones of the bell went rolling out of the tower, and were
answered with a mighty
shout from the assembled
throng without.

A few days later the
Declaration of Independ-
ence was formally read by
order of Congress, from the
doorway of Independence
Hall to the people assembled
in the square in the rear of
the hall, and was received
by them with overwhelming
enthusiasm. At the close
of the readino; the crowd
tore the royal decorations
from the hall, and carried
them into the square and
made bonfires of them.

A broad stairway leads
to the second floor, on which are located the chambers used by
the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia.
The hall at the western end was used as the Senate chamber
during a part of the sessions of the First Congress. At the time
of the Revolution, the lobby extended from this hall to the
eastern end of the building. The American officers captured
by the British at the battle of Germantown were confined here.

The eastern wing is now occupied by the Municipal Govern-
ment, and contains the offices of the Mayor of the city, and the
Police Department. The western wing is known as " Congress

OLD BKLL OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.

THE ILLUSTKAIliiD HISTORY

Hall/' On the eastern wall of this wing is a marble tablet
bearing this inscription ;

" In this building met the

First Senate

and the

First House of Representatives ,

of the United States of America ;

and herein George Washington was inaugurated

President, March 4, 1793,

and closed his official career;

where, herein also,

John Adams was inaugurated the

Second President of the United States,

March 4, 1797."

The House of Representatives occupied the first^oor, now
used by the Court of Quarter Sessions and the Highway

public ledger building.

Department, and the Senate, upper floor, at present devoted to
District Courts No. 1 and No. 2. Thomas Jefferson, as Vice-
President, presided over the Senate during Mr. Adams' ad-
ministration. Congress sat here from 1792 to 1799.

Immediately opposite Independence Hall are the Americuii

THE ILLUSTKATtID HISTOKY

Hall." On the eastern wall of this wing is a marble tablet
bearing this inscription :

" In this building met the

First Senate

and the

First House of Kepresentativi^ ,

of the United States of America ;

and herein George Washington was inaugurated

President, March 4, 1793,

and closed his official career;

where, herein also,

John Adams was inaugurated the

Second President of the United States,

March 4, 1797."

The House of Representatives occupied the first^oor, now
used by the Court of Quarter Sessions and the Highway

PUBLIC LEDGER "BUILDING.

Immediately opposite Independence Hall are the American

SCENE IN AGRICULTURAL HALL, SHOWING THE TOBACCO AND OTHER EXHIBITS

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Motel, the rooms of the Philadelphia Press Cluhy and the office
of the Adams Express Company.

At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Sixth streets is the
splendid brown-stone building of the Public Ledger. It is one
•of the most perfectly appointed newspaper offices in the world,
and is a noble monument to the energy and ability of Mr,
■George W. Childs, its proprietor, who has made the Ledger one
of the most useful as well as one of the most successful journals
in the Union. On the
northwest corner is the
office of The Day, and a few
<doors above is the office of
the Evening Bulletin, the
oldest afternoon paper in
the city. Almost immedi-
ately opposite the Bulletin
is the office of the German
Democrat, a showy build-
ino; : and on the southwest

corner of Seventh and
Chestnut is the office of The
Press. A few doors above
Seventh, on the north side
of Chestnut, is the office of
The Times.

At the northeast corner
of Seventh is Guy's Hotel,
a handsome building of
white marble. The hotel
is conducted on the European plan, and is an excellent house.

The heavy business of the street may be said to end at
Seventh street, at which point the fashionable promenade
begins. Above this, the stores are chiefly retail establishments,
and in the next eight squares are collected the handsomest and
most extensive dry-goods, clothing, jewelry, house-furnishing,
carpet, book, and fancy stores of the city. Many of these are
palatial structures, and in the majority the display of goods i?

GEEMAN DEMOCRAT BUILDING.

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

rich and beautiful. The windows are dressed with great taste^
and afford a constantly changing series of pictures unsurpassed
by any street in the world. The scene on the street is always
brilliant. The whole fashionable world turns out here to see
and be seen in fine weather, and from two to six in the after-
noon the street is thronged with elegantly dressed people, and
showy carriages and other vehicles.

On the north side, above Seventh, is the elegant front of the

Grr's HOTEL.

Old Masonic. Temple. It is a conspicuous object on the street^,
and at the time of its erection was considered the most elegant
structure of its kind in the country. It is now eclipsed by the
new Temple on Broad street, and having been deserted by the
brethren, is being converted into a hotel.

At the southeast corner of Ninth and Chestnut is the Conti-
nental Hotel, the largest in the city, and esteemed by experi-
enced travellers the best in the Union. It is six stories in
height, and covers an area of 41,536 square feet of grounds

OLD MAPONTC TEMPT.E, CHEPTNFT STREET.

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Chestnut street front is built of Albert and Pictou sand-
stone, and is elegant and tasteful in design. The Ninth and
Sansom street fronts are of a fine quality of pressed brick.
The hotel was opened in February, 1860, and has done a steady
and prosperous business ever since. It has accommodations for
1000 guests, and is famous as setting a better table than any
American hotel. All of its appointments are elegant and sub-
stantial, and combine solid comfort with beauty. Elevators
convey guests and thei^ luggage from the ground-floor to the

continentatj hotel.

sixth story ; telegraph wires radiate from the hotel to all parts
of the world ; the traveller may purchase his ticket to his
destination and check his bagg-age before leaving the house;
and most of the necessities and many of the luxuries of life
may be had from the stores under the same roof. The cost of
the building was $1,000,000.

Immediately opposite the Continental is the Girard House,
a stately edifice of brown-stone, erected at a cost of $500,000.
It is considered the second hotel in Philadelphia, and is a for-

GROUP OF VASES, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

midable rival to the Continental. It has accommodations for
300 guests.

The eastern half of the square, bounded by Chestnut, Market,
and Ninth streets, is the site on which the new Post- Office is
being erected. An appropriation of $3,000,000 has been made
for this work, and the Post-Office will be a splendid and per-
fectly arranged building. It will be constructed of granite,
and it is estimated that its cost will not fall short of $6,000,000.

At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Ninth is the " Burd
Block,^' built of white marble, and consisting of three beautiful
and magnificent stores — the handsomest on the street.

At the northwest corner of Tenth street is the building of the

GIRARD HOUSE.

iVew? Yo7^k Mutual Life Insurance Company. It stands on the
site of the old Keene mansion, and is a magnificent structure
of light Rhode Island granite, in the Renaissance style. It is
one of the principal ornaments of the city, and one of the
handsomest business edifices in the world. Its cost was
11,000,000.

On the north side of Chestnut, above Tenth, is the American
Theatre, better known as Fox's. It is a gaudy structure, stands
on the site of the old Academy of Fine Arts, and will seat
2800 people. On the opposite side of the street are a number
of elegant stores.

The American Sunday-School Union occupies a handsome
granite edifice on the south side of the street, between Eleventh

THE ILLUSTRATED HLSTORY

and Twelfth. It was erected in 1854, and is the head-quarters
and central office of this vast organization. Girard Row, on
the opposite side of the street, contains a number of handsome
stores. One of these is occupied by the art galleries of C. F.

iHaseltine, a place which no lover of art should fail to visit.

f Bailey's Jewelry ^tore, at the southeast corner of Chestnut
and Twelfth, is a superb edifice of white marble. It is the
largest establishment of its kind in the city, and is rl^-hly worth

CHESTNUT STREET AT TWELFTH.

a visit. The building is owned by Dr. S. S. White, manufac-
turer of dental materials, who occupies all the upper floors.

On the north side of the street, above Twelfth, are the
Chestnut Street TheatrCj the leading society theatre of the city,
and Concert Hall.

The United States Mint

Stands on the north side of Chestnut street, above Thirteenth.
The building is principally of brick, faced in front with white
marble ashler. It is in the Ionic order, and the front is orna-
mented with a wide portico of beautiful design, supported by

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

six large pillars, and approached by a flight of wide steps.
The United States Mint was established by Act of Congress, in
April, 1792, and in 1794 David Kittenhouse was appointed by
President Washington its first Director. A building on Seventh
street, near Market, was first used, and there copper cents were

A CHESTNUT STREET DRY-GOODS STORE.

coined in 1793. Silver dollars were coined the next year, and
gold eagles in 1795. Until 1826 all the work of coining was
done by hand, but in that year steam machinery was introduced.
The present structure was begun in 1829, and was finished in
1833. It is the principal mint of the country, all the others

62 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

being merely branches of this establishment. It is one of the
most complete and perfectly equipped institutions of its kind.
The steam-engine and the coining aiid milling machinery are
exceedingly intricate and costly. The steam-engine used for
driving the coining machinery is one of the most perfect and
beautiful pieces of machinery in existence. The largest scale
used in the mint will weigh 6000 ounces of metal, and the
smallest one-thirteenth-hundredth part of a grain. Of late
years the mint has been largely engaged in coining monev for
China and Japan. The probable resumption of specie pay-
ments at an early day will no doubt restore to this institution
its old time activity. The operations of the mint are con-
ducted with the most scrupulous integrity. The government
has never lost a cent's worth by the dishonesty of any of the
officials or employes since the institution was established.
Visitors are admitted from 9 to 12 each day, and the officers
of the mint take pleasure in explain ii>g the coining and other
processes. There is a valuable and extensive cabinet of rare
and curious coins attached to the mint. Some of the coins are
of a date 700 years before the Christian era.

Nearly opposite the mint is the new building of the Presby-
terian Board of 'Publicaiion. It is built of white granite, with
trimmings of polished Aberdeen stone.

At the southeast corner of Chestnut and Fifteenth streets is
the magnificent new building of the Young Men^H Christian
Association. The ground-floor is devoted to stores, but the
upper floors are used by the Association. It is the handsomest
building owned by this society in the United States.

At the southwest corner of Fifteenth street is the Colonnade
Hotels a handsome structure of white marble, seven stories in
height. It is a first-class hotel, and has accommodations for
700 guests.

At the northwest corner is the Episcopal Church of the
Epiphany.

Immediately above the Colonnade Hotel is the Reform Club
House^ a marble building, pleasantly situated, and fitted up in
superb style.

THE STARCH PAVILION, IN AGRICULTLKAL HALL.

GENERAL VIEW OP THE INTERIOR OF AGRICULTUEAL HALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Beyond Fifteenth, Chestnut street is lined with handsome
residences, to within a short distance of the Schuylkill. The
most beautiful and costly of these is the mansion built by the
late Dr. Jayne, at the southeast corner of Nineteenth street.
On the north side of Chestnut, above Eighteenth, is the Taber-
nacle Baptist Church.

The Schuylkill is crossed by means of a handsome bridge
of iron, with stone piers. Beyond the river the street is built

COLONI^'ADE HOTEL.

up regularly for a few squares, but then gives way to a series
of elegant villas.

Walnut street

The lower part of Walnut street is devoted entirely to business.
At the corner of Second and Walnut is a large four-story brown-
stone building known as "Anthracite Block,'^ as it is occupied
entirely by persons engaged in the coal trade. This part of the
street is principally devoted to the same interest.

Just above Second street. Dock street intersects Walnut

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

obliquely, and in the triangle bounded by Third, Dock, and
Walnut streets stands

77?^ Merchants' Exchange.

This is the most conspicuous feature of this portion of Phila-
delphia. It is a splendid edifice, constructed of Pennsylvania
marble. It is used for the purposes indicated by its name; and
the large rotunda on its eastern side has lately been fitted up at

merchants' exchange.

great expense for the daily sessions of the Philadelphia Board
of Brokers. Dock street, upon which the eastern side of the
building fronts, is said to have been once the course of a stream
of running water.

In Second street below Chestnut, and almost within sight of
the Exchange, is the Commercial Exchange. It is a handsome
building of brick and brown-stone, with a tower. The lower
hall is used by the grain and flour merchants for their daily
meetings, and the tower by the Philadelphia branch of the
5

66 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

United States Signal Service. The building stands on the site
of the " Old Slate Roof House," which was so called because
it was at that time the only house in Philadelphia provided
with such a roof. It was built at a very early day by Samuel
Carpenter. William Penn occupied it during his second visit
to Philadelphia, in 1700, when he brought his family with him,
and John Penn, the only native American of the family, was
born here. General Forbes, Braddock's successor, died here,
and General Henry Lee, the famous "Light-Horse Harry" of
the Revolution, was buried from here. John Adams, John
Hancock, and the Baron de Kalb also resided here for a while.
Washington was a frequent visitor to the house.

At the southeast corner of Walnut and Third streets is the
building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Companyy
one of the handsomest in the city. On the opposite corner of
Third street is the office of the Sunday Dispatch. Between
Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal
offices.

On Fourth street below Walnut are the offices of the Penn-
sylvania and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Companies,
The Pennsylvania Company controls more miles of railway
than any other organization in the world. The building of
this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy
granite. The Reading Railroad is the second corporation in
the State, and controls the bulk of the transportation from the
rich coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the seaboard.

Independence Square lies on the north side of Walnut street,
between Fifth and Sixth ; and diagonally opposite, at the corner
of Sixth, is Washington Square, both of which have been
already described. This is a region of lawyers' and real estate
agents' offices ; a number of insurance offices are also located
here. On the corner of Walnut street and West Washington
Square is the handsome bank building of the Philadelphia Sav-
ings Fund Society, the first savings bank established in America.
It began in a small way in 1816^ and its depositors now num-
ber 39,000, while its deposits amount to more than ^10,000,000.

On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets is the

66 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

At the southeast corner of Walnut and Third streets is the
building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Company^
one of the handsomest in the city. On the opposite corner of
Third street is the ofl&ce of the Sunday Dispatch. Between
Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal
offices.

On Fourth street below Walnut are the offices of the Penn-
sylvania and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Companies.
The Pennsylvania Company controls more miles of railway
than any other organization in the world. The building of
this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy
granite. The Reading Railroad is the second corporation in
the State, and controls the bulk of the transportation from the
rich coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the seaboard.

Independence Square lies on the north side of Walnut street,
between Fifth and Sixth ; and diagonally opposite, at the corner
of Sixth, is AVashington Square, both of which have been
already described. This is a region of lawyers' and real estate
agents' offices ; a number of insurance offices are also located
here. On the corner of Walnut street and West Washington
Square is the handsome bank building of the Philadelphia Sav-
ings Fund Society, the first savings bank established in America.
It began in a small way in 1816, and its depositors now num-
ber 39,000, while its deposits amount to more than $10,000,000.

On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets is the

AtiRICUI,TURAI. HALL — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.
830 feet in length and 540 feet in wi(Ul)

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Walnut Street Theatre, once the leading theatre of the Union.
It was the scene of many of the most memorable triumphs of
Kean, Kemble, Forrest, Macready, and the elder and younger
Booth.

Adjoining the northwest corner of Walnut and Ninth is the

RESIDENCE OF GEO. W. CHILDS, WALNUT STREET.

building occupied by city offices of the United States Centennial
Commission. Immediately opposite is the office of the Cen-
tennial Board of Finance. On the north side of the street, just
below Tenth street, is the Irving House, a fashionable hotel, with
accommodations for 200 guests.

The business portion of Walnut street may be said to end

68 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

at Tenth street. Beyond this the street is occupied by dwell-
ings, which, above Twelfth street, are among the handsomest
in the country. Marble, brown-stone, granite, and free-stone
alternate with brick, and give to the street an appearance more
varied than that of Fifth Avenue, and almost as handsome.

Rittenhouse Square, already described, is at the intersection
of Eighteenth and Walnut streets. The residences surrounding
it are especially attractive, and afford a fair sample of the
higher class of the domestic architecture of the city. At the
upper end of Jlittenhouse Square is the Church of the Holy
Trinity, a handsome brown-stone edifice with a square tower
and pinnacles of the same material. At the southeast corner of
Twenty-first and Walnut is one of the most beautiful specimens
of church architecture in Philadelphia. It is the property of
the Presbyterian denomination, and is known as the Second
Presbyterian Church,

The line of residences ceases abruptly about a square from
the river. Beyond the Schuylkill it is taken up again, and
Walnut street forms one of the most beautiful thoroughfares of
West Philadelphia. At Thirty-ninth and Walnut is the pala-
tial residence of Anthony J. Drexel, the well-known banker,
and one of Philadelphia's most useful citizens. It is a splen-
did specimen of villa architecture.

Arch Street

Arch street is the next great thoroughfare north of Market
street, and extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. It is a
wide and handsome avenue, the lower part of which is given to
business. It is a street which retains more traces of the Phila-
delphia of half a century ago than any of the great highways
of the city, and is quieter and more staid than either Market or
Chestnut. It is one of the brightest and most attractive of the
city thoroughfares, and forms a pleasing contrast to either of
those just mentioned.

At the corner of Fourth and Arch, surrounded by a high
brick wall, is the Meeting House of the Orthodox Friends.
Philadelphia owes her prosperity to-day, in a great measure, to

SILVER PITCHER, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM IMANUFACTURING CO.

SOLID SILVER SALVER, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. VALUE S3.000.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

the people of this society, and in this city at least, the sincere
and modest virtues of the Quaker will always command the
gratefu] reverence of the people.

At the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch streets is

Old Christ Church Graveyard.

It is enclosed by a high brick wall. It was purchased at the
same time the ground on which Christ Church stands was ac-
quired, and the first in-
terment was made here
in 1700, five years after-
wards. Many prominent
men are buried here.
Here lie the bones of
Peyton Randolph, the
President of the first Con-
tinental Congress ; Fran-
cis Hopkinson, a signer
of the Declaration of In-
dependence ; and Major-
General Charles Lee.
Close by the Arch street
wall, at the upper end of
the cemetery, are the
graves of Benjamin
Franklin, and Deborah,

his wife. In 1858, a portion of the wall was removed, and an iron
railing was set in its place. The passer-by can now look in from
the street and behold the graves of the philosopher and states-
man, and his wife. A plain slab of marble marks their last
resting-place, bearing an inscription dictated by Franklin him-
self, with the exception of the date. It reads thus :

" Benjamin '\

and V Franklin.
Deborah J

1790."

CORNER OF ARCH AND SIXTH STREETS.

What a contrast between this modest legend and the pompous

70 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

inscriptions in Laurel Hill ! Franklin needed no monument
over his tomb, no epitaph, to keep his memory green in Phila-
delphia. His monuments lie all over the city. Among the
most prominent are the Philadelphia Library, the American
Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, and Christ Church.

Adjoining the grave of Franklin is that of his daughter

BEN J A MIX FRANKLIN.

Sarah, and her husband, Richard Bache. It is marked by a
similar slab.

At the southwest corner of Fifth and Arch is an ancient
building, erected during the latter part of the last century for
the use of the Free Quakers. " It is now occupied by the Appren-
tices' Library Company, which was established in 1820, "for the
use of apprentices and other young persons, without charge of
any kind, for the use of books.''

On the north side of Arch street, above Sixth, is the Arch
Street Theatre, a handsome marble front buikling. The interior
is one of the best arranged and most comfortable in the city.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

On the same side, above Seventh, is the St. Cloud Hotel, a
handsome building, with a brown-stone front, with accommoda-
tions for 400 guests.

At the northwest corner of Arch and Ninth streets is Colonel
Wood's Museum, a popular place of amusement. Adjoining the
northwest corner of Tenth and Arch is Simmons^ and Slocuni's
Opera House.

ST. CLOUD HOTEIi.

On Arch above Tenth, on the south side, are the Methodist
Book Rooms.

At the southeast corner of Arch and Broad streets is the Arch
Street Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the stateliest church
edifices in the city. It was completed in 1873, is constructed
entirely of white marble, and is built in the pure Gothic style,

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

with a spire rising to a height of 233 feet. Its cost was over
5250,000. At the northwestern corner is St. John\ Lutheran
Church, It is built of serpentine stone, with gray sandstone
and Hummel-stone dressings. The tower, which is not yet
completed, will be massive in its proportions, and very beauti-

ARCH STREET METHODIST CHURCH.

ful. The interior decorations are very rich, and the altar is one
of the handsomest in this country. The church is built in the
florid German Gothic style, and will cost when completed about
$300,000. At the northwest corner of Arch and Broad is the
First Baptist Church, one of the oldest organizations of that de-

SHOW-CASES IN THE CHINESE DEPARTMENT, MAIN BUILDING.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 73

nomination in this country. The congregation was formed in
1684. The present edifice was erected in 1854. The church
is a substantial brown-stone structure, with a spire 225 feet in
height. The interior is very handsome.

Above Broad, Arch street is entirely devoted to residences,
many of which are very handsome. Many of the "solid men^'
of the city live in this quarter, and their residences, while often
plain and unassuming without, are sumptuously and beautifully
furnished within, and are arranged with every convenience. At
the corner of Arch and Eighteenth is tlie West Arch Street Pres-
byterian Church, a splendid edifice, much admired by the people
of the city.

Broad Street

Broad street is the longest in the city. It extends in an un-
broken line from the Delaware to Germantown, a distance of
about fifteen miles, and preserves a uniform width of 120 feet
along this entire length.

The southern terminus of the street is at League Island, a
low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and the
Schuylkill. This island was presented to the United States by
the city of Philadelphia a few years ago, for a Navy Yard.
"Work was begun upon it almost immediately, and about a year
ago the Kavy Yard was transferred to it from its old quartet's
higher up the river. We shall refer to it again in another por-
tion of this work. For some distance north of League Island,
Broad street is bordered by truck farms, and is ornamented with
a double row of trees. Several handsome churches and some
fine residences are located south of Washington avenue. At
the northwest corner of Broad street and Washington avenue is
the Depot of the Fhiladelphiay Wilmington and Baltimore Rail-
road^ or jSls it is more commonly called, "the Baltimore Depot."
It is a large and commodious building, well suited to the needs
of this prosperous road. Diagonally opposite the depot, in the
square bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian and Carpenter
streets, is the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library y to
which we shall refer again.

At the corner of Broad and Pine streets is the Pennsylvania

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. This noble charity was or-
ganized in 1820, by Bishop White, and in 1821 was incor-
porated by the State. The building presents a front of cut stone,
with a portico supported by pillars of the Tuscan order. It
consists of a central portion and two wings, the whole having a

BETH-EDEN BAPTIST CHURCH.

frontage of 200 feet. The State of Pennsylvania makes a lib-
eral appropriation every year towards its support, and the States
of Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware also contribute to it,
and send their deaf and dumb to enjoy its benefits.

At the northwest corner of Spruce street is Beth-Eden Churchy
the property of the Baptists. It is a superb edifice, and when

OF THE CEXTENNIAX. EXHIBITION.

its spire is completed, will be one of the most perfect specimens
of church architecture in America.

On Broad street above I^ocust is Horticultural Hall, the prop-
erty of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which was in-
corporated in 1827.

HOETICUIiTURAL TTAT.T..

Immediately above Horticultural Hall, and separated from
it by a space of a few yards, is the

American Academy of Music,

The most capacious and elegant opera house in the country. It
was completed on the 26th of January, 1857, and was opened
with a notable ball. It is still used for the grand balls of the
Pliiladelphians, on which occasions a temporary bridge is
thrown across the space between the Academy and Horticul-
tural Hall, and the two buildings are used in common. The
Academy is built of fine pressed brick, with brown-stone trim-
mings, and has a front of 140 feet on Broad street, and a depth
of 238 feet on Locust street. The exterior is substantial, but

THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY

plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior.
The stage is 90 feet wide, nearly 50 feet high, and nearly 100
feet deep. The i)roscenium is richly ornamented, and the
boxes which it contains are situated between six splendid Cor-
inthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously up-
holstered. The parquette and its accompanying circle are very
large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which
are rows of private boxes, the family circle, and the amphitheatre.

ACADEMY OP MUSIC.

The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to
those of the proscenium, but smaller. The dome is frescoed to
represent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a
magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house
is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling
and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobby, hand-
somely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms,
etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony,
which is backed by a smaller lobby opening into the foyer,

THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY

plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior.
The stage is 90 feet wide, nearly 50 feet high, and nearly 100
feet deep. The proscenium is richly ornamented, and the
boxes which it contains are situated between six splendid Cor-
inthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously up-
holstered. The parquette and its accompanying circle are very
large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which
are rows of private boxes, the family circle, and the amphitheatre.

ACADEMY OF MUSIC.

The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to
those of the proscenium, but smaller. The dome is frescoed .to
represent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a
magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house
is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling
and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobby, hand-
somely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms,
etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony,
which is backed by a smaller lobby opening into the foyer,

-4efvl0W>^^i<"

MAIN BUILDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876.
1880 feet in length and 464 feet in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 77

which is located immediately over the main lobby. The build-
ing will comfortably seat 3000 persons, and has held as many
as 4000 sitting and standing. Its estimated value, with its
scenery and other appointments, is $800,000.

On the southeast corner of Broad and 'Locust streets is The
Colosseum. It stands directly opposite the Academy of Music,
and is one of the most noticeable buildings in the city. It was
originally erected at the corner of Broadway and Thirty-fifth
street, in New York, but was taken down, transferred to Phila-
delphia, and rebuilt here in the spring of 1876. As it will
constitute one of the most prominent places of interest in the
city during the exhibition, a brief description of it will be of
service to the reader. The building is cylindrical in form, and
has a diameter of 129 feet at the base, and 126 feet at the eaves.
The height from the pavement to the under side of the roof is
77 feet. The foundations are of masonry, capped with granite
blocks. The walls are constructed of wrought- iron frame work,
T irons, 3J by 3J inches, are set upright, 6 feet apart at the
base, and 3 feet apart at the top, and are connected at in-
tervals of 7 feet 6 inches by T and angle-irons bolted to
them, the whole forming a kind of ladder. There are twenty-
eight of these ladders placed round the circumference, all se-
curely joined together. Wooden braces are added to the
panels of the ladders. The outside, 405 feet in circumference,
and 75 feet high, is covered with corrugated iron. Being
constructed in this way it can be seen how it was possible to
take the building down in New York and ship it to Philadel-
phia, although the undertaking was a laborious one, and at-
tended by enormous expense. The roof is covered with tin,
and contains forty-eight skylights. Within the building is a
promenade 94 feet in diameter, and 300 feet in circumference.
It is fitted with ornamental columns and pilasters, and has fif-
teen alcoves containing many objects of interest and beauty.
The main entrance to the building is at the corner of Broad and
Locust streets, the faQade of ornamental galvanized iron stand-
ing diagonally across the corner of the streets. The fagade is
32 feet wide, and 65 feet high. The whole building is beauti-

78. THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fully frescoed in bright colors. The engine for working the
elevator is in the basement at the centre of the structure, and
the boiler at the rear of the lot, entirely separated from the
building. There will be no fire whatever in the Colosseum,
(the heating being done by steam-pipes), except gaslights, and
every precaution in the shape of plugs, hose, &c., will be used
to guard against accident.

A 2:reat feature of the Colosseum is the tower. This sub-
structure arises from the ground in the interior of the building,
around it running the promenade already described. It is 38
feet 6 inches in diameter at the base, and formerly terminated
at the roof-line. In reconstructing the building on the Phila-
delphia site, the tower will run up to a total height of 166 feet,
with a diameter at the top of 20 feet. The tower has a balcony
113 feet above the pavement-line, 47 feet in diameter. From
this point the tower takes a conical form, decreasing in width as
it rises. At a height of 141 feet from the pavement, a second
balcony is reached, with a diameter of 33 feet. The balconies
are each 4 feet wide outside the tower, and protected by substan-
tial railings. The two balconies will accommodate from 250 to
300 people at one time. An Otis steam elevator, capable of
carrying forty persons at a time, will run from the ground to
the upper balcony, whence there will be an iron stairway on the
outside of the tower giving access to the summit, twenty-five
feet above, where fifty or more persons may be accommodated at
one time. This topmost space is protected by a high and strong
iron railing. The tower is composed of sixteen "ladders" sim-
ilar to those used in the construction of the main building. On
the inside is a heavy framing of timber, extending from the floor
to the top, and braced to the iron work, within which the ele-
vator works. In addition to the elevator, a staircase seven feet
wide runs round the interior of the tower to the top. At some
appropriate point will be hung a chime of bells. Here it may
be stated that the cost of the Colosseum in [N^ew York was
$250,000. The extension of the tower and the cost of tearing
down, shipping and rebuilding, will bring the total value of the

BRONZE VASE, EXHIBITED IN THE JAPANESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 79

investment at Broad and Locust streets, apart from the paint-
ings, to a sum not far short of half a million.

It is expected that the tower will prove a great point of at-
traction to residents and visitors. There is no place in the
vicinity from which so good a bird^s-eye view of Philadelphia
can be had, nor under such pleasant circumstances. A few
steeples in the city have the requisite elevation, but there are no
accommodations in them for visitors, who are forced to climb
the whole distance. At the Colosseum tower the visitor will
be taken up by an elevator, and all the surroundings will be of
a nature suited to the class of citizens who will be attracted to
the spot. Arrived at the first balcony, the sight-seer may
either there satisfy his curiosity, or again entering the elevator,
may be carried still higher up the shaft to the second balcony.
If he has yet further aspirations, he may take the outside stair-
way to the extreme top^ It is probable ladies wall not much
affect the last stage of the journey, but it will be perfectly safe
for those who choose it. It is evident that strangers may gain
a most correct and immediate idea of the topography of Phila-
delphia through this medium than by any other means at hand
during the Centennial season.

The building is designed expressly for the exhibition of the
magnificent panorama of Paris, which has attracted so much
attention in that city and in New York. The picture shows
" Paris by Night," and is the work of Messrs. Danson & Son,
artists pf eminence. It covers over 40,000 square feet — or
more than an acre — of canvas, and represents a territory of
about seven square miles. Every street and every building of
prominence or interest in all this wide space is depicted on the
canvas with absolute correctness. The great capital is shown
in its most magnificent mood, and the painting has a reputation
among artists higher than that of the "Old London." In its
illusion "Paris by Night " surpasses all works of this kind ever
devised. It is almost impossible to escape the impression that
one is indeed looking down upon an enormous living and
breathing city. Drawing and perspective are perfect, and
Paris, absolutely as it was before the Communistic spoilers

80 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ravaged it in parts, is practically before the gazer. All persons
who have been in Paris will take delight in refreshing their
memories by this means, and it will give the greater number
who have not been there an excellent idea of the place where
all "good Americans go when they die." The Cyclorama is.
arrano-ed by ingenious mechanism around the entire inner sur-
face of the circular edifice, its lower edge, however, not coming
to within twenty-five feet of the ground floor, that space being
filled, as before stated, by the promenade. The spectator ascend-
ing the tower emerges at a height of about fifty feet upon a
central platform, looking downward from which he sees the
sparkling city spread seemingly for miles around him. The
idea is that the sight-seer is upon some eminence in the city of
Paris, and there is nothing to break the spell, unless it is the
queer French spoken by the people around him.

To further carry out the pleasant fiction the canvas is made
to extend far up and beyond the platform, and is painted to
represent the heavens. The stars shine out, and the moon pours
its full soft light over the scene, harmonizing and contrasting
'',vith the myriad illuminations which make gay the Boulevards,
the bridges, and the other busy centres of Parisian life. At
certain times mechanical means are brought in play by which
there is a perfect simulation of a storm over the city. The
moon becomes obscured by clouds and the lights of the city are
blurred and extinguished by fast driving rain. This scenic
effect universally excites admiration and astonishment.

At the southwest corner of Broad and Walnut is the new
St. George Hold, a first-class house, with accommodations for
400 guests.

On the west side of Broad, north of Walnut, is the

Union League Club House.

This magnificent edifice is the property of the Club whose
name it bears. It is built of brick, with brown-stone trimmings,
in the French Renaissance style, and cost over $200,000. It
was finished in May, 1865. It is sumptuously and tastefully
furnished, and has all the appointments of a first-class club

80 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ravaged it in parts, is practically before the gazer. All persons
who have been in Paris will take delight in refreshing their
memories by this means, and it will give the greater number
who have not been there an excellent idea of the place where
all "good Americans go when they die." The Cyclorama is
arranged by ingenious mechanism around the entire inner sur-
face of the circular edifice, its lower edge, however, not coming
to within twenty-five feet of the ground floor, that space being
filled, as before stated, by the promenade. The spectator ascend-
ing the tower emerges at a height of about fifty feet upon a
central platform, looking downward from which he sees the
sparkling city spread seemingly for miles around him. The
idea is that the sight-seer is upon some eminence in the city of
Paris, and there is nothing to break the spell, unless it is the
queer French spoken by the people around him.

To further carry out the pleasant fiction the canvas is made
to extend far up and beyond the platform, and is painted to
represent the heavens. The stars shine out, and the moon pours
its full soft light over the scene, harmonizing and contrasting
with the myriad illuminations which make gay the Boulevards,
the bridges, and the other busy centres of Parisian life. At
certain times mechanical means are brought in play by which
there is a perfect simulation of a storm over the city. The
moon becomes obscured by clouds and the lights of the city are
blurred and extinguished by fast driving rain. This scenic
effect universally excites admiration and astonishment.

At the southwest corner of Broad and Walnut is the new
St. George Hold, a first-class house, with accommodations for
400 guests.

On the west side of Broad, north of Walnut, is the

Union League Club House,

UOiaiCULrUK\L hall INXERNATiOUAL iiXlULJTlOK.

383 feet in length and 193 feet in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

house. Its restaurant is excellent^ and it contains many valu-
able paintings, statues, and busts. The club has now a member-
ship of over two thousand. It was organized in 1862 for the
avowed purpose of giving to the general government " an un-
wavering support of its efforts for the suppression of the
rebellion.^^

Immediately above the "League House 'Ms the La Pierre
House, one of the most elegant hotels of the city, with accommo-
dations for over 200 guests.

UNION LEAGUE CLUB HOUSE.

A Presbyterian church, with a handsome Corinthian portico,
stands opposite the " League House,'' and immediately above
Chestnut street is another on the same side of Broad street.

The line of Broad street is interrupted a little above Chestnut
street, by the enormous pile of the new

Public Buildings,

BOW in course of erection for the use of the municipal govern-
ment. The building is surrounded by a grand avenue, 135 feet
wide on the southern, eastern, and western fronts, and 205 feet

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY,

wide on the northern front. The plan submitted by Mr. John
McArthur, Jr., architect, was adopted. It is essentially modern
in its leading features, and presents a rich example of what is
known by the generic term of the " Renaissance,'^ modified and
adapted to the varied and extensive requirements of a great
American municipality.

It is designed in the spirit of French art, admirable in its
ernaraentation, while the whole effect is one of massive dignity,
worthy of us and our posterity.

This immense architectural pile covers, exclusive of the court-
yard, an area of nearly 4J acres, and consists of one buildings

liA PIERRE HOUSE.

sarrounding an interior court-yard. The north and south fronts
measure 470 feet, the east and west 48 6 J feet, in their extreme
length. The four fronts are similar in their design. In the
centre of each an entrance pavilion, of 90 feet in width, rises to
the height of 185 feet, having receding wings of 128 feet eleva-
tion. The fronts terminate at the four corners with towei^ or
pavilions of 51 feet square and 145 feet high.

The whole exterior is bold and effective in outline, and rich
in detail, being elaborated with highly ornate columns, pilasters,
pediments, cornices, enriched windows, and other appropriate
adornment. Archways of 18 feet in width by 36 feet in height,
opening through each of the four central pavilions, constitute

THE ]!sEW PrBLTC BUILDUSfGS.

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN INDEPENDENCE HAL,!,.

84 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the four principal entrances, and at the same time afford pas-
sages for pedestrians up and down Broad and Market streets,
directly through the buildings. The basement is 18 feet in
height, and stands entirely above the line of the pavement. Its
exterior is of fine white granite, of massive proportions, forming
a fitting base for the vast superstructure it supports. The
exterior, above the basement, embraces a principal story of 36
feet, and an upper story of 31 feet, with an attic over the central
pavilions of 30 feet, and over the corner pavilions of 12 feet, all
of white marble, from the Lee quarries, in Butler county,
Massachusetts, wrought, in all its adornments, to express
American ideas and develop American genius. In the centre
of the group a court-yard of 200 feet square affords light and air
to all the adjacent portions of the building. From the north
side of this space rises a grand tower which will gracefully adorn
the public buildings, and at the same time will be a crowning
feature of the city, as St. Peter's is of Rome, and St. PauPs of
London.

The tower, which is so deeply and strongly founded, is 90
feet square at the base, falling off at each story until it becomes,
at the spring of the dome, an octagon of 50 feet in diameter. A
statue of the founder of Pennsylvania, 20 feet in height, will
crown the structure and complete the extraordinary altitude of
450 feet, making it the highest tower in the world. The entire
structure will contain 520 rooms, giving ample, convenient, and
stately provision for all the departments of the city government,
including heat, light, and ventilation, and the whole is to be
absolutely fire-proof and indestructible. The several stories
will be reached by four large elevators, placed at the intersections
of the leading corridors. In addition to these there will be
large and convenient stairways in the four corner buildings, and
a grand staircase in each of the centre pavilions, on the north,
south, and east fronts. It is computed that the entire cost of
the work will be near ten millions of dollars, and that it will be
completed in ten years from the day when the first spadeful of
earth was removed.

Opposite the northwest corner of the public buildings is the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

School of Design for Women, the only institution of the kind in
America. It was founded in 1848 by Mrs. Peter, and the work
of the school consists in training women gratuitously in the
business of mechanical drawing, and thus enabling them to
acquire a pleasant and profitable means of support.

NEW MASONIC TEMPLE.

At the northeast corner of Broad and Filbert streets is the
new

Masonic Temple,

A massive edifice of Cape Ann syenite of a grayish white color.
At the southwestern corner a grand tower rises to a height of

86 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY

230 feet. It is built of stone also. At the northwestern coruCT
there, is another, but a lower, tower. The main entrance is in
the centre of the western or Broad street front, and is protected
by a beautiful Norman porch of Quincy granite. The temple
is 150 feet in length, with a side elevation of 90 feet. Its
appearance is massive and beautiful. All the stone of which it
was built was dressed at the quarry, and was brought to the city
ready to be set up in its place. It may, therefore, be said of
this temple as it was of Solomon's, that "There was neither
hammer nor ax, nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while
it was in building." The temple is devoted entirely to Masonic
purposes, and its interior decorations are very beautiful and
costly. It is fitted up with halls for the different branches of
the Masonic order, each hall representing a distinct school of
architecture, and each a model of beauty and magnificence. The
temple was five years in process of erection, and cost $1,300,000.

The public buildings, the Masonic temple, and the churches
at the intersection of Broad and Arch streets give to this portion
of Broad street a magnificence unsurpassed in any city of the
country, and in striking contrast with the appearance of the
street north of Arch.

Crossing Arch street, the visitor enters upon a region of
warehouses, shops, and lumber yards, which it is to be hoped
will ere long give place to buildings more suited to this fine
street. This state of affairs continues as far as Callowhill street.
The only building of note in this part of the street is the new
Academy of Fine Arts. The academy was founded in 1805 by
the subscriptions of private citizens of Philadelphia. For many
years it was located in a building on the site of the present
Chestnut Street Theatre. In 1870 it was determined to remove
to a larger and better building, and the present edifice was
begun a year or two later. It is an elaborately ornamented
building with a frontage of 100 feet on Broad street, and a
depth of 258 feet on Cherry street. The Broad street front is
two stories in height. The wall is laid in patterns of red and
white brick, with light stone trimmings, and the ornaments
consist of encaustic tiles, and statues of terra cotta. The effect

w«

.cr

r»

P-

►O

cr;

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 87

is novel and rich. The Cherry street front is constructed of
like materials. It is relieved by an elegant colonnade support-
ing a row of arched windows, back of which rises a transept
with a pointed gable. The collections of the academy are the
most valuable in the country, and among them are the master-
pieces of Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Benjamin West, and other
eminent artists. These are arranged in handsome galleries.
The cost of the building was $300,000. The galleries are
open to the public at stated times. A slight admission fee
is charged.

At Broad and Callowhill streets is the Depot of the Philadel-
phia & Reading Railroad. Tliis road is one of the direct routes
to the Centennial Exhibition grounds.

Diagonally opposite, immediately below Spring Garden street,
are the Baldicin Locomotive Worhsj one of the largest establish-
ments in the world. Three thousand men are employed here,
and one locomotive is completed in every eight working hours.
It is worthy of mention that Oliver Evans, a Philadelphiau,
was the first to propose the use of a locomotive in America, and
that M. W. Baldwin, the founder of these works, was the first
to manufacture one.

On the east side of Broad, above Spring Garden street, is the
Boys' Central High School, above which rises an observatory.
It is considered one of the best schools in the Union. Next
door to it is the North Broad Street Presbyterian Church, a
handsome edifice of brown-stone, with a lofty spire. The build-
ing next beyond it is the Jewish Synagogue of Rodef Shalom, a
rich and striking specimen of Saracenic architecture. The inte-
rior is fitted up with great magnificence.

Above Green street the character of Broad street undergoes a
change, and the visitor enters a region built up with some of
the handsomest residences in the city. Some of these are mag-
nificent, and all are elegant and tasteful. The street is bordered
on each side with a row of fine trees, which add greatly to its
beauty. It is a popular drive and promenade, and on Sunday
afternoons and other fine days presents an animated and attrac-
tive scene. At the southwest corner of Master street is the

gg THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

handsome residence formerly occupied by the late Edwin
Forrest. It was erected by him in 1859. It is now used as a

hotel. ^

Diagonally opposite the Forrest Mansion is the Memoiial
Baptist Church, built of green-stone, and in the form of an
amphitheatre.

Above Columbia avenue the street is more sparsely built up,
and by degrees the houses become more scattered, until the
visitor finds himself in the charming suburb that lies between
the city proper and German town.

Third Street

From Market to Walnut, Third street is the " Wall street "^
of Philadelphia, and is given up to the bankers and brokers of
the city. It is lined with banking establishments and brokers'
offices, and its ways are as dark and its tricks as vain as those
which have made the financial centre of Xew York famous.
Fortunes are made and lost quickly here ; and the street has
witnessed some gigantic operations, and some tremendous fail-
ures in its day. North of Chestnut is the Moxhants^ Bank,
with a fine Corinthian portico. Nearer to Chestnut, on the
east side of the street, is the banking-house of Drexel & Co., the
leading establishment of its kind in the city. It has branches
in New York, London, and Paris. At the southeast corner of
Third and Chestnut is the Vandyke Building, used by the
Western Union Telegraph Company as its central office. One
hundred and seventeen lines of telegraph radiate from this
building to the different parts of the country : fifty-six to New
York, eighteen to the West, and forty-three to the South.
Ixjwer down the street is the- Tradesmen's Bank, sl showy build-
ing ; and at the corner of Dock street is the Penn Building, the
first iron building erected in the city.

On the west side of Third street, between Chestnut and
Walnut, is

The Girard Bank.

This is a handsome edifice, and is faced with white marble.
It is ornamented with an elegant portico with fluted-marble

JAPANESE TEMPLE IN BRONZE, MAIN BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 8^

Corinthian columns. On the pediment is an American eagle^
The cornice and the pediment are of wood, and the capitals of
the columns are of lead. The building was erected in 1795, and
was then considered the handsomest public edifice in the city.
It was built for and occupied by the First Bank of the United
States, which had been chartered by Congress in 1791. The
charter of the bank expired by limitation in 1811, and Congress
refused to renew it.

Stephen Girard, the famous Philadelphia merchant, who had
accumulated a large fortune by his ventures in the East India
trade, was a warm friend of the bank, which he regarded as the
cause of a very great part of the prosperity of the country. He
was so sure that Congress would renew the charter that, in 1810,
he ordered the Barings, of London, to invest all his funds in
their hands in shares of the Bank of the United States. This
was done to the amount of half a million of dollars. When the
charter expired, he was the principal creditor of the bank.
Discovering that he could purchase the old bank building and
the cashier's house for $120,000, he at once secured them, and
on the 12th of May, 1812, opened the Girard Bank with a
capital of $1,200,000, which he increased the next year by
$100,000 more. He retained all the old officers of the Bank of
the United States, and continued the cashier, Mr. George
Simpson, in his position. He was greatly indebted to Mr.
Simpson for the subsequent success of the bank. The break-
ing out of the second war with England, and the consequent
suspension of specie payments, soon followed, and subjected
his new enterprise to a severe strain. It was a matter of
great doubt with Mr. Girard how he should preserve the
integrity of his own institution, while the other banks were
suspending their payments; but the credit of his own bank
was eifectually secured by the suggestion of his cashier, Mr.
Simpson, who advised the recalling of his own notes by
redeeming them with specie, and by paying out the notes of
the State banks. In this way not a single note of his own
was suffered to be depreciated, and he was thus enabled^

90 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

in 1817, to contribute effectually to the restoration of specie
payments.

Mr. Girard was instrumental in securing the establishment
of the Second Bank of the United States, and was its largest
stockholder and one of its directors. When the books were
opened for subscriptions to the stock of the bank, he waited
until the last moment before the books were to be closed, and
then came forward, and asked if all had subscribed who wished
to do so. Being answered affirmatively, he asked how much of
the capital remained uncalled for. He was told $3,100,000.
To the surprise of all present, he said he would subscribe for
that entire amount. At his death the capital of his own bank
had increased to $4,000,000. By the terms of his will his bank-
building became the property of the city of Philadelphia. In
1833 the Girard Bank was chartered by the State, and began
business in a portion of this building, which it still occupies,
having, since 1864, become a national bank. The rest of the
building is now occupied by the offices of the city treasurer and
city controller.

Immediately above the bank is the old banking-house of Jay
Cooke & Co., whose failure a few years ago occasioned a heavy
loss to the entire country.

On the east side of Third below Walnut is the handsome light
stone building of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. Almost
immediately opposite is St. PauVs Episcopal Church, a venerable
structure, erected in 1760, by a number of the congregation of
old Christ Church, who had withdrawn from that parish because
of the dismissal of the Rev. Dr. McClenaghan " without suffi-
cient cause." The church is rough-cast, and stands in a spacious
enclosure, in the midst of long ranges of vaults covered with
marble slabs. Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, is buried in one
of these.

At the southwest corner of Third and Pine streets is an old
grave-yard, in the midst of which stands St, Peter's Episcopal
Church. It was begun in 1758 and was finished in 1761. It
was originally designed as, and was for many years, a chapel of
Christ Church, by the congregation of which it was built. Dur~

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

ing the Revolution it was occupied by the British when they
held the city, and was greatly damaged by them. In 1831 St.
Petei-'s was separated from Christ Church, and was made an inde-

AVIARY, ZOOLOGICAli GARDENS.

pendent parish. The steeple is much more modern than the
church. It is furnished with a chime of bells, the gift of a Mr.
Wilcox, once a wealthy merchant of the city and a member
of the congr^ation.

CHAPTER III.

PHILADELPHIA IN 1876 — CONCLUDED.

Steam Railroads — Their Depots and Ticket OflBces — Steamship Lines — The
Philadelphia Markets — Prominent Churches — Cathedral — The oldest Pres-
byterian and Koman Catholic Churches — The old Swedes' Church — The
Public Schools — University of Pennsylvania — The Medical Colleges — Girard
College — The Philadelphia Library — Mercantile Library — Ridgway Librar}'
— Academy of Natural Sciences — Learned Societies — The Zoological Gar-
dens— Benevolent Institutions — The Pennsylvania Hospital — Insane Asylum
— Naval Asylum — Prisons — House of Correction — Places of Amusement —
Cemeteries — Newspapei"s — Banks — Gas and Water — Street Railways — The
Water Front — The Delaware Shore — Port Richmond — The Coal Wharves
— Ship Yards — Camden — Smith's and Windmill Islands — Docks of the
Pennsylvania Railroad — The American Steamship Line — The Old Navy
Yard — Greenwich Point — League Island — The Navy Yard — Fort Mifflin —
A Reminiscence of the Revolution — The Schuylkill River — The Bridges —
The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges — The finest Bridge in America
— West Philadelphia — Germantown — Manufactures and Commerce.

IS-'

t:-^! HERE are eight lines of railway entering the city of
I Philadelphia, or terminating at Camden, on the op-
posite shore of the Delaware. These are as follows :

The Pennsylvania Railroad, the depots of which are
at Thirty-second and Market streets, in West Philadel-
phia, and at Kensington. The ticket offices of this road are
located at the depot, and at 838 Chestnut street, 1348 Chestnut
street, and 116 Market street. From the Kensington depot
local trains run to points between Philadelphia and Trenton.
The "West Philadelphia depot is the arriving and starting point
of trains from and to the West and New York. The old line
of the Camden and Amboy road, now leased by the Pennsyl-
vania Company, lies entirely in New Jersey, and the terminus
is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. It
92

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 93

is the line to New York by way of Amboy, and to points in
New Jersey.

The Philadelphia and Reading Raihoad. The depots of this
road are at Thirteenth and Callowhill, and at Ninth and Green
streets. The ticket offices are at 838, 624 and 732 Chestnut
street, 317 Arch street, and at the depots. The Thirteenth
street depot is the station for the main line to Reading and the
anthracite coal regions. The Ninth and Green streets depot is
the station for points on the Germantown and Norristown
branches.

The North Pennsylvania Railroad, The depot of this road
is at Berks and American streets. It is a direct line to Beth-
lehem, Lehigh Valley, and the North and West. A branch of
this road has just been constructed, connecting with the Central
Railroad of New Jersey, at Bound Brook. It forms with that
road a direct line to New York, and passengers over it enter
that city by the New Jersey Central Ferry, at the foot of
Liberty street.

The Philadeljphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The
depot of this road is on South Broad street, at the corner of
Washington avenue. It is the only direct line from Philadel-
phia to Baltimore, Washington, and the South. It is also the
route from Philadelphia to the West by way of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad, connection with which is made at Baltimore.
The ticket offices of the road are at the depot, and at 700 and
838 Chestnut street.

The West Chester Railroad. The depot of this road is at
3100 Chestnut street, in West Philadelphia, and its only ticket
office at the same place. The road extends to West Chester.

The New Jersey Southern Railroad. The depot of this road
is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. The
ticket offices are at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. It is a direct
line to Long Branch, Ocean Grove, and Sandy Hook, on the
New Jersey coast. From the latter point connection is made
with a steamer to New York.

The Camden and Atlantic Railroad. This is the line to
Atlantic City, on the New Jersey coast, the nearest and most

" m\m
ij

liilf

iMMMm

!'!i);l!lli!llllll!illitl!litt!ill!B

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 95

accessible sea-shore resort from Philadelphia. Atlantic City
has long been famous as the best sea-bathing point on the coast,
and is always crowded during the summer season with a bril-
liant and fashionable throng of visitors, in search of health and
pleasure. Its proximity to Philadelphia — being only an hour
and three-quarters distant — and the admirable facilities for
reaching it afforded by the numerous fast trains between the two
points, will enable visitors to the Centennial Exhibition to
spend a day or two at the sea-shore, and enjoy "a dip in the
ocean/' without trespassing upon the time set apart for their
summer vacation. The depot is at the foot of Vine street. The
ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street, and at the
depot. _

The West Jet^sey Railroad. This line extends to Cape May,,
and to points in Western New Jersey, on the Delaware Bay.
The depot is in Camden, and passengers are conveyed to it by
the Market Street Ferry. The ticket offices are at 838 and
1348 Chestnut street. The road is controlled by the Pennsyl-
vania Company.

Passengers over any of these lines can procure their tickets,
secure berths in sleeping-cars, and have their baggage checked
and called for at their residences or hotels, at any of the city
ticket offices named above, thus saving themselves all trouble at
the depot at the moment of departure.

Steamship Lines.

There are two steamship lines plying regularly between
Philadelphia and European ports. These are the American
Steamship Company, the splendid vessels of which have become
noted as among the best and most comfortable on the ocean.
The sailings of this line are weekly. It is a strictly American
corporation, and the only one for this purpose in existence. Its
success has been marked from the start. The Inte?mational
Steamship Company, or Red Star Line, plying between Philadel-
phia and Antwerp, despatch their vessels fortnightly Phila-
delphia is connected with the principal ports on the Atlantic
coast by steamship lines, which transact a steady and profitable

96 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY

business. The various European steamship lines sailing from
New York have offices in Philadelphia.

Markets.

The markets of Philadelphia are among the institutions of
the city. In them are collected the vegetable products of the
North, South, East and West. It is the boast of the city
that the provisions to be had here are always fresh and at
moderate prices. Meats of all kinds, poultry, fish, eggs, butter,
vegetables and fruits, are displayed in the greatest profusion and
in the most tempting manner. The old sheds which formerly
disfigured the streets of the city are giving way to handsome
and commodious edifices of brick. At the corner of Market
and Twelfth streets, and on Fifth street near Chestnut, are two
of the finest market-houses in the city. They are well worth a
visit.

Churches.

A number of the most prominent churches of the city have
been noticed in our description of the principal streets. A few
remain to be mentioned.

The Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paid, situated on Eigh-
teenth street, facing Logan Square, is one of the most elaborate
religious edifices in the city. It is the principal church of the
Roman Catholic denomination, and a conspicuous object in any
view of the city. The Most Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick,
D. D., afterwards Archbishop of Baltimore, was Bishop of the
Diocese of Philadelphia from 1842 to 1851. Soon after his
entrance upon his office, he inaugurated the movement for the
erection of a new Cathedral, and fixed upon the Logan Square
site as the proper place for it. The site was opposed by the
olergy and many of the laity as too remote from the centre of
the city; but the Bishop, who had an abiding faith in the
growth of Philadelphia, carried his point, and on the 6th of
September, 1846, the corner-stone of the Cathedral was laid.
In 1857 Bishop Kenrick was promoted to the Archdiocese of
Baltimore, and was succeeded by Bishop Wood, under whom
the work was completed. It was dedicated with imposing

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

ceremonies in 1864. The architects were ^N^apoleon Le Brun
and John Notman.

The building is of stone, and is built in the form of a cross,
with a massive portico and a grand dome. It has a frontage of
136 feet, and a depth of 216 feet. The height of the apex of the

CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL.

pediment from the pavement is lOlf feet, the height of the dome
is over 210 feet, and its exterior diameter is seventy-one feet.
The architecture is of the most elaborate Roman Corinthian
style. There are no side windows — a feature in which the
church differs from most of the buildings in this country — the
7

98 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

light being introduced almost wholly from above. The facade
is ornamented with a portico supported by four immense Cor-
inthian capitals, sixty feet high, and six feet in diameter. On
the frieze of the pediment are cut the words "Ad Majorem Dei
Gloriam." The interior of the building is cruciform, and is
finished in a light stone which greatly resembles Paris stone,
the effect of which is striking. The walls are frescoed with a
fine painting of the Crucifixion, the Nativity, and the Adora-
tion of the Shepherds, and with figures of the four Evangelists.
The crown of the dome is adorned with a painting representing
the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. The high altar and
the various shrines of the church are constructed of marble,
and are adorned with great magnificence. The interior is thus
rendered one of the richest and most beautiful in this country,
and will bear comparison with many of the churches of Europe.
The cost of the whole edifice was over $1,000,000. Adjoining
the Cathedral are the chapel, used for early and week-day ser-
vices, and the residence of the Bishop.

Immediately opposite the southern entrance to Washington
Square is

The First Presbyterian Church.

This congregation was for many years regarded as the oldest
Presbyterian congregation in America, but in 1835 it was dis-
covered that an older congregation existed at Pehoboth, on the
Eastern Shore of Maryland. The records of the church go back
to 1698, in which year the congregation was worshipping with
the Baptists in their church on '' Barbadoes lot,^^ at the north-
west corner of Chestnut and Second streets. The present build-
ing was erected in 1820. From 1830 to 1868 the church was
under the pastoral care of .the Eev. Albert Barnes, whose literary
labors are too well known to the reader to need mention here.

St. Joseph's Church,

The oldest Roman Catholic church in Philadelphia, is situated
in Fourth street just below Walnut, near the building of the
Reading Railroad Company. In 1733 several Jesuit fathers
purchased the lot on which it stands, and erected a plain wooden

98 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

light being introduced almost wholly from above. The facade
is ornamented with a portico supported by four immense Cor-
inthian capitals, sixty feet high, and six feet in diameter. On
the frieze of the pediment are cut the words "Ad Majorem Dei
Gloriam.^^ The interior of the building is cruciform, and is
finished in a light stone which greatly resembles Paris stone,
the effect of which is striking. The walls are frescoed with a
fine painting of the Crucifixion, the Nativity, and the Adora-
tion of the Shepherds, and with figures of the four Evangelists.
The crown of the dome is adorned with a painting representing
the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. The high altar and
the various shrines of the church are constructed of marble,
and are adorned with great magnificence. The interior is thus
rendered one of the richest and most beautiful in this country,
and will bear comparison with many of the churches of Europe.
The cost of the whole edifice was over $1,000,000. Adjoining
the Cathedral are the chapel, used for early and week-day ser-
vices, and the residence of the Bishop.

Immediately opposite the southern entrance to Washington
Square is

The First Presbyterian Church]

This congregation was for many years regarded as the oldest
Presbyterian congregation in America, but in 1835 it was dis-
covered that an older congregation existed at Rehoboth, on the
Eastern Shore of Maryland. The records of the church go back
to 1698, in which year the congregation was worshipping with
the Baptists in their church on '' Barbadoes lot,'^ at the north-
west corner of Chestnut and Second streets. The present build-
ing was erected in 1820. From 1830 to 1868 the church was
under the pastoral care of the Rev. Albert Barnes, whose literary
labors are too well known to the reader to need mention here.

St Joseph's Church,

uovemBfiH 10"" 1870 '

a^^. — >-)^^76>^-<-

MACHINERY HALL — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.
1402 feet in length and 860 feet in width.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, h

edifice. This was pulled down by the soldiers by order of the
colonial authorities, was rebuilt, and pulled down a second time.
A third time the church was erected, and once more the soldiers
came to destroy it. -This time the fathers interposed the plea
that the building was their dwelling, as well as a churcli, and
that as such they were entitled to hold it. The plea was suc-

GETHSEMANE BAPTIST CHUECH.

cessful, and the house was spared. The old church stood until
1821, when it was remodelled and enlarged. Washington and
the Continental Congress assembled here in it, at the close of
the Eevolution, to return to France, through Lafayette, the
thanks of the country for her aid in the Eevolution. The
present structure was erected in 1838.

At the corner of Fourth and Pine streets is

100 " THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Third Presbyterian Church,

Generally called ^' The Old Pine Church." It was organized
in 1760 by a number of families who withdrew from the First
Church, and in 1764 a small frame building was erected on
this lot, which was obtained from Thomas and Richard Penn.
The present church was begun in 1766 and completed in 1768.
During the sessions of the Continental Congress, John Adams
was one of its most constant attendants. During the occupation
of the city by the British, the church was used as a hospital for
the troops. It was stripped of its pulpit and pews for fuel, and
was then converted into a stable for the horses of the dracroons.
Among the graves in the churchyard is that of David Ritten-
house, famous as a mathematician, and a signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence.

In Swanson street near Christian is the most venerable edi"
fice in the city, the

Gloria Dei, or Swedes' Church.

It was built by the Swedes, who settled the site of Philadel-
phia in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn's
colony. The first settlers were very poor, and at first sheltered
themselves in caves which they dug in the banks of the river.
A year or two later they built log huts on the plateau beyond
the river. " They were a kindly, though hot-tempered folk,
too ; gave their open hand to the English, who asked leave to
settle on the land, and shut it against the Dutch, who claimed
the land as a right. . . Nothing can be more pathetic than the
letters which they sent to old Sweden by every chance voyager
to Europe, setting forth that they were in a strange and heathen
land, far away from their own dear fatherland, and begging
that ^ godly men might be sent to them to instruct their chil-
dren, and help themselves to lead lives well pleasing to God.'
It was six years before the letter was answered by the arrival
of Rudmau and Bjork, the first clergymen sent out by the
Swedish king. . . Immediately after the arrival of Rudman
and Bjork, Gloria Dei Church, known now in Philadelphia as

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 101

old Swedes', was built. It stood upon a green bank of the
quiet river, Swan Swanson^s being the only hut near by. On
Sunday mornings the men came tramping on foot beside the
women's horses from Kingsessing, Passajungh, and even far-
away Matzongh, hanging their muddied outer leggings or
shirts of wolfskin on the branches of the trees before they went

THE OLD swedes' CHURCH.

in. Now and then a pirogue brought a chance worshipper up
the lonely river, or a solitary Indian stood in the doorway, half
believing, and wholly afraid. . . The church itself was built in
a fervor of pious zeal, the carpenters and masons giving their
work, and the good pastor, Erick Bjork, selling or pawning the
best articles out of his house when the money did not come in

102 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fast enough, and carrying the hod every day himself." The
original church was built of logs, and served as a blockhouse as
well as a place of worship. It was built in 1677. The present
edifice was erected on the same site in 1700. It is built of
brick, and is cruciform. The interior is quaint, and the gallery
front is ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over from
Sweden. In the churchyard lies buried Alexander Wilson, the
ornithologist. It may be added here that William Penn
scrupulously respected the rights of the Swedish settlers, and
purchased from them the site upon which he founded his city
of Philadelphia.

On the north side of Locust above Sixteenth street is

St Mark's Episcopal Church.

It was erected in 1849, is built in the decorative Gothic style,
and is considered one of the most beautiful and gracefully pro-
portioned churches in the city. It is built of freestone, so nicely
laid that no trace of mortar can be seen. It is 150 feet in
length, with a breadth, including the tower, of 91 feet. The
tower is a massive structure of stone, supporting a spire which
rises to a height of 230 feet from the ground. The interior is
very beautiful, and its stained glass windows are among the
finest in the country. The church is the property of one of the
wealthiest congregations in the city, and its services are grand
and impressive.

St. Clement's Church, at the corner of Twentieth and Cherry
streets, is a handsome edifice, richly decorated within. It is an
Episcopal church, and is noted as the most extreme ritualistio
establishment in the city.

On the east side of Fourth street, just below New, is

St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church,

The oldest Methodist church in the city. Methodism was estab-
lished in Philadelphia in 1767 by Captain Thomas Webb, who
held his meetings in a sail-loft near Dock and Front streets.
He succeeded in forming the germ of the present congregation.
In 1769 Richard Boardman and Joseph Pillmore were sent

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

103

over by John Wesley to take charge of the Philadelphia church.
They preached in the present building, which had just been
erected, and was known as " Our Preaching House." Francis
Asbury, afterwards the great bishop, named it St. George'sj in
1781. In March, 1770, the first love-feast held in America
was held here. During the Revolution the British occupied
the church as a riding-school. The church has had among its
pastors four who became bishops in the Methodist Episcopal

CENTEAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.

Church. They were Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat,
Robert R. Roberts, and Levi Scott.

The Central Congregational Churchy on Eighteenth street, at
Eighteenth and Green streets, is a handsome edifice, in the late
Norman style, erected at a cost of $100,000.

St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church is at the corner of Girard
avenue and Fifth street. It is a large and handsome structure,
with a tower 215 feet high. It will seat 2000 persons. The

104 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

congregation is the largest and wealthiest in the diocese of
Philadelphia.

There are in all over five hundred churches in the city of
Philadelphia. They are divided as follows among the different
denominations :

DENOMINATION Number of Churches.

Advent Christian Church 3

Baptist 63

Bible Christians 1

Christian Evangelist 1

Christian Independent 2

Church of God 1

Congregational 2

Disciples of Christ 2

Evangelical Association 8

French Protestant Episcopal 1

Friends (Orthodox) 6

" (Hicksite) 8

" (Primitive) 1

Hebrews 11

Lutheran (English) 14

" (German) 12

'" (Independent) 2

Mennonite 3

Methodist Episcopal 89

" " African 9

Methodist (Free) • 1

Moravian 4

New Church (Swedenborgian) 3

Presbyterian 75

« (Reformed Synod) 3

« " (Original 1

« " (General Synod) 8

(United) 12

Protestant Episcopal , 90

Reformed Episcopal 3

" Church in the United States 16

Koman Catholic 4^

Unitarian 2

Universalist 3

Total 503

•If

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 105

Educational Establishments.

The public schools of Philadelphia have long been famous for
their excellence. In the year 1872 there were 396 school-houses
in the city ; and 78 male and 1552 female teachers. The whole
number of pupils belonging to the schools at the close of the
year was 84,387, and the average attendance during the year
72,025. The whole amount paid for salaries of teachers was
$900,819; the whole amount paid for school purposes was
$1,576,199. There were also 29 night-schools, attended by
8,587 pupils.

The private schools and academies are numerous and well
attended.

There are thirteen colleges in the city. The principal of
these is the

University of Pennsylvania.

This noble institution grew out of the Philadelphia Academy,
founded by Benjamin Franklin. It consists of four departments
or schools, namely : the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical,
and the Law Schools.

The University buildings are located in West Philadelphia,
at the junction of Thirty-sixth street, the Darby road, and
Locust street. The University buildings are constructed of
serpentine stone, with the coping, buttresses, and gables of Ohio
stone, \yhen all are erected they will comprise a complete
square of Gothic structures, unsurpassed in beauty and conve-
nience by any in the world devoted to similar purposes. The
buildings at present comprise the Schools of Arts and Science,
the Medical School, and the Hospital attached to the Medical
School. The School of Arts and Science is an imposing structure,
three stories in height beside the basement. It has a frontage
of 260 feet on Locust street, and a depth of 120 feet. Its
pavilions and towers give to it a beautiful and picturesque
appearance. The Medical School, though it possesses distinct
architectural features of its own, follows the general design. It
is fitted up with every convenience for the successful prosecution
of the studies and investigations of the students. The Hospital

106

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

is situated to the south of the School of Arts and Science, and
stands in a lot given to the University by the city on condition
of its maintaining fifty free beds for poor patients. The Law
School is located in the first building mentioned.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA'.

The University is in a flourishing condition, and the faculty
includes in its number some of the most eminent men in the
Union.

Jefferson Medical College

Is situated in Tenth street below Chestnut. It was established
in 1825, and was at first a branch of the medical college at
Cannousburg, Pa. It owes .its existence principally to the
exertions of Dr. George McClellan. It soon attracted to its
faculty the most eminent physicians of the city. Its success was
rapid, and it has long been considered one of the first medical
schools in America. Its graduates are to be found in every
part of the Union. The college building is a handsome
structure, and is fitted up with all the appliances of a first-class
institution.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 107

The Homoeopathio Medical College is situated on the north
side of Filbert street, above Eleventh. Attached to it is a large
and well-conducted hospital. The college is regarded as one of
the best schools of this branch of medicine in existence.

The College of Pharmacy is on the east side of Tenth street
below Race. It was founded in 1821, and is designed for the
education of chemists and apothecaries. Thanks to its efforts the
drug business of the country has been placed mainly in the
hands of educated pharmaceutists.

The College of Physicians

Is located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust
streets. It was founded in 1789. Its members are practising
physicians, and its object is the investigation of " the diseases
and remedies which are peculiar to this country." The members
are divided into two classes : Fellows, or practising physicians
residing in the city ; and Associates, who are eminent physicians
in other parts of the country. The college publishes a quarterly
journal of its transactions, which is highly valued by the pro-
fession. Its transactions are of the greatest benefit to the
sciences of medicine and surgery,

Girard College

Was erected through the munificence of Stephen Girard, whose
name it bears. The college grounds consist of a tract of forty-
five acres, fronting on Ridge avenue about a mile from its junc-
tion with Ninth and Vine streets. The grounds are enclosed
with a high stone wall, capped with marble slabs, and
strengthened with pilasters. By the terms of his will, Mr.
Girard left the sum of six millions of dollars to trustees for the
purpose of founding and maintaining a college for the free educa-
tion and support of white male orphans. The cost of the build-
ings for the purposes of the college was limited to two millions
of dollars. Up to the present time the sum of $1,933,821 has
been expended upon the buildings and grounds. The rest of
the vast legacy was to be kept as a fund for the support of the
college, the interest only being used. The trustees in a recent

108

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

report state that if the residuary estate is properly managed, " it
will soon be ample to maintain as many orphans as the entire
plot of ground can accommodate." The number of pupils in
the college at present is about 500, and the sum of $190,000 is
annually expended in their support. Since its foundation, the
college has received as pupils 1800 poor, fatherless boys, and
has indentured 780 of them to honest and profitable trades.

The grounds are handsomely laid out and carefully kept.
The main entrance is through a tasteful lodge in the south front.

GIRARD COLIiEGE.

The college proper is one of the handsomest structures in the
United States. It is constructed of pure white marble, and the
general design is that of a Greek temple, surrounded with a
range of magnificent Corinthian columns, having eight at each
end, and eleven on each side, including those at the corners.
The building rests upon a basement consisting of eleven steps,
which extend around the entire edifice, thus giving to it an
air of greater solidity and splendor. The building has a length

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. lOif

of 169 feet and a width of 111 feet, with a wide platform
between the outer walls and the ranges of columns. The archi-
tecture is of the purest Corinthian order, and is one of the most
perfect specimens of Grecian architecture in America. The
cohimns are 55 feet high, 10 feet in diameter at the base, and
are surmounted by capitals^ 8 feet 6 inches high. The distance
from the top of the capitals to the apex of the pediment is 34
feet, making the total height from the apex of the pediment to
the floor of the platform on which the superstructure stands
nearly 95 feet. The principal entrances are in the north and
south fronts, and are 32 feet high, and 16 feet wide. Each side
contains twenty windows, four of which open into each room,
and one upon each stairway. The building is floored with mar-
ble, and the roof is constructed of the same material and weighs
■969J tons. The building is divided into three stories, and is
used entirely for lecture and recitation purposes. The interior
work is done entirely in marble, iron, and brick, but not a trace
of the last material is anywhere visible to the eye.

A marble statue of Stephen Girard, by Grevelot, stands in
the south porch of the college, and beneath it lie the remains of
the founder, and a room in the building known as " Girard's
Hoom '' contains his books, office furniture, and personal effects.

A number of fine marble buildings, roofed with copper, stand
in the college grounds. They are each three stories in height,
with a frontage of 52 feet and a depth of 125 feet, and are used
as the residences of the college officers and the dormitories of
the pupils.

Mr. Girard's will contained the following restrictions upon
visitors to the college, which are rigidly enforced. The italics
are his own :

" I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary , or minis-
ter of any sect whatsoever, shall hold or exercise any station or
duty whatever in the said college : nor shall any such person ever
he admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises
appropriated to the purposes of the said cotlege. In making this
restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection upon any sect or
person whatsoever ; but as there is such a multitude of sects.

110 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and such a diversity of opinion amongst them, I desire to keep
the tender minds of the orphans, who are to derive advantage
from this bequest, free from the excitement which clashing doc-
trines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce ; and my
desire is, that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall
take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest
'principles of morality, so that, on their entrance into active life,
they may, from inclination and habit, evince benevolence towards
their fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry,
adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their matured
reason may enable them to prefer."

" When Mr. Duane had written this passage at Girard's dicta-
tion," says Mr. Parton, "a conversation occurred between them,
which revealed, perhaps, one of the old gentleman's reasons for
inserting it. ^ What do you think of that ? ' asked Girard. Mr.
Duane being unprepared to comment on such an unexpected
injunction, replied, after a long pause, ^ I can only say now, Mr.
Girard, that I think it will make a great sensation.' Girard
then said, ^ I can tell you something else it will do, — it will
please the Quakers.' He gave another proof of his regard for
the Quakers by naming three of them as executors of his will ;
the whole number of the executors being five."

The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery is located at
Tenth and Arch streets, and the Philadelphia Deiital College at
108 North Tenth street. Both are flourishing institutions.
The Woman^s 3Iedical College of Pennsylvania is at Twenty-first
and North College avenue. The Polytechnic College of the State
of Pennsylvania is on Market street above Seventeenth,

The church institutions are the Academy of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, at Locust and Juniper streets ; the Theologi-
cal Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, at No. 216
Franklin street; St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) College, at 317
Willing's alley ; and the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, at
Overbrook station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, just beyond
Hestonville. The building of the last-named institution is a
magnificent specimen of the Italian style of architecture.

OF THE CEXTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

Ill

LIBRARIES,

The principal library of the city is the

Philadelphia Library.

It was founded in 1731, by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hop-
kinson, Thomas Cadwallader, and several other gentlemen,
Franklin being the principal mover in the matter. James Logan
became interested in the enterprise at an early day, and instructed
Mr. Hopkinson, who was about to sail for England, to purchase
books to the value of £Qb, This was done, and the books were

SEMIXARY OF ST. CHAELES BORROMEO.

received in 1732. The library was made free to the public, but
none but subscribers, with the exception of Mr. Logan, were
allowed to take the books from the building. This rule is still
observed. The library grew slowly, and in 1782 the heirs of
James Logan presented the trustees with the valuable Loganian
Library, which is still kept as a separate collection. The two
collections now number about 100,000 volumes. The library

112

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

is located in a stately and substantial old-time edifice of brick, in
Fifth street south of Chestnut, and opposite Independence
Square. The building was begun in 1789, and was completed
and occupied by the library in 1790.

The Mercantile Library

Occupies a handsome building in Tenth street north of Chestnut.
It was organized in 1821 by a number of merchants and bankers,
and in 1826 was made a stock company. The building used by
the company was formerly the Franklin Market, and cost, with

MERCANTILE LIBRARY.

the alterations necessary to adapt it to its new use, $230,000.
It contains a fine collection of 95,000 volumes and all the prin-
cipal newspapers and magazines of this country and Europe.
It has also a cliess-room with twenty-four tables. It is managed
upon the most liberal plan, and has a membership of 12,000.

The Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library.

The building now in course of erection for this purpose is one
of the most superb structures in the United States. It stands

OF THE CKNTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 113

in the centre of the square, bounded by Broad, Thirteenth,
Christian, and Carpenter streets. This is enclosed by a stone
wall, except on the Broad street front, where the wall gives place
to a tasteful iron railing. The grounds are to be laid oif in the
most beautiful manner. The building is of granite, and consists
of a central edifice and two wings, the whole having a frontage
of 220 feet, and an extreme depth of 105 feet. The principal
fagade faces Broad street, and consists of three porticos, one to
the central building and one to each of the wings. The porticos
are enclosed by massive Doric columns of granite, sixteen in all,
eight in the central portico, and four to each of the wings, each
thirty feet high. The structure stands upon a platform which is
reached by a flight of steps the full width of the central building.
The main entrance is from the central portico, and leads into a
vestibule 36 feet long, 10 feet wdde, and 14 feet high, which
opens into the main hall. This hall is cruciform, 84 feet in
length, and 60 feet in width. At the intersection of the cross
are twenty-four Ionic columns supporting a gallery. The ceiling
in this part of the hall is 44 feet from the floor. The main hall
will be fitted up with alcoves for books. There are several other
rooms in the building, intended for the use of the directors, etc.
The wings will be used as reading-rooms. A mausoleum will
be erected in the main hall opposite the principal entrance, to
contain the remains of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush and his wife.
The building owes its existence to the munificence of Dr. Rush,
who at his death bequeathed the land on which it stands, and
the million and a half dollars expended in its erection. When
completed the Philadelphia Library Company will most likely
exercise control over the "Ridgway Branch." The building is
in all respects one of the most massive and superb edifices of
its kind in the world. It is an ornament of which any city
might be proud, and is the noblest monument its founder could
have desired to perpetuate his name and fame to after ages. It
is solid enough to withstand the decaying hand of time, and
will always form one of the noblest of Philadelphia's public

institutions.

114 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

The other libraries of Philadelphia are as follows :

NAME. LOCATION.

American Baptist Historical Society 530 Arch Street.

American Mechanics' Library Fourth and George Streets.

Athenaeum Library Sixth and Adelphi Streets.

Apprentices' Library Association 500 Arch Street.

American Protestant Hall and Library Asso'n. .1415 Locust Street.

Friends' Library 304 Arch Street.

Germantown Library 4838 Germantown Avenue.

James Page Library Company 208 East Girard Avenue.

Library Association of Friends Race and Fifteenth Streets.

Library of the German Society 24 South Seventh Street.

Library of the Law A.'^sociation 532 "Walnut Street.

Mechanics* Institute Library 1110 South Fifth Street.

Moyamensing Library Eleventh and Catharine Sts.

Odd-Fellows' Library 806 North Third Street.

Philadelphia City Institute Library Eighteenth and Chestnut Sta.

Spring Garden Institute 1349 Spring Garden Street.

Southwark Library Company 765 South Second Street.

Wm. Brotherhead's Library 205 South Thirteenth Street.

West Philadelphia Institute Library. 4050 Market Street.

Wagner Free Institute of Science Seventeenth and Montgomery.

The public and private libraries of Philadelphia number
3700, and comprise a total of 2,985,770 volumes.

80IENTIFI0 INSTITUTIONS.

Chief among the learned societies of Philadelphia is the

Academy of Natural Sciences.

This society was organized in 1812, by a number of gentle-
men for purposes of mutual improvement. At an early period
a museum and a library were established. These have been
steadily increased, and the library now contains nearly 25,000
volumes. The museum contains 6ver 250,000 specimens.
Among these are ^' more than 6000 minerals, 900 rocks, 65,000
fossils, 70,000 species of plants, 1000 species of zoophytes,
2000 species of crustaceans, 500 species of myriapods and
arachnidians, 25,000 species of insects, 20,000 species of shell-
bearing moUusks, 2000 species of fishes, 800 species of reptiles,
37,000 birds with nests of 200 and eggs of 1500 species, 1000
mammals, and 900 skeletons and pieces of osteology." The

BAPTIST BOARD OF PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT STKEET.

116

116 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

collection is as valuable as it is extensive. Gratuitous instruction
is furnished to a number of students. Visitors are admitted on
Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, for the slight sum of ten cents.
The money is devoted to the purposes of the building fund.

The Academy was formerly located on Broad street, south of
Chestnut, but a year or two ago a new and larger edifice was
begun at the southwest corner of Nineteenth and Race streets.
It will have, when completed, a frontage of 288 feet on Nine-
teenth street, and a depth of 198 feet on Race street. It will
be in the collegiate Gothic style, and will be constructed of

ACADEMY OF NATUKAL SCIENCES.

serpentine stone with trimmings of Ohio sandstone. Only the i
north wing has been completed, and into this the collections of
the Academy are crowded. It is estimated that the entire
building with all its appointments will cost over $700,000.

The American Philosophical Society

Occupies a quaint old building in Fifth street, immediately in
the rear of Independence Hall. The society occupies the second
floor of the building, the lower floor being devoted to the Court
of Common Pleas and the Water Department. In 1727 Ben-
jamin Franklin, then a prosperous printer of Philadelphia,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 117

(laving become interested in scientific studies, established a
society of kindred spirits, which he called ^' The Junto." Its
membership was restricted to twelve, and its meetings were
secret to prevent the intrusion of improper persons. Out of
this grew the present society, which was founded in 1743.
Among its members have been some of the greatest men of our
history. The library of the society comprises nearly 20,000
volumes, and connected with it is a fine cabinet of coins and
antiquarian relics. The present building was erected in 1789.
Among the most precious possessions of the society is the
original draft of the Declaration of Independence in the hand-
writing of Thomas Jefierson.

The Pennsylvania Historical Society

At present finds a habitation in a building attached to the Penn-
sylvania Hospital in Spruce street above Eighth. The society
was established in 1825, and for a number of years struggled
onward in the face of great difficulties. It has noAV a member-
ship of 600, a library of 12,000 volumes, and 80,000 pamph-
lets, a gallery containing sixty-five portraits of historical per-
sonages, twelve historical pictures, and a large collection of
engravings and manuscr'pts, among which are William Penn's
papers. The society also possesses a valuable collection of
American antiquities.

The Franklin Institute

Was incorporated in 1824^ "for the promotion and encourage-
ment of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts hy
popular lectures, the formation of a library, with a cabinet of
models and minerals, ofiering premiums on all subjects deemed
worthy of encouragement, and by examining all inventions sub-
mitted to them.'' The membership is open to all persons
friendly to and interested in the mechanic arts. The buildine
occupied by the society is on the east side of Seventh street north
of Chestnut. Its exterior is plain. The interior is provided
with a fine lecture-room, in which lectures are delivered at stated
times upon scientific subjects and accompanied with experiment*^.

118 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The library of the Institute is on the second floor. There is
also a museum, in which is the famous astronomical clock con-
structed by David Kittenhouse. The Institute has done and is
doing a noble work for technical science, and its Journal is the
oldest and one of the most valuable mechanical publications in
this country.

The Zoological Society of Philadelphia,

After an existence of many years, has but recently become
prominent among the learned associations of Philadelphia. It
has within the past few years leased from the Fairmount Park
Commissioners a garden of 35 acres, located on the west side of
the Schuylkill below the Girard Avenue Bridge. This tract
was originally known as " Solitude," and was the residence of
John Penn, the son of Thomas and grandson of William Penn.
The old mansion built by him when Governor of Pennsylvania
is still standing. His descendants retained the place until its
purchase by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The Zoo-
logical Society have fitted up their garden with a number of
handsome improvements, consisting of a monkey-house, a beaver-
dam, deer and buffalo parks, a winter-house for animals from
the tropics, three large stone bear-pits, 'md an aviary. The col-
lection of animals is already very large, and is being increased.
It is the intention of the society to make this garden second to
none in the world. Visitors are admitted at a charge of twenty-
five cents for adults, and ten cents for children.

Besides the above associations are the American Entomologi-
cal Society, at 518 South Thirteenth street; the Germantown
Scientific Association, at 4836 Germantown avenue ; the Numis-
matic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at the corner of
Eighteenth and Chestnut streets ; and the Warner Free Institute,
at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue.

Benevolent Institutions.

The benevolent and charitable institutions of Philadelphia
number more than one hundred. In respect to her institutions
of this kind, Philadelphia is second to no city in the Union.
We can mention here but a few of the more prominent.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 119

The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has been
noticed in our account of Broad street. The

Pennsylvania Hospital

Occupies the square bounded by Eighth, Mnth, Spruce, and
Pine streets. It was established in 1751, and among its first
managers was Benjamin Franklin. The charter set apart the
institution for " the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure
of lunatics." The grounds are enclosed with a high brick wall,
except in the centre of the Pine street front. Through this open
space the group of venerable buildings can be seen from the
street. The eastern wing was erected in 1755, the western in
1796, and the central building in 1805. This noble institution
has admitted and cared for nearly 100,000 patients since its
establishment, fully one-half of whom have been supported
at its expense. Until 1841 a portion of the hospital was devoted
to the treatment of the insane, but in that year these patients
were removed to the new hospital in West Philadelphia.

The Wills^ Hospital, in Race street, opposite Logan Square,
was founded by a bequest of the late James Wills, for the treat-
ment of diseases of the eye and limbs. It was opened in 1834.

The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind

Is at the corner of Race and Twentieth streets. It was founded
in 1833. It is a plain, but large and excellently arranged build-
ing, with an average attendance of about two hundred pupils,
many of whom are from other States, who are required to pay
for their instruction and support.

The Municipal Hospital

For the treatment of patients afflicted with small-pox and other
contagious diseases is situated on Hart lane near Twenty-first
street. It consists of a principal building and wings, all of
Cleveland brown-stone, with a mansard roof Adjoining it is
the " Potter's Field," with its rows of nameless graves.

The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has been
already mentioned in connection with the University. The

120

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Blockley Almshouse

Lies south of the IJDiversity and faces the Schuylkill. It con-
sists of four buildings, each 500 feet long and three stories high*

■w^ \«t.vwnA.'v^iu

PRESBYTEillAN BOAKD OF PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT ST.

These are arranged as the four sides of a square. The number
of inmates is about 3000, of whom 600 are in the insane depart-
ment, and 200 more in the children's asylum. The buildings

OF THE cente:nntal exhibition. 121

themselves cover an area of teu acres, and stand in a tract of
179 acres which is cultivated for the use of the asyhim. The
city of Philadelphia annually expends over four hundred thou-
sand dollars in the support of this institution.

On Market street, between Forty-second and Fiftieth streets,
in West Philadelphia, is the

Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane,

Which was established in 1841. The buildings stand in a tract
of 113 acres of beautifully ornamented grounds enclosed with a
high wall of stone, and consists of two large structures, each with
a central edifice and wings, with Doric porticos, and a fine dome
over one hundred feet high. One of these buildings is occupied
by the male and the other by the female patients, and each has
its separate enclosure and pleasure-grounds. They were erected
at a cost of $800,000. The number of inmates is about 400.

The Presbyterian Hospital, at Thirty-ninth and Filbert streets ;
the Hospital of Christ Church, on Belmont avenue, near the
Park entrance ; the Jewish Hospital, on the Olney road in the
Twenty-third ward ; the Asylum of the Orphan Society of
Philadelphia, at Haddington ; the Burd Orphan Asylum, on
the Delaware county line, at the extreme western end of Market
street; the Preston Retreat, the House of Industry, and the
House of Refuge, are noble institutions. The

United States Naval Asylum

Is located on Gray's Ferry road below South street. It was
built by the general government in 1832, and is for the care of
infirm and decrepit officers and seamen of the navy and the marine
corps. The main building has a frontage of 380 feet and a depth
of 150 feet. It has a front of white marble, is three stories in
height, and is approached by a flight of marble steps. There
are about 130 decrepit sailors maintained here by the govern-
ment. The Commodore's quarters stand north of the asylum.
In the rear of the asylum is a large building erected during the
late war by the government for the care of the sick and wounded
sailors of the navy. The grounds are handsomely laid out.

122

THE- ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

PRISONS.

The prisons of Philadelphia are well conducted. They are
three in number. The

Philadelphia County Prison

Is located on Passyunk road, just below Reed street. It is a
massive edifice comprised of a central building with receding
wings on either side. At the end of each wing Ls a heavy octagonal

PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON.

tower, and on each side of each wing is a high wall terminating in
a bastion. The architecture is in the English-Gothic style of the
fifteenth century. The building is constructed of Quincy granite,
and is regarded as one of the strongest prisons in the Union.
About 14,000 persons are annually committed to it. The prison
is generally known as the " Moyamensing Prison," from the
former name of the district in which it stands.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 123

The Eastern Penitentiary,

Or, as it is better known, " Cherry Hill Prison," occupies the
entire square bounded on the south by Fairmount avenue, and
lying between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets. It is
enclosed with a massive stone wall. The Fairmount avenue
front consists of two square towers with battlements, 65 feet
high, connected by a stone wall, in which is set the main entrance,
a heavy door studded with bolts. An octagonal tower rises from
the wall, above this entrance, to a height of 97 feet. At each
corner is a heavy tower, connected with the central building by
thick walls pierced with narrow and heavily barred windows.
The grounds of the prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all
of which space is occupied by the buildings. Within the
enclosure is a central building, from which radiate seven corridors
like the points of a star. They are so arranged that the warden,
sitting in the central building, can see the whole length of each
corridor. The cells of the convicts are located in these corridors,
and to each cell is attached a small walled yard, in which, at
certain hours of the day, the prisoner is permitted to enjoy the
air and sunlight. The prison is for the confinement of convicts
from the eastern counties of the State, and is conducted upon the
solitary plan. The prisoners are furnished with work enough
to keep them busy, and this they perform in their own cells.
They are also permitted to earn money for themselves by extra
work. Each prisoner is allowed to see and converse with the
prison officials, the chaplain, and an occasional visitor, but is not
permitted to hold any intercourse with any of his fellow-prisoners.
It is claimed that this system possesses the peculiar advantage
of preserving the prisoner from association with the other
criminals during his confinement, and thus saves him from the
danger of meeting with other prisoners after his release, and being
by their influence drawn back into his evil ways. There are
about 500 convicts confined here.

124

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

/ ,ie House of Correction

Is at Holraesbnrg, in tiie northern part of the city. It contains
two thousand cells, and answers the purpose of a work-house
and a prison.

Places of Amusement.

The most prominent places of amusement have already been
noticed in our account of the city. Philadel])hia has one first-
class opera-house — the Academy of Music, at Broad and Locust
streets — and three first-class theatres. These are the Chestnut
Street Theatre, on Chestnut street, between Twelfth and Thir-
teenth ; the Arch Street Theatre, on Arch street between Sixth
and Seventh streets ; and the Walnut Street Theatre, at the
corner of ^A^alnut and Ninth streets.

During the centennial season there will be two first-class
concert gardens, viz. : Theodore Thoraas^ Garden, at Broad and
Master streets, and Kiralfy^s Alhamhra Palace Garden, on
Broad street below Locust.

The Colosseum^ at Broad and Locust streets, affords a first-
class art entertainment in its panorama of Paris.

The other places of amusement are. Fox's New Ameincan
Theatre, on Chestnut above Tenth street; the Grand Central
Theatre, on Walnut street above Eighth; the New National
Theatre, 2d. Callowhill and Tenth streets; and Enoch^s Varieties,
on Seventh street below Arch — all devoted to variety entertain-
ments; the Arch Street Opera House, on Arch street above
Tenth, and the Eleventh Street Opera House, both of which are
negro minstrel halls, and well patronized; and Colonel Wood^s
Museum, at Arch and Ninth streets.

Cemeteries.

^ The principal cemetery of Philadelphia is Laurel HiU, on the
east side of the Schuylkill, below the Falls. It is situated in a
region famed for its beauty, and is one of the most beautiful
cemeteries in the world. It contains a large number of splendid
tombs, some of which are noted as works of art. The other

125

126 THE ILLUSTRATED HIS'IORY

cemeteries are, Glenwood, Monument, Woodlands, Ronaldson'^s,
Odd Fellows, and Mount Moriah,

Newspapers.

There are twenty-seven daily and weekly newspapers, devoted
to politics and general news, published in Philadelphia. Of
these, seven are Republican, four Democratic, and sixteen inde-
pendent. About fifty periodicals are published in the city,
which also conducts a large part of the book publishing business
of the United States.

Banks.

There are forty banks in Philadelphia, with an aggregate
capital of $20,235,000. Of these, twenty-nine are National
banks, and eleven continue to do business under the State laws.
The National banks have a capital of $16,235,000, and the
State banks a capital of $4,000,000.

Gas and Water.

Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality,
which is supplied at a reasonable rate to the citizens. The gas
works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured
the best gas that can be made, and are protected from the extor-
tions of private companies. The total length of street mains is
over 600 miles.

The city is supplied with water from the Schuylkill river.
The water works are at Fairmount, on the east side of the
Schuylkill. They were begun in 1812, and water was intro-
duced into the city in 1827. Since i:hen additional reservoirs
have been constructed within the limits of the Park, and addi-
tional pumping houses have been erected at Belmont, Rox-
borough, and other points on the Schuylkill. The works are
supplied with the most approved and complete machinery, the
engines at the Spring Garden pump house having a capacity of
ten millions of gallons every twenty-four hours. •

In order to preserve the water of the Schuylkill pure and fit
for drinking, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a few years

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

127

ago, purchased the land on both sides of the river to the Falls, and
along the Wissahickon for several miles from its mouth. These

VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT WATER WORKS.

streams are thus prevented from being made the receptacles for

the refuse of factories, which would render their waters impure.

About 646 miles of water pipes have been laid through the

128 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOIIY

city, and all the modern, and the most of the older houses, hav^e
water introduced into them. The average amount used per
day is over 30,000,000 gallons. A vast storage reservoir has
been recently constructed in the East Park, at a cost of $2,000,-
000. It has a capacity of 750,000,000 gallons.

Street Railways.

There are about twenty-two main lines of street railway in
Philadelphia. Including the branches of these, the number of
railway lines is about forty-five. These constitute the best
system of street transportation in the Union, and convey pas-
sengers to all points of the city at a uniform fare of seven cents.
A number of these lines run direct to the entrances to the exhi-
bition grounds.

The Water Front

The plateau on which Philadelphia stands is w^ashed on three
sides by the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, which give to the
city all the advantages of a great commercial seaport. Along
the Delaware shore there is always to be seen a forest of masts,
representing the shipping of every nation on the globe. The
visitor to Philadelphia should by no means omit an opportunity
to view the city from the Delaware river, as from no other point
can he as perfectly acquire a correct idea of the vast commerce
which yearly enters and leaves this port. An excellent plan
would be to engage a boat at Tacony, descend the river to the
mouth of the Schuylkill, and ascend that stream to the exhibi-
tion grounds.

Starting from Tacony, the suburb of Bridesburg is soon
passed, and then, turning a bend of the river, the visitor finds
himself opposite Port Richmond, the coal-shipping depot of the
Reading Railroad Company. This vast depot is one of the
"sights^' of Philadelphia, and is the most extensive in the
world. It comprises 21 shipping docks, with an aggregate
length of 15,000 feet, and accommodations for 250 vessels and
boats. The shipping piers are 23 in number, and their aggre-
gate length is 4^ miles. They are provided with 10 J miles of
single track, and in addition to this are connected with each

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 129

other and with the main line of the road by 22 miles of track.
The cars, loaded with coal at the mines, are brought direct to
this depot, and are run out on the shipping piers. By means
of trap-doors in the floors of the cars the coal is eaiptied into
schutes 169 feet in length, which convey it directly into the
holds of the vessels to be loaded. About 2000 men are em-
ployed here, and the daily shipments of coal amount to 30,000
tons. The piers have a storage capacity of 175,000 tons. The
company at present employ six fine iron steamers for the trans-
portation of coal from Port Eichmond to other points, and
intend to increase this number to fifty. Several hundred other
vessels are employed in this trade.

Opposite Port Richmond is Treaty Island^ a spot dear to the
hearts of Philadelphia sportsmen.

A short distance below Port Richmond are the shipyards of
William Cramp & Son, said to be the most extensive establish-
ment of its kind in the United States. A number of vessels
were built here for the navy during the civil war, among others
the New Ironsides. The four iron steamers of the American
Line, plying between Philadelphia and Liverpool, were also
built here.

Below these shipyards rises the standpipe of the Delaware
Water Works, and beyond this is a region devoted to rolling
mills, iron foundries and forges; and beyond these still, occupy-
ing the river front from Laurel to Noble street, is a succession
of lumber yards, where an immense business in all kinds of
lumber is annually transacted. Large quantities are shipped to
South America and the West Indies. Immediately below
Noble street are the freight depots and piers of the North Penn-
sylvania and Reading Railroads.

Below Noble street the long line of foreign and coastwise
shipping begins, and stretches away for several miles down the
river. Immediately opposite this part of Philadelphia, and
separated from it by the Delaware, is Camden, the sixth city
of New Jersey. It is but a suburb of Philadelphia, with which
it is connected by six lines of steam ferries. The time occupied
in crossing the river is five minutes.
9

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 131

In the middle of the Delaware, opposite Market street, is
Smith's Island, a noted pleasure resort. Immediately south of
it, and separated from it by a narrow channel, through which
the Camden & Amboy Eailroad ferry boats pass, is Windmill
Island, also a pleasure resort.

At the foot of Christian street and Washington avenue are
the docks of the American line of steamers to Liverpool. In the
rear of these docks is the enormous Elevator of the Pennsylvania
Railroad, with a capacity of half a million bushels of grain, and
every facility for prompt and economical shipment.

Immediately adjoining these docks is the Old Navy Yard,
covering a tract of eighteen acres. It was purchased by the
government in 1801 for §37,500, and was sold about a year ago
to the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company for about §2,000,000.
Some of the finest vessels in the navy were built here. The
navy yard has, since the sale, been entirely transferred to
League Island. The Pennsylvania company intend to fit up
the old navy yard as their principal terminus on the Delaware.
This road is a large stockholder in the American line of steamers,
which vessels lie at its docks and receive and transfer passengers
and freight from and to its cars. By this system all breaking
bulk of freight from distant points is avoided, there being but
one reshipment, from the cars to the steamer, necessary.

At Greenvnch Point, at the foot of Packer street, are the coal
wharves of the Pennsylvania Railroad, second only in extent
and the amount of business transacted at them to those of the
Keading road at Port Richmond.

Just above the mouth of the Schuylkill is

League Island,

Now occupied by the United States as a Navy Yard. The
island was presented to the government by the city of Phila-
delphia. It covers an area of 600 acres, and when the ex-
tensions in contemplation are completed, will have a frontage
of nearly three miles on the Delaware, with an average deptli of
water of twenty-five feet. Machine shops, and all the establish-

132 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ments necessary to the purposes of a great naval station, have been
constructed or are in course of construction. The back channel
is for the use of monitors, a large number of which are here laid
up in ordinary. The advantages of League Island as a naval
station are thus summed up by the Secretary of the Navy, in
his report for 1871 : "A navy yard so ample in its proportions,
in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of access to
our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet,
with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so
rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of
one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to
our country."

Just below League Island is Mud Island^ on which stands
old Fort Mifflin, This work was begun at the outbreak of the
Bevolutlon, and consisted then of an embankment of earth. It
was known as the " Mud Fort." Upon the occupation of the
city by the British in 1777 it became necessary to capture the
defences on the Delaware, at Mud Island and at Red Bank, on
the New Jersey shore, in order to open communication between
the British fleet and the city. Could these works have been
held by the Americans the enemy must have evacuated the city.
On the 22d of October, 1777, Lord Howe opened a tremendous
cannonade upon Fort Mifflin from his fleet, and at the same
time a picked force of twelve hundred Hessians was sent to
storm the works at Red Bank. The latter attack was repulsed
with a loss of four hundred men, and the Hessian commander.
Count Donop, was slain. In the attack upon Fort Mifflin the
British lost two ships, and the remainder were more or less
injured by the fire of the American guns. Soon after this re-
pulse the British erected batteries on a small island in the
Delaware, and on the 10th of November opened a heavy fire
upon Fort Mifflin from these works and their fleet. The bom-
bardment was continued until the night of the 15th. Fort
Mifflin was literally destroyed, and on the night of the 16th was
evacuated by its garrison. On the 18th the works at Red Bank,
on the Jersey shore, were abandoned. The British removed now
ihe obstructions from the river, and their fleet ascended to Phila-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 133

delphia. The present work was constructed after the close of
the Revolution, and is strongly armed.

The Schuylkill river flows into the Delaware immediately
below League Island. This river was so named by the early
Dutch navigators, and the name is said to mean "a hidden
river/' from the fact that its mouth cannot be seen by voyagers
ascending the Delaware until the junction is reached.

A little above the mouth of the river, on the eastern shore,
are the new docks and the grain elevator of the Internationalj
or Red Star^ Steamship Line, plying between Philadelphia and
Antwerp. These docks are a terminus of the Pennsylvania
Railroad, and transfers of grain and freight are made directly
between the cars and the steamers. This promises to be one of
the most prominent shipping points of the city.

*' The Schuylkill may be reckoned among Philadelphia's 're-
serve forces.' With a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate,
and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and
warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal and stone
yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Schuyl-
kill Canal brings dowai numbers of boats from the mines in the
coal regions; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce
on the Schuylkill.. This grand avenue to the future heart of
the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be
required — a time which cannot be far distant.'^

The principal objects of interest on the Schuylkill are the
bridges, which connect the quarters of the city lying on the op-
posite sides of the river. Some of these are among the finest in
the world. The first of these, after passing the mouth of the
river, is the Penrose Ferry Bridge; above this is the Gray^s
Ferry Bridge, a double structure, used for the passage of the
trains of the Philadelphia, AVilmington and Baltimore Railroad,
and for pedestrians and vehicles. Above this is the handsome
iron truss bridge of the south extension of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. Higher up is the new South Street Bridge, begun in
1870 and completed in the early part of 1876 at a cost of
$865,000. With its approaches, which rest upon massive stone
arches, the bridge has a total length of two thousand four hun-

134

^yr

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 135

dred and nineteen feet, and a width of fifty-five feet, except at
the draw span, where the width is but thirty-six feet. This
gives a roadway of thirty-five feet, and two footwalks, each ten
feet wide. The river span is five hundred and eighty-four feet
long, and consists of two permanent spans of one hundred and
eighty-five feet each, and a pivot draw with two openings, each
of seventy-seven feet, supported by a cylindrical cast-iron pier.

Chestnut Street Bridge lies next above. It was begun in
1861 and completed in 1866, at a cost of $500,000. It is one
thousand five hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and is
constructed of iron, with approaches and piers of granite.

At Market street is a temporary wooden bridge, erected in the
place of the old wooden bridge that crossed the river at this
point, and which was burned about the close of 1875. It is
used for the Market Street Kailway, by vehicles and pedestrians,
and by the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

The Fairmounty or Collowhill Street, Bridge stands on the site
of the old suspension bridge, so well known to visitors to Fair-
mount. It is one of the handsomest and most substantial
bridges in the Union, and during the progress of the Centennial
Exhibition will be used by a large part of the visitors. There is
a span over Callowhill street of eighty feet ; then follow five
arch colonnades on the east side, having a total length of one
hundred and five feet ; then the main span of three hundred and
fifty feet over the Schuylkill ; then ten arch colonnades on the
west side, with a length of two hundred and thirty feet ; then
the bridge over Thirtieth street, ninety feet long ; then seven
spans of plate girders, three hundred feet in length, and finally
the span over the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and
forty feet long ; making a total length of one thousand two hun-
dred and ninety-five feet. The bridge consists of two roadways,
the upper one thirty-two feet above the lower. The upper floor
is forty-eight feet wide between the balustrades, and the lower
fifty feet wide. Each floor has a roadway with sidewalks on
each side. The bridge is constructed of iron with stone piers
and foundations, and is ornamented with a double row of mag-
nificent gas lamps. Street railway tracks are laid on each floor.

136

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and are used by a number of street car lines running direct to
the exhibition grounds. The cost of this magnificent structure
was ?1, 200,000.

Above tiie bridge are tlie dam and water-works at Fairmount^
and higher up still are the boat-houses of the Schuylkill navy,
to which we shall refer again in another portion of this work.

Higher up still is the finest of all the Philadelphia bridges^
the now famous

Girard Avenue Bridge,

Which spans the Schuylkill at the main avenue of approach to

VIEW ABOVE THE DAM, FAIRMOUNT.

Fairmount Park and the Centennial Exhibition. It is the
most magnificent bridge in the Upited States, and will always
be one of the principal objects of interest to visitors to the city.
It has a length of one thousand feet, and a width of one hun-
dred feet, and was built at a cost of $1,404,445. The height
of the roadway above low water is fifty-five feet. The girders
rest on three piers and two abutments, and form three centre
spans of one hundred and ninety-seven feet each. The following
description of the bridge is taken from The Scientific American:
" The masonry of the piers and abutments is rock-faced ashlar

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 137

of Maine granite laid in mortar of one part Coplay cement to
two parts of sand. The copings and parapets are of finely-cut
granite, but no other cutting has been done, except the necessary
drafts, the object being to preserve the massive effect of rock-
faced granite work.

'^Superstructure. — There are seven lines of trusses or girders
placed side by side, sixteen feet apart, and united by horizontal
and vertical bracing.

" These trusses are of the well-known Phcenixville pattern
of quadrangular girder. The upper compressive members and
the vertical posts are Phoenix-flanged columns, united by cast-
iron joint boxes. The lower chords and diagonals are Phoenix
"weldless eye-bars, die-forged by hydraulic pressure. Upon the
tops of the posts, twelve feet apart, are laid heavy fifteen-inch
Phoenix-rolled beams, and upon these longitudinally nine-inch
beams placed two feet eight inches apart. These are covered
transversely with rolled corrugated plates one-fourth inch thick,
corrugated one and one-fourth inches high by five inches wide.
These form an unbroken iron platform upon which the asphalt
concrete is placed.

" The dead load of the structure, with a moving load of one
hundred pounds per square foot, makes a total load of 30,000
pounds per lineal foot carried by seven trusses. The limit of
strain is 10,000 pounds per square inch, reduced to 6000 pounds
per square inch as the compressive limit on parts. •

"All points of contact are either planed or turned. The pins
are of cold rolled iron, and the limit of error between pin and
hole is one sixty-fourth of an inch. The iron used in this
bridge is double refined, or of ' Phoenix best best' brand, cap-
able of bearing the regular tests of that quality of iron, as fol-
lows : Ultimate strength, 55,000 pounds to 60,000 pounds per
square inch ; no permanent set under 27,000 pounds to 30,000
pounds per square inch ; average reduction of area at point of
fracture, twenty-five per cent. The elongation of a twelve-inch
bar is fifteen per cent., and the cold bend of a one and one-half
inch round bar before cracking one hundred and eighty degrees,
or hammered flat.

138

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 139

^^Roadway. — The corrugated iron plates which cover the
bridge are themselves covered by four inches to five inches of
asphalte, making a water-tight surface. The one hundred feet
of width is divided into sixty-seven and one-half feet of carriage-
way and two sixteen and one-half feet sidewalks. The roadway
is paved with granite blocks in the usual manner, except that
it is divided into seven ways by two lines of iron trackways next
the sidewalks for horse-cars, and five lines of carriage-tramways,
made of cut granite blocks, one foot wide, laid to a five-feet
gauge. The gutters and curbstonea are of fine cut granite. The
sidewalks are covered for ten feet of their width with black
Lehigh county slate tiles, two feet square, laid diagonally.

"On each side of the slate tiles are spaces two feet wide,
which were originally laid with encaustic tiles. After one
winter's frost these tiles became so much shattered that they
were removed and white marble tiles substituted in their place.
The curbstone, eighteen inches wide, makes up the remainder
of the sixteen and one-half feet.

" The sidewalks are separated from the roadway by railings
of galvanized iron tubes with bronze ornaments, and are sup-
ported by cast-iron standards at every six feet. Every eighth
standard is prolonged into a lamp-post. There are eight refuge
bays, each of which contains a cluster of six lamps, the support-
ing shaft rising through an octagonal seat, which forms its base.
The outer balustrade and cornice is of cast-iron with bronze
open-work panels, and treated in a highly ornamental manner.

" The bronze panels represent various birds and foliage, such
as the phoenix, swan, heron, owl, eagle, tobacco, ivy, Virginia
creeper, ferns and hops. These panels are of statuary bronze
cast under a pressure of sixty pounds per square inch, which
forces the metal into all the finest lines and makes an extremely
sharp casting ; so sharp, indeed, that a casting made by this pro-
cess from an electrotype has been used to print engravings from.
There are between eight and nine hundred of these bronzes set
in the balustrade, like pictures in a frame.

" It is intended, at some future day, to place sidewalks inside
the bridge, at the level of the lower chord. Access to these will

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

be gained through the arched openings in the abutments, and
this spot has been selected as a proper place for a drinking
fountain. The bridge is painted salmon color, relieved by blue
and gold ; the cornice and balustrade are green and gold.

" The construction of the permanent new bridge began May
11th, 1873, and July 4th, 1874, it was formally opened for
public travel, and has remained in use ever since.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE, FAIRMOUNT PARK.

"This rapidity of construction is due, first, to the mode
adopted of laying the foundations under water, instead of pump-
ing out that water; second, to the forethought displayed in
making the temporary work strong enough to pass uninjured
through a freshet which increased the depth of water from thirty
feet to forty-six feet; third, to the peculiar construction of the
girders (which contain over three thousand five hundred tons

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

141

of iron), which were made at Phoenixville from the ore, entirely
by machinery, and without any hand labor; and, lastly, to the
rapidity and facility of erection allowed by the pin-connected
mode of construction.'^

Immediately above this magnificent structure is the Connect-
ing Bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over which the road
from West Philadelphia to New York passes. Above this is
the Columbia Bridge, sl wooden structure, used by the Reading
Railroad to connect its branches. Just below the Falls of the

THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN — CHEW's HOUSE.

Schuylkill is a picturesque stone bridge of six arches, which is
also the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad
Company, the trains of which pass over it.

West Philadelphia.

West Philadelphia is one of the most attractive portions of
the great city. It is built up with numerous handsome villas
and cottages, which give to it a partly rural aspect, while it
possesses every advantage and convenience of the city proper.

142

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

It offers many fine drives and many objects of interest to the
visitor.

Germanfown

Is the principal and most beautiful suburb of Philadelphia. It
is reached by the Germautown branch of the Philadelphia and

A GERMANTOWN VILLA.

Reading Railroad, and by a line of horse-cars. It was settled
in 1683 by emigrants from Germany, from whom it takes its
name, and was a distinct corporation until 1854, when it was
incorporated with Philadelphia, of which city it now forms a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 143

part. It contains many splendid country-seats, a large number
of elegant but less costly suburban mansions, and several his-
torical mansions, chief among which is the old "Chew Mansion,"
which was occupied by the British as a fortress during the battle
of German town, on the 4th of October, 1777. Germantown is
a favorite place of residence with the wealthier class of Phila-
delphians, and its natural beauty has been heightened by a lib-
eral expenditure of wealth and taste in the adornment of the
homes with which it is filled.

Manufactures and Commerce.

The number of manufacturing establishments in Philadelphia
is 8184. They employ a capital of $174,016,674, and 137,496
hands ; they pay out $58,780,130 annually for wages ; consume
raw material to the amount of $180,325,713; and yield an an-
nual product of $322,004,517. In 1872 the commercial returns
were as follows: Vessels arrived, American, 503; tonnage,
185,727 ; crews, 4943; foreign, 522; tonnage, 322,184; crews,
6325. Aggregate arrived, vessels, 1025; tonnage, 417,911;
crews, 11,268. Vessels cleared, American, 343 ; tonnage, 153,-
845 ; crews, 3741 ; foreign, 547 ; tonnage, 251,467 ; crews, 6526.
Aggregate cleared, vessels, 890; tonnage, 405,312; crews,
10,267. Of the arrivals 27 were steam vessels, of which 21
were American and 6 foreign. Of the clearances 27 were steam
vessels, of which 16 were American and 11 foreign.

In the same year the imports amounted to $20,383,853 ; and
the exports to ^$21,016,750. Of the latter sum $20,982,876
were for domestic exports, and $33,874 for foreign exports.

Such is the great city in which the Centennial Exhibition is
being held.

CHAPTER IV.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Dimensions of the Park— Its History— Improvements — Old Fairmount and
Lemon Hill— View from the Hill— The Waterworks— The Art Gallery—
The Lincoln Monument— Lemon Hill — Reminiscences of Robert Morris —
Sedgeley Park— Tlie River Road— The East Park— The Storage Reservoir
—Old Country-seats— Mount Pleasant— Arnold's Home— Fort St. David's —
Tlie Wissahickon — Romantic Scenery— The Hotels — The Hermit's Well—
The Mystics— Washington's Rock— The Monastery— The West Park-
Solitude — The Zoological Gardens— The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibi-
tion—Lansdowne — George's Hill— Belmont— Judge Peters — The Sawyer
Observatory — How to Reach the Park.

5|rAIRM0UNT PARK, the great pleasure-ground of

An Philadelphia, is the fourth park in size in the world.

1^^ It contains 2740 acres, and is exceeded in size only by
Epping and Windsor forests, in England, and the
Prater, in Vienna. It lies on both banks of the
Schuylkill, from Callowhill street bridge to the Falls of Schuyl-
kill and the mouth of Wissahickon, a distance of six miles, and
along the Wissahickon, from its mouth to Chestnut Hill, a
further distance of seven and a half miles.

The Park grew out of the necessity of placing the Schuylkill
and Wissahickon under the control of the city, in order to pre-
serve the water supply of Philadelphia from pollution by the
refuse of the factories and slaughter-houses that were being
erected along the shores of those streams, and out of the convic-
tion in the minds of the Philadelphians that their great and
growing city needed a suitable pleasure-ground for the enjoy-
ment of its people.

The Park is naturally one of the most beautiful enclosures in
the world. It has not yet received the care and taste that have
been lavished upon the "Central" of New York, but improve-
144

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

145

ments are being steadily and rapidly made in it, and it will,
before many years, be the most magnificent park in existence.
It is generally divided into four sections, known as Old Fair-
mount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park, and Wissa-
hickon Park.

Old Fairmounf and Lemon Hill.

Fairraount and Lemon Hill begin at Callowhill street bridge,
and extend a short distance above the Connecting Bridge of the

THE SCHUYLKILL, AT PHILADELPHIA.

Pennsylvania Railroad. Old Fairmount has long been a pleasure
resort, and was originally laid off as such upon the construction
of the Fairmount Waterworks in 1822. William Penn selected
this site as the most suitable for his manor, as he was greatly
impressed wdth its beauty.

The main entrance to the Park is from Green street. On the
right rises the picturesque height which gives its name to the
. Park, and on which are located the reservoirs into which the
10

146

BEAR PITS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL, GARDEN.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

147

waterworks on the river shore below pump d^ti^.f by steam
and water power the enormous quantity of thirty-five million
gallons. The reservoirs are four in number, and from them the
visitor may enjoy one of the most superb views to be obtained
in the Park. "At the foot of the galleries of green velvet grass,
above which you are standing, you have the Reservoir Park,
with its cascades,
walks and plots ;
and turning west-
ward your eye era-
braces the lake-like
F a i r m o u n t dam,
with its broad and
bright-falling sheets
of foam ; its head-
race, forebay, and
beautiful terraces ;
the fairy-like little
steamers that ply up
and down the
Schuylkill ; the tem-
ple-like pier at the
dam; the boat-
houses of the
Schuylkill Navy
and their little fleets
with waving
streamers ; the grand
Lincoln monument,
and beyond this, the
arboreal and floral
commencement of Fairmount Park proper, with its broad and
beautiful river-drive on the left, of fourteen miles ; its fountains
ascending, and shrubbery-lined pathways, embowered seats and
historic groves.'' Near the base of the standpipe on the cliff
overlooking the forebay are '^ Leda and the Swan," a group of
statuary which formerly ornamented the old waterworks at the
intersection of Broad and Market streets.

FOUNTAIN NEAR MINERAL SPRING, LEMON HILL.

148

THE II.LUSTKATED lllbTOKV

Not far from the Green street entrance to the Park is the Art
GcUlery, a rough-cast building, containing a number of fine
works of art, among which are Kotliermel's " Battle of Gettys-
burg/' painted by order of the State of Pennsylvania, at a cfist
of $30,000, and' Benjamin West's '' Christ Rejected." The
gallery 'is free to visitors. The " Battle of Gettysburg " holds a
place in Memorial Hall during the Exhibition.

Passing the Art Gallery, and following the main drive, the

>«*»5SK.-^a*Ki->^ - -

MONUMENT TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA,

visitor reaches the Lincoln Monument, which stands in the open
space at the foot of Lemon Hill. It is of bronze, and represents
the martyrecl President seated in his chair, holding in his right
hand a pen, and in his left the scroll of the Emancipation
Proclamation. The statue rests upon a high pedestal of granite.
On the south side of the pedestal is the inscription: "To
Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people;" on the east, these

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 149

words ; " Let us here highly resolve that the government of the
people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from
the face of the earth ; " on the north : " I do order and declare,
that all persons held as slaves, within the States in rebellion,
are and henceforth shall be free ; '' on the west side : " With
malice towards none, with charity towards all, with firmness in
the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work
ive are in."

The statue is the work of Randolph Rogers, the artist of the
famous Bronze Doors of the Capitol at Washington. It was
modelled at Rome and cast at Munich. Its cost was $33,000.
It is colossal in size, being 9 feet 6 inches in height. It was
dedicated in 1870.

Beyond the Lincoln Monument is a handsome fountain in the
centre of a large basin, known as the Gold-fish Pond. From
this spot the hill rises in terraces to the summit. Ascending to
the top by the stone steps which lead up from the successive
terraces, the visitor finds himself on the summit of

Lemon Hill,

And before a handsome, old-time mansion. The present edifice
was erected in 1800, by Henry Pratt, on the site of an older
mansion, which constituted the country-seat of Robert Morris,
"* the great financier of the Revolution, the man to whose fertile
brain, not less than to the valor of her sons, America owed the
successful issue of the war for Independence. Morris' country-
seat was generally known as " The Hills.'' His residence was
simple but tasteful. He owned a fine town-house, but this was
his "dearly loved" home, and here he resided from 1770 to
1798. A part of this time he was virtually a prisoner, as he
was afraid to leave the house lest he should be arrested for debt.
The part played in the Revolution by this illustrious man
should never be forgotten by his countrymen. But for his
indefatigable efforts the American cause must have failed for
want of funds to carry on the war. At the critical moments,
however, Morris promptly devised the means of raising the
necessary funds, and often when no other way would answer

150

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

pledged his own private credit as security for the loans made to
the Continental Congress. Personally, he was a great suiFerer
from the financial troubles caused by the war, but had the
happiness in the end, of seeing the triumph of the cause for
which he had labored so devotedly. Shortly after the close of
the Revolution he formed a new private business enterprise,

EAST TERRACE, LEMON HILI,, FAIRMOUNT PARK.

which resulted in a failure and caused his ruin. He had always
advocated imprisonment for debt, and now, being unable to
meet his liabilities, was obliged to suifer that penalty. He was
offered his liberty in consideration of the great services he had
rendered to his country during the Revolution, but refused to
accept it, saying that "a law-maker should not be a law-breaker.'^

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 151

He remained in prison for four years, and was released in 1802,
npon the passage of the Bankrupt Law. Shortly after this, he
died in an humble house on Twelfth street above Chestnut. His
beautiful home at " The Hills" was sold at the time of his ruin,
and in 1800 Henry Pratt erected the present mansion on the
site of the old one. . The house is now used as a restaurant.

Beyond the plateau on which the house stands is another, once
called "Sedgeley Park." Here is a plain wooden building
known as " Grant's Cottage," from the fact that it once stood at
City Point, Virginia, and was used by General Grant as his
head-quarters during the siege of Petersburg. It was removed
to Fair mount Park after the close of the civil war.

From the Green street entrance to the park the river-road
sweeps around the foot of Lemon Hill, and skirts the shore of
the Schuylkill, passing the beautiful and substantial boat-houses
of the Schuylkill Navy. It is the main drive to the East Park,
and passes under the Girard avenue and Pennsylvania Kailroad
bridges, after which it plunges through a tunnel through
Promontory Rock, and enters the East Park. It rises gradually
from the river to the level of the Reading Railroad, which it
crosses at Mifflin Lane.

The East Park.

The East Park extends from Thirty-third and Thompson
streets to Ridge avenue, a short distance north of Dauphin
street. From this point Ridge avenue forms the eastern
boundary of the park, and the Schuylkill the western, to the
mouth of the Wissahickon. Above South Laurel Hill Ceme-
tery the East Park is scarcely a quarter of a mile in width.
Its greatest breadth below that point is about one mile. Its
extreme length is about four miles.

In the lower section of this portion of the park is located the
vast storage reservoir, now in course of construction, the capacity
of which is 750,000,000 gallons of water. It is built upon
what was formerly a cultivated field, thus sparing the most
picturesque portions of the East Park.

The section east of the Schuylkill is one of the most beauti-

152

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fill portions of Fairmount Park. It coni[)rises a series of ra-
vines and hills of the most picturesque character, stretching
northward towards the Falls, and jutting out upon the Schuyl-
kill in bold and beautiful clifis and promontories, which are the
delight of the artist. At every turn the visitor is confronted
with some new and charming landscape. The trees are mag-

GLEN FERN, WISSAHICKOX.

nificent and the shrubbery luxuriant and carefully trained. The
grass is soft and velvety, and the lawns are perfect.

Within the limits of the East Park are several of the old
time country-seats, which were once so thick in this region.
Some of them are rich in historical interest. The first of these
is Fountain Greeny near the lower end of the reservoir. It was

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

153

once the residence of Samuel Meeker, and was built in the
latter part of the last century. North of this, between the
reservoir and the Reading Railroad, is Mount Pleasant^ a fine
stone mansion, built some years before the Revolution by Cap-
tain John McPherson. During the wars between Great
Britain, France and Spain, in the early part of the eighteenth

SCHUYLKILL BLUFF, FAIRMOUNT PARK.

century, Captain McPherson commanded several privateers be-
longing to the port of Philadelphia. He was a bold and suc-
cessful cruiser, and accumulated a considerable fortune from his
captures, with a part of which he built this mansion, which
John Adams, who was a guest of McPherson in 1774, describes
as " the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania." McPherson sold

154 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the house soon after the opening of the Revolution, and it was
purchased by Major-General Benedict Arnold, then in command
at Philadelphia. After his marriage to Miss Shippen, of
Philadelphia, Arnold settled the place on his wife and children,
retaining only a life-interest in it. Upon the discovery of his
treason, the State of Pennsylvania confiscated his life-interest in
the estate. The mortgage given by Arnold at the purchase of
the property was never paid, and it was sold again in 1796, the
new purchaser being General Jonathan Williams, a gallant
officer of the Revolution, and subsequently the first Superin-
tendent of the Military Academy at West Point. From the fall
of 1781 to the spring of 1782, the house was the head-quarters
of Baron Steuben, of the American army.

Just south of Laurel Hill is Strawberry Mansion, now a
park restaurant. It is a popular place of resort for the people
of Philadelphia, and is admirably conducted. The view from
the heights on which the mansion is located is magnificent.

Within the limits of the East Park, just above the stone
bridge of the Reading Railroad, is Fort St. DavicVs, a fishing
club-house, erected on the site of a strong work of heavy timber
which was built long before the Revolution at the base of the
hill from which the rock which forms the falls projects.

77?^ Wissahickon Park

Commences a short distance above the Falls and extends from
the mouth of Wissahickon Creek to Chestnut Hill, a distance
of seven and a half miles. It consists of a narrow strip along
both banks of the river, and is less than an eighth of a mile in
width. It is one of the most beautiful sections of the park.
Nature has adorned it with such a bold and lavish hand that
there is nothing for art to do in its behalf.

The Wissahickon has long been famous for its scenery. The
creek lies deep in a rocky ravine, the wooded sides of which rise
up steeply on either shore and in some places almost overhang
it. Its waters are calm and clear, and except when swollen by
heavy rains or the spring freshets, have in many places scarcely
any motion at all. "Along the whole course of this romantic

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

156

stream the scenery is wild and constantly changing in appear-
ance. The waters leap along seeking the great river by devious
courses, winding in curves, and sometimes changing suddenly
their direction as new obstacles are encountered. Every step
along the banks opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic

THE hermit's well.

impression. The effect is heightened by the towering rocks and
lofty trees which shade the pathway or let occasional gleams of
brightness flash through the gorges."

A short distance above the Falls is Wissahickon Hall, a house
well known to pleasure-seekers for its catfish suppers. Above
this are the Maple Spring, Valley Green, and Indian Boch

156 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

liotels. Above Maple Spring is Washington's Rocky a favorite
resort of the father of Iiis country (luring his residence in
Philadelphia as President of the United States.

On the opposite side of tiie Wissahickon, and beyond the
limits of the park, is ''The Hermit's AVell," dug by Johann
Kelpius, a religious enthusiast, who founded a peculiar sect here
towards the close of the seventeenth century. "Johann Kelpius
emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1694, and with
him forty others; they settled on the Ridge, the range of hills
on the west bank of the Wissahickon, and called themselves the
Society of the Woman in the Wilderness. Kelpius was their
leader and believed he would not die before he saw the millen-
nium. But he was mistaken. He died in 1708. Three of his
followers — the rest having disbanded — were afterwards known
as the Hermits of the Ridge, and continued to live in their
caves, awaiting the sign and visible presence, until death claimed
them.

"A short distance above the bridge which crosses the Hermit's
Lane, and also on the opposite bank of the stream, is a high
bluff; the rock which rises from this bluff is called the Lover's
Leap. It overlooks a wild gorge and stands two hundred feet
above the surface of the stream. On the face of the rock is an
illegible Latin inscription, said to have been cut by Kelpius.
It is the scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive
here."

The main road crosses the Wissahickon just above Washing-
ton's Rock, and continues its course to Chestnut Hill, on the
west side of the creek. A short distance above the bridge the
stream bends, and is here joined by Paper Mill Run, a small
creek '' which is scarcely less picturesque in places than the
Wissahickon. It joins the latter by a series of waterfalls.
The lower of these has a perpendicular descent of about twenty
feet. Near it stands the old house in which David Ritten-
house was born, and near its source the first paper-mill in
America was erected by his ancestors in 1690. Beyond these
points the road reaches a bridge — the Red Bridge — over which
it crosses to the opposite bank of the stream. About a mile

THE WISSAHICKON.

167

lo8 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

further, another road leaves the park road and, cro&sing
tlie stream by a bridge, takes you to tlie Monastery. When and
by whom it was erected antiquarians are not agreed. It appears
io liave been built about 1750. It stands on high ground on
the brow of a liill, with a range of hills towering above it. A
lane winds round the bend of the blufi'and, climbing its steep
side, forms in front a semi-circular lawn. The outlook here and
the uplook from the romantic dell below are magnificent. In the
valley below (Willow Glen) there is a spot known a.s the Bap-
tistery. Here the monks immersed their converts. A yard in
the rear of the dwelling was used by them for the burial of their
dead.

"A mile further, on the west bank, are the caves, which are
situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a small
stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of tliem
was excavated by miners seeking for treasures ; the other caves
are natural, and were perhaps holes for bears and foxes, and
possibly the resort of Indians. A short distance beyond — throe
and a half miles above its mouth — the stream is crossed by a
beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, nearly seven hundred
feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. It is iron
throughout, except the bases of the piers, which are set in ma-
sonry, and is a model of grace and strength. It conveys the
water supply from the Roxborough to Mount Airy reservoir at
Germantown. A hundred yards above this a wooden 'bridge
spans the river. Crossing this bridge, turning to the left and
following a pathway a short distance, you arrive at The DevWs
Pool, where Lime-rock or Cresheim creek comes sighing down,
forming a mirror-like basin reflecting every object near; upon
moonlight nights nothing can equal the numerous fairy-like
figures and grotesque outlines and shadows that play in the
silent and fantastic light.

" It was the scene of an engagement during the battle of
Germantown, and its waters once were dyed red with blood ; a
portion of the earthworks used in the engagement may still be
seen in close proximity.
. "A short distance further on is Valley Gh^een, with its hotel

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

159

Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge
with strong buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge
has only one arch, and
its reflection is so per-
fect that on fine days
we see an entire oval
of masonry instead of
a single arch.

" Proceeding a short
distance through a
deeper and more
mountainous course of
the stream, we reach a
point of celebrity,
known as Indian
Rock, the abode and
hunting-grounds of
the last tribe of the
Indian race in this
region. Upon a lofty
and peculiarly shaped
rock is seen the fig^ure
of their chief, Todyas-
cuny, or Todawskim,
who, with the remains
of his people, left for the hunting-grounds of the West above an
hundred years ago.'^*

Less than a mile above, the extreme northern limit of the
park is reached, in the bright, open countrv about Chestnut
Hill.

The West Park.

The West Park commences at Spring Garden street, on the
west side of the Schuylkill, and extends along that river to the
Falls. Below Girard avenue it is a narrow strip, a large part
of which immediately below Girard avenue bridge has been

HEMLOCK GLEN ON THE WISSAHICKON.

Mage^a Illustrated Guide to Philadelphia, pp. 103, 104.

160

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

assigned to the Zoological Society for their Zoological Garde%,
This is the portion formerly known as SolUvdej the country-seat
of John Penn, to which reference has been made in another part
of this work.

Above Girard avenue the park widens rapidly, stretching

ENTRANCE TO FAIRMOUNT PARK AT EGGLESFIELD.

away from the entrance at the bridge to George's Hill, tw©
miles distant. This is its widest portion.

The main road crosses Girard avenue bridge from old Fair-
mount and Lemon Hill, and passes under the Pennsylvania
Railroad bridge by a series of arches at the point known as
Egglesfield. About a quarter of a mile beyond this it passes

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 161

Sweetbriar Mansion, once the residence of Thomas Breck, at one
time a member of Congress from Philadelphia.

Farther on, about a mile and a quarter from Girard avenue
bridge, are Lansdowne Plateau and Lansdowne Concoui*se, the
grounds now occupied by the Centennial Exhibition, The Lans-
downe Mansion was destroyed by fire in 1854. It stood near
the group of giant pine trees. The estate formerly comprised a
tract of two hundred acres, and extended from Sweet Briar to
Belmont and George's Hill. The mansion was built by John
Penn, the grandson of William Penn, who resided in it during
the period of the Revolution. His sympathies were with Great
Britain in this struggle, and his great estate was confiscated by
the State of Pennsylvania in consequence. He retained the
Lansdowne property, and at his death in 1795 bequeathed it
to his widow, Anne Penn, the daughter of Chief- Justice Allen.
In 1797 it was purchased by William Bingham, the first United
States Senator from Pennsylvania. He lived in great style, and
the place was well known for its splendid hospitality, and was
the resort of the most distinguished people of the day. His
daughter married Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashbur-
ton. It thus became the property of the Baring family, from
whom it was purchased by the Park Commission.

Beyond Lansdowne is Georges Hill^ a beautiful elevated
tract of eighty-three acres presented to the city by Jesse George
and his sister, well-known and respected members of the Society
of Friends. The summit of the hill consists of a fine plateau,
the highest point in the city, being 210 feet above tidewater.
The view from it is superb. Almost the whole of the lower
part of the park on both sides of the river is in sight, with the
city and its hundreds of spires and towers in the distance, and
immediately at the foot of the hill are the exhibition grounds
and buildings. Adjoining the hill is the Belmont reservoir, the
capacity of which is 36,000,000 gallons of water.

The road from George's Hill leaves the reservoir on the

right, and passes over a plateau of considerable elevation to

Belmont, one of the most prominent points within the limits of

the park. This was the home of Judge Richard Peters, whose

162

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

163

father, William Peters, purchased the property in 1742, and
built the first house which stood there. This venerable build-
ing now constitutes the kitchens and ladies' restaurant of the
present establishment. Richard Peters, the son of the founder
of the estate, was born there in June, 1744, and resided there
until his death in 1828. He served with distinction as an offi-
cer of the American army during the Revolution, was subse-
quently a Commissioner of the War Office, and after the estab-
lishment of the present government of the United States was a
member of Congress,
and a Judge of the
United States Dis-
trict Court. He was
one of the most prom-
inent men of his
day in Pennsylva-
nia, and was the in-
timate friend of
Washington, Jeffer-
son, Hancock, the
Adamses, and others
of the "fathers of
the republic.'' He
was as well known
for his wit as for his
more solid attain-
ments, and his resi-
dence was the resort

of a brilliant and distinguished throng. Among the foreigners
of distinction who were his guests were Lafayette, Steuben, Chas-
tellux, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe.

The mansion is now used as a restaurant, and is the principal
establishment of its kind within the park. The view from the
verandah is beautiful, embracing as it does, the park, the river,
and its bridges, the great exhibition buildings and the distant
city.

A walk leads from Belmont through a picturesque glen to

DRIXKIXG-FOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAHICKON.

164 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the shore of the Schuylkill. Here the visitor is shown a small
cottage which was the summer residence of Thomas Moore, the
poet, during his stay in this country in 1804.

Adjoining the Belmont Mansion is the Sawyer Obsej-vatory,
one of the most noted structures in the park. The observatory
rises from the Belmont plateau, which is over 200 feet above
tidewater, and is 170 feet high, or 100 feet above the highest
point of the Centennial buildings. It was constructed by the
inventor, Mr. L. B. Sawyer, of Boston. The trunk of the obser-
vatory is a wrought-iron tower, eight feet in diameter at the bottom
and three feet in diameter at the top, constructed by the Whittier
Machine Company of Boston, This tower is set in a foundation
of Conshohocken stone, eighteen feet square and fourteen feet
deep, laid in cement and dressed with granite. On the upper
dressing of granite, which is one foot thick, there is ribbed iron
plate, eight inches deep and thirteen feet square, bolted down
with two inch bolts eight feet long. On the bed-plate are fast-
ened ten heavy iron columns seven feet high, on which rests an
iron ring eight feet in diameter (inside), weighing a ton and a
half This ring is riveted to the main shaft of the observatory.
The shafting and machinery used in the observatory are attached
to the columns supporting the ring, and the columns are also
riveted to the central shaft.

The top of the tower is reached by an annular car encircling
the shaft, and moved upwards from the base on the outside of
the shaft. It is made of iron and wood, handsomely upholstered,
and is capable of accommodating comfortably about thirty pas-
sengers. The sides are almost entirely of glass and small iron
bars, so that the occupants may have an excellent view of the
surroundings while they are ascending.

The car is hoisted (by means of a forty-horse power engine)
by eight wire steel ropes, about three-quarters of an inch in
diameter, and capable of sustaining eleven tons. These ropes
pass over iron drums situated at the base of the shaft, connected
with the foundation by iron columns, and turned by four-inch
cast-steel shafts, worked by four worm-gears. The ropes pass
up inside the shaft to the top, where they pass over eight wheels

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 166

or sbives, and down outside the shaft. They are attached to the
car at four points.

Outside the shaft there is a truss work of wrought-iron, of the
same diameter at the top as at base, and intended to serve the
two-fold object of guiding and supporting the car and strength-
ening the tower. The car runs on four guides, or points, which
form a portion of the truss work, and is raised by a total
strength of eighty-eight tons. The car and its thirty passengers
are estimated to weigh about six tons. The car itself is counter-
balanced by a weight, suspended inside the tower, of three tons,
and the total weight to be raised, therefore, is about three tons.
Supposing, therefore, that all the wire ropes but one were to
break, the one remaining would be strong enough to raise nearly
four times the contents of the car. In case of the breakage of
all of the ropes there are four separate "checks" provided, any
one of which would be amply sufficient to stop the downward
passage of the car on the instant. By means of a powerful
spring the breakage of the rope itself is made the means of
throwing in a milled steel roll, clamped by a powerful wrought-
rrori clutch to the guide, which will stop the car immediately.
The carivhen near the top encircles a gallery two and a half
feet wide passing all the way round the shaft, and enclosed with
a wire net work. From this gallery the visitors ascend by
means of a stairway to the top of the tower, which is also
enclosed with a wire netting, thus excluding the possibility of
any one falling or jumping from it. From this point a flagstaff,
thirty-five feet high, ascends. The space at top of the tower is
twenty feet in diameter, and is capable of accommodating 125 or
130 persons comfortably.

At the base of the tower, and enclosing it, there is a building
about sixty feet square, of an ornamental style of architecture,
after designs by Mr. H. S. Schwartzman, architect of the Cen-
tennial Board of Finance. This building is used for offices,
engine-room, reception-rooms for ladies, etc.

It is asserted that the observatory would be sufficiently strong
to withstand almost any storm alone, but for additional security,
and to obviate any vibrations in the building, the structure is

166 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

braced by eight guys of galvanized iron rope, an inch and a
quarter in diameter, and each capable of sustaining twenty tons,
anchored in masonry ten feet deep.

The total weight of the structure is eighty tons, and the total
cost was $40,000. The charge to visitors is 25 cents for adults,
and 10 cents for children.

Beyond Belmont the main road passes through one of the
finest portions of the park, and in a short while reaches Mount
Prospect, a point from which a most extensive view of the park,
the city, and the distant Delaware can be obtained. Beyond
this the road passes to Charaouni, at the northern limit of the
park, and descends to the Schuylkill, crosses it at the Falls
bridge, and continues through the East Park to the Wissahickon.

The park is reached from the city by the Pennsylvania and
Reading Railroads, the depot of the former line being at the
Elm avenue entrance to the exhibition grounds, and those of the
latter at the foot of the hill on which stands Memorial Hall, and
at the foot of Belmont hill. A number of street railway lines
also lead to the park and the exhibition grounds. Steamboats
ply regularly on the Schuylkill between Fairmount, just above
the dam, and the various landings within the park limits below
the Falls.

CHAPTER V.

THE HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

The First Proposals for the Exhibition — Initiatory Measures — Action of the
City Councils of Philadelphia — The Memorial to Congress — The Act of In-
corporation— Appointment of the Centennial Commission — Creation of the
Board of Finance — Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia — Donation
of the Exhibition Grounds — The Formal Transfer — Proclamation of the
President of the United States — The Invitation to Foreign Powers — ^The
Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors' Goods — The General Government
Takes Part in the Exhibition— The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874— Plana
of the Commission — Circulars of the Director-General — Kegulations for Ex-
hibitors— Order of the Treasury Department — Work of the Board of Finance
— Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of
Medals — Appropriations by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia — Refusal of
Congress to Aid the Exhibition — Report of the Board of Finance — Action
of the States — Appropriations by Foreign Governments — Congress Appro-
priates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition — Third Annual Report of
the Board of Finance — Reception of Goods — Completion of the Work — The
System of Awards — The Centennial Calendar.

S the close of the first century of the independence of the
United States drew near, it was generally regarded as
the duty of the nation to celebrate it in a manner
worthy of the great fame and wealth of the republic.
Various plans for accomplishing this object were sug-
gested, but none met with a national approval. In 1866 a
number of gentlemen conceived the idea of celebrating the great
event by an exhibition of the progress, wealth, and general con-
dition of the republic, in which all the nations of the world
should be invited to participate. The honor of originating and
urging this plan upon the public belongs to the Hon. John
Bigelow, formerly minister from the United States to France;
General Charles B. Norton, who had served as a commissioner

167

168

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 169

of the United States at the Paris exposition of 1867 ; Professor
John L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana ; and Colonel
M. Richards Muckle, of Philadelphia. The plan proposed bj
these gentlemen was not generally received with favor at first.
It was argued in opposition to it that the great exhibitions of
Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in
which they were held ; that under our peculiar system the
government could not take the same part in our exhibition ; and
that it would thus be thrown into the hands of private parties
and would result in failure. The city of Philadelphia was desig-
nated as the place at which the exhibition should be held. This
feature of the plan aroused considerable opposition growing out
of local jealousies. It was argued by the friends of the scheme
that Philadelphia was fairly entitled to the honor, inasmuch as
it had been the scene of the signing of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence ; and that the city was also admirably located for such
an exhibition, being easily accessible from all parts of the Union
and from Europe.

The friends of the scheme labored hard to overcome the ob-
jections urged against it, and had the satisfaction of seeing their
plans become more popular every day. The matter was ably
discussed in the press of the country, and at length was taken
in hand by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, which body
petitioned the municipal authorities to grant the use of a portion
of Fairmount Park for the purposes of a centennial celebration.
This petition was laid before the Select Council by Mr. John L.
Shoemaker, one of that body, who offered a resolution provid-
ing for the appointment of a joint commission of seven members
from each chamber to take the subject into consideration. The
resolution was adopted, and Mr. Shoemaker was appointed
president of the joint commission.

After a careful consideration of the subject, the commission
decided to lay the plan before Congress. The Legislature of
Pennsylvania now came to the assistance of the commission,
and adopted a resolution requesting the Congress of the United
States to take such action as in its judgment should seem wise
in favor of an international celebration in the city of Philadel-

170 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

phia of the one hundredth anniversary of American independ-
ence. The Legislature also appointed a committee of ten to
accompany the Philadelphia commission to Washington to
present a memorial upon the subject to Congress. The memo-
rial of the committees was presented to Congress by the Hon.
William D. Kelley, a representative from Pennsylvania, who
urged its adoption by that body, and the selection of Philadel-
phia as the scene of the celebration, as that city had witnessed
the adoption, signing, and proclamation of the Declaration of
Independence.

Early in March, 1870, Mr. Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsyl-
vania, presented a bill in the lower House of Congress making
provision for the proposed exhibition. The bill was several
times amended, and was finally adopted by Congress on the 3d
of March, 1871. It provided for the appointment by the Presi-
dent of the United States of a commissioner and alternate com-
missioner from each State and Territory of the Union, who were
to be nominated by the Governors of the States and Territories
from which they were appointed. Philadelphia was selected as
the place at which the exhibition should be held ; and it was
expressly declared that the United States should not be liable
for any of the expenses attending the exhibition.

The Act of Congress was as follows :

An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth annireraarj of the
American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts,
Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the citj of Philadelphia,
and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six.

Whereas, The Declaration of Independence of the United
States of America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the
year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadel-
phia ; and, whereas, it behooves the people of the United States
to celebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the Centennial anniver-
sary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the
Fourth Day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and
seventy-six, the birthday of the nation; and, whereas, it is
deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 171

national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of
the natural resources of the country and their development, and
of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in compari-
son with those of older nations ; and, whereas, no place is so
appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occurred
the event it is designed to commemorate ; and, whereas, as the
exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people
of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanc-
tion of the Congress of the United States ; therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled^ That an ex-
hibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufac-
tures shall be held under the auspices of the Government of the
United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen
hundred and seventy-six.

Section 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than
one delegate from each State and from each Territory of the
United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of
the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to
prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding an
exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the city
of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate
limits of the said city where the exhibition shall be held.

Sec. 3. That said commissioners shall be appointed within
one year from the passage of this act by the President of the
United States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States
and Territories respectively.

Sec. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed
one commissioner from each State and Territory of the United
States, who shall assume the place and perform the duties of
such commissioner and commissioners as may be unable to
attend the meetings of the commission.

Sec. 5. That the commission shall hold its meetings in the
city of Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall
have full power to make all needful rules for its government.

Sec. 6. That the commission shall report to Congress, at the
first session after its appointment, a suitable date for opening

172

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 173

and for closing the exhibition ; a schedule of appropriate cere-
monies for opening or dedicating the same ; a plan or plans of
the buildings ; a complete plan for the receptiou and classifica-
tion of articles intended for exhibition ; the requisite custom-
house regulations for the introduction into this country of the
articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition ; and such
other matter as in their judgment may be important.

Sec. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to
the commissioners or other officers provided by this act from the
treasury of the United States ; and the United States shall not
be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition^ or by reason
of the same.

Sec.^ 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by
the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has
been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose,
and for the exclusive control by the commission herein pro-
vided for, of the proposed exhibition, the President shall,
through the Department of State, make proclamation of the
same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition will open
Und the place at which it will be held ; and he shall communi-
cate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the
same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the
bmmissioners for publication in their respective countries.

Approved March Sc?, 1871.

The President having approved the bill it became a law.
During the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners provided
for by the act of Congress. They were invited to assemble at
Philadelphia on the 4th of March, 1872; and on that day com-
missioners from twenty-four States, three Territories, and the
District of Columbia, met at the Continental hotel in Philadel-
phia. A temporary organization was effected by the election of
David Atwood, of Wisconsin, as chairman, and J. N. Baxter,
of Vermont, as secretary. The commissioners then repaired in
a body to Independence Hall, where they were officially received
and welcomed by Mayor Stokley. General Joseph R. Hawley,
of Connecticut, responded to this address on behalf of the com-
missioners, who then repaired to the chamber of the Common

174

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 175

Council. After a prayer by the Kev. Dr. Hutter, the commis-
sioners proceeded to business. On the 5th a permanent organ-
ization was effected, officers were elected, nine standing com-
mittees were appointed, and the United States Centennial Com-
mission was definitely organized.

Several changes have been made since 1872, and at present
the commission is constituted as follows ;

President — Hon. Joseph R. Hawley.

Vice-Presidents — Hon. Orestes Cleveland, Hon. John Dunbar Creigh,
Hon. Eobert Lowry, Hon. Robert Mallory, Hon. Thos. H. Coldwell, Hon.
John McNeill, and Hon. Wm. Gurney.

Secretary — Professor John L. Campbell.

Director-General — Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn.

Counsellor and Solicitor — John L. Shoemaker.

The members of the Centennial Commission for 1876 are:

Alabama — Richard M. Nelson, James L. Cooper.
. Arizona — Richard C. McCormick, John Wasson.
Arkansas — George W. Lawrence, George E. Dodge.
California — John Dunbar Creigh, Benjamin P. Kooser,
Colorado — J. Marshal Paul, N. C. Meeker.
Connecticut — Joseph R. Hawley, William Phipps Blake.
Dakotah — J. A. Burbank, Solomon L. Spink.
Delaware — John K. Kane, John H. Rodney.
District of Columbia — James E. Dexter, Lawrence A, Gobright.
Florida — T. H. Osborn, J. T. Bernard.
Georgia — George Hillyer, Richard Peters, Jr.
Idaho — Thomas Donaldson, C. W. Moore.
Illinois — Frederick L. Mathews, Lawrence Weldon.
Indiana — John L. Campbell, Franklin C. Johnson.
Iowa — Robert Lowry, Coker F. Clarkson.
Kansas — John A. Martin, George A. Crawford.
Kentucky — Robert Mallory, Smith M. Hobbs.
Louisiana — John Lynch, Edward Pennington.
Maine — Joshua Nye, Charles H. Haskell.
Maryland — J. H. B. Latrobe, S. M. Shoemaker.
Massachusetts — George B. Loring, William B. Spooner,
Michigan — James Birney, Claudius B. G^ant.
Minnesota — J. Fletcher Williams, W. W. Folwell.
Mississippi — O. C. French, M. Edwards.
Missouri — John McNeil, Samuel Hayes.
Montana — J. P. Woolman, Patrick A. Largey.

176 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY.

Nebraska— Henry S. Moodj, E. W. Furnas.

Nevada — William Wirt McCoy, Jamas W\ Haines.

New Hampshire — Ezekiel A. Straw, M. V. B. Edgarly,

New Jersey — Orestes Cleveland, John G. Stevens.

New Mexico — Eldridge W. Little, Stephen B. Elkins.

New York— N. M. Beckwith, Charles P. Kimball.

North Carolina — Samuel F. Phillips, Jonathan W. Albertsoa,

Ohio— Alfred T. Goshorn, Wilson W. Griffith.

Oregon— James W. Virtue, Andrew J. Dufur.

Pennsylvania — Daniel J. Morrell, Asa Packer.

Rhode Island — George H. Corliss, Royal C. Taft.

South Carolina — W^illiam Gurney, Archibald Cameron.

Tennessee — Thomas H. Coldwell, William F. Prosser.

Texas — William H. Parsons, John C. Chew.

Utah — William Haydon, Charles R. Gilchrist,

Vermont — Middleton Goldsmith, Henry Chase.

Virginia— F. W. M. Holliday, Edmund R. Bagwell.

Washington Territory — Ellwood Evans, Alexander S. Abernethy.

West Virginia — Alexander R. Boteler, Andrew J. Sweeney.

W^iscoNSiN — David Atwood, Edward D. Holton.

Wyoming — Joseph M. Carey, Robert H. Lamborn.

In order to provide the necessary funds for the exhibition,
Congress, on the 1st of June, 1872, adopted a bill creating a
" Centennial Board of Finance," which was authorized to issue
stock in shares of ten dollars each, the whole amount issued not
to exceed ten millions of dollars. The commissioners adopted
rules for the organization and government of this board, and
directed that the books for subscriptions to the stock should be
opened on the 21st of November, 1872, and should remain open
for one hundred days. At the same time the President and
Secretary of the Centennial Commission issued an address to the
people of the United States, setting forth the objects of the
exhibition, and asking their support and assistance in carrying
the enterprise through to success.

The members of the Centennial Board of Finance were ap-
pointed by the stockholders at a meeting held in April, 1873.
A majority of the members of the board were chosen from
Philadelphia in order that, these gentlemen being residents of
the city, there might always be a quorum for the transaction of
business present at the meetings of the board. The board was
authorized to issue bonds to an amount not to exceed the capi-

178 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tal, to be secufed upon the exhibition buildings and other
property in possession of the commission, and upon its pros-
pective revenues. The board was also ordered to begin at once
the work of preparing the grounds and erecting the necessary
buildings for the exhibition.

The city of Philadelphia, with the liberality which has char-
acterized its whole treatment of the exhibition scheme, at once
set apart the portion of Fairmount Park lying below Belmont
and George's Hill, and constituting the old Lansdowne estate,
for the purposes of the exhibition. This magnificent domain
was formally transferred to the Centennial Commission on the
4tli of July, 1873. It comprises a tract of four hundred and
fifty acres, and is in all respects the best suited to the needs of
the exhibition of any location in the Union. The transfer was
made in presence of an immense throng of citizens, and with
imposing ceremonies in which the military and civic organiza-
tions of Philadelphia took part. The ceremonies were opened
with a prayer by Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, after which Hon. Morton McMichael, President of the
Park Commission, formally surrendered the grounds to General
J. R. Hawlcy, President of the Centennial Commission, in an
appropriate address. After reciting the reasons which had in-
duced the city to make this grant, Mr. McMichael concluded as
follows :

"General ITawley: To you, sir, as the representative of
the Centennial Commission of the United States, in the con-
structive presence of the Chief Magistrate of the nation and the
actual presence of his constitutional advisers — in the presence
of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and his
official staff— in the presence of the Mayor and the Councils of
Philadelphia — in the presence of these dignitaries gathered from
all parts of the Union to mark the national character of the
ceremony — in the presence of this multitude of my fellow-
citizens, who are here to sanction and approve the act — in
behalf of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, to whom its
legal custody has been confided, — I now, publicly and formally,
transfer to your keeping all the land designated and described

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 179

in the maps and papers herewith presented. And in the same
behalf I hereby confer on the Centennial Commission full power
to hold and possess and employ this land, for so long and in
such manner as the needs of the International Exposition, instant
and prospective, may require. And, sir, this transfer, which ful-
fils an essential provision of the law creating your commission,
being thus made, who shall doubt that — stirred by memories of
the turbulent past, urged by knowledge of the flourishing
present, inspired by anticipations of the promising future — the
people of the several States, and the States themselves in their
sovereign capacities, as well as the Congress of the United
States and all the branches of the Federal Government, will so
assist your endeavors that in 1876 you will be enabled to pre-
sent to the world a spectacle which, while typical of the skill
and culture and ingenuity of the older nations, will conspicuously
demonstrate what the thrift, intelligence, enterprise and energy
of our own, under the beneficent rule of free institutions, and
with a due sense of reverence for Almighty God, have achieved
in a single century of existence."

General Hawley responded in an eloquent address of accept-
ance, at the conclusion of which he said, " In token of the United
States Centennial Commission now takes possession of these
grounds for the purpose we have described, let the flag be
unfurled and duly saluted." The stars and^ stripes were then
raised, and at the same moment the trumpeter of the City Troop
gave a signal which was answered by a salute of thirteen guns
from the Keystone Battery.

When the applause had subsided, the Hon. John F. Hart-
ranft. Governor of Pennsylvania, spoke as follows :

" By the act of Congress creating a commission charged with
the holding of the Centennial Exhibition in this city in the year
1876, it was made the duty of the Governor of Pennsylvania to
certify to the President of the United States the fact that provi-
sion has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for said
Exhibition, whenever he became satisfied that such result had
been achieved.

" I hold in my hand a joint certificate, signed by General

180

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Joseph K. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission,
and Mr. John Welsh, Chairman of the Finance Committee of
said Commission, to the effect that such provision has been made.
Knowing, as you all know, the wisdom and integrity of these
gentlemen, I have felt it to be my duty to certify to the Presi-

ON THE WISSAHICKON.

dent of the United States, as required by the act of Congress,
and the certificate reads as follows :

"'To the President of the United States:

"'Pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of the act of Con-
gress approved March 3d, 1871, providing for a National Cele-
bration of the one hundredth anniversary of American Independ-
ence, a copy of which act is appended hereto, the undersigned,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 181

Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, has the honor to inform
the President that provision has been made for the erection of
suitable buildings for the purposes of the International Exhibi-
tion of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine,
proposed to be held in Philadelphia, in the year 1876, and for
the exclusive control of the said Exhibition by the United States
Centennial Commission.

" ^ The undersigned makes this announcement to enable the
President, in accordance with the requirements of the act above
mentioned, to issue his proclamation concerning the said Exhibi-
tion, and to cause official invitations to be given to foreign
governments to participate therein.

"^JoHN F. Haetranft.

" 'Haerisburg, June 24th, 1873.'

"So far, this grand project has, to some extent at least,
appeared local — necessarily so by the conditions imposed ; but
henceforth it will be purely national. If a failure, it will be a
national failure. If a success, a national success.

" We have assembled here to dedicate a portion of this beauti-
ful Park to the uses of this great International Exhibition, which
is to commemorate the anniversary of our country's birth. Upon
the threshold of the century to expire in 1876, thirteen poor and
feeble colonies, with no common ties other than their love of
liberty and their hatred of oppression, declared their independ-
ence. These thirteen colonies, with their offspring, now
increased in number to thirty-seven, stretch their empire across
a continent, and afford the grandest exhibition of a nation's
progress in the world's history. In all the wondrous changes
wrought in the nineteenth century, none are so wondrous and
conspicuous as the industrious, moral and physical growth of
this our native land. With those powerful auxiliaries, steam
and the telegraph, both of which our country gave to mankind,
we are striding with majestic steps toward a dominion unrivalled
by any nation on the face of the earth. Let us, then, from every
State — north, south, east and west — bring to this great city, the
consecrated place where our liberty was born, the evidences of

182 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

our culture, the proofs of our skill, and our vast and varied
resources, that the world may have a glimpse of our enlargement,
industry, wealth and power. And to the myriads who will
gather here from every clime we must be ready to accord a
welcome in keeping with the dignity and magnitude of the
country.

" To this city, then, and to the Exhibition the public bids
welcome the people of every nationality, assuring them of a
cordial reception, and just and generous recognition. And here,
too, let our own people gather, and garnering new and fresh ideas
from a survey of the world's arts and industries, let us dedicate
ourselves to a higher civilization, to more extensive fields of
development, to more liberal and more diffused education, to the
purification of our institutions, and the preservation of the liberty
which is the foundation-stone of our happiness and prosperity
as a people."

The following is a copy of the certificate referred to by Gov-
ernor Hartranft:

" The undersigned has the honor to report to the President,
in order that it may be officially announced in such proclama-
tion as he may be pleased to issue, under the provisions of sec-
tion 8 of the act of Congress, approved March 3d, 1871, relating
to the International Exhibition, to be held in Philadelphia in
1876, that it was decided by the United States Centennial Com-
mission, at a meeting held on the 24th of May, 1872, that the
Exhibition shall be opened on the 19th of April, 1876, and
closed on the 19th of October, 1876.

" The undersigned has also the honor to transmit, for the
information of foreign governments, a copy of the General
Eegulations adopted by the Commission on the 24th of May,
1872.

" Respectfully submitted,

"J. R. Hawley,
" President of the United States Centennial Commission.

" Philadelphia, June 20th, 1873."

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 183

Hon. Morton McMichael then introduced Hon. George M.
Robeson, Secretary of the Navy, who appeared as the delegated
representative of the President of the United States. He said :

" Prevented himself from being present on this interesting
occasion, only by the calls of imperative personal duty, the
President of the United States has directed me, as his represent-
ative, and as the representative of the State Department for
the occasion, to make by his authority and in his name the fol-
lowing proclamation :

^^By the President of the United States of America,

"a PROCIiAMATION :

^'Wiereas, By the act of Congress approved March 3d, 1871,
providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth
anniversary of the Independence of the United States, by the
holding of an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures
and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia,
in the year 1876, it is provided as follows :

"That whenever the President shall be informed by the
Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been
made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and
for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided
for of the proposed Exhibition, the President shall, through the
Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting
forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place
at which it will be held; and he will communicate to the
diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same,
together with such regulations as may be adopted by the Com-
missioners, for publication in their respective countries ; and

" Whereas, His Excellency, the Governor of the said State of
Pennsylvania, did, on the 24th day of June, 1873, inform me
that provision had been made for the erection of said buildings,
and for the exclusive control, by the Commission provided for
in the said act, of the proposed Exhibition ; and

^^WhereaSj The President of the United States Centennial
Commission has officially informed me of the dates fixed for
the opening and closing of the said Exhibition, and the place
at which it is to be held ;

184

THE ILLTJSTBATED HISTORY

" Now, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant, Presi-
dent of the United States, in conformity with the provisions of
the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim
that there will be held, at the city of Philadelphia, in the State
of Pennsylvania, an International Exhibition of Arts, Manu-
factures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on

r-.

DUrVE IN FAIEMOUNT PAHK.

the 19th day of April, Anno Domini 1876, and be closed on
the 19th day of October in the same year.

"And in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and
international friendship and intercourse, I commend the cele-
bration and Exhibition to the people of the United States ; and
in behalf of this government and people, I cordially commend
them to all nations who may be pleased to take part therein.

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 185

" In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and
caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

" Done at the city of Washington, this 3d day of July, 1873,
and of the Independence of the United States of America the
ninety-seventh.

"U. S. Grant.
*' By the President,

"Hamilton Fish, Secretary of Stated'

" genekal kegulations.

" 1. The International Exhibition of 1876 will be held in
Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876.

"2. The date of opening the Exhibition will be April 19th,
1876, and of closing will be October 19th, 1876.

" 3. A cordial invitation is hereby extended to every nation
of the earth to be represented by its arts, industries, progress
and development.

"4. A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested pre-
vious to March 4th, 1874.

" 5. Each nation accepting this invitation is requested to
appoint a Commission, through which all matters pertaining to
its own interests shall be conducted. For the purpose of con-
venient intercourse and satisfactory supervision, it is especially
desired that one member of each such Commission be desig-
nated to reside at Philadelphia until the close of the Exposition.

" 6. The privileges of exhibitors can be granted only to citi-
zens of countries whose governments have formally accepted
the invitation to be represented and have appointed the afore-
mentioned Commission, and all communications must be made
through the Governmental Commissions.

" 7. Applications for space within the Exposition buildings,
or in the adjacent buildings and grounds under the control of
the Centennial Commission, must be made previous to March
4th, 1875.

" 8. Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur-
ipiished to the Commissioners of the different nations which shall
accept the invitation to participate.

186

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

" 9. All articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure
proper position and classification, must be in Philadelphia on or
before January 1st, 1876.

" 10. Acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regula-
tions, duties, etc., together with all special regulations adopted

by the Centennial
Commission in ref-
erence to transpor-
tation, allotment of
space, classification,
motive power, in-
surance, police rules,
and other matters
necessary to the
proper display and
preservation of ma-
terials, will be
promptly commu-
nicated to the ac-
credited representa-*
tives of the several
governments co-op-
erating in the Ex-
position."
The ceremonies concluded with a grand military review, and
were followed at night by a display of fireworks in the park.

On the 5th of July, 1873, the Secretary of State of the United
States forwarded the President's proclamation to the various
ministers from foreign countries residing at the national capital,
together with the following official note :

ON THE WISSAHICKON DRIVE.

}

"Department op State,
"Washington, D. C, Jvly 5th, 1873.

" Sir : — I have the honor to enclose, for the information of
the government of , a copy of the President's procla-
mation, announcing the time and place of holding an Interna-
tional Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 187

Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in the year eighteen hundred
and seventy-six.

"The Exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration
of the Independence of the United States, on the one hundredth
anniversary of that interesting and historic national event, and
at the same time to present a fitting opportunity for such display
of the results of art and industry of all nations as will serve to
illustrate the great advances attained, and the successes achieved,
in the interest of progress and civilization during the century
which will have then closed.

" In the law providing for the holding of the Exhibition,
Congress directed that copies of the proclamation of the Presi-
dent, setting forth the time of its opening and the place at which
it was to be held, together with such regulations as might be
adopted by the Commissioners of the Exhibition, should be
communicated to the diplomatic representatives of all nations.
Copies of those regulations are herewith transmitted.

"The President indulges the hope that the government of

will be pleased to notice the subject, and may deem it

proper to bring the Exhibition and its objects to the attention
of the people of that country, and thus encourage their co-opera-
tion in the proposed celebration. And he further hopes that
the opportunity afforded by the Exhibition for the interchange
of national sentiment and friendly intercourse between the
people of both nations may result in new and still greater
advantages to science and industry, and at the same time serve
to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship which already

happily subsist between the government and people of

and those of the United States.

" I have the honor to be, sir,

" With the highest consideration,

" Your obedient servant.

In June, 1874, the following bill requesting the President to
invite foreign nations to take part in the Exhibition was passed

188 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

by both Houses of Congress and approved by the President on
the 5th of June :

^^ Whereas, At various International Exhibitions which have
been held in foreign countries, the United States have been
represented in pursuance of invitations given by the govern-
ments of those countries, and accepted by our government,
therefore,

^^Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
President be requested to extend, in the name of the United
States, a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of
other nations to be represented and take part in the Interna-
tional Exposition to be held at Philadelphia, under the auspices
of the government of the United States, in the year 1876.
Provided, however, that the United States shall not be liable,
directly or indirectly, for any expense attending such Exposi-
tion, or by reason of the same."

The invitation was duly extended by the President to the
various nations of the world to take part in the Exhibition.
The nations which accepted this invitation and have taken part
in the Exhibition are as follows :

Argentine Confederation.

Italy.

Austria.

Japan.

Belgium.

Liberia.

Bolivia.

Mexico.

Brazil.

Netherlands.

Chili.

Norway.

China.

Nicaragua.

Denmark.

Orange Free State — Africa-

Ecuador.

Persia.

Egypt.

Peru.

France, including Algeria.

Portugal.

German Empire.

Russia.

Great Britain, including her

Siam.

Colonies.

Spain.

Greece.

Sweden.

Gautemala and Salvador.

Switzerland.

Hawaii

Tunis.

Hayti.

Turkey.

Honduras.

United States of Colombia.

Venezuela

s^iiiiiiiiiiiiii

>i!iiiiiiiiilliSi:>

190 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

In order to remove all difficulties in the way of the complete
success of the international character of the Exhibition, Congress
enacted the following bill, which was approved by the President
on the 18th of June, 1874, for the purpose of enabling foreign
exhibitors to enter their goods free of duty :

"^e it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of Amei'ica in Congress assembled, That all
articles which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi-
tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of
Philadelphia, in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the
payment of duty or of customs, fees, or charges, under such
regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe:
Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United
States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after
such importations, shall be subject to the duties, if any, imposed
on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of
importation : And provided further, That in case any article
imported under the provisions of this act shall be withdrawn
for consumption or shall be sold without payment of duty as
required by law, all the penalties prescribed by the revenue
laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles and
against the persons who may be guilty of such withdrawal or
sale."

Previous to this the general government of the United States
had decided to take part in the Exhibition as an exhibitor, and
on the 24th of January, 1874, the PVesident issued the follow-
ing order directing the various executive departments of the
government to take the necessary measures for their proper
representation :

"EXECUTIVE ORDER BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED

STATES.

" Whereas, it has been brought to the notice of the President
of the United States that in the International Exhibition of
Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be
held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, for the pur-
pose of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Inde-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

191

pendence of the United States, it is desirable that from the
Executive Departments of the Government of the United States
in which there may be articles suitable for the purpose intended,
there should appear such articles and materials as will, when
presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and
administrative faculties of the government in time of peace, and
its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate
the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants
of the people: Now, for the purpose of securing a complete
and harmonious ar-
rangement of the
articles and materials
desicrned to be ex-
hibited from the Ex-
ecutive Department
of the Government
it is ordered that a
board, to be composed
of one person to be
named by the head
of each of the Execu-
t i v e Departments
which may have ar-
ticles and materials
to be exhibited, and
also of one person to
be named in behalf
of the Smithsonian

Institution, and one to be named in the behalf of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, be charged with the preparation, arrange-
ment, and safe-keeping of such articles and materials as the
heads of the several Departments and the Commissioner of
Agriculture and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution
may respectively decide shall be embraced in the collection ; that
one of the persons thus named, to be designated by the Presi-
dent, shall be chairman of such board, and that the board
appoint from their own number such other officers as they may

BRIDGE OVER THE WISSAHICKON AT VALLEY
GREEN.

192 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

think necessary, and that the said board when organized shall
be authorized under the direction of the President to confer
with the executive officers of the Centennial Exhibition in
relation to such matters connected with the subject as may per-
tain to the respective departments having articles and materials
on exhibition, and that the names of the persons thus selected
by the lieads of the several departments, the Commissioner of
Agriculture, and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution,
shall be submitted to the President for designation.
" By order of the President :

"(Signed) "Hamilton Fish,

" Secretary of Staze,
" Washington, Januaiy 23d, 1874."

In accordance with the above order, the President appointed
a board composed of a representative from each of the Executive
Departments of the Government, except the Department of
State and the Attorney-General's Department; but including
the Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution.
The board is composed as follows :

War Department — Col. C. S. Lyford (Chairman), Ordnance Bureau.

Treasury Department — Hon. R. W. Tayler, 1st Controller of the
Treasury.

Navy Department — Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins, U. S. Navy.

Interior Department — John Esiton' Commissioner of Education.

Post-Office Department — Dr. Chas. F. McDonald, Chief of Money
Oi'der Department.

Agricultural Department — Wm. Saunders, Superintendent of Proper
gating Garden.

Smithsonian Institution — Prof. S. F. Baird, Assistant Sea-etaiy of the
Smithsonian Institution and U. S. Fishery Commissioner.

This board was charged with the duty of perfecting a collec-
tive Exhibition, that shall illustrate the functions and adminis-
trative faculties of the government in time of peace and its
resources as a war power.

On the 4th of July, 1874, the ground was formally broken
in Fairmount Park for the Exhibition buildings. The occasion
was celebrated with the most imposing demonstration ever

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 193

witnessed in Philadelphia, and in which thousands of the citi-
zens took part. The celebration being also the ninetj-eighth
anniversary of the independence of the United States, was largely-
national in its character, and drew vast crowds from other parts
of the Union to witness it. It will long be remembered by
Philadelphia as one of the most memorable days in her history.
The work being now fairly begun, the following regulations
were issued by the Director-General. They so fully describe
the purposes of the projectors of the Exhibition that we quote
them entire : .

"GENEEAL KEGULATIONS FOE EXHIBITOES IN THE UNITED

STATES.

" The Exhibition will be held in Fairmount Park, in the city
of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May,
1876, and closed on the 10th day of November following.

" The ten departments of the classification which will deter-
mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition — except
in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction —
and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as
follows :

" I. Eaw Materials— Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal.
" II. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arts, the result
of Extractive or Combining Processes.
" III. Textile and Felted Fabrics ; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for

the person.
" IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in
dwellings.
"V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes.
" VI. Motors and Transportation.
" VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowl-
edge.
" VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, etc.
" IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts.

"X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the Physical,
Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man.

"Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto
should be addressed to the Director-General, International
Exhibition, Philadelphia, Penna.
13

194 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

" Exhibitors will not be charged for space.

"A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup-
plied gratuitously. The quantity of each wdll be settled defin-
itively at the time of the allotments of space. Any power
required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur-
nished by the Commission at a fixed price. Demands for such
excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment
of space.

" Exhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-cases,
shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require; and
all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans-
mission of pow^r from the main shafts in the Machinery Hall.
All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in con-
formity with the general plan adopted by the Director-General.

^' Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings
or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the
Director-General.

" The Commission will take precautions for the safe preserva-
tion of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no way be
responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by
fire or otherwise, however originating.

" Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors
may insure their own goods.

^'Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to
o;uard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is open to
the public. Appointments of such watchmen will be subject to
the approval of the Director-General.

" Exhibitors, or such agents as they may designate, shall be
responsible for the receiving, unpacking, and arrangement of
objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the Exhibition.

"The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of
the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the
exhibitor.

"The installation of heavy articles requiring foundations
should, by special arrangement, be begun as soon as the progress
of the work upon the buildings will permit. The general re-
ception of articles at the Exhibition buildings will be commenced

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 195

on January 1st, 1876, and no articles will be admitied after
March 31st, 1876.

" Space not occupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to
the Director-General for reassignment.

" If products are not intended for competition, it must be so
stated by the exhibitor ; and they will be excluded from the ex-
amination by the International Juries.

" If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their
arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without
delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may
concern.

" Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also
patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose
ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex-
hibition.

" The removal of goods will not be permitted prior to the
close of the Exhibition.

" Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of
articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of
the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions
of the building may be made upon the Director-General's
sanction.

"Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors
shall remove their effects, and complete such removal before
December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed
by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or otherwise
disposed of under the direction of the Commission.

" Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowl-
edges and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations estab-
lished for the government of the Exhibition.

" Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition
of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of
prizes, the sale of special articles within the buildings, and on
other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions.

"An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct
versions, — viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The
sale of catalogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission.

196 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

" Communications concerning the Exhibition should be ad-
dressed to ^The Director-General, International Exhibition,
1876, Philadelphia, Penna/

'' The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain
or amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed neces-
sary for the interests of the Exhibition.

"A. T. GosHORN, Director -General,
" John L. Campbell, Secretary.
" Philadelphia, July ^th, 1874."

"GENERAL EEGULATIOXS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS.

" The Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the
city of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of
May, 1876, and closed on the 10th day of !N'ovember following.

" All governments have been invited to appoint Commis-
sions, for the purpose of organizing their departments of the
Exhibition. The Director-General should be notified of the
appointment of such Foreign Commissions before January 1st,
1875.

" Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur-
nished to the Foreign Commissions on or before February 1st,
1875, indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation,
subject, however, to revision and readjustment.

"Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto
must be conducted with the Commission of the country where
the article is produced.

" Foreign Commissions are requested to notify the Director-
General, not later than May 1st, 1875, whether they desire any
increase or diminution of the space offered them, and the
amount.

" Before December 1st, 1875, the Foreign Commissions must
furnish the Director-General with approximate plans showing
the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, and also
with lists of their exhibitors, and other information necessary
for the preparation of the Official Catalogue.

" Products brought into the United States, at the ports of
New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burlington, Yt., Suspen-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 197

sion Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., Chicago,
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and San Fran-
cisco, intended for display at the International Exhibition, will
be allowed to go forward to the Exhibition buildings, under
proper supervision of customs officers, without examination at
such ports of original entry, and at the close of the Exhibition
will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are
to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods, un-
less entered for consumption in the United States.

" The transportation, receiving, unpacking, and arranging
of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the
exhibitor.

" The installation of heavy articles requiring special founda-
tions or adjustment should, by special arrangement, begin as
soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will
permit. The general reception of articles at the Exhibition
building will commence on January 1st, 1876, and no articles
will be admitted after March 31st, 1876.

" Space assigned to Foreign Commissions and not occupied
on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General
for reassignment.

" If products are not intended for competition, it must be so
stated by the exhibitor, and they will he excluded from the
examination by the International Juries.

"An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct
versions, — viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The
sale of catalogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission.

" The ten departments of the classification which will deter-
mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition— except
in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction —
and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as
follows :

" I. Kaw Materials — Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal.
" II. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arts, the result
of Extractive or Combining Processes.
" III. Textile and Felted Fabrics ; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for
the person.

198 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

" IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in
dwellings.
" V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes.
" VI. Motors and Transportation.

*' VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowl-
edge.
" VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, etc.
" IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts.

"X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the Physical,
Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man.

" Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their re-
spective sections.

" Exhibitors will not be charged for space.
"A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup-
plied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be settled defini-
tively at the time of the allotment of space. Any power
required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur-
nished by the Centennial Commission at a fixed price. De-
mands for such excess of power must also be settled at the time
of the allotment of space.

" Exhibitors must provide at their own cost, all show-cases,
shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require; and
all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans-
mission of power from the main shafts in the Machinery Hall.
All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in
conformity with the general plan adopted by the Director-
General.

" Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings
or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the
Director-General.

" The Centennial Commission will take precautions for the
safe preservation of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in
no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for
accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating.

"Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or
Foreign Commissions may insure their own goods.

" Foreign Commissions may employ watchmen of their own
choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 199

open to the public. Appointmeuts of such watch.men will be
subject to the approval of the Director-General.

" Foreign Commissions, or such agents as they may designate,
shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrange^
ment of objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the
Exhibition ; but no person shall be permitted to act as such
agent until he can give to the Director-General written evidence
of his having been approved by the proper commission.

" Each package must be addressed ' To the Commission for
[iiame of country] at the International Exhibition of 1876,
Philadelpliia, United States of America,' and should have at
least two labels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each
case, and giving the following information :

^^(1) The country from which it comes; (2) name or firm of
the exhibitor; (3) residence of the exhibitor; (4) department to
which objects belong; (5) total number of packages sent by that
exhibitor; (6) serial number of that particular package.

"AVithin each package should be a list of all objects.

" If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their
arrival at tlie Exhibition building, they will be removed without
delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may
concern.

'^\rticles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also
patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose
ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex-
hibition.

^' The removal of goods will not be permitted prior to the
close of the Exhibition.

"Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions
of articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent
of the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions
of the building may be made upon the Director-General's
sanction.

"Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors
sliall remove their effects, and complete such removal before
December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed
by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or other-

200 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

wise disposed of uuder the direction of the Centennial Com-
mission.

"Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges
and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations established for
the government of the Exhibition.

"Special regulations will be issued concerning the Exiiibition
of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of
prizes, and sale of special articles within tlie buildings, and on
other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions.

"Communications concerning the Exhibition should be
addressed to ^ The Director-General, International Exhibition,
1876, Pliiladelphia, Pa., U. S. A.'

"The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain or
amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed necessary
for the interests of the Exhibition.

"A. T. GosHORN, Director- General.
"John L. Ca^ipbell, Secretary,
" Philadelphia, July ith, 1874."

On the 3d of October, 1874, the Secretary of the Treasury
issued the following order prescribing the mode of the free
admission of goods for the Exhibition :

"KEGULATIOXS GOVERNING THE FREE IMPORTATION OF
GOODS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876,
AT PHILADELPHIA.

" Treasury Department,
" Washington, D. C, October Sd, 18";

"An act of Congress approved June 18th, 1874, entitled ^An
act to admit free of duty articles intended for the International
Exhibition of eighteen hundced and seventy-six,' provides as
follows :

574./

u (

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all
articles which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi-
tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of
Philadelphia in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the
payment of duty or of customs fees or charges, under such

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 201

regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe:
Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United
States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after
such importation shall be subject to the duties, if any, im-
posed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the
(late of importation : And provided further, That in case any
articles imported under the provisions of this act shall be with-
drawn for consumption, or shall be sold without payment of
duty as required by law, all the penalties prescribed by the
revenue laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles
and against the person who may be guilty of such withdrawal
or sale/

" In pursuance of the provisions of this act the following
regulations are prescribed :

"1. No duty or customs fees or charges being required on
any such importations, a new form of entry is prescribed, which
will be employed in all cases at the port where such goods are
received.

" 2. The ports of New York, Bostvin, Portland, Me., Burling-
ton, Vt., Suspension Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich.,
Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and
San Francisco, will alone constitute ports of entry at which
importations for said Exhibition will be made free of duty.

" 3. All articles designed for such Exhibition must be for-
warded, accompanied by an invoice or schedule of the numbers,
character, and commercial value of each shipment, which state-
ment shall be attested before a consul of the United States or a
civil magistrate of the country in which they are produced or
from which they are shipped to the United States. Such veri-
fied bill of contents and values will be transmitted in triplicate,
one copy to the collector of customs at the port where it is
desired to make entry, which will be retained for the files of his
office ; one copy to some duly authorized agent, either of the
owners, or of the Foreign Commission of the country from which
shipment was made, which agent must in all cases be recognized
by the Director-General of the Exhibition, who will, by virtue
of that authority, verify the goods and made entry; and one

202 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

copy to the collector at the port of Philadelphia; and all pack-
a;>;es and enclosures containing goods destined for such Exhibi-
tion must be plainly and conspicuously marked with the words
'For the International Exhibition of 1870, at Philadelphia.'

" 4. All goods arriving so marked and rei)rescnted, either at
the time of arrival or at any time while remaining in the custody
of the collector of customs at the port of arrival on general order,
will, when entered at the port of arrival, be delivered without
examination to such recognized agent or agents, to be by him or
them forwarded from the port of arrival by bonded line of
transportation to Philadelphia, there to be delivered to the
custody of the collector of that port.

'' 5, Entry for warehouse will be made for all such trans-
ported packages on arrival at the said port of Philadelphia, and
original entry for warehouse will be made of all goods directed
by first shipment to Philadelphia. Warehouse entry having
been made, the packages will be held in the custody of the said
collector until the Exhibition building, or some building erected
by and in the custody of the officers controlling the said Exhi-
bition, and suitable for secure custody as a warehouse under the
authority of the United States, is ready to receive them.

" 6. Separate and complete records of all packages so trans-
mitted and received by the collector at Philadelj)hia will be
made by the storekeeper at the port of Philadelphia in a book
prepared for the purpose, in which will be entered, so far as
known, the owner's name, the agent's name representing the
articles, the country from' which shipped, the date of such ship-
ment, the name of the importing vessel, and the date of arrival,
the general description and value of the goods, and the
specific marks and numbers of the packages. Such record will
also be kept in duplicate by a special inspector of customs who,
under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be
appointed to identify, forward, and care for packages so properly
marked, and intended in good faith for the Exhibition, but
which may not be properly represented by an owner or agent.

" 7. When the said Exhibition building, or a warehouse
suitable for secure custody of articles intended for the Exhibi-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 20S

tion, duly authorized for receiving bonded goods, shall be ready
to receive articles then in the custody of the collector of the
port of Philadelphia, descriptive permits, in duplicate, shall be
issued by the said collector to the storekeeper of the port,
directing the delivery of packages as required by the owner or
agent, or by the officers of the said Exhibition — one copy of
which permits shall be preserved by the said storekeeper, the
second copy to be delivered with the goods to a proper officer
of the customs stationed at the said Exhibition building or
warehouse, to be there kept as a record of goods entered for
such Exhibition in addition to the duplicate required to be
kept in a book of proper form as before referred to. And all
packages shall be opened in presence of an officer of the customs,
who shall verify the contents from and upon such descriptive
list, correcting and completing it as the facts may require.

"8. In case of receipt by the collector at Philadelphia of
packages imperfectly described or verified, or in regard to which
information may be received questioning the good faith of the
persons forwarding the same, the said collector may direct an
examination, in proper form, for the purpose of determining
the question, and if, on conference with the Director-General,
the goods are found to have been forwarded not in good faith
for said Exhibition, they will be charged with duty according
to their value and classification, and held by the said collector,
subject to appeal to tlie Secretary of the Treasury, to await
proper claim and payment of duty by their owners.

" 9. All charges for transportation, drayage, and freight,
accruing on goods arriving for the said Exhibition, will be
required to be paid by the owner or agent at the time of their
delivery into the custody of the collector of customs at Phila-
delphia, or if on packages of small bulk or weight, not accom-
panied by the owner or agent, or consigned to a foreign com-
missioner, and not exceeding $5 in amount, will be charged
against the goods as so delivered into the custody of the col-
lector at Philadelphia, to be paid with other charges subse-
quently accruing before the permit is issued for their delivery
to the Exhibition building; and on all packages exceeding

204 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fifty pounds in weight, half storage, as provided, by regulation
for the storage of ordinary merchandise in the public warehouse
at the port of Philadelphia, will be charged against the goods
received and stored therein from the time of receipt to the time
of delivery to the Exhibition building. ]N^o fees for entry,
permit, or other official act, and no duties will be charged upon
or against such packages until after their withdrawal from such
Exhibition, for sale, at its close or during its continuance.

" 10. All articles received and entered at such Exhibition in
the manner hereinbefore provided may, at any time consistently
with the regulations controlling said Exhibition, be withdrawn
for sale or delivery to other parties than the owner or agent
concerned in their importation, on payment of the duties prop-
erly accruing on said goods according to the laws in force at
the time of the importation thereof; and for the purpose of
assessment and determination of such duties, and for proper
identification of the articles, an officer of the appraiser's
department of the port of Philadelphia shall be detailed to
make due exj^mination of the articles so withdrawn or sold,
verifying them by the record of their introduction, and charg-
ing upon a proper form, to be prepared for such purpose, the
said rate and amount of duty ; and on payment of the duty so
charged, but without fee or other expenses, the owner or agent
shall receive a permit for their removal from the Exhibition.

"11. Articles designed to be returned to the foreign country
from which the same were imported, or to be removed from the
United States, will, at the close of the Exhibition, or at such
time as shall be directed by the officers of such Exhibition, be
verified by the customs officer in charge at the Exhibition, re-
enclosed, duly marked, and forwarded, under permit of the
collector at Philadelphia, to any other port for export, or may
be directly exported to Philadelphia. Export entries for such
use will be prepared, corresponding to the import entries under
which the goods were originally received.

" 12. A special inspector of customs will, under the direction
of the Secretary of the Treasury, report at intervals to the col-
lectors of the ports of Philadelphia and of New York, or of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 205

such other ports as he may be directed to visit, for the purpose
of applying the regulations herein provided.

" rSiffned.l _ ^^ _

^ ^ '-• " B. H. Bristow, Secretary.

Immediately after the passage of the act of Congress estab-
lishing the United States Centennial Commission, the work of
preparing for the Exhibition was begun. It was understood
from the first that the most difficult portion of this task would
be the providing of the funds necessary for carrying on the
work. Congress had expressly stipulated that the general
government should not be responsible for any of the debts
contracted on account of the Exhibition, and had given the
friends of the scheme to understand that they need not expect
any aid from the treasury of the United States. Whatever
money was to be provided must come from private individuals,
or from the various States and cities of the Union. It was
necessary, therefore, in order to inspire the people of the coun-
try with confidence enough to induce them to contribute to-
ward the enterprise, that the management of the financial part
of it should be placed in the hands of proper parties, who
should be vested w^ith certain powers and brought under cer-
tain restrictions. Accordingly, the friends of the Exhibition
obtained the passage of an act of Congress, which was approved
by the President on the 1st of June, 1872, establishing the
Centennial Board of Finance. The following are the
principal sections of this bill :

" Whereas, Congress did provide by an act entitled ^ An act
to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of
American Independence by holding an International Exhibi-
tion of Arts, ^Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine,
in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the
year eighteen hundred and seventy- six,' approved March third,
eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the appointment of Com-
missioners to promote and control the exhibition of the national
resources and their development, and the nation's progress in
arts which benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct appro-
priate ceremonies by which the people of the United States

206 THE ILLUSTRATED UISTOUY

may commemorate that memorable and decisive event, tbe
Declaration of American Independence by the Congress of the
United Colonies, assembled in the city of Philadelphia, on the
fourth day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and
seventy-six ; and, whereas, such provisions should be made for
procuring the funds requisite for the purposes aforesaid, as will
enable all the people of the United States, who have shared the
common blessings resulting from national independence, to aid
in the preparation and conduct of said International Exhibition
and memorial celebration under the direction of the Commis-
sioners of the United States : Therefore,

^'Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Bcpresentaiives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there
is hereby created a body corporate, to be known by the name
of the Centennial Board of Finance, and by that name to have
an incorporate existence until the object for which it is formed
shall have been accomplished ; and it shall be competent to sue
and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defended
in all courts of law and equity in the United States ; and may
make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have,
and hold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all
such real and personal estate as may be required in carrying into
effect the provisions of an act of Congress, entitled Mn act to
provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of
American Independence by holding an International Exhibi-
tion of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine,
in the city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in
the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,' approved March
third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and an act supple-
mentary thereto.

" Sec. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority, and
is hereby empowered to secure subscriptions of capital stock to
an amount not exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided into
shares of ten dollars each, and to issue to the subscribers of said
stock certificates therefor under the corporate seal of said cor-
poration, which certificates shall bear the signature of the Presi-
dent and Treasurer, and be transferable under such rules and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

207

regulations as may be made for the purpose. And it shall be
lawful for any municipal or other corporate body existing by
or under the laws of the United States to subscribe and pay for
shares of said capital stock ; and all holders of said stock shall
become associates in said corporation, and shall be entitled to
one vote on each share.

" Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall have
authority to issue bonds, not in excess of its capital stock, and
secure the payment of
the same, principal
and interest, by mort-
gage upon its proper-
ty and prospective in-
come.

"Sec. 9. That it
shall be the duty of
the Secretary of the
Treasury of the United
States, as soon as prac-
ticable after the pas-
sage of this act, to
cause to be prepared,
in accordance with a
design approved by
the United States Cen-
tennial Commission
and the Secretary of
the Treasury a suffi- ^^^^^^ over wissahickon, near mount airy.

cient number of certificates of stock to meet the require-
ments of this act; and any person found guilty of counter-
feiting, or attempting to counterfeit, or knowingly circulating
false certificates of stock herein authorized, shall be subject to
the same pains and penalties as are or may be provided by
law for counterfeiting United States currency; but nothing
in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability
of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or ob-
ligation incurred, nor for any claim by the Centennial Inter-.

208 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

national Exhibition, or the corporation hereby created, for aid
or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the treasury of the
United States, in support or liquidation of any debt or obli-
gations created by the corporation herein authorized : And
i:)rovidedy That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to
override or interfere with the laws of any State; and all con-
tracts made in any State for the purposes of the Centennial
International Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof:
And provided farther y That no member of said Centennial lioard
of Finance assumes any personal liability for any debt or obli-
gation which may be created or incurred by the corporation
authorized by this act.

"Sec. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said Exhi-
bition shall have been closed, it shall be the duty of said cor-
poration to convert its property into casli, and, after the pay-
ment of all its liabilities, to divide its remaining assets among
its stockholders, pro rata, in full satisfaction and discharge of
its capital stock."

Under the above act the Centennial Board of Finance was
organized, and as now constituted is as follows :

CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCR

President — John Welsh, Philadelphia.

Vice-Presidents— William Sellers, Philadelphia ; John S. Barbour, Vir-
ginia.

Secretary and Treasurer — Frederick Fraley.

Auditor — H. S. Lansing.

Directors— Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia ;
Thomas Cochran, Philadelp'nia ; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia ; N. Parker
Shortridge, Philadelphia ; James M. Eobb, Philadelphia ; Edward T. Steel,
Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia ; John Price AVetherill, Phila-
delphia ; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia ; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia ; Amos
R. Little, Philadelphia ; John Baird, Philadelphia ; Thomas H. Dudley, New
Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; John
Gorham, Rhode Island ; Cliarles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler,
Pennsylvania ; Robert M. Patton, Alabama ; J. B. Drake, Illinois ; George
Bain, Missouri.

Financial Agent— William Bigler.

In the organization of the Board of Finance a majority of its

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 209

members were chosen from Philadelphia in order that, being
on the ground, they might be able to devote their whole time to
the work intrusted to them.

The Board of Finance was authorized by the act of incor-
poration to issue certificates of stock to the amount of ten mil-
lion dollars. It was estimated that apart from the subscrip-
tions of the various States and cities, it would be necessary to
sell stock to the amount of §3,500,000. The shares were fixed
by the board at ten dollars each, a sum suited to the means of
all classes, and calculated to make the subscriptions to the stock
of the Exhibition popular in character. The holder of each cer-
tificate is entitled to a share in the profits of the Exhibition. All
the net income of the six months' display, together with the
proceeds of the sale of all the available property remaining at
the close of the Exhibition, will be divided proportionately
amonrj: the holders of the stock.

The act of Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury
to cause certificates of the stock of the Exhibition to be engraved
and printed at the treasury of the United States and delivered
to the Board of Finance. These certificates were duly delivered
to subscribers to the stock of the Exhibition, and each is to re-
main forever the property of its holder as a memorial of the
great enterprise and of the liberality with which the American
people carried it through to success. The certificate is in all
respects a beautiful specimen of the highest branch of steel en-
graving. "The plate is twenty-four by twenty inches, on the
best bank-note paper. The design is pyramidal, America form-
ing the apex, with Fame and Art personified sitting at her feet;
the busts of Washington and Grant on either side, typical of
the commencement and end of the century. America is repre-
sented as welcoming the representatives of foreign nations, who
bear symbols of their national industries and resources. Inde-
pendence Hall and the National Capitol are in the background.
Beneath the former stand Fulton and Fitch, with the^'r steam-
boat models, and under the latter are Franklin and Morse, with
electric and telegraphic instruments. On the right, facing the
figure of America, is Howe offering his sewing-machine, also a
14

210 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

shipwright with a model of a clipper. Tlie freedman, Conti-
nental and Federal soldier, and mechanic, form a group on the
right, and the farmer, planter, miner, trapper and Indian, all
presenting symbols of their avocations, the group on the left.
The centre of the base is Trumbull's painting of the 'Signing
of the Declaration of Independence,' on the right of which is
exemplified progress — the busy man ufactii ring city in contrast
with the neglected windmill. To the left of the base is repre-
sented civilization, combining the railroad, telegraph, steamship
and reaping-machine, in contrast with the Concstoga wagon,
mail rider, sailing vessel and laborer with a sickle. The legend
in the body of the certificate was engraved by a new and inge-
nious process, the invention of G. W. Casilear, Superintendent
of tiie Engraving Department of the Treasury, and is most
creditable, as is also the printing — the department being deter-
mined to make the work worthy of the nation and the grand
commemorative occasion. The designs and arrangement are
due to Messrs. Ferris and Darley, American artiste."

The efforts of the Board of Finance to dispose of the stock of
the Exhibition succeeded but slowly at first. The stock had to
contend in the market with that of a hundred other schemes
which promised a larger rate of interest and a quicker return.
Still, it did not go begging. The adjacent State of Xew Jersey
gave new^ life to the effort by a subscription of $100,000, and
was followed by subscriptions from Xew Hampshire, Connect-
icut and Delaware for $10,000 each. The city of Wilmington,
Delaware, subscribed for $5000, and in a short time a subscrip-
tion of about $250,000 was made up in the city of New York.

This did not meet the demand, however, and as it was found
impossible to carry on tlie work of raising funds through the
agency of the banks, as was at first proposed, it was decided by
the Board of Finance to create a Bureau of Revenue, which
should devote all its energies to the task of raising funds, thus
leaving the Board of Finance free to attend to its other duties.
The Bureau of Revenue was, therefore, duly organized on the
1st of July, 1874, and was constituted as follows :

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBII'IOX. 211

Clement M. Biddle, Chairman Philadeipliia*

"William Bigler, Financial Agent Pennsylvania,

Edmund T. Steel Philadelphia.

Amos E. Little ''

John Wanamaker "

Daniel M. Fox "

James M. Eobb "

JohnBaird "

Thos. H. Dudley New Jersey.

John Cummings Massachusetts.

William L. Strong New York.

George Bain Missouri.

C. B. Xorton, Secretary,

The work which was thus intrusted to the Bureau of Revenue
was important and laborious in the highest degree. The panic
of 1873 had almost paralyzed the finances of the country, and
the people had become timid and hesitating in supporting
schemes of any kind which required an outlay of money. It be-
came necessary for the Bureau of Revenue to win the confidence
of the people in the scheme they were asked to assist, as the
basis of all its operations. It had by this time become evident
that the various States of the Union could not be depended upon
to furnish their respective proportions of the funds, and that the
Exhibition must depend for its success mainly upon private-
subscriptions.

The Bureau of Revenue at once set to work. Its efforts to
popularize the stock of the Exhibition were systematic and well
directed. How well they have succeeded is shown by the mag-
nificent sum subscribed by the people of the Union in response
to their appeals — a sum amounting to nearly three million dol-
lars. To each member of the bureau is due his share of praise
for this splendid success, but the credit is chiefly due to the
able and efficient Secretary, General Charles B. Norton, upon
whom has devolved the principal portion of the labor of the
board, and whose wide experience and fertile genius have
suggested the happiest and most successful methods by which
this success has been won.

As a means of facilitating the work in hand, and of securing
as nearly as possible the exact quota originally assigned to each

212

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

State by the Board of Finance, auxiliary boards were organized
by the bureau in States, counties and districts. These were
composed of volunteers, whose patriotic interest in the Exhibi-
tion induced them to give their services gratuitously to the
cause. One of their duties was to select responsible and ener-
getic men in their respective communities for the sale of stock
and medals. The plan was eminently successful.

As a further means of obtaining a revenue, and at the same
time of providing a permanent, appropriate, inexpensive and
yet handsome memorial of the Centennial year, the Board of

Finance obtained the
passage of an act of
Congress, approved
June 16th, 1874, author-
izing the board to have
coined at the United
States Mint at Phila-
delphia a series of
Memoria I Medals in
bronze and gilt, and
silver. These medals
were furnished by the
mint at cost, and were
sold bv the Bureau of
Revenue and its agents
at a fair profit. Persons
whose means did not permit them to purchase the ten dollar
certificates of stock were thus enabled by the purchase of one or
more of these medals to contribute towards the success of the
great enterprise, and at the same time to possess a beautiful and
enduring memorial of the Centennial year and Exhibition.

These " Memorial Medals " are of four descriptions, to bring
them within the taste and means of all, viz. : In large bronze, at
$2; large gilt, at $5; small silver, at $3; and small gilt, at $1.
In addition, the four medals can be had neatly arranged in one
case, price $11. The fac-simile annexed is of the size of the
first and second of these, the small silver and gilt being the size

CENTENNIAL MEDAL — REVERSE.

OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXHIBITION.

213

of the American dollar, with the same obverse design, but
bearing on the centre of the reverse the inscription : " In Com-
memoration of the Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde-
pencjence, 1876," surrounded by the words: "By authority of
the Congress of the United States."

The design of the "obverse" on all of the medals represents
the Genius of American Independence rising from a recumbent
position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to
enforce her demands, and raising her left in appealing pride to
the galaxy of thirteen stars, which, indicating the original col-
onies and States, are
blazino; in the firma-
ment. Beneath is the
date, 1776. The "re-
verse " on the large
medals displays the
Genius of Liberty, with
the now ornamental
sword buckled to her
girdle, the shield of the
stars and stripes leaning
at rest, while with either
hand she extends a wel-
come and a chaplet to
the Arts and Sciences
assembled with evi-
dences of their skill and craft to do honor to the date 1876,
which is inscribed upon the platform. The history of our great
nation is depicted in these two designs ; and as a work of art,
a memento of the Centennial, or as a means of contributing to
* its celebration, these Memorial Medals should be objects of
universal appreciation.

The State of Pennsylvania at an early day came forward to
the assistance of the Exhibition with an appropriation of
§1,000,000. This was followed by appropriations by the city
of Philadelphia araountinor to §1,500,000. Besides these a])-
propriations, the city of Philadelphia may be regarded as a

CENTENNIAL MEDAL — OBVERSE.

214

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

215

contributor to the success of the Exhibition in the erection of
the magnificent bridges over the Schuylkill at Callowhill street
and Girard avenue, at a cost of over $2,500,000; in the various
improvements it has made in Fairmount Park on account of the
Exhibition ; and in its splendid donation of the Exhibition
grounds. Apart from all this, however, the direct appropria-
tions of the State and
city, together with the
subscriptions of private
individuals to the stock
of the enterprise, swell
the contribution o f
Pennsylvania to the
Exhibition to more than
four million dollars —
fully one-half of the en-
tire cost of the prepara-
tion and administration
of the Exhibition.

In spite of the clause
of the act of Congress
incorporating the Exhi-
bition, which stipulated
that the United States
should not be respon-
sible for any of the ex-
penses of the enterprise,
the Centennial Commis-
sion, in the spring of
1874, made an appeal to
Congress for an appro-
priation in behalf of the scheme. A bill was introduced in
the House of Representatives appropriating the sum of three
million dollars to the Exhibition. It was argued by the friends
of the scheme that as the United States had by its invitations
to foreign powers to participate in the Exhibition given to it
an international character, and had become responsible for its

MONSTER PINES, .WEST PARK.

216 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

success, Congress was morally bound to aid the enterprise by
a liberal appropriation, if for no other reason, for the simple
purpose of sustaining the credit of the country in the eyes of the
world. It was also argued that as the single State of Pennsyl-
vania had voluntarily assumed fully half of the cost of the
Exhibition, Congress might reasonably be expected to con-
tribute the sum asked for on account of the nation at large.
The bill was put upon its final passage on the 6th of May,
1874, and was defeated by a vote of 139 against it to 90 in its
favor. The defeat of the bill was owing chiefly to the
Western States, which cast their votes almost solidly against
it. The vote of the various sections stood as follows : The
Eastern States, for the bill, 43 votes; against it, 27 votes; the
Southeiii States, for the bill, 36 votes; against it, 22 votes; the
Western States, for the bill, 11 votes; against it, 90 votes. The
Western vote against the bill thus equalled the combined vote
in its favor.

The defeat of the appropriation bill by Congress, instead of
disheartening the friends of the Exhibition, merely stimulated
them to fresh exertions. They were resolved that the scheme
should not fail in their hands. Thanks to the liberal action of
the Stater of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, and the
cordial manner in which the people of the country responded to
the appeals of the Board of Finance and the Bureau of Revenue
for aid, the w^ork upon the great Exhibition buildings was
promptly begun, and steadily carried forward. On the 1st of
December, 1875, the Board of Finance was able to make the
following encouraging showing of its work :

SmiMAKY.OF RECEIPTS.

Total stock subscriptions, reliable $2,357,750

In which are included :

New Jersey $100,000

Delaware 10,000

Connecticut 10,000

Kew Hampshire 10,000

Wilmington, Del 5,000

$135^000

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 217

Gifts, concessions and interest $230,000

Further receipts from concessions 100,000

Appropriation by Pennsylvania 1,000,000

Appropriation by Philadelphia 1,500,000

Deficiency 1,537,100

Total cost of preparation to May 10th, 1876 $6,724,850

EXPENDITURES.

The expenditures have been as follows :

Main Building, or Industrial Hall $1,113,793 22

Memorial Hall 834,218 80

Machinery Hall 577,637 25

Horticultural Hall 231,466 60

Agricultural Hall 26,641 14

Administration offices 25,787 48

Boundary fence 8,638 55

Water supply 35,331 87

Lansdowne and Belmont bridges 20,821 00

Judges' Hall 7,047 50

Grading and drainage 163,801 29

Railroads 11,166 16

"Women's Pavilion 6,750 00

Engineers and architects 53,780 56

Insurance and police 1,258 55

Fire Department 2,348 13

Ceremonials on Fourth of July, 1873 and 1875.. . . 6,003 56

Advertising and printing 31,043 17

Expenses of the Centennial Board of Finance 91,456 07

Expenses of the United States Centennial Com-
mission 199,027 70

Medals 9,227 56

Available means on hand 36/ ,926 03

$3,824,172 19

♦Vliich were provided from the following sources :

Payment on subscriptions to stock $1,852,649 30

Gifts 58,015 91

Concessions for privileges 146,050 00

Interest on deposits 24,374 71

State of Pennsylvania towards Memorial Hall. . . . 456,890 73

City of Philadelphia towards Memorial Hall 302,812 24

City of Philadelphia towards Machinery Hall 490,795 37

City of Philadelphia towards Horticultural Hall. . 191,082 29
Percentage retained to secure the fulfilment of
contracts 301,431 64

$3,824,172 19

218 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

ESTIMATED FUTURE EXPENDITURES.
Estimate of the sum required for the completion of the
grounds and buildings up to the 10th of May, 1876, when the
International Exhibition will be opened. The Memorial,
Machinery and Horticultural Halls being provided for by the
State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia, are not
included :

For tlie Main Industrial Hall $000,000

Agricultural Hall 275,000

Adminiritration offices 20,000

Judges' Hall 25,000

Lansdowne and Belmont bridges 60,000

AVomen's Pavilion 25,000

Four additional buildings to meet enlarged de-
mands 190,000

Grading, draining, metaling roads and walks,
preparations for gardens, fountains, and other
ornaments, including gas and additional water

supply 400,000

Boiler-house creation and distribution of power,

shafting, etc • 110,000

Expenses of the United States Centennial Commis-
sion, and those of all its bureaus up to May 10th. 400,000

Expenses of the Board of Finance 40,000

Retained percentages to be paid on completion of
contracts, not including those to be paid by the
State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia. 160,000

Contingencies : 200,000

Total requirements up to May 10th, 1876 $2,505,000

RESOURCES.

Available means on hand $367,900

Subscriptions to stock yet to 1)6 paid 500,000

Probable receipts from concessions : 100,000

967,900

Deficiency $1,537,100

This statement is submitted with confidence that it is as close

an approximate as can be made.

John Welsh,

President Centennial Board of Finance,
Philadelphia, December 1st, 1875.

219

220 THE ILLUSTRATED IILSTOUY

In the meantime the sales of the stock and medals was car-
ried on steadily, and it became at length apparent that the
Exhibition would be financially a success. The work of prep-
aration was paid ibr by the Board of Finance as it progressed,
and no heavy and embarrassing debt was allowed to accumulate.
It was the aim of the managers of the scheme from the first to
open the doors of the Exhibition jrce from debt, and this pur-
pose has been steadily adhered to.

It was found that the Exhibition could not be opened on the
19th of April, 187(j, the day originally a])pointed, and the
opening day was changed to the 10th of May. A correspond-
ing change of the date of closing the Exhibition was also made
from October 19th to November 10th, 1876.

The success of the Exhibition being secured, the Congress of
the United States appropriated the sum of $505,000 to enable
the general government to erect a building of its own on the
Exhibition grounds, and to exhibit in it the articles necessary
for the proper illustration of '^the functions and administrative
faculties of the government in time of peace and its resources
as a war power.''

Many of the States also made appropriations for the erection

of State buildings on the Exhibition grounds, and for defraying

the expenses of their State Boards of Centennial Managers.

These appropriations amount in the aggregate to over $400.-

000. The principal were as follows :

Pennsylvania $50,000

Massachusetts 50,000

New York 25,000

Ohio 13,000

Nevada 20,000 (gold)

Illinois 10,000

Delaware 10,000

Indiana 10,000

Michigan 7,500

West Virginia 20,000

New Jersey 10,000

Arkansas 5,000

Kansas 5^000

Maryland . .^ 15,000

Colorado , 4,000

Arizona 5,000

Mnnfnnn =; nnn

CF TUE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. '221

The foreign powers to whom the invitations of the Govern-
ment to participate in the Exhibition were addressed, re-
sponded cordially and favorably, as we have stated. Their
appropriations for the purpose of defraying the expenses of their
share of the display were largely in excess of the most sanguine
expectations of the friends of the enterprise. The appropria-
tion of Great Britain (including Australia and Canada) was
§250,000 in gold ; that of France (including Algeria) §120,000 ;
Germany, §171,000; Austria, §75,000; Italy, §76,000, of
which §38,000 is from the government, and §38,000 from the
Chamber of Commerce; Spain, §150,000; Japan, §600,000;
Sweden, §125,000; Norway, §44,000 ; Ecuador, §10,000 ; and
the Argentine Confederation, 860,000. Egypt, China, Brazil,
Chili, Venezuela, Russia, and other nations, have made appro-
priations for the expenses of their exhibitors, the exact amount
of which is unknown. In all about forty governments have
contributed to the expenses of the Exhibition. Their total
outlay will exceed two million dollars in American money.
This sum, it should be remembered, is distinct from the eight
millions and a half, estimated as the pro})er cost of the Exhibi-
tion. Each government taking part in the Exhibition is repre-
sented by a board of commissioners appointed by it, and con-
sisting of a number of its most distinguished citizens. They
are charged with the management and display of the exhibits
of their respective countries.

The success of the Exhibition being now assured, the Centen-
nial Commission resolved to make a final appeal to Congress for
aid. Soon after the opening of the session of 1875-76, a bill
was introduced appropriating one million five hundred thousand
dollars in aid of the Exhibition. There was a general demand
from the press and people of the country that the bill should
]>ass. The Exhibition had been carried so nearly to success by
private and State subscriptions, that it was felt that the honor
of the nation required that the general government should
make up the sum which was still needed to place the Exhibi-
tion on an assured basis of success. After considerable discus-
sion, the bill passed both Houses of Congress, and was approved
by the President on the 16th of February, 1876.

222

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The bill required the sum of one million five hundred thou-
sand dollars to be paid by the Treasurer of the United States to
the President and Treasurer of the Centennial Board of Finance

BUILDING OF THE NEW YORK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE

COMPANY.

as follows : one-third immediately after the approval of the act
by the President, and the remainder in four equal monthly pay-
ments. Before any portion of the appropriation could be paid

OF THE CEXTEXXIAL EXHIBITION. . 223

out of the Federal Treasury, the President and Treasurer of the
Board of Finance were required to give security for the proper
use of the money paid them in a bond of five hundred thousand
dollars. The bond was given on tiie 3d of March, 1876, and
the sureties affixed to it consisted of the names of one hundred
prominent citizens of Philadelphia, whose aggregate wealth
amounted to over $60,000,000. The act of Congress required
that the general government should be reimbursed out of the
first profits of the Exhibition, thus placing it in the position of
a preferred creditor, an act w^orthy of the Forty-fourth Congress.

The million and a half dollars appropriated by Congress
placed the Centennial authorities in possession of the full sum
needed by them to carry out their grand idea of opening the
Exhibition free from debt. This amount was sufficient, to-
gether with the sum already obtained from other sources, to
pay the cost of preparing the grounds, erecting the buildings,
and making all the necessary preparations for the opening of
the Exhibition. After the opening of the doors to the public,
the *^ running expenses'^ were to be defrayed from the daily
receipts. ♦

The third annual report of the Board of Finance, dated
April 19th, 1876, gave the following gratifying statement:

"So many agencies are in action, drawing the various parts
of our preparatory work to a close, that it is impossible to speak
otlier than approximately of the outlay. We see no reason to
vary the estimate heretofore made, which was eight million five
hundred thousand dollars, from the beginning to the final wind-
ing up. It must be borne in mind that the expenditure incident
to an Exhibition on so large a scale can, in advance, only be
given conjecturally.

" The whole outlay will be provided from the following sources :

State of Pennsylvania . . $1,000,000

City of Philadelphia 1,500,000

Concessions, gifts, and interest 500,000

Stock subscriptions 2,500,000

Appropriation by the United States 1,500,000

$7,000,000

224 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

"As this shows a deficiency of one raiUion five hundred thou-
sand dollars, that amount must be supplied from admission lees.

"Assuming that our present assured means are equal to the
payment of everything up to the opening, and that for the
expenses of the Exhibition until the final winding up of its
afiairs there will be required one million five hundred thousand
dollars from the receipts for admission fees, then whatever sum
beyond that shall be realized from admissions, together witli
the value of the materials after its close, will be applicable to
the repayment of the capital stock and the United States appro-
priation; the interests of the State oi Pennsylvania and the City
of Philadelphia being represented by their respective buildings,
the Machinery, Memorial, and Horticultural Halls."

The item given as concessions in the above report comprises
the sales by the Board of Finance of the privilege of selling
various articles upon the grounds of the Exhibition. The total
sum received for these privileges was 8450,000, and was made
up as follows :

Tlie Centennial Catalogue Company, exclusive right of

printing and selling the Official Catalogue $100,000

Narrow Gauge Railway 20 000

French Restaurant g qOq

German Restaurant g qqq

Royalty on beer, $3 per barrel, to be collected at the

gates ; estimated at 5q qqo

Exclusive right to sell soda water 52 000

" " cigars and tobacco. 18,000

'* " pop corn 7.000

Glass factory for supplying exhibitors 3,000

Telegraph and messenger service 35 OOO

Department of Public Comfort 16,150

Other privileges ,....* 136,850

$450,000

The great work was at length completed, and the Centennial
Exhibition was an accomplished fact. It had been throughout
a series of triumphs for those encraored in it. The sino-leness of

CD CD S

purpose, the systematic energy, and the rapidity with which its
projectors carried it through to success have no parallel even

OF THE CENTEN^'IAL EXHIBITION

225

in the history of our own enterprising country. It is fitting
that the enterprise destined to commemorate the great achieve-
ments of the American people in the arts of peace should be in
itself one of the most remarkable of those achievements.

The work on the great buildings was pushed forward steadily
from the time of its commencement. It was watched with the
deepest interest by
thousands who daily
visited the grounds,
and even to those who
beheld its daily pro-
gress it seemed almost
incredible that so
much should have
been done in so short
a time. Machinery
Hall was the first
completed, and this
was followed by the
Main Building, the
Horticultural, Agri-
cultural and Memo-
rial Halls.

All things being
in readiness the re-
ception of articles
for the Exhibition
was begun on the
5th of January, ravine in western park, sweetbriar vale.
1876. This work

was greatly facilitated by the co-operation of the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company. A line of track was laid from the main
line of that road into the Exhibition grounds, and was carried
into each of the principal buildings. By this means the cars
loaded with the materials for the construction of the buildings
were enabled to discharge their contents on the exact spot, and
when the structures were completed the articles intended for
15

226 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOPwY

exhibition were transported to the proper buildings on the cars
and unloaded within a few yards of the location assigned to
them. Goods arriving from abroad were transferred from the
steamer in which they were originally shipped to the cars along-
side the vessel, and transported direct to the Exhibition build-
ings.

The work of installation was pressed forward with vigor, and
it was hoped that it would be ended by the time appointed for
the opening of the Exhibition. So great and so numerous were
the delays on the part of the exhibitors that the Exhibition, like
its predecessor at Vienna, was opened before this work was
completed. The opening ceremonies were held on the 10th of
^lay, 1876, and will be noticed at length in another chapter.

The Exhibition being competitive in character, great care was
given by the Centennial Commission to the preparation of a
system of awards. At a meeting of the executive committee
held on the 13th of October, 1875, a report was made with
reference to this matter and a system of awards finally decided
upon. We quote the following extract from the report :

"Awards have generally been made by an international jury
of six hundred members. The apportionment of jurors to
countries was tried on various bases, but was usually made on
the basis of relative space occupied by products of each country
respectively in the Exhibition. The great jury was divided
into numerous small juries, who examined the products and
prepared lists of names of persons whom they proposed for
awards, and the proposals thus made were confirmed or rejected
by higher juries. This system brought together, unavoidably,
many individuals unqualified for the work. The basis of rep-
resentation was apparently, fair, but its results were delusive.
The countries nearest the Exhibition occupied the largest space.
Numerous remote countries filled smaller spaces. The number
of jurors allotted to the latter body left them in many instances
without jurors on many classes, and thus in voting on awards
they had no voice, and the awards were in effect decreed by the
few contiguous countries. Written reports were not usually
made by juries, and if made, were not printed, consequently no

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 227

person outside the jury knew on what ground awards were
made. Medals, when distributed, were silent verdicts, and
awards thus made conveyed little useful information. Awards
were based upon anonymous reports or reports not published,
and final decisions were recorded in vague and mystic language
not satisfactory to producers or public.

*^ The method of awards adopted by the Centennial Commis-
sion differs from this system. It dispenses with the interna-
tional jury, and substitutes a body of two hundred judges, one-
half foreign, chosen individually for high qualifications. It
dispenses also with the system of awards by graduated medals,
and requires of the judges written reports on the inherent and
comparative merits of each product thought worthy of award,
setting forth its properties and qualities, and presenting the con-
siderations forming the ground of the award. Each report has
the signature of its author. The professional judgment and
moral responsibility of the judges being thus involved, the
integrity of the reports is assured. The success of this method
absolutely depends upon the judicious selection of judges, and
to this point I desire to call particular attention."

The following is the

SYSTEM OF AWARDS;

"1. Awards shall be based upon written reports attested by
the signatures of their authors.

" 2. Two hundred judges shall be appointed to make such
reports, one-half of whom shall be foreigners and one-half
citizens of the United States. They will be selected for their
known qualifications and character, and will be experts in
departments to which they will be respectively assigned. The
foreign members of this body will be appointed by the commis-
sion of each country and in conformity with the distribution and
allotment to each, which will be hereafter announced. The
judges from the United States will be appointed by the Centen-
nial Commission.

" 3. The sum of one thousand dollars will be paid to each
commissioned judge for personal expenses.

228 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

"4. Reports and awards shall be based upon merit. The
elements of merit shall be held to include considerations relatintr
to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, work-
manship, fitness for the purposes intended, adaptation to public
wants, economy, and cost.

" 5. Each report will be delivered to the Centennial Commis-
sion as soon as completed, for final award and publication.

"6. Awards will be finally decreed by the United States
Centennial Commission, in compliance with the act of Congress,
and will consist of a diploma with a uniform bronze medal and
a special report of the judges on the subject of the award.

"7. Each exhibitor will have the right to reproduce and
publish the report awarded to him, but the United States Cen-
tennial Commission reserves the right to publish and dispose of
all reports in the manner it thinks best for public information,
and also to embody and distribute the imports ^s records of the
Exhibition. "A. T. GosHORN, Director- General.

"John L. Campbell, Secretary J*

The following is the Exhibition Calendar determined upon by
the Executive Committee :

Keception of Articles coramencea January 5th.

Reception of Articles ends April 19th.

Unoccupied space forfeited April 26th.

Main Exhibition opens May 10th.

Grand Ceremonies on Exhibition Grounds, July 4th.

Trials of Harvesting Machines, June and Julv.

Trials of Steam-Plows and Tillage Implements, September and October.

Exhibit of Horses, Mules, and Asses, September 1st to September loth.

Exhibit of Horned Cattle, September 20th to October 5th.

Exhibit of Sheep, Swine, Goats and Dogs, October 10th to October 25th.

Exhibit of Poultry, October 28th to November 10th.

Main Exhibition closes November 10th.

Exhibits must be removed by December 31st.

There will also be a number of celebrations during the year,
connected with and growing out of the Exhibition. The most
important are as follows :

Knights Templar (Masons), Annual Conclave, May 30th.
Knights Templar (Masons), Grand Parade, June 1st.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

229

Order of Good Templars, Special Gathering, June ISth.

International Kegatta (New York Harbor), June 22d.

Yacht Regatta, Delaware Kiver, in June.

Sons of Temperance, Special Gathering, June.

International Series of Cricket Matches, June and September.

Ck)ngress of Authors in Independence Hall, July 2d.

Parade of Irish Socieaes (Dedication of Fountain), July 4th.

Parade of Military Organizations, July 4th.

United American Mechanics, Parade, July 8th.

Knights of Pythias, Parade, August 22d.

International Rowing Regatta, August 20th to September 15th.

International Rifle Matches, in September.

International Medical Congress, September 4th.

Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Parade, September 20th.

JOHN WANAMAKER's NEW CIX)TltINO HOUSE — MAKKKT feT.

CHAPTER VI.

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION.

A List of the OflScera of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners

from Foreign Countries.

OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

President — Joseph R. Hawley, Colonnade Hotel, citj.

Vice-Presidents -.—Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City, N. J. ; John D. Creigh,
San Francisco, Cal.; Robert Lowry, Davenport, Iowa; Thomas H. Coldwell,
Shelby ville, Tennessee; John McNeil, St. Louis, Mo.; William Gurney,
Charleston, S. C.

Director-General — Alfred T. Goshorn, Continental Hotel, city.

Secretary — John L. Campbell, 318 South Broad street, city.

Assistant Secretaries — Myer Asch, Dorsey Gardener.

Counsellor and Solicitor — John L. Shoemaker, Esq., 611 Vine st., city.

Office of the Commission— No. 903 Walnut .street.

BUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION.

Chiefs of Bureaus.

Foreign — Direction of the foreign representation, A.T. Goshom, Myer Asch.

Installation — Classification of application for space, allotment for space
in Main Building, supervision of special structures, Henry Pettit.

Transportation — Foreign transportation for goods and visitors, transpor-
tation for goods and visitors in the United States, local transportation, ware-
housing and customs regulations, Dolphus Torrey.

Machinery — Superintendence of the Machinery Department and building,
including allotment of space to exhibitors, John S. Albert.

Agriculture — Superintendence of the Agricultural Department, building,
and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Burnet Landreth.

Horticulture — Superintendence of Horticultural Department, conserva-
tory, and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Charles H.
Miller.

Fine Arts — Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and building,
including allotment of space to exhibitors, John Sartain.
230

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 231

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Daniel J. Morrell (Johnstown), Pennsylvania, Chairman; Alfred T. Gos-
horn (Continental Hotel), Ohio; N. M. Beckwith (New York city), New
York ; Alexander R. Boteler (Shepherdstown), West Virginia ; Richard C.
McCormick (Washington, D. C), Arizona; John Lynch (New Orleans),
Louisiana ; Charles P. Kimball (Brewster & Co.), New York city ; Samuel F.
Phillips (Washington, D. C), North Carolina; George B. Loring (Salem),
Massachusetts; Frederick L. Matthews (Carlinville), Illinois; William Phipps
Blake (Philadelphia), Connecticut; James E. Dexter (Washington), Dist. of
Columbia ; J. T. Bernard (Tallahassee), Florida.

Myer Asch (Philadelphia), Secretary.

CENTENNLiL COMMISSION— CEXTENNIAL BOARD OF

FINANCE.

President— John Welsli, Philadelphia.

Vice-Presidents— William Sellers, Philadelphia ; John S. Barbour, Vir-
ginia.

Directors— Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia;
Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia ; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia; N. Parker
Shortridge, Philadelphia ; James M. Robb, Philadelphia ; Edward T. Steel,
Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wetherill, Phila-
delphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Amos
R. Little, Philadelphia ; John Baird, Philadelphia ; Thomas H. Dudley, New
Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; John
Gorham, Rhode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler,
Pennsylvania; Robert M. Patton, Alabama; J. B. Drake, Illinois; George
Bain, Missouri.

Secretary and Treasurer — Frederick Fraley, Philadelphia.

Financial Agent — Hon. William Bigler.

Chief Bureau of Revenue — General C. B. Norton.

Auditor — H. S. Lansing.

Engineers and Architects — Henry Pettit, Joseph M. Wilson, H. J.
Schwarzmann.

OFFICERS OF THE WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL EXECUTIVE

COMMITTEE.

Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President; Mrs. John Sanders, Vice-President; Mrs.
Frank M. Etting, Secretary ; Mrs. S. A. Irwin, Treasurer.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD.

War Department, Ordnance Bureau — Col. S. C. Lyford, Chairman.
Treasury Department — Hon. R. W. Taylor, First Controller of the
Treasury.

232

SCENE NEAR TYRONE, ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 233

Navy Department — Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins.

Interior Department— Hon. John Eaton, Commissioner of Education.

Post-Oefice Department — Dr. Charles F. McDonald, Chief Money-
Order Department.

Agricultural Department ^ William Saunders, Superintendent of
Propagating Department.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Prof. S. F. Baird, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and
United States Fishery Commission ; William A. DeCaindry, Secretary.

BUILDING COMMITTEE.

Thomas Cochran, Chairman ; John Baird, Clement M. Biddle, William
Sellers, Samuel M. Felton, James M. Robb.

TELEGRAPHIC DIRECTOR, W. J. Phillips.
DIRECTOR FIRE DEPARTMENT, Atwood Smith.
CHIEF BUREAU OF AWARDS, Dr. C. J. Stills.

COMMITTEE ON CONCESSIONS.

John Price Wetherill, Chairman ; N. Parker Shortridge, Henry Winsor.
CHIEF BUREAU OF ADMISSIONS, David G. Yates.

FOREIGN COMMISSIONS ACCREDITED TO THE INTERNA-
TIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876.

Argentine Republic — Carlos Carranza, President, New York ; Edward
Shippen, Vice-President, Philadelphia; Ed w. T. Davison, Treasurer, Consul
General, New York ; Diego de Castro, Secretary, New York ; Deputy Member,
E. Mara Davison.

Central Committee — Ernesto Oldendorf, President, Buenos Ayres ; Eduardo
Olivera, Buenos Ayres; Onesirao Leguizamon, Buenos Ayres; Diego de la
Fuente, Buenos Ayres ; Lino Palcois, Buenos Ayres ; Ricardo Newton, Buenos
Ayres ; Leonardo Pereyra, Buenos Ayres ; Jose M. Jurafdo, Buenos Ayres ;
Emilio Duportal, Buenos Ayres; Julio Victorica, Secretary, Buenos Ayres.

Austria — Rudolf Isbary, Vice-President of tlie Chamber of Commerce,
President, Vienna; Franz Ritter von Liebig, member of the Cliamber of Com-
merce, First Vice-President, Reichenberg; Micliael Matscheko, Manufac-
turer, Second Vice-President. Members: Eugene Felix, President of the
Society of Arts ; Edward Kanitz, member of the Chamber of Commerce ; Karl
von Oberleitner, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Olmutz ; Otto von
Bauer, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Brunn ; Ernst von Pontzen,
Engineer ; Dr. Emil Hornig, Counsellor ; Dr. F. Migerka, Imperial and Royal
Counsellor; Theo. A. Havemeyer, Austro-Hungarian Consul-General, New
York.

23-t THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY

Africa — Oeange Fbee State — Charles W. KQey, Consul-General,
Pliiladelphia.

Belgium — Baron Gustave de Woelmont, Senator, President, Brussels;
Alexander Robert, Historical Painter, member of the Belgium Academy of
Fine Arts, Letters and Sciences, Vice-President, Brussels ; Ch. de Smet-de Smet,
Manufacturer, President of the Industrial and Commercial Society, Vice-Presi-
dent, Ghent; I. Clerfeyt, Chief of Bureau, Ministry of the Interior, Secretary
of the Upper-Consul of Industry and Commerce, late Secretary of the Belgian
Commission and Juries of the International Exhibition of Paris, London, and
Vienna, Secretary, Brussels ; Alfred Ancion, Manufacturer of Arms, Liege ;
A. J. Belpaier, Inspector-General of Railways and Telegraphs; L. de Curte,
Architect, member of the Royal Commission of Monuments, and Council for the
Improvement of the Arts of Design, Brussels; Felix Duhayon, Lace Manu-
facturer, Judge of the Tribunal of Commerce, and member of the Chamber of
Commerce, Brussels; E. Duisberg, Director of the Paper Manufactories of
Messrs. Godin & Co., at Huy, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Liege;
Jos. Fayn, Mining Engineer, Consul of the Netherlands, Liege ; P. F. Ghys-
Bruneel, Lace Manufacturer, Gramraont; Jules Havenith, Ship-Owner, Counsel
of Austria, Hungary, Antwerp ; J. Kindt, Inspector-General of Industry, Minis-
try of the Interior ; Eugene Meeus, Manufacturer, member of the Chamber of
Representatives, Antwerp ; Alph. Morel, Director of the Glass Works, Lodelin-
sart, Charleroi ; Henri Morel, Flax Manufacturer, Gand ; Remy Paquot,
Director of the Company of Bleyberg-es-Montzen, Verviers ; Edm. Piirmentier,
Manufacturer, Brussels; Ferdinand Pauwels, Historical Painter, Antwerp;
Aug. Ronnberg, Director-General of Agriculture and Manufactures, Ministry
of the Interior; E. Sadbine, Director-General of Works, Seraing-lez-Liege ;
Jules Sauveur, Director-General of Public Instruction, Ministry of the Interior ;
E. E. A. Schaar, Chief Engineer, Director of the Arsenal and Railways of the
State, Malines ; Alfred Simonis, Cloth Manufacturer, member of the Chamber
of Representatives, Verviers.

Resident Commissioners in Philadelphia — Count d'Oultremont, Director-Gen-
eral; Mr. J. Van Bree, Chief of Fine Art Department; Mr. J. Gody, Ministry
of Public Works ; Mr. J. Beco, Engineer, Brussels.

Brazil — His Highness Gaston d' Orleans, Conde d' Eu, Marshal of the
Army, President; Viscount de Jaguary, First Vice-President; Viscount de
Bonn-Retiro, Second Vice-President ; his Excellency A. P. de Carvalho Borges,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Majesty the Em-
peror of Brazil, Washington, D. C. ; Viscount de Souza Franco Joaquin An-
tonio de Azevedo.

Chili — Mr. Rafael Lorrain, Mr. !\faximiano Errazuriz, Mr. Tgnacio Dom-
eyko, Mr. Armando Philippi, Mr. Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga, Mr. Euge-
nio Figuerad, Mr. Lamo Barros, Edward Shippen, Esq., Philadelphia, Joseph
P. Root, Esq., Francisco Gonzalez, Esq., J. Patterson Burd, Esq., Secretary and
Treasurer, Philadelphia.

China — Edward B. Drew, Commissioner of Customs, Chefoo ; Gustave Diet-
ring, Commissioners of Customs, Ningpo ; Charles Hannen, J. L. Hammond,
Commissioner of Customs, Swatou.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 235

Denmark — Jacob Holmblad, Manufacturer, President ; Olaf Hansen, U. S.
Vice-Consul, Vice-President ; Job Hansen, Austrian Consul-General, Treasurer ;
C. C. ^urmeister. Manufacturer ; V. Christesen, Manufacturer ; V. Fieldskon ;
Sculptor ; Charles Hansen, Manufacturer ; William Hammer, Artist ; Thomas
Schmidt, New York ; Th. Green, Secretary.

Ecuador — Edward Shippen, Esq., Consul, President, Philadelphia ; Gabriel
Obarrio, New York ; J. J. Ribon, New York ; J. M. Munoz, New York ; J. R.
de la Espriella, New York.

Egypt — His Highness Prince Mohammed Tawfic Pacha, President, Cairo;
His Excellency Cherif Pacha, Minister of Commerce, Vice-President, Cairo ;
H. Brugsch Bey, Commissioner-General, Cairo. Commissioners — General
Stone, Cairo ; M. Mahmoud Bey, Astronomer, Cairo ; M. Mariette Bey, Director
of the Museums of Antiquities, Cairo ; M. Gastinel Bey, Professor in the Medical
School, Cairo; M. Rogers, Director in the Ministry of Public Instruction,
Cairo ; M. Acton, Chief of Division, Ministry of Commerce, Cairo ; M. Baudry,
Architect, Cairo ; M. Delchevalerie, Attache, Cairo.

Resident Members in Philadelphia — H. Brugsch Bey, Cairo, Commissioner-
General ; Brugsch, Cairo, Chief of Transportation and Installation ; Behmert,
Attache, Cairo, Secretary; Edward Elias, Cairo, Secretary and Interpreter;
M. Danninos, Attache, Cairo.

France — M. M. Ozenne, Counsellor of State, Secretary-General of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Commissioner-General of International
. Exhibitions; Du Somraerard, Director of the Museums of Thermes and Cluny,
Commissioner-General of International Exhibitions.

Committee — Organized under the Presidency of the Minister of Agriculture and
Commerce — M. Duclerc, Vice-President of the National Assembly, member of
the Committee on International Exhibition?; Marquis de Tulhouet, Deputy ;
Baron de Soubeyran, Deputy ; Mr. Wolowski, Deputy ; ^larquis de Lafayette,
Deputy ; M. Bonnet, Deputy ; M. Flotard, Deputy ; M. Laboulaye, Deputy ; M.
Dietz-Monin, Deputy; M. Count de Bouille, Deputy ; Viscount d'Haussonville,
Deputy ; M. De Chabrol, Deputy ; M. Jullien, Deputy ; the Secretary-General
of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the Director-General of Customs,
the Director of the Academy of Fine Arts, the Director of Consulates and
Commercial Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; M. Outrey, Minister
Plenipotentiary ; M. Du Sommerard, Director of the Museum of Thermes and
31uny, the As^sistant Director of Foreign Commerce, the President of the Paris
Chamber of Commerce; M. Guillaume, member of the Institute; Marquis de
Rochambeau, Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, M. Sieber, M. Mame (Alfred),
M. Laveissiere (Jules), Dealer in Metals; M. Roulleaux Dugage, Secretary;
M. de Fallois, late Chief of Bureau, Ministry of Public Works, Assistant
Secretary. Pesident Commissioners — Mr. de Laforrest, Consul-General of
France, Commissioner-General, New York ; Mr. Ravin d'Elpeux, Vice-Consul,
Philadelphia ; Capt. Anfrye, Military Attache, French Legation, Washington.

German Empire — Dr. Jacobi, Royal Prussian Actual Privy-superior Gov-
ernment Counsellor and Ministerial Director, President ; Dr. Stuve, Royal Prus-
sian Privy-Government Counsellor and Counsellor in the Ministry of Commerce ;
Dr. Wedding, Royal Prussian Counsellor of Mines ; Mr. Reither, Royal Bava-

236 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

rian Counsellor of Legation ; Mr. Von Nostitz-Wallwitz, Royal Saxon Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ; Baron Von Spitzeraberg, Royal
Wurtemburg Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ; Dr. Neid-
hardt, Grand Ducal Hessian Ministerial Counsellor; Mr. Kauffmann, Royal
Prussian Counsellor of Commerce ; Dr. Kruger, Hanseatic Minister Resident;
Mr. Von Holloben, Royal Prussian Superior Tribunal Counsellor ; Mr. Nieber-
ding, Counsellor in the Office of the Chancellor of the Empire; Baron Von
Zedlitz, Royal Prussian Provincial Counsellor. Resident Commissioners —
John D. Lankenau, Esq., Pliiladelphia; Charles H. Meyer, Esq., Consul,
Philadelphia; Gustavus Remak, Esq., Philadelphia; Dr. Fred. Voick, Baltimore.

Great Britain and Colonies — His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K. G.,
Lord-President of the Council. Joint Execuiivi Commissioners — Col. Herbert
Sandford, R. A., Professor Thomas C. Archer, F. R. S. E., A.J. R. Trendell, Esq.,
Secretary, Philadelphia. Superintendents — T. A. Wright, Industrial Depart-
ment ; John Anderson, LL. D., Machinery Department ; B. T. Brandreth Gibbs,
Agricultural and Horticultural Departments; J. M. Jopling, Fine Art Depart-
ment; J. H. Cundall, Engineer, Philadelphia. Clerical Assistants — Hugh
Willoughby Sweny, Ernest Charrington, Philadelphia ; Ernest E. Cooper, Phila-
delphia ; John M. Brett, Philadelphia.

Canada— Senator-Luc Letellier de St. Just, Minister of* Agriculture, Presi-
dent, Ottawa. Honorary Commissioners — Hon. Adam Crooks, Provincial
Treasurer, Ontario; Hon. P. A. Garneau, Minister of Agriculture, Quebec;
Hon. P. Carteret Hill, Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. J. J. Eraser,
Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. L. C. Owen, Attorney-General,
Prince Edwards Island ; Hon. W. J. Armstrong, Minister of Agriculture, British
Columbia ; Hon. Mr. Nolin, Minister of Agriculture, Manitoba. Executive Com'
missioners — Hon. E. G. Penny, Senator, Montreal, Quebec; Hon. R. D. AVilmot,
Senator, Sanbury, New Brunswick ; D. Macdougall, Esq., Berlin, Ontario ; J.
Perrault, Esq., Secretary, Ottawa.

New South Wales — His Honor Sir James Martin Knight, Chief Justice,
President ; Hon. John Hay, President of the Legislative Council, Vice-President;
Hon. George Wigram Allen, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Vice-Presi-
dent ; Hon. Sir Edward Deas Thomson, C. B., K. C. M. G., M. L. C, Vice-
President. Comynissioners — The Rev. Charles Badham, D. D., Samuel Bennett,
Esq., James Byrnes, Esq., R. W. Cameron, Esq., The Hon. G. H. Cox, M. L. C,
J. R. Fairfax, Esq., Andrew Garran, Esq., LL. D., Hon. S. D. Gordon, M. L C,
Henry Halloran, Esq., Edw. S. Hill, Esq., Hon. Thomas Hoet, M. L. C, P. A.
Jennings, Esq., G. W. Lord, Esq., M. P., Hon. Sir William Macarthur, Knight,
M. L. C, William Macleay, Esq., F. L. S., T. S. Mort, Esq., Benjamin Palmer,
Esq., Mayor of Sidney ; Commander Thomas Stackhouse, R. N., Alexander
Stuart, Esq., M. P., George Thornton, Esq., J. P., William Wallis, Esq., James
Watson, Esq., M. P., Hon. J. B. Watt, M. L. C, Fitz William Wentworth, Esq.,
J. H. Williams, Esq., John Williams, Esq., W. C. Windeyer, Esq., Robert
Wisdom, Esq., M. P., John Woods, Esq., W^illiam Wolfen, Esq., Charles
sRobinson, Esq., Secretary.

Victoria — Sir Redmond Barry, Acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,
President ; Hon. J. J. Casey, M. P., Hon. J. F. Sullivan, M. P., Hon. C. J. Jenner,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 237

M. L. C, James Munro, Esq., J. Mcllwraith, Esq., L. J. Sherrard, Esq., Count
de Castelnau, Hon. S. H. Bindon, James Bosisto, Esq., M. P., James Gatehouse,
Esq., Mayor of Melbourne ; J. I. Bleasdale, D. D., Hon. Sir John O'Shanassy,
K. C. M. G., Hon. Sir James McCulloeh, M. P., Hon. John Alexander Mac-
pherson, M. P., Hon. John Thomas Smith, M. P., Leslie James Sherrard, Esq.,
John Danks, Esq., George Collins Levey, Esq., Secretary.

South Australia (Adelaide) — His Excellency, A. Musgrave, Esq., C. M. G.,
Cliairman ; Hon. AV. Everard, Commissioner of Crown Lands ; Hon. H. E. Bright,
M. L. C, J. P., Commissioner of Public Works ; Hon. John Crozier, M. L. C, J. P.,
Hon. Wentwood Cavanagh, Esq., M. P., J. P., Hon. Josiah Boothly, Esq., J. P.,
Hon. E. W. Andrews, Esq., J. P., Hon. S. Davenport, Esq., J. P., Hon. Joseph
Crompton, Esq., J. P., Hon. George McEwan, Esq., J. P., Dr. Schomburg, D. P.,
J. P., Caleb Peacock, Esq., J. P., E. D. Ro.=^.s, Esq., M. P., J. P., E. S. Smith,
Esq., M. P., J. P., Walter Hackel, Esq., I. A. Holden, Esq., J. P., S. V. Pozey,
Esq., C. J. Coates, Esq., F. G. Waterhouse, Esq., C. I. Coates, Honorary Secretary.

Cape of Good Hope — Mr. C. Crawford Coate.s, Executive Commissioner
and Agent, Philadelphia.

Greece — Dr. Botassis, Special Representative, Consul-General, New York.

Guatemala and Salvador — His Excellency Don Yincente Dardon,
Minister Plenipotentiary, Wa.shington, D. C.

Honduras— Governor Don Francisco Bardales, General Don E. de Salignac,
Don Jose Maria Fiallos, Don Juan Ramon Yalenzuela. JResident Commissioners — ■'
Don Yincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. ; T.
Ansoatigin, Consul, New York.

Italy — H. E. Baron Blanc, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. ;
Count B. Litta, First Secretary of Legation, Washington, D. C. ; M. Angelo
Gianelli, Agent, Philadelphia.

Japanese Empire — His Excellency Okubo Toshimichi, Minister of the
Interior and Privy Counsellor, President; His Excellency Lieutenant-General
Saigo Yorimichi, Imperial Army, Yice-President ; Mr. Kawase Hideharu,
Yice-President Bureau of Agriculture and Industry, Commissioner-General •,
Mr. Tanaka Yoehio, Minister of the Interior ; Mr. Sekizawa Akekio, Bureau
of Industry; Mr. Yamataka Nobuakira, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Shioda
Masashi, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Ishihara Toyoyasu, Bureau of Industry ;
Mr. Ishida Tametake, Bureau of Industry ; ^Mr. Yamao Tsunetaro, Bureau of
industry ; Mr. Kubo Hiromichi, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Notomi Skejiro,
Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Shibata Hircshi, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Makiyama
Kolie, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Ishii Yoshitaka, Bureau of Industry ; Mr.
Asahi Nobori, Ministry of the Interior ; Mr. Kawara Noritachi, Bureau of
Industry; Mr. Sasashe Motoakira, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Takeda, Bureau
of Agriculture and Industry ; Mr. Sugiyama Katsunari, Bureau of Agriculture
and Industry; Mr. Hitaka Giro, Lieutenant Imperial Army ; Mr. Omori Ichiu,
Bureau of Agriculture and Industry ; Mr. Asami Tadatsune, Bureau of Agri-
culture and Indu.stry ; Mr. Fukui Mokoto, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry ;
Mr. Fritz Cunlifie Owen, Attache, Philadelphia.

Liberia — J. S. Payne, Esq., Monrovia; Edward 8. Morris, Esq., Consul,
Philadelphia.

238 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Mexico — Mr. Romero Rubio, President, city of Mexico; Ramon y Alcaraz,
city of Mexico ; Gabriel Mancera, city of Mexico ; Rafael Martinez de la
Torre, city of Mexico ; Julio Zarate, city of Mexico ; Antonio del Castillo, city
of Mexico ; Sebastian Camacho, city of Mexico ; Eduardo E. Zarate, Secretary,
city of Mexico. Special Commissioner, Mr. E. Avila, Washington, D. C.

Netherlands — Dr. E. H. von Baumhauer, Honorary Professor, Secretary
of the Dutch Society of Sciences, Director of the Society for the Advancement
of Industry in the Netherlands, President, Haarlem ; F. de Casembroot, Rear
Admiral Aid-de-camp in Extraordinary Service to His Majesty the King of
the Netherlands, and Member of the States General, Second Chamber, Tlie
Hague; A. H. Eigeman, Industrial President of the Society of Dutch Indus-
trials, Leiden ; P. Harsten, Chairman of the Amsterdam Board of Commerce,
Amsterdam ; J. E. Van Heemskerck Van Beest, Dutch Royal Navy, The
Hague; Dr. W. T. A. Jonckbloet, President of the Committee of Superin-
tendence of the Academy of Imitative Arts, Amsterdam ; D. Van der Kel-
len, Jr., Member of the Administration Society Arti et Amicituz, Amsterdam ;
L. C. Van Kerkwyk, Pensioned Lieutenant-Colonel Corps of Engineering,
Member of the Council of Administration of the Royal Institution of En-
gineers, The Hague; M. M. de Monchy, President of the Board of Commerce,
Rotterdam; Dr. J. Th. Mouton, Vice President of the Society to Promote
Manufactures and Trade- Industry in the Netherlands, The Hague; C. T. Van
der Oudermeulen, President of the Dutch Society of Agriculture, The Hague ;
Baron AV. G. Brantsen van de Zyp, LL. D,, Lord in Waiting to His Majesty
the King of the Netherlands, Arnheim ; Dr. M. W. C. Gori, Doctor of Medi-
cine, late Medical Officer of the Netherlands Army, Ophthalmic Surgeon,
Amsterdam; R. C. Burlage, Consul-General of the Netherlands, New York;
L. Westergaard, Consul of the Netherlands, Philadelphia ; C. Muysken, Civil
Engineer, Secretary, Haarlem.

Norway— Herman Baars, Bergen; William C. Christopherson, Buenos
Ayres; Gerhard Gade, United States Consul, Christiania.

Peru— Jose Carlos Tracy, President, New York ; Frederick L. Barreda,
Edward Villena, Charles Nasy.

Russia— Privy Councillor Butoffsky, President; Privy Councillor Kobeko,
Director; Councillor of State Yermakof, Vice- Director of the Department of
Commerce and Manufactures; Councillor of State Vijshnegradsky, Director
of the Technological Institute; Councillor of State, Beilsky, Special Official
Department of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General; Coun-
cillor of State Podobiedof, Director of Section Department of Commerce and
Manufactures ; Councillor of State Ilin, Professor in the Technological Insti-
tute; Councillor of State Behr, Special' Official, Ministry of Finance; Coun-
cillor of the College Timiriazef, Director of Section Department of Commerce
and Manufactures.

Sandwich Islands— Hon. S. G. Wilder, Minister of the Interior, Honolulu;
Hon. J. U. Kawainui ; Elisha H. Allen, Jr., New York.

SiAM — J. H. Chandler, Commissioner, Bangkok.

Spain — Colonel Lopez Fabra, Royal Commissioner-General ; Don Joaquin
Oliver, Secretary ; Don Alvarado de la Gandara, Director of the Industrial

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 239

Department ; Count del Donadio, Director of the Department of Fine Arts ;
Don Jose Jordana y Morera, Director of the Agricultural Department. Chiefs
of Bureaus — Don Enrique Brotons, Don Alfredo Escobar, Don Enriqiie Borrell.
CJiiefs of Installation — Don Bernardo Forzano, Don Francisco Foranzo, Don
Francisco Parody, Interpreter; Don Juan Morphy, Consul General of Spain,
Member of the Commission ; Don Julian A. Principe, Vice-Consul, Attache;
Don jSIiguel Gonzales, Attaclife ; Don Jose Fonrodona, Attache.

Sweden— P. A. Bergstrom, late Minister of Interior, President Board of
Domains, President, Stockholm ; C. O. Troilius, Director-General of Govern-
ment Kailways, Vice-President, Stockholm ; F. L. von Dardel, Director-
General Board of Public Buildings, Stockholm ; Ch. Dickson, M.D., Goteborg ;
Baron A. H. E. Fock, Chief of Board of Controls, Stockholm ; Professor F. W.
Scholander, Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm; C. F. Lundstrom, Manufac-
turer, Stockholm; N. H. Elfving, Consul-General, Stockholm; S. Stenberg,
Professor Carolinian Medico-Chirurgical Institution, Stockholm ; A. R Acker-
man, Professor of School of Mines, Stockholm ; J. Bolinder, Manufacturer,
Stockholm ; J. Lenning, Manufacturer, Norrkoping ; C. L. Lundstrom, Manu-
facturer, Goteborg; Ch. G. Breilholtz, Colonel of Artillery, Stockholm; K.
Peyron, Captain in the Navy, Chamberlain, Stockholm; E. AVidraark, Chief
of the Board of Public Education, Stockholm ; H. "NVidcgren, Superintendent
of Fisheries, Stockholm ; P. E. Sidenbladh, Secretary of the Central Board
of Statistics, Stockholm; Y. Norman, Captain of Engineers, Secretary, Stock-
holm ; E. Brusewitz, Engineer, Mining and Metallurgy.

Resident Commissioners in Philadelphia— C. Juhlin Dannfelt, Commissioner-
General, Stockholm ; L. Westergaard, Consul, Assistant Commissioner, Phila-
delphia ; Dr. J. Ph. Lindahl, Secretary, Lund ; M, Issens, Architect, Stock-
holm; W. Hoflfstedt, Engineer, Stockholm; A. E. Jacobi, Engineer, Stock-
holm.

Special Commissioners — C. J. Meijerberg, Superintendent of Primary Schools,
Educational Department, Stockholm ; G. W. Bergman, Captain of Artillery,
Army Department, Stockholm ; Baron O. Hermelin, Fine Art Department,
Stockholm.

Switzerland — Colonel H. Rieter, Commissary-General, "Winterthur; Dr.
Emile Schumacher, Assistant Commissioner ; N. I. Andersson, Professor Royal
Academy of Science, Educational Department ; Arnold Steinmann, Secretary
of Commerce, Zurich ; Dr. Adolph Hirsoh, Director of the Observatory, Neuf-
chatel; Colonel Siegfried, Chief of the Federal Topographical Bureau, Berne;
Dr. Frederic de Tochndi, St. Gall; Mr. Edward Guyer, Secretary-General,
Zurich ; Mr. John Icely, Engineer, Basle; Mr. Rud. Koradi, Consul, Resident
Commissioner, Philadelphia.

Tunis — His Excellency Sidi Heussein, General of Division, Minister of
Instruction and Public Works, President.

Turkey — His Excellency G. d'Aristarchi, Minister Plenipotentiary, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Venezuela — Mr. Leon de la Cova, Consul, 218J Walnut street, Philadel-
phia , Dr. Adolphus Ernst, Professor University at Caracas.

CHAPTER VII.

GETTING TO THE EXHIBITION — ACCOMMODATIONS FOR

VISITOPtS.

Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia — Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors
by the Railroads of the United States — Settlement of the Question of Fares —
Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia — How to reach
the Exhibition Grounds from the city — The Pennsylvania Railroad — Mag-
nificent equipment of the Road — The Model Railroad of the Union —
Arrangements of the Pliihidelphia & Reading Railroad— The Schuylkill
Steamboats — The Street Railway arrangements — Cabs and Carriages — Reg-
ulations concerning them— The Philadelphia Hotels— Their Capacity for
accommodating Guests — The Centennial Lodging-House Agency — Boarding
Houses — Suburban Hotels — Circular of the Centennial Commission with
reference to Accommodations for Visitors.

IT HE opening of the Centennial Exhibition has naturally
drawn thousands of visitors to Pliiladelphia. As thou-
sands are yet to come, it will be both interesting and
useful to glance for a moment at the means provided
by the various railroad lines of the country for reaching
Philadelphia, at the means of reaching the Exhibition grounds
from the city, and at the arrangements that have been made
for accommodating the vast throng of strangers who will
crowd the city of Philadelphia during the continuance of the
Exhibition.

The arrangements for. transporting visitors from the various
parts of the country to Philadelphia are admirable. The bulk
of the passenger traffic is controlled by the Pennsylvania Rail-
road, the most perfect organization of its kind in this country.
By its main line visitors are brought from all parts of the West,
and are set down at the Exhibition doors. By its New
Jersey Division visitors from New York and the Eastern State?
are brought to the same spot. This company has granted the
240 .* .

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 241

use of the new depot it has erected opposite the Exhibition
grounds to the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail-
road, by which visitors from South and Southwest may reach
the Exhibition. The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Com-
pany have erected a new passenger station within the limits
of the Park,, at the foot of the hill on which Memorial Hall
stands. Passengers from central Pennsylvania and the AVest
can reach the Exhibition gates by this road, without loss of
time.

The officials of all the railroads terminating in Philadelphia
were busy for months preparing for the increased amount of
travel which the Exhibition w^ould draw to that citv. Their
tracks were overhauled and put in order ; new cars were built ;
and every arrangement made by which the comfort and safety
of large bodies of travellers could be secured. By the arrange-
ments now in force 145,000 visitors can be transported daily
from the various points of the Union to Philadelphia.

A few months before the opening of the Exhibition a meeting
of the General Ticket Agents of the great trunk lines between
Philadelphia and the West was held at Louisville, Kentucky,
to consider the question of fares. Nearly every principal road
in the Union was represented, one hundred agents being in
attendance. They agreed upon a rate which may be generall"
stated as follows :

To New York. Phila. Phi la. via N. Y.

Reduction. Reduction. Increase.

From Detroit » . .25 p. c $1 §1

" Toledo 25 p. c 1 1

" Cleveland 25 p. c 1 1

" Crestline 25 p. c 1 1

" Columbus 25 p. c 1 1

" Cincinnati 25 p. c 1 1

The round-trip tickets to New York from the above places
may be sold at points west thereof, and east of Omaha, and at
competitive points south of the Ohio river, at a reduction of 25
per cent, from convention rates ; to Philadelphia at $1 less than
round-trip rates to New York ; to Philadelphia via New York
at $1 more ; and from territory east of those points the basis of
16

SCENE AT ALLEGRIPPAS, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

242

THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 243

reduced rates aud limit for round-trip tickets is to be fixed by
trunk lines, and from competitive points between trunk lines in
said territory the rate to Philadelphia via New York is to be
two dollars less than rates to Philadelphia by direct or short
line.

Fares from the principal points in the East have been
reduced twenty-five per cent, for the round trip.

The Pennsylvania Railroad, in order to accommodate the
enormous traffic between that city and Philadelphia, will
run on the New York aud Philadelphia branch, during the
continuance of the Exhibition, two regular excursion trains
daily, in addition to the usual express and mail trains; and
will also sell round-trip tickets good for all trains, except "the
limited express,'' at reduced rates. Tickets, good only for the
day of issue, will be sold at $4 for the round trip ; tickets good
for fifteen days at $5. The first daily Centennial excursion train
is second-class, and leaves New York at 5.25 in the morning,
arriving at the Exhibition grounds at 9.30 A. M. Second-class
round-trip tickets for this train cost $3. Third-class tickets
will also be issued for this train, the round trip costing $2.
Third-class passengers will be supplied with box cars provided
with hard seats, and will not have an opportunity to start on
the return trip until after 7 P. m. They will thus have nine
hours of daylight for the Exhibition. The first-class excursion
train, to which will be attached second-class cars, will leave
New York daily, at 6.25 A. M., arriving at the Exhibition
grounds daily at 9.30, the returning time being an hour less
than that of the second-class excursion train. First-class round
tickets, good only on the day of issue, will be ^4; second-class
tickets, $3. Half-rate excursion tickets are to be sold for chil-
dren between the ages of five and twelve years.

The new line from New York to Philadelphia, by way of the
North Pennsylvania and New Jersey Central roads, will not
run excursion trains, but round trip tickets will be sold, good
for one day at $4 ; good for fifteen days at $5. This road does
not extend to the Centennial grounds, but passengers by it can
connect with the cheap trains of the Pennsylvania road between

244 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Kensington and the Exhibition. The connection is made at the
North Penn junction on the Pennsylvania Raih'oad.

The Philadelphia, Wihiiington & Baltimore Railroad will
run an excursion train from Baltimore daily during the Exhibi-
tion. The train will leave Baltimore at 6 o'clock A. M., and
will arrive at the Pennsylvania Railroad depot opposite the
Exhibition gates at 9.30. Returning, it will leave the Penn-
sylvania depot at 6.55 P. M., and will reach Baltimore about
10.30 P. M., giving visitors an entire day at the Exhibition.
The round trip fare by this train will be $4. By the regular
trains round trip tickets good for two days will be $5.

The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad will also run several
daily excursion trains from Reading, Allentown, Bethlehem,
and other points on the main line at reduced rates.

Thus it will be seen that there is ample accommodation for
all who choose to visit Philadelphia during the Exhibition.

The most interesting question to the stranger in Philadelphia
is how to reach the Exhibition grounds. From what follows
it will be seen that the transportation facilities are fully equal
to any demand that may be made upon them.

The Exhibition buildini^s are located on the west bank of the
Schuylkill, about two and a half miles from the centre of the
city. The Schuylkill is crossed by ten bridges, all of which
can be used as approaches to the Centennial grounds. Four of
these are used exclusively by steam railroads, a fifth by a steam
railroad and horse vehicles, and the remaining five by horse
vehicles and pedestrians.

The Pennsylvania Hailroad will run excursion trains from
the Kensington depot as follows :

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

Centennial Accommodation Trains.

On Wednesday, May 10th, and thereafter, trains will be run from Kensington
to tlie Centennial Depot, as follows :

Leave Kensington at 6, 6.25, 7, 7.30, 8, 8.30, 9.05, 9.30, 10, 10.45, and
11.55 A. M., and at 12.30, 1, 1.35, 2, 5.40, 6.10 and 6.40 p. m.

Leave Germantown Junction at 6.23, 6.48, 7.23, 7.53, 8.23, 8.53, 9.28, 9.53,
10.23, 11.08 A. M., and 12.18, 12.53, 1.23, 1.58, 2.23, 6 and 7 p. m.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 245

Arrive Centennial Depot at 6.35, 7, 7.35, 8.05, 8.35, 9.05, 9.40, 10.05, 10.35
and 11.20 A. m., and 12.30, 1.05, 1.35, 2.10, 2.35, 6.10, 6.40 and 7.10 p. m.

Returning, leave Centennial Depot at 6.45, 7.45, 8, 8.15, 8.45, 9.15, 10, 10.30
A. M., and 12 m., and 12.30, 1.15, 4.50, 5.20, 5.50, 6.20, 6.50 and 7.4C p. m.

These trains stop at Frankford road and Ridge avenue.

Fare for single trip, 15 cents ; round trip, 25 cents. Cliildren between the
ages of five and twelve, single trip, 10 cents; round trip, 15 cents.

Tickets sold at Kensington, Germantown Junction, and at Centennial Depot.
Conductors sell tickets from stations where there are no agents. Exchange
tickets sold on street cars at 20 cents ; children, 15 cents, good in either direc-
tion on Centennial trains.

The same road will also run excursion trains from tlic south-
ern part of the city, leaving Washington street wharf, and
stopping at Broad street, the United States Arsenal, and AA^est
Philadelphia, as follows :

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

WasJiington Avenue Centennial Accommodation Trains.

On .and after Wednesday, May 10th, trains will run from Washington street
wharf to the Centennial Depot as follows:

Leave Washington street wharf at 8, 8.30, 9, 9.30, 10, 10.30 A. M., and 12 M.,
and 1, 1.30, 2, 3, 3.30 p. m.

Trains stop at Broad street, United States Arsenal and West Philadelphia.

Returning, leave Centennial Depot at 8.55, 9.25, 9.55, 10.25, 10.55, 11.25
A. M., and at 12.55, 1.55, 4.30, 4.55, 5.25, 5.55, 6.30 and 7 p. M.

Rates of Fare : Single trip, 15 cents ; round trip, 25 cents. Children between
five and twelve years, single trip, 10 cents ; round trip, 15 cents. Exchange
tickets are sold on street cars, full rate, 20 cents; half rate, 15 cents, good in
cither direction on Centennial trains. Tickets between "Washington platform,
West Philadelphia and Centennial Depot, 7 cents, or ten tickets for fifty cents.
Tickets are sold at all stopping-places of trains. Five cents additional to above
rates charged when fare is paid on the cars.

The extraordinary arrangements made by the Penns^^lvania
Railroad for transporting passengers from all parts of the Union
to Philadelphia will warrant a brief reference to this great
"American institution," at this point. It was begun in 1846
and completed in 1854. " It was," says Mr. Sipes, in his inter-
esting account of the road, "constructed in a superior manner,
and with the improvements since made, is undoubtedly the most
perfect road in America. Notwithstanding it had to overcome

246 THE JJ.LUSTRATED HISTORY.

the great Allegheny mountains, a barrier which for a quarter
of a century had been considered insurmountable by a railroad
without inclined planes, yet it was carried across by engineering
skill wilh a facility really astonishing. The road commences a
gradual ascent at Harrisburg, where it is 310 feet above tide,
and rises regularly. At Lewistown it is 480 feet above tide ; at
Huntingdon it has ascended to 610 feet; at Tyrone it has
climbed to an altitude of 886 feet; and at Altoona, where it
reaches the base of the mountain proper, it is at an elevation of
1168 feet. Up to this point the heaviest gradient per mile has
not exceeded twenty-one feet. From a short distance west of
Altoona this gradient is increased to ninety-five feet per mile
on straight lines, and eighty-two feet per mile on curves. Thus
ascending, it reaches its culminating point at the west end of the
great tunnel, where its altitude above tide is 2161 feet. Its
maximum gradient is twenty-one feet per mile less than the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is equalled by several rail-
roads in the New England States. The highest gradient' west
of the tunnel is fifty-two and eight-tenths feet per mile, and the
average gradient on that end is twenty-six and four-tenths feet
per mile. At Johnstown the elevation above tide is 1184 feet;
at Greensburg it is 1091 feet; and at Pittsburgh it is 748 feet,
beino- 438 feet higher at its western terminus than at Harris-
burg, where it commences to overcome the barrier presented by
the mountains.''

The Pennsylvania Railroad extends from Philadelphia to
Pittsburgh, with a number of branches, giving it a total mileage
of 888 miles. By the purchase of the New Jersey, Camden &
Amboy, and Philadelphia & Erie Railroads, an additional mile-
age of 763 miles was gained, making the total number of miles
owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1651, and
giving it outlets at New York and upon Lake Erie. A number
of branches or feeders had been acquired west of Pittsburgh, by
lease and purchase, extending the line of the road to Chicago,
St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Louisville. In order to simplify and
render more efficient the management of these western connec%
tions, a charter was procured '^rom the Legislature of Pennsyl^

ft
<
o

p
o

247

248 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

vania incorporating the "Pennsylvania Company," to which all
the interests of the Pennsylvania Railroad west of" Pittsburgh
\vere transferred on the 1st of March, 1871. The Pennsylvania
Railroad retained a controlling interest in the new company.
The total number of miles of road owned and controlled bv the
''Pennsylvania Company " is 1715. .The Pennsylvania Rail-
road has also a controlling interest in the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati
& St. Louis Railroad, better known as "The Panhandle
Route," which with its connections embraces a total of 1150
miles, and in the St. I^ouis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indian-
apolis Railroad, with a mileage of 238 miles. Thus the total
number of miles of railroad owned, operated, or controlled by
the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is GG15. It will be seen
from this showing that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is
the largest and most ])owcrful corporation in the world.

The main line of the Pennsylvania road is in all respects the
most s]>lendid piece of railroad engineering in America. The
road-bed is perfect and the track is laid with a solidity and
care that render a high rate of speed compatible with safety.
The discipline is of the most rigid and thorough character, and
a faithful performance of duty is exacted from ev^ery employd.
The rolling stock is mainly constructed at the company's shops
at Altoona. The passenger trains are supplied with the " West-
inghouse Air-brake," and are lighted with gas. The cars are
handsome and are luxuriously upholstered. The sleeping and
parlor cars are of the Pullman class, and "Pullman Hotel
Cars," in which meals are furnished passengers while the train
is in motion, have recently been placed on the line. Tiie
"AVharton Patent Switch" is used on the entire line, and
furnishes a perfect guard against accidents from misplaced
switches.

"Another improvement in use upon the road is the Trade
Tank, which enables a locomotive to supply itself with water
while the train is in motion. This is an English invention,
and in practice here is found to work satisfactorily. Hereto-
fore much .time has been lost by the frequent stoppages neces-
sary to fill the water-tank ; and, in consequence, express trains

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

249

had to acquire an extremely high rate of speed between stations
to make up for this loss. As now arranged, but two stoppages
are necessary between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh — at Harris-
burg, after a run of one hundred and five miles, and at Al-
toona, after a run of one hundred and thirty-two miles, leaving
a run of one hundred and seventeen miles to Pittsburgh.^'

The tank is a trough of wood laid in the centre of the track,
and is about eighteen inches in width and six inches in depth,
with an inclined plane at each end from the bottom to the top

TRACK TANK, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

of the tank. It is filled with clear water. As the locomotive
reaches the first end of the tank, a pipe is let down which slides
down the inclined plane into the trough. The momentum of
the train forces the water through this pipe up into the reser-
voir of the tender. As the end of the tank is reached the
pipe slides up the incline, and is caught up in its place in the
tender.

The great number of fast trains which pass over the main

250 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

line and the New Jersey Division daily have induced the com-
pany, as an additional measure of safety, to adopt the system
of Block Signals. As this system will be of the deepest in-
terest to the thousands who will this year owe their safety
to it, we present an account of it as conducted on the New
York Division, merely adding that the system is the same
on the main line. "The whole line is divided into sections
of two or three miles in length, and each subdivision is sup-
plied with telegraph operators and signal men on constant
duty. At the commencement of each section is placed a frame
or apparatus for displaying signal-targets or lights, and by
these the engineers are guided with perfect safety, when other-
wise it would be necessary to intrust the lives of the travelling
public to the probabilities of all trains being on time, or all
conductors knowing the full extent of their duty. The manner
in which these signals are classified and read is exceedingly
simple. When the section is entirely clear,'a white light or
target is shown ; but when the train enters a section — or
' block,' as it is termed — a red one is displayed, and this indi-
cates that no other train can follow until the white color shows
that the division is again clear. Presuming that a train has
just entered a 'block,' and the red light debars all others from
immediately following, let us in imagination whirl along with
the moving cars and note the next movement. Only a few
moments are required to pass over the block, and as the white
light at the next section is displayed the iron horse speeds
rapidly on from the first division to the second. The instant
it passes the line the fact is telegraphed back to the commence-
ment of the block, the red light is superseded by the white, and
the next train dashes in. Before the rear train has cleared the
first block the first engine has passed into the third section,
and, as the telegraph says and the white light indicates that the
second block is again clear, the rear train can speed along into
the second without danger. Thus section after section is occu-
pied by train after train, and as they dash onward there is a
constant pulsation of intelligence all along the line between the
two cities, of which the passengers on the trains are totally

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 251

unconscious. They do not realize, as they sweep on with the
speed of the wind, that their every movement is recorded by
the finger of electricity, shooting back and forth with the
velocity of light. Should any delay occur the trains would be
obliged to stop on whatever block they happened to occupy,
and, as every subdivision of the road belongs to the train -which
is in it at the time, there can be no possibility of collisions or
danger from trains in the rear. When the obstruction is re-
moved the delayed engine passes on, the telegraph notes the
fact, white lights take the place of red, and again all are whirl-
ing along to their destination. Besides the numerous passenger
trains, there is a great number of freight trains constantly in
motion. These have to make their way along as best they can,
being careful to keep always out of the way of passenger trains.
Knowing just what time they can make, and also when the
passenger trains are due at any point, the conductors and
engineers always manage to make some convenient side-track
in time to escape collision. When a freight train is running
on any block or section, a green signal is shown, which indi-
cates that succeeding trains may follow with caution. If the
next train carries passengers, it is the business of the freight to
get out of the way; if it is also a freight train, it will probably
not overtake its predecessor. Some of the principal side-tracks
have telegraph stations at both ends, so that no time need bt
lost by the train hands. There are probably more than fifty
telegraph offices scattered along the ninety miles of road. The
arrangements usually work so perfectly that it is seldom neces-
sary for any train to halt before entering a block. Signal
follows signal in quick succession along the line, indicating
perfect safety upon the crowded highway. At the superin-
tendent's office, in Jersey City, a large chart is kept, on wliich
is marked a record of the progress of each train upon the road
as recorded by telegraph. The officers are thus able to see the
position of affairs at all times. A train cannot be a minute
behind at any station without the fact being instantly known at
head-quarters. It will be seen from this that not only are all
the eno;ineers and conductors in constant cosrnizance of th^

252 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

movement of the trains both ahead and behind them, but their
own position can be determined at a glance by those to whom
they are directly responsible. When, in addition to all these
precautions, it is remembered that, us a general thing, con-
ductors and engineers are intelligent and experienced men,
some adequate idea can be gained of the marvellous progress

BLOCK SIGNAL STATION, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

recently made in the management of the great railroads of the
country."

The scenery on the main line of the Pennsylvania road ha3
long been famous for its beauty. The road is in all respects
the ''Model Railroad of America,'^ and as such will constitute
one of the greatest objects of interest to visitors to the Ex-
hibition.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 253

Thft PhUadelphia d- Reading Railroad constitutes one of
the main lines from the city to the Exhibition grounds. Its
trains start daily from its three depots as follows ;

PHILADELPHIA AND BEADING RAILEOAD.
JSteam Trains to and from Centennial Exhibition daily, commencing May 7 th, 1876.

Leave Broad and Callowhill every fifteen minutes, from S a. m. to 7.45 p. m.

Leave Nintli and Green every fifteen minutes, from 8 A. M. to 7.3U p. m.

Leave Riclimond street every tliirty minutes, from 8.10 a.m. to 7.10 p.m.

Trains will leave Centennial Station at similar intervals.

Broad street trains stop at Eighteenth street, Twenty-third street and Brown
rstreet.

Ninth street trains stop at Girard and Columbia avenues.

Eichmond trains stop at Trenton Crossing, Frankford road, Kensington
avenue, Second street, Tioga street, Nicetown.

Single fare, 15 cents. Package tickets, five for 50 cents. Exchange tickets
^ith street car lines, 15 cents.

A line of steamboats has been established on the Schuylkill
between the landing at old Fairmount and the Exhibition
-grounds. The boats run at intervals often minutes during the
day, and land passengers at the foot of the hill below the Hor-
ticultural building. A broad plank walk has been constructed
from the river to the entrance to the grounds. The fare is ten
■cents each Avay, or fifteen cents for the round trip. This is one
of the pleasantest routes to the Exliibition.

The Street Railroads. — The street railway system of Phila-
delphia is admitted to be the most perfect in the world. All
the prominent lines have extended their tracks to the entrances
to the Exhibition grounds on Elm avenue, and transport pas-
sengers thither from the various parts of the city. A well-
devised system of tracks has been laid on Elm and Belmont
avenues, by which all crowding is prevented, and the cars arrive
and depart w^ithout confusion. It is estimated that three hun-
dred cars per hour may arrive and depart from this point. The
various street car lines transported on the day of the opening of
the Exhibition over 200,000 people without an accident. The
rates of fare are as follows: Single fares, seven cents; four
tickets, twenty-five cents, these tickets being good on all the

254 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

city roads; children under ten years, four cents; exchange
tickets, nine cents.

Exchange tickets are sold by all the conductors (except those
of the Union and Ridge avenue lines) ; so that a person going
north or south can exchange with a car going east or west (or
vice versa) and thereby avoid paying two full fares. All roads
having branch lines give transfer tickets or ^' passes ^^ without
additional charge.

Nisrht cars are run on tfie Chestnut and Walnut streets, Tenth
and Eleventh streets. Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets and
Union lines after midnight. The Market street line also run
cars from the West Philadelphia depot upon the arrival of
trains after midnight. The fare is ten cents, and no exchange
tickets are sold or received on the night cars.

Lines of omnibuses, hacks and other vehicles have been
established between the city and the Centennial grounds. The
following is the city ordinance relating to the rates of fare :

The rates of fare, except when otherwise expressly agreed
upon before starting, are to be as follows :

For carrying one passenger any distance not exceeding one
mile, the sum of seventy-five cents; two passengers, one dollar
and twenty-five cents; and for every additional passenger,
twenty-five cents.

For conveying one passenger any distance more than a mile,
and not exceeding two miles, one dollar and a quarter; two
passengers, one dollar and seventy-five cents, and for every
additional passenger, twenty-five cents.

For carrying a passenger any distance over two miles, for any
additional mile or part of a mile, the sum of fifty cents in ad-
dition to the fare for the first two miles, and for every additional
passenger, fifty cents.

For the use of a carriage by the hour, with one or two pas-
sengers, for the purpose of going from place to place, and
stopping as often as may be required, one dollar and a half per
hour, and for each additional passenger, twenty-five cents.

Where the hirinsr of a hacknev-carria2:e or carria2:es is not at
the time specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to be by

OF THE CE^'TENKIAL EXHIBITION. 255

the mile ; but in case the distance shall be more than four miles,
the rate to be charged for each additional mile shall be fifteen
cents for each passenger, as herein provided. A mile shall be
taken and construed to mean twelve blocks of one hundred
numbers on numbered streets.

Whenever any hackney-carriage or carriages, not engaged by
the hour, shall be detained by the passenger or passengers, the
owner or owners, or driver, shall be allowed at the rate of
5eventy-five cents per hour, in addition to the rates hereby
established.

For children between five and fourteen years of age half price
is only to be charged, and for children under five years of age
no charge is to be made, if not more than one such child to two
adults.

Every driver, or owner or owners, of a hackney-carriage shall
carry, transport, and convey in and upon his carriage, in addi-
tion to the person or persons therein, one trunk, valise, saddle-
bag, carpet-bag, portmanteau, or box, not exceeding one hun-
dred pounds in weight, if requested to do so, without charge or
compensation therefor; but for every additional trunk, or other
articles above enumerated, shall be entitled to demand and re-
ceive ten cents.

It is further provided, that on a card to be conspicuously
placed in each carriage must be printed in English, French,
Spanish and German, the above rules, the registered number of
the coach, and also the name and residence of the o^vner. In
section eighth of the ordinance it is provided, that if any owner
or driver of a coach shall demand or receive any greater sum
than he or they may be legally entitled, all claim for compensa-
tion shall be forfeited.

The Exhibition Transfer Company run a line of fifty or sixty
handsome coaches from the depots and principal hotels to the
main entrance to the Exhibition. Fare fifty cents.

The Hamilton Omnibus Company run also about fifty vehicles
from the principal points in the city to the Exhibition grounds.
Fare fifty cents. It is estimated that the Transfer and Omnibus

256

THE ILT.USTRATED HISTORY

companies and the hacks, cabs and coupes can transport about
60,000 people daily.

Thus it will be seen that the facilities for transporting visitors
at moderate rates from any point in the city to the Exhibition
gates are equal to any demand that may be made upon them.

BRYN MAWR STATION, PENNSYIiVANIA RAILROAD.

With regard to the accommodations for visitors in Phila-
delphia, the most ample arrangements hav^e been made. At
least 150,000 visitors can be provided with comfortable quar-
ters in Philadelphia, at moderate rates. The following is a list

OF THE CEXTE^'XIAL EXHIBITION. 257

of the liotels of Philadelphia, with their locations, capacity for
accommodating visitors, and the prices announced by their
proprietors :

Niini' or tliat Terms
Hotel. Location. Nr.niLer <::i le.a-ctiu- per

o: rouuis. iiiuiii.ii d. daj'.

Continental 9th and Chestnut sts 500.... Io0(' $4.50

Girard House 9th and Chestnut sts .... 400 ..1500 3.50

Colonnade.....' ....T5th and Chestnut sts.... 314 500 3.50-5.00

Trans-Continental Elm and Belmont avs 500 1200 5,00

Globe Elm and Belmont avs... .1000 4000 5.00

La Pierre Broad near Chestnut st. 130 325 3.50-5.00'

St. Cloud Arch ab. 7th st 165 350 3.00

United States 42d and Columbia av. ... 325 600 4.00

Hotel Aubrey 33d and Walnut sts 400 3000 European

Atlas Elm av. op. Machinery

Hall 1500 3000 1.00-3 00

Grand Exposition Girard & Lancaster avs.. 1325 4000 European

Masonic Hall Chestnut ab. 7th st 1000 3.00

St. Stephens' Cliestnut ab. 10th st 118 350... 3.50-5.00

Bingham 11th and Market sts 150 400 3.50

Merchants' Fourth bel. Arch st 300 850 3.00

Washington Chestnut ab. 7th st 200 450 3.00-3.50

American Chestnut ab. 5th st 300 600 3.00

St. Elmo 317 and 319 Arch st 225 500 2^0-3.00

Merchants' House 413 N. 3d st 90 300 European

Mansion House 621 Arch st 100 .. 300.... 3.00-3.50

Irving House 915 Walnut st 140.. 200 3.00-5.00

Central Avenue 831 Market st 125 300.-.. European

Alleghany 814 Market st 150 300.. 2.00-3.00

St. Denis 13th and Walnut sts 100.. 1.50-2.50

Arch Street House 1 Arch st.... 75 200 2.50-3.00

^Montgomery Cth and Willow sts 75 150 2.50

Ridgway House 1 Market st 150 250 2.00-3.00

Revere House 923 Chestnut st 125 200 2.00-3.00

Commercial 826 Market st 150 300 2.00-2.50

Clarendon 8th bel. Chestnut st 50 150 1.00-2.00

Red Lion 472 2d st 125 250 2.00-2.50

Keystone Broad st. opposite New

Masonic Temple 50 100 European

St. George Broad and Walnut sts... 1:5 300 5.00

Petry's X. W. cor. Broad and

Walnut sts 60 European

West End Chestnut ab. 16th st 90 ISO "

Guy's 7th and Chestnut sts .... 60 150 "

Marble Terrace 23d and Chestnut 15 50 "

Eagle 227 N. 3d st 400 600 2.50

Bald Eagle 416 N. 3d st 75 175 1.75-2.25

Barley Sheaf 257 N. 2d st 125 1.75-2.00

Philip Hohl's Hotel Callowhill st. bel. 5th 300 European

258 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Number that Terms
Hotel. Location. Number can he accom- per

of rooms, modated. day.

Penn Manor 8th & Spring Garden sts. 80 300 2.50

Sorrel Horse 268 N. 4th st 35 150

Smedley House 1227 Filbert st 50 150 2.50

White Bear 5th and llace sts 35 80

White Horse 316 N. 3d st 10 20 1.75-2.50

National House 1404 S. Penn Square 10 30 1.50

Howard House 2001 Chestnut st 20 50 1.75-2.50

Johnson's Hotel 1115 Market st 150 1.75-2.5U

Germania 2330 Market st 150

Mercantile 23 S. 10th st 100 European

New Market .1619 Market st 54 150

William Peuii 3S17 Market st 83 150

Pennsylvania Farmers'....346 N 3d st 60 150 1.75-2.50

Lincoln House 319 N. 4th st 15 40 1.75-2.50

London 15 and 17 Darby road..,. 33 100 European

Zeiss' Hotel 820 Walnut st 7U 150

Markoe House 919 Chestnut st 50 150 1.50-4.00

Allen House 1220 Market st 100

Black Bear 425 N. 3d st 63 .. 150 2.00

Black Horse 352 N. 3d st 100 300 2.00

Bull's Head 1205 Market st 200

Binder's Hotel 312 Pace st 60 125....'

Columbia House lllN.Broadst 48 150 2.50

Clinton House 1608 Eidge av 45... 175 2.00-3.00

Davis' Hotel 6 and 8 S. Delaware av. 50 200 2.00

Union Hotel 13l4Archst 100 3.50

Fairmount Avenue Hotel.701 N. 4th st

Tiger 327 Vine st 50 160 2.00

The coaches of the Exhibition Transfer Company run
between each of the above-named hotels and the Exhibition
grounds.

In addition to the hotels, Philadelphia is provided with
numerous boarding-houses, in which thousands will find com-
fortable and cheap accommodations. The Centennial Lodging-
house Agency {Limited), of Philadelphia, has been organized to
provide visitors with a ready and expeditious means of securing
board in the city. Arrangements have been made by this
company with the various boarding-houses of the city to fur-
nish accommodations at a fixed rate. The agency will have
tickets on sale at all the leading railroad offices of the country,
securing the purchaser comfortable accommodations at Phila-
delphia. Upon reaching the city the purchaser will be met on

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 259

i)Oiird the train by the agents of the company, who will give

the necessary information as to the location of the lodgings and

the best means of reaching them, and will attend to the delivery

of baggage. The office of the agency is at 1010 Walnut street.

In addition to the hotels and boarding-houses of the citv, the

vicinity of Philadelphia contains numerous suburban hotels and

summer resorts, situated on the main lines leadinoj direct to the

Exhibition grounds. These offer a delightful place of abode

to summer visitors, and will furnish accommodations at from

.$3.50 to §5 per day, with fair discounts to weekly and monthly

boarders.

SUBUEBAN HOTELS.

Pennsylvania Railroad,

Capacity.

Bryn Mawr Hotel, Bryn Mawr 250

Baum's House, Ardmore 75

White Hall Hotel, Bryn Mawr 80

Summit Grove House, Bryn Mawr 80

Old Buck House, Bryn Mawr 40

Corbin House, Bryn Mawr 25

Brookfield House, Bryn Mawr 20

ShallioU House, Bryn Mawr 15

Bullock House, Bryn Mawr , 25 \

Carr's Boarding-house, Eosemont 50

Harnian's Boarding-house, Eosemont 40

Arthur's Boarding-house, Eosemont 25

Warner's Boarding-house, Eosemont 15

Eachns' Boarding-house, Eosemont 25

McKee's Boarding-house, Villa Nova 7

Deal's Boarding-house, Villa IsTova 5

Marsh's Boarding-house, W^ayne 12

Garrett's Boarding-house, Wayne 35

Zeiss' Boarding-house, Wayne 15

Jones' Boarding-house, Overbrook 10

Maxwell's Boarding-house, Overbrook 15

Smith's Boarding-house, Overbrook 25

Duffield's Boarding-house, Merion 7

Wild Wood Boarding-house, Elm 10

Wayne Hotel, Elm 30

Ardmore Hotel, Ardmore 30

Morgan's House, Ardmore 8

Wildgoss House, Haverford College 20

Eagle Hotel, Eagle 20

260 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

SUBURBAN HOTELS, PENNSYLVANIA K. B.—Conlinued. Capacity.

Eagle Boarding-house, Eagle 50

Bockwood House, Eagle 12

Wild's House, Eagle. 10 ,

Cleaver's House, Keeseville 35

Leeds' House, Eeeseville ^ 10

Stetson's House, Eeeseville 20

Jjobb's House, Keeseville 40

Paoli Hotel, Pjioli 12

Eavenson's House, Paoli 20

Coates' House, Paoli 12

Thompson's House, Paoli 25

Ogden's House, Paoli 15

Beale's House, Green Tree 25

Thomas' House, Malvern 12

Williams' House, Malvern 10

Dunwoody House, Glen Loch 50

Stone's House, Glen Loch 15

Doan's House, Glen Loch 20

Barry's House, Glen Loch 15

Oakland Hotel, Oakland 40

Lionville Hotel, Lionville 20

Lionville Boarding-house, Lionville 10

Pennsylvania Railroad Hotel, Downingtown 50

Hines' House 20

Roberts' House, Downingtown 12

• Total 1170

West Chester Railroad.

Capacity.

Swarthmore College, Swarthmore 350

White Horse, Moore's station 25

Lamb Hotel, near Clifton station 50

Cherry-Tree House, Baltimore turnpike 25

Wallingford station, West Chester 40

Heckley's House, Media 150

Total 640

North Pennsylvania Railroad.

Capacity.

Old York Road Hotel (York road station) 25

Lady Washington (York road station) 20

Eagle (York road station) 22

Sorrel Horse (York road station) 20

Eagle, Jenkintown 25

OF THE CE2sTE2s"2fIAL EXHIBITIOX, 261

SUBURBAN HOTELS, NORTH PENN. R. Ti.-Ci,iiiinued. Capacity.

Union, Jenkintown 20

Welden House, Abington , 25

Montgomery House, Abington 25

Eagle House, Abington 25

Fitzwater House, Edgehill 25

Jarrettown House, Edgehill 25

Fort Washington House iqq

Clifton House, Fort Washington 5q

Ambler Park Hotel qq

William Penn Hotel, Gwynedd 100

Franklinville Hotel, Gwynedd 5q

Lukens' Hotel, North Wales 35

Philadelphia Hotel, North Wales. 50

Central Hotel, Nx)rth Wales. 50

Junction Hotel, Lansdale SO

American Hotel, Lansdale 30

Sackett Hotel, Lansdale 3q

Kulpsville Hotel, Lansdale 30

Hatfield Hotel, Hatfield 25

Franconiaville Hotel, Hatfield 25

Sender's Hotel, Souder's 20

Franconia Square, Sender's, 25

County Line Hotel, Telford 20

Telford Hotel, Telford , \\ * * 22

Washington Hotel, Sellersville 25

Sellersville Hotel, Sellersville 25

White Horse Hotel, Sellersville 25

Bridgetown Hotel, Sellersville. 20

Perkasie Hotel, Perkasie 20

Bush House, Quakertown "^q

Bed Lion, Quakertown 5q

Eagle Hotel, Coopersburg ^

Baldwin Hotel, Coopersburg. 35

Total ^^

Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad.

Capacity.

Eidley Park Hotel 15q

Paschalville Hotel 75

Drove Yard Hotel, near Darby IOq

Blue Bell Hotel, near Darby 30

Crum Lynn Hotel 75

Total.

430

262 THE II.LUSTKATED HISTORY

In addition to the arrangements already made, or being per-
fected, by our city and suburban landlords for the reception
and proper entertainment of the expected throng, the country
for miles around is awakening to the importance of assisting
as far as possible in making the Centennial a success by con-
tributing to the welfare and comfort of those who may over-
run our built-up limits and overflow the surrounding region.
Within a radius of sixty miles from Philadelphia 75,000 per-
sons can be comfortably lodged, housed and fed at the almost
numberless rural homes on the several lines of railway entering
the park from all directions. The facilities afforded by these
lines will permit visitors to enjoy the delights of a summer
residence in the most beautiful portions of the Chester and
Lancaster valleys, and yet be within easy reach of the Cen-
tennial grounds, to which they can be conveyed in almost as
short a space of time as from the heart of the city. The fame of
such charming country-side resorts as Bryn Mawr, Ridley Park,
Media, West Chester, Chester, Haddonfield, Beverly, Burling-
ton, Norristown, etc., etc., and their elegant and spacious hotels,
is known to every Philadelphian, and is suggestive of good fare,
prompt and polite attendance, pleasant company and a hearty
desire on the part of the whilom host to make his guests feel
perfectly at home.

The Centennial Commission, at their recent session, in order
to put an end to the reports of insufficient accommodations for
visitors, issued the following notice to the people of the Union :

"Philadelphia, Pa., May Ath, 1876.
"To the Public:

"The United States Centennial Commission, charged with
the duty on behalf of the United States of preparing and exe-
cuting a plan for holding the United States Centennial Cele-
bration and Exhibition of 1876, notify the public:

That the hotels of Philadelphia will accommodate (above

the present regular occupancy) (guests) . .150,000

Tlie Centennial Lodging-house Agency 20,000

Accommodations by relatives and friends 40,000

Boarding-houses 13,000

OF THE CENTENXIAI. EXHIBITION. 263

Patrons of Husbandry (for Grangers) 5,000

Camp Scott (for military organizations) 5,000

Camp in Fairmount Park (for military) 5,000

Suburban hotels 20,000

"There is no doubt of Philadelphia being able-to entertain,
if necessary, at reasonable prices, 100,000 persons, and, if
farther pressed, to comfortably lodge and care for 200,000
persons. Hotel prices, from §5 to $1.50 per day ; boarding-
houses, from §1 to $2.50 per day; Centennial Lodging-house
Agency lodgings, $1.25 per day; breakfast, supper and lodg-
ings, $2.50 per day.

"Patrons of Husbandry Camp at Elin Station will accom-
modate 5000 persons of that order at §1.50 per day; three
miles, by Pennsylvania Railroad, from Exhibition grounds.
Fare, round trip, 15 cents. Address V. E. Piolett, Elm
Station, Pa.

"Camping-ground for military organizations in Fairmount
Park, under the laws of Pennsylvania, near Exhibition
grounds. Address Adjutant-General J. W. Latta, Harrisburg.

"Camp Scott, for civic and military organization^, one mile
from Exhibition ; fare same as street-car rates. Horses cared
for and furnished, and meals provided. Postal and telegraphic
facilities. Address J. Y. W. Yandenburgh, Camp Scott, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

"As an instance of the preparations for the accommodation
of visitors, the Centennial Lodging-house Agency is mentioned.
It has rooms for 20,000 guests, wdiich can be increased to
50,000. Tickets for lodgii:gs and meals will be sold at all im-
portant points in the country and on all passenger trains
approaching Philadelphia. Persons who have purchased such
tickets will be furnished a card by the train agent, assigning
them to proper quarters. This agency is in the hands of com-
])etent managers. Address Wm. Hamilton, General Superin-
tendent, No. 1010 Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

"By steam and horse cars, Avith present facilities, 20,000
persons per hour can reach the Exhibition from any part of the
city of Philadelphia. If it is necessary, 40,000 persons per
hour can be moved. Fares, 6 J and 9 cents.

264

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 265

'^Tlie Exhibition Transfer Company (Limited), whose agents
will be on all passenger trains, transport by carriage passengers
Avithin limits of four or five miles for 50 cents each; baggage at
like reduced rates. Hundreds of hackmen and omnibus com-
panies, as well as private individuals, will perform the same
service at same rates.

*' One minute after tlie arrival of trains on all main lines
entering Philadelphia, passengers can be within the Exhibition.
We confidently expect that during the year the railroads of the
United States will make such further reductions in their rates
as will enable every person who desires to visit the Exhibition
at a very small expenditure, and thus put the opportunity
within reach of all. Incidentally we note as an evidence of this
the fact that the Pennsylvania Hailroad has ordered a train
between Isew York and Philadelphia at the rate of $2 for the
round trip.

*' The sanitary condition of Philadelphia is good. Eational
amusements have been provided. Arrangements for protection
from fire, thieves, etc., are as nearly perfect as it is possible in
a great city. Within the Exhibition every precaution has
been taken for the safety, comfort, happiness and pleasure of
the public.

"The buildings of the Exhibition are in order. The Exhi-
bition will promptly open on the 10th of May, and is an
assured fact. All preparations have been made on a gigantic
scale. Philadelphia and her citizens have spent millions in
preparing for the reception and care of guests. There is no
disposition or evidence of extortion. Increased business at
usual rates is considered sufficient compensation for the vast
amount of capital and labor expended. Living is as cheap, if
not cheaper, than in any large city in America. Accommoda-
tions are unsurpassed. All grades of society can be accommo-
dated. Railroad and transportation facilities are unequalled.
It now needs but the presence of the public to crown with
triumph the greatest International Exhibition in history, com-
memorating the one hundredth year of the nation's life.

"Acting for the government and the people we invite all to

2G6 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

aid by their presence no less than by their exhibits, and to
come from all parts of the world and meet us at this assemblage

of the nations of the earth.

"J. R. Hawley, President
" For the Commission."

The accommodations are ample for all who will come. No
one need stay away for fear there is not room for him, or that
he will not be comfortable. Tiiere is abundant room, as we
have shown ; the accommodations are excellent, and there is a
hearty welcome for each and all.

Since these pages went into the printer's hands many rumors
have been circulated throughout the country that the visitor to
the Centennial Exhibition is sure to fall a victim to extortion
of all kinds, and that his expenses while in Philadelphia will
average at least ten dollars per day. This is far froui being the
case. Good boafd can be obtained for from six to eight dollars
a week at a comfortable boarding-house ; the admission to the
Exhibition is fifty cents, and covers everything ; so that one can
visit Philadelphia, see the Exhibition comfortably, and have
something left for amusements, for from two and a-half to three
dollars per day. These prices are for comfortable but plain ac-
commodations and fare. Those who are able can of course
increase them according to their means.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION.

Arrangements for the Opening — Programme Issued by the Centennial Com-
mission— Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May — The Opening Day —
The Rush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points — The
Gates Thrown Open — The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene — Arrival of
the President of the United States — Wagner's Centennial March — Bishop
Simpson's Prayer — Whittier's Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude —
Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commission — The Centennial
Cantata — Address of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhi-
bition Open — The Flag Unfurled — The President's Tour Through tlie
Buildings — The Starting of the Great Engine — Scenes in the Exhibition
Grounds — Illumination of the City.

-'^HE 10th of May, 1876, was the day appointed for the
opening of the International Exhibition. On the
8th the Centennial Commission issued the following
order :

UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION,
International Exhibition^ 1876, Philadelphia.

Philadelphia, May Sth, 1876.
The United States Centennial Commission announces the
following orders and programme for the opening of the Inter-
national Exhibition on the 10th instant.

The Commission, with the concurring counsel of the Board
of Finance, instructed its officers to give formal invitations only
to persons in official positions, to those officially connected with
the Exhibition and to members of the press, by reason of the
impossibility of discriminating among the numerous and gen-
erous supporters of the enterprise.

All the gates, except those at the east end of the Main Build-
ing, will be open to the public at 9 A. M. at the established rate

of admission.

267

268 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Main Building, Memorial Hall and Machinery Hall
Avill be reserved for guests and exhibitors until the conclusion
of the ceremonies, about 1 P. M., when all restrictions will be
withdrawn.

The President of the United States will be escorted to the
Exhibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, with a
division or more of troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Invited guests will enter the Main Building from the carriage
concourse at the east end, or by the south-middle entrance on
Elm avenue. The doors will be open to them at 9 A. M. They
will pass to the platform in front of Memorial Hall through the
north-middle doors of the Main Building, and should occupy
their places before 10.15 A. M. All the space in the vicinity of
the platform, save what may be needed for passage, will be open
to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies invited are
provided, and it is expected that they will join the procession
if they choose.

The orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and the chorus
of one thousand voices will be under the direction of Theodore
Thomas, assisted by Dudley Buck.

PROGRAMME.

1. 10.15 A. M. — National Airs by the Orchestra.

2. 10.30— Arrival of the President of the United States.
8. Centennial Inauguration March, by Richard Wagner.
4. Prayer, by the Right Reverend Bishop Simpson.

, 5. Hymn, by John Greenleaf Whittier.

Music, by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts.
Organ and Orchestral accompaniment.

6. Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission by the President of the

Centennial Board of Finance.

7. Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia.

Music, by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut.
Basso Solo, by Myron W. Whitney, of Boston.

8. Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by the

President of the Centennial Commission.

9. Address by the President of the United States.

10. Unfurling of the Flag, Hallelujah Chorus, Salutes of Artillery and Ring-

ing of the Chimes.

11. Procession through the Main Building and Machinery Hall.

12. Reception by the President of the United States in the Judges' Pavilion.

OF THE CEXTEXNIAL EXHTBITIOX. 269

No flags or ensigns, except such as are permanently fixed in
the buildings, will be displayed on the morning of the 10th until
the signal be given. The organs and other musical instruments
and the bells will await the same notice.

When the President of the United States declares the Exhi-
bition open, the flag on the staff near him will be unfurled as a
signal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing
of the chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George's Hill,
and the singing of the Hallelujah Chorus of Handel by the
chorus, with organ and orchestral accompaniment.

Immediately upon the announcement, the Foreign Commis-
sioners will pass into the Main Building and take places upon
the general avenue opposite their respective sections.

The President of the United States, conducted by the Director-
General of the Exhibition, and followed by the guests of the day,
will pass through the Main Building. As the President passes
the Foreign Commissioners they will join the procession, and
the whole body will move to Machinery Hall.

On his way the President will be saluted by his military
escort, formed in two lines between the buildings.

In Machinery Hall, when the procession shall, as far as pos-
sible, have entered the building, the President, assisted by
George H. Corliss, will set in motion the great engine and the
machinery connected therewith. No further formal order of
procession will be required.

The President, and such of the guests as may choose to fol-
low, will be escorted by way of the north main aisle of Ma-
chinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower and to the
Judges' Pavilion.

The passage in return to the Main Building will he kept for
half an hour.

The President of the United States will hold a brief reception
in the Judges' Pavilion.

Should the weather render it impossible to conduct the exer-
cises in the open air, they will be held in the Main Building,
and the best regulations the circumstances may permit will be
communicated to the guests upon their arrival. T. B. P. Dixey

270

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 271

is an::ounced as Master of Ceremonies. He will wear a white
sash. He will be assisted by twenty-five aids, who will wear
blue sashes.

By order of the Centennial Commission.

Joseph E. Hawley, President.

John L. Campbell, Secretary.

Philadelphia was in a whirl of excitement for several days
previous to the 10th. The hotels began to fill up as early as
the 7th, and by the night of the 9th were full to overflowing.
On the 9th of May a steady rain fell during the day, but in
spite of this Chestnut street was alive with people eager to be-
hold the arrivals of distinguished visitors and the various visit-
ing military organizations that came in during the day. Great
anxiety was manifested lest the storm should continue through
the next day and interfere with the opening ceremonies. To-
wards nightfall the rain increased, and it seemed almost useless
to hope for fair weather the next day.

The dawn of Wednesday, May 10th, found the rain still fall-
ing and the sky covered with heavy clouds in w^hich no rift was
visible. In spite of this, however, the city was lavishly and
beautifully decorated with flags and streamers. Chestnut,
Market and Walnut streets, and all the principal thoroughfares,
were literally alive with flags. The stars and stripes were
naturally the most prominent, but every nation of the globe was
represented in the display. As the morning advanced the rain
ceased, and about eight o'clock the sun shone out and soon
scattered the clouds across the sky.

From an early hour in the morning the street cars, steam cars
and other conveyances to the Exhibition grounds were crowded,
and long before nine o'clock, the hour for opening the gates to
the public, arrived, the entrances were surrounded by dense
throngs eager for admission. All through the morning excur-
sion trains from New York, Baltimore, and points along the
railroads leading to Philadelphia, were arriving at the Centen-
nial depots of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads and

272 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

dischar^iiifr thousands of visitors to swell the crowds in the
Exhibition grounds.

" Hundreds of those who waited at the gates, which were so
soon to admit them to an assembled world, had not before been
near the grounds since the enclosure had consisted only of a
half-erected fence and the skeletons of a few of the larger build-
ina"S ; and their looks of glad surprise and expressions of aston-
ishment can easily be imagined by those who have had the good
fortune to gaze upon the mighty cosmos in all its completed per-
fection. The picture presented even from the outside of the
grounds was interesting from its peculiarity, entertaining from
its novelty, and bewildering from its dazzling variety. The
inconceivable expanse of the Main Building, enriched through-
out all its acres of length and breadth with the most brilliant
decorations, was yesterday rendered doubly magnificent by the
addition of myriads of flags of all colors, shapes, sizes and na-
tions, and from every inch of available space floated red-white-
and-blue streamers. The national and international insignias
over the entrances were almost covered with the grouped
banners of every nation, and even the golden motto, ' Virtue,
Liberty, and Independence,' seemed to have grown brighter
since the dawn of the 10th of May. Machinery Hall was less
elaborately decorated than its neighbor, and the larger banners,
like those on all the other buildings, were kept furled until the
formal opening of the Exhibition. There were, however,
myriads of miniature flags and streamers dancing in the breeze,
and the great structure in which had been collected the triumphs
of the inventive ingenuity of all races presented a gala appear-
ance well befitting the occasion. The chaste, imposing beauty
of Memorial Hall Avas enhanced by the gracefully-intertwined
colors which decked the southern fagade, while far into the
grounds could be seen countless thousands of furled standards
and waving streamers. The arriving trains of the Pennsylvania
Railroad came in quick succession, bringing thousands of pas-
sengers from the Kensington and Washington avenue stations
to swell the crowd already assembled, and the handsome depot
south of Machinery Hall soon became a scene of fascinating

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 273

animation as the increasing visitors hastened out of the numer-
ous cars and poured in living streams of humanity to the still-
closed entrances. The arrival of trains at the same structure
from points along the main line and its connections, bringing
guests from Xew York, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and interme-
diate stations, added new interest to the inspiriting scene, and
the plateau between the building and the Centennial offices
became almost immediately packed with men, women and chil-
dren, all waiting anxiously for the hour of nine. The Philadel-
phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad trains also landed at
the Pennsylvania depot, bringing car after car loaded with pas-
sengers. At the new depot erected by the Reading Railroad
Company, at the foot of the bluff on which stands IMemorial
Hall, long trains of cars every few moments dashed in loaded
with passengers from Broad and Callowhill streets, Ninth street
and Columbia avenue, and Ninth and Green streets stations, in
addition to the thousands of visitors from Germantown, Norris-
town, Reading, Pottsville, and more distant points. The wide
platform of over fifteen hundred feet in length was continually
covered with visitors, none of whom lost a moment in pressing
onward to the various entrances. On these trains arrived al-
most all of the one thousand choristers who had so long been
preparing for their important part in the opening ceremonies,
and so complete had been all the arrangements that all the
singers were conducted to the seats they were to occupy without
material delay. As the hour of nine approached, the throngs of
visitors increased still more rapidly; and from the eastern end
of the Main Building to the western boundary of the passenger
railroad concourse the Elm avenue tracks were for the next half
hour filled with incoming and outgoing street cars, and the
roadway was crowded with rapidly-driven vehicles hastening to
or returning from the carriage concourse. In spite of this con-
stant danger to pedestrians, thousands of persons of both sexeSy
all ages and classes abandoned the closely-packed sidewalks and
made their way along the street towards the main entrance.
Every moment this method of locomotion became more difficult
and more dangerous, until the once quiet avenue was converted
18

274

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

into an indescribable confusion of restive horses, yelling drivers,
moving street cars, frantic old ladies, rumbling wagons, dis-
tracted women, enthusiastic gamins and laughing children.
The little folks were, of course, present in full force, and no
amount of physical discomfort or personal danger seemed to

INTERIOR OF A PARLOR CAR — PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

disconcert them. They were out for a grand holiday, and, on
the principle of Mhe more the merrier,^ they seemed to have
found the height of juvenile felicity in the midst of this general
melee. Belmont avenue presented much the same appearance,
I'lt as on this thoroucrhfare everybody was hastening in the snmo
dire(.tion there was less confusion. The thousands assembled

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 275

and assembling represented every possible class of society, every
profession, trade, or vocation in the world, and almost all the
nations on the globe. Hundreds of men who had come from
other countries, either as exhibitors or as workmen, were
mingled with the throng, and as most of them had again donned
their national costumes in honor of the occasion, the moving
spectacle was indeed one of rare interest. Americans and Eng-
lishmen, Germans and French, Norwegians and Turks, Irish-
men and Japanese, red Indians and dark-skinned Moors,
Chinamen and Mexicans, Egyptians and Arabs, were all to be
found mingled with the heterogeneous collection of humanity,
and here, there, and everywhere at once were heard innumerable
fakirs loudly expatiating on the incomparable virtues of their
articles of merchandise. A certain proportion of the visitors so
closely packed together were, of course, obliged to submit to no
little personal inconvenience and more or less physical discom-
fort ; but the pleasure of being among the thousands who were
to witness the final blossoming of the nation's Centennial plant,
and the general excitement and ever-changing variety of the
wondrous display, overcame for the time the selfishness of weak
human nature, and as the few churlish entities who at first
scowled at the closed gates, growled at the heat, and sullenly
glared at the incoming crowds, had either moved off to more
congenial quarters or been compelled to forget their acerbity
by the magnetic sympathy of exultant multitudes, the scene soon
became one of universal good nature, pleasant anticipation, and
general rejoicing."

At nine o'clock the entrances to the grounds were opened, and
the people were admitted upon payment by each one of a fifty
cent note or a silver half dollar. The multitude passe<l in
rapidly, and soon the grounds were thronged. The crowds
pressed up eagerly around the stands which had been erected
for the accommodation of those who were to take part in the
opening ceremonies.

The site selected for the opening ceremonies was the open
space between the Main Building and Memorial Hall. A plat-
form for the Centennial authorities, the President of the Unite<l

276 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

States and other distinguished guests was erected in front of the
latter building, and another, rising like an amphitheatre from
the level of the terrace in front of Memorial Hall to the second
row of arches in the central pavilion of the Main Building, was
provided for the accommo<lation of the orchestra and chorus of
•a thousand voices which were to render the musical portion of
the exercises.

The reserved places were jealously guarded by a detachment
of the Centennial guard, and only persons provided with com-
plimentary tickets were admitted to them. Every place was
filled before the hour for the commencement of the ceremonies
struck, and every available foot of ground without the enclosure
was occupied by the public generally.

On the grand stand in front of Memorial Hall were assembled
the Congress of the United States, the Governors of a number
of the States, officers of the army and navy of the United States,
the Emperor and Empress of Brazil, the Ministers from foreign
countries, and a large number of distinguished persons from our
own and other lands. The display of uniforms was brilliant,
and the rich toilettes of the ladies on the stand gave to the scene
a pleasing and picturesque aspect. The Emperor and Empress
of Brazil were given seats on the central platform on the right
of the chair reserved for the President of the United States.

The decorations of the grand and orchestra stands, which
were located directly opposite each other, were of the simplest
description, consisting only of the colors of the United States
and the various European nations. Hundreds of flags fluttered
from the pinnacles of the Exhibition buildings, but the larger
flagstaffs were conspicuously bare.

As the distinguished guests were seated, there was a slight
commotion on the orchestra stand, and immediately Theodore
Thomas took his place at the conductor's desk, and waved his
baton as a signal for the music to begin. Under the leadership
of this master the orchestra rendered in fine style the national
airs of all the nations represented in the exhibition.

"After having stated,'^ says the Philadelphia Press, in its
admirable account of the opening ceremonies, " that the immense

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 277

multitude was composed of representatives of all civilized coun-
tries on the globe, it is scarcely necessary to describe the effect
of this succession of hymns which, in times past, had roused
whole nations to activity, called to the defence of their country
millions of brave men, sustained the drooping energies of soldiers
on forced marches, stimulated them in battle, comforted the
dying, infused new courage after defeat, and celebrated the most
brilliant victories — national hymns which had been learned in
childhood, loved in youth, and venerated in old age. Nor need
it be added that as the first familiar strains of each air were
touched by the orchestra more than one face became illuminated
with looks of joyous recognition, and more than one mind
reverted to times and scenes when the simple air sent the warm
blood thrilling through his veins and made him worship the
country he had already learned to love. The second selection,
the Austrian national hymn, has long been familiar to citizens
of all European and American governments, as it is much used
in church music. But how widely different must have been
the thoughts suggested by its sweet melody to different auditors !
To English and American citizens it recalled, not some great
national occasion, but the holy sanctuary where on the concordant
voices of devout worshippers pseans of praise were wafted heav-
enward; to the Austrians the same strains doubtless brought
vividly to mind their country's trials, dangers, and triumphs,
and perhaps to not a few its harmonies were overpowered by the
memory of terrible conflicts with their country's foes, long hours
of almost mortal suffering, rewarded at last by the consciousness
of having been one of the few who bravely fought and yet lived
to celebrate a glorious victory. When the Brazilian national
hymn was played both the emperor and empress gave to the
orchestra a look of glad surprise in recognition of the compli-
ment, and then, as the musicians glided into the stirring ^Mar-
seillaise,' Americans and Frenchmen clasped hands, in spirit if
not in reality, for this peerless national hymn is aluiost equally
loved in both countries. Its martial measure and exciting
strains are always infectious, but w^hen played as the Thomas
orchestra yesterday performed it tlie effect was irresistible.

278

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Amoiiff the thronar were thousands who had either come direct
from France or had been brought up in the land of the * Mar-
seillaise/ and it was easy to see that, as the old familiar summons
to the defence of Liberty was being grandly repeated, hundreds
of the impulsive Frenchmen within sound of the orchestra
would have danced for joy had there been room enough. But
there was not, and the lovers of the noble hymn were compelled
to content themselves with waving their hats, shouting ^ Vive
la France,' and looking volumes. The Germans who had been
anxiously waiting for the ^ Wacht am Rhine' were surprised
though not disappointed when the familiar melody of ' Was ist

TJKTTL^a^SMIiTH. .

CENTRAL DOME, VIENNA EXPOSITION BUILDING.

dfs Deutschen Vaterland ' reached their ears, and the beaming
faces of hundreds who years and years ago had heard the same
air sung as a lullaby by the long-silenced lips of a hallowed
mother told how sacred the beautiful air had become. Grand
old ' Hail Columbia,' of course, met with the heartiest possible
reception, and for the first time during the waiting hour the
pressing, surging mass of humanity ceased their efforts to push
their way still further forward, and stood silent and motionless,
enjoying to the utmost the life of recollections and flood of
emotions which this hymn had so suddenly called into new
existence."

As the music ceased, a loud cheer rising from the entrance to

OF THE CEXTENNJAL EXIIIBITIOX. 279

the grounds in the rear of Memorial Hall, proclaimed the
arrival of the President of the United States and his Cabinet.
The President was escorted from the city to the Exhibition by
a division of 4000 troops, made up of the volunteers ol'the city
and visiting detachments from other parts of the Union. The
President was received with considerable enthusiasm as he
readied the grand stand, and at once took the place reserved for
him. He was followed by the members of the Cabinet and the
distinguished persons who had come from the city with him.

As the President, after acknowledging the greeting of the
multitude, took his seat, there burst from the orchestra at a sign
from Theodore Thomas the first strains of the grand Centennial
Inauguration Mar^ih composed for the occasion by Kichard
Wagner. This magnificent composition was rendered with a
fervency and thoroughness which only a leader and an orchestra
who understand and love the great composer as perfectly as do
Theodore Tiiomas and his band, could impart to it. It was
listened to with breathless attention by the vast throng of over
100,000 people, and at the conclusion was greeted with lou.l
and enthusiastic cheers.

The music had scarcely ceased when Bishop Simpson, of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, advanced to the front of the stand,
and lifting up his hands, offered up the following impressive
prayer :

"Almighty and everlasting God, our heavenly Father.
Heaven is t!iy ithrone and the earth is thy footstool. Before
thy maj-sty and holiness the angels veil their faces, and the
spirits of the just made perfect bow in humble adoration. Thou
art the creator of all things, the preserver of all that exist,
whether they be thrones or dominions, or principalities or
powers. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike
attest the ubiquity of thy presence and the omnipotence of thy
sway.

"Thou alone art the sovereign ruler of nations. Thou
raiseth up one and casteth down another, and thou givest the
kingdoms of the world to whomsoever thou wilt. The past
with all its records is the unfolding of thy counsels and the

280 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

realization of thy grand designs. We hail thee as our rightful
ruler, the King eternal, immortal, and invisible, the only true
God, blessed foi'ever more.

'^ We a)me on this glad day, O thou God of our fathers, into
these courts with thanksgiving and into these gates with i)raise.
We bless thee for thy wonderihl goodness in the past, for the
land which thou gavest to our fathers, a land veiled from the
ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of
time to thy chosen people, whom thou didst lead by thine own
right hand through the billows of the deep, to a land of vast
extent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered
products and of untold treasures.

" We thank thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind
and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved
multiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences or be
untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of
truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom.

^^ We praise thee for the closing century, for the founders of
the republic, for t*he immortal Washington and his grand asso-
ciates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firm-
ness and heroism, which, under thy blessing, led them to trium-
phant success. Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their
pillar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. May
we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues.

"We thank thee for social and national prosperity and pro-
irress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for
labor-saving machinery relievinp: the toiling masses, for schools,
free as the morning light for the millions of the rising genera-
tion, for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn
over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God
according to the dictates of conscience, for a Church unfettered
by the trammels of State.

"Bless, we pray thee, the President of the United States and
his constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court,
the Senators and Representatives in Congress, the Governors of
our several commonwealths, the officers of the army and navy,
and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 281

them, we pray thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they
ever rule in righteousness. We ask thy blessing to rest upon
the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and
upon those associated with them in the various departments,
who have labored long and earnestly amidst anxieties and diffi-
culties for the success of this enterprise,

" May thy special blessing, O thou God of all the nations of
the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant
lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their
presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture,
or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of
genius and art, in the development of industry and in the pro-
gress of civilization. Preserve thou them, we beseech thee, in
health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by
loved ones again to their own, their native lands.

" Let thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration.
May the lives and health of all interested be precious in thy
sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association
in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great
republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble.
Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity.
Hereafter, we pray thee, may all disputed questions be settled
by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever
cease among the sons of men.

" May the new century be better than the past — more radiant
with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations
of a world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor be
freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application
of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diver-
sified interests and hind in imperishable bands all parts of
society.

"We pray thy benediction especially on the women of
America, who for the first time in the history of our race take
so conspicuous a place in a national celebration. May the light
of their intelligence, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar,
until, in distant lands, their sisters may realize the beauty and
glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech thee^

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 283

Almighty Father, that our beloved republic may be strength-
ened in every element of true greatness, until her mission is
ac(;omplished by presenting to the world an illustration of the
happiness of a free people, with a free church, in a free State,
under laws of their own enactment and under rulers of their
own selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the
King of kings and Lord of lords. And as thou didst give to
one of its illustrious sons first to draw experimentally the
electric spark from heaven, which has since girdled the globe
in its celestial whispers of 'Glory to God in the highest, peace
on earth and good will to men,' so to latest time may the
mission of America, under Divine inspiration, be one of affec-
tion, brotherhood and love for all our race. And may the
coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian
civilization.

"And unto thee, our Father, through Him whose life is the
light of men, will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever.
Amen."

At the conclusion of the prayer Whittier's Centennial Hymn,
SL fine, vigorous production, worthy of the genius of the poet,
was sung by the chorus of one thousand voices, accompanied
by the orchestra and the great organ erected at the north end
of the central transept of the Main Building.

The music for this poem was written by ^Mr. John K. Paine,
of Massachusetts, and as the united voices rendered it the
composition was exceedingly beautiful, though not of striking
individuality. The sweet melody was accompanied by simple
harmonies, which rolled forth upon the air like the gently-
moving billows of old ocean in her most peaceful mood; and,
as the sacred strains were heard, countless thousands, who had
previously regarded the occasion as a grand day of joy and
mirth, seemed to fully realize that the crowning hours of a
century of independence had also a serious meaning, which
should not be overlooked. The voices of the chorus were par-
ticularly full and strong in every bar, and some of the higher

284 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

chords could be distinctly heard for a great distance. The
liymn was as follows:

Our fathers' God ! from out whose hand
The centuries fall like grains of sand,
We meet to-day, united, free,
And loyal to our land and thee,
To thank thee for the era done,
And trust thee for the opening one.

Here, where of old, by thy design,
The fathers spake that word of thine,
"Whose echo is the glad refrain
Of Tended bolt and falling chain.
To grace our festal time from all
The zones of earth our guests we call.

Be with us while the New World greets
The Old World thronging all its streets,
Unveiling all the triumphs won
By art or toil beneath the sun ;
And unto common good ordain
This rivalship of hand and brain.

Thou who hast here in concord furled
The war-flags of a gathered world.
Beneath our western skies fulfil
The Orient's mission of good will ;
And, freighted with Love's golden fleece.
Send back the Argonauts of peace.

For art and labor met in truce,
For beauty made the bride of use,
We thank thee, while withal we crave
The austere virtues, strong to save ;
The honor, proof to place or gold ;
The manhood, never bought or sold !

Oh ! make thou us, through centuries long,
In peace secure, in justice strong;
Around our gift of freedom draw
The safeguards of thy righteous law,
And, cast in some diviner mould.
Let the new cycle shame the old !

The hymn being ended, Mr. John Welsh, President of the
Board of Finance, rose from his place by General Hawley, for

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 285

the purpose of formally presenting the Exhibition buildings
and grounds to the United States Centennial Commission. His
appearance was the signal for long continued plaudits of en-
thusiasm. To many of the great audience this was the fiiFt
opportunity that had been vouchsafed to them to behold the
man whose genius, pre-eminent above that of many of his
compeers, has made his name a household word throughout
America, and through whose unfaltering and unselfish devotion
the Exhibition has been made not only a reality, but an
assured success, and this without even the suspicion of a dis-
honest or improper act on the part of a single one of its officials.
Cheer upon cheer rent the air in grateful recognition of the
worth and services of one who has done so much for Phila-
delphia and Philadelphia interests. When order had been
partially restored, Mr. Welsh proceeded as follows :

"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United
States Centennial Commission: In the presence of the
government of the United States and of the several distin-
guished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in behalf of
the Centennial Board of Finance, I greet you.

"In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to
announce to you that, under your supervision and in accordance
with the plans fixed and established by you, we have erected
the buildings belonging to us, and have made all the arrange-
ments devolving on us necessary for the opening of the ^Inter-
national Exhibition.' We hereby now formally appropriate
them for their intended occupation, and we hold ourselves
ready to make all further arrangements that may be needed for
carrying into full and complete effect all the requirements of
the acts of Congress relating to the Exhibition.

"For a like purpose we also appropriate the buildings
belonging to the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Phila-
delphia, erected by us at their bidding, to wit: Memorial Hall,
Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall. These and other
substantial offerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic co-

286 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

operation. To the United States of America, through Congress,
we are indebted for the aid which crowned our success.

"In addition to those to which I have just referred, there
are other beautiful and convenient edifices which have been
erected by the representatives of foreign nations, by State
authority and by individuals, which are also devoted to the
purposes of the Exhibition.

"Ladies and Gentlemen: If in the past we have met
with disappointments, difficulties and trials, they have been
overcome by a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too great
which is made to honor the memories of those who brought our
nation into being. This commemoration of the events of
1776 excites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-day
of so many foreign representatives uniting with us in this
reverential tribute is our reward.

" We congratulate you on the occurrence of this day. Many
of the nations have gathered here in peaceful competition.
Each may profit by the association. This Exhibition is but a
school ; the more thoroughly its lessons are learned the greater
will be the gain, and, when it shall have closed, if by that
study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for
each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who
rules on high will become universal, and the angels' song
once more be heard :

"Glory to God in the highest,
And on earth peace, good will towards men."

Upon the conclusion of Mr. Welsh^s address General Joseph
R. Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial
Commission, replied as follows in behalf of the Commission :

"Mr. President of the .Centennial Board of Fi-
nance: The Centennial Commission accepts the trust with
grateful and fraternal acknowledgment of the great services of
the Board of Finance."

The chorus then sang, with orchestral accompaniment, the
following Centennial Cantata, written by Sidney Lanier, of

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 287

Georgia. The music, which is singularly beautiful, was com-
puted by Mr. Dudley Buck, of Connecticut :

From this hundred-terraced ii eight,
Sight more large with nobler light
Ranges down yon towering years:
Hunibier smiles and lordlier tears
Shine and fall, shine and fall,
While old voices rise and call
Yonder where the to-and-fro,
Weltering of my Long-Ago,
Moves about the moveless base.
Far below my resting-place.

Mayflower, Mayflower, slowly hither flying,

Tivmbling, Westward, o'er yon balking sea,
Hearts within. Farewell, dear England, sighing,
Winds without but dear in vain replying,
Gray-lipp'd waves about thee shouted, crying,
"No! It shall not be!"

Jamestown, out of thee —
Plymouth, thee — thee, Albany —
Winter cries : " Ye freeze ; away ! "
Fever cries : " Ye burn ; away I "
Hunger cries : " Ye starve ; away ! "
Vengeance cries: '* Y'^our graves sliall stay ! '*

Then old Shapes and Masks of Things,

r'raraed like Faiths or clotlied like Kings —

(jrho<^ts of Goods once fleshed and fair,

Grown foul Bads in alien air —

War, and his most noisy lords,

Tongued with lithe and poisoned swords —

Error, Terror, Rage and Crime,
All in a Avindy night of time
Cried to me from land and sea :
"No! Thou shalt not be 1 "

Hark! •

Hnguenotv«i whispering yea in tlie dark;
Puritans answering yea in the dark !
Yen, like an arrow shot true to his mark,
Dnrt'; through the tyrannous heart of Denial,
Patience and Labor and solemn-sou led Trial,

Foiled, still beginning ;

Soiled, but not winning ;

288 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Toil through the stertorous death of the Night ;
Toil when wild brother-wars new-dark tlie Light ;
Toil and forgive and kiss o'er and replight.

Now praise to God's oft-granted grace ;

Now praise to man's undaunted face.

Despite the land, despite the sea,

I was, I am, and I shall be —

How long, Good Angel, oh ! how long ?

Sing me from Heaven a man's own song !

Long as thine Art shall love true love ;

Long as thy Science truth shall know ;
Long as thine Eagle harms no Dove ;

Long as thy Law by law shall grow;
Long as thy God is God above,

Thy brother every man below,
So long, dear Land of all my love,

Thy name shall shine, thy fame shall glow!

O Music ! from this height of time my Word unfold ;
In thy large signals all men's hearts Man's Heart behold;
Mid-heaven unroll thy chords as friendly flags unfurled,
And wave the world's best lover's welcome to the world.

The bass solo, commencing " Long as thine Art shall love
true love/^ was rendered in superb style by Myron J. Whitney,
of Boston, and was enthusiastically encored. At the conclusion
of the Cantata Mr. Buck was loudly called for, and upon ap-
pearing at one of the windows of the Main Building was givec
three hearty cheers in acknowledgment of his work.

Silence being restored. General Joseph R. Hawley, President
of the Centennial Commission, rose, and turning to the Presi-
dent of the United States, formally presented the Exhibition to
him, in the following words :

"Mr. President — Five years ago- the President of the
United States declared it fitting that 'the completion of the
first century of our national existence should be commemorated
by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and
their development, and of its progress in those arts which bene-
fit mankind,' and ordered that an Exhibition of American and
foreign arts, products, and manufactures should be held, under
the auspices of the government of the United States, in the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 289

city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. To put into effect the
several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Cen-
tennial Commission was constituted, composed of two Commis-
sioners from each State and Territory, nominated by their
respective Governors, and appointed by the President. The
Congress also created our auxiliary and associate corporation,
the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy
burdens have been nobly borne. A remarkable and prolonged
disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has
greatly magnified the task, but we hope for a favorable judg-
ment of the degree of success attained. July 4th, 1873, this
ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months
ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hun-
dred and eighty buildings within the enclosure have been
erected within twelve months. All the buildings embraced in
the plans of the Commission itself are finished. The demands
of applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous and continuous
efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time.

"By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held
in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your
view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event
this work is designed to commemorate, and the hall in which
the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present
limits of this great park were the homes of eminent patriots of
that era, where ^yashington and his associates received gener-
ous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the sur-
passing beauty of the situation placed at our disjx>sal. In
harmony with all this fitness is the liberal support given the
enterprise by the State, city, and the people individually.

" In the name of the United States, you extended a respect-
ful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations
to be represented and to participate in this Exhibition. You
know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from
even the most distant regions. Their Commissioners are here,
and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy they
have entered upon this friendly competition in the arts of
peace.

290 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

" It has been the fervent hope of the Commission that, dur-
ing this festival year, the people from all States and sections, of
all creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all
resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of our
liberties, to study the evidence of our resources ; to measure the
progress of an hundred years, and to examine to our profit the
wonderful products of other lands ; but especially to join hands
in perfect fraternity, and promise the God of our fathers that
the new century shall surpass the old in the true glories of
civilization. And furthermore, that from the association here
of welcome visitors from all nations, there may result not alone
great benefits to invention, manufactures, agriculture, trade
and commerce, but also stronger international friendships and
more lasting peace.

" Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of
the government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name
of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to your
view the International Exhibition of 1876.''

Immediately following General Hawley's speech President
Grant discharged the last formal yet simple and dignified act
of the ceremonies by making proclamation of the eventful fact
of the opening of the International Exhibition. The remarks
of the President, like all the other speeches of the day, were in
writing, and at intervals were applauded with great spirit.
The following is the address ;

" My Countrymen — It has been thought appropriate upon
this Centennial occasion to bring together in Philadelphia, for
popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the indus-
trial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as
well as in the great business of agriculture and of commerce.
That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the excellencies
and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic
expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of
our fellow-members of this great family of nations, the enlight-
ened agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing people of the
world have been invited to send hither corresponding speci-
mens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly com-

SCENE ON THE SCHUYLKILL, NEAR PHILADELPHIA.

291

292 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

petition with our own. To this invitation they have generously
responded. For so doing we render them our hearty thanks.

"The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day
he submitted to your inspection by the managers of this Exhi-
bition. We are glad to know that a view of specimens of the
skill of all nations will afford to you unalloyed pleasure, as well
as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of so many of
the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlight-
ened communities.

" One hundred years ago our country was new and but par-
tially settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly
expend our means and time in felling forests, subduing prairies,
building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads,
canals, machinery, etc., etc. Most of our schools, churches,
libraries, and asylums have been established within an hundred
years. Burdened by these great primal works of necessity,
which could not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhi-
bition will show in the direction of rivalling older and more
advanced nations in law, medicine, and theology ; in science,
literature, philosopliy, and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what
we have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our
achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy
for our people to acknowledge superior merit wherever found.

"And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of
what is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire
you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our
friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the at-
tainments made by our own people during the past one hun-
dred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the
worthy Commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this Inter-
national Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign vis-
itors— to whom we extend a 'hearty welcome — both profitable
and pleasant to them.

" I declare the International Exhibition now open."

A^ the President declared the Exhibition open, General
Ha^.^ey gave the signal, and the flag of the United States was
run up to the staff rising from the north transept of the Main

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 293

Building. This was the signal for the unfurling of the national
and foreign flags on all the buildings, and was greeted with
deafening cheers from the assembled multitude. At the same
moment the chorus, the orchestra and great organ in the Main
Building burst forth into the grand strains of Handel's "Halle-
lujah Chorus," rendering it with fine effect. As the music died
awav, the merry peals of the chimes of Machinery Hall were
heard, and a salute of one hundred guns was thundered from
George's Hill.

The invited guests, to the number of 4000, were now mar-
shalled in line by Mr. T. B. P. Dixey, ]\Iaster of Ceremonies,
and passing from Memorial Hall, through lines of troops,,
entered the Main Building. The following was the

OKDEK OF PEOCESSION.

The President of the United States, and Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General.

The Chief-Justice of the United States.

The President of the Senate.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Ccmmission.

John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance.

Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission.

John L. Campbell, Secretary of the Commission.

Frederick Fraley, Secretary of the Board of Finance.

The Cabinet.

The Supreme Court of the United States.

The Diplomatic Corps.

The United States Centennial Commission.

Chiefs of Bureaus of Administration.

The Centennial Board of Finance.

Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, Engineers and Architects of Main

Building and Machinery Hall.
H. J. Schwarzmann, Architect of Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall.
James H. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall and United States

Governmen" Building.

Richard J. Dobbins, Contractor Main Building and Memorial Hall.

Philip Quigley, Contractor Machinery Hall and Agricultural Hall.

Aaron Doane, Contractor Government Building.

The Board of the United States Executive Department.

The Women's Centennial Executive Committee.

The Fairmount Park Commission.

The Governors of the States and Territories.

The Senate of the United States'.

294 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The House of Representatives.

The General of the Army and Staff.

The Admiral of the Navy and Staff.

The Lieutenant-General of the Array and Staff.

The Vice-Admiral of the Navy jind Staff.

The General Officers of the Army and Staffs.

The Rear- Admirals and Commodores of the Navy and Staffs.

Officers of tlie Army and Navy.

Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Governments.

Consuls-General and Consuls of Foreign Governments.

Judges of United States Courts and Officers of the United States Executive

Bureaus.

Officers of the United States Coast Survey.

Officers of the Naval Observatory.

Officers of the Smithsonian Institute.

The Board of Judges of Awards of the Exhibition.

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

The Legislature of Pennsylvania.

The Judiciary of Pennsylvania.

The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania.

The State Boards of Pennsylvania.

The Mayor of Philadelphia.

The Mayors of Cities.

The Select and Common Councils of Philadelphia.

The State Centennial Boards.

The Women's Centennial Committees.

The Advisory and Co-operating Committees and Boards of the Commission.

International Regatta Committees, and Committee of the National Rifle

Association.

Officers of the City Departments of Philadelphia.

The Foreign Commissioners of the Exhibition successively took positions

>Diro3diately after the Diplomatic Corps, as the latter passed

the Foreign Sections in the Main Building.

The procession passed through the Main Building, and
through the lines of troops which kept clear the passage to
the Machinery Hall. Entering the latter edifice, escorted by
the Philadelphia City Troop as a guard of honor, the President
of the United States and the Emperor of Brazil ascended to the
platform of the great Corliss Engine, where Mr. George H.
Corliss, a Commissioner from Rhode Island and the inventor and
constructor of the engine, received them, and instructed them
how to turn the wheels of shining steel that were to wake the
engine into life. When all the guests had assembled around

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 295

the platform, the President and the Emperor took their posi-
rions at the starting wheels. A sharp wave of the hand from
tVIr. Corliss gave the signal, and at twenty minutes past one
o'clock p. M., the wheels were turned, and the great engine
began to move slowly and steadily. In an instant the countless
wheels and bands connected with it started on their rounds, and
Machinery Hall was alive with motion.

The crowd in the hall burst into loud and prolonged cheer-
ing. A sort of informal reception was held on the platform
by President Grant, but it was soon cut short, as the Presiden-
tial party, worn out by the fatigues of the day, departed for the
city, omitting the reception at the Judges' Pavilion, the last
feature in the programme.

The doors of the various Exhibition buildings were at once
thrown open to the public, and the halls were soon filled, and
remained thronged throughout the day by sight-seers. On all
sides were heard exclamations of wonder and delight. Few had
imagined the Exhibition either so extensive or so grand an
affair, and all were delighted.

The Exhibition was now an accomplished fact. The hopes of
its friends were more than realized. The criticisms of its
enemies were silenced.

At night the city was brilliantly illuminated in honor of the
opening, and the principal streets were thronged with sight-seers
to an extent which made them almost impassable until near
midnight.

CHAPTER IX.

WITHOUT THE GEOUNDS.

Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town — The Transcontinental and Globe
Hotels — The United States — The Grand Exposition — The Panorama —
Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue — The Cheap Hotels — The Beer-Gardens —
The Carriage Sheds— The Cheap Museums— The Oil Wells— The Street Car
Concourse — A Busy Scene — Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad
— Belmont Avenue — Appearance of the Street — The Largest Soda Fountain
in the World — The Restaurants — The Tropical Garden — A Delightful Re-
sort— George's Hill — Belmont — The Steamboat Landing — Centennial Depot
of the Reading Railroad.

HEN the Exhibition buildings were begun, the portion
of the city which lies south of Elm avenue, and along
Lancaster avenue, was an open field, with scarcely a
structure upon it. It is now a busy and thriving town,
having an interest quite apart from that of the great
city on the outskirts of which it lies, and drawing its life solely
from the Centennial Exhibition. It consists of a multitude of
structures of brick and wood that have sprung up along the
approaches to the Exhibition, and which present a scene almost
as picturesque and as animated as that within the enclosure.

At the intersection of Belmont and Elm avenues, opposite
the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, is the Transconti-
nental Hotel, a handsome edifice of brick, built in the most sub-
stantial manner, and triangular in shape. It is five stories in
height, including a mansard roof, with a front of 297 feet on
Elm avenue, and one of 18^1 feet on Belmont avenue. The
three sides enclose a spacious courtyard, giving to each room an
abundance of light and air. It contains 500 rooms, with accom-
modations for 1200 guests, which number can be increased to
1500 in case of necessity. The view of the Centennial grounds
296

297

298

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

from any portion of it above the second story is excelled only
by that from the summit of the towers of its gigantic neighbor,
the Main Exhibition Building, or from the Belmont observatory.
The cars of the Chestnut & Walnut, West Philadelphia, Race
& Vine, and Girard Avenue Passenger Railway lines run
directly to its doors, while the depot of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road is within less than a stone's throw. These are advantages
which it possesses in common with the Globe. It was built by
R. J. Dobbins, the well-known contractor, who erected the Main
Exhibition Building and Memorial Hall, and who is one of the
stockholders of the hotel. The fact that its management is con-

TRANSCONTINENTAL HOTEL, OPPOSITE MAIN BUILDING.

ducted by Messrs. J. E. Kingsley & Co., of the Continental, is
sufficient to warrant in this new quarter that success which has
ever deservedly attended those famous managers. Built and
furnished at a cost of over $250,000, nothing has been left
undone in the hotel that could contribute to the perfect satisfac-
tion of patrons of the highest class. The business office, public
parlors, bar-room, kitchens, lautidries, reading-rooms and dining-
rooms are models in themselves, and an important feature is a
great restaurant, independent from the dining-room, and con-
ducted on the same plan as the restaurant at the Continental —
in fact, the two hotels are managed and conducted throughout
after tlie one plan.

299

300 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Across Belmont avenue, a short distance back of Elm avenue,
with nothing between it and the Exhibition buildings to break
the view, stands the monster Globe Hotel, built also to accom-
modate the throng of visitors to the Exhibition. It stands on
Belmont avenue, within 500 feet of the main entrance to the
Exhibition grounds. It is not flush with the avenue, for a lawn
interspersed with beds of bright flowers separates it from the
roadway more than fifty feet. A verandah fifteen feet wide and
no less than 900 feet long encircles the building, and will afford
a cool promenade during the warm summer evenings. The
hotel, including the mansard roof, is five stories high, and the
area which it covers is about 81,000 square feet. At the
entrance to the hall is the office, eighty feet square ; the dining-
room, which will be able to accommodate thirty thousand persons
a day, is 500 by 53 feet. There are forty-seven flights of stairs,
the steps seven feet wide, running in a direct line from the
basement to the roof. Upon the uppermost floor are tanks
capable of containing 15,000 gallons of water, and there is a
regularly-organized fire department that is competent to nip a
conflagration in the bud. The ventilation is perfect, and guests
will not have to make the complaint so universal on the conti-
nent of Europe that they have to rinse their faces in a soup
plate half full of stagnant water and wipe them with the pillow
case, for every room is completely furnished. The upper floors
can easily be reached, by means of the elevators, by weary
guests, who can summon servants at will by the touching of
electric bells. In fact, every possible provision has been made
to insure the comfort and security of all who make the Globe
their abiding-place. The Pennsylvania Railroad will debark
passengers on the hotel grounds, so there will be none of the
uncomfortable jolting by stage qr car, which proves such a trial
to tired travellers ; they will be at home when they land, for
they will find all they desire at their immediate beck and call.
It contains 1100 rooms, with accommodations for 4000 guests.

The Globe is under the management of Mr. John A. Rice,
so well and favorably known to travellers as the proprietor of
the Grand Pacific Hotel of Chicago, one of the most genial and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

301

accomplished gentlemen in the country, and a very prince of
" men who can keep a hotel/'

Within a square of the Exhibition grounds, and in the rear
of the Transcontinental, is the United States Hotel, at the corner
of Forty-second street and Columbia avenue. It was built and
is owned by Mr. K. J. Dobbins, already referred to above, and
is so constructed that it can be readily converted into first-class
dwellings after the close of the Exhibition. It is one of the
pleasantest of the Exhibition hotels, and while perfectly conve-
nient to the grounds is sufficiently removed from them to escape

GRAND EXPOSITION HOTEL.

the noise and confusion which reign supreme on Elm and Bel-
mont avenues. It contains 325 rooms, with accommodations
for 600 guests.

Another monster establishment is the Grand Exposition Hotel,
at the intersection of Girard and Lancaster avenues. It contains
1325 rooms, and has accommodations for 4000 guests. It is
deh'ghtfully located in a pleasant neighborhood, and is within
fifteen minutes walk of the main entrance to the Exhibition.
The street cars pass the door, and afford direct communication
with the Exhibition and all parts of the city. The house is
under the management of Mr. M. K-iley. It is conducted on
the European plan.

302 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Having thus disposed of the four great hotels that owe their
existence to the Exhibition, let us glance at the town that has
sprung up around the great buildings. It is very different from
the city which lies in the distance beyond it, and possesses such
a distinctive character of its own that no description of the
Exhibition would be complete without some reference to it.

We begin our inspection on Elm avenue below the Main
Exhibition Building. Within the limits of the Park, and a few
hundred yards below the Exhibition grounds, is a huge circular
building of corrugated iron. This is The Panoi^ama, and is built
somewhat upon the plan of the Colosseum, on Broad street. It is
used for the exhibition of the panorama of The Siege of Paris,
painted by Colonel Lienard of the French army. This picture was
exhibited in New York during the past winter, and received the
highest praise from both press and public. Standing upon the
central platform — the point of observation — the gazer beholds
every detail of the memorable siege of Paris by the Prussian army
in 1870-71, reproduced with life-like exactness. Visitors are
admitted during the hours of the Exhibition at a moderate charge.

Looking up Elm avenue and across to Girard avenue, from
this point, the scene is gay and inspiriting. On the right tower
up the huge masses of the Exhibition buildings. On the left,
stretching away up Elm avenue for nearly a mile, is a line of
restaurants, small hotels, beer-gardens, ice-cream saloons, and
small shows that have sprung up as if by magic. Each is gayly
decorated with flags and streamers, and at night glitters with
scores of gas-lamps of all possible hues. Almost every one of
these buildings has a flat roof, which is either left open and
sheltered by a canvas awning, or the second story is built open
in order that the guests of the house may enjoy the air while
eating and drinking. These upper stories form capital points
of observation, and from any of them a brilliant and interesting
picture of. the street and the Exhibition buildings and grounds
may be obtained. Many of the " beer-gardens " are provided
with bands of music, w^hich add to the gayety of the scene, and
^attract customers.

Every available foot of ground is covered, and the buildings

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 303

are arranged in a manner that is often amusing. There is no
ground wasted in the rear of the front line of buildings. A
small side alley often leads to an extensive restaurant or beer-
garden set back behind the front line. The prices paid for the
leases of the ground were high as a rule, and the buildings are
cheap and flimsy. They are mostly of wood, a few being of
brick. A fire in any one would spread with a rapidity that
would defy all efforts to check it, and the sense of insecurity
one feels in gazing at this immense mass of wooden structures
is painful.

At Forty-first street and Elm avenue commences a line of
small hotels. These are of brick, and though small are generally
well kept. The principal are, the Elm Avenue Hotel, at the
corner of Forty-first street and Elm avenue ; the Metropolitan,
in Forty-first street, just out of Elm avenue; the International,
a German house, on Elm avenue, a few doors above Forty-first
street, and Congress Hall, a few doors higher up. These houses
can accommodate from 200 to 800 guests — the latter being the
capacity of Congress Hall. The last-named house is conducted
on the European plan ; the others on the American plan of full
board. They are the best of the cheaper hotels in the vicinity
of the Exhibition.

Set in the midst of the long row of bar-rooms and beer-gar-
dens which line Elm avenue, like a rose among thorns, is the
"Temperance Dining-room," from which intoxicating liquors
of all kinds are sternly excluded.

A walk of a square down Forty-first street brings us to
Girard avenue, beyond which rise the handsome iron bridges
at this and Fortieth streets, over the tracks of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. By means of these bridges the Market Street Pas-
senger Railway Company is enabled to reach Elm avenue and
the street-car concourse in front of the Main Exhibition Build-
ing without using the tracks of any of the other roads.

Looking down Girard avenue towards tl^e Schuylkill, one
beholds a long line of restaurants, beer-gardens, bar-rooms, and
cheap hotels similar to those on Elm avenue, all gaudily decor-
ated and gay with flags.

304 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Just about Forty-first street, Girard and Columbia avenues
cross each other obliquely, the former continuing its course,
through West Philadelphia, the latter stopping short at Belmont
avenue. Gathered around their intersection are the *^ Carriage
Repositories," a peculiar feature of the Exhibition. These con-
sist of several establishments, each of which is made up of an
office, one or more waiting-rooms, and long lines of rough sheds
enclosed with a high board fence. The sheds are divided into stalls,
and are intended for the accommodation of carriages and horses.
Visitors coming from the city or the surrounding country in
their own carriages or buggies may leave them at these " Re-
positories," and receive checks for them. They will be left in
charge of competent hostlers, and a cliarge of fifty cents per
carriage will be made for taking care of them. The repositories
are connected by wires with the telegraph offices in the Exhibi-
tion grounds, from which visitors about to return may order
their teams to be gotten in readiness for them, and tlius avoid
all delays at the stands. One of these "Repositories ".contains
1000 stands or stalls; another 300; and a third 500. The
"Repository" at the intersection of Girard and Columbia avenues
is ornamented with a handsome two-story building containing a
bar, a restaurant, private rooms for ladies, dressing-rooms, etc.

Returning to Elm avenue by way of Forty-first street, we
continue our walk towards Belmont avenue. The line of
restaurants is broken by a building, covered with coarse and
glaring pictures which inform us that the establishment is a
"Museum." Here may be seen the wild men of Borneo, and
the wild children of Australia, the fat woman whose avoirdupois
is put down in the bills at 602 pounds, a weight heavy enough
to entitle her to a place in Machinery Hall, and a collection of
" Feejees," who are vouched for by the exhibitors as "pure and
: in adulterated man-eaters." 'Most visitors will accept this
assurance without seeking to put it to the test.

A few doors above the " Museum " is an establishment richly
worth a visit. Two tall derricks of frame-work rising above
the highest of the surrounding buildings at once attract the
attention of passers-by. A large canvas suspended between

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 300

them announces that this is a "Pennsylvania Oil Well/' This
establishment is tlie property of Messrs. O'Donnell, Alshousc,
& Louge, of Titusville, Pennsylvania. They have erected, at i;
cost of $24,000, a large working oil well, such as is used in the
oil regions of Pennsylvania. The members of this firm ar(>
enterprising and practical men, and their business is the sinking
of oil and artesian wells. They have bored many of the most
successful wells in the oil regions, and with commendable enter-
prise have purchased the ground on which their establishment
stands, and have erected all the machinery necessary to the sue-
cessful working of an oil well of the largest size, in order that
visitors to the Exhibition, both native and foreign, may see the
practical operation of what is now one of the leading industries of
America.

Messrs. O'Donnell, Alshouse & Louge use the most improved
machinery in their works, and by their operations here show the
working of both pumping and flowing wells. They design to
show also all the improvements that have been made in the
business of boring for oil and raising it from the wells when
sunk, from the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania down to
the present day. For this purpose they will drill one well to a
depth of 2500 feet^ and with this illustrate the method of oper-
ating a " flowing well." A " pumping well" will also be sunk
to a depth of 400 feet, and will show the working of this branch
of the business. Their flowing well can be worked to an extent
of 2000 barrels of oil per day. Considerable interest is felt by
those acquainted with the plans of the firm, as to the result of
the sinking of a well of 2500 feet depth at this point.

Among the objects of interest exhibited by this firm is the
first " derrick " for boring wells ever set up in the Pennsyl-
vania oil regions. An admission fee of 25 cents is charged.

Higher up, on Elm avenue, nearly opposite to the central
pavilion of the Main Building, a section of one of the famous
Big Trees of California attracts wondering spectators, who may
from it form an idea of these marvels of the Pacific slope.

Immediately below the Transcontinental Hotel is a hand-
some building consisting of a long narrow gallery, the lower
20

306 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY.

story of which is a beer-saloon and the second story an open-
air restaurant. At the Elm avenue end is a tasteful circular
pavilion used as an ice-cream saloon. It forms one of the best
points of observation on the street, and from it one may see the
whole of the brilliant scene below while he sips his ices.

On the opposite side of Elm avenue, just under the shadow
of the Main Buildiug, is the Street Car Concourse. All the
passenger railway lines centre here, and a number of tracks are
laid for their accommodation. These are in the form of an
ellipse, so that the turning of the car and changing of horses,
which would result in endless confusion, are avoided. An
endless stream of cars is arriving and departing at all hours
during the day, taking on and discharging their thousands of
passengers.

Belmont avenue is now reached. At the southwest corner
of this street and Elm avenue is the Transcontinental Hotel,
already referred to. Pausing a moment in the shelter of this
handsome edifice, we notice the throng of vehicles gathered
about the main entrances to the Exhibition grounds immedi-
ately opposite. Here are vehicles of every description— omni-
buses, cabs, carriages, coupes, transfer coaches, etc., furnishing
ample transportation of this class for all who desire to use it.

Through the gates of the Exhibition a steady throng pours
in and out, and the turnstiles at the entrances keep up a con-
stant clicking as they register the arrivals and departures.

Crossing Belmont avenue we continue on our way up Elm
avenue, and come upon an open space lined with the "small-
trade people.^' Here are pea-nut stands, pie-stalls, the apple-
men and women, Bologna sausage-vendors, dealers in cakes and
lemonade, and the inevitable balloon-man. They make up a
curious display as they stand patiently through the long hours
of the hot and dusty day, offering their wares which no one
seems to buy. You wonder, as you see them, how all these
people manage to- live; if they ever sell the uninviting wares
in which they deal ; and if those who buy of them eat their
purchases.

Passing on, the Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Bail-

I— I
»?
o
<

M
Oi

■<

307

308 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

road, on Elm avenue, opposite the main entrance to the Exhi-
bition grounds, is reached. This is a large and handsome
wooden structure, tastefully painted to harmonize with the
great buildings across the street, and is ornamented with pic-
turesque towers at its four corners. It is provided with all the
conveniences of a first-class railroad depot, and is in all respects
worthy of the great road to which it belongs.

The depot building is devoted to offices, ticket-offices, waiting
and baggage rooms, etc. The waiting-rooms are large and airy,
and are abundantly supplied with comfortable seats. Xews and
refreshment stands are established at convenient points, and
several ticket-offices are attached to these rooms.

The doors on the north side of the building lead out upon
Elm avenue. Those on the south side open upon a series of
platforms provided with three lines of track, each of which is
enclosed with a picket fence separating it from the others. The
tracks enter the depot enclosure at one end, pass around in a
semi-circle, and leave it at the opposite end. This arrangement
allows the use of the depot by a large number of trains w^ithout
confusion. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad is but
a few hundred yards distant, and all western trains of this road
pass through this depot, thus landing their passengers at the
very gates of the Exhibition. Trains also arrive at this station
from New York, Baltimore, and Washington, so that passen-
gers from all parts of the Union by the Pennsylvania Railroad
and its southern and eastern connections can be set down here,
and may here take the trains for their distant homes.

The depot is a busy place. Trains are constantly arriving
and departing, and each one brings in or takes out its load of
human freight. So perfect are the arrangements, and so strictly
are the tracks guarded against the intrusion of persons not con-
nected with the road, that in spite of the constant moving of
trains and the vast crowd of passengers, accidents are impossible.

Above the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot, the line of restaur-
ants, beer-saloons and bar-rooms begins again. These establish-
ments are inferior to those below Belmont avenue, but the same
reckless use of wood is found here, and the same lavish use of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 309

flags and painted canvas is seen. The danger of fire is even
greater here than below Belmont avenue, for here the buildings
are generally of wood, and of the flimsiest character.

One square back of Elm avenue, on Viola street, and extend-
ing from Fifty -second to Forty-eighth street, is the Atlas Hotel.
It consists of a number of frame buildings connected by covered
galleries. The hotel contains fifteen hundred rooms, and can
provide accommodations for three thousand people.

Returning to Belmont avenue, we pause once more to gaze
upon the busy scene at the intersection of this thoroughfare
with Elm avenue. On the one hand are the main entrances to
the Exhibition grounds, with the eager throng around them ;
to the east and west stretches away the long line of Elm avenue,
gay with flags and alive with music and the sharp rattle of
passing vehicles. Facing Belmont avenue the scene is equally
attractive. To the right is the large open space occupied by
the Pennsylvania Railroad, with its constantly arriving and
departing trains, with the main line beyond it, and farther on
the towers and flags of the huge Grand Exposition Hotel are
seen rising above the trees. On the left is the Transcontinental
Hotel, about the entrance of which a crowd is always collected.
A constant stream of street cars and carriages pours along Bel-
mont avenue, which is the main route from the Exhibition into
the city, and the street is as busy, as bustling and as gay as its
neighbor. Elm avenue.

About one hundred yards back from Elm avenue is the
Globe Hotel, which has been described. It stands opposite
the Transcontinental and fronts on Belmont avenue. It is an
immense structure, the prevailing colors of which are gray and
brown, and its long galleries offer a delightful promenade, and
remind one of the great watering-place hotels.

In the open space between the upper end of the Globe and
Elm avenue are two structures, which from their peculiar ap-
pearance are sure to attract the attention of strangers. One of
these is a large building erected as a soda water saloon by Mr.
James W. Tufts, of Boston, the well-known manufacturer of
soda water fountains and apparatus. Mr. Tufts has some thir-

310 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

teen or' fourteen soda water fountains in operation within the
Exhibition grounds, but his greatest display is reserved for this
building. The exterior of the edifice is neat and tasteful, and
the interior is fitted up \^ery handsomely and adorned with
elaborate frescoes. In the centre stands a splendid fountain of
variegated marble, with silver trimmings. It is forty feet in
height, and was erected at a cost of between twenty-five and
thirty thousand dollars. It is the largest fountain in the world,
and is by far the handsomest. It is capable of sujoplying an
almost unlimited demand for soda water, as it has seventy-six
syrup, eight soda, and twenty mineral tubes.

Immediately adjoining the soda water hall is a showy
pavilion constructed mainly of colored glass set in a tasteful
frame work. This is the Cigar Pavilion of M. Salomon & Co.,
importers of Havana cigars, whose wholesale houses in Phila-
delphia and New York have long been known to the trade.

On the east side of Belmont avenue, immediately in the rear
of the Transcontinental Hotel, is Wiley^s Restaurant, with a
handsome entrance and an open-air saloon in the second story.
Next door to it is Doyle^s Restaurant, a large and substantial
edifice of brick, with a spacious dining-hall, a cafe, and a bar-
room on the first floor. Here are also telegraph offices, writing
and wash-rooms, and a private parlor for ladies. The second
floor contains numerous suites of rooms, private parlors, ban-
quet-rooms, etc., which may be engaged by private parties.
There are also lodgings here for two hundred men at moderate
rates. The house is the property of Mr. John Doyle, late of
the Continental Hotel.

Next below Doyle^s is Tischner^s Restaurant, a handsome
private dwelling altered to suit the demands of the times. It
stands in the midst of its own grounds and is shaded by fine
trees, and constitutes one of the prettiest features of the street.
At the entrance to these grounds is a handsome pavilion con-
taining a beautiful marble soda fountain, from which cooling
drinks are dispensed for the refreshment of weary passers-by.

The east side of Belmont avenue, from Columbia avenue to
Teflerson street, is taken up with the stables and depot of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION,

311

Philadelphia City Passenger Railway, tasteful and substantial
buildings of pressed brick.

Immediately opposite, and adjoining the Globe Hotel, is a
huge building of wood, covered with corrugated iron and
painted in light colors. This is Operti's Trojyical Garden^ one
of the handsomest places of amusement in Philadelphia. It is
light and airy as befits a summer garden, and is handsomely
decorated with frescoes and other paintings. Long lines of col-
ored globes, each containing a gas jet, stretch across the interior

doyle's restaurant.

beneath the ceiling, and shed a brilliant light upon the scene
below. At the back a large waterfall dashes over the painted
rocks, forming a beautiful cascade, and giving to the air on the
hot nights of the summer a delicious coolness. The orchestra
stand is in the centre of the hall, and is profusely decorated with
flowers and shrubbery, which are also scattered lavishly through
the hall. The chairs of visitors are arranged around the
orchestra on the lower floor, and in a large gallery which
extends entirely around the hall.

312 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The scene within the hall during the performances is very-
beautiful. Rocky nooks and beds of rare and beautiful flowers
invite the visitor on every hand. The splendid cascade dashes
down its rocky height, glittering in the radiance of a powerful
lime light shed upon it from an invisible point. Different
colored lights flash down from the lamps overhead, and the air
is laden with the rich perfume of the flowers and the delicious
coolness of the waters.

The music is furnished by a superb band of over sixty per-
formers led by Signor Guiseppe Operti. The uniform of the
musicians consists of a military cap, a dark blue coat with red
and gold trimmings, and white pants and vest. As the concert
be2:ins the water is turned off from the cascade, which is silent
during the performance ; but the moment the music ceases it
springs into life again.

The garden and the performances will compare favorably
with any in the country, and every effort will be made by the
management to render it a place of amusement suited to the
demands of the most fastidious taste. The admission fee is half
a dollar; and in order to prevent the intrusion of improper
characters the management announce that they will deny admis-
sion to ladies unaccompanied by gentlemen.

Below the Tropical Garden the line of cheap restaurants
and bar-rooms commences, and continues unbroken to Girard
avenue. These are mostly of brick, and altogether Belmont
avenue has a more substantial and respectable appearance than
Ehn avenue. The two great hotels, the musical garden and the
solid appearance of its buildings give to it more of the aspect
of a street of a great city, and the picture, as one surveys it
from Girard avenue, is enhanced by the great buildings of the
Exhibition and the long reach of Exhibition grounds, which
stretch away from the head of t^he street to the hills of the Park.

At Girard avenue a fine iron bridge carries the line of Bel-
mont avenue over the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and
a similar structure at an oblique angle to the first continues the
line of Girard avenue unbroken to the westward. From this
bridge a fine view may be obtained of the main line of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 313

PennsylvaDia Railroad for a distance of several miles, and of
its Centennial branch and depot. The constant moving of
trains, which pass this point at a high rate of speed, renders this
view one of the most interesting to be had in the vicinity of the
Exhibition.

At Girard avenue the temporary town which has grown up
about the gates of the Exhibition ceases, and a long, sparsely
built region intervenes between it and Philadelphia proper.

No one should fail to obtain a view of this ^' Centennial
town ^' from some commanding point at which the whole picture
can be taken in at once. The central towers of the Main Ex-
hibition Building afford a capital place from which to view this
curious panorama, as from them both Belmont and Elm avenues,
and the distant line of Girard avenue, with the intervening cross
streets, may be seen. The contrast between the splendid and
imposing structures within the Exhibition grounds and the
cheap and tawdry buildings which lie beyond them is striking
indeed. Still, the scene is curious and interesting, and not the
least among the " sights '^ of the Exhibition.

Scarcely less interesting is the scene within the Park beyond
the enclosure of the Centennial grounds. At the prominent
points, such as George's Hill and Belmont, crowds assemble to
view the busy scene within the Exhibition grounds. One can-
not realize the extent and variety of the Exhibition until he has
viewed the buildings and grounds from one of these points. A
tall observatory of frame-work has been erected on George's
Hill, from which a view of the " Centennial " and the surround-
ing country may be had. A similar view can be obtained from
the Sawyer Observatory at Belmont. Those who do not wish
to soar so high as the summit of this structure may sit in the
balconies of the restaurant or under the trees and enjoy the
magnificent view, which embraces the Centennial grounds, the
river with its bridges, the Park and the distant city beyond.
The Centennial, with its multitude of restaurants, has not
robbed Belmont of its popularity, and on fair days one is sure
to find this favorite resort thronged with guests.

Two prominent points of interest are situated on the river

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 315.

shore. The first of these is the landing-place of the Schuylkill
steamboats, which ply between the Falls and the city, making
regular landings here. Broad flights of stairs lead from the
water to the summit of the hill above, and afford an easy means
of reaching the entrances to the Exhibition grounds.

.The other and last point of interest without the enclosure is
the depot of the Philadelphia & Eeading Railroad. It is a
tasteful frame building, painted in colors which harmonize well
with the luxuriant foliage in which it is embowered. The de-
pot is provided with ticket offices, waiting-rooms, private rooms
for ladies, and all the conveniences of a first-class railway station.
The tracks of the main line lie alongside the station, and a lono^
platform affords the means of entering and leaving the cars. A
plank walk-way leads up an easy ascent from the depot to the
entrances to the Main Exhibition Building. The depot is
situated in one of the loveliest sections of the Park, and there
can be nothing more charming and delightful than the view
which greets the wearied sight-seer, returning from the Exhibi-
tion to the cars, as he descends the hill towards the river. The
luxuriant foliage seems to enwrap the depot building, so thickly
does it cluster about it; and through the opening in the trees
can be seen the broad and beautiful river, with the picturesque
arches of the bridge in the distance, and the bold, bluff-like
shores of the East Park across the water.

CHAPTER X.

THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS,

Topography of the Grounds — The Kavines — The Entrances — The Turnstiles^
Styles of Tickets used — The Photograph Regulation — The Centennial Guard
— The Fire Department — The Narrow-Gauge Eailway — The Rolling Chair
Service — Landscape Gardening — The Flowers — ^The Avenues — The Bridges
— Bartholdi's Fountain — The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain —
The Centennial Waterworks — Relief Plans of Foreign Cities — Statue of Re-
ligious Liberty — Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe — The
Hunter's Camp — An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train — The American
Soldiers' Monument — The Ice- Water Fountain — The Indian Camp.

(VHE Commissioners of Fairmount Park transferred to
the United States Centennial Commission, for the pur-
poses of the International Exhibition, a tract of 450
acres. Of this tract 236 acres have been occupied by
the Exhibition buildings and the open spaces between
them, and have been enclosed with a stout picket fence.

The tract thus enclosed is admirably adapted to the purposes
of the Exhibition. It is an elevated plateau, with three spurs
jutting out toward the river, separated from each other by deep,
wooded ravines, through which flow small streams. The
ravine nearest the southern end of the grounds is called the
Lansdowne valley, the other the Belmont valley. The Lans-
downe valley is spanned by two handsome bridges, the Belmont
valley by one, these bridges affording an easy communication
between the various portions of the grounds.

The Exhibition plateau stands 120 feet above the Schuylkill,
and is always swept by a delightful breeze. The view from
either of the spurs is exquisitely beautiful, embracing as it does
the. river, the park, and the distant city. The most northern
of these spurs is occupied by the Agricultural Building, the
316

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 317

central one by Horticultural Hall, and the southern by
Memorial Hall. The three unite in a broad plain, which con-
tains the Main Building, Machinery Hall, the United States
Government Building and a number of smaller structures.
The sides of the ravines and the spaces between the more promi-
nent edifices are also thickly covered with buildings.

Thirteen places of entrance and exit to and fi'om the grounds
have been selected by the Board of Finance. These are located
at points convenient to the main roads and nearest to the places
at which the horse and steam railways and steamboats will set
down their passengers.

" The entrances nearly all have four gates : one for visitors
proper to the Exhibition, that is, those who pay to go in ;
another for persons bearing complimentary tickets ; a third for
exhibitors, representatives of the press, and employes, in fact,
for all not belonging to the two classes just named; and another
for wagons. At these points of entrance, so called, are also
placed the exits. Based upon a careful calculation of the traffic
over each of the roads surrounding the Exhibition grounds and
leading to the entrance points selected, have been placed from
one to thirty-three gates or turnstiles. Of these altogether there
are one hundred and six. The exits, in their vicinity, are forty-
two. On page 318 will be found a detailed statement of their
number and position.

" The turnstiles, which have the usual four arms, are in twos
at the end of passage-ways ten feet long, separated by another
passage-way to be afterward described. These lead slantingly
from the doorway, so as to prevent a direct crowd pressure upon
the head of the line of visitors. Other means have also been
adopted to prevent this pressure. Each turnstile is under the
control of a keeper, Avho sits or stands behind a short counter
and receives from each visitor the admission fee — a fifty cent
note — before the visitor passes the arm of the stile, which is, by
a mechanical contrivance, operated by the keeper's foot. As
the stile turns for each entrance it registers itself as well at the
gate as electrically at the manager's office, with which each has
electrical communication.

318

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

1
2
3

4
5

8
9

12
13

LOCATION.

East end of Main Building

Centre of Main Building, facing Elm avenue...

Main entrance, intersection of Belmont and
Elm avenues

Centre of Machinery Hall, on Elm avenue

On Fifty-second street, where it intersects
Fountain and Elm avenues

George's Hill, western entrance of " Avenue of
the Republic "

At the intersection of Belmont drive and Bel-
mont avenue

Glen Entrance, on Lansdowne drive

Belmont Valley (entrance for visitors arriving
by steamboat), on Lansdowne drive

Horticultural Hall (entrance for visitors arriv-
ing by steamboat), on Lansdowne drive

Lansdowne Valley (entrance for visitors by
steamboat and Reading Railroad), under
bridge at Lansdowne drive

Memorial Hall, Lansdowne drive, south of the
former entrance

Old River road, at the intersection of the Lans-
downe drive

15
5

33
2

1
2

4
3
3

• B

a .

£ i-

C X

C -^

...

5
6

2
2

I RECAPITULATION.

Money gates 75

Complimentary q

Exhibitors, employes, press, etc 24

Total number of entrances 106

" The money, when received by the gate-keeper, is deposited
in a box placed under the counter, which also by a mechanical
contrivance locks itself as it is pulled from the position which
it occupies when in use. Its opening can only be effected by
the bank officers.

" Between the two counters and entrances stands an officer,
who, with his back to the middle passage- way previously referred
to, watches both lines as they enter. On the happening of the
least disturbance he will draw the disturber from the line and
pass him down this passage and out beyond the fence.

"The exits are of ingenious contrivance, and, while permit-
*ting freely the departure of persons from the grounds through

3ir)

320 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

turnstiles of rather different construction than those described
above, absohitely prevent re-entrance, although no officer is re-
quired to watch them. They resemble small roofed sheds, with
two gates opening inward or backward from a centre post on
the fence line. One of the sides of the shed is extended or con-
tinued in an arc till its inner limit is opposite the centre of the
gate-post. At the other side, opposite the spot at which the
arc (or fender) starts, and rising one above another, extend out,
at rio-lit ano^les with the side, a series of fixed lateral bars or
arms nine feet high. On a line with this, and also on a line
with the end of the fender opposite the gate-post, rises another
post on which another turnstile revolves, the four arms of which
re})eated, rise as high as the top of the lateral bars, between
which they pass on each quarter revolution. This latter works
with a ratchet, and always outward.

^' It will be seen from this that when a visitor desires to leave
the ground he has to place himself in a triangle formed by two
of the turnstile arms and the fender. As he moves forward and
outward the turnstile moves with him until he finds himself at
the gate. He cannot change his mind and get back, this being
prevented by the outward movement controlled by the ratchet,
nor can he come in again without the payment of another fifly
cent note, this being prevented by the fixed lateral bars.

*' The designs of all the entrances are very neat and tasteful.
The wagon entrances, ten feet high, being necessarily the widest
aiid highest, admit of the greatest scope for ornamentation.
They are surmounted with American trophies, shields, flags,
eao^les, etc. A flao;staff rises at each side, and the name ^ Inter-
national Exhibition ' is over the door. A similar style of orna-
mentation is upon the pedestrian entrance gates and exits. On
panels over the gates are gilt signs indicating whether they are
for employes, etc., or are complimentary, or pay entrances."

No tickets are used for the pay admissions. The visitor is
required to come provided with a fifty cent note or a silver half-
.^ollar. There must be a separate fifty cent note or half-dollar
for each visitor. The gate-keepers have no authority to accept
notes or silver pieces of a larger or smaller denomination, and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, o2l

do not furnish change. At each entrance an office will be found
to furnish change for large bills.

There are but two kinds of tickets issued or used — compli-
mentary tickets, and those issued to exhibitors, members of the
press, emploj^es, etc. Complimentary tickets are issued only to
persons whose high official stations entitle them to the privilege,
and the number will therefore be limited. These tickets are
printed on heavy bond paper in square note-size sheets. The
design is on the first page, a female figure of America seated on
a globe, with a palm branch in her hand, and by her side a
cornucopia. Beneath are the words, " United States Interna-
tional Exhibition, Philadelphia, opening May 10th, closing
November 10th, 1876. Complimentary." They are signed by
the President of the Board of Finance, the President of the Com-
mission, and the Director-General. On the third page there is
a request to the holder that he will deposit his card on entrance
as a basis for future statistics of the Exhibition, The envelope
containing these is worded as the note, but without the figure
of America. The tickets for exhibitoi^, employes, etc, are on
fine card, in the form of a two-leaved lx)ok. Hound the centre
space on the inner pages is a border of geometrical lathework-
cutting, while around that are three rows of numerals, corre-
sponding in number with the number of days the Exhibition
will be open. Around these again is another lathework border.
It is intended that one of these numbers, and the appropriate
one, shall be punched on -the first daily entrance of the holder.
Each time he leaves the ground after his first entrance he will
receive a pass or return-check. This is noted on the left leaf
of the ticket. On the right inner page there is an oval in the
centre surrounded by stars and ornamental latliework. In this
oval the holder will be required to insert his photograph before
the 1st of June, and he is reminded of this by the words in this
i^mce, " Not good after June 1st unless the reo;ulation photograph
of the holder be inserted in this place." Under the photograph
space are the words, " Not transferable, forfeited if presented by
any but the proper owner." On the first or title pa2:e outside is
the title, " International Exhibition," with the holder's namCj
21

22 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Ills class, his country, and serial number. On the fourth or
last page there is a lathework medallion with the warning,
"This ticket will not be renewed if lost/' The border on these
two pages, as well as on the inner pages, is elaborate lathework.

For the protection of the buildings and the large and valu-
able collection gathered within them a special police or guard
has been provided by the Commission. The force consists of
600 men, uniformed, and placed under rigid military disci-
pline. They are quartered in barracks erected at the upper
and lower ends of the Exhibition grounds, and are on duty
day and night. They are organized as a regiment, under the
command of a colonel, and are divided into companies, each
with its proper officers. They are charged with the duty of
guarding the buildings and their contents, and preserving order
within the enclosure. They have full power to arrest offenders
and convey them to the station house provided for their recei>
tion and detention until they can be turned over to the courts
for trial.

A special fire department has also been provided. Several
first-class steam fire-engines are located at convenient points
within the grounds, and a system of telegraphic signals has
been arranged by which the exact location of a fire can be
instantly communicated to the engine houses. A number of
Babcock Fire Extinguishers, ready for instant use, are placed
in the various buildings, and every possible precaution against
fire has been taken.

To visit the distant parts of the grounds on foot would be a
slow and tedious undertaking, and would greatly interfere with
tllfe comfort and pleasure of visitors. As no carriages are
allowed within the enclosure, a pleasant and speedy means of
transit between the various portions of the grounds is provided
in the West End Railway, a narrow-gauge railroad about four
miles in length, which, beginning at the lower end of the Main
Building, makes the circuit of the grounds. The road is laid
with a double track, and is finely equipped with ten narrow-
gauge locomotives and forty cars. The road with its efjuip-
ment is a special exhibit by the West End Railway Company,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 323

who have also purchased the sole right to transport passengers
within the grounds. Passenger stations, consisting of enclosed
platforms, are provided at convenient points along the line.
Passengers purchase tickets at the offices at these stations, and
deliver them to the guard upon entering upon the platform.
They are then at liberty to take the train when it comes along,
and may leave it at any station, or may make the circuit of the
grounds for a single fare. The trains run at an average speed
of eight miles an hour. The fare is five cents. No one visits
ing the Exhibition should fail to make the circuit of the
grounds by means of this railway, as it is only by doing so that
a comprehensive idea of the size and arrangement of the Exhi-
bition can be obtained.

Rolling chairs are kept for hire at designated stations within
the principal buildings, and may be used to pass from point to
point within the grounds. They may be hired with the ser-
vices of an attendant to propel them, or without, as one may
desire. The charge, with an attendant, is sixty cents an hour,
or $4.50 a day. If hired without an attendant the charge is $1
for three hours, subject to a drawback of thirty cents for each
hour in which the chair is unused. These chairs are comfort-
able vehicles, in which one may sit at ease and make the tour
of the buildings without fatigue. They are excellent for ladies
or persons who are not able to endure the long and steady
tramp through the buildings, and their construction and shape
are such that they may be wheeled through the narrowest
passage-ways of the enclosure, except within the special pa-
vilions, and close up to the articles the occupant wishes to
inspect.

Chairs and settees are scattered through the buildings and
grounds, for the accommodation of visitors. No charge is made
for the use of these. Many of the exhibitors have handsome
sofas and other seats within their spaces, which are at the
visitors^ service.

The grounds are handsomely laid off, and are in many places
well shaded by the native forest trees. The ravines which
separate the spurs on which the principal buildings stand give

324 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

to them a picturesqtieness which nothing else could impart.
From almost any point a beautiful landscape stretches out
before the gazer/ and affords a pleasant and grateful contrast to
the lines of buildings which stretch away on every hand. At
the north side of Machinery Hall a pretty lake, covering about
five acres of ground, constitutes a pleasant feature of the scene,
and from its centre a fine jet of water springs up, cooling the
air with its moisture. Other fountains there are to be noticed
hereafter. The spacious grounds in front of Horticultural Hall
are dotted with parterres of flowers and are traversed by a
sunken garden leading up to the portals of the hall. Wherever
it was possible to save any ground for ornamentation, there the
landscape gardeners have been busy, and fresh grass swards
and beds of flowers aflbrd new delights to the lovers of the
beautiful. The fine old trees of the park add greatly to the
beauty as well as to the comfort of the scene.

The grounds are traversed by five main avenues, and by
many miles of walks which are nameless. The first of the
main thoroughfares is the Avenue of the Republic, which com-
mences at the eastern end of the grounds and runs north of the
Main Building and Machinery Hall to the Roman Catholic
Fountain. It is 100 feet in width. Belmont avenue extends
from the main entrance on Elm avenue, between the Main and
Machinery Halls, to Belmont, crossing the grounds obliquely.
Fountain avenue extends from the Roman Catholic or Tem-
perance Fountain to Horticultural Hall. Agricultural avenue
extends from the Avenue of the Republic, near the western end
of the Main Building, to Agricultural Building. State avenue
skirts the base of George's Hill. All the avenues and walks
are paved with asphaltum.

To furnish direct communication between the various parts
of the grounds at their eastern 'end a fine bridge is thrown over
the Lausdowne ravine, just north of Memorial Hall. The
bridge consists of twelve spans, and has a total length of 515
feet. The roadway is 60 feet wide, and the footwalks 10 feet
wide each, making the total width of the bridge 80 feet. The
foundations are masonry throughout, trestles of timbers being

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 325

erected on the piers. The trestles are formed with combination
posts, the pieces firmly bolted and mortised together, forming a
stiff, rigid system. The masonry is of the best Conshohocken
stone, that in the foundation being laid with good flat beds, the
stone of good size and shape, none averaging less than 6 cubic
feetj and the footing courses projecting 6 inches on all sides.
The masonry above ground is rock-range work, pointed with
dark mortar. The wrought-iron work is specified of the best
quality, and all the lumber throughout the structure is of the
first quality white pine, except the upper flooring and curb,
which is of white oak. All parts of the bridge, except the
flooring and floor-joist, are painted in three coats of oil of ap-
proved tints. The fence which encloses the Exhibition grounds
passes along the centre of the bridge, thus reserving one part
of it to the Exhibition and devoting the other to the public
drive through the park. Another bridge has been built higher
up, over the Lansdovvne valley, and Belmont valley is also
bridged in several places.

The Esplanade, at the main entrance between the Main and
Machinery Halls, has been handsomely laid off with grass plots
and beds of flow^ers. In the centre is a large bronze fountain,
with statues of Light and Water, " the twin goddesses of cities,^'
by Bartholdi.

At the west end of Machinery Hall is the Centennial Foun-
tain, erected by the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of
America. It is constructed entirely of marble and granite, and
is one of the finest works of art in America. The design is by-
Herman Kirn, a young sculptor of Philadelphia, a pupil of the
celebrated sculptor Steinhauser, of Carlsruhe. It consists of a
granite platform in the form of a Maltese cross, and approached
by steps which extend entirely around it. In the centre is a
large circular basin, 40 feet in diameter, from the centre of
which rises a mass of rock work, on the summit of which a
colossal statue of Moses is placed. He stands with one end of
his rod resting on the rock which he has just struck, and from
which the water gushes in streams about his feet and flows
down into the basin below. At each of the four points of the

126

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

cross is a handsome pedestal of white raarble, near the base of
which is a drinking-fonntain. Each pedestal is surmounted by
a marble statue 9 feet high. The persons represented by these
statues are Charles Carroll, of CarroUton, Father Matthew,
Archbishop Carroll, and Commodore John Barry, a distin-
guished naval officer of the Revolution. The fountain is one
of the handsomest ornaments of the grounds, and will remain
after the Exhibition buildings have been removed; the cost of
the fountain was §50,000.

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CENTENNIAL FOUNTAIN.

The demand for water for various purposes being so great
within the Exhibition grounds, a separate system of water-
works is provided, and the main supply of Philadelphia is thus
relieved of what would be a heavy drain upon it. A large
pump-house of brick is built on the shore of the Schuylkill,
immediately south of Columbia bridge, and is supplied with
powerful pumping engines of the most apjiroved pattern. The
water is pumped from the river at this point and forced up the

OF THE CENTE^'XIAL EXHIBITION. 327

hill to the top of the tall Stand Pipe wlilch rises back of
Machinery Hall. The fall from the summit of this pipe gives
it a force sufficient for all the purposes of the Exhibition. The
works can supply 7,000,000 gallons of water daily to the build'*
ings and grounds.

To the north of the temperance fountain, and between Foun-
tain and State avenues, are a series of relief plans in miniature
of Switzerland, Jerusalem, Paris and Naples, constructed by
Colonel Lienard, a distinguished French artist. These plans
are exact representations in miniature of the places named, each
building being cut out and set up to appear as it does in the
cities represented. These are among the most interesting of the
minor sights of the Exhibition.

Immediately in the rear of Memorial Hall is the statue of
Religious Liberty, erected by the Hebrew order of B'nai
B'rith. It is the work of Ezekiel, an American sculptor of the
Hebrew faith, and a native of Richmond, Virginia. Its cost
was $30,000. The statue is of marble, and together with the
pedestal is twenty feet in height. The design is a group of two
figures — the one colossal, eight feet in height, stands near the
centre of the pedestal. It typifies the Genius of Liberty. It is
a female figure in armor ; a mantle fastened at the neck by an
agraffe falls from the left shoulder to the left foot. The right
breast and arm are uncovered. On the breastplate of the armor
is wrought the American shield. The head is covered with the
Phrygian cap bordered with thirteen stars. The left hand of
the figure which holds the Constitution is supported by the
fasces. The other figure of the group stands at the right si(ie
of the former; it is a youth, slightly draped, with face upraised;
one hand of this figure is stretched to heaven and holding an
urn in which burns the sacred flame. At the base of the group
an eagle is represented, its talons buried in a snake, typifying
the destruction of slavery. The idea conveyed by the group is
Liberty protecting Religion, and in the idea, personified by
Religion, it is intended to express in a universal sense the
reli-ance on a divine power common to humanity. The pedestal

STATUE OF LXBEETY TO Bj: ESSCTED IN INDEPENDENCE SQUARE.

328

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 329

is inscribed with suitable sentences from the Constitution of the
United States.

A few feet west of the intersection of Fountain and Belmont
avenues is the statue of Christopher Columbus, erected by the
Italian residents of the United States. The statue is of Ravaz-
zioni marble, and was executed in Italy by an Italian artist. It
is of heroic size, and represents Columbus at the moment of
the discovery of the New World.

On the western side of the lake stands a bronze statue of
Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine.

A number of soda water fountains are scattered through the
grounds at convenient points. They are the property of
Charles Lippincott & Co., of Philadel[)hia, and James W.
Tufts, of Boston, who have the exclusive privilege of selling
soda water in the buildings and grounds.

Six cigar pavilions, owned and conducted by W. A. Flem-
ing & Co., are located in various parts of the grounds. They
are one story in height, with observatories.

In the Belmont ravine, south of Agricultural Hall, is The
Hunters' Camp, erected by the " Forest and Stream Publishing
Company of New York.'' It is what is known as a permanent
camp, and consists of a number of huts constructed of logs and
bark. It is provided with all the appurtenances of a hunting
and fishing camp, such as portable boats, sporting fire-arms,
rods and lines, a kennel of sporting dogs, and specimens of
game birds. At the margin of the camp, the stream which
flows through the ravine has been converted into a small lake,
and this has been stocked with game fish. The camp will be in
charge of a number of experienced hunters, and will illustrate
the various phases of a sportsman's life in the backwoods.

Near the southern edge of the grounds, above Machinery Hall,
is a queer-looking locomotive with two antiquated railroad pas-
senger cars attached to it. This is the '^ John Bull," an English
locomotive, and the first ever used on the New Jersey Railroad.
It is the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, by
which it is exhibited. The cars are the old-style coaches
familiar to all ^vhose fate it was to travel on the Camden &

330 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Amboy Railroad twenty years ago. The entrances are on tjie
side, and the cars are low and badly ventilated. There are no
steps at the side, the platforms of the stations being in those
days built on a line with the doors of the cars. On the roof
of the car which serves as a tender to the locomotive is a large
covered scat, resembling an old-fashioned buggy top. When
these cars were used, a man sat in this seat with his back to the
locomotive and his face to the rear of the train, and held tlie
end of the boll cord in his hand. Another corti extended from
his seat to the signal bell of the locomotive. He was thus
enabled to see that the cars did not become uncoupled, and
repeated the signals of the conductor to the engineer. The
locomotive shown here was placed on the New Jersey Railroad
in 1831. A comparison between this machine and the splendid
locomotives on exhibition in ^lachinerv Hall will show better
than words the advance that has been made in railroad engine
buihling.

On the north of the Main Bnildini; stands tlie American
Soldiers Monument, a colossal granite statue 21 feet in height,
and weij^hins: 30 tons.

At the intersection of Belmont and Fountain avenues is the
Ice-Water Fountainy erected by the Grand Division of Sons of
Temperance of the State of Pennsylvania. It is enclosed by
a wooden jnivilion with thirteen sides, representing a Greek
temj)le, 25 feet in diameter and 36 feet high. The fountain is
eight feet in diameter and is surrounded by a passage-way.
The fountain is provided with twenty-six self-acting si)igots,
and is connected with a reservoir underground which i^ fed
from the reservoir on George's Hill. The reservoir of the
fountain has a capacity of 4000 to 5000 gallons of water, and
can furnish an almost unlimited supply of ice-water, which is
free to all.

A most interesting feature of the Exhibition is the Indian
Encampment, which is located on a reservation in the Centen-
nial grounds at the foot of George's Hill. Over 300 Indians
are encamped here; and this number is made up by detachments
o!" from four to eight from fifty-three tribes. Both sexes are

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 331

included, and the redskins are, in many instances, famous
chiefs and their families. They were selected for their perfec-
tion of form and physical development, or for their distin-
guished deeds; so that they constitute the very aristocracy of
the Indian nation. The object of the encampment is to show,
in as perfect a degree as is now possible, the original inhabitants
of this country and their mode of life. For this purpose they
have with them a number of their lodges, their cooking utensils,
weapons, agricultural implements, and the instruments by which
their rude manufactures are carried on. They have also a num-
ber of ponys and dogs. They will carry on their various
occupations, including the weaving of blankets and belts, the
making of moccasins and clothing, baskets and bead ornaments,
and the construction of pottery and stone implements. The
Indians are in charge of George Anderson, a famous Texan
guide and scout, whose romantic and daring adventures would,
if written truthfully, make one of the most entertaining of
volumes.

The various buildings located in the Exhibition grounds will
be described in their appropriate places.

A ride through the grounds on the cars of the narrow-gauge
railway is a necessity, but no one should omit the pleasure of
seeing them on foot. There are so many objects of interest to
linger over, so many exquisite bits of landscape, so many pic-
turesque views of the buildings to enjoy, that it is only by
taking a leisurely walk through these beautiful grounds that this
pleasure can be tasted to its full.

CHAPTER XI.

THE MAIN BUILDING.

Description of the Main Building — A Monster Edifice — The Interior — A Mag-
nificent Hall — Decorations — The Galleries — A Beautiful and Imposing
Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter Boxes — Telegraph
Svstcni — The Elevator — Classification of the Display in the Building — The
American Department — The Great Organ — The Massachusetts Educational
Exhibit — The Roosevelt Organ — The Paper Makers— The Book Pavilion —
The Model Post-Office— The Cotton and Woollen Goods— The Carpet Rooms
— American Pottery — Among the Iron Workers — The Fire-Arms Exhibit —
Rich Costumes— The Telegraphic Display— The Gas Fixture Department—
A Brilliant Display — The Jewellers and Silversmiths— The Moorish Pavilion
— A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects— The Century Vase — The
Cologne Fountains — The Furniture Display— Model Houses Completely
Furnished — The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful Instruments — Concerts —
Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware —
Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments — Beautiful Porcelains — Superb
Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tile Exhibit — Rich
Iron W^ork — Rare Furniture — A Royal Pavilion — Grand Display of Cotton
and Woollen Goods and Linens — Jewelry — Splendid Carpets — The Book
Display— The Graphic's Art Collection — Rich Stained Glass — A Gorgeous
Show from India — The Canadian Exhibit — The Manufactures and Natural
Products of the Dominion — The Educational Exhibit of Ontario — The Aus-
tralian Exhibits — The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent —
Pyramids of Gold — Superb Photographs of Australian Scenes — Dust from
the Gold Coast — Native Diamonds — The West Indian Display — France — The
French Court — Rare Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics
of France — The Silk Court — Beautiful Laces — Statuary — Religious Groups
— The Book Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — Articles de
Paris — Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus.

HE principal Exhibition buildings are five in number.

Of these the larirest is the Main Buildinsj. It is located

immediately east of the intersection of Belmont and

Elm avenues, and extends in a line from east to west,

parallel with Elm avenue. It stands one hundred and

seventy feet back from the north side of Elm avenue, at the

north side of which the fence enclosing the Exhibition grounds

332

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 333

is placed. A broad, open space is thus left between the fence
and the building. The building is in the form of a parallelo-
gram, and has a length, from east to west, of eighteen Iiundrod
and eighty feet, and a width, from north to south, of four hun-
dred and sixty-four feet.

The larger portion of the building is one story in height, and
shows the main cornice upon the outside at forty- five feet from
the ground, the interior height being seventy feet. At the
centre of the longer sides are projections four hundred and six-
teen feet in length, and in the centre of the shorter sides or ends
of the building are projections two hundred and sixteen feet in
length. In these projections, in the centre of the four sides, are
located the main entrances, which are provided with arcades on
the ground floor, and central arcades extending to the height of
ninety feet.

The main entrances are arranged as follows : The northern
entrance communicates directly with Memorial Hall, which
faces this portal. The east entrance is the principal approach
for carriages, which may be driven up to the arcades, at which
visitors alight. The doors at this end open upon the Park, the
fence line extending from the northern and southern sides of
the building. The southern entrance is the principal approach
from the street cars which have their terminus on Elm avenue
immediately before this door. The western doors open upon
the esplanade at the main entrance to the grounds, and commu-
nicate with the Machinery and Agricultural Halls.

A tower, seventy-five feet high, rises from each of the four
corners of the building, and between these towers and the cen-
tral projections or entrances there is a low roof introduced,
showing a cornice at twenty-four feet above the ground.

At the central part of the building the roof, for one hundred
and eighty-four feet square, is raised above the surrounding
portion. From the four corners of this elevated roof four
towers, each forty-eight feet square, rise to a height of one hun-
dred and twenty feet.

The buildino; is the larg-est in the world. It cov^ers an area
of 936,008 square feet, or 21.47 acres, as follows:

•-I

rr.

1-1

I.M

•/;

'/;

►H

H-

►d

►

H-

•^

334

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 385

Ground floor 872,320 square feet 20.02 acres.

Upper floors in projections 37,344 " 85 "

U-pper floors in towers 26,344 " 60 "

Total 936,008 " ....21.47 "

The ground-plan shows a central avenue or nave one hun-
dred and twenty feet in width, and extending eighteen hundred
and thirty-two feet in length. This is the longest avenue of
that width ever introduced into any building. On either side
of the nave there is an avenue one hundred feet in width by
eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. Between the
nave and the side avenues are aisles forty-eight feet in width,
and on the other sides of the building smaller aisles twenty-four
feet in width.

In order to relieve the monotony which would have resulted
from the continuation of the roof in an unbroken line, three
cross avenues or transepts have been introduced of the saniQ
widtiis and in the same relative positions to each other as tha
nave and avenues running lengthwise, viz. : a central trunsepb
one hundred and twenty feet in width by four hundred and six-
teen feet in length, with one on either side of one hundred feet;
by four hundred and sixteen feet, and aisles between of forty-
eight feet.

The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the central
portion of the building result in dividing the ground floor into
nine open spaces free from supporting columns, and covering in
the aggregate an area of four hundred and sixteen feet square.
Four of these spaces are one hundred feet square; four one hun-
dred feet by one hundred and twenty feet, and the central space
or pavilion one hundred and twenty feet square. The intersec-
tions of the forty-eight feet aisles produce four interior courts
forty-eight feet square, one at each corner of the central space.

The main promenades through the nave and central transept
are each thirtv feet in width, and those throuo:h the centre of
the side avenues and transepts fifteen feet each. All other walks
are ten feet wide, and lead at either end to exit doors.

The foundations of the building consist of piers of masonry

336 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

set solidly in the earth, and more than equal to the task of sus-
taining the immense weight which rests upon them. Tlie
superstructure is composed of wrought-iron columns, which
support wrought-iron roof trusses. " These columns are com-
posed of rolled channel bars with plates riveted to the flanges.
Leno-thwrse of the buildinor the columns are placed at the uni-
form distance apart of twenty-four feet. In the entire structure
there are six hundred and seventy-two columns, the shortest
being twenty-three feet and the longest one hundred and twenty-
five feet in length. The aggregate weight is 2,200,000 pounds.

"The roof trusses are similar in form to those in general use
for depots and warehouses, and consist of straight rafters with
struts and tie bars. The aggregate weight of iron in the roof
trusses and girders is 5,000,000 pounds.

"This building being a temporary construction, the columns
and trusses are so designed that they may be easily taken down
and erected again at another site.

"The sides of the building for the height of seven feet from
the ground are finished with brickwork in panels between the
columns ; above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of
the sash are movable for ventilation. The roof covering is of
tin upon sheathing boards. The ground flooring is of plank
upon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space under-
neath.

"All the corners and angles of the building upon the ex-
terior are accentuated by galvanized iron octagonal turrets,
which extend the full height of the building from the ground
level to above the roof. These turrets at the corners of the
towers are surmounted with flag-staffs, at other places with the
national eagle.

" The national standard, with appropriate emblems, is placed
over the centre of each of the four main entrances. Over each
of the side entrances is placed a trophy showing the national
colors of the country occupying that part of the building.

" At the vestibules forming part of the four main entrances
variegated brick and tile have been introduced.

" The building stands nearly due east and west, and is lighted

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 337

almost entirely by side light from the north and south sides.
Louvre ventilators are introduced over the central nave and
each of the avenues. Skylights are introduced over the central
aisles."

The edifice was erected by Mr. K. J. Dobbins, one of the
most eminent builders of Philadelphia. He was the constructor
of the Public Ledger Building, and his two great works in the
Exhibition grounds, the Main Building and Memorial Hall, are
enviable monuments of his skill and energy. In the construc-
tion of the Main Building 7,000,000 feet of lumber, and nearly
8,000,000 pounds of iron were used, and the services of three
thousand men were employed. Underneath, and extending
through the edifice, are four miles of water and drainage pipes,
the service in this respect being perfect. Gas pipes are intro-
duced through the building, which is lighted at night by
" reflectors " suspended from the roof, and placed beyond the
possibility of communicating fire to the structure or its contents.
Hydrants are placed at numerous points in the hall, and are so
arranged that the water can be turned directly upon a fire,
which can be extinguished before it has gained any advantage.

The light in the building is excellent, and all exhibitors are
placed on an equality for showing their goods by the admirable
arrangement of the hall in this respect.

The cost of the Main Building was $1,580,000. The engin-
eers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson.
The wrought and cast-iron work was manufactured by William
Sellers & Co., of the Moor Iron Works ; the wrought-iron w^as
furnished by A. & P. Roberts, of the Pencoyd Rolling Mills ;
the cast-iron was furnished by Morris, Tasker & Co., of the
Pascal Iron Works; and the iron work w^as erected by the
Watson Manufacturing Co. The foundations of the building
were begun in the autumn of 1874. On the 8th of May, 1875,
the erection of the iron work w^as begun, and was completed on
the 2d of December, 1875. The other work was carried on
with rapidity, and -the building was completed early in Feb-
ruary, 1876, and on the 14th of that month was delivered by
the contractor to the Board of Finance.
22

338 THE II.LUSTEATED HISTORY

The Main Buikling is in all respects the most imposing
structure of the Exhibition. It is not as beautiful as Memorial
Hall, but is superb in its massiveness and in the perfection of
its details. In spite of its immense size, it is light and graceful
in appearance, and seen from any commanding point, with its
thousands of flags and streamers fluttering in the air, its beauti-
ful proportions rising grandly and clearly against the sky, it
constitutes an object which long holds the gazer's eye and elicits
bis warmest praise. The exterior is painted in light-brown
colors, with tasteful ornamental lines in red and other harmo-
nizing hues.

The interior is decorated handsomely. The prevailing colors
are the lightest shade of blue and cream-color, and the decora-
tions are in bright, cheerful tints which blend well with these
hues. There is nothing sombre or gloomy about the edifice,
and the taste displayed in the selection and arrangement of
colors is highly to be commended.

Around the inner cornice small circular panes of stained glass
have been set, decorated with the arms of the United States,
the various States and Territories of the Union, and the differ-
ent nations of the world, and with subjects relating to the arts
and sciences.

The four sides of the central transept are ornamented with
elaborate pieces representing America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Each of these paintings is forty feet in width and fifty feet in
height, and embodies a group emblematic of one of the four
quarters of the globe. At the east end of the transept is the
American group. America is represented by Columbia holding
in her hand the staff surmounted by the Liberty Cap, while
beneath is the word America and the numerals MDCCLXXYI.
On the right is the bust of Wasliington, on the left that of
Franklin. As a background the national colors are most promi-
nent, and on either side are the flags of the old original thirteen
States. The whole forms a very pretty picture, and cannot but
attract great attention.

Immediately opposite, on the west side of the transept, is the
European group. Europe is represented by a female figure at

or THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 339

the top, while beneath, on the right, is the bust of Shakespeare,
and on the left that of Charlemagne. A horse and lion are
conspicuous objects, and back of all are the flags of the Great

Powers.

At the south end of the transept is the Asiatic group. Asia
is represented by a female figure, seated between the busts of
Confucius and Mahomet. Chinese and Japanese emblems are
conspicuous, and the flags of the Asiatic nations are tastefully
grouped.

At the north end of the transept is the African group.
Africa is represented by an Egyptian female, and beside her are
the busts of Rameses and Sesostris. Characteristic oriental
scenes and the flags of the African states make up the back-
ground.

In each of the groups the products of the respective great
divisions of the world are conspicuously displayed. The eficct
of the pictures is very fine, and they harmonize well with the
grand assemblage of beautiful objects in this portion of the
building.

At each end of the building and at convenient points on the
sides, galleries are provided from which the visitor may survey
the brilliant scene below. From the gallery on the south side,
or from the towers at the centre of the building, one may enjoy
at leisure the magnificent view which the hall and its contents
afford. Before him and on either hand is the vast interior of
the hall stretching away for hundreds of feet, brilliant and
imposing with its rich decorations, and astounding and delight-
ing the gazer with its vastness and its perfect adaptation to the
purposes of the Exhibition. At the north and east ends the
magnificent organs which occupy the main galleries constitute
two of the most beautiful ornaments of the hall. The scene on
the floor below is enchanting. The long lines of magnificent
show-cases, the sumptuous pavilions of the various foreign
nations, the gorgeous display of objects of use and beauty, the
infinite variety of forms and colors, all tend to make up a picture
to be remembered for a lifetime. At various points fountains
send their clear jets of water into the air, the strains of music

340

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

come floating up to you from below, or the deep tones of the great
organs hill your senses into a delicious repose, and the perfumes
of the cologne-fountains fill the air with a luxurious languor.
You hear the sharp click of the telegraph telling of the restless^
busy energy that has produced all this luxury, and are reminded

DELAWARE STATE BUILDING.

by it that you are not yet in Fairyland. The aisles and passage-
ways are thronged with sightseers, and as you lean over from
your lofty perch you may see the costumes of many nations
mingled in the crowd. The stalwart Indian stalks through the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 341

hall, as emotionless as a stone, and concealing his wonder at all
this magnificence beneath a stolidity which you may admire but
cannot equal. The small but alert Japanese, with his loose
dress caught up as if it were an obstacle rather than a con-
veu'ience, the " Heathen Chinee,'^ with his almond-eyes and
long pig-tails, his comical dress, and his " ways that are dark
and tricks that are vain," the turbaned Turk in his gay cos-
tume, the Egyptian with his red tarbush, and the brilliantly
uniformed attaches of the European Commissions, all jostle each
other in the throng below you. From your elevated stand you
look down upon the wealth of the world. All the nations have
sent their rarest and choicest objects here, and in this vast
collection you may study the civilization and customs, and read
the history of the dominant part of the human race.

The building is provided with every possible comfort for
visitors. Seats are scattered through the aisles, and in many of
the pavilions and enclosures, chairs and cushioned settees are
furnished by the exhibitors. At each end of the main aisle
and at the ends of the central transept are water-closets and
w^ash-rooms for visitors. These are in charge of attendants and
are kept scrupulously clean. They are free to all. Cloak-rooms
and umbrella-stands, provided by the Department of Public Com-
fort, are located under the arcades at the four main entrances to
the building. Umbrellas, water-proofs,, or parcels of any kind
are received at these stands, and taken care of for a small sum.
The owner is given a metal check for his property, and this
must be presented when the article is claimed.

Restaurants are located at the north and south ends of the
central transept. They are provided with lunch counters as
well as with tables, and those who desire merely a light lunch
can be accommodated at moderate prices.

Several fountains are located in the main aisle. One of these
is a tall, ugly series of iron basins from which the water flows
down into the pool below. It is the largest fountain in the
building, and does not reflect much credit upon the taste that
provided it.

Soda-water stands are established at several prominent points

342 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

in the main, aisle and the central transept. The fountains, as a
rule, are very handsome, being constructed of white or colored
marble with silver mountings. Soda is sold at the national
price of ten cents a glass, and the fountains all appear to do a
good business.

Wheel-chair stations are located at each end, and near the
centre of the main aisle. In the main aisle, also, are stands for
the sale of the official catalogues and guide books.

Telegraph offices are established at one or two points in the
main aisle, from which messages may be sent to any part of the
world. The American District Telegraph Company have the
sole privilege of operating these offices, and liave introduced
their admirable messenger service system into the grounds.

Scattered through the building are a number of iron letter
boxes, established by the United States Post-Office Department,
from which collections are made at stated times. These boxes
are to be found in all the main buildings and at prominent
points in the grounds. A separate mail service is provided for
the Exhibition, which has its own postmaster and officials, and
letters are received and despatched by the Centennial Post-
Office, which is located in the Government Building, with the
greatest promptness.

In the centre of the building a large music-stand has been
erected. Concerts are given here daily by the finest bands in
the country. Concerts are also given by the proprietors of the
great organs at stated times during the day, and these, with the
performances of the eminent musicians engaged by the various
manufacturers of pianos to show the merits of their respective
instruments, furnish a rich treat to the lover of music.

On the south side of the main aisle, about half-way between
the eastern entrance and the transept, is the establishment of
the Centennial Safe Deposit Company. It is enclosed with a
stout iron cage, and contains a number of large safes and desks
and tables. The company receive on deposit valuables and
papers, and guarantee their safe return upon demand. A charge
is made for the keeping of each article according to a fixed
tariff. The safes of the company are fire-proof.

OF THE CE^iTEXXIAL EXHIBITIOX.

343

In one of the central towers a steam elevator conveys visitors,
%viio may wish to make the ascent, to the roof or to the galleries
of the tower. Stairways are provided for those who do not wish
to use the elevator. The elevator is of the most approved con-

CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDIXG.

struction, and is exhibited as one of the most perfect specimens
of its kind.

The greatest care and forethought have been exercised to
render the Exhibition buildings perfect in the conveniences
they offer to visitors. Advantage has been taken in this respect

344 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOPwY

of the experience of all the other great World's Fairs, and it may
be safely asserted that our own presents improvements upon
each and all.

In a work like this it is simply impossible to describe each
feature of the Exhibition in detail. We can only refer to it in
general terms, dwelling merely upon the objects which constitute
its principal attractions.

The Centennial Commission at an early day divided the
objects to be exhibited into seven departments, as follows :

5. Machinery.

6. Agriculture.

7. Horticulture.

1. Mining and Metallurgy.

2. Manufactures.

3. Education and Science.

4. Art.

Tliese were assigned to the five principal buildings, the first
three being included in the Main Building. The classification
and grouping of these is as follows :

I.— Mining and Metallurgy.

Classes. Groups.

100 — 109 Minerals, Ores, Stones, Mining Products, .

110 — 119 Metallurgical Products.

120 — 129. . . .Mining Engineering.

II. — Manufactures.

200 — 205 Chemical Manufactures.

206 — 216 Ceramics, Pottery, Porcelain, Glass, etc.

217—227 Furniture, etc.

228—234 Yarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Materials.

235—241 Woven and Felted Goods of Wool, etc.

242—249. . . .Silk and Silk Fabrics.
250 — 257. . . .Clothing, Jewelry, etc.

258—264 Paper, Blank-Books, Stationery.

265—271 Weapons, etc.

272 — 279 Medicine, Surgery, Prothesis.

280—284 Hardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery, and Metallic Products.

285 — 291 Fabrics of Vegetable, Animal, or Mineral Materials.

292 — 296 Carriages, Vehicles, and Accessories.

III. — Education and Science.
300—309. . ..Educational Systems, Methods, and Libraries.
310 — 319. . . .Institutions and Organizations.
320 — 329. . . -Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods.

330 — 339 Engineering, Architecture, Maps, etc.

340—349 Physical, Social, and Moral Condition of Man.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 345

At least one-third of the twenty-one and a half acres of the
floor-space of the Main Building is occupied by the United
States. These seven acres are filled with a rich and beautiful
display, and the national pride of the native visitor is sure to
find satisfaction in the imposing and splendid appearance made
by his country. In one department especially, the show-cases
in which the articles on exhibition are displayed, the United
States lead the world. ^' Wandering through the long avenues,
lined by cases of strikingly novel designs and elaborate work-
manship, one may be w^earied by the endless variety, and may
find the simple uniformity of the French section a relief; but
he cannot fail to be impressed by the fertility of resource, the
original genius for decorative eflPects, and the evident liberality
of expenditure displayed ; and he will remark a certain unstudied
harmony in dissimilarity produced by the kaleidoscopic mingling
of diverse colors and forms, and may find in it a faithful reflex
of our composite American life.''

The United States.

We begin our inspection of the contents of the Main Building
in our own country, and in doing so glance first at the great
gallery which crosses the eastern end over the entrance doors.
Stairs ascend to this gallery from either side of the entrance.
A sign over the doorway at the foor of the stairs informs us that
the gallery is occupied mainly by the Educational Department
of the State of Massachusetts. This display occupies the
northern and southern sections of the gallery, the central portion
being given to the w^ell-known Boston organ-builders, Hook &
Hastings, who display here one of their grand organs and a
number of smaller instruments.

The great organ is one of the " features " of the Exhibition,
and, as seen from the floor below, forms a beautiful ornament
of the great hall. It was erected at an expense of §15,000, and
is intended as an exposition of the art of organ building as
practised by its makers, who stand confessedly in the front rank
of their class. It embodies the latest improvements and the
highest excellence of an instrument of this style, and comprises

346 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

four manuals, each of 58 notes, 47 speaking-stops, 12 median v
cal registers, including couplers ; 10 pedal movements for com-
binations, etc., including a crescendo pedal controlling the full
power of the organ. The total number of pipes used in it is
2704. There are three bellows. The two main ones have
vertical feeders, and can supply 3600 cubic feet of compressed
air per minute. The bellows are blown by an hydraulic engine
located on the main floor beneath the organ. Frequent concerts
are given by the organist in charge, and these performances
never fail to draw crowds of enthusiastic and appreciative
listeners. The organ is 40 feet high, 32 feet wide and 21 feet
deep. Passages traverse it in every direction at different alti-
tudes, and are connected by stairways giving ready access to
every part for inspection and adjustment.

In the two rooms on the right and left of the great organ, the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts displays her public school
system, and does so by exhibiting models and specimens of the
furniture, apparatus, and text-books used in her schools of all
grades, and by showing the actual work of the pupils of the
various schools as set forth in their examination papers. These
papers are bound in handsome volumes, each of which is pre-
faced by a sketch of the system used in the various classes, and
the questions propounded to the pupils at the examinations.
The result is highly creditable to the State. A good display of
drawings from the Boston High and Evening Schools is to be
seen here. Plans and models of the principal schools of the
State are also exhibited, and the workings of the industrial
schools is shown in the apparatus used, and some of the achieve-
ments of the pupils. Harvard contributes a volume of fine
photographic views of the various departments of the university,
and several of the leading colleges of the State are shown in the
same way. The public libraries of the State are also to be seen
here in photography, and with pardonable pride the Bay State
offers for inspection a series of finely executed photographic
views of its principal cities. A handsome case is filled with
volumes of reports, showing the present condition of the various
public institutions of the State.

OF THE CKSTENinlAL EXHIBITIOX,

347

For some reason a series of fiue etchings by Mrs. Eliza
Greatorex, of New York, Lave been placed in this portion of
the building. They are justly admired by visitors, and should
be included in the art collection in Memorial Hall.

The gallery at the south end of the central transept contains

OHIO STATE BUILDING.

the educational departments of a number of the States. These
are Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, New
Jersey, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Iowa, Wisconsin,
Tennessee and Connecticut. The system adopted for showing

348 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the TTorkiiigs of their sclwol systems is similar to that of Ivlassa-
chusetts. Nearly all the States mentioned show models, plans,
or photographic views of their public schools of various grades.
Samples of school furniture are also shown, and some of the
States exhibit models of their educational buildings so constructed
as to display the interior as well as the exterior arrangement.

At the eastern end of the gallery the colored schools of the
South make a creditable showing of their progress. Their
examination papers evince a success in the work of imparting
education to the negro race which is gratifying in the highest
degree, and a presage of greater triumphs in the future. In this
department is a large oil-painting of the jubilee singers of Fiske
University, Nashville, whose concerts have made them familiar
to the people of this country and Great Britain, and have earned
for their school a sound basis of financial success.

The gallery ^t the north end of the transept is occupied by
the second of the great organs of the Exhibition. This is the
Roosevelt Organ, and was built by Hilborne L. Roosevelt, of
New York, whose magnificent instruments have made him
famous throughout the country. The organ in the Chickering
Music Hall, in New York, is of his make, and is acknowledged
by lovers and professors of music to be one of the most perfect
and delicious instruments in existence. The organ exhibited
here has fifty-six stops and pedals, and has three manuals and a
pedal bass. It embodies a number of improvements peculiar to
the organs of this maker, notable among which is the mechanism
placed directly over the key-box by which the organist can
readily change the combination on any of the pedals. By this
- novel arrangement, from one stop to the full organ can be set
on any pedal. The organ is threefold in its construction, and
consists of the Main Organ in the north gallery, the Electric
Echo Organ, and the Electric Suspended Orpran, all played from
one key-board. The Electric Echo Organ is placed in the
English Tower, and is connected by about 200 feet of wire cable
to the keys of the great organ ; its bellows being blown by an elec-
tric engine. The Electric Suspended Organ is suspended from
the roof about twenty feet in front of the organ gallery. This

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 349

is connected also by a cable of insulated wires to the keys of the
great organ ; and its bellows are blown by an electric engine.
The main bellows are blown by two of Jaques' Improved Brass
ilyraiilic Engines, situated directly under the organ gallery.

This instrument is exhibited as a specimen of the American
school of organ-building, and is intended to illustrate the ad-
vancement made in the art in this country. Though founded
on the best schools of modern European organ-building, still
the improvements introduced are for the most part entirely
new and American in their origin. Though there are several
larger instruments here and in Europe, still it is claimed that
none so complete, musically, and in the application of pneu-
matic, tubular and electric action, has been constructed hitherto.
In the matter of voicing, the builder's school has been carried
out as heretofore, and it is to be hoped with equal success. It
aims at individuality in the different stops, and at the same
time a perfect blending. So that when the full organ is used
there will be a powerful united body of tone, in which the
foundation stops are not lost and the mixtures are not too
prominent. The reeds in this organ (which were made here)
may be said, in character of tone, to be between the French
and English schools, and are remarkably effective.

The effect of the celebrated Vox Humana in the Chickering
Hall Organ (by same builder), New York, is here reproduced
in the Electric Echo Organ, which is placed in the English
Tower, as hitherto described. The wonderful imitation this
makes of a chorus of voices singing in the distance is perfect.
The cost of the organ was $20,000.

The gallery over the western entrance is occupied by the
American Society of Civil Engineers, who make a fine display
of engineering, drawings, photographs and models, the object
of the display being to show the progress and triumphs of the
science of engineering in this country.

Having finished our glance at the galleries, we now descend
to the floor and begin our inspection at the eastern end of the
American Department, which is also the eastern end of the
building.

350 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Near the eastern doors the manufacturers of paper displa^
their wares. The exhibit is very good, and the articles are
arrano-ed in the mo.^t tasteful and attractive manner. The
Jiow-cases used are beautiful specimens of skill in cabinet-
making. The Philadelphia and New York stationers also
exhibit fiue specimens of book-bindmg. Close by, Lan^e &
Little, of New York, exhibit some beautiful specimens of fine
printing.

Immediately under the gallery the State of Maine displays
her cotton goods, and here a register is kept in which visitors
from the Pine Tree State may inscribe their names and ad-
dresses as a means of enabling their friends to find them.

At the southeast end of the hall is a large two-story pavilion,
constructed of black walnut, and towering high above the line
of show-cases. It is one of the handsomest pieces of work in
the building, and is a model of neat and systematic arrange-
ment. It is divided into sections, each of which is fitted up
with convenient cases, in which the various leading publishing
houses of the United States display their wares. All the great
houses, such as the Harpers, Appletons, Scribner, Osgood and
Houghton are represented, and a number of minor firms help
to swell the representation. The Harpers and others display
handsomely bound sets of their standard works, and the Apple-
tons make an imposing display of their magnificent illustrated
publications. The bindings shown by this house are sump-
tuous, and exhibit this branch of American industry in its
highest form. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, has a superb case
of black walnut, with cushioned seats around it, just without
the pavilion, and displays many fine samples of printing and
binding.

Near the western end of the pavilion the American Bible
Society have erected a beautiful case of polished oak, in which
they exhibit copies of the Scriptures printed in every language.
The work is done at the Bible House in New York, from which
millions of copies of the Word of God have been scattered over the
world. Versions in twenty-nine different languages are showm
Some rare and valuable copies of old Bibles are also shown,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 351

among which are the Bibles owned by the great poet John
Milton and the martyr John Rogers. A copy of the first Bible
printed in the English language in America is also shown. It
was printed by Robert Aitken, in Philadelphia, in 1781. Prior
to the Revolution all English Bibles used in the colonies were
brought from England. During the war they became very
scarce. In 1778 Robert Aitken undertook the production of
an American edition of the Scriptures. In March, 1782, the
Pennsylvania Assembly loaned Mr. Aitken £150 to assist in
carrying out the enterprise. September 10th, 1782, Congress
recommended this edition of the Bible to the inhabitants of the
United States, "as subservient to the interest of religion and
progress of arts in this country." The paper was made in
Pennsylvania, and the Bibles were printed and bound in
Philadelphia.

Merriam & Co., of Springfield, Massachusetts, have a case in
the second story of the book pavilion containing an interesting
collection of the works of Noah AVebster, with copies of the
various editions of the great dictionary. Close by the proprie-
tors of the famous Riverside Press, of Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, exhibit specimens of their fine printing, including an
exquisite portrait of Longfellow.

Descending to the floor again we soon find ourselves opposite
the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. Here are to be seen
beautiful specimens of this flimous lock, including a superb
chronometer bank-safe lock. The company have erected a
large and complete model of a post-office, provided with several
hundred of their patent lock-boxes, such as are used by the
government in the post-offices of our principal cities. The
office on exhibition here is complete in every respect, and could
be put into operation at any moment.

Immediately opposite is a large case in which James W.
Scott & Co., of New York, display a classified collection of all
the postage stamps of the world.

Returning eastward, but still keeping south of the main aisle,
we notice a beautiful assortment of floor cloths by the American
liinoleum Company, of New York. The designs of these

352 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

goods are very beautiful. The fabric is manufactured by a
peculiar process out of cork and linseed oil. It is softer and
more durable than oil-cloth, and the fobt falls as noiselessly
upon it as upon a carpet. It is as yet a new industry, but bids
fair to become an important one.

We now reach the main aisle, near the eastern doors. Here
is collected the display of cotton, woollen and silk goods of
American manufacture. In all three departments the exhibit
is very fine. Nearly all the great New England factories are
represented — in some cases by separate exhibits, and in others
by collective exhibits of the products of all the mills in a single
town. Great praise is due the exhibitors for the handsome and
liberal manner in which they have displayed their goods. The
show-cases in this section are among the finest in the building,
and the arrangement of the goods is tasteful and striking. The
group is the largest in the building, and, with the exception of
a few from Philadelphia, the exhibitors are mainly from New
England. The cotton and woollen mills of the West and
South are but poorly represented, and this is all the more to be
regretted, as they have made such marked progress of late years
as to render them formidable rivals of the Eastern mills. A
contrast between the articles displayed here and those exhibited
in similar sections by the foreign countries cannot fail to be
gratifying to the American visitor.

To the north of this section the carpet-makers of New Eng-
land, New York and Pennsylvania have erected a triple row
of pavilions, open on one side, in which an extensive and
beautiful collection of American-made carpets is shown. Except
in the most costly styles, woven in a single piece, this young
American industry compares more than favorably with its
older competitors from Europe. The designs are handsome
and tasteful, the workmanship good.

On the south side of the main aisle, above the department of
textile fabrics, the hardware and cutlery firms of the country
make their display. The collection of cutlery compares well
with that of the great English manufacturers, and few visitors
will fail to notice the immense Centennial knife and fork ex-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

353

hibited by the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company, of Pennsylvania.
The exhibit of tools and hardware of all kinds is complete ana
attractive, and merits a careful study.

Alongside of the hardware men Mr. Charles W. Spurr, of
Boston, has erected a small but handsome i>avilion, lighted by

MASSACHUSETTS STATE BUILDING.

a crystal chandelier. The inner walls are decorated with
polished woods prepared by a patent process. The wood is
sawed to the thinness of soft paper and is then glued to harder
paper, which is pasted on the walls in the usual manner^ after
23

354 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

which the wood surface is subjected to a high polish. This
system of house decoration is very beautiful, a.nd is rapidly be-
coming popular in this country.

On the south side of the hall, near the eastern end, is the
display of American pottery and porcelain. It is creditable on
the whole, but does not comjiare with the display made by
either of the leading European nations, or by China or Japan.
The exhibits in this line are therefore modestly placed in a
corner. They include excellent white stoneware from Trenton,
New Jersey, and some excellent terra cotta specimens from the
same State, and an abundance of rich brownware from Liver-
pool, Ohio. The collection also contains some fine animal
specimens from Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. The Greenwood
Pottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, show a small model
of a brick pottery, and specimens of the clay in the various
stages of manufacture.

Below the pottery collection are a number of tall marble and
irranite shafts and monuments, and bevond these are the care-
fully executed maps and charts of the Geological Survey of
New Jersey, with a number of specimens of the geological
formations of the State.

Close by, the Stephens Institute of Technology, of Hoboken,
New Jersey, displays an interesting collection of scientific
apparatus.

The iron, steel and slate men of the country make an impos-
ing display of ores and manufactured metals. The Cambria Iron
Works of Pennsylvania has a stately Masonic arch constructed
of solid T rails; and close by the famous Lucy Furnace, of
Pittsburgh, is shown in a small but complete model. The dis-
play of ores, pig-metals, manufactured articles, nails, bars and
other products is extensive and interesting.

The Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh, exhibit
alongside of the irons a fine model of the famous draw-bridge
constructed by them over Raritan bay for the Central Railroad
of New Jersey.

Crossing towards the main aisle again, we notice a handsome
case in which the American Watch Company, of Waltham,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 355

Massacluisetts, display an extensive assortment of handsome
watches in gold and silver cases. A few feet north of this case
the Elgin Watch Company, of Elgin, Illinois, exhibit their
watches and a number of samples of the wheels and other move-
ments used in them. In Machinery Hall w^e shall see the
process by which these watches are made by machinery. Our
country is rapidly taking rank with the older nations for the
excellence and beauty of its w^atches, and the accuracy and
rapidity with which they are made by machinery has challenged
the admiration of the civilized world. The two companies
mentioned above are the most prominent parties engaged in
this branch of our industry, and are the best prepared to show
it to the thousands who gaze in wondering admiration at the
process as shown in Machinery Hall, and at the results as ex-
hibited here.

Crossinsc the main aisle we notice alono^ its northern side a
formidable row of Gatling, Parrott and breech-loading guns.
The cannon are all fine specimens of the classes to which they
belong, and attract much attention. The display of small
arms is also very fine, and shows some interesting improve-
ments in sporting w^eapons.

North of the arms collection are the burglar and fire-proof
safes. All the principal safe makers are represented, and the
display is exceptionally good and interesting.

Close by the safes, Ives, Blakeraan & Co., of Bridgeport,
Connecticut, have a large stand with an extensive collection of
mechanical toys. Several persons are kept busy displaying the
operations of these ingenious contrivances, and a crowd of
deli2:hted little folks is alwavs gathered about the stand.

To the west of this stand is a laro^e case containino^ a hand-
some display of military uniforms and ornaments, exhibited by
Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, of New York. The most con-
spicuous object of this collection is a figure of the Emperor
William, of Germany, in a superb uniform.

We now enter a region of ready-made clothing and ladies'
costumes. The principal display here is made by the well-
known houses of John Wannamaker & Co., of Philadelphia,

356 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Devlin & Co., and Madame Demorest, of New York, and
Homer, Colladaj & Co., of Philadelphia. The last-named
house exhibits a number of wax figures dressed in the most
beautiful and costly costumes.

Continuing on the north side we notice a handsome display
of terra cotta ware. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, exhibit
some beautiful vases, tazzas, pedestals and fountains. The col-
lection of articles for homelier uses is also very good.

Along the western end of the American department on the
north side is a capital exhibit of ropes and cordage, from the
most delicate pack-thread to the stoutest cables. A\'e have now
reached the extreme limit of the American department on the
north side, and returning to the main aisle cross to the south
side at the soda fountain which stands opposite the Mexican
court. In the front line on the south side of the main aisle
are the vaults of the Centennial Safe Deposit Company, looking
the very picture of strength and security, and next above this
the Seth Thomas Company, of Thomaston, Connecticut, display
a large collection of American clocks. The clocks of this com-
pany are admitted to be fully equal to the best French time-
pieces, and the writer can testify to their excellence from many
years' use of them. The designs are tasteful and handsome,
and the clocks being made by machinery, are sold at about half
the cost of a first-class foreign clock.

Immediately above the clocks is the Telegraph Department,
fronting also on the main aisle. Here are telegraphic and elec-
trical instruments of every description. The AA estern Union
Telegraph Company have here a handsome case of French
walnut, showing the workings of a " telegraphic switch," for
shifting the magnetic current from wire to wire. A complete
collection of telegraphic apparatus is to be seen here, and a
thorou2:h illustration is o;iven of the system by which the exten-
sive lines of this company are .operated.

On the main isle, just west of this section, are handsome
models in silver of the palace cars of the Pullman and Wood-
ruff Companies.

The display of glassware along the main aisle is very beauti-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

357

ful and quite extensive. The finest specimens of cut and
ground glass are to be seen here. This department extends
southward from the main aisle, and embraces also a large collec-
tion of plainer and more substantial articles of glass. Wheel-

KEW YORK STATE BUILDIXG.

ing, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the two
principal seats of American glass manufacture, are well repre-
sented, and New Jersey and Massachusetts also make excellent
displays.

358 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Just beyond the glassware, on the main aisle, is a magnificent
display of fine gas fixtures by the leading manufiicturers of
New York and Philadelphia. This is one of the most notable
features of the American department, and many of the articles
exhibited are exceedingly beautiful. The collection takes up a
great deal of room, and shows to what a surprising extent the
taste of our people for luxury and variety has gone in the single
direction of apparatus for light. No foreign country has any-
thing to compare with us in the extent of the display in this
line.

The next department is that of the silver and plated ware.
The firms represented here are principally from the Eastern
States, and the display of the finest grades of plated ware is
large and magnificent. The various manufacturing firms repre-
sented appear to have exhausted their ingenuity in the produc-
tion of rare and beautiful articles for display at the great
Exhibition. The cases are rich and massive, and are in strict
accordance with the beautiful objects they contain. The Meri-
den Britannia Company and Reed Barton have exceptionally
fine displays, many exquisite bronzes being among that of the
former firm. The show-cases of these firms are the most ele-
gant in the whole American section.

The jewellers make a fine exhibit of their wares, Bailey & Co.,
of Philadelphia, being the first whose display attracts us. They
have a handsome pavilion, in Avhich is a large and beautiful col-
lection of jewelry and precious stones.

At the intersection of the main aisle with the central transept
is a crescent -shaped Moorish pavilion of beautiful design, and
ornamented in warm, rich colors. It is in all respects the most
beautiful structure in the Exhibition, and is occupied by Messrs.
Tiffany & Co., and Starr. & Marcus, of New York, Caldwell &
Co., of Philadelphia, and the Gorham Manufacturing Company,
of Providence, R. I. These houses display the richest and most
costly articles to be seen in the Exhibition. The finest jewels
are to be seen here in profusion. The cameos exhibited by
Starr & Marcus are among the most exquisite in the world, and
are selected with skill and taste. Tiffany & Co. exhibit a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 359

superb collection of precious stones in the most beautiful set-
tings, and Caldwell & Co. display a line of beautiful jewelry
and silver ware which are the envy of many a fair gazer upon
them. The Gorliam Manufacturing Com})any, famous as the first
manufacturers of silver and fine plated ware in America, fully
sustain their well-earned reputation by their display here. The
principal object of their exhibit is the magnificent " Century
Vase/^ which stands at the entrance to their section. It is of
solid silver, and is four feet two inches in heiijht. The leno-th
of the vas8 is five feet four inches. The vase rises from the
centre of the base, which rests upon a slab of polished granite,
and both the vase and base are ornamented with a number of
groups, the figures of which stand out boldly and beautifully.
Each of tiiese groups is emblematical. The following is the
description of tiiis splendid work of art given by its pro-
prietors :

"The pioneer and Indian represent the first phase of civiliza-
tion. Groups of fruit, flowers, and cereals, the natural products
of the soil. The slab of polished granite signifies the unity and
solidity of the government on which rest the thirty-eight States.
The band of stars, thirty-eight encircling the piece, thirteen in
front, represent the present and original number of States in the
Union. The group on the left is the genius of war, with the
torch in her right hand, while the left grasps the chain holding
the ^ dogs of war ^ in check. A shell has shattered the tree, and
a broken caisson wheel is half buried in the debris on the battle
ground. The group on the right is the lion led by little chil-
dren, musical instruments and flowers strewn on the ground, all
denoting perfect peace and security. The medallion in front is
the angel of fame, holding in one hand the palm branch and
laurel wreath, and in the other a wreath of immortelles and a
portrait of AVasIiington. The medallion on the opposite side is
the genius of philosophy and diplomacy, with one hand resting
on the printing press, and with the other holding a portrait of
Franklin. On either side of the plinth is a head of the bison,
the king of the prairie. Having now passed the Revolution
and witnessed the restoration of peace, the nation commences

360 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

its growth, and hence, from the plinth the vase rises. The front
panel of the vase represents genius, ready to inscribe on the
tablet the progress made in literature, science, music, i)ainting,
sculpture, and architecture. On the reverse panel, genius is
ready to record the advancement in commerce, mining and
manufactures. The cover of the vase bears the group in which
the story culminates. The figures denote Europe, Asia and
Africa^ while the central figure, America, is inviting and wel-
coming all nations to unite with her in celebrating the triumph
of her Centennial year. The cost of the vase was §7000.

Passing to the soutliward we find near the central transept an
extensive display of chemicals and paints. These arc grouped
tastefully, and with their brilliant hues constitute one of the
most attractive features of the American department. Conspic-
uous in this collection is the exhibit of John Lucas & Co., of
Philadelphia, one of the largest and best known houses in the
Union, whose extensive works are located at Gibsboro', New
Jersey. The display of this house embraces a fine exhibit of
white leads and zincs, colors, paints, varnishes, and window-
glass, both white and colored. Some magnificent specimens of
zinc ore are dis2)layed, and the processes of manufacturing white
lead and white zinc are shown in the simplest and clearest
manner. The high reputation enjoyed by this house, and the
extensive display made by it, render it one of the most conspicu-
ous "features" of the Exhibition. To visitors interested in or
familiar with this branch of American industry it is unnecessary
to add that this is the representative house of the Union in this
line. Close by is the handsome exhibit of printing inks made
by Charles Enu Johnson & Co., of Philadelphia, the largest
and best known manufacturers of these articles in America.
The goods are displayed tastefully, and a crowd of the members
of the "fourth estate" mav alwavs be seen e^athered around the
stand, inspecting the wares whi-ch experience has taught them
are unexcelled by any of their class in the world.

Going eastward again we notice the handsome display of the
cologne and perfume makers of this country. The firms repre-
sented are from New York and Philadelphia chiefly. Burnett

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 361

has a pretty black marble fountain which sends up a constant
jet of cologne water, and where the tired visitor may enjoy the
delightful privilege of bathing his forehead with the refreshing
liquid. Wench, of ]N"ew York, has a handsome bamboo pavilion,
from which perfumed sprays are thrown, filling the air with
their delicious fragrance. Lundborg, of New York, has a tall,
gayly decorated Moorish pavilion, in which he makes an exten-
sive and attractive show of his perfumes.

Going eastward still we enter tlie furniture department, and
it requires but a glance to see that the West has otfered a sharp
competition to the East in this, its specialty. There are some
fine specimens of furniture from the West, the State of Michigan
being especially well represented in this respect. The display
of furniture is very large, and some of the finest specimens are
from Columbus, Ohio. The makers of the finest grades of fur-
niture in New York and Philadelphia have gone to great ex-
j)ense in setting up their exhibits. Many of them have con-
structed rooms of the usual size, which are handsomely carpeted,
provided with curtains, doors, frescoed ceilings and walls, and
superb gas fixtures and mantel-pieces. The rooms are open on
one side. With the homelike surroundings thus provided the
furniture shows to the best possible advantage. It is of the
most elaborate description, and is richly upholstered. Smith &
Campion, of Philadelphia, exhibit a suite of four rooms, consist-
ing of a parlor, library, dining-room and chamber, fitted up
masuificentlv and furnished with the most costlv articles. Some
rich specimens of interior decoration are also shown by the firms
represented here, prominent among these being the decorations
furnished by Marcotte & Co., of New York. George J. Hen-
kels, of Philadelphia, has a fine chamber suit of maple, made
from the wood of an old maple tree that grew in Independence
Square. It was over 200 years old when it was cut down.

North of the furniture collection is the display of philosophical
and surgical instruments. It is quite large, and the articles
compare well with those in the English, French "and Swiss
departments. x\mong the most conspicuous objects of this col-

CG2

THE ILLUSTRATED HlSTOllY

lection is tlie fine equatorial transit instrument exliibited hy
Messrs. Fouth & Co., of Washington, D. C.

From the scientilic department we pass on and find ourselves
in the piano-fur lo collecuoj. All the principal firms are repre-

STUDIO OF THE NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPANY.

sented. Steinway, Chickering, AYeber, Knabe, and a score of
well-known names greet us at every turn. Each maker has
sent his best instruments, and the highest skill has been exercised
in the construction of the beautiful frames in whicli these are
placed. All the spaces occupied by the piano makers are en-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 363

closed, and many of them are covered with elegant pavilions,
richly carpeted, and provided with seats for visitors. Several
of the leading firms have engaged distinguished performers to
show off their instruments, and one is sure of always hearing
some brilliant pianist while lingering in this department. The
collection covers a large area and is very complete. In the col-
lection of Vim. Knabe & Co., of Baltimore, there is a harpsi-
chord made for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a century ago.

Alongside of the pianos is the display of cabinet organs,
which, though smaller, is quite as handsome as that of the
stringed instruments. George Wood & Co. and ^lason &
Hamlin exhibit some beautiful instruments, and, as far as
exterior ornament goes, are certainly in advance of their com-
petitors. Two pipe organs are on exhibition close by.

AVe have now completed our survey of the American depart-
ment of the main hall, and must turn our attention to the dis-
play made by foreign countries.

Great Britain and Ireland.

First among these nations is the kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the mother land of our young republic. The space
occupied by the British section lies north of the main aisle and
west of the central transept, and is not enclosed by a pavilion
or any other structure. Each exhibitor was obliged to provide
and set np his own show-case, and these, while always executed
in a thorough and workmanlike manner, are as simple and
unadorned as possible. They are painted black with gilt mould-
injrs. Professor Archer, of the British Commission, states as a
reason for this, that his country has learned from its great expe-
rience in international exhibitions, that too great a display in
the furniture detracts from the appearance of the exhibits
proper. A banner of red, with the words " Great Britain and
Ireland," is suspended from the roof over the entrance.

At the entrance, opposite the music stand in the central tran-
sept, is a rich display of silver and plated ware by Elkington &
Co., silversmiths, of Birmingham. The collection embraces
many articles of great value and beauty, and is the gem of the

364 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

British exhibit. Some splendid bronzes are included in it, and
one may pass hours iu inspecting the objects displayed by this
enterprising firm, whose exhibit is valued by the London Times
at 1500,000. One of the most beautiful articles to be seen here
is the "Helicon vase," in reponsse and richly enamelled, which
is valued at $30,000. The reproductions in electro-deposit of
ancient works of art from the South Kensington and British
Museums are especially interesting.

Adjoining this splendid display is the space occupied by
Messrs. Cox & Co., of London, who exhibit a large and hand-
some collection of church plate, wrought-iron and brass work,
church furniture of various kinds, and some fine ebonized and
carved oak furniture.

Going north, along the eastern end of the British section, we
reach the display of porcelain, pottery and majolica ware. In
her porcelain England fairly rivals France, the first nation in
Europe in the extent and beauty of tiiis manufacture, and in
pottery and majolicas leads the world. The display of porcelains
made by A. B. Daniell & Son, of London, is extensive and very
beautiful, including ornamental vases, candelabra, splendid
dinner, dessert, and tea sets. Brown, Westhead, T. C. Moore
& Co., of Staffordshire, also make an elegant disphiy.

In pottery, England excels all the nations in her display.
The collection includes vessels of all kinds for household,
scientific and commercial uses, drainage and objects of orna-
ment, statuary, etc. Some of the statues and busts are remark-
ably fine, and the display, on the whole, is beautiful and
creditable in the highest degree. One of the most complete and
conspicuous displays is that of Bates, Walker & Co., of Burslem,
in Staffordshire, from whose circular we take the following
account of the process of the manufacture of the articles dis-
])layed here, which is identical with that followed in all pottery
establishments. ♦

"The raw materials of the manufacture are commonplace
enough — certain clays from Devon and Cornwall, Cliina stone
and flint being the principal. The latter is calcined, broken up,
and ground with water in a large cylindrical tub, lined at the.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 3Go

bottom with hard siliceous stones. From the central vertical
shaft working in this tub project arms between which large loose
stones are placed, and the mill being, set going, these move
round on the bed-stone, grinding the flint until it forms with
the water a creamy fluid. The China stone is treated se})a-
rately, but in a similar manner, and the clay is mixed up Avith
water and then made to pass through silk sieves of exceeding
fineness, having a reciprocating movement, and which arrest
impurities in the clay, as also the coarser particles. Next the
ingredients, in their semi-fluid state, are mixed by measure in
large underground tanks, from whence the ^slip,' as the mix-
ture is now called, is pumped into long bags of a coarse cotton
fabric. A number of these bags being filled, ihey are placed
side by side in a press actuated by powerful screws, and thus
subjected to powerful compression the water filters through the
bags in a perfectly pure and limpid state, the solid clayey com-
pound being left behind. The dough-like masses removed from
the bags are thrown into a pug mill with an internal spiral
arrangement of knives, which cut up the clay, and it is gradu-
ally forced through an opening in the mill in a perfectly homo-
geneous and workable condition. Having now seen how the
fine plastic material which is to form the body of the ware is
prepared, the next thing is to follow it into the potters' domain
pure and simple. There are two methods by which the clay is
made to assume the required shapes, viz., by throwing and
moulding. The former operation requires considerable manual
dexterity, and is accomplished by the aid of the potter's wheel,
the essential part of which is simply a horizontal revolving disc.
The potter places on it a lump of clay, and while it revolves,
fashions it with his fingers into any shape that may be desired.
Articles thus formed in the rough are, when partially dried,
finished by turning them in a lathe. A less expensive method
of fashioning the clay is that which involves the use of plaster
of Paris moulds. Such things as teacups, which require to be
of a uniform thinness, are made by pressing thin sheets of clay
into the moulds, which absorb the superficial moisture of the
pafete, and allow the articles to be removed without injury.

336 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Ewers, jngs, teapots, and articles of somewhat intricate shape
are formed in moulds which are in several parts. Spouts,
handles, etc., are moulded, and afterwards joined to the body of
the vessel by liquid ^slip/ Coming now to that part of the
factory where plate making is going on, we notice that the plan
adopted combines both the processes of throwing and moulding.
A mould turned to the shape of the upper surface of the plate is
placed on the revolving disc of the potter's wheel, and a thin
sheet of paste is pressed on to it; then, while in movement, the
potter places in position a tool representing a section of the
plate, and this pares down and shapes the clay to its own out-
line. Their edges having been finished off, the plates, still on
the moulds, are placed in a hot closet on shelves which slowly
revolve, and by this ingenious arrangement the drying of the
goods to the desired degree is well accomplished. Being formed,
the articles, of whatever kind, must be ^ fired,' and they are ac-
cordingly packed in coarse earthenware vessels called saggers, and
these are piled one on the other in the oven until it is quite full.
The furnaces are now lighted, and an intense heat kept up for
about forty hours; the oven is then allowed to cool, arid when
the saggers are withdrawn they contain the ware in the state
known as 'biscuit.' At this stage we are introduced to the
decorative processes of the manufacture. The patterns are
printed on peculiarly soft and thin tissue-paper from copper-
plates, and are transferred to the ware by applying the printed
tissue-paper to its surface and rubbing it on. The biscuit being
of a highly absorbent nature, readily receives the pattern, and
the paper is got rid of by the application of water. Gilt dec-
oration is largely used, and the patterns are printed on the ware
in a kind of size, the gold alloy being afterwards dusted on.
Before heating the gold is quite dark ; during that process it
changes to a dirty yellow, and is only brought out in all its
resplendency by the operation pf burnishing with agate. The
more elaborate patterns are hand-painted on the ware, and there
is scope here for the display of the most artistic execution. Each
color has to be separately applied, and the many heatings the
ware has to undergo to bring out the tints exposes it to such

OF THE CENTENXIAL EXIIIBITIOX. 367

risk of injury that other manufacturers are dii?inclinecl, in con-
sequence, to apply this variety of decoration to their goods.
After tlie biscuit has received its ornamentation, it is dipped in
a glaze, and the final heating it undergoes vitrifies the latter,
and calls up the natural vividness of the colors forming the
patterns.'^

The tile makers have a fine collection. Several of the struc-
tures enclosing the spaces of the exhibitors are constructed
entirely of tiles bearing handsome paintings, and finished in the
most perfect style of the art. The famous house of Minton
& Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, have perhaps the most perfect col-
lection in the group. The designs are fine, and the workman-
ship of the highest class. Maw & Co., and Craven, Dunnill
& Co., of Shropshire, also make a fine show of geometrical
mosaic, encaustic, and mnjolica tiles, among which are a number
of fine reproductions of ancient works, as well as modern
designs.

The collection of tiles is chiefly r.ear the north side of the
British section, at its eastern end. Returning from this to the
front line, we notice, near the collection of Elkington & Co., the
exhibit of ornamental iron-work, made by Barnard, Bishop &
Barnard, of Norwich. The most prominent object of this col-
lection is the fine pavilion of iron-work filled with the wares of
the firm. The South Kensington Museum has purchased
duplicate portions of this building as specimens of the finest
styles of ornamental iron-work of the nineteenth century.
Just above this collection a su]icrb crystal chandelier, sus-
pended over a fine display of cut glas^sware, attracts our atten-
tion. It is the handsomest in the building.

Passing northward^ we reach the collection of furniture. A
special feature of this department consists of the handsome and
comfortable-looking brass bedsteads, of which quite a number
are displayed.

Messrs. James Schoolbred & Co., of London, have one of the
handsomest pavilions in the Exhibition. It is divided into a
number of chambers furnished with exquisite taste in the Anglo-
Indian style. These cozy apartments are exceedingly attractive,

368 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and visitors are loud in their praise of their arrangement. This
house also exhibits some fine furniture of the Jacobean and
Queen Anne styles. A fine display of decorative furniture is
also made by W. Scott Morton, of Edinburgh. The furniture
exhibit includes many beautiful specimens of interior decora-
tion and adornment, and is a iair representation of a school from
which our own decorators might learn much.

The collection of ornamental mantels, fire-places, and heating
apparatus stands in the rear of the furniture. It is handsome,
but in point of convenience and completeness is inferior to that
displayed by our own country in the annex to the Main
Building.

A conspicuous feature of the British collection is the mag-
nificent tent, or booth, constructed of purple velvet hangings,
and ornamented with a superb collection of specimens of em-
broidery and needlework. An exquisitely worked scroll over the
entrance tells us that this is the pavilion of the "Royal School of
Art and Needlework. '' This school is under the especial patron-
age of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, and the greater part of the
embroideries displayed are the work of the royal family or of
ladies of noble birth. A screen worked by the Princess
Christian attracts much attention from visitors. The hearty
interest displayed by the Queen of England in our Exhibition,
and the generous manner in which she has personally taken
part in it, merits and should receive the cordial acknowledg-
ment of our people.

Against the northern wall of the building are suspended two
seamless pieces of oil-cloth, each about twenty-five by forty-five
feet in size. They are from Kirkaldy, in Scotland.

Returning once more to the main aisle, we enter the depart-
ment of cotton and woollen goods. The exhibit in these lines is
immense, and extremely varied. The articles are of the best
quality, and are displayed in the most artistic manner. Linens
also abound here, and excite, as they well deserve, the praise of
all visitors. A case of magnificent Irish poplins is exhibited
by Pim Brothers, of Dublin. They are among the most beau-
tiful fabrics on exhibition in the Main Hall, and a crowd of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 369

visitors is always collected around them. The famous Bal-
briggan Hose Manufacturers make an interesting and complete
exhibit near by. The display of laces, silks, ribbons and silk
fabrics is also very fine. The department of textile fabrics
includes England, Scotland and Ireland, and fully sustains the
claims of the British kino^dom with regcard to this branch of
her manufactures. A conspicuous portion of this exhibit is the
handsome display of satteens and cloths for tailors' use, made by
Ferguson Brothers, of the Holme Head Works, near Carlisle.
These goods are of the most superior class, and are considered
unequalled in the Exhibition. The well-known house of
William F. Read, of Philadelphia, is the American representative
of this firm. Hitchcock, Williams & Co., of London, display
a case of handsome and complete toilettes for ladies, elegantly
set off on wax figures.

Farther north is the collection of jewelry. This is handsome
in many respects, but is not such a display as was hoped for
from Great Britain. One or two cases are especially noticeable.
James Aitchison, of Edinburgh, has a pretty exhibit of Scottish
jewelry in gold and silver. Highland ornaments, and precious
stones found in Scotland; and William Gibson, of Belfast, has a
fine display of Irish bog-oak jewelry.

The exhibit of cutlery, tools, and hardware is large, and
includes London, Sheffield, and Birmingham. The articles
offered are of the finest quality, and are tastefully arranged.
In this department the Telegraph Construction and Maintain-
ence Company exhibit a collection of sj)ecimens of the differ-
ent submarine cables laid by them in various parts of the
world.

The display of scientific and philosophical instruments is
extensive and unusually good. All the leading makers are
represented, and the specimens on exhibition are among the
very best in the building. Some fine watches and chronome-
ters and a number of musical instruments are to be seen
near by.

In the alcoves along the northern wall of the building the
carpet makers display their finest products. Here are to be
24

370

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

seen the most beautiful Axminster, Wilton, and Indian carpets
and rugs that Great Britain has ever sent to this country. The
laro-er ones, woven in a seamless piece, are suspended against
the wall, and may be examined readily by the lovers of these
beautiful fabrics.

NEW JERSEY STATE BUILDING.

A fine collection of fire-arms is to be seen near by, together
with apparatus for hunting and fishing, a collection deeply
interesting to sportsmen.

At the western end of her section Great Britain has grouped

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 371

the exhibits of her publishers, and her educational display.
The latter is not large, and does not do justice to the country
which has done so much for the cause of knowledge. Her
great universities are not represented at all, and her excellent
school system is scarcely shown, a circumstance much to be
regretted.

The book-men have but a slight representation. Cassell,
Fetter & Galpin, of London, show a good collection of their
illustrated works, and Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., of
London, the proprietors of Punch and the British Encyclopcediay
have a handsome pavilion, at the entrance to which Mr. Punch
stands, bowing a welcome to his visitors. The publications of
this house are well displayed, and the lover of books will not
fail to notice with especial pleasure the rich and exquisite
editions of Shakspeare to be seen here.

Immediately opposite, the London Illustrated News and the
London Graphie unite in an enclosure along the sides of which
are displayed specimens of their illustrations and fine cut-
printing. The Graphic exhibits a number of original sketches
and complete drawings of scenes and incidents in the late
Franco-German war, and a series of blocks showing the differ-
ent stages of the process of w^ood engraving. A small printing
press worked by a gas-engine is used to strike off the illumin-
ated circulars of this firm.

The display of stained glass windows is more complete and
beautiful than has ever been made by England at any Interna-
tional Exhibition. These exhibits are to be found chiefly in
the windows of the gallery at the south end of the transept,
where they show to the best advantage.

One-fifth of the entire space of the Main Building is takeif
up by Great Britain and her colonies. Of this, Great Britain
and India occupy one-half.

India.

The exhibit made by British India is under the control of
the British Commissioners, and is chiefly from the India
^[useum in London. It is neither as extensive nor as fine as

372 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the exhibit made at Vienna. Specimens are exhibited, showing
everything the natives eat, wear or use. The grains of India,
the cotton, and other products are arranged in cases according
to a regular classification, and are deserving of a careful study.
Native dyes are also shown, together with a quantity of silks,
raw, floss, spun, and woven, and the cocoon from which the
silk is obtained. Some of the silks are beautifully embroidered,
and some fine specimens of gold and silver cloth are to be seen
here. The collection of laces and shawls is very attractive.
A set of magnificently carved black furniture is included in the
collection, and attracts much attention. Jewelled weapons and
native arms are among the showiest features of the display. A
collection of native pottery and metal work, lacquered ware,
boxes made of porcupine quills and sandal wood, some mag-
nificent native fans inlaid w^ith ivory and precious stones, some
singular dra wrings in mica, and a number of Hindoo antiquities
are also to be found in this department. Some fine India car-
pets are displayed. Delhi sends some handsome embroidered
work, and Bombay a rich collection of jewels. Along the
sides of the space are photographs of scenes in India, and of the
native races of that country. From the display made here one
may gather a fair idea of the people of India and their habit?,
and contrast them with those of other lands. This, indeed,
should be the main object of the intelligent visitor, and the
various Commissions have arranged their exhibits for the pur-
pose of facilitating this study.

The Dominion of Canada.

Canada occupies almost as much space as the mother country.
The exhibit is made under the direction of three Commissioners
from the Dominion and one from each of the Provinces. The
collection is made up of articles from the Provinces of Quebec,
Ontario, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British
Columbia, The Dominion contributed the sum of $100,000
to the expenses of the Exhibition, and the Provinces an equal
sum. The goods are displayed in neat uniform walnut cases,
but little expense having been gone to on this account.

OF THE CENTENXIAL EXHIBITIOIT. 373

The extent and variety of the exhibition of Canadian manu-
factures will surprise even those who suppose themselves well
versed in these matters. Cotton and woollen goods, hosiery,
boots and shoes, drugs and chemicals, sewing machines, hard-
ware, saws, pianos, and wearing apparel of all kinds, are dis-
played in profusion and of admirable qualities. The leading
ship-builders on the coast send models of the vessels they have
constructed, and Quebec and Toronto send fine specimens of
furniture. The Canadian potters send handsome specimens of
stoneware, which they claim is equal to the best StaiFordshire
ware; and from Montreal there are finely wrought marble
mantels, which the exhibitors assert are equal in quality and
workmanship to anything produced in Italy. A large display
of furs is made, the Hudson Bay Company taking the lead in
this respect.

A specialty is the exhibit of the geological department, in which
the ores and petroleum of the Dominion are most prominent.
A lump of plumbago, six feet by four in size, is exhibited. It
is said to be the largest ever mined. New Brunswick contrib-
utes some fine specimens of red granite. A case of clothing of
skins ornamented with bead-work, and articles of adornment
of b«eid-work, made by the Indians of Canada, attracts much
attention.

The Province of Ontario displays with great pride and mi-
nuteness her educational system. The plan adopted is similar
to that of the States of the American Union, and no pains have
been spared to make the showing complete. Models and draw-
ings of the principal educational establishments are exhibited,
together with the text-books used, and specimens of the pupils'
work. A handsome collection of philosophical apparatus and
maps is embraced in the exhibit.

Altogether Canada has good cause to be satisfied with her
display, and the careful observer may learn much that is new
to him of the progress of our northern neighbor.

The British Colonies.

Of the space allotted to the dependencies of Great Britain,

374 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Canada has three-sixths, the Australian colonies two-sixths,
and the remainder is divided among the African and American
colonies.

New South Wales.

The Australian colonies exhibit many interesting objects.
New South Wales, which lies in the southeastern portion of
that continent, has endeavored to show by her display the
extent and variety of her resources. Fine photographs of
Sidney, the capital, said to be the largest ever taken, constitute
a prominent part of the exhibit, and show to the visitor what a
stately city has grown up in the far-off country which but a
generation back was almost unkuown.

The exhibit of wool is very large, and fairly represents the
extent and importance of this branch of Australian imlustry.
An extensive collection of mineral specimens, including copper,
antimony, iron, gold and kaolin, is shown, among which is a
pyramid formed of blocks of coal and samples of all the carbon-
iferous specimens discovered in the country. A number of
lumps of tin ore, and blocks of refined tin, show what New
Zealand can do in the mining of this metal, and a lofty obelisk
of gilt shows the amount of gold that was taken from the country
from 1851 to 1874, which was 8,205,232^ ounces, valued at
$167,949,355.

Samples of silk and silk cocoons, and a number of specimens
of the Avork of the natives of the country, are shown. The fine
timber which forms so prominent a part of the exports of the
colony is shown in a number of excellent specimens of sections
of trees. A large block of kerosene shale is to be seen, from
which the kerosene oil used in the colony is manufactured.

The whole exhibit is deeply interesting and instructive. It
is arranged with great care and judgment, and is a fair showing
of the resources and progress of the country it represents.

Queensland.

The exhibit from Queensland is contained in an enclosed
apartment, on the north side of the British space, immediately

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 375

opposite the New South Wales section. It is in charge of Mr.
Angus Mackay, of the Queenslander (the leading journal of the
colony), a gentleman who has identified himself closely with the
progress of this far-off country. It is in all respects one of the
most interesting in the building, and is so admirably arranged
that it does not fail to attract throngs of inquiring and appre-
ciative visitors. Queensland occupies the northwestern part of
Australia, and is a rapidly-growing and thriving colony. It
originally formed a part of the colony of New South Wales,
but was separated from it and given an independent administra-
tion some years ago.

The visitor's attention is at once drawn to a tall obelisk
covered with gilt, which shows the amount of gold exported
from Queensland between 1868 and 1875. It was sixty-five
tons forty-one pounds and six ounces, and was valued at §35,-
000,000. A fine collection of gold-bearing quartz is arranged
around this obelisk. The collection of minerals is very com-
plete, and embraces all that are found in the colony. There are
specimens of tin, copper, arrowroot, woods, oils, silk, timber and
antimony. The production of tin is increasing every year, and
now exceeds that of gold. Indeed, the principal supply of the
tin used by the civilized world is now drawn from Queensland..
Several lumps of copper ore are exhibited, weighing five tons in
the aggregate, and twenty-two different kinds of wood are
shown. The botanical collection is very rich. Some fine native
sugars are exhibited, and the display of wool is large and of an
excellent quality. A case of native implements and clothing,
exhibiting; the dress and habits of the native Australian, forms
an interesting part of the collection. Black wall tablets are
suspended around the enclosure showing the mining, grazing,
agricultural and geological statistics of the colony, and below
these is an extensive array of paintings and ])hotographs illus-
trative of the country and its inhabitants. The whole exhibit
is so arranged that the colony and its resources can be under-
stood almost at a glance.

376

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Victoria.

The colony of Victoria occupies the southeastern corner of
Australia, and covers an area of about 88,198 square miles. It

COLORADO AND KANSAS STATE BUILDING.

has a population of about 820,000. The capital is Melbourne,
one of the largest cities in Australia. It is better provided with
railways than any of the Australian colonies, and its people are
well educated, education being free, secular, and compulsory.
The exhibit of this colo'^y embraces a display of her mineral

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 377

resources, including fac-si miles of enormous nuggets of gold
found in her rich gold fields ; a classified collection of rocks,
minerals and fossils, illustrative of the geology, mineralogy and
mining resources of Victoria; and a collection of gems and pre-
vious stones, consisting of diamonds, blue sapphires, oriental
emeralds, rubies, aqua marines, topazes, spinels, beryls, opals,
garnets, tourmalines, etc. A number of specimens of chemical
preparations from Australian products will be found in this
section, and the display of home-made pottery is excellent.
Specimens also are shown of the manufactures of the colony in
cotton and woollen goods, and silk threads and raw silk pro-
duced in Victoria. Samples of paper made from diiferent barks
are shown, also a collection of fine photographs. The Austra-
lian climate is the most favorable in the world to photography,
and all the specimens from that continent are very fine. The
grains and other agricultural products, the wools, coffee and
native wines, are also well displayed. A small exhibit is made
of the educational system of the colony, and also of the work of
the penal institutions. Around the walls of the enclosure are
hung a number of photographs and paintings of places and
scenery in Victoria.

South Australia.

This is one of the largest of the Australian colonies, and
lies south of Queensland and west of Kew South Wales. It
comprises an area of 914,730 square miles, about one-third the
size of the United States, and has a population of 210,699. It
is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. Its principal
exports are wool, wheat and copper. The exhibit of the colony
inchides specimens of gold quartz, copper ores, iron ores, bismuth
and malachite, olive oil, native wines, the native woods, barks,
grains, and other vegetable products, wools and raw silks. Ar-
ticles made by the native Australians are also exhibited. Fine
photographs of Adelaide, the capital, and various places in
South Australia, are hung around the enclosure.

378 THE ILLUSTRATED HIS 1 OrvY

New Zealand.

The colouy of New Zealand consists of the three islands,
known as the North, South and Stewart Islands, and the several
neiirhborinoj small islands, all of which lie in the Pacific ocean,
to the southeast of Australia. The total area is about 100,000
square miles; the population about 299,514. The exhibit of
the colony is not very large, but includes specimens of the ores
— such as copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron and coal — found
in the islands. The principal feature of the exhibit, however,
is the display of paintings and drawings representing the country
and its inhabitants ; the models of its public works and the
large photographs of scenery and places in the colony. There
is also an interesting collection of Maori weapons and imple-
ments.

The Cape of Good Hope.

The colony of the Cape of Good Hope comprises an area of
about 201,000 square miles, and has a population of 776,158,
of which 187,439 are whites. The arrangements of the exhibit
of the colony are exceptionally good. The display includes
^ome rich specimens of copper ore, black oxide of manganese,
diamonds, saltpetre and coal; native articles of dress; native
jewelry and weapons; specimens of the wines and brandies
made in the colony ; leather, wool, mohair, agricultural pro-
ducts, ivory, skins, and specimens of the birds and animals of
the Cape. Here also are photogi-aphs and paintings of the
scenery of the country.

The Gold Coast

The exhibit of the Gold Coast colony is small, but well
arranged. It embraces some fine specimens of g^_-. dust and
native ornaments of gold; skins of the wild animals of the
African coast ; native idols, clothing, weapons ana other articles.

Jamaica.

The island of Jamaica has fitted up a small pavilion, in which
it displays its favorite rums and sugars, its coffee, cotton, medi-
cinal barks, hemp and native woods.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 379

The Bermudas.

In the small pavilion appropriated to the Bermuda islands a
handsome collection is gathered, consisting of shells, corals of
the most exquisite forms, palm-leaf baskets, mats and fans, and
native woods

77?^ Bahamas.

The Bahama islands display some beautiful specimens of shell
work, large shells, native woods, tobacco, cotton, beeswax, and
touo^h fibres of the native trees of the islands.

Trinidad.

Trinidad's display is small, and consists mainly of specimens
of the agricultural and mineral products of the colony, and a
number of samples of the native manufactures.

Briiish Guiana.

The exhibit of this colony consists principally of sugars, r^^ms
and specimens of the reptiles found in the colony.

Tasmania.

The collection of Tasmania is small, but interesting, and
represents the native products, the mineral and the agricultural
resources of the colony, with photographs and painting? of
scenes and places in the island.

Taken as a whole, the British display is larger and better
than that at Vienna, and the colonies make an exhibit which i?
gratifying and instructive in the highest degree.

France.

The space occupied by France lies on the north side of the
building, immediately east of the central transept, extending
from the main aisle to the north wall. It is about one-half as
large as the space assigned to Great Britain. The section is
unenclosed, and the cases are simple but perfectly constructed.
They are invariably painted black, with ornamental lines of

380

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

gilt, and with the names of the exhibitors above in gilt letters.
This uniformity and simplicity were prescribed by M. de Som-
erard, the Director-General of France, for all International
Exhibitions. He established this regulation at the Paris Ex-

\f t W£5 T: PHH-m.

ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING.

})osition in 1867, and has enforced it ever since. It has the
good result of preventing pei*sons from losing sight of the
beauty and excellence of the goods displayed in their admira-
tion of the cases. The elegant simplicity of the French De])art-
ment is, however, very pleasing.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 381

The principal entrance to the French section is at the inter-
section of the main aisle with the central transept, opposite the
music stand. Here, in a semi-circular space, is a collection of
exquisite bronzes and articles in gilt and verd antique. The
gem of the whole collection is a mantel-piece of black marble
fifteen feet high, ornamented with statues and high reliefs
in gilt and verd antique bronze. It has no rival in the Ex-
hibition. Back of the front line one finds a rich and beautiful
display of antique furniture, cabinets, etc., all of which are
very attractive, and many of which are of great value as works
of art.

Close by is the display of porcelain and pottery. This is the
largest portion of the French exhibit, and by far the most
attractive. There are four collections of porcelain proper, and
six of faience and majolica. The porcelains are arranged along
the central transept, and face the English display in friendly
defiance, being separated from it only by the broad walk. In
this department France is absolutely peerless among the nations
of Europe, and the rare beauty and extent of her display will
delight all lovers of beautiful objects. The famous house of
Barbizet & Son, of Paris, exhibit a number of their matchless
reproductions of Palissy ware, each article being worthy of care-
ful study. Another house exhibits only works in imitation of
old faience. Jules Houry & Co., of Paris, display a collection
of exquisite china and faience, and some artistic furniture.
Paul Blot, another well-known dealer, has an exhibit of the
most delicate and beautiful glassware for use and ornament.
Pelletier & Son, of St. Just on the Loire, show some rich stained
glasses for windows ; and P. J. Brocard, of Paris, has a large and
handsome display of chandeliers and mirrors, arranged with
exceptional good taste.

The front line along the main aisle is taken up principally
with a display of cloths, cotton goods, silks, velvets, gloves,
laces and wearing apparel. The goods displayed in this depart-
ment are exceedingly beautiful, and the exhibit is very large.
The silks and velvets are displayed* in cases enclosing a court, in
which the exhibitors have provided cushioned seats, that the

382 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

lady visitors may examine the beautiful fabrics at their ease.
The variety of the display is astonishing. All the great manu-
facturers of Lyons and Paris are represented, and each has
exhausted his ingenuity to make his exhibit as beautiful and as
varied as possible. Here are silks, velvets and satins, ribbons
and silk threads of every conceivable hue and texture. The eye
is dazzled by the brilliancy of the collection, and at the same
time one is charmed with the perfect good taste of the arrange-
ment.

The clothing department is also extensive and includes
wearing apparel of every description. Some of the costumes
for ladies are superb, and are not excelled by any in the Exhi-
bition. They are displayed upon wax figures, and are thus
seen to the best advantage. Among these are several magnifi-
cent court dresses, which are the delight of lady visitors. The
display of laces and lace fabrics is very fine, and is also quite
extensive. The collective display of the lacemakers of the
department of Calvados is one of the most complete in the
French section, and in it are a number of superb lace shawls
which receive, as they deserve, general admiration.

Going back from the front line, near the western end of the
French court, we find a handsome display of Aubusson tapes-
tries, worked by hand, in which the weaver has introduced as
many as three thousand shades of wool. These are hung prin-
cipally around the outer walls of the pavilion of the French
booksellers, and constitute a series of rich and beautiful
ornaments. They are woven into fine pictures, which at a
distance resemble paintings, and the shadings are as deli-
cate and as perfectly laid on as if the work had been done with
a brush.

Raffl & Co., of Paris, make a showy display of statues for
churches, of painted plaster. The centre piece is a group
representing the Adoration of the. Infant Saviour by the Shep-
herds and the Wise Men. There is a stable of boards, with
real straw. The Holy Child lies in the manger and at either
side kneel Mary and Joseph, while grouped around are the
jhepherds and the four kings. The figures are about two-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 383

thirds life-size, and are brilliantly painted. A crowd is always
gathered about the space, and the group receives as much
notice, perhaps, as anything in the French collection.

Goupil & Co., of Paris, have a separate enclosure in which
are displayed their famous art publications. Many of these
engravings are familiar to the people of this country, having
been extensively sold by the agents of the publishers in the
United States. The collection is very fine, and shows the art
of steel engraving in its most perfect form.

Opposite this enclosure is the pavilion of the Paris book
publishers. Several of the great houses are represented.
Hachette & Co. show a number of fine illustrated works, in-
cluding Bida's beautiful etchings of the Four Gospels. An
interesting exhibit is also made of educational and sci-
entific works. Ducher & Co., of Paris, exhibit a fine
collection of works on architecture, and at the centre of
the pavilion is a superb reproduction of an oil painting in col-
ored lithography.

To the north of the booksellers' pavilion are a number of
handsome carriages, made principally in Paris. They are
elegant and costly vehicles, and are fitted up in the most
sumptuous style. Among them are a steam velocipede and
two velocipedes worked by dog-power. The latter are singular-
looking vehicles, provided with three immense wheels, one in
front and two behind. Between the hind wheels is a comfort-
able buggy seat for the convenience of the rider. The two
hind wheels are made of light iron spokes, extending in a
double row from the hub to rim. Between these rows is an
inner wheel or cage of stout wire-work in which the dog is
placed. The animal thus works a sort of tread-mill, which
turns the larger wheels and propels the machine. This singular
vehicle is known as the Cynofere, and is said to run well on
smooth surfaces. In the carriage department will also be seen
a handsome array of trunks, saddles and harness.

Just beyond the carriages is the exhibit of cutlery. This is
i^ery fine, and the articles are beautifully displayed, but the
inhibit is not equal to that of Great Britain. Tha chemists

384 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

also make an attractive display, and beside them are the glass-
makers, whose collection extends up to the central transept and
for some distance northward. Conspicuous among the articles
exhibited are several immense sheets of plate glass, which tower
towards the roof They are said to be the largest specimens of
plate glass in the world, and their transportation from the
steamer to the Exhibition grounds was effected with extreme
difficulty.

Near the western end the perfumers make a capital display
of their wares, but do not dispense them to the public as
lavishly as do the exhibitors in the same line in the American
department.

The display of that large class of objects known on the con-
tinent of Europe as Articles de Paris is extensive, and occupies
a very considerable part of the French space. It covers a wide
range of articles, and may be said to include every object that
can be used in the adornment of the person or of the house.
The jewelry is a notable feature, and several rich exhibits are
made, and are characterized by the peculiar loveliness and
originality which belongs to the metropolis of European civili-
zation. The list embraces bronzes, clocks of original and
beautiful design, precious stones, fans that are the envy of all
the fair visitors who look upon them, articles in ivory, ebony,
tortoise shell, crystal and steel, mantel ornaments and a thou-
sand other beautiful things which may be seen and enjoyed in
this splendid collection, but which it would take a volume to
describe.

The department of engineering and architecture includes a
series of finely executed maps and plans of the Suez Canal, a
fine model of the steamship " Pereire," plying between New
York and Havre, and a number of maps and plans and finely
illustrated works and reports upon subjects belonging to this
department.

The collection of scientific and philosophical instruments is
excellent, and represents the best work of the best makers.
The musical instruments are chiefly horns, flutes, violins and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

385

mnsic-boxes, though a few pianos and parlor organs are in-
cluded in the collection.

The French exhibit of mining and metallurgy was trans-
ferred to Agricultural Hall for want of space in the Main
Building, and will be noticed in another part of this work.

The offices of the French Commission are in the gallery to
the east of the Roosevelt organ.

THE BOOK TRADE EXHIBIT — SHOWING J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.'S CASE.
25

CHAPTER XII.

THE MAIN BUILDING — CONCLUDED.

Germany — Location of the German Section — A Superb Display of Porcelain —
Beautiful Vases — Plate Glass — Bronzes — The Silks — Display of the Elber-
feld Manufacturers — The Ivory Pavilion — The Chemical Display — The
Velvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church Decorations —
Models of an Ocean Steamer — The Book Pavilion — The Austrian Court —
Magnificent Bohemian Glass — The Meerschaum Pipes — Exquisite Carvings
— Vienna Leather Work — The Italian Court — Artistic Wood Carvings —
Beautiful Jewelry — Glassware from Venice — Belgium — Magnificent Dis-
play of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture — Fire-arms — A Belgian School
and Gymnasium — The Lace Court — Beautiful Iron Work — Pictures in
Tapestry — The Netherlands — A Grand Display of the Public Works of
Holland — The Woollen Goods — Model Farms — A Dutch Eating-house —
Bare and Beautiful Art Works — Educational Exhibit — The , Artisans'
School — Switzerland in Miniature — The Watchmakers — Scientific Instru-
ments— The Swiss School System — Rich Laces — The Wood Carvers —
Sweden — The Peasant Groups — Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes —
A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains — The Bessemer Steelmakers — Dis-
play of the Swedish Army — Norway — Peasant Groups — The Laplanders —
A Fine Collection — The Danish Court — Etruscan Imitations — Esquimaux
Houses and Boats— The Spanish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure— Rich
Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish In-
dustry— The Egyptian Court — A Rare and Beautiful Display fi-om the Land
of the Nile — The Past and the Present— A Page from the Arabian Nights
— Rich Robes — Articles from Central Africa — Egypt's Agricultural Re-
sources— The Japanese Court — A Wonderful Display— Superb Bronzes-^
The Lacquered Ware — W'lat the Island Empire Exhibits— The Chinese
Court — A Beautiful and Curious Display — Exhibit of the Orange Tree
State — Another Sample of -Dutch Energy — The Tunisian Court — Eastern
Magnificence — Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico
— The Brazilian Pavilion — A Superb Edifice — The Empire of Brazil Illus-
trated— Exhibit of the other South American States — Display from the
Sandwich Islands— The Russian Exhibit— Rich and Beautiful Object^ from
St. Petersburg and Moscow — The Portuguese Court — A Handsome Collec-
tion—Special Portuguese Features— The Turkish Court— The Wonders of
the Ivnnd of the Sultan— The Mineral Annex— The Carriage Annex.
386

THE CENTEXNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 387

Gematiy,

|j|fiIKE her neighbors, England and France, Germany has
i T left her space unenclosed. It lies on the west side of

^J^ the central transept, and extends from the main aisle
to the south wall of the building, covering a little
more than one-half the space occupied by France. The
display is very fine, and the cases in which it is contained are
more varied than those of the other European nations.

The principal display, and the most beautiful single exhibit
in the building, is made by the Royal Prussian Factory, of
Berlin. It stands at the intersection of the main aisle with the
central transept, and faces the splendid collection of Elkington
& Co., in the English section, the rich bronzes and porcelain
of the French section, and the pavilion of the jewellers and
silversmiths in the American Department. The collection of
these beautiful objects at this central point of the building
renders it by far the most attractive portion of the entire hall.
The space of the Royal Prussian Factory is occupied by a
large crescent-shaped case, covered with black velvet and orna-
mented with gilt lines and bands. At each end of the case is
a tall column of ebony and gold, surmounted by a Prussian
eagle in gilt. On the shelves of the case, which rise one above
the other, is collected a rare and beautiful display of porcelain.
Vases, cups and saucers, plates, statuettes, busts, and other
articles of the most exquisite shapes, ornamented with the most
delicate and carefully executed paintings, are gathered here.
Here are also framed paintings on flat plates of porcelain, each
of which is worthy of the most careful study. At the front
line of the collection stand three massive vases, its master
pieces, which are not equalled in tho Exhibition for richness
of decoration or the artistic merit of the paintings upon them.
The largest of these is the Germania vase, one side of which is
decorated with a painting of " Germania Cultivating the Arts
and Sciences,'' the other with a painting of "Borussia, the
Shield and Protectress of the Empire." The price of this vase

388 THE II.LUSTRATED HISTORY

is $5000. Near by is the Aurora vase, decorated with a fine
copy of Guidons Aurora, and valued at §4500. The third is
the Otho vase, of dead olive green, with a painting of " Otho in
the Tomb of Charlemagne.'' It is valued at $900. A hand-
some centre table of carved oak, with a porcelain top, on which
fe painted a copy of RaphaeFs " Poetry," is valued at $2200.
One must linger long here to enjoy and appreciate this beauti-
ful display, each article of which is a study in itself. The
Royal Factory is the only exhibitor of fine porcelains. The
German exhibit is not, as a rule, made up of objects of beauty
simply ; it is a collection of all the important industries of the
Fatherland, and includes articles in daily use by the lower as
well as the upper classes.

Immediately west of the porcelain exhibit, along the front
line, is a fine display of plate-glass, and beyond this is the col-
lective exhibit of the German jewellers. It is contained in a
handsome case, and includes many objects of great value and
beauty. It does not compete with the exhibit of either the
United States, France, or England, but is well worthy of examin-
ation. The cameos and enamels are very good, and the oxidized
silver caskets are very pretty.

Going west still, along the front line, we notice a considerable
collection of bronzes, the principal object of which is a copy of
the monument to Frederick the Great in Unter den Linden at
Berlin. Here are shields and swords such as might have been
used by some of the stout old German warriors centuries ago,
and a number of kindred pieces. This collection does not
represent the best school of German art at the present day.

Still going west, along the front line, we come to the collec-
tive display of the toy-makers of Nuremberg. They are of tin
and wood, and are contained in a large and handsome case, but
do not fairly represent the extent or variety of the industry
which employs so many thousands of German hands. Magde-
burg has also a case of toys exhibited through a Philadelphia
importer, who is singularly enough named Doll.

Beyond the toys, Gebbard & Co., of Elberfeld, make a fine
display of rich silks and satins of all hues, and in the next line

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 389

of cases Saxony displays her hosiery, her yarns, and her gloves
in thread, wool and kid.

Still farther west, on the front line, is the collective exhibit
of cloths made by the manufacturers of the Rhine land, and
beyond this Elberfeld makes a collective exhibit of Italian cloth
and tailors' trimmings. The Elberfeld manufacturers contribute
a considerable part of the display of textile fabrics, and their
goods are arranged in tall and large cases, ^^ ell filled and taste-
fully arranged. A prominent feature of the Elberfeld collec-
tion is a case of handsome prints illustrative of a new process
of dyeing goods.

Nuremberg has a space on the front line, just beyond Elber-
feld, in which she shows a collection of fine linens and damasks.
Close by, Saxony has a similar collection, and that country
brings up the rear of the German line upon the main aisle
with an attractive exhibit of laces and embroidery, together with
a number of illustrations of the process of lace making.

We pass now from the front line to the aisle immediately
south of it, and beginning at its ^vestern end, work our w^ay
eastward again. We first notice some specimens of woven wire
goods from Dresden, close by which is a handsome display of
woollen articles from Berlin.

The next prominent object is a tall and elaborate ebony show-
case ornamented with ivory — one of the most unique and attrac-
tiv^e structures in the building. It contains a beautiful exhibit
of ivory articles by Heinrich Meyer, of Hamburg, showing the
different uses to which that substance is put. To the east of
this is a handsome case containing the collective display of the
Bavarian makers of metal-leaf and bronze colors. Gold and
silver leaf are shown here in great variety, and the powders of
these metals are contained in a number of glass cups.

A pyramid of printing inks stands at the eastern end of the
aisle, and above and below it two of the Farinas, both hailing
from the bad smelling city of Cologne, exhibit their perfumes.

Turning southward, we find a number of cases along the cen-
tral transept devoted to the collective exhibit of the German
luanufacturing chemists. The preparations displayed are ex-

390 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ceedingly interesting, and are among the best of their ciass in
the Exhibition. The display is very large, and prominent in it
is the case of fine Aniline dyes exhibited by a Berlin house. A
large case of ultramarine from Nuremberg stands at the western
end of the chemical exhibit and attracts much attention.

Going west from the chemicals, we notice a fine collection of
lamps and lanterns from Leipzig, among which a number of
Chinese lanterns make a good show. Beyond this is a tall
pagoda constructed of velvet, gilt, and glass, containing a beauti-
fully arranged display of brilliant-hued fabrics of cotton-velvet
from Linden, in Hanover. At the lower part uf the pagoda
are a number of small drawers containing samples of the goods
displayed above, which may be opened for the examination of
the samples. Opposite this pagoda is a beautiful collection of
Berlin worsteds and wools of the most exquisite shades arranged
in an attractive and artistic manner.

We have now reached the western end of the German exhibit
once more, and turning southward enter the department of
musical instruments. The display of brass, reed and stringed
instruments is quite large. Adjoining it on the east is a con-
siderable exhibit of German pianos. They are mostly in cases
of ebony, some of which are richly carved. A number of the
leading piano-makers of Germany are represented, but scarcely
any effort has been made to corjpete with America in this line.
The square form of piano is conspicuously absent. It is not
used now in Europe, and the cases in this collection are either
upright or of the " grand " form. Two makers exhibit cabinet
organs, and one a large pipe organ. Several orchestrions are
also included in the collection.

Close by are the scientific and philosophical instruments, the
leading makers of Germany being represented. In the rear of
this, agamst the southern wall, is the collection of appliances
illustrating the hospital system of the German army. It
includes litters, ambulances, caitip-beds, models of hospitals and
of railway hospital trains, and a figure showing the dress and
equipment of the brethren of the Geneva convention. There
are all sorts of surgical appliances, and books of instruction and

OF TUE CENTENNIAL EXHlBiriOX.

391

photographs of various surgical operations. The whole system
of German military surgery and hospital management is well
shown in this little corner which stands by itself.

THE COLC^SEUM, SOUTHEAST CORNER BROAD AND LOCUST STREETS.

Beyond the hospital department is a tower clock exhibited by
a firm from Hoyerswerda, in Upper Lansitz, The bell is so

392 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

arranged that it can be rung in the usual style, and is hand-
somely chased.

Adjoining this is the collective display of the clock-makers
of the Black Forest. It is large and attractive, and includes
musical clocks, and the small time-pieces which are a specialty
of this part of Germany. Some of the clock cases are finely
c-arved and very beautiful.

To the east of the piano department, a Munich house exhibits
a large collection of church ornaments and figures of the
Madonna and the saints. The collection includes a "Christ on
the Cross,'' " a Christ in the Sepulchre," and a considerable
number of " Virgins " and saints. Each figure is gayly painted,
and each is ticl^eted with its price in true business style. The
Madonnas are rather better than is usually found in work of this
class, and their expression is singularly sweet and winning.
The collection also includes a large altar in oak, with numerous
niches containing figures and painted panels. It is a brilliant
work, and is valued at $3000 gold.

Immediately south of this collection, and near the entrance
to the " Ladies' room," the Hamburgh Steamship Company
exhibit two models of the " Frisia," one of their largest and
best steamers. One of these shows the vessel complete in every
detail; the other is a longitudinal section and shows the interior
construction of the vessel from keel to deck. The two models
are admirably executed, and show perfectly the construction
and equipment of a first-class ocean steamer.

Opposite these models is a handsome case containing a
fine display of lead pencils, crayons, and colors by the well-
know manufacturer, A. W. Faber, of Nuremberg. The next
case is that of his great rival, Schwanhausser, of Xuremberg,
who also makes an elaborate display.

We come now to the handsome pavilion containing the collec-
tive exhibit of the German booksellers. It stands at the south
side of the German section, in front of the Cafe Leland, and is
black, with ornamental gilt lines and mouldings. The cases
are arranged around the outer walls, and upon entering through
either of the four portals the visitor finds himself in tlje midst

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 393

of a display of books to which the array on the outer side was
but an introduction. The exhibit is very extensive and very
complete, and is the only thing in the building that can rival
the display of the American book trade. All the leading Ger-
man publishers are represented, Leipzig and Berlin contribut-
ing the greater part of the collection. The collection is miscel-
laneous in its character. Some superb illustrated works are to
be seen here, and a number of costly and valuable atlasses.
The collection is open to the inspection of visitors upon appli-
cation to the official in charge.

The display of leather goods is large and excellent. Leipzig
sends some elegant furs; Stuttgart many specimens of inlaid
wood work, and some fine furniture in ebony and oak ; and
Dresden some handsome furniture from the establishment of
the Royal Saxon Cabinet-maker.

Austria— Hungary.

The Austrian section lies along the main aisle, and adjoins
that of the German empire on the west. Like the German
section it is unenclosed. It is handsome in many respects, and
much resembles the display from Germany, but cannot, on the
whole, be considered a fair showing of the great industries of
the Austrian empire. Hungary is scarcely represented at all.
The Hungarians were anxious at first to send a complete na-
tional representation of their country to the Exhibition, but
their enthusiasm was suddenly destroyed by the decision of the
government at Pesth not to make a separate national exhibit.

Commencing at the west end of the front line we notice a
fine display of cut and stained glass. There are other casep of
fine glassware at other points along the front line, and these, as
is proper, are arranged as conspicuously as possible. The glass-
ware is mostly from Bohemia, and constitutes one of the largest
portions of the Austrian exhibit. It is arranged on broad
counters with mirror tops, and makes a brilliant and attractive
show. It is of the finest and most delicate quality, and is
beautifully ornamented. The colors are of the rarest hues, and
are superior to anything of the kind to be seen in the building.

394 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

A rich ruby tint overlaid with golden vines is one of the favorite
and most beautiful colors; another is a clear heavenly blue
through which a ruddy light resembling the glow of the setting
sun seems to shine steadily. The contrast between these rich
hues and the clear crystalline glass which gleams like a mass
of diamonds is very striking.

The next display along the front line is of work in amber
and meerschaum. Austria has no rival in this class of work.
The amber specimens are principally mouth-pieces for pipe-
stems, and the meerschaum work consists chiefly of ornamental
pipes, which are often very artistic and of great variety. They
represent heads of famous personages, types of the various races
and nationalities of Europe, and animals, birds and fishes in
the simpler styles, while the more elaborate have bowls richly
carved with hunting or historical scenes or comic representa-
tions of episodes in domestic life.

East of the pipes is a handsome collection of porcelain. It
is attractive, but cannot compare with the neighboring exhibits
in this line. Continuing on our way we notice some handsome
laces which attract considerable attention.

This brings us to the German section, and we turn off to the
southward and notice the extensive display of gloves of kid and
leather which come })rincipally from Prague. Close by are the
displays of the Vienna manufacturers of articles in Russia
leather. They consist of albums, portemonuaies, mirror-frames,
caskets, diaries, and other articles for household adornment or
personal use. This, as all travellers know, is a great Viennese
industry. It is largely represented here, and the articles attract
general attention by their richness and beauty. Another spe-
cialty of Viennese industry is the manufacture of dress buttons,
and these are extensively and handsomely shown here. Tha
display of cloths is principally from Moravia, and is well
worth examination, but does not fairly represent the great Mo-
ravian industry. The silk-weavers of Vienna have a large and
handsome exhibit tastefullv arrang^ed in rich cases of ebonv and
gold. The exhibit of jewelry is small, but contains some beau-
tiful ornaments and some fine precious stones. A Vienna house

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 3S5

shows some pretty ornaments of mother-of-pearl, and one from
Prague some splendid garnets. In the furniture department
there are a number of iron sets worthy of notice. The display
of musical instruments is large and showy ; and the scientific
and philosophical instrument makers make a creditable exhibit.
The carpets shown do not compare with either England, France
or the United States, but are very good.

A considerable section is devoted to a display of books, paper,
lithographs, and photographs. The principal feature of this is
the collective exhibit of engineering and architectural photo-
graphs, models, designs, and reports.

Italy.

The Italian section occupies the west end of the Main Build-
ing, and lies north of the main aisle. The space is enclosed
with a light frame-work, with three tasteful arches fronting on
the main aisle. Over the central arch rises a shield bearing the
white cross of Savoy surmounted by a trophy of national flags,
and above each of the other arches is a shield with the arms of
the kingdom and a troj)hy of flags. A tall flag-staff rises from
each end of tlie entrance bearing a banner. The banner at the
eastern end is inscribed with, the proud legend, "Italy United
Forever;" that on the west bears the inscription, "To the Great
Italian Navigator, Christopher Columbus."

Entering the enclosure we notice first a collection of fine
bronzes, some of which are half life-size, and are reproductions
of ancient works of art. Beside them is a considerable dis-
play of furniture. Some of the pieces are lieavy and elabo-
rately carved. A prominent object is an Episcopal chair and
desk carved in a masterly manner with the heads of cherubs,
and scenes from the Scriptures. An elaborately carved bed, a
bookcase, and mantel are also worthy of careful examination.
Venice has a case of cherubs carved in wood, which are very
pretty. Milan has a number of inlaid tables, ornamented with
exquisite pictures in papier-mach^. One of these represents the
Milan Cathedral, and another St. Mark's, at Venice.

The display of wood carvings is very fine. The gem of

396 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

this collection is a mirror-frame, in dark, rich wood, with a
troop of chubby children dancing around it.

The exhibit of jewelry is not large, but contains many hand-
some and valuable objects. Olivieri, of Venice, sends some
fine corals, and Salvo & Sons, of Genoa, display a collection
of ornaments in filigree and gold. Francatti & Santamaria, of
Rome, exhibit a case of rare and beautiful cameos and Floren-
tine mosaics. Fio Siotto, of Rome, exhibits a case of cameos,
showing the various stages of cameo-cutting, from the shell to
the completed gem. In this collection are some of the finest
cameos in the Italian exhibit.

Venice sends a number of exquisite specimens of her glass-
ware, and also some beautiful mosaics and corals. A promi-
nent feature of this collection consists of the handsome mirrors
of all sizes, which are in the best style of Venetian workman-
ship. There is a pretty exhibit of pottery and majolica ware.
It is not very large, but is very attractive. Alongside of it are
a number of statues, statuettes and busts in terra cotta and
baked clay.

Milan, Modena, Turin, Rome, Palermo and Lucca, send a fine
collection of raw and spun silks and silk goods, and Tuscany
sends a creditable display of her world-renowned straw goods.

A conspicuous object near the centre of the eastern side of the
Italian section is a large bell made in Venice and delicately
chased. It has been exhibited at all the recent International
Exhibitions, and has always taken a medal. A good showing
is made of musical instruments. Italy also sends a fair con-
tribution of the plainer and more necessary articles of household
use, showing that her genius is being directed towards the more
prosaic as well as to the fine arts.

Along the northern end the photographers make their dis-
play, exhibiting, among other pictures, a number of rich "moon-
light effects." Here is a large, map showing Graribaldi's plan
for improving the navigation of the Tiber and draining the
marshes of the Campagna, and fronting this is a statue in
plaster of the " Liberator of Italy."

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 397

Belgium.

The busiest country in Europe is welJ represented in the
Exhibition. The Belgian section lies immediately west of the
Brazilian court, and north of the main aisle. It is unenclosed,
but is conspicuous from the elegance of the cases with which it
is lined and the beauty and systematic arrangement of the goods
displayed. Along the front line the glass-makers have the
post of honor. A number of cases are filled with handsome
specimens of plate and colored glass, and several immense oval
and rectangular mirrors stand towering to the ceiling at the
very front of the section. The glass exhibit is very fine, and is
richly worth examination.

At the western end of the front line stands a large wooden
pulpit elaborately and beautifully carved with scenes in the
life of the Saviour and figures of the saints. It is surmounted
by a canopy, ornamented with angels sounding their trumpets.
It is admirable for the art as well as the workmanship displayed.

Back of the front line we enter a region devoted to cloths
and woollen fabrics, of which a large and excellent exhibit is
made. Verviers sends her best products, and offers a sharp
competition to both France and England in this department.
The manufacturers of this place make a collective exhibit.
Close by are the ebony and gilt cases filled with snowy linens
from Brussels. The skill and artistic taste of the Belgian
wood-carvers is shown in a collection of carved furniture and
a massive mantelpiece, and in some excellent statues of this
material.

Although the most peaceful country of Europe, Belgium is
largely engaged in the manufacture of fire-arms, and con-
sequently her display in this department is extensive and
valuable, and those interested in military matters will find
ample opportunity for the gratification of their curiosity. Not
far from the arms exhibit, the city of Ghent makes a curious
display, consisting of rags and waste papers assorted in rows of
glass boxes, with this motto on the case : Colligite fragmenta ne
perearU ("Gather up the fragments, that nothing may be lost'').

398 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Near the centre of her section Belgium displays a model of
one of her public schools. The building is about twenty feet in
height, is constructed of native pine, and is divided into several
apartments. Entering at the principal door, we find ourselves
in a small hall provided with washing apparatus, towels, and a
row of pegs for hats and coats. A door at the end of this hall
admits us to the school-room, which is furnished with rows of
desks and seats for the pupils, a platform and desk for the
master, a tall stove, a clock, and a crucifix. Blackboards and
all the apparatus used in the school are grouped about the room,
and specimens of the text-books used and a schedule of the
course pursued are exhibited. At the front end of the room a
door leads into the gymnasium, in which is a small model of
this department. The school is admirably arranged, and gives
one a clear and comprehensive understanding of the system of
primary education in Belgium.

Close by the school-house are some marble mantels of beau-
tiful workmanship. They are in both white and colored marble.
We notice here, also, a number of marble slabs, on w^hich some
curious landscapes and figures are etched with aqua-fortis.

There is a handsome pavilion devoted to the purpose of
advertising the waters of the Spa. A fine display is made of
articles of embossed leather, a number of paintings upon wood,
jewelry, priests' vestments of cloth of gold embroidered with
silk, and fancy articles.

A small court is formed of the cases containing the laces of
Brussels and Mechlin. The display is large and magnificent,
and excels anything of the kind in the building. The fabrics
are of an infinite variety in form and texture, and range from
the most delicate laces to curtains heavy with embroideries.
Look where you may the eye rests upon some beautiful object
in this court, and you can but wonder at the i)atience with which
so many women have worked' their lives into these fabrics.

An excellent display of books and scientific and philosophical
apparatus is made, and musical instruments form a small part
of the exhibit of the " republican kingdom.'^

The iron and steel exhibit is not entirely satisfactory. It con-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 399

sists of a few car wheels, a small display of bar-iron, and princi-
pally of small sections of rail bars, steel ingots, and iron girders
for bridges. It does not fairly represent the magnitude or
variety of this great branch of Belgian industry, and gives us no
idea of the great works produced by the Belgian manufacturers.
We notice, however, two doors of iron wrought in vines and
flowers, which are worthy to have been the work of the Flor-
entine iron-workers of the middle ages.

An exhibit is made, close by the iron, of liqnors and cordials
manufactured in the kingdom.

At the upper end of the section are a number of beautiful
tapestries from Malines^ equal in beauty and workmanship to
those we have noticed in our account of the French exhibit.
One of them is a portrait of Kubens ; another a portrait of
Cousin in Arabian costume; and a third a full-length painting
in the style of Louis XYI. Eight panels, grouped together,
represent the eight gods of Olympus, with all their attributes.

The Netherlands.

The Dutch section lies on the north side of the main aisle,
between the Brazilian and Mexican courts. It is one of the
most ornamental in the building, and is enclosed with a light
arched frame- work, painted in cream-color and gold, and hung
with heavily draped curtains of maroon -colored velvet. There
are three entrances in the front line and several at the sides.
Over the central entrance is a trophy of the national colors and
the arms of the kingdom in gold. The entrance on the east
side of the central arch leads to the exhibit of the colonies of
Holland, and that on the west of the central arch to the depart-
ment of public works. Holland makes a larger and better
arranged display here than she did at Vienna, and her various
industries and the energy and skill of her people are shown in
the most favorable light.

One naturally turns first to the department of public
works, not only because of the imposing display which it
makes, but because it is to the patient and skilful labor of her
people in this department that Holland owes her existence

400 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

araonff the nations of the earth. In this section a number of
finely executed plans, models and photographs are shown, from
which one can learn how the work of reclaiming land from the
ocean is carried on, and can gain a clear knowledge of the
system by which the little kingdom is protected from the in-
roads of the sea, a work which requires ceaseless vigilance and
the most intelligent labor. Models are exhibited which show
at a glance the change that has been made in the surface of the
kingdom, and from the study of these we can well understand
how it w^as possible for the desolate marshes of the North Sea
to become one of the busiest, richest and most intelligent
coun*^ries of Europe. The energy and intelligence that could
conquer the elements and make a home in the face of such
obstacles is capable of anything. The docks, railroads, bridges
and other public works of the kingdom are shown by a series
of photographs, drawings and models. Indeed so complete is
the display of these illustrations that a few hours spent in
examination of them cannot fail to make the visitor thoroughly
acquainted with and give him a profound respect for the little
kingdom and its sturdy people. Holland justly devotes con-
siderable space to this department, for in no other way could
she so thoroughly show her triumphs in the work of civili-
zation.

Passing out of the department of public works into the
general exhibit of the kingdom, we notice near the entrance
some beautiful specimens of inlaid furniture. One of these is
a screen decorated with scenes from Faust, in papier-mache.
Close by is a display of lacquered ware, as handsome and as
well executed as anything in the Japanese exhibit.

Delft sends a fine collection of carpets woven each in a single
piece, in imitation of the Smyrna carpets, and softer, thicker
and richer in color than those famous fabrics. Alongside of
these is a collection of fine blankets, some of which are nearly
an inch in thickness, and all as soft and delicate as down.
With them are displayed coverlets, thickly wadded and deli-
cately quilted, which are the house wife^s delight. The display
of woollen and cotton cloths, of mattings and nettings, is

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 401

also exceptionally good. Jute goods form a specialty of this
collection.

Just back of this display is a queer hand fire-engine, set on
little wheels and requiring sixteen men to work it. One can
but smile at the contrast between this old-fashioned machine
and the splendid "steamers" on exhibition in our own depart-
ment in Machinery Hall.

The Dutch army exhibits samples of the fire-arms used by
it; and to make the display truly national a manufacturer
sends a case of the long-stemmed pipe which is the inseparable
companion of the Dutchman. Close by is a fine display of
chemicals ; and near this we notice a number of excellent
specimens of wood-graining. A collection of tiles and oil
cloths is also shown, in which the different marbles and woods
are perfectly imitated. The collections of glassware and of iron
and tinware are good, and near them are several of the immense
covered wicker bathing-chairs familiar to those who have vis-
ited the seashore resorts of Holland.

The agricultural system of the kingdom is displayed by the
exhibition of a model farm in miniature. It is no doubt well
adapted to the needs of the country, but shows few details that
our own farmers will care to copy. A number of plaster casts
of diyeda membra of cattle afflicted by the plague are also
shown. A number of models of Dutch houses are exhibited,
among which is the model of an eating-house, showing the
whole interior arrangement. Another model shows the system
of thatched roofs in use in the Dutch colonies.

A special pavilion is used for the exhibit of the Dutch pub-
lishers. Here are to be seen a number of fine illustrated works,
and the lovers of rare etchings will find a treat for them in the
collection displayed by the book trade of Amsterdam. Con-
spicuous among the art w^orks is the beautiful Memorial
volume, published in commemoration of the ^var of inde-
pendence, in which the Dutch, with pen and pencil, do homage
to the heroes that saved them from the destruction prepared
for them by Spain.

The exhibit of school apparatus, text-books, desks, maps, etc.,
26

102 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

is admirable, and shows what good work Holland is doing in
the cause of knowledge. The Artisan School, of Rotterdam,
established in 1869, makes an interesting showing of its work.
Tfc is designed to give theoretical and practical instruction in
the useful arts, and turns out each year a class of skilled
and educated workmen. It is doing its work quietly but
thoroughly.

Tiie colonial department is exceedingly interesting and very
complete. All the colonies are represented, and the products
of each are shown. The collection includes grains, w^oods,
barks, fruits, oils, metals and other minerals iu great abun-
dance. The weapons and clothing of the native tribes are also
shown, and include curious filigrees and some rich silks and
embroideries and silver cloths. The princij)al display is from
Java, and the cinchona trade of that colony is illustrated pro-
fusely l)y means of photograplis, specimens of bark, leaves, etc.
Coffee forms a large part of the exhibit.

Against the northern wall of the building is a handsome
pavilion of ash — one of the prettiest structures in the hall —
containing the offices of the Royal Commission, the membei'S
of which have abundant reason to be satisfied with the appear-
ance their country makes in this grand assembly of the nations
of the world.

Switzerland.

The Swiss section lies on the north side of the main aisle,
between France and Belgium. It is unenclosed, and is one of
the plainest in the building in ornamentation. It is not the
less interesting for this absence of decoration, and receives a
fair share of the attention of visitors.

On the front line is arranged a large collection of watches,
the most important article of the Swiss export trade. Nearly
all the leading makers are represented, and back of these cases
are displayed the tools by which the watches are made. A
number of clocks, including a large electrical clock, form a part
of this exhibit. Musical boxes and mathematical, scientific
and philosophical instruments come next, and the display of
these is excellent and extensive. They are of the finest quality,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 403

the Swiss being as proficient in the manufacture of them as they
are in the making of watches.

Back of this line is a large pavilion, the entrance to which is
through an archway in the front. On one side of the arch is a
splendid map of the geological survey of Switzerland, and on
the other a fine geographical map, each richly worthy of study.
The arch itself is composed of panels ornamented with the
arms of the various cantons, and above it stands the white
cross of the republic. The pavilion is devoted to an exhihilion
of tiie educational system of Switzerland, and consists of charts,
models and apparatus used in the system of object-teaching.
Drawings, text-books and specimens of the pupils' work in the
common schools are also shown. The Swiss publishers make
their exhibit here, and in this pavilion are displayed fine
photographs of scenery and of the cities and public works of
Switzerland. These views, together with the maps at the
entrance, give the visitor a fair idea of the topography and
scenery of the country.

One of the most notable features of the Swiss exhibit is the
disnlav of embroidered lace curtains from the canton of St.

1 V

(h\]\. These curtains are made by hand; the patterns are ricli
and artistic, the workmanship of the finest quality, and the
completed fabric constitutes a genuine work of art.

A large exhibit is made of coarse woollen goods for peasant
wear, and some good silks and fine straw work are shown.

The wood-carvers, who are so numerous in Switzerland and
so famous for their skill, make a large and attractive display.
Their wares exhibit a wonderful degree of patience as well as
skill, and are as various as they are excellent, consisting of
miniature chalets, churches, birds and beasts of many kinds,
cuckoo clocks, tables, brackets, etc.

The office of the Swiss Commissioners is a pretty chalet, and
stands against the northern wall of the building. Switzerland
does not make as large or as comprehensive a display here as
f»he did at Vienna in 1873, but her exhibit is still deeply in-
teresting, and should be carefully studied.

404

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Sweden.

The Swedish court is situated on the north side of the main
aisle, to the west of the space occupied by tlie British colonies.
It is enclosed along the sides, but the front is open and is
marked merely by a series of tall, ornamental flag-staflfs, bearin;i
banners of blue with the Swedish cross in yellow. Festoons of

EASTERN ENTRANCE TO THE SWEDISH COURT.

blue and yellow streamers are suspended between the flag-staifs,
and give to the entrance a light and graceful appearance.

Six groups of figures are placed at the sides of the entrances
to the court, illustratintr some of the habits and the dress of the
peasantry. There is one at each side of the front entrance on
the main aisle. The group on the east consists of four figures,
and represents a young man coming to ask for a wife. The
young man, a tall, fine-looking fellow, stands opposite the
father, who is seated at a table -mending a clock, and awaits his
answer. The old man looks down in doubt and smokes, and
the mother, who is evidently favorable to the suit, stands w^ith
her hand on the father's shoulder, as if trying to persuade him
to consent. The girl meanwhile stands between the mother

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 405

anil the lover, with an expression which seems to say that she
has made up her mind, and the old man "may as well give in."
At the west side is a group representing a hunting scene. A
large elk has just been brought down by the rifle of a hunter
and lies bleeding on the ground, while the members of the
hunter's family are standing by enjoying his triumph and
w^atching the death-struggle of the animal.

At the entrance on the east side of the court are two groups.
The one on the south side of the doorway represents the
christening of a child. The baby is swaddled in the most
uncomfortable manner, and is ready for the solemn act. Three
women, one of whom is the mother, are grouped about it, and
the father sits across a chair, with his pipe in hand, looking at
the child with paternal pride. At the north side of the door
is a sadder group. The little one is dead, and lies white and
still in its little cradle, with the tiny black coffin which is to
receive it in readiness on the floor. The mother bends over it
in grief, and the father, clad in a sheepskin coat, stands looking
on sorrowfully. At the opposite side of the room the good
pastor, who has been endeavoring to comfort the afflicted
parents, sits with his Bible in one hand and his arm around the
remaining child of the family.

At the entrance on the west side of the court there are two
additional groups. The one on the north side represents a
Laplander, with his sledge drawn by a reindeer. He is just
starting out from home, and his wife stands by the sledge re-
ceiving his orders. Both figures are dressed in skins, and the
sledge is a genuine article from "the frozen North." At the
south side of the door the group consists of two figures — a
husband and wife seated at opposite sides of a table. The
man is reading from the Bible, and the woman is listening
reverently. The figures in all the groups are life-size, and are
clad in the national dress of the classes they represent. The
faces preserve the characteristics of each class.

The Swedish exhibit is one of the most complete and taste-
fully arranged in the Exhibition. The show-cases are hand-

406 TUE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ^

sonier than is the rule with the European nations, and the
articles are displayed to the best advantage.

At the entrance stands a rich display of beautiful porcelai^i-
Thq articles are delicate and the tints exquisite. Floral decora-
tions are much used in these, and with more than ordinary taste.
The exhibit of pottery and glassware is also attractive. In tliL
collection are several models in Parian marble of the fountaii.:»
iu the principal square of Stockholm, which attract much
attention.

Furs and leather goods form a considerable and interesting
part of the display.

One of the most prominent features of the Swedish collection
is the exhibit of Bessemer steel, in which the principal part is
taken by the Sandvik & Fagaster works. The articles exhibited
cover a wide range. The largest is a piston-rod fiflccn feet in
Icngtli for a five ton steam-hammer, and the smallest a delicately-
jx)lis]icd hand-mirror for a lady's toilette-table. Steel files, saws,
tools of every description, and locomotive tires make up the
collection. The workmanship in all these articles is masterly.
Scissors, knives, swords, skates, and steel articles of the finer
class are also shown in profusion. The remarkable bending
power of the Bessemer steel under a great strain is shown by a
railway axle five inches in diameter, double cold, which was bent
under a fifteen ton hammer.

Match-making is a prominent industry in Sweden, and is
represented by an extensive display of safety matches from
Johnkoping. These matches will not ignite except when
struck upon a peculiarly prepared surface.

Tiie educational exhibit is well arranged, and a number of
illustrated works are shown as specimens of Swedish printing.
A fine map of the geological survey of the kingdom and a large
topographical maj) are included in this display.

The woollen manufactures of the kingdom make a fair exhibit,
and the show of silks is especially good.

On the south side of the muin aisle, diagonally opposite licr
principal exhibit, Sweden has an additional space between
(he Ja})anese and IXuiish sections in which she displays her

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 407

military equipment. Here are several wax-figures showing the
costume of her men-at-arms in the time of the great Gustavus,
and the uniforms of the officers of several branches of her service
at the present time. Here are exhibited samples of the cannon
and small arms use<l in the Swedish army, and the equipments
of the artillery and hospital services. In the rear of the mili-
tary exhibit she displays specimens of the work of the pupils
of her technical schools, and illustrates in a happy manner the
admirable operations of these establishments.

Norway.

The Norwegian court is situated on the north side of the main
aisle between the Swedish and Italian sections. The space is
enclosed by a handsome framework of native pine ornamented
with red lines. Over the entrance from the main aisle is the
name " Norway/' and a trophy formed of the national arms and
colors. The cases contained in this enclosure are uniform, and
are constructed of light woods handsomely decorated.

At the front, immediately within the enclosure, are three
handsome cases containing a fine display of jewelry and silver-
ware. Here are some beautiful specimens of filigree- work from
Christiana, which would not shame Venice itself.

Immediately back of these cases arc two groups of figures
similar to those in the Swedish court. On the east side is a
group of Laplanders in their dresses of furs, comprising a father
and mother with an infant and young child. The infant is
Btowcd away in a leather case or cradle which is suspended from
the mother's neck, and the older child is clad in a holiday suit
of white bearskin. On the west side is a group consisting of a
bride and groom in their wedding costumes.

Back of these fii^ures is a small but beautiful collection of
glassware from Christiana. Adjoining it Norway exhibits
several home-made pianos, and then comes an exhibit of cloths,
both cotton and woollen, cordage, threads and skins. There is
also a Qix^c of fine shoes, another of silver ware, another of ancient
coins and medals, and an imposing display of cod-liver oil.
^Specimens of ancient armor and weapons form a most interesting

408 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

exhibit, and contrast strikingly with the handsomely-carved
modern furniture which stands near them. The iron manufac-
turers make a large and interesting exhibit, showing both the
ores and the manufactured iron in various forms. A large case
of silver ingots stands near by, and opposite are several queer
little Norwegian carriages, each with a perch behind in which
the postilion sits, and sometimes stands, to drive — the postilion
beino- often a rosy-cheeked Norwegian lass. Here is shown a
sleth^e made in the mountain districts in 1625, and still in
excellent condition.

A model of a Norwegian school is shown, with books and
apparatus illustrating the mode and course of tuition, and a map
of the geological survey of the kingdom is close by.

Denmark.

The Danish section lies on the south side of the main aisle,
immediately west of the Turkish court, and is enclosed by a
triple court. The entrance to the first court consists of a
triumphal arch richly decorated. On each side of the entrance
is the word " Denmark," surmounted by a golden crown and a
trophy of colors. Over the arch a sliield with the national arms
is set in the midst of a trophy of colors. The pavilions are
draped with warm red curtains, which give to them a rich effect.

The front or northern court is devoted to a display of Etruscan
imitations in terra cotta by P. Ipsen's widow, of Copenhagen.
These are exquisite works, and are generally admired. Here
also is a fine collection of silverware by a Copenhagen silver-
smith. The principal object is a large vase of solid silver valued
at §4290 gold and the duty. The vase is one of the most beauti-
ful in the building. In the centre is a statue of Fame, at the
feet of which are grouped the Arts. The base is devoted to a
series of groups representing the triumph of Neptune.

In the central court some handsome furniture made of the
wood of a pear tree is exhibited. Here is shown a collection of
Esquimaux clothing, and in the southern court is a model of an
Esquimaux house and an Esquimaux boat, all from Greenland.
The exhibit includes specimens of the woollen manufactures of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

409

Denmark, a collection of furs and skins, chemicals, geographical
charts, and native Danish woods.

Spain,

The Spanish section extends from the main aisle to the south
wall of the building, and adjoins the Egyptian court on the
east. It is enclosed by an elaborately ornamented wall finished
in imitation of granite, with two tall archways on each side.
In this wall are set lines of show-cases, in which are displayed
an extensive collection of the minerals of the kingdom. The

ENTRANCE TO THE SPANISH COURT.

facade which stands upon the main aisle is one of the most
imposing structures in the building. A triple arch painted in
imitation of porphyry supports a heavy entablature which is
decorated with shields emblazoned with the arms of all the
Spanish provinces, with the arms of the kingdom over the cen-
tral arch. Above the royal arms is a painting representing
Spain drawing back a curtain and displaying the rising sun of
the New World. Standards and trophies of the national colors
complete the ornamentation of the top of the structure. The

410 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

arches are hung with rich curtains of velvet. At each side of
the central portal is a show-case, and over each is a portrait.
That on the east side is Isabella the Catholic, whose generosity
enabled Columbus to make his voyage of discovery; and that
on the opposite side is Columbus himself. The word " Espana"
is blazoned across the entablature in gilt capitals. The sides
of tlis fa9:ide are also decorated with portraits. On the inner
or sontliarn side are portraits of Cortez and Ponce de Leon, at
the east end is a portrait of De Soto, and at the west end one of
Pizarro.

In the show-cases at the sides of tlie central portal are rich
specimens of silver and gold work, and ornamental work in
iron and steel, with fragments of armor and photographs of the
government museums of ancient armor. In the show-cases
built in the walls of the court are specimens of the mineral ores
of tlie kingdom, silver, lead, c()})per, iron and coal, and samples
of Spanisli marbles, all admirably arranged.

The exliiblt within the court is not a commercial one. There
is scarcely an article shown that has a ready market in this
country. The Spanish kingdom has taken a deep interest in
the CenlLMinial Exhibition, and has made an unusual effort to
show its resources and wealth in the most pleasing and varied
forms. One can hardly believe, in looking at the long lines of
well-filled cases of all kinds of manufactures, that the Spanish
people deserve their traditional reputation for indolence. It
would seem that they must be, after all, a very busy and ir.gen-
ious nation to produce so many and such attractive objects.

The woollen, cotton and silk fabrics displayed here are attrac-
tive as a rule, and many of them very elegant. A sumptuous
exhibit is made of tapestries, velvets, brocades, laces, shawls,
scarfs and light dress goods. They are distinct from those of
either France or Belgium, and the elegance and beauty which
characterize them are peculiarly their own. A considerable dis-
play is made of glassware and pottery of excellent qualities, and
the painted porcelain tiles in this group are noticeably well
executed. Chemicals are akso exhibited in great abundance and
variety ; and marbles, building stones, and large blocks of coal

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 411

show that this branch of the wealth of the kingdom is still
vigorous after so many centuries have dawned upon it. There
are a number of specimens of arms, works in metal and inlaid
work, the principal display being made by the province of Cat-
alonia, the people of which are the most enterprising of the
inhabitants of the Peninsula. Hats, shoes, fine woollen blankets,
articles of wearing apparel and carpets are also shown. The
entire exhibit is interesting in the highest degree, and, after
examining it, the best-read visitor will amend his conceptions
of '^ sunny Spain," and accord to her a more prominent place
than he has hitherto assigned her among the industrial nations
of the world.

Egypt.

The Egyptian court stands south of the main aisle and to the
east of the Danish section. It is enclosed by a high wooden
structure resembling an ancient temple of the land of the Nile,
and the fa9ade is massive and attractive. It is painted in imita-
tion of stone, and resembles the portal of a temple. Two
massive pillars support the entrance, and tlieir capitals are imi-
tations of the lotus flower. Over the entrance is the globe with
the encircling wings, the ancient Egyptian symbol of eternity,
and on either side of the entrance crouches a solemn-eyed
sphynx. The coloring is subdued, but fine. Upon the sides
of the entrance are inscribed the words: "Egypt — Soodan — the
oldest people of the world sends its morning greeting to the
youngest nation."

Entering the court you seem to have left the outside world
behind you, and to have entered a region of romance. Old
memories of your boyish dreams of the Arabian Kights come
over you, and you are tempted to look around to see if the good
Caliph Haroun Alraschid is not watching in disguise the move-
ments of the people who throng his realm, which has strangely
strayed across the seas. For the time you may leave the great
Exhibition out of your thoughts. You are in the East — in the
land of Isis and Osiris, and you may revel in the treasures
spread out before you.

As you enter, you notice on your right a small model of the

412

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

great Pyramid of Gizeh, and opposite this is a plaster head of
Raraeses II., who is declared by all the great masters of
Egyptian science and history to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus,
the new king which knew not Joseph. Around the walls of the
court are hung plain and colored photographs and drawings of
places and scenery in Egypt.

On the east side of the court is a case containing magnificent
saddles and furniture for horses. These were formerly used by
the pashas of Egypt, and are now the property of the Khedive.

ENTRANCE TO THE EGYPTIAN COURT.

They are used only upon occasions of the greatest ceremony.
Tiieir hangings are of crimson velvet, covered "with heavy em-
broideries of gold. The harness and trappings are of pure bul-
lion, and are heavv and costlv- Some of the saddle blankets
are woven of silk. The display is gorgeous, and gives one a
fair idea of the macrnificence'of an Eastern ruler.

A fine exhibit is made of oriental and drawing-room furni-
ture, a prominent object of which is a cabinet of ebony beauti-
fully inlaid with ivory and mother of pearl, the designs being

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 413

in imitation of those in the ancient mosques. It is valued at
$5500, and is for sale. The display of ornaments for the house-
hold and person is very rich, and includes a large quantity of
jewelry, precious stones, work in iron and copper, both ancient
and modern ; fancy articles, dress adornments, fans, walking-
canes, sun-shades, and pipes of every description, many of which
are ornamented with jewels.

Two large cases contain a collection of stuffs woven of silk
and gold and silver thread. These are of the most gorgeous
and brilliant character, and it is impossible to convey in words
an accurate idea of them. Some of the smaller articles are
worth as much as $2000 each, and one rich robe is a master-
piece both in workmanship and design. In the same case are
suspended two hanging lamps of glass, beautifully decorated
with colors worked into the glass. They are hundreds of years
old, and the art of making them has been forgotten for centuries.
They are valued at $5000, and constitute a rare and beautiful
feature of the exhibit.

Between these cases lies stretched at full length a large croco-
dile of the Nile.

Close by are a number of dromedary saddles ; and near these
a number of specimens of red pottery ware. There are cases of
beautiful and curious Arabic books and manuscripts, some of
them bound in covers of velvet, embroidered with gold thread. '
Articles of ivory, horn, and metal for household use, are shown,
and a number of native musical instruments. One of the rear
courts contains a fine exhibit of Egypt's chemical products. A
good display of porcelain and table ware of solid gold is made.

We next notice an exhibit of silk and silken fabrics, an in-
dustry which is carried on upon a large scale in Egypt. A
prominent feature is a display of cocoons, arranged in neat
r patterns according to tints. They are attached to an upright
branch, and in the centre is a large bunch of mulberry leaves
hung with clusters of grapes formed of the small glassy cocoons.

The rugs and carpets of Egyptian manufacture form an inter-
ssting part of the exhibit, and will compare well with those of
Turkey.

414 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Kliedive makes a collective exhibit of over two thousand
samples of native cotton, representing the crops of eight years.
Egypt has since 1860 become largely engaged in the culture of
cotton, and the samples thus displayed are of the highest im-
portance to us, as they are the announcement that we have a
determined rival in this branch of our own industry. Each
sample is ticketed with the name of the buyer, the place of sale,
and the price in Egypt and in England.

A collection of photographs exhibits the Egyptian system of
public works, bridges, railroads, etc., and is of great interest and
value.

The sugar, leather, gums, barks, nuts, wheat and other
grains and the grasses of Egypt are shown by numerous well-
arranged samples.

A large collection is showm of the rude arms and armor, the
rough wooden sandals, the hats woven of reeds, the noisy tom-
toms, and a barbaric canopy for the chief or monarch of the
tribes of Soudan in Central Africa.

The educational system pursued in the schools established by
the Khedive is shown by a collection of Arabic text-books and
mechanical instruments executed by the pupils of the Poly-
technic School at Cairo.

Altogether the Egyptian display is a bewildering blending
of the ancient and modern civilizations of that wonderful land,
taking you from a period four thousand years before Christ to
the present day, and showing you side by side a bust of the
Pharaoh of Moses and a portrait of Ismail Pacha.

Japan.

The Japanese section is on the south side of the main aisle,
east of the Chinese court, and immediately opposite the Swedish
section. It is enclosed with a light bamboo framework, and is
ornamented with a profuse display of Japanese flags. It is
about three times as large as the Egyptian space, and is filled
in every part with a rich and valuable display, the variety and
beauty of which are one of the great surprises of the Exhibition.

Just within the entrance from the main aisle is a display of

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 415

superb bronzes and of porcelain ware. A number of bronze
vases are included in this collection, which are the wonder and
admiration of all visitors. They are of beautiful shapes, and are
ornamented with such a profusion of engraving and chasing—
the conceptions of which are so droll and intricate— that a pho-
tograph would be necessary to give an accurate idea of thcra.
The work is unique and cannot be reproduced by the most skil-
ful artificer in either Europe or America. The cheaper vases
are cast, but the more elaborate ones are worked out wilh the
hand. One of the largest vases is valued at $2000, and is said
to have required an amount of work in its manufacture equal to
twenty-two hundred and fifty days steady labor of a single man.
The variety of shape and ornamentation of the vases is very
great and very remarkable. The art is peculiar to Japan, and
has flourished there for several centuries. It is carried on in
sixteen different places in the empire.

The porcelains of the Japanese department are fully equal to
the bronzes. This is an old art, and attained ]>erfection in
Japan long before it was known in Euro2)e. The Japanese
designate their works of this kind by the names of the cities in
which they were manufactured, or by the peculiarities of manu-
facture or decoration. The display of porcelains in this single
department surpasses in beauty of forms and ornamentation the
combined exhibit of every other nation in the building. One
must see the collection here to realize this, but few will doubt
the statement, having once made the comparison for themselves.
At the front line is a pair of superb vases about ten feet high
and valued at $2500. The ground is a delicate blue and white,
and the ornamentation consists of golden dragons and the
daintiest landscapes. There are a number of articles in green,
or scarlet and gold, of the class known as kaga ware, which is
as brilliant as Bohemian glass. The banko ware is also very
beautiful, its peculiarity being that the colors are worked
through to the inner surface. It would be impossible to men-
tion all the varieties of porcelain to be seen here. AVe can only
speak in a general way of its wonderful beauty and brilliancy,
A case of porcelain figures from Tokio attracts much attention.

416 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

They are caricatures of the manners of the various classes of
Japanese society, and are exceeding droll, and at the same time
thoroughly artistic.

The display of lacquered ware is immense, and one of the
marvels of the Exhibition. The manufacture of this ware is a
3pecialty in Japan and has attained perfection. The articles
displayed here range from the tiniest trays, which may be
bought for about fifty cents, to large and costly cabinets. The
gem of the collection is a cabinet said to be two hundred and
fifty years old, which is as exquisitely beautiful and as free from
signs of wear as on the day it came from its maker's hands. It
is valued at $5000. Contrasting it with the other beautiful
wares by which it is surrounded, one can see that it is superior
to them. The official in charge of the exhibit states that the art
is now on its decline in his country, and that the ancient master-
pieces cannot be renewed. There are some curious vases made
of elephant's tusks ornamented with lacquered woric, and some
other fine work in ivory.

The inlaid work is very fine, and a large collection of cabinets,
work-boxes and European furniture ornamented in this manner
is shown. These articles are not as expensive as the lacquered
wares, but equal them in beauty and delicacy of finish. The
Japanese have successfully imitated, and some claim that they
have surpassed, the papier-mache of the French. A consider-
able display is made of richly carved furniture, wood carving
being an art in which the Japanese excel.

Going southward we come now to the display of screens,
which is large and interesting. These are of silk on light
frames, and are painted and embroidered with scenes in the
daily life of the people. The outlines of the figures and the
landscapes are painted, and the costumes, faces, animals, and
houses, etc., are worked out in relief with embroidery. One
may find in these screens abundant means for a study of Japan-
ese life and manners. The 'Japanese gentleman takes great
pride in his collection of screens, which embody the best picto-
rial art of his country, and regards them as the European or

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 417

American does his gallery of paintings. The designs of the
screens are often quaint and amusing.

A fine collection of rich silks and embroideries is shown, one
exhibit from Yokohama being superb. Cotton and woollen
goods are exhibited of an admirable quality. Samples of mat-
ting, which is largely manufactured in Japan, are also to be
seen. Specimens of the papers made in the empire, the leathers,
the inks, and the coloring materials of Japan, are shown, as are
also samples of the woods, grains, and grasses of the country.
The mineral products are also shown by numerous specimens,
and the native animals and birds are treated in the same way.

Near the south wall is a large case representing a bazaar con-
taining a number of painted plaster images illustrating the dif-
ferent costumes of all classes of the population of the empire.
It is one of the most instructive portions of the whole exhibit.

Immediately behind it is an enclosure in which the Imperial
Government exhibits its educational system. Here are models
of the desks and school apparatus used, the work of the pupils,
the text-books,- philosophical instruments, and photographs and
colored sketches of the principal schools. Compositions by the
pupils in English, French, German, and Japanese are shown,
and one is made fairly acquainted with the progress made by the
empire in its effort to introduce the learning and civilization of
Europe.

The visitor who makes even a hasty inspection of the display,
of which we have given but a mere outline, must amend his
ideas of Japan. We have been accustomed to regard that
country as uncivilized, or half-civilized at the best, but we find
here abundant evidences that it outshines the most cultivated
nations of Europe in arts which are their pride and glory, and
which are regarded as among the proudest tokens of their high
civilization.

China.

The Chinese section is not quite half as large as that of
Japan, and lies immediately west of it on the south side of the
main aisle, extending back to the south wall of the building..

418 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

It is enclosed by a pavilion, the entrance to which is a copy of
the portal of a celestial pagoda, gaudily painted and ornamented
with hideous curled-up dragons, which, though ugly, are well
carved. Over the entrance is a line in Chinese, said to mean
"The Chinese Empire.'^ The pavilion is constructed of vari-
ous kinds of hard wood that grow in China, and is in itself an
exhibit. ^

Every part of the enclosure is of the gaudiest character, and
here and there rise tall pagodas and towers ornamented with
the most brilliant colors. All the show-cases are in the Chinese
style of architecture, and are as gay and odd-looking as the
pavilion itself. The display gathered within the enclosure is
rich, valuable, and exceedingly interesting. At the front en-
trance is a collection of fine vases of exquisite China ware, and
opposite these a row of screens of the finest silk, covered with
designs in embroidery, and having richly carved frames. Close
by these begins the display of inlaid tables and stands and other
articles of household use which runs through the whole exhibit.
They are as handsome and as well executed as anything of the
kind in the Japanese section, which is saying a great deal.

Just within the enclosure is a tall show-case in the form of a
pagoda, in which are displayed some superb silks, gold cloths
and embroideries. The silks are of the most delicate shades of
color, and are of the finest quality.

There is a large exhibit of carved furniture, all in the Chi-
nese style. The carvings are both artistic in design and well
executed. Two elaborate bedsteads are exhibited, which are
very handsome, and show that John Chinaman has an eye to
solid comfort in the midst of all his love of gaudy colors and
gingerbread ornaments.

. The display of porcelain and pottery is large and handsome,
and fully sustains the reputation of the celestials for skill in
this branch of their industry. , The lacquered wares shown are
also very beautiful, but are not equal to those in the Japanese
collection. There is a case of exquisitely carved articles in
ivory, many of which have been purchased by the Pennsyl-
vania Museum of Industrial Art. The bronzes, many of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 419

which are old and curious, make up an extensive and interest-
ing collection, and there is also an exhibit of rare old Chinese
coins.

A tall pagoda or joss-house, in imitation of such buildings
in China, ibrms a conspicuous part of the display. Near it are
some fine porcelain tiles ornamented with queer Chinese figures.
Cotton and hemp cloths, and cotton prints, stockings, Chinese
shoes, hats, articles of clothing, fancy leather work, trunks, and
toilet-boxes, and samples of native paper, musical instruments,
minerals, specimens of native woods, wines, grains, flour, honey,
wax, cotton, hemp, wool, and hair make up a large and inter-
esting exhibit.

At the rear of the enclosure is a gaudy little structure of
carved and gilded wood-work, with panels of scarlet silk, on
which are painted scenes from Chinese life. It is devoted to
the offices of the Chinese Commission.

A number of almond-eyed, pigtailed celestials, in their
native costumes, are scattered through the enclosure, and you
may for a moment imagine that you have put the sea between
you and the Exhibition and have suddenly lauded in some
large Chinese bazaar.

The Orange Free State,

The Orange Free State is a Dutch republic situated in the
southeastern part of Africa, and adjoins the English colony of
the Cape of Good Hope on the northeast. It covers an area of
over 70,000 square miles, and is a thriving and energetic little
state. Its section in the Exhibition hall lies back of the
Peruvian court, in the southwestern corner of the building.
It is enclosed by a handsome pavilion painted in imitation of
black walnut, and decorated with the national colors of white
and yellow, and red, white and blue streamers.

The exhibit is entirely governmental, and is handsomely and
compactly arranged, rendering the little court one of the bright-
est and most pleasing nooks of the "great show." The design
is to show the resources, products and natural wealth of the
country. Specimens of minerals, grains, leather and skius, and

420 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

samples of mohair, native woods, specimens of coal, and samples
of wool make up the principal part of the exhibit. Cases of
stuffed birds of rare and beautiful plumage, and collections of
insects are placed at various points in the court, and a number
of superb ostrich plumes are exhibited. An interesting feature
is a case of the cream tartar fruit. There are also to be seen
specimens of ivory, including two enormous elephant tusks,
and a collection of pipes and other articles of native manu-
facture.

Turn's.

The Tunisian court stands in the rear of the Danish and
Turkish sections, on the south side of the building. It is
small, but is brilliantly ornamented, the principal structure
being a large show-case at the rear end of the court on which
the goods are arranged. The exhibit is largely the property of
the Bey of Tunis. His Highness exhibits some pretty gilt fur-
niture, a collection of fine woollen blankets and shawls, woven
silks, jewelry, national costumes, native arms richly ornamented,
some superb decorated saddles, resembling those of the Egyp-
tian collection. In the Exhibition grounds he also exhibits
two Arab tents, illustrating the domestic life and customs of
the Arab sheiks and Bedowin. The Bey also sends a number
of antique relics dug from the ruins of old Carthage, which is
situated in his dominions.

Mexico.

The space assigned to the Mexican republic lies on the north
side of the main aisle, and adjoins that of the United States on
the west. It is enclosed by a handsomely ornamented pavilion
of light wood, painted in a soft cream color, and designed in the
Aztec style of architecture. The main entrance to this pavilion
is opposite the easternmost of the soda fountains in the main
aisle, and is a handsome arch draped with the arms of the
republic in gilt set in the midst of a trophy formed of the
national colors.

The Mexican exhibit is not as large as had been hoj^ed, and
scarcely shows the extent or variety of the natural resources and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 421

manufactures of the republic, but is still interesting, and should
receive a careful examination. A very considerable part of the
display consists of Mexican historical remains of the most inter-
esting character. They give us a partial view of the civilization
of the Aztec race, that curious people whose history is at once
so perplexing and so sad.

The mineral exhibit is very large and very good, and shows
the wealth of the leading mines of the country. A large speci-
men, weighing 1300 pounds, and composed of quartz and bro-
mide of silver, is a prominent object in this collection, and large
lumps of lead ore, iron ore, specimens of coal, native marble, a
sample of a new mineral called libinstone, and specimens of the
matter thrown up by the volcano of Ceboruco during a recent
eruption, and specimens of native woods are tastefully arranged,
and constitute an instructive display. Samples of buckskin
clothing ornamented with gold and silver embroidery, such as
the Mexican cavaliers wear, are shown, and each suit is valued at
$1000. There is a considerable exhibit of ready-made clothing,
dressed and undressed leather, kid gloves, straw. hats, woollen
and cotton cloths, and papers; and some porcelain is shown
which marks the beginning made by Mexico in this beautiful
art. There are also some pretty silks in the collection. A full
display is made of the medicinal plants of Mexico, and of the
fibres of all the varieties of the aguave. The native wines and
cordials are also well represented. A great variety of ancient and
modern national costumes is shown, including those of the Indians
and mixed races. A number of educational and scientific works
illustrate the efforts being made to diffuse knowledge among the
Mexican people.

Brazil.

The Brazilian court is situated on the north side of the main
aisle, between the Dutch and Belgian sections. It is enclosed
by one of the most brilliant and noticeable structures in the
building. It is a pavilion built in the Moorish style, and con-
sists of a colonnade of wooden pillars, with brightly ornamented
capitals and arches, supporting a superstructure of wood painted
in various bright colors. This colonnade surrounds the entire

422

THE ILLU8TEATED HISTORY

Brazilian section, and on three sides is nineteen feet high.
Between the pillars are wooden screens six feet high painted in
panels, the effect of which is very fine. The fagade consists of
clusters of pillars supporting the superstructure, as on the sides,
but the columns are closer together and are decorated with gay
colors and with glass tiles of a novel and attractive kind. These
tiles have various rich designs, and are used to form the names
of the different provinces on the frieze extending around the

ENTRANCE TO THE BRAZLLIAN COURT.

structure. Over the principal entrance the word " Brazil " is
placed in colored glass tiles. The central arch rises to a height
of nearly forty feet, but the arches on the east and west of it are
uniform in height with those along the sides of the pavilion.
The pavilion is painted in the gayest colors, the principal being
the national colors, green and yellow, and red and blue. Bra-
zilian flags and streamers are draped along the front and fly
from the prominent points of the structure.

The show-cases within the pavilion are of plate-glass orna-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 423

mented with ivory and gold, and are very handsome. They
are lined with a dark maroon-colored cloth, which adds to the
richness of their appearance. No less than $30,000 was ex-
pended by Brazil in the construction of her pavilion.

At the entrance stands a very large show-case placed on a
square space paved with marble. It contains a beautiful display
of artificial flowers made of the gay and brilliant plumage of the
birds of Brazil, and near it is a collection of butterflies and
brilliant insects.

Around the court are displayed photographs showing the
geological formation and the scenery of the empire, and a series
of topographical maps. The public works are exhibited in a
number of finely-executed charts and plans.

Several eases of books and other specimens of the printer's
art are to be seen here, showing what Brazil has done in this
department, and the rise of her national literature is shown in
the works of a number of her native authors, printed and bound
in Brazil.

The native products of the empire are largely represented,
and among them coffee holds the chief place, being the great
staple of the country. Rice, cocoa, mandioc, ginger, yams,
sarsaparilla, and many other tropical products, are shown in
great abundance. The native woods, in which Brazil is wealthy
almost beyond computation, are also largely shown, and among
them we find the castor tree, rosewood, Brazil-wood, caoutchouc,
cedars, logwood and mahogany.

An excellent display of furniture is also made, and the speci-
mens are both wooden and wicker.

The rising manufactures of the empire are shown in the fine
exhibit of woollen and cotton cloths, dress goods, laces, em-
broideries, silks, and straw and wool hats. A considerable dis-
play is also made of chemical manufactures. The display of
porcelain and glassware is small. Leather, boots and shoes,
saddles, and skins, form a considerable part of the collection.

There are also a number of antiquities ; and the Indian tribes
are represented by hammocks and other articles peculiar to
themselves and their ancestors for centuries.

424 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Altogether the Brazilian exhibit is handsome and deeply
interesting, and is worthy of the leading nation of the southern
half of the American continent.

Argentine Confederation.

The section assigned to the Argentine Confederation is on the
south side of the main aisle and next to its western end. It is
enclosed, and at the front stands a handsome circular pavilion.
The exhibit is designed to represent the commercial, agri-
cultural, and mineral wealth of the republic. The articles
are tastefully arranged, and are attractive and worthy of a
careful study.

The mineral exhibit includes the ores of gold, silver, lead,
copper, and iron, galena, kaolin, sulphate of lime, quartz, mar-
bles, coal, building stones, gypsum, clays for the manufacture
of crockery, tiles, and bricks, graphite, soapstones, and other
varieties. Specimens of the principal metals are also shown.
There is a large collection of chemical manufactures, and a small
one of glassware, porcelain, and pottery. The department of
textile fabrics includes cotton and woollen goods, mats woven
by State prisoners, fabrics made by Indians irom native plants,
clothing, laces, and embroideries. Silk sjMin and in cocoons is
also exhibited in considerable quantities. Wool hats, and boots,
shoes, and other leather goods, and samples of leather and skins
make up a large part of the collection. The bows, arrows, clubs,
and lances of the various Indian tribes, slinirs used bv the hun-
ters to catch cattle and alpaca on the " plains," and lassos used
by the hunters of Buenos Ayres are also shown. A number of
figures of Argentine peasants form an interesting part of the
exhibit.

The display here is greater than any made by the Argentine
republic at any previous World's Fair, and is in the highest
degree creditable to both the government and the people of that
country.

Chili.

The Chilian section stands at the western end of the ^Main
Building, on the south side of the main aisle. At the front,

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBIT! OX. 425

which faces the main aisle, is a circular pavilion, gayly painted,
around the sides of which are arranged show-cases containing
an extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the
republic. The animals of the country are represented by stuffed
hides of the cougar, jaguar, llama, guanaco, and monkeys.
There is also an exceedingly valuable and interesting display
of old pottery and domestic utensils, agricultural implements,
and weapons of war used by the Indian tribes.

Specimens of Chilian silks, raw and manufactured, are shown,
and also some fine worsted work. A classified exhibit is made
of the vegetable products, the native wines, and the leather
of Chili.

Peru.

The Peruvian court is enclosed by a neat and tasteful pavilion
decorated with the arms of the republic and the national colors,
and stands at the western end of the building, immediately in
the rear of the Chilian and Argentine sections. The entrance
is from the west.

Around the sides of the pavilion the mineral wealth of the
republic is faintly shown by a number of specimens. Gold,
silver and precious stones are included in the collection. Quick-
silver, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, saltpetre, and salt are exhibited
in a variety of forms.

The principal manufactures shown are leather, soap, and
sugar. The native wines and liquors are also extensively dis-
played. Cotton, cocoa, coffee, cinnamon, pimento, pepper,
tobacco, Peruvian bark, indigo, sarsaparilla, vanilla, caoutchouc
and a variety of drugs and dye stuffs are shown.

There is a large display of ancient pottery, the work of the
aborio-inal inhabitants of Peru, showing that they were far
advanced in the arts and customs of civilization ; and by the
side of these is an exhibit of the dresses and weapons of the
Indian tribes.

Hawaii.

The kingdom of Hawaii, better known as the Sandwich
Islands, has a handsome pavilion, with two arched entrances,

426 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

situated against the south wall of the building immediately back
of the Tunisian court.

The exhibit includes several specimens of native sugar, coffee,
and native woods. The fibres of a number of trees — strong and
tough — are also shown, and a considerable quantity of straw
work makes up the display. There are a number of specimens
of lava thrown out by the volcano of Kilauea, the largest now
in action in the world. Manufactured articles from the native
woods, and calabashes used by the natives to hold their food are
among the articles exhibited. A fine collection of specimens of
lava, mosses, and ferns is shown, and was made by Mr. Hitch-
cock, the special commissioner, during a residence of fourteen
years in the islands. There are cases of beautiful native birds,
and a rich display of pink and white corals, shells, and seaweed.
Queen Emma exhibits a case of fans and feather- work, native
millinery, and historical curiosities. Photographs of scenes in
the islands are displayed about the enclosure.

Russia.

The Russian space is situated on the south side of the main
aisle, between the Spanish and Austrian sections, and extends
back to the south wall of the building. It is unenclosed, and
but little effort has been made to ornament it. A handsome
shield emblazoned with the imperial arms, and set in the midst
of a trophy of Russian and American colors, is afBxed to the
pillar at the south side of the aisle. Along the front line is a
row of lofty octagonal and square cases of dark oak and plate-
glass, filled with rare and beautiful articles.

At the western end of the front line, Sazikoff, of Moscow, has
two handsome cases containing a magnificent display of gold
and silver articles for table service, personal use, and household
ornament. They are richly carved, and some of them are
enamelled in a masterly manner. There are a number of
statuettes of solid silver, prominent among which is one of Peter
the Great. The gem of the whole collection is a superb work
in reponsse, representing the "Adoration of the Magi." It is

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 427

one of the most perfect specimens of this school of art in the
Exhibition.

Near the east end of the front line, P. Ouchinnikoff, of Mos-
cow and St. Petei-sburg, makes an equally handsome display of
richly chased articles in gold and silver and enamels on gold
and silver. Prominent in the collection is a fine altar-piece,
representing the Saviour with the Gospel in his hand. The
work is done upon a gold surface, and the portrait of the
Saviour is in enamel of various colors. The effect of the
whole is very rich and beautiful. A superb tankard made
of a single piece of silver, with decorations in gilt, is shown.
At the top is a small copy of the statue of Peter the Great,
and around the si<Ies of the vessel is a superb representation
in high relief of the entry of Peter into Moscow after the
battle of Pultawa. The tankard is valued at $3000. A
massive salver of silver with ornamentations in gilt, and a
centre-piece carved with a representation of the Kremlin, is
valued at $2000.

At the east end of the line, Felix Chopin, of St. Petersburg,
displays a collection of fine bronzes in the best style of the art.
They represent scenes from the life of the Russian peasantry,
and are much admired. A conspicuous object of this collection
is an immense candelabra of gilt and porcelain, fully fifteen feet
high, capable of holding one hundred candles, and with vases
for flowers around the base. Opposite it is a gilt clock of
peculiar design, about four feet high. The hours encircle a
large globe of silver and move around it, and an angel in the
act of flying points to the hour with one hand and towards
heaven with the other.

Along the eastern border of the Russian section, Messrs.
Hoessrich and Woerffel, of St. Petersburg, have an extensive
and valuable display of articles in malachite and lapis lazuli.
These are of an infinite variety, consisting of cabinets, mantels,
tables, statuettes, clocks, caskets, candelabra, and some beautiful
jewelry and small articles for personal use. One fine centre-
table in gilt and malachite is valued at $2400, and a large mass
of malachite in the rough is held at $4800.

428 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Just back of the front line is a rich and large display of silks
and velvets magnificently embroidered with gold, and cloth of
gold with decorations of silver worked into it. These fabrics
are superb, and are equal to anything in the Egyptian or Turk-
ish exhibits.

THE SPANIS:^ BUILDING.

Back of these is a large exhibit of furs, equal in quality and
beauty to anything in the building ; and stuffed specimens of
fur-bearing animals are shown in connection with this display.
There is a good exhibit of cotton and linen goods, and of hats
and military caps.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. . 429

In the centre of the section, the Eussian American Eubber
Company, of St. Petersburg, have a fine octagonal pavilion of
ebony and plate-glass, containing a handsome collection of their
goods. Opposite, on the west side of the court, a tailoring firm
shows a case of uniforms of the different branches of the Eus-
sian army.

The exhibit of mathematical and philosophical instruments
is small but very interesting, and is located near the south-
west corner of the court. Immediately to the east of it is
a case of ornamental cast-iron work. The collecction consists
of a number of statuettes, busts, vases, etc., the principal
object being a copy of the statue of Peter the Great, at
St. Petersburg. There is a softness about the work which is
very pleasing, and it greatly resembles the darkest antique
bronze. It is much lighter in weight than bronze, and much
less expensive.

The paper makers have a small exhibit, and close by is an
extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the Eussian
empire. At the south end of the court is a case of inlaid
caskets, boxes, waiters, etc., the work u})on which is exceedingly
beautiful. In tlie next case a bookbinder shows specimens of
his work. The books are merchants' account books, and show
the Eussian system of bookkeeping. At the southeast corner
of the court is a fine carved oaken billiard table, one of the
handsomest in the Exhibition. There is an excellent though
small exhibit of cutlery, and several excellent pianos form a
part of the Eussian exhibit. A number of carved oaken cabinets
stand along the eastern line, where also may be seen a case of
rich embroideries, worked on colored cloths with gold and silver
threads.

There is a small exhibit of perfumes and soaps, and a few
pieces of porcelain and majolica-ware complete the display.

Eussia w^as one of the last of the European powers to take
part in the Exhibition, and her space w^as not in complete order
until near the last of June. Her display is at once unique and
beautiful, and receives much praise, from visitors.

430 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Portugal.

Like the Russian, the Portuguese exhibit was not in order
until the latter part of June. The section assigned to Portugal
is on the south side of the hall, and immediately in the rear of
the Turkish and Egyptian courts. It is about as large as the
Egyptian section, and is enclosed with a line of handsome show-
cases of wood, stained in imitation of black walnut, with
entrances at the north, east, and west ends.

Along the southern wall the Portuguese department of public
works exhibits a collection of toix)graphical and geological maps
and charts of the kingdom, with drawings of the principal har-
bors. In this section of the space is the display of glassware,
pottery, and porcelain, which, though not large, is very good.
Some fine dyes and specimens of woollen fabrics dyed in them
are also shown.

The cases which form the east and west sides of the enclosure
are filled with cotton and woollen goods, generally of a coarse
texture. The blankets shown here are very good.

A good display is made of silk fabrics, of various kinds, and
a case is also shown of cocoons and raw silk. Some of the silks
are beautifully embroidered. A number of excellent specimens
of wood-carving are shown, and a series of photographs of
places in Portugal show some admirable work in this line.

A case containing flowers, baskets, ships, and other objects
made of the fibre of the fig tree, from the island of St. Michael,
in the Azores, attracts great attention. The material is exquis-
itely beautiful and the work very fine. There are a number of
statuettes in colored plaster, representing different types of
Portuguese brigands and peasants. At the northern end of the
section is a collection of tinware, showing the fine quality of the
native tin of Portugal, and here is to be seen the finest porcelain
and glassware of this exhibit.

The Mineral Annex,

The space in the main hall being filled, a couple of long,
narrow, wooden buildings were erected on the south side of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 431

Main Building. In these structures is shown a large and inter-
esting collection of the minerals of the United States, prominent
in which are a number of immense blocks of coal taken from
the mines of Pennsylvania and some of the Western States.

The Carriage Annex.

The annex to the Main Building, devoted to the display of
carriages and other articles, is situated on the north side of the
Avenue of the Republic, just north of Memorial Hall. It is
built of corrugated iron and glass, and is 346 feet long and 231
feet deep. The greater part of the space is taken up by
American exhibitors.

The display of carriages in the American department is very
fine, and includes vehicles of all classes, and several old-
fashioned Concord stages, \yheels, hubs, spokes, harness,
carriage hardware and fixtures, springs, etc., are displayed here,
and make a handsome showing. The collection of carriages for
children is also very pretty.

A number of railroad cars are exhibited in this building.
The Pullman Palace Car Company show one of their hand-
somest parlor cars, and a superb hotel car, to both of which
visitors are admitted. The latter shows the entire arrange-
ment for providing passengers with meals cooked to order while
the train is in motion. A boudoir and library car, built for
the St. Paul & Rio Janeiro Railway of Brazil, is a model of
beautiful workmanship and comfortable arrangement. It is a
narrow gauge car, and smaller than the Pullman coaches by
which it stands. Several other fine cars for ordinary use
are exhibited, and show what the various railway lines of
the country might do for the comfort of their passen-
gers. Several magnificent street railway cars stand by the side
of the larger coaches, and are beautiful specimens of workman-
ship.

A large part of the American department is devoted to an
exhibition of stoves and heating apparatus of various kinds, tin
and ironware, and house-furnishing goods. These make up a
pretty and attractive display, and draw many visitors.

432

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

lu the English department we notice several fine drags
of the most elaborate style, and a number of broughams,
coupes and a species of one-horse barouche. Tlie English
vehicles are all substantially made and are elegant and tasteful.

Canada exhibits her fine sleighs, which are much admired.

Italy sends two specimens of a curious little closed

carriage.

The display is very fine, and the carriage annex is one of
the most interesting halls in the Exhibition.

It is large and airy, and the articles exhibited in it are dis-
played to the best advantage. The beautiful work upon the
wooden bodies of the carriages is esjiecially noticeable for its
beauty and skilful joining.

One of the pleasantest features of the hall is the view from
the north entrance. You look down into the wooded depths of
Lansdowne Yalley, beyond which are the towers of Agricultural
Hall and the pretty buildings on its slopes. There is generally
a breeze stirring here, and you may seat yourself on the benches
which the thoughtfulness of the Commission has provided, and
enjoy as rural and as enchanting a view as the eye ever rested
upon.

CHAPTER XIII.

MACHINERY HALL,

Description of the Building — The Interior — Conveniences for Visitors — Pre-
cautions Against Fire— The Corliss Engine — Distribution of Power — The
American Display — Curious and Interesting Machines — The Steam-Engines
— The First Steam-Engine in America^ — The Blast Furnace — The Sewing
Machines — A Handsome Display — The Suspension Bridge Exhibit — A
Monster Cotton Press — Weaving Machines — Making Watches by Machinery
— Carpet Weaving — The Water Motors — The Locomotives — The Eailway
Exhibit — The Vacuum Pan — The Tobacco Factory — Making India Rubber
Shoes — Making Candies by Machinery — The Massachusetts Marine — Among
the Printing Machines — The Old Franklin Press — Printing the New York
Herald — The Ice Yacht — American Machine Shops — Nail and Tack Making
— The Hydraulic Annex — The Tank — The,. Cascade — The Hydraulic and
Blowing Machines — The British Section — The Road Steamers — Iron Armor
Plate — Weaving Machines — Railway Models — The Walter Press — The
Sugar Mill — The Canadian Exhibit — The German Section — The Krupp
Guns — The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Belgian
Machinery — The Well-Borer — The Swedish Section and Exhibits — The
Russian Guns — The Brazilian Section — A Handsome and Characteristic
Display.

ACHINERY HALL is designed for the exhibition of
machinery in motion, and the second of the Exhibition
buildings with regard to size. It stands immediately
west of the Main Building, at a distance of five hun-
dred and forty-two feet from it, and its southern wall is
two hundred and seventv-four feet from the north side of Elm
avenue. The length of the building is from east to west, and
its north front is on the same line as that of the Main Exhibition
Building, thus presenting a frontage of thirty-eight hundred and
twenty-four feet from the east to the w^est ends of the Exhibition
buildings upon the principal avenue within the grounds.

The machinery building consists of the main hall, fourteen
28 433

434 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

hundred and two feet long by three hundred and sixty feet
wide, and an annex on the south side of two hundred and eight
by two hundred and ten feet. The entire area covered by tlic
building and the annex is 558,440 square feet, or about 12.82
acres. Including the upper floors the Exhibition space is about
fourteen acres.

Tlie principal portion of the building is one story in height,
with the main cornice u\kh\ the outside about forty feet from
the ground. The roof is seventy feet from the floor of the
avenues, and forty feet from the floor of the aisles. The main
entrances at the east and west are finished with handsome
fa9ades, consisting of a square tower at each side rising to a
height of seventy-eight feet, with a tasteful entrance between
them. The central entrance and the towers are each provided
with light ornamental galleries, and over the central gallery a
large eagle is placed, with a clock immediately beneath him.
A similar projection with a similar fa9ade stands at the ends of
the transept upon the north and south sides of the building,
giving to it a fine and picturesque effect ; and in order to further
relieve the monotony which would have resulted from the long
unbroken lines of the exterior, other projections have been in-
troduced upon the north and south sides of the building, with
tasteful fiiQades. A chime of thirteen bells, representing the
thirteen original States, is hung in the northeast tower of the
building. They weigh twenty-one thousand pounds, the largest
weighing over three thousand pounds and the smallest three
hundred^ and fifty pounds. They cost $12,000, and were cast
by Henry McShane & Brother, of Baltimore.

The building is painted in a light and pleasing blue, with
ornamentations in other colors. As its length is eighteen times
its height it has necessarily a low and " squat " effect, but the
general appearance is pleasing, and the structure is so admirably
adapted to the purposes it is designed to serve that criticism
is disarmed. While there is nothing mean or shabby about it,
it is plain and simple, but little effort having been made at
ornament. The building is in perfect good taste throughout,
and while it is not as handsome or as imposing as its gigantic

OF THE CENTENXIAL EXHIBITION. 435

neighbor, the Main Exhibition Building, it is still attractive
and pleasing, and the gazer is profoundly impressed with its
expression of vastness.

The eastern doors open upon the grand plaza at the main en-
trance to the grounds, and form the principal approach from
the street cars, the Pennsylvania E-ailroad Depot and the Main
Exhibition Building. The western doors lead to the Total
Abstinence Eountain and to George's Hill and the buildings
clustered about its feet.

The arrangement of the ground-plan is very simple. It shows
two main avenues, each ninety feet in width and thirteen hun-
dred and sixty feet long, with a central aisle between them and
an aisle on either side. Each aisle is the length of the avenues,
and is sixty feet in width, thus making the aggregate width of
the avenues and aisles three hundred and sixty feet. At the
centre of the building is a transept ninety feet wide, which at
the south side is prolonged beyond the main building to the
southern end of the annex. At a distance of thirty-six feet
from the main hall a series of aisles extend on either side of the
transept for a distance of two hundred and eight feet to the
southward, forming with it the annex for hydraulic machines.
These aisles are sixty feet in width. The promenades in the
avenues are fifteen feet wide; those in the transept twenty-five
feet wide, and those in the aisles ten feet wide. All other walks
extending across the building are ten feet wide, and lead at
either end to exit doors.

The foundations of the building are piers of solid masonry.
" The superstructure consists of solid timber columns supporting
roof trusses, constructed with straight wooden principals and
wrought-iron ties and struts. As a general rule, the columns
are placed lengthwise of the building, at the uniform distance
apart of sixteen feet. The columns are forty feet high to the
heel-block of the ninety feet span roof trusses over the avenues,
and they support the heel of the sixty feet spans over the aisles
at the height of twenty feet. The outer walls are built of
masonry to a height of five feet, and above that are composed
of glazed sash placed between the columns. Portions of the

436

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 437

sash are movable for ventilation. Louvre ventilators are intro-
duced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the aisles.
The building is lit entirely by side light, and stands lengthwise
nearly east and west.^^

Machinery Hall was the first completed of the Exhibition
structures. The contract for its erection was made on the 27tli
of January, 1875, and the work was immediately begun. It
was completed on the 1st of October, 1875, and was turned over
to the Board of Finance about the close of the year. The cost
of the building was $542,300. The engineers and architects
w^ere Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, and
the contractor, Philip Quigley, of Wilmington, Delaware. The
wrought and cast-iron work used in the building was furnished
by Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware.

The building is fitted up with especial care for the comfort
and convenience of visitors. Water-closets are placed at the
east and west ends, with attendants. Rolling-chair stations are
located at the main entrances, and telegraph offices are estab-
lished at prominent points. Stands for the sale of the official
catalogue are placed in the central aisle, and letter-boxes are
scattered throughout the building. The fire service is perfect,
alarm stations being placed at regular intervals, each with its
proper number, and Babcock extinguishers are scattered over
the building ready for instant use. At the north end of the
transept is a restaurant, the proprietor of whicli promises to fur-
nish a good dinner for the moderate sum of fifty cents. Ad-
joining the restaurant is a confectionery, and by the side of this
the pop-corn man has a tasteful stand, from which he does a
thriving business in this peculiarly American eatable. Soda-
fountains are placed at several points in the building, and are
under the same management as those in the other halls.

The interior decorations are simple, the roof and pillars being
painted in light colors, the object being to render the interior as
light as possible.

From the gallery one looks down upon a busy scene. The
great engine in the centre drives several miles of shafting and

438 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

belting, and the hall resounds with the hum and click of the
machinery in motion.

No fires or furnaces are allowed in the hall. The boilers of
the great Corliss engine are placed in a separate building on the
south side bf the hall, and steam is introduced into the hall by
a service of pipes.

The motive power for all the machinery in motion in this
vast hall is a double-acting duplex vertical engine, erected by
Mr. George H. Corliss, of Providence, Rhode Island, its in-
ventor. It stands in the centre of the hall, and is built upon a
platform fifty-six feet in diameter, and three and one-half feet
above the floor of the hall. The engine rises to a height of forty
feet above the platform, and is the most conspicuous object in
tlie hall. " It has cylinders of forty-four inches in diameter and
ten feet stroke, the p(?culiar variable cut-off arrangement being
actuated by the governor, as common in the Corliss engines.
Between the vertical engines is a fly-wheel of fifty-six tons
weight, thirty feet in diameter and twenty-four inch face; it
makes thirty-six revolutions per minute, the rate being kept
equal by means of the governor cut-off, which immediately
responds to any change in duty, owing to the throwing off or
on of machines either singly^or embraced in a whole section of
the building. The tubular boilers are twenty in number, in a
separate building, and each represents a nominal power of seventy
horses, the work of the engine at sixty pounds pressure being
about fourteen hundred horse-power. The fly-wheel has cogs
on its periphery, which match with cogs on a pinion which
rotates a line of underground shafting, and this by means of
mitre-gearing rotates other underground shafts, so that motion
is communicated to eight points in the ground-plan at the tran-
sept, at which are pulleys from which belts rise through the
ifloor and thence pass around primary pulleys on the eight
principal lines of shafting, which, reach from the transept to the
extremities of the east and west end of the building. The sunk
shafting, its mitre-gears, pillow-blocks and pulleys, weigh tw^o
iinndred tons.'^ The work on the engine was completed on the
10th of April, the day promised by its inventor, and the entire

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

L39

cost of its construction— §200,000— was borne by Mr. George
H. Corliss.

Eight main lines of shafting are provided for the machinery
in the avenues and aisles, the larger portion being speeded to
one hundred and twenty revolutions per minute, and one line

THE CORLISS ENGINE IN MACHINERY HALL.

to two hundred and forty revolutions per misute, principally for
the wood-working machines, which occupy the larger part of the
west end of the southern aisle. With the subsidiary lines, the
length of shafting is estimated at 10,400 feet, each main line of
six hundred and fifty feet transmitting one hundred and eighty
horse-power to the various machines connected with it.

440 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The exhibit displayed in Machinery Hall is classified by the
Centennial Commission as follows :

Department V. — Machixery.

500—509 Machines, Tools, etc., of Mining, Cheraistr>', etc.

510 — 519 Machines and Tools for working Metal, Wood and Stone.

520 — 529 Machines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving, etc.

530—539 Machines, etc., used in Sewing, making Clothing, etc.

540 — 549 Machines for Printing, making Books, Paper Working, etc

550 — 559 .... Motors, Power Generators, etc.

560 — 569. . . .Hydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus.

570 — 579 Railway Plant, Rolling Stock, etc.

580 — 589 Machinery uaed in preparing Agricultural Products.

590 — 599 Aerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation.

Machinery and Apparatus especially adapted to the require-
ments of the Exhibition,

The United States.

The space occupied by the United States covers about three-
fourths of the area of Machinery Hall, and extends from the
western end entirely across the hall to a point nearly half way
between the transept and the eastern doors. Being at home,
the American exhibitors were naturally the first to have their
machinery in readiness. The machinery displayed covers a
wide range, extending from the most delicate machines for the
manufacture of watches to the most powerful trip-hammers and
rolling-mills.

We begin our inspection at the west end of the building, and
start from the western end of the south aisle and pursue our
way eastward along this aisle.

On the south side we notice an extensive collection of gas
meters and kindred machines. These are very handsome and
complete in every detail, and the visitor can but wonder that
such pretty and attractive things should be such an unending
source of trouble to every householder. The whole system of
registering the consumption of gas is shown, but we are not
treated to an exhibit of the method of making a meter register

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 411

more gas than is burned. That is a secret which the gas com-
panies do not care to make public.

A large collection of machines for making illuminating gas
from naphtha is shown beyond the gas meters, the largest ex-
hibit being made by the Springfield Gas Machine Company,
of Massachusetts, whose machines are admitted to be the best
and safest in use.

Beyond the gas machines the Hagner Drug Milling Com-
pany, of Philadelphia, exhibit a pair of double-run flaxseed
chasing mills, which attract considerable attention by their size
and excellent workmanship. To the east of this is a large
frame model of an anthracite coal-breaker, showing the pro-
cess of crushing coal and separating the d liferent sizes for the
market.

A fine display of steam-drills comes next, and below these is
a blast-furnace, with plans showing its operation. A capital
display is made of steam-engines, stationary and portable. The
Atlantic Mills, of Philadelphia, show some powerful machin-
ery^ and below these the scroll-saw men are at work with their
machines cutting out scroll work in wood. Some of these saws
are driven by steam and some by foot-power. A handsome
specimen of their work is a "Centennial clock," the frame of
which is made of wood sawed in this way.

We have now reached the transept, and turn back to ex-
amine the display along the north side of the aisle. We are
attracted at once by the exhibit of barrel, hoop and stave-
making machinery in operation. These machines cut out the
staves and hoops and set up the barrels and head them in an
exceedingly short space of time.

Close by is an automatic shingle- maker, which can turn out
25,000 shingles in a day; and next to it is a "Dovetailing,
Carving, Moulding and Panelling Machine," exhibited by the
Battle Creek Machinery Company, which is one of the curi-
osities of the Exhibition. Beyond these machines William
Cramp & Son, of Philadelphia, exhibit two fine marine engines.
In the next space J. W. Griffiths, of New York, exhibits a

442 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

maclihie for bending wood, and shows by its operation the
process of bending stout wooden beams for ships' frames, or for
arches.

AVe are at the west end once more, and pass into the south
avenue. As we move down this avenue we confine our in-
spection to its south side, and notice first a large road steam-
enofine of American make. It is the invention of George W.
Fitts, of Philadelphia, and compares favorably with the English
steamers at the other end of the hall. Adjoining this space is
one occupied by Wm. Andrews, of Williamsport, Pennsyl-
vania, who exhibits a number of circular and straiglit saws of
the best workmanship. Here is to be seen the first saw-maker's
anvil ever brought to the United States. It was brought from
London in 1819, by an uncle of its present owner, who had
used it in the old country, and has been in steady use for over
seventy years in this family. It looks as if it was good for
seventy years more of work.

We now reach an extensive collection of saws, moulding-
machines and steam engines, noticeable among the latter being
the splendid automatic cut-off and throttling steam-engines of
the Buckeye Company, of Salem, Ohio. In the midst of this
group Cornell University displays some of the results of her
department of mechanical engineering in the work of her
students and in a fine collection of machinery. Here are a
foot-lathe, magneto-electrical machine, measuring machine
and steam-engine, all of which are handsome pieces of work-
manship.

Having reached the end of the avenue, which is here closed
in by the space assigned to an exhibitor, we notice on the north
side a section of the first steam-engine ever introduced into the
United States. This venerable relic is exhibited by Messrs. D.
M. Meeker & Son, of Newark, New Jersey. Its history is so
interesting that we give it here as related by Mr. Justice Brad-
ley, of the Supreme Court of the United States, in a letter to
Mr. D. M. Meeker :

OF THE CENTEXJsIAL EXHIBITIOX. 443

" Washington, September 20th, 1875.

"David M. Meeker, Esq.:

^' Dear Sir: The steam-engine of which you possess a relic
was, as you suppose, the first ever erected on this continent. It
was imported from England in the year 1753 by Colonel John
Schuyler, for the purpose of pumping water from his copper
mine opposite Belleville, near Newark, New Jersey. The mine
was rich in ore, but had been worked as deep as hand and
horse power could clear it of water. Colonel Schuyler, having
heard of the success with which steam-engines (then called fire-
engines) were used in the mines of Cornwall, determined to
have one in his mine. He accordingly requested his London
correspondents to procure an engine, and to send out with it an
engineer capable of putting it up and in operation. This was
done in the year named, and Josiah Hornblower, a young
man, then in his twenty-fifth year, was sent out to superintend
it. The voyage was a long and perilous one. Mr. Hornblower
expected to return as soon as the engine was in successful opera-
tion. But the proprietor induced him to remain, and in the
course of a couple of years he married Miss Kingsland, whose
father owned a large plantation adjoining that of Colonel
Schuyler. The late Chief-Justice Hornblower was the youngest
of a large family of children which resulted from this marriage.
Mr. Horn blower's father, whose name was Joseph, had been
eno;ao^ed in the business of constructinfi^ eng-ines in Cornwall
from their first introduction in the mines there, about 1740;
and had been an engineer and engine-builder from the first use
of steam-engines in the arts, about 1720. The engines con-
structed by him and his sons were the kind known as New-
comen's engines, or Cornish engines. That brought to America
by Josiah was of this description. Watt had not then invented
his separate condenser, nor the use of high pressure. But it is
generally conceded that, for pumping purposes, the Cornish
engine has still no superior.

"After 1760 the Schuyler mine was worked for several years
by Mr. Hornblower himself. The approach of the war, in
1775, caused the operations to cease. Work was resumed,

444 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Iiowever, in 1792, and was carried on for several years by
successive parties. It finally ceased altogether early in this
century, and the old engine was broken up and the materials
disposed of. The boiler, a large copper cylinder, standing
upright, eight or ten feet high, and as much in diameter, with
a flat bottom and a dome-siiaped top, was carried to Phila-
delphia. The relic in your possession was a portion of the
cylinder, and was purchased by some person in Newark.

"In 1864 I met an old man named John Van Emburgh,
then a hundred years old, who had worked on the engine when
it was in operation in 1792. He described it very minutely
and, I doubt not, accurately. It is from his description that I
happened to know the kind of engine it was ; although, from
the date of its construction and the use to which it was put,
there could have been but little doubt on the subject.

" What changes have been wrousrht in one hundred and
twenty-two years ! What mighty power has been created on
this continent, in that time, by the multiplication and improve-
ment of the steam-engine ! We may well look upon this relic
with a sort of superstitious veneration, and, looking forward as
well as backward, w^onder w'hat another century will bring
forth ! Respectfully, your obedient servant,

"Joseph P. Bradley."

Leaving the south avenue at its western end, we pass around
into the central aisle and continue our inspection on the south
side of that aisle. We pass a number of vertical and other
steam-engines, and pause to examine the immense high speed
blowing engine erected by the Weimar Machine Works, of
Lebanon, Pennsylvania. This fine engine has a capacity of
5000 cubic feet per minute at ten pounds pressure. The same
company also exhibit a section of an apparatus for charging a
blast furnace.

Below this is a display of fire-engines, three of which are
handsome steamers, and a case of firemen's hats, overhauls, etc.
Beyond the engines a fine hook and ladder carriage is placed.
Several old-fashioned hand-engines are included in the display,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 445

and look odd indeed beside the glittering steamers. Passing
on we come to the display of chemical fire-extinguishers, the
largest and handsomest exhibit being made by the Babcock
Fire-Extinguisher Company, whose machines are used in the
Exhibition buildings.

Farther on, I. P. Morris & Co., of the Port Richmond Iron
\Yorks, Philadelphia, exhibit a large and complete blast furnace
which towers to the roof, high above all the surrounding
objects. Near the intersection of the aisle with the transept,
E. M. Boynton, of New York, has a handsome pavilion of
black wahiut, velvet and gilt, ornamented with specimens of his
saws. It is one of the most conspicuous objects in the hall, and
is admirably suited to the display of the articles it contains.

Turning westward again, and crossing to the north side of
the aisle, we notice a handsome display of paintings and models
of the steamers of the American Line, from Philadelphia to
Liverpool, made by the steamship company.

The north side of the central aisle, from the transept west-
ward, is taken up almost entirely by the exhibit of the sewing
machine manufacturers. All the sewing machines of the
country are represented here, and the display made by them is
one of the most attractive features of the Exhibition. The
spaces occupied by the various manufacturers stand side by side,
and are fitted up in the handsomest style. Rich native woods
and costly hangings are used in the construction of the en-
closures and pavilions of the various manufacturers, and neither
expense nor taste has been spared to render these. as brilliant
and imposing as possible. Each firm exhibits its best machines^
finished in the handsomest style, and displays conspicuously
samples of fine needlework done by its operators. The ma-
chines are operated by a number of young ladies, and are shown
to all who are disposed to examine them. The handsomest
displays are made by the Wilson, Weed, Wilcox & Gibbs,
Howe, Domestic and Home Companies. The How^e pavilion
contains a portrait of Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing
machine, and the pavilion of the Home Machine is the richest
and most beautiful structure in Machinery HalL

446 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

To the west of the sewing machines are the knitting ma-
chines, the workings of which attract much attention ; and
beyond these is a handsome model of a steam tug, with an
exhibit of improved screw propellers for steam vessels, and we
enter once more the space devoted to steam-engines. Among
these we notice a machine for ditching and draining, exhibited
by Randolph Brothers, of New Jersey. Several sizes of this
machine for horse and steam power are made. The largest size
will dig eight cubic yards per minute in clay soil, or as much
as a single man can dig in a day. A two-horse machine,
weighing 1600 pounds, will do the work of forty men. The
next space is occupied by Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington,
Delaware, with a large display of machinery of various kinds;
and just beyond N. AV. Twiss & Co., of New Haven, exhibit a
number of beautiful vertical engines. The yacht engine ex-
hibited here is one of the prettiest and most complete machines
in the building.

We are at the west end of the aisle, and pass around to the
north avenue, at the western end of which, on the south side,
Messrs. Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore, have a large display of
machines of various kinds. Eastward of this exhibit, on the
same side of the avenue, the steam-engines stretch away for a
considerable distance. Beyond these the American Iron Works
of Pittsburgh, make an extensive display of wheels, shafting,
pulleys, bar, sheet, plate iron, and T rails.

Immediately to the south of this exhibit a loom is at work
weaving suspenders for the National Suspender Company, of
New York. You may have a pair woven w^th your name
while vou wait for them.

Below the American Iron Works, is one of the handsomest
displays in the hall. It is the exhibit of the John A. Roeb-
ling's Sons Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, manufacturers of
wire rope and suspension bridge cables. Here are shown sec-
tions of the cables of the suspension bridges over the Niagara at
Niagara Falls, and those over the Ohio at Pittsburgh and Cin-
cinnati, which were made by this firm. Handsome drawings
of these bridges are displayed. A splendid plan of the suspen-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 447

sion bridge now in course of construction over the East river,
at New York, forms one of the most conspicuous objects of the
collection, and beneath it is a section of the cable for this bridge
now being made by this firm. It is composed of six thousand,
No. 7, galvanized steel wires. The ultimate strength of this
cable is 22,300,000 pounds. A model of a large merchant ship
rigged with wire rope is exhibited, and samples of the wire
ropes and other articles made by the company are to be seen
also.

Beyond this space is an enormous direct acting steam and
hydraulic cotton press, from the Taylor Iron Works, of Charles-
ton, S. C. It is constructed entirely without pumps, and has
but a single valve. It is the most powerful cotton press in the
world, and among its other feats is said to have recompressed a
bale of cotton into two-thirds of its original size.

We now enter a region of looms a._d cotton machinery, and
pause to notice the process of making and winding spool cotton
as shown by the Willimantic and Hopedale Companies, of Con-
necticul: and Rhode Island. Beyond these machines a large
power-loom is weaving corsets for the United States Corset
Company. A lady operates the machine, and a number of her
sex are generally interested lookers-on. Next door, a larger
sized loom is weaving jute cloth. Both of these machines are
the Lyal] Positive Motion Loom, the accuracy and rapidity of
the work of which are wonderful.

In the next stand on the east, the Pyramid Pin Company, of
New Haven, Connecticut, have a machine, in charge of a little
girl, at work sticking pins in papers. This machine is caj^able
of sticking 180,000 pins per day in this way.

Next below is one of the most interesting exhibits in the hall.
The American Watch Company, of Waltham, Massachusetts,
have a work-shop, in 'svhich a number of their most experienced
and skilful workers are engaged in the manufacture of watches
by machinery. Every part of the process is illustrated by the
work done here. The machines used are of the most delicate
and perfect character, and the operations are marked by an
accuracy and skill which elicit the warm praise of the inter-

448 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ested spectators who surround the workshop. The Waltham
watches have long been regarded as tlie best of American
manufacture, and the universal testimony of all who have used
them is that they are unexcelled by any in the world.

Adjoining the shop of the Waltham Company is ^ curious
machine for engraving patterns for embroidery and laces.

The transept is reached again, and we turn back westward
again. On the right, opposite the Waltham shop, the Nono-
tuck Silk Company, of Florence, Massachusetts, show the pro-
cess of labelling spools and winding machine twist and sewing
silk for the market. In the next space beyond William Wood
& Co., of Philadelphia, have a loom at work weaving cotton
cloths; and above this the Monitor Carpet Mills, of Philadel-
phia, have a power-loom at work weaving carpets without the
use of a shuttle. Two power-looms are engaged beyond this one,
weaving Brussels carpets. The Falls of Schuylkill Carpet
Mills operate one of these looms, and thus illustrate the process
by which the beautiful carpets displayed by them in the Main
Building are woven. Going westward we pass several looms
engaged in weaving cloth, and a number of wool-carding
machines, and notice a fine Murkland power-loom at work
weaving ingrain carpets for Messrs. John Bromley & Sons,
Philadelphia. The rapidity w-ith which this loom does its
work is surprising. With a competent operator it will run off
thirty-five yards of carpeting in a working day. Beyond this
is the Garnett machine, which takes the waste of woollen facto-
ries and works it up into fibre again, washing it clean at the
same time.

An interesting display is made of meters for registering the
consumption of water ; and the exhibit of steam-gauges is both
large and handsomely arranged. Here is seen a little register-
ing apparatus which records every revolution of the Corliss
engine at the distant centre bf the hall. Near the door is a
hydraulic ram of novel construction, exhibited by the Dexter
Spring Company of Pennsylvania. It furnishes its own power
and is a perfect automatic pump.

From the western end of the avenue we have been traversing

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 449

we pass into a small aisle to the north of it. The first notable
exliibit is that of the Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Com-
pany, of Dayton, Ohio. They exhibit a boiler for use in lime-
stone countries, which removes the deposit of lime from the
water and prevents it from encrusting the interior surface of the
boiler. Beyond this space is the Backus Water Motor, which
would seem to be the long desired motive power for running
sewing machines. Beyond this is a most interesting exhibit of
asbestos, a mineral which has the peculiar property of being a
non-conductor of heat. Farther on the Westinghouse Air-brake
and Henderson^s Hydraulic Brake for railroad cars make large
and interesting displays of the merits of their respective ma-
chines. At the lower end of the aisle, on the south side, is a
tall machine for drying paper-collar stock, and below this
machines for drying cotton and worsted dyed goods.

AYe have reached the transept once more, and enter upon the
section devoted to the display of locomotives, which is one of the
most prominent as well as one of the most attractive features of
the Exhibition. About ten locomotives built by the Baldwin
Works, the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad Companies, and
other well-known manufacturers, make up the collection, in which
the latest improvements and the highest skill in this branch of
the mechanic arts are shown. A narrow gauge locomotive and
one for mining purposes are included in the collection. The fin-
ishing of these splendid machines is handsome, but substantial.
They are no finer in appearance than is usual, and represent
faithfully the superior appearance as well as construction of
the American locomotive.

Leaving the locomotives behind, we pass to the north aisle,
where w^e notice a large display of machinery for mills by J. T.
Noye & Son, of Buffalo, New York, beyond which is an im-
mense hoisting engine for mines, and a display of mining
machinery, including a powerful Cornish pumping engine made
by the Dickinson Manufacturing Company, of Scranton, Penn-
sylvania.

Both sides of the aisle are now occupied by the display of the
scale makers. All the principal manufacturers are represented,
29

450 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

and this department is one of the largest and handsomest in the
hall. The various styles of scales are shown — platform scales,
those for counters, letter scales, and balances. Every article is
finished in the handsomest and showiest manner, and with a
generous disregard of expense. A number of the makers show
platform scales adjusted to the standards of the principal nations
of Europe.

Then follows, on both sides of the aisle, a collection of car-
wheels, trucks, springs, railroad iron and rails, switches, seats
for cars, and other railroad material, in the midst of which the
Wharton Patent Switch makes an interesting shovving of its
"workings. It is claimed for this switch that it is automatic in
its movements, and that where it is used accidents are impossible.

On the left hand side, above the AVharton Switch, the Baxter
Steam-Engine Company make a handsome exhibit of tlioir
famous engines; and on the opposite side of the aisle is a hand-
some arch made of lapwelded wrought-iron tubes, ornamented
with the names of the States, and exhibited by the Xational
Tube Company as specimens of their workmanship.

On the north side of the aisle, at the western end of the
building, is a huge vacuum pan for clarifying sugar, exhibited
by the Col well Iron Works, of Xew York. It towers to a
height of thirty-five feet above the floor of the hall, and the
vacuum pan has a diameter of ten feet. There are two plat-
forms or stories one above the other. On the ground floor is a
powerful horizontal engine working an air-pump to make the
vacuum in the pan. The air-pipe connecting with the top is
some eighteen inches in diameter, of iron, and has several
drums. Underneath the pan is a large circular valve to run
off the product of evaporation. There are also connected with
this drying pan sugar boxes to receive the sugar and moulds
for moulding the sugar loafs. The whole apparatus is of the
most complete description, and' is a fair sample of the vacuum
pans used in the largest sugar refineries in Cuba or Louisiana.

We pass around into the north aisle and start eastward
again, noticing first, on the right, or south side of the aisle, a
large collection of washing, wringing, and mangling machines

451

452 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of every kind and description, to run by hand or by steam-])()\\Tr.
On the opposite side of tiie aisle a large machine for printing
wall paper is shown by Messrs. Howell & Brothers, of Phikidel-
phia, the largest manufacturers of wall paper in the United
States. Diagonally opposite this machine a number of glass-
blowers are at work making fancy articles of glass by means of
the blow-pipe. The left hand side of the aisle is taken up for
a considerable distance by machinery for making paper in oper-
ation, and on the other side a cracker-making machine is at
work. Below tiie lust are several niachines engaged in the
nuinufacture of fine candy hon-hons, and beyond these, on both
sides of the aisle, we notice machines for butchers, bakers, and
flour mills.

Opposite these, on the north side of the aisle, is a small model
of an old Virginia tobacco factory. All the o])eration& of manu-
facturing chewing tobacco are shown liere, with the exception
of the flavoring process. Four negro men are at work twisting
the rolls from the leaves, and these rolls are pressed into the
plugs of commerce while the visitors look on. The negroes, as
they work, sing the songs and hymns which are familiar to
those who have visited the tobacco factories of the South. . The
establishment is the exhibit of Mr. Albert Ordway, of Eich-
mond, A^irginia.

Below the tol>accc factory is a pretty display of small mills
for grinding coffee and spices, below which the butchering
machinery greets us again, and still farther east, on the north
side, the process of making India rubber shoes is illustrated by
machinery at w^nrk. The various stages of the process of work-
ing \\\) the soft mass of rubber and moulding it into shoes is
exceedingly interesting, and the visitor may order a pair of
shoes here and have them made under his own observation
while he waits for them.

The south side of the aisle, opposite the tobacco and India
rubber works, is occupied by an exhibit of French burr mill-
stones and wheat-cleaning machines. Below these is a large
centrifufjal vSU2:ar draim'ng and dryinjs^ machine in operation,
exhibited by H. W. & R. Lafferty, of Gloucester, Xew Jersey.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 453

Diagonally opposite, on the north side of the aisle, below the
rubber works, Messrs. Whitman & Son, the well-known Phila-
delphia confectioners, make a practical exhibit of their process
of preparing their bon-bons and fine candies. These are made
and sold here daily.

At the intersection of the aisle with the transept is a restau-
rant, which appears to be doing a thriving business, and which
offers good hot dinners for fifty cents. Immediately in front
of the locomotives, and before the door of the restaurant, is the
stand of the pop-corn man, already referred to in another part
of this chapter.

We cross the transept, and continue on our way down the
north aisle. On the east side of the transept and extending
eastward along the north aisle for some distance is the exhibit
of the Massachusetts marine prepared by the Commissioners of
that State. It occupies a large stand handsomely draped with
flai'-s and streamers, and consists of models of all the various
kinds of sailing and steam vessels, both old and new style,
owned in the ports of Massachusetts. Here is a fishing
schooner, with her crew holding the lines which have been
thrown overboard, a graceful yacht, a clipper ship, man-of-war,
and whaler, each one complete in its way» The collection
includes models of keels, fixtures of various kinds for vessels,
steering gear, diving armor, and life-saving apparatus. The
articles are arranged with great taste, and the collection consti-
tutes one of the most conspicuous displays in Machinery Hall.

On the opposite side of the aisle the type-writer, an ingenious
machine for printing letters or manuscripts instead of writing
them with the pen, is at work, and beyond it the system of
setting up music type is shown.

Passing on we enter the department of printing machinery.
Here are presses of all kinds and of every make, from the little
hand press designed for amateurs, to the great Bullock machines
which strike ofiP 20,000 copies of the New York Herald in an
hour. The presses stand on both sides of the aisle, and extend
over to the north avenue.

In a prominent space near the northern wall we notice a splendid

451 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

six roller stop cylinder press, a roller-drum press, and a peru,'cting
press for illustrated cut work, all made and exhibited by Messrs.
Cottrell & Babcock, of New York. These presses attract great
attention, and are pronounced by competent judges the best of
their kind in the world. The perfect distribution of the ink, the
registering apparatus, which does its work with a mathematical
exactness, and the uniformity and beauty of its impressions, con-
stitute it the most perfect printing machine for fine book work
ever made. The publishers of this book have long used it in
the printing of their finest illustrated works, and have found it
superior to any press they have ever used. The drum cylinder
press is provided with Charles Eneu Johnson's automatic paper
feeding machine, which dispenses with the services of a feeder
for the press.

We are now at the end of the American department, and pass
into the north avenue to complete our examination of the print-
ing machinery. We notice two large ])resses at the eastern end
of that avenue made by the Bullock Printing Press Company.
They are in daily operation, and every afternoon a number of
copies of the New York Herald and Sun are struck off from
stereotype plates sent over from New York in the morning.
The papers are distributed among the visitors. These presses
have a capacity of 20,000 impressions per hour.

Paper cutting machines stand on the north side of the avenue,
and in this department are book binders' machinery, presses for
steel and cop})er plate and lithographic printing, and machinery
for stereotyping and electrotyping and for type founding.

On the north side of the aisle ^lessrs. K. Hoe & Co., of New
York, show several of their improved presses, one of which is
engaged in printing the fine illustrations contained in " Pictur-
esque America," thus giving a practical demonstration of its
excellence ; and at the w'estern end of their space is the venerable
hand press at which Benjamin Franklin worked as a journey-
man printer during his first visit to London.

On the south side of the avenue opposite these presses is a
fine ice yacht, a peculiarly American institution, and above it
an American double life-boat with its equipments, beyond whicit

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 455

is a collection of boats and shells, and a half-size model of the
famous Monitor life raft, which, it will be remembered, made a
successful voyage across the Atlantic a few years ago, and has
since been adopted by the navy of the United States. Beyond
this is a full-sized steam yacht exhibited by Baird & Huston,
of Philadelphia, showing an improvement in the arrangement
of the propeller. On the opposite side of the avenue, the
New York Safety Engine Company exhibit a fine upright
engine.

At the head of the north avenue, and along the transept,
John Roach & Sons, the famous shipbuilders of New York and
Chester, Pennsylvania, exhibit a handsome collection of models
of the noted iron steamships they have built for the Pacific Mail
Company and other shippers, and models of the ironclads
Puritan and ^Miantonomoh built by them for the United States.
They exhibit also a sample of armor plating, and other work for
iron vessels.

Passing along the transept into the central aisle, we notice a
number of models of vessels, life-saving apparatus, rafts, etc.,
and turning into the central aisle pause to notice the glass
cutters and engravers at work at the head of the aisle, orna-
menting glassware by engraving designs upon it by means of
small grindstones worked by the foot.

To the eastward of this stand we enter a region of machinery
of various kinds for weaving cotton, woollen and silk cloths.
On the left hand side of the aisle the Phoenix Manufacturing
Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, have a Jacquard loom at
work weaving Centennial badges in silk, with the arras of the
United States and a portrait of Washington woven on the face.
These are beautiful pieces of work, and large numbers of them
are purchased by visitors as souvenirs of the Exhibition.

Opposite the loom A. F. Prentice & Co., of Worcester, Mas-
sachusetts, exhibit a fine collection of machinists' tools, with a
number of presses, dies, and other machines for working in
metal. On the left hand side of the aisle, the Danforth Machine
Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, exhibit three fine machines
for spinning silk thread. All the stages of the manufacture of

456 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

this article, from the raw silk to the complete thread, are shown
here.

Below this W. E. & E. D. Lockwood, of Philadelphia, make
an interesting exhibit of a self-feeding machine for the manu-
facture of paper envelopes. The machine is almost entirely
automatic, and cuts, folds, gums and counts 120 envelopes per
minute. By the side of this machine is another for printing
envelopes, which prints 60,000 per day. A third machine is
engaged in making paper collars.

On the next space below, the process of making paper boxes
by machinery is shown, and farther on is a brick-making ma-
chine which works the clay, moulds the bricks and turns them
out ready for baking. The machine takes the clay direct from
the bank, tempers it in water, moulds it into bricks of uniform
size with sharp angles and smooth surfaces, the bricks being
stiff enough to wheel and stack in the sheds immediately with-
out sun-drying. The largest size of this machine is capable of
producing from 25,000 to 40,000 full-sized bricks in ten hours.
The machine is exhibited by Chambers, Bro. & Co., of Phila-
delphia, and always draws a crowd about it to witness its opera-
tions.

At the end of the aisle, William Sellers & Co., of Philadel-
phia, make an extensive exhibit of powerful machinery for
certain lines of work. They have a complete machine shop,
which could at any moment be started upon the most difficult
and the heaviest work. Among the articles included in their
collection is the largest machine tool in the hall. It is a plan-
ing machine of eighty-one tons weight, having a bed weighing
fifteen tons and a traverse of forty-four feet.

In the next space Pratt & Whitney, of Hartford, Connecticut,
exhibit a number of machinists' tools, somewhat similar to, but
of a smaller class than, those of Sellers & Co. Some of these
tools are remarkable adaptations to certain classes of work, and
exhibit the highest skill in their 'designs and construction.

We are now at the end of the American department, and pass
over to the south avenue, and work our way westward along it.
On the right is the machine shop of Sellers & Co., and on the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 457

left an extensive exhibit of valves and steam pipe connections,
steam fittings of various kinds, and nuts, bolts and screws.

Immediately on the west of the Sellers machinery, the INIid-
vale Steel Works, of (Nicetown) Philadelphia, make a splendid
display of specimens of steel, including large axles and shafts of
finely forged metal, and tw^isted and cold chilled bars. An
axle is shown which was tested at the United States navy yard
at ^yashington, D. C, and which required a strain of 122,300
pounds to the square inch to snap it.

Diagonally opposite, on the south side of the avenue, the
Pittsburgh foundry shows some fine rollers of chilled iron for
rolling brass, with a broken section of a roller, showing the
depth of crystallization.

Above this, on the south side of the avenue, is a tall Tuscan
column, built of thirty-eight different kinds of grindstones used
in the mechanic arts, surmounted by a bronze eagle. It is the
exhibit of J. E. Mitchell, of Philadelphia.

Diagonally opposite a wood-turner is at work with a lathe,
turning out handsome ornamental wooden boxes, and in the
next space on the west, Hoopes & Townsend, of Philadelphia,
have a handsome and unique pavilion ornamented w^ith a large
display of bolts, screws, and nuts. On the opposite side of the
aisle is another stand with glassblowers at work making fancy
articles for sale, and next above this a soda fountain. Opposite
the soda fountain is a striking display of files of various kinds
and sizes in a handsome show-case, and immediately opposite
this exhibit is one of Otis & Co.'s finest elevators with the lift-
ing machinery.

Having reached the transept again we turn into the south
aisle, and notice on the right, within a few feet of the transept,
a corkmaking machine at work, cutting out corks of various
sizes from the bark. Here is a section of the bark of a cork
tree, said to be the largest in the world.

On the opposite side of the aisle Steinway & Sons, of New
York, show metal frames for pianos, the mechanism of that in-
strument, and specimens of the machinery used in its manufac-
ture.

458 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Both sides of the aisle are now taken up with a collection of
machinery of various kinds. On the north side of the aisle the
Pennsylvania Tack Works, of Norristown, have six of their
machines at work cutting tacks out of thin strips of metal.
The machines used are " Weaver's patent," which make 400
tacks per minute, and over 2500 different kinds and sizes.
In the next space below, the Duncannon Iron Company of
Philadelphia show the process of making nails by a machine
operated by a nail cutter. Immediately back of this is an auto-
matic nail cutter, which does not require the services of a man
to turn the metal plate as in the ordinary machine. The
remainder of the aisle is taken up with machinery for charging
soda fountains.

Having now finished our inspection of the American depart-
ment in the main hall, we go back to the Corliss engine, and
examine

The Hydraulic Annex,

which is a prolongation of the south transept, as we have stated
elsewhere.

Immediately south of the Corliss engine is a collection of
brass and nickel plate stop-cocks, and another of machinists'
vises and tools. On the west side of the main aisle of the
annex is an exhibit of files in a handsome case. The principal
object of this collection is a large file-blade of polished steel
suspended in the case. It is ornamented with a series of fine
etchings, representing the workshops of Alexander Krumbhaar,
of Philadelphia, by whom the exhibit is made. On the other
side of the file is etched a fine view of Philadelphia. The
etchings are by C. F. Pluemacher.

On the right hand of the aisle, just beyond the files, the Silsby
Manufacturing Company, of Seneca Falls, New York, display
several handsome steam fire-engines, and horse and hand hose-
carriages, and close by the sajne company have one of their
famous rotary steam-pumps.

The central portion of the annex is occupied by a sunken
tank, 106 feet long by 60 feet wide, which is filled with water
to a depth of about ten feet. At the south end of this tank is a

OF THE CENTENIsIAL EXHIBITJOX. 459

smaller tank raised about forty feet from the floor of the hall,
from which a steady sheet of water pours in a cascade down into
the pool below. The water is raised by two rotary pumps,
driven by a steam-engine of 150 horse-power, which raise 30,000
gallons of water per minute to the upper tank. The pumps and
engine were made by Robert Wetherill & Co., of Chester, Penn-
sylvania. The fall has a w^eir depth of about four inches and
a width of thirty-six feet. The effect is very fine, and the cascade
forms one of the principal attractions of the hall.

The pumps and hydraulic machines are grouped around the
lower tank, and discharge steady streams of water into it. Here
are hydraulic rams, presses, steam and hand pumps, pumps for
mines, sugar refineries, and other special uses, turbine water-
wheels and blowing machines and ventilating apparatus.
Great Britain and several foreign nations participate in the
exhibit, their machines being located on the east side of
the annex.

With the Hydraulic Annex, we conclude our inspection of
the American department, and turn our attention next to the
exhibits of the foreign nations.

Great Britain and Ireland.

The space assigned to Great Britain and Ireland covers about
one-third of the area occupied by the foreign exhibits. Banners
of red with letters of white suspended from the roof mark the
British section. We begin our tour through it in the southern
aisle, at its eastern end, just above the German section.

On the south side of the aisle are two of the famous traction
engines made by Aveling & Porter, of Rochester, England.
They attract much attention, and have no superiors in the world.
Across the aisle Messrs. Howard & BuUough exhibit some fine
cotton machinery, including a large carding machine. In the
next space is a display of submarine armor and diving apparatus,
made by Siebe & Gorman, of London.

We cross now to the south avenue, on the south side of which
several steam-hammers are displayed by B. & S. Massey, of ]Man-
chester. This firm exhibit also steam-stampSj and circular-saws

460 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

for cutting hot iron and steel. A section of nine-inch iron
armor-plate is also exhibited, in which are several deeply-indented
shot holes, which show the severity of the test to which it was
subjected. On the opposite side of the avenue is another section
of iron plate, 21f inches in thickness, which is polished on one
face. The outer edge shows the manner of building up plate
upon plate to gain the required thickness. Armor of this kind
is doubtless designed for land batteries and forts rather than for
vessels. We have no rolling-mill plants in this cx)untry capable of
making such heavy plating, and this is therefore without a rival.

On the south side of the avenue we pass a group of machinery
for weaving cotton cloths, and come upon two immense steam-
cranes made by Appleby Brothers, London. These have done
good service since their arrival at the hall, their exhibitor hav^
ing generously allowed them to be used in lifting and placing
heavy articles in position.

Opposite the cranes, Thomas Gadd, of Manchester, has a fine
machine for printing calicoes, which prints eight colors at once,
and an engine for running it; and below this, Clarke, Stanfield
& Co., of London, show a pretty model of a floating dry-dock,
with a steamship drawn up on one, to illustrate its workings.

We are at the eastern end of the British section once more,
and pass northward into the central aisle, and turn westward
asfain. On the north side of the aisle ^Messrs. Newton & Wil-
son, of London, make a large display of their sewing machines,
many of which are operated by the hand instead of the foot, a
style very popular in England. The machines are handsome,
and are displayed in an attractive manner. On the opposite side
of the aisle, a Jacquard loom is weaving badges of silk, and
above the loom is another exhibit of sewing machines, these
beino^ the " Kimball & Morton machine." They are made in
Glasgow, and are famous in the united kingdom as the machine
that broke up the combination monopoly, and compelled the
trade to lower the price of sewing machines. Immediately on
the west of these machines, the well-known cotton-spinners, J.
& P. Coats, of Paisley, Scotland, have machines at work wind-
ing and spooling cotton thread, which finds a ready sale to
visitors to the hall.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 461

At the west end of the British section in this aisle we notice
a large table on which Messrs. Brierly Sons & lieynolds, of
London, have a beautiful model of a railway junction, by means
of which they illustrate the English system of managing railway
switches and signalling the movements of trains. A similar
exhibit is made immediately north of this one by Messrs. Saxby
& Farmer, of London, who also show photographs and drawings
of the workings of the switch system of the great depots of Lon-
don. These two exhibits are among the most interesting objects
in Machinery Hall. They show the practical workings of the
^' block system ^' of running trains, which has been adopted by
a number of our leading railroad lines, and embody some valua-
ble features which our roads generally might adopt with advan-
tage to the public.

Adjoining Saxby & Farmer's model, the Inman Steamship
Company exhibit a full-rigged model of their fine steamer, the
City of Berlin. To the east of the railway model, Mr. John
Walter, of the London Times, exhibits the printing press which
bears liis name. It is a fine machine and a worthy rival of the
great American presses. It prints a daily edition of the New
York Times, and attracts much attention from visitors.

On the east of the Walter press, Messrs. JNlirlees, Tait &
AVatson, of Glasgow, make an extensive display of machinery
in motion, consisting of a sugar mill, and a valveless engine
working an air-pump for a vacuum-pan, and driving centrifugal
machines. This is one of the largest exhibits in the hall, and
the machinery is all of the largest class.

Though the English display of machinery does not fairly
represent the capacity of Great Britain for dealing successfully
with the heaviest as well as the most delicate branches of the
mechanic arts, it is still deeply interesting, and is in many par-
ticulars unequalled by anything in the hall.

Canada.

Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia make a collective
exhibit under one general title, as above. They have planing
and moulding machines, two kinds of turbine wheels, horizontal

462

THE CENTEN]S^IAL EXHIBITION. 463.

and radial boring mills, from Dundas, stationary, vertical, hori-
zontal, and portable steam-engines, and seamless lead trap
machines from Montreal ; car-wheels, soda-water apparatus,
and marbles, from Toronto ; and railway signals from Belle-
ville, in Canada. Nova Scotia sends quartz-crushers from
Halifax; and Xew Brunswick, vertical steam-engines and circu-
lar-saws from St. John's. Lathes, drills, brick-making machinery,
a steam fire-engine, sewing machines, from Canada, canoes, and
boats of various kinds, make up the remainder of the exhibit,
which is very interesting, and fully sustains the views we have
expressed with reference to the enterprise and skilfulness of our
northern neighbors, in our account of the Canadian display in
the Main Building.

The Canadian section is at the eastern end of Machinery Hall,
and in the centre of the building.

Germany.

The German section occupies the southeast corner of
Machinery Hall, and is about one-half as large as that assigned
to Great Britain. The German display is neither very large
nor very varied, and does not give the visitor a fair idea
of the resources of Germany, or the progress made by her in
mechanics.

Upon entering the southeastern doors of Machinery Hall,
the visitor's attention is at once drawn to two immense breech-
loading siege guns that are mounted on carriages of a peculiar
construction. These are the famous 1200-pounder breech-load-
ing Krupp guns, from the foundry of that maker, at Eisen.
These guns have been adopted by the German government for
the fortifications of the empire and for siege purposes. They
were well tested during the Franco-German war a few years ago
in the sieges of Strasburgh, Metz, and Paris, and are considered
among the most formidable and eifective weapons in the world.
A number of smaller rifled steel-guns of the same maker, for
field uses, are grouped about the base of the monsters w^hich
frown down from their lofty position upon the peaceful assem-
blage about them.

464 THE ILLUSTBATED HISTORY

On the north of the Krupp guns is a tall column of exhibits
from the iron mine from which the metal for these guns is drawn.
The base of the column is of crude iron ore, and the shaft of the
smelted ore. It is a conspicuous object in this part of the hall.
To the north of it is a fine collection of copper and iron wire
piled in pyramidal form.

On the south side of the space occupied by the Krupp guns a
larire machine is at work makino; full-sized bricks of a fine
quality. It is exhibited by C. Schlickeysen, of Berlin.

Prussia makes a fine exhibit of sulphur and copper ores, and
on the south of this are a number of railroad car-wheels, a rail-
road switch, and machinery for railroad cars. Along the south
aisle several gas-engines of a. peculiar construction are in opera-
tion, showing how a steady motive power is derived from the ex-
plosive force of ordinary burning gas. They are exhibited by the
Gas Motor Factory, of Deutz. At the eastern end of the German
section a collection of steam gauges from Hamburg and ^lagde-
burg is shown. The German sewing machine manufacturers
make a collective display, and Aix la Chapelle shows her
needles in handsome style. There are printing presses from
Leipzig, steam-engines from Bremerhaven, and machinery of
various kinds from Hamburg and Berlin in the remainder of
the collection.

France.

The French section occupies the northeastern corner of
Machinery Hall, and is equal in size to that of Germany.

At the eastern end of the north avenue of the building, A.
Guinet & Co., of Lyons, have a loom, for the illustration of the
process of weaving silk ; and beyond the loom E. Secretan, of
Paris, has an exceptionally elaborate pavilion, constructed of
brass and copper, in which he exhibits specimens of his work in
those metals. To the north of this pavilion, the French choco-
late and bon-bon makers are at' work, making and selling their
finest confections ; and the same firm, Beyer Brothers, of Paris,
have a set of machines turning out their fine soaps, which find a
ready market.

On the north side of the aisle, near the east door, F. Arbey,

OF THE CENTEN^7AL EXHIBITION. 465

of Paris, exhibits a collection of wood-working machinery, and
to the west of this Morane, of Paris, exhibits some admirable
machinery for making stearine candles.

In the north aisle, near the western end of the French sec-
tion, P. Alauzet & Co., of Paris, have a series of lithographic
printing machines. One of these is a railway printing machine,
the bed of which is carried on wheels, which run on tracks.
Around the sides of their space are displayed specimens of their
lithographic printing.

The remainder of the French exhibit consists of a variety of
machines. A fine apparatus for making beet-root sugar is
shown by Beyer Brothers, of Paris. A Charleville house ex-
hibits portable forges ; Sascole, of Paris, has an interesting
machine for making illuminating gas; D. Segat, of Paris, ex-
hibits a machine for sewing straw hats ; E. Cornely, of Paris,
a machine for embroidering; E. Carre, also of Paris, a machine
for making ice; and Leon Edoux, of Paris, a special system for
mountain railways. The machines of the French exhibit are
made with a neatness and display a completeness of workman-
ship that challenge the admiration of all who examine them.

Belgium.

The Belgian exhibit is small, but very complete, and occu-
pies a space about one-third as large as that of Great Britain.
It is situated on the north side of the hall, immediately west of
the French section.

One of the largest single machines in the hall is a Belgian
well-borer, exhibited by Joseph Chaudron, of Brussels. It is
an enormous leg of iron, with a foot having a row of chisels on
the side, used to stamp holes into the ground. " It weighs
20,000 pounds, and, being rotated six inches after each stroke,
makes a circular hole ten feet across. Claws and valved
buckets lift up stones and mud respectively, for the creature
delights in water; and when a hole is made a certain depth
another still larger shaft, with a foot fifteen inches long, and
weighing 30,000 pounds and having chisels to match, is
30

466 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

stamped up and down to enlarge the hole, which is then cased
with cast-iron pipe/'

Louvain sends a fine exhibit of railway car-wheels and axles;
Mariemont, railway stock of various kinds; Verviers, wool-
cleaning and carding machines and looms; and Brussels, em-
broidering and sewing machines. Auguste De Tombov,.of
Marcinelle, near Charleroi, exhibits the model of a trip-hammer
and one of steam shears, and close by is a collection of machin-
ery for making bolts. Emile Van Flaecht, of Haeren, near
Brussels, shows some beautiful models of fat-rendering works,
with samples of stearine and olcine.

One of the finest of the Belgian exhibits is that of P. Van dcr
Kerchove, of Ghent, and consists of a beautiful horizontal Cor-
Jiss engine, built for the Belgian mint, at Brussels, and a smaller
one with Rider valves.

Verviers sends beautiful machines for working in wool ; and
Celestine Martin, of the same city, has a ring and traveller
spinner. Brussels, Xamur and La Louviere send multitubular
filters, rotary pumps and punching machines.

From the above description it will be seen that but a fewvof
the great Belgian manufacturers take part in the display in
Machinery Hall, a circumstance much to be regretted, as there
is no country in Europe which could offer such a varied, in-
teresting and valuable mechanical exhibition as the ^' Republi-
can kingdom."

Sweden.

The Swedish space is loss than a third as large as that of
Belgium, and lies along the north side of the north aisle, im-
mediately opposite tiie Belgian space. The tall stoves of the
country form conspicuous portions of the exhibit. The ma-
chines for working in wood and metal are among the very best
in the hall, and there are quite a number of them. Norway
has some fine machinery for the same purpose, her collection
being shown with that of Sweden. There are several trip-
hammers in this section, and machines for making bricks oi"
peat ; also two stationary horizontal, and one vertical steam-
engine. Sewing machines, a fire-engine, railway axles and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 467

springs, and fire-ascaping apparatus are exhibited. A small
narrow gauge locomotive, called the " Nyhammer," stands at
the western end of the Swedish space, and is a singular-looking
machine.

Russia.

Russia does not make much of a display in Machinery Hall.
She has two sections, one of which is situated on the north side
of the north aisle, on the west of the Swedish space, where she
displays some fine brass mortars and naval guns; and another
between the central aisle and northern avenue, and between the
American and British sections, in which some interesting ma-
chinery is shown.

Brazil,

The Brazilian section lies between the north avenue and
north aisle, to the west of the Belgian space. It contains one
of the most complete displays made by any of the foreign
nations in this hall. One of the most conspicuous objects of
the collection is a stationary engine of very peculiar construc-
tion, which can be constructed for either high pressure or low
pressure, and is said to be very simple and easy to keep in
order. There are also several models of marine engines.

"There are three models of men-of-war, representing differ-
ent styles. One of these is to represent a ship carrying a square
battery amidships, being almost as wide as the vessel itself, and
pierced for four guns, one on each face. The second carries
amidships a turret that is flat on the sides and circular on the
ends, at one of which is the porthole for the single gun it
carries. The third model is for a gunboat of ordinary construc-
tion. The models in elevation showing the lines of the vessels
are some fourteen in number, and are representations of vessels
of various sizes, from a large sloop-of-war to an ordinary sized
gunboat. They are all v;ell made and will bear inspection.

" The machine shop at the arsenal of Marinha, at Bahia, is
here beautifully represented by a miniature model, in which
are represented the engines and boilers and all the different
pieces of machinery. There are three boilers and tw^o engines,

468 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and a complete line of shafting, with couplings, counter-shafiing
and hangers, all complete. Here we can see, all arranged in
methodical order, planes, upright drills, boring machines and
several lathes. Small as these latter are, and all are made to
scale, they show every part as perfect as in the larger machines.
Besides the engines and boilers and the shafting, there are
twenty-one different machines represented, and also the rail
tracks with the two turn-tables and two trucks. There are
also two models of stone dry docks, being made to scale from
those at Santa Cruz and the Imperial dry dock. These are also
complete, and give a very good idea of those important govern-
ment works. A very handsome model of a stone casemate, with
gun and carriage, is also a very prominent piece in this section.
It is very accurate and complete to the most minute details,
every part of the carriage and the training tackle being shown,
as well as the rifling in the guns.

"A pin-making machine is shown, completed, and a series of
the different pieces are also shown, both complete and in section,
so as to give a perfect idea of the entire construction. It is
worked by hand, and makes the ordinary solid-headed pin, and
is apparently very simple and effective in construction. It is
not a large machine, being not over two feet in length and a
foot in width, and so constructed as to be placed upon any table.
A couple of the machines used in the Imperial mint are also
shown, one of which is for stamping the coin.

" The army and navy of Brazil are represented by full suits
of the uniforms of the several grades of the service, and also a
large case full of the various small arms, rifles, carbines, swords
and pistols. One of the latter is a silver and gold-plated re-
volver of very handsome make. A very handsome model of a
brass field-piece, all limbered up with caisson and everything
complete, is a fine piece t)f workmanship. There are here also
three bronze mortars of the sizes used in the service. They are
mounted on their carriages, or beds, all ready for service. One
field-piece of bronze is mounted and in position. It is about
the size of one of our twelve-pounders. There is a larger one dis-
mounted, and also a specimen of a howitzer. These pieces are

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 469

very highly finished in every part, A couple of small camp-
chests of leather, and also of ammunition-buckets of the same
material, are shown.

"Quite a number of brass pumps are here on exhibit, as well
as two or three stationary fire-engines. The specimens of brass
cocks are some of them rather unique in shape to us, but they
are all of fine workmanship. We find also some specimens of
shafting hangers and pulleys, a gear wheel and propeller, and
also some specimens of carpenter tools, the planes having a sort
of horn in the rear of the handle. A case of coins shows the
diiferent kinds of money used in the empire, and gives the gold,
•silver and copper coins of the several denominations."

A small space across the north aisle is devoted to a showing
of the silk culture of Brazil, which is as yet in its infancy.
The habits of the silk worm are exhibited in a most interesting
manner, and a loom for spinning silk thread is in operation.

On the south side of Machinery Hall, and west of the
Hydraulic Annex, are three substantially built structures, smaller
than, but similar in outward appearance to, the principal edifice.
These are the Annexes for the display of boilers and quartz-
crushing machinery, which may be seen in operation here.

CHAPTER XIV.

AGKICULTUKAL HALL.

DeBcription of the Building — Interior Arrangements — Classification of the
Exhibit— The American Department— Agricultural Machinery— The Plows
—Harvesting Machines— Threshing Machines — The Cider Mill— The
Native Wines of America— The Starch Makers— The Windmill— The
Natural History Collection— The California Biiftet— The Aquaria— The
Tobacco Exhibit— A Fine Display — Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural
Products of the States of the Union— Daniel Webster's Plow— The Cape
Ann Fisheries— " Old Abe"— The British Court— A Small Display— Agri-
cultural Products of Canada— Canadian Machinery— The French Exhibit—
A Fine Display of French Wines— Gernumy's Contribution— The Wines of
the Rhine land— Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary— Exhibit
of Russian Products— Italian Wines and Oils— Bologna Sausages— The
Spanish Court— A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain— The Portu-
guese Collection— HoUand's Exhibit— The Norway Fisheries— Swedish
Exhibit — The Japanese Court — The Tea and Silk Culture — The Brazilian
Court — The Cotton Pavilion — A Remarkable Collection — The Brazilian Silk
Culture — Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic — The Liberian
Court — The Pomological Annex — The W^agon Annex.

>^J|] HE Agricultural BuiUling stands on the third of the
spurs or ridges which break the Exhibition enclosure,
and is situated to the north of the Belmont valley, and
on the eastern side of Belmont avenue. It is the third
in size of the Exhibition buildings and is constructed
principally of wood and glass. The exterior is painted a dark
brown, and the roof is a dark green broken only by the sky-
lights which are placed at numerous points in it.

The buildin<r consists of a nave 820 feet in leno^th and 100
feet in width, extending from north to south. This nave is
crossed by three transepts running east and west, each 540 feet
long. The central transept is ICO feet in width, the side
transepts 80 feet in width. At the point of intersection of the
470

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

471

nave and central transept a handsome cupola rises from the
roof, surmounted by a weather vane. The nave and transepts
are composed of Howe truss-arches of a Gothic form. The
height of the nave and central transept from the floor to the
point of the arch is 75 feet; the two end transepts are 70 feet in
height to the point of the arch.

The four courts enclosed between the nave and the transepts,
and the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the
nave and end transepts for two of their sides, are roofed over
and constitute integral portions of the hall as it stands. At

AGRICULTTTRATi HALI/.

each end of the nave and of the transepts are placed handsome
ornamental entrances, at each side of which rises a pointed
turret. These turrets, the central cupola, and the pointed roofs
give a picturesqucness to the buildino^, w^hich is, on the whole,
a ha]>py blending of architectural skill and taste wnth adapt-
ability to the purpose for which it is designed. Seen from
the spur on which the Horticultural Hall is located, the effect
is very fine and imposing.

The interior of the hall is simply decorated, the roof, arohos
and columns being covered with a plain coating of whitewash,
which color adds much to the air of spaciousness which is a

472 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

•

characteristic of the hall. The view is broken at intervals by
the bases of the Howe truss-arches and slender columns of
wood. Overhead is a be vildering network of trusses and beams.

The ground-plan of the building, including the courts and
corner spaces, is a parallelogram of 820 by 540 feet, covering
an area of about ten acres.

The hall is lighted with gas, reflectors for this purpose being
suspended from the roof, and is supplied with water. Boilers
situated in a frame building to the east of the hall supply
steam for the engines which turn the agricultural machinery.
Water-cloriets are located at tlie east and west ends of the build-
ing, and a com[)lete fire-service is provided. The building,
being of wood and more inflammable than the other great
structures, an ingenious arrangement has been efi'ected by which
a fire can be at once smothered by the action of carbonic
acid gas. The contract for the erection of the building was
made on the 2Gth of July, 1875, and the work was begun in
the following September, and finished about the middle of
April, 1876. The, cost of the building was §260,000. The
architect was James H. Windrim, of Philadelphia; the con-
tractor, Philip Quigley, of Wilmington, Delaware; and the
builders. Bell Brothers, of Philadelphia.

Stock-yards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, swine,
poultry, etc., are provided in the vicinity of the Exhibition
grounds.

The following is the classification of the exhibits made in
this building by the Centennial Commission :

Departjient yi. — Agriculture.

600 — 609. .. .Arboriculture and Forest Products.

610—619 Pomology.

620—629 Agricultural Products.

630 — 639. . . .Land Animals.

640 — 649 Marine Animals, Fish Culture, and Apparatus.

650 — 662. . . .Animal and Vegetable Products.
665 — 669. . . .Textile Substances of Vegetable or Animal Origin.
670 — 679. . . .Machines, Implements, and Processes of Manufacture.
680 — 6S9. . . .Agricultural Engineering and Administration.
690 — 099. . . .Tillajre and General Management.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 473

The display collected within this hall is the largest and most
complete ever attempted at any of the World's Fairs, and is
by many considered the most striking and original feature of
the whole Exhibition. Other International Expositions have
made great displays of machinery, manufactures, and art col-
lections, but none have ever given such an exhibition of the
sources from which the world draws its food. To the visitor
who has gone through the other great buildings, the Agricul-
tural Hall is a delightful surprise, and he may walk for hours
through it, finding something new and interesting at every
turn.

The American department occupies about two-thirds of the
entire space of the hall, and embraces an extensive and varied
collection. We turn our attention to it at first.

The United States.

We enter the building at the north door of the nave, and
turning to the left make our first inspection in the northeastern
quarter of the hall, which is devoted exclusively to a display of
agricultural machinery and farming implements.

Near the north door Messrs. Alexander Speer & Sons, of the
Pittsburgh Plow Works, make a handsome display of their
famous plows, each of which is brought to the highest stage of
perfect workmanship and artistic finish. In the midst of this col-
lection of splendid implements is a worn, faded-looking plow, the
frame and share of which are wood, the latter being shod with
sheet-iron. It was made sixty years ago, and was the result of
.1 contest of skill between three manufacturers. It was made at a
small shop in Pittsburgh, which has since grown into the well-
known Pittsburgh Plow Works. The exhibit of the Messrs.
Speers thus show^s at a glance the great progress that has been
made in this branch of our industry during the present century.

On the opposite side of the court Messrs. B. F. Ames & Sons
show some handsome plows of an improved pattern, also some
fine cultivators.

Passing the plows we enter the line of v/heat-cleaning
machinery, fans, etc., which brings us to the eastern end of the

474 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

building. Here is a handsome exhibit of spades, shovels, rakes,
hoes, etc., made by George Griffiths & Sons, of Philadelphia,
and Oliver Ames & Sons, of North Easton, Massachusetts.
In the midst of the collection of Messrs. Griffiths & Sons is an
old rusty and half-eaten spade, dug up by the late Rev. Dr.
Brainerd from the line of the intrenchmcnts of the American
army at Valley Forge during the Revolution. This mute
instrument, which did its humble part in the \vork of establish-
ing the freedom of the republic, not inappropriately comes r.ow
to share in the crowning glory of the era which it helped to
inaugurate, though the patriot hands which wielded it iiave
long: since mouldered to foro^otten dust.

We turn into the court to the north of the first transept, and
return towards the nave. We pass through a row of drills,
horse-rakes and threshing machines, and notice Foust's fine
machine for taking up hay and loading it on the wagon in the
harvest field. It will take up a ton of hay and load it on
the wasron in five minutes, and take it as clean as bv the hand
fork. It is exhibited by the makers, Messrs. Stratton & Cul-
lom, of Meadville, Pennsylvania.

In the midst of this collection the Oliver Chilled-Plow Com-
pany, of South Bond, Indiana, make a beautiful display of their
plows. One of these is the handsomest in the building. The
metal parts are nickel-plated, and the frame is of rosewood,
beautifully carved with agricultural symbols.

We are now at the nave again, and turn into the northeast
transept and follow it eastward. Here the Higganum Plow
Company, of Connecticut, have a fine display of plows, in the
midst of which is a venerable plow made in Connecticut in the
year 1756. The contrast between this and the splendid plows
exhibited by this company is even more striking than that re-
ferred to in our account of the exhibit of the Pittsburgh Plow
Works.

About half way down the trknsept is a handsome soda foun-
taiu. On the north side of this fountain Messrs. Hurst &
Bradley, of Chicago, exhibit a number of fine gang plows, and
on the south side Messrs. Collins & Co., of Kev/ York and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 475

Hartford, Connecticut, make a similar display. These plows of
tliose firms are in the best style of American workmanship, and
are amons: the finest articles exhibited in the buildinoj.

On the south side of the transept we notice a collection of
threshing machines and portable steam-engines for operating
them. Opposite these the Wayne Agricultural Company, of
Richmond, Ind*. na, exhibit the famous Planet Reaper.

A collection of butchers^ and meat-packers^ machinery occu-
pies the eastern end of the transept, and passing through this
we reach the eastern door, and turn off to the right into the
court immediately south of the northeast transept.

A little way down, on the left, is a large space devoted to the
display of the Buckeye Mower and Reaper and the Sweepstakes
Thresher. These machines are among the best known in the
Union, and those exhibited here are finished in elegant style.
On the opposite side of the court the Ilalladay Standard Wind-
mill makes a fine appearance; and in a space immediately back
of this Westinghouse & Co., of Schenectady, New York, exhibit
one of their splendid steam-threshers, which attracts much atten-
tion. Some distance farther on, on the right of the court, is a
beautiful model of the Union Corn Planter, exhibited by Selby
& Co., of Peoria, Illinois.

AVe are at the nave again, and turn off into the next court on
the south and go eastward again. On the north side of the
court is one of the most interesting machines in the Exhibition,
namely, "Slosser's Self-Loading Excavator." Under the man-
agement of a single man, who is also the driver of the team,
this machine digs up the ground, takes up a load of earth and
deposits it at any desired place. It does its work with a rapid-
ity that is astonishing, and has been used on some of the most
important public works in the country. It is exhibited by
Peter J. Stryker, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. A short
distance farther on, on the same side of the court, the Johnston
Harvester Company, of Brockport, New York, have a large
space elegantly fitted up, in which they make a large and hand-
some display of reapers and mowers. One of these machines is
so arranged that it can be used eitlier as a mower or as a reaper

476

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 477

at the pleasure of the operator. A little farther on, on the
south side of the court, the famous McCormick Reaping and
Mowing Machines occupy a large space and make a handsome
display. The merits of this, the pioneer reaper of America, are
so well known that they need no description here. A most
ingenious and valuable improvement to this machine is the
automatic binder, by which bundles of grain are taken up from
the cradle of the machine, bound, and distributed at regular
distances. The remainder of the court, on both sides, is taken
up with harvesting machines of various kinds, prominent among
which is the Adams & French Harvester, which also has a
binding and dropping attachment. By a carrier attached to the
binder's stand, the bundles of grain are carried on the machine
until enough of them are gathered to make a shock ; then they
are dumped together. This saves the labor of one man. The
machine is exhibited by the Adams & French Harvester Com-
pany, of Cedar Falls, Iowa. In the same space the Sandwich
Manufacturing Company, of Illinois, exhibit a number of the
famous Adams Power Corn-Sheller, one of the largest of its
kind in the Exhibition.

We are now at the east door, where a horizontal engine is at
work supplying power to the line of shafting which turns the
agricultural machinery in this quarter of the building. We
pass by it and enter the next court on the south. This court,
like the preceding one, is filled with harvesting machines of
various kinds. In the midst of these a fine display of grain-
drills of improved construction is made by the Farmers' Friend
Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio. The Buckeye
Agricultural Works, of Springfield, Ohio, also make a fine
exhibit of this class of machines, and of cultivators and sulky
plows.

Being at the nave again, we pass to the central transept and
go east, noticing on the left the handsome exhibit of horse-rakes
made by J. H. Thomas & Sons, of Springfield, Ohio. Passing
through a collection of reapers and rakes, we come to a hand-
some pavilion of black velvet, ornamented with pitchforks, hoes,
rakes, scythes, cutting-knives, etc., made by the Auburn Manu-

478 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

facturiiig Company, of Auburn, New York. It is one of the
handsomest exiiibits in the building, and the articles mentioned
are dis])layed in a very original and tasteful manner.

Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the transept,
Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly, of Springfield, Ohio, exhibit a mag-
nificent specimen of their Light Ciiampion Mower and Reaper.
The metal parts of the machine are nickel-plated, and the frame
is of rosewood. It is the most beautiful piece of work of this
kind in the hall, and of course attracts much attention.

Harvesting machinery occupies the transept to the eastern
end, where the Rochester (New York) Agricultural Works show
a larire Hubbard Mower harnessed to two fine wooden horses.
This is one of tlie notable displays of the hall, and deserves the
praise it receives.

Immediately south of this machine the Walter A. AVood
Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, of Hoosick Falls,
New York, exhibit one of the handsomest and most satisfactory
harvcstintr machines in the hall. Attached to it is Locke's Self-
Binder. This binder is operated by the driver of the machine,
and does its work with a wonderful exactness and rapidity. It
can be easily detached and a binder's table substituted for it in
case of accident to it. It is a genuine triumph of American
ingenuity.

We are now at the east wall again,, and pass into the court on
the south of the central transept. At the eastern door of this
court is a vertical engine for running the machines in the south-
eastern section of the building.

On the south side of this court, at its eastern end, Messrs.
Boomer & Boschert, of Rochester, New York, have an immense
cider-mill in operation. The apples are ground by a grating
machine which has a capacity of five hundred bushels an hour.
It is claimed for this press, which is the most powerful of its
kind in the world, that it extracts more of the juice of the apples
than any other. The whole process of cider-making is shown
here. Beyond the cider-mill, on the south side of the court, is
a display of portable steam-engines, and farm saws for steam or
horse-power ; and to the west of these is a collection of meat-

OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 479

chopping machinery. On the opposite side of the court the
Howe Manufacturing Company show a collection of scales suit-
able for farm uses. On the south side of the aisle, opposite the
scales, is an exhibit of ice-cream freezers, churns and wooden
ware; and fronting these, on the north side of the aisle, is a col-
lection of lawn mov/crs of various patterns. These make up
a ])retty display, and bring us to the nave once more.

AVe turn into the next court on the south and p:o east ajxain.
On the north side of the court Robert Wood & Co., of Phila-
delphia, make a handsome exhibit of a model stable of three
stalls, and a quantity of ornamental iron-work for farm and
stable use. Above the stable is a collection of machinery for
making ice-cream by steam-power, churns, butter tubs and other
wooden ware ; and on the south side of the court, immediately
opposite, is a display of threshing machines.

A farm saw-mill is shown by Harbert & Raymond, of Phila-
delphia, on the north side of the aisle ; and above this P. K.
Dedrick & Co., of Albany, New York, exhibit their improved
press for baling hay, straw, broom-corn, hemp, cotton, wool
and liair. It may be operated by either hand, horse, or steam-
power.

At the eastern end of the court is a fine iron stable, with a
patent flooring, exhibited by James L. Jackson, of New York.
It is complete in every detail, and has stalls for four horees.
Immediately opposite, on the south side of the court, is a col-
lection of the largest and finest power threshing machines and
horse-{W)wers in the hall. They are exhibited by J. I. Case, of
Racine, Wisconsin, and the Pitts Agricultural Works, of Buf-
falo, New York.

Having reached the east wall again, we pass into the next
court on the south. On the south side of this court are the
Canadian and Liberian exhibits, the north side of the court
being the limit of the American department in this quarter of
the building. It is an unbroken line of threshing machines for
steam and horse-power, and of portable engines. Passing by
these, w^e find ourselves in the nave once more.

We turn northward now and pass up the nave towards tlie

480 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

north door. For a while our inspection is confined to the east
side, as the opposite side is taken up with several foreign de-
partments. We enter at once upon the exhibit of the native
wines of the United States. These are handsomely displayed
in bottles, each wine-grower having his own booth, or stall,
some of which are finely fitted up. Here are the wines of Cali-
fornia, Ohio, Missouri and central New York, consisting of
champagne, still and sparkling wines, port and claret. The
excellence of these wines is generally admitted, and they are
rapidly acquiring a footing equal to the best foreign wines. The
making of wine is yet in its infancy in this country, but from
what has been already achieved there seems to be little doubt
that it will before many years rank among our most important
and extensive industries. The exhibit here is most encouraging.
At the intersection of the nave and the central transept stands
a handsome bronze fountain, which throws its waters almost to
the roof The design is attractive, and the fountain very much
superior to the large one in the Main Exhibition Building.

On the east side of the nave, opposite the fountain, the Weikel
& Smith Company, of Philadelphia, show a complete model of
their extensive works, in Front street, Philadelphia, and a col-
lection of mustards, spices, blacking, etc., manufactured by them.
This is one of the handsomest exhibits in the hall, and is much
admired.

North of the fountain the American department extends along
both sides of the nave. The western side is occupied by the
exhibits of the starch-makers. The Glen Cove Company have
a beautiful Moorish pavilion with an imitation stained glass
roof and tile- work at the base, one of the handsomest structures
in the building, in which are displayed in a most attractive
manner specimens of their starch, and illustrations of the pro-
cess of manufacture. Above this, Andrew Erkenbrecher, of
Cincinnati, has a tall and handsome case of black walnut and
plate-glass. He exhibits samples of his perfumed starch, the
only preparation of the kind in the world. A fine display is
made by T.rKingsford & Son, manufacturers of the famous
Oswego (New York) starch. Both the Glen Cove and Oswego

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 481

Companies exhibit starch for the laundry and corn-starch for
table use.

Above the starch-makers is a display of extracts of hops and
malt, and a line of canned goods, all tastefully shown. On the
opposite side of the nave is an exhibit of cologne spirits and
whiskeys, in glass and wood.

A handsome soda fountain stands in the middle of the- nave
at this point. On the west, or left-hand side of it, the American
Condensed Milk Company make a tasteful exhibit. Adjoining
this C. J. Fell & Brother, of Philadelphia, make a fine exhibit
of spices, gelatine and self-raising flour. The show-cases of this
firm are of black walnut and plate-glass, and are among the
richest in the hall. On the opposite side of the nave is the stand
of the Rumford Chemical Works, of Providence, Rhode Island,
where the baking powders of the company are displayed, and
hot biscuit prepared w^ith them are daily baked and dispensed
to the visitors. -

Diagonally opposite, on the w^est side of the nave, the Port-
land (Maine) Packing Company exhibit an extensive assortment
of their famous canned meats, fish, shell-fish, fowls and soups.
This is one of the largest establishments in the Union, and
conducts twenty factories in Xew England and the British
provinces. It turns out about two and a half million cans an-
nually, and its goods are well known in all parts of the world.

In the next space above, Atmore & Son, of Philadelphia,
have a handsomely fitted-up stand, with velvet cushioned seats,
in which they display their mince meats and English plum
pudding. The stand is surmounted by a large stuiFed cow.

On the opposite side of the nave the bakers make one of the
handsomest exhibits in the hall. Their crackers, cakes, bread,
biscuit and other products are displayed in ornamental cases,
and are often arranged in tasteful and sometimes artistic
designs.

A large windmill stands in the nave at this point. It is

built in the old style, is about thirty feet in height and its sails

reach nearly to the" roof of the hall. It bears the date 1776,

and is complete in all its arrangements. If a suflScient force of

482 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

wind could be obtained in the hall, it could be put to work at
any moment. It is exhibited by George V. Hecker & Co., of
New York, who display here and on the west side of the nave,
immediately opposite the mill, samples of their self-raising
flour, buckwheat, farina and cracked wheat.

Along the eastern side of the nave is a large exhibit of stuffed
animals and birds. Some of these are American, others are
natives of foreign countries. The principal display is made by
Professor Henry A. Ward, of Rochester University, one of the
best known and most skilful scientists in the Union. He has
here a large Bactrian camel, a giraffe thirteen feet high, and a
number of casts of celebrated fossils. The collection is the best
of its kind in the Exhibition, and is deeply interesting to the
masses as well as to the student of natural history.

North of the windmill, on the east side of the nave, the
confectioners make a handsome display of their wares. The
principal exhibits are by Stephen F. Whitman & Son, of Phil-
adelphia, and Henry Maillard, of New York. Schare & Co.,
of New York, make a unique display of a tall pyramid of
candy, with figures of the same material, illustrating the sign-
ing of the Declaration of Independence and the principal events
of our history. North of Whitman's cases Walter Baker &
Co., of Dorchester, Massachusetts, make a tasteful and attrac-
tive display of their chocolates and cocoa and broma prepara-
tions. On the opposite side of the nave the macaroni and
oatmeal makers exhibit their goods.

We are now at the north door, and, turning to the left, enter
the northwest section of the building. Here is a handsome
little room, enclosed with a tasteful wooden screen in white
and gilt, known as the California Restaurant, where an oppor-
tunity can be had of becoming acquainted with one of the best
varieties of California wirte, the sale of which is the specialty
of this establishment.

We pass along the first court on the north, pausing to notice
the handsome display of the mustard and spice grinders.
Farther on 6mith, Earle & Co., of New York, and George A.
Alden & Co., of Boston, have a large space in which they

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 4So

exhibit crude India rubber and elastic gums, with specimens
of the trees from which they are obtained. An exhibit of fer-
tilizers occupies the opposite or north side of the court, extend-
ing to the western end of the building.

Along the western wall is a row of aquaria containing the
food fishes of our rivers, lakes and the sea. It is deservino^ of
careful study. Sea water is brought daily from the ocean for
the marine fishes.

We pass to the next court on the south. The Norwegian
fishery exhibit occupies the south side of this court for a short,
distance, and beyond it, on the same side, is a display of bird
cages. Fertilizers occupy the northern side for a considerable
space, and are followed by samples of the native woods of the
United States, among which is a collection of forty-eight
specimens of different kinds of wood found growing in a
space of an acre and a half in ^ew Jersey, not far from
Philadelphia.

We now enter the section devoted to the tobacco exhibit. It
is very large, and occupies a considerable portion of this section
of the hall, extending over to and beyond the northwest tran-
sept. The various manufacturers have exerted all their in-
genuity to render this section as attractive as possible. It is
entirely unique, and many of the exhibits are displayed with
originality as well as taste. The collection embraces the vir-
gin leaf, manufactured tobacco of every kind for chewing and
smoking, and snufF. We notice especially the fine display of
plug tobacco and twists made by L. Loftier, of Richmond,
Virginia; and not far from this the handsome pavilion in
which George W. Gail & Ax, of Baltimore, exhibit their
famous fine-cut tobaccos and snuffs. C. A. Jackson & Co.,
of Petersburg, exhibit a pavilion built of plug tobacco, close
by. On the north side of the northwest transept E. Hol-
brook, of Louisville, makes an exceptionally fine display of
manufactured tobaccos, the virgin leaf and the growing plants.
Immediately opposite, Frishmuth & Brother, of Philadelphia,
have a handsomely fitted-up space filled with manufactured
tobacco. Adjoining this space is the exhibit of P. H. Mayo &

484

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Brother, of Richmond, Virginia, in which the various stages
of the process of manufacturing chewing tobacco are shown.
This space is adorned with festoons of tobacco twists. West of
tliis is the handsome exhibit of P. Lorrillard & Co., of New
York, consisting of their famous brands of fine-cut tobacco and
snuiFs. In the next space, on the west, is a lofty case of ebony

INTERIOR OF AGRICULTURAL HALL.

with gilt mountings, in which Krebbs & Spiess, of New York,
show a collection of fine cijrars.

Passing the tobacco exhibit, and continuing along the court,
we enter the exhibit of flour, which is well arranged and at-
tractive. It occupies the remainder of the court to the nave.

We enter the northwest transept from the nave. The east-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 480

eru part of it is occupied on both sides by a display of pickles,
preserves and canned goods of various kinds. From these we
pass through the tobacco exhibit again, and beyond it, on the
north side of the transept, notice a decayed tree covered with
Southern moss. This is the natural state of the growing moss,
which is here exhibited by the Delta Moss Company, of New
Orleans, who also show several bales of the cured moss, which
is now being extensively used in the place of curled hair for
upholstering purposes. The supply of this article in the
swamps of the South is unlimited, and it is much cheaper and
quite as elastic as hair.

At the west end of the transept is an apparatus for the
artificial hatching of chickens, which attracts much attention
from those interested in the raising of fowls.

From the western end of the transept we turn into the next
court on the south. On the left hand side is the exhibit of
horse shoes, with a model of the machine for making them, and
opposite this is a large evaporator for drying fruits for market.
By the side of this is an immense steam road-roller from the
Pioneer Iron AYorks, of Brooklyn, New York.

On the right hand side of the court, beyond the steam roller,
the State of Oregon makes a collective exhibit of her agricul-
tural products. A large part of tiie display is made up of
specimens of the native woods of the State, which are among
the finest in the world. The grains and other products of the
State are well shown, and a specialty is dried fruits, of which
large quantities are produced in Oregon and shipped to all parts
of the world. The most remarkable product in the exhibit is
a specimen of dried cider. The water is evaporated from the
cider, and the. solid residue is then rolled around a wooden
roller and is ready for transportation. It is dissolved in water
when ready for use, and makes excellent cider. Bricks of
solidified apple butter are also shown. Beyond Oregon, Wis-
consin and Illinois make collective exhibits of their agricul-
tural products, the chief feature of their displays being speci-
mens of the splendid grains which they produce. Ears of corn
are shown which are of astonishing size, and every kernel is as

486 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

perfect as the most ardent farn)er could desire. Opposite these,
on the left hand side of the court, Massachusetts shows
her agricultural products and also specimens of her beneficial
birds.

At its eastern end the court is occupied by the pickle and
preserve makers and canned goods packers again, and in the
midst of these a handsome display is made by the New York
Condensed Milk Company and Borden Meat Preserving Com-
j)any. This house was the first to engage in the process of
condensing milk and other substances, and was founded by Gail
Borden, the inventor of the process.

Passing into the next court, on the south, we notice a dis])Iay
of pickles, prepared mustards and sauces, on both sides. All
the goods of this class exhibited in the hall are displayed in
the most attractive manner, and constitute one of the prettiest
features of the ascricultural exhibit. On the north side of the
court, a little way down, J. W. Norris & Co., of New York,
exhibit a number of fine canvas-covered hams in a glass case.

The north side of the court below this is occupied by the
collective exhibits of the States of Michigan, Indiana, Connecti-
cut and New Hampshire, and the Territory of Washington.
These are all displayed in a tasteful manner, each State occu-
|)ying an enclosed court and laying especial weight upon the
]>roducts in which it excels. The Western States exhibit wheat
and corn that cannot be surpassed. New Hampshire shows
her native woods, and some exceptionally fine samples of wool.
She also exhibits two stuffed ho^js of enormous size. One is
seven feet four inches, and the other eight feet four inches, in
length, from snout to tail. The former was killed when nine-
teen months old, and weighed 1253 pounds- the weight of the
latter when he was killed, at the age of twenty-one months,
was 1307 pounds. A large plow, thirteen feet long, is also ex-
hibited by the New Hampshire State College of Agriculture.
It was made by Daniel Webster, who delighted in large things,
and it was one of his greatest delights to guide it. Four oxen
were required to draw it.

On the south side of the court, opposite the Indiana display,

OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITJOX. 487

the Cotton Exchange, of New Orleans, exhibits a number of
fine varieties of Southern cotton in the bale and by sample.
Adjoining this is an exhibit of wool from New England.

At the west end of the north side of the court is the fishery
exhibit of Massachusetts. In a large tank float a number of
models of the fishing craft of 1776 and 1876. Projecting into
the water is a fac-simile in miniature of the. wharf of a century
ago, and one of the wharf of to-day, with its extensive fish-
house, with men and women engaged in jDreparing the fish for
packing. Around the tank, on slielves and frames, are ranged
the various apparatus used in fishing, oil-cloth clothing for the
men, nets, etc. The whole exhibit is made with a skill and
taste which reflect the highest credit upon the people of Cape
Ann.

This brings us to the west wall of the building, and we pass
into the next court on the south. At the head of this court, on
the north side, is a large case containing a number of specimens
of California silk-worms at work. They are fed with fresh
mulberry leaves at stated times, and the manner in which they
are shown affords an excellent opportunity of studying their
habits. On the same side of the court the native woods of
California are shown, also the native birds and a number of the
agricultural products of that State. On the opposite side of the
court the Central Pacific Railway exhibit a number of large
photographs of scenery on their road.

On the north side of the court the States of New^ Jersey and
Delaware exhibit their agricultural products, and on the oppo-
site side similar exhibits are made by the States of Ohio and
Nebraska. Beyond the Nebraska exhibit is the display of the
seedsmen, whose cases extend across to the central transept and
almost to the nave. The eastern end of the court is taken up
with a large display of oakum and curled hair, opposite which,
standing proudly on his lofty perch, surveying the scene around
him with an air of royal majesty, is *^01d Abe," the famous
eagle of the Eighth Wisconsin Regiment of Infantry. This
noble bird accompanied the regiment through its entire period
of service in the civil war, was present in every battle in w^hich

488 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

it was engaged, and was twice wounded. He is accompanied
now by the sergeant who bore him at the head of the regiment
during the war.

Between the court and the central transept the space along
the nave is occupied by the collective exhibit of the pork-
packers of Cincinnati.

We pass into the central transept, on the south side of which
is the Spanish exhibit. On the north side D. Landreth &
Sons, of Philadelphia, make au extensive and handsome display
of their famous seeds for the garden and farm. Mr. B. Lan-
dreth, one of the partners in this well-known house, is the
Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. The zeal and skill with
which he has conducted his department are shown in their
highest light in the grand exhibition of the products of the
world collected within the Agricultural Building.

The transept is here occupied by a confectionery stand,
beyond which, on the north side of the transept, is Renter's
Restaurant, the principal eating-house in this hall.

Beyond the restaurant the State of Iowa makes a beautiful
display of her agricultural products, a prominent feature of
which is a large and complete collection of fruits under glass.
Beyond this is an exhibit of the minerals of Nevada, and at the
west end of the transept Io\va exhibits specimens of her soils in
tall glass columns.

We are now at the end of the American department, and in
turning our attention to the exhibits of foreign nations give
the first place to the mother country.

Great Britain and /re/and.

The British section is in the southeast corner of the hall, and
extends from the nave to the eastern wall, and from the south-
east transept to the south wall. The display is small, and does
not compare favorably with the splendid showing made by
Great Britain in the Main Building. Scarcely any of the
English agricultural machinery is to be found here, and the
exhibit is far from doing justice to England as an agricultural
country.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 489

The post of honor, on the front line of the section, is given to
the makers of pickles, potted meats, mustards and extracts.
Crosse & Blackwell, the famous Chow-Chow makers, have a
lofty case of black and gilt, semicircular in shape, at the inter-
section of the nave and transept, in Avhich they show their
goods, and immediately behind them Keen & Robinson, of
London, have a handsome case of mustard. On the front line,
immediately south of Crosse & Blackwell, T. & H. Smith, of
Edinburgh, have a handsome display of extracts of various
kinds. The most conspicuous portions of their exhibits are
two fine white crystallized substances, looking exactly alike.
One of these is coffeeiney or the active principle of the coffee
bean; the other, tlieine, the active principle of tea. Adjoining
this exhibit is a case of fine extracts by John Mackays, also
of Edinburgh. To the south of the extracts is an exhibit of
bee-hives and bee- furniture, by George Xeighbor & Sons, of
London, and in the adjoining space John L. Bowes & Brother,
of Liverpool, exhibit samples of wool from all parts of the
world. At the south end of the front line the Cork Distilleries
Company, of Cork, Ireland, have a tasteful pavilion in which
they show some superior Irish whiskeys in wood and glass.

Having finished the front line along the nave, we go back to
the southeast transept and continue our examination along its
south side. Adjoining Keen, Robinson & Co.' s exhibit Emile
Menier, of London, makes a handsome display of fine choco-
lates and cocoas. Farther on, on the south side of the transept,
John McCann, of Drogheda, Ireland, exhibits a fine article of
Irish oatmeal, and shows the appearance of the meal at the
different stages of grinding. To the right of the oatmeal is an
exhibit of meat extracts, soups and potted meats. The Colonial
Produce Company, of London, exhibit specimens of their patent
tea, milk and sugar, and patent coffee, milk and sugar. These
are reduced to a powder and wrapped in air-tight gelatine en-
velopes, which readily dissolve with the powder in hot water.
A package will make three cups of tea and coffee. This is a
capital preparation for travellers or for porsons camping out for
pleasure or from necessity.

490 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOUY

All e-xliiblt of ginger ales and aerated waters now follows,
bevond wiiicli John Coope & Co., of Burtou-on-Trent, display
their well-known Burton ale. In the next space is one of
Avelino" ■& Porter's road steam-engines which we noticed in
Machinery Hall. By the side of it is a large wagon for road
locomotives. Farther on Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Nor-
wich, exhibit a collection of ornamental iron Avork for farm
and stable use.

From the east end of the transept we pass to the next court
on the south. Half way down this is a portable engine for
farm use, diiferent in style from those used in this country and
occupying less space. Below it the exhibit of ales is continued.
On the south or opposite side of the court James Fussell &
Sons, of Somersetshire, have a collection of reaping hooks and
other edge tools used in agriculture.

Lower down are the confectioners, who show their goods in
handsome cases, and to the south of them Lea & Perrin have
a case of ebony and gilt, in which they exhibit their world-
famed Worcestershire Sauce.

Passing: to the most southern court of all we notice a hand-
some case of walnut, containing a large display of ales, Dublin
stout and w^iiskey, by E. & J. Burke, of Dublin.

Farther eastward is an apparatus for suckling young calves,
sheep and pigs. It is a wooden trough, which is filled with
milk when ready for use. A number of tubes project from the
side, each with a rubber nipple. Beyond this a potter, too late
for a place in the Main Building, exhibits a collection of por-
celain and plain whiteware. Then follow some ornamental
work, ditching tiles, drains, etc., in terra cotta, and several
French burr millstones for hulling rice and grinding flour.

Canada.

The Canadian section lies in the southwest quarter of the
hall, opposite that of Great Britain, and extends from the nave
back to the Liberian section.

The front line along the nave is taken up with an extensive
display of the agricultural products of the Dominion, consisting

OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITION. 491

of ilie grains, beans, peas, roots and flour grown and made in
Canada. Immediately back of these is an exhibit of Canadian
wool. The quality is very fine, and the length of the wool is
notable.

In the next line, going eastward, is a row of tall cases, in
which are shown prepared specimens of the birds, animals and
insects of Canada. The exhibit of insects is by the Entomo-
logical Society of London, Ontario ; the birds and animals are
exhibited by individuals from London, Toronto and Halifax.
In the rear of these collections John Harvey & Co., of Hamil-
ton, Canada, have a number of fine fleeces, showing a remark-
able length and thickness of wool. Then follows an exhibit of
vinegar in barrels, native fruits, macaroni, flour, salt, pickles,
cheese, cured fish and canned goods of various kinds, which
take up considerable space, and show the progress of the efforts
of our Northern cousins in this direction.

A pyramidal stand, of considerable size, contains a display
of the agricultural products of British Columbia. Some very
fine wheat is included in this exhibit, and samples of this grain
and oats on the stalk show the size and vigor which they attain
in this high northern latitude. Specimens of the woods and
barks of the country are also shown, and there are t\vo blankets
of variegated colors, woven by the Indians.

We now enter the department of agricultural machinery, in
which over one hundred exhibitors take part. The collection
is similar to that in the American department, and is particu-
larly rich in reapers, mowers, plows, harrows, root and straw-
cutters and horse-powers. The variety in plows is, if anything,
greater than our own, but the number of plows is much smaller.
The most conspicuous exhibits of plows are made by George
Ross, of Chatham, Ontario, and T. Spardle, of Stratford, On-
tario. The "Yeondle plow^,'' exhibited by the latter, is the
finest in the Canadian collection, and one of the very best in
the hall. The Hamilton Agricultural Works show a fine speci-
men of the Iron-clad Adjustable Table and Platform Reaper, a
worthy rival of the best American reapers. A machine which
forms a conspicuous part of this exhibit is the turnip-drill,

492 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOllY

which does not appear in our own collection. The Canadian
climate is not suited to corn, and turnips and peas are raised in
place of it. The collection includes also portable engines, cider-
presses, potato-diggers, sno'v plows for breaking winter roads,
grain-drills and hay-loaders. Some of the threshing machines
exhibited here are among the largest and best in the hall,
and are handsomely ornamented.

France.

The French section lies west of the nave and along the
southwest transept. It extends on the south side of the tran-
sept from the nave to the Dutch court, and on the north side
of the transept from the nave to the west wall. It adjoins the
Brazilian section on the north and the German section on the
south. *

The most prominent feature of the French exhibit is the dis-
play of wines. Every grade of wine made within tlie limits of
the French republic is shown here. We find champagnes in
abundance, and the dainty and delicious wines of the south of
France are well represented. Plere are Burgundies, clarets, red
and light wines, and brandies and liquors of every description.

The front line aloug the navo is occupied by a row of hand-
some show-cases, principally of ebony and gilt, in which are
displayed champagnes, brandies, liquors and olive oils. On the
south side of the transept Menier & Co., of Paris, have a hand-
some case of ebony and gilt, filled with a collection of fine
chocolates. In the sides of the case are set photograj^hs of the
Menier establishment and the people employed in it. On the
north side of the transept, Meunier, of Paris, has a beautiful
case of carved ebony, ornamented with lithographs of his fac-
tory in 1785 and 1876, in which is a collection of fine chocolates.
These firms are the principal chocolate-makers of France. The
house of Meunier was founded in 1760, and is the oldest now
in existence ; and its rival, Menier, claims to do an annual trade
in chocolates of 25,000,000 francs.

On the south side of the French court, near the nave, C. Du-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 493

moutler, of Claville, makes an exhibit of the agricultural pro-
ducts of the department of the Eure.

Immediately back of the front line, the south side of the
section is occupied for some distance by a triple row of hand-
some oak stalls, in which the great Paris seedsmen, Vilmorin
& Andrieux, exhibit photographs of flowers, vegetables, and
plants, and samples of seeds.

Passing this we reach the principal exhibit of wines, brandies,
liquors, cordials in glass bottles and small stone jugs, which
takes up the entire space south of the transept, back to the
Dutch section.

On the north side of the transept is an extensive collection,
by a number of exhibitors, of the famous pate de foi gras of
Strasburg, pickles, preserves, mustards, jellies and prepared
food of various kinds. Preserved fish and sardines in oil form
a prominent part of the collection, and candied fruits, dried
fruits, and vegetables, and prepared soups are extensively
displayed.

Oa the north side of the court D. Gazaubon, of Paris,
exhibits a fine collection of machinery for making and bottling
mineral waters, and syphon bottles of a handsome pattern; and
near the west end of the court several makers display machines
for bottling and corking champagnes and other sparkling wines.

A number of French burr mill-stones of a fine quality are
shown near the northern border of the court, and near these
are some fine crucibles, and specimens of various kinds of
cements, hydraulic lime and artificial stone. The Roquefort
cheese factory exhibits specimens of its famous cheese ; the tan-
ners have an extensive exhibit of leather; and the silk-growers
of southern France show their raw silk and cocoons. Artificial
manures, phosphates, and animal charcoal are also shown.

Germany.

The German section lies on the south of France and extends
to the south wall of the building. It front? .ii the nave and
extends westward to the "Austrian court

At the nave the Rlienisli Sparkling Wine Company of

494 THE ITXUSTRATED HISTORY

Schielstein have a large pavilion made of wine boxes, and sur-
mounted by an immense wine bottle of glass at each of the four
corners, in which they display their famous wines. Back of this
pavilion is the collective exhibit of Riiine wines, in which the
finest as well as the ordinary grades are shown. Alongside of
these wines the German brandies, liquors, extracts and essences
are displayed. A fair exhibit is also made of Bavarian and
Prussian beer and hops, and of samples of the malt from which

these are made.

The confectioners, makers of wax, and manufacturers of smok-
ing and fine-cut tobacco for chewing, cigars and cigarettes, ranke a
large display; and there is a fair exhibit of prepared mustard,
sugar and starch. Frankfort sends samples of curled hair, and
Prussian Silesia some fine wool. The Royal Steel Works of
Fredericksthal, Wurtemberg, have a large stand representing a
palm tree. The trunk is of wood, and the branches are scythe
blades arranged in a picturesque manner.

The wines are the strong feature of the German exhibit, and
no effort has been made to show the agricultural system or
resources of that country.

Austria and Hungary,

The Austrian section is situated immediately west of the
German court. The display is not large, but is interesting.
On the eastern border of the court, fronting Germany, Johann
Michael Schary, of Prague, exhibits a collection of raisins and
other dried fruits, beer, wine, vinegar and mustards from
Bohemia. Beyond this space is an exhibit of Austrian and
Hungarian wines ; and at the north end of the court Marks
& Weyden, of Buda-Pesth, Hungary, exhibit a fine collec-
tion of the fruits and nuts of Hungary and the Danubian
provinces. To the north of this collection is a display of
candied fruits from Vienna, nearr which are specimens of hemp
of an excellent quality grown in Hungary. Samples of fine
Hungarian wool are also shown ; and near the west end is a col-
lection of the grains of all the different provinces of the Aus-
trian empire. Specimens of flax from Austria and Hungary

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 495

are included in the exhibit, and a number of samples of leather
from Austria and Bohemia.

Russia.

The Russian court lies on the south side of the central transept,
immediately west of the Spanish court, and extends back to the
western wall. It is unenclosed, and occupies about one-third as
much space as France. It is filled with one of the handsomest
and most interesting collections in the Agricultural Building,
and one that is richly worth studying carefully.

The wheat, oats, barley, rye and other grains of the empire
are shown in the most tasteful manner. They are arranged
upon pyramidal stands, bags of the grains being collected
about the base of the stands, while stalks with the ripened ears
are placed in handsome majolica vases at the top. Large frames
are filled with hemp suspended from the top of the frame in
order to show the length of the fibre. The agricultural products
of the various portions of the empire are shown according to a
systematic classification, and many illustrations of Russian
farm-life are given.- A number of the agricultural implements
of the country are exhibited, and two large farm-wagons from
Poland constitute a principal feature of the collection. Candied
and dried fruits, preserves, crackers and confections are ex-
hibited in glass cases, and the liquors and wines of the country
are also shown.

At the western end of the space, a number of exhibitors who
were crowded out of the Russian court in the Main Building
display a collection of rich and beautiful wares in large cases of
oak and plate glass.

As in the Main Building, Russia was one of the last countries
to have her exhibit in readiness.

Italy.

The Italian court is situated in the southeast corner of the
hall, and covers but a small space. Along the east wall "are
samples of raw and combed hemp exhibited by P, F. Facchini
& Co., of Bologna, and adjoining these are a number of speci-
mens of leather and boots and shoes.

496 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The principal portion of the exhibit consists of wines, liquors,
cordials and olive oil, representing all the grades of these
articles made in the Italian Peninsula and in Sicily. They are
exhibited in bottles, and make an attractive display. In the
southeast corner of the court the soap-makers have a creditable
display. Large blocks of Castile and olive oil soap are among
the most conspicuous objects in the court. A collection of
grains, peas, beans and nuts, principally from Sicily and central
Italy, is arranged along the southern side of the court, and rice
from Piedmont is also shown here. It will be remembered
that it was from a small quantity of rice obtained in Piedmont
and sent to America by Mr. Jefferson, at the close of the last
century, that the finest grades of our own rice have been pro-
duced. There is a handsome display of confectionery and
candied fruits from Turin ; and a case of the minerals found in
the Peninsula is shown near the centre of the court. At the
western end of the court are a number of specimens of man-
ganese and iron ores from the mines of Rae Brothers, at Monte
Argentino in Tuscany. Both minerals are of a fine quality and
the ores are exceedingly rich. Milan sends Parmesan and Gor-
gonzola cheese; Ancona and Turin, leather and hides; Palermo,
Rome and Sienna, honey; Bologna, her world-renowned sausages
and salted meats; Naples and Sicily, macaroni and dried fruits;
Syracuse, nuts ; and the other Sicilian cities, oranges, lemons,
olives and figs. Sicilv also makes an exhibit of a case of the
essential oils of fruits, and of some fine liquorice. Sardines are
to be seen here in quantities, and in glass and tin, in oil and
pickled. Along the northern side of the court are several
plows from Ancona, Cremona 'and Pisa, and a harrow^ from
Venice. They are heavy and clumsy in appearance, and in
striking contrast with the fine plows to be seen in the American
or Canadian departments.

Spain.

The Spanish court is situated on the south side of the central
transept, and extends from the nave back to the Russian section.

As in the Main Hall, Spain makes here one of the hand-
somest exhibits in the building. Her section is surrounded with

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 497

a high wall of yellow wood, in the sides of which are set small
glass-cOvered panels, which are filled w^ith collections of the
grains, beans, peas, nuts, fruits, and other agricultural products
of the Spanish kingdom. The entrance to the court is throuo-h
a lofty gothic archway decorated with the arms of the kingdom
and the national colors.

Entering the court we find ourselves in the midst of one of
the most extensive and best arranged collections in the hall.
Immense log-s of mahogany and rosewood lie on the ground, and
festoons of tobacco leaves and sheaves of grain ornament the
pillars, while from the roof along the sides of the court are sus-
pended specimens of skins and Spanish leather. On each side
of the entrance stand pyramids of the finest wools of Spain, and
along the sides of the court the rich wines of the country are
displayed in bottles arranged on shelves rising one above
another. At the eastern end are several barrels of the famous
Duff Gordon sherries. At the southeast corner of the court the
Valencian Society of Agriculture show" a collection of the
agricultural products of that province. There is a large
display of Manilla hemp, and cordage made from it, from the
Philippine islands. In the centre of the court is a rustic struc-
ture of rough wood, containing specimens of resinous pine and
the gums and resins extracted from it ; and to the east of this
the agricultural products of the Philippine islands are exhibited
in glass jars. Near the south end, the cigar-makers of Havana
and Manilla have a large and handsome exhibit of cigars,
cigarettes and tobaccos. They are displayed in ornamental
cases of mahogany mounted upon standards. A large collection
of chocolates occupies the northwest corner of the court, and
close by it is a tall metal stand containing large jars and bottles
of olive oil. The skill and ingenuity with which the articles
are displayed is as noticeable as the completeness and excellent
character of the exhibit.

Portugal.

The Portuguese exhibit fairly rivals that of Spain both in size
and variety. It is distributed in two parts of the hall. The
principal section assigned to Portugal lies on the south and west
32

498 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of the Spanish court, and is filled with a large and varied exhibit
of the products of the kingdom. In the section on the south
of the Spanish court, the little kingdom displays her oils and
wines ; the south side of this section being entirely taken up
with bottles of Port and Madeira wines. Here also are to be
seen the raw silk and cocoons, which form a part of the Portu-
guese exhibit. In the section to the west of the Spanish court is
a very extensive collection of the agricultural products of the
kingdom, arranged on shelves and in glass jars. These consist
of the grains, roots, fruits, nuts, olives, raisins, dried fruits, and
spices of the different provinces of Portugal. Some very large
potatoes and turnips are preserved in alcohol. Pickles, preserves,
and canned meats, vegetables, and fish are exhibited in large
quantities.

The products of the Portuguese colonies are displayed in a
similar manner, in a small court in the southeast corner of the
hall, between the Italian and English sections.

The Netherlands.

The section assigned to the Netherlands lies south of the south-
west transept, and extends from the west wall of the building to
the French section on the east, and from the transept to the
Austrian and Venezuelan sections on the south. "With charac-
teristic industry the Dutch were among the first to have their
exhibit ready, and have arranged it with admirable system and
neatness.

Starting from the west end of the section we notice the collec-
tive exhibits bv the a2:ricultural societies of Guelderland and
Zealand, of the products of those provinces, including seeds,
specimens of grain, plants, dye-woods, photographs of cattle, beans
and peas, and a model of a thatched hay-cock. In this exhibit
are shown the wooden shoes worn by certain classes of the Dutch
peasantry. Close by is an exhibit of a peculiar kind of flour
which has the property of keeping pure and sweet for years.
Adjoining this is the exhibit of the makers of chocolate and
cod-liver oil. A collection of round Edam cheeses is shown
to the east of these ; and then come specimens of fine flax.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 499

Opposite the flax is the exhibit of cigars and manufactured
tobacco.

On the north side of the court are a number of models of old
and new style Dutch fishing vessels, from Scheveningen, with a
collection of fishing tackle. Large seines for deep-water fish-
ing are suspended overhead.

We come next to the collection of pickles, canned meats, fish,
and vegetables, which is large and well displayed. Adjoining
this are jars containing samples of different grades of beet-sugar
from the Beet-Sugar Factory of Arnhem.

The remainder of the section is taken up with the exhibit of
Holland gin, cordials and liquors, which is very large. The
principal display is made by the liquor-makers, who occupy a
handsome pavilion of wood ornamented in maroon-color and
gilt. Here are shown the finest grades of anisette, curagoa,
cr6me de mocha, noyau, and a hundred other odorous and pun-
gent drinks not much used in this country, but which are very
popular in Holland, and especially among the ladies.

Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the section, the
Dutch agricultural society make a collectiv^e exhibit of all the
agricultural products of Holland. The entire exhibit speaks
eloquently of the skill, taste, energy, and thrifty industry of the
Dutch.

Norway.

The Norwegian court lies immediately west of that of Brazil,
and is enclosed with a light and tasteful railing. Along the
front line is a collection of heavy, clumsy-looking plows, such as
are used for breaking the rugged soil of this northern land.
The exhibit is small, but consists of pale ales and a strong
liquor called punch, which is much used in Norway and Sweden,
as a stimulant against the intense cold of those countries. Wines,
brandy, cordials, tobacco, cigars, confectioneries, essences, and
canned meats and fish make up the display. There is a fine
exhibit of leather at the back of the court, and specimens of the
water-birds of Norway are shown.

In the northwest section of the building, Norway has another
space enclosed with a light railing and handsomely draped with

500 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

seines and the national colors. Here she makes an -exhibit of
tlie products of her fisheries, and shows models of her fishing
vessels of all kinds and their equipments, specimens of fishing-
tackle, and samples of dried and preserved fish, anchovies, etc.,
as they are prepared for the market. For the purposes of this
display, some of the larger kinds are preserved in alcohol.

Sweden.

The Swedish court lies immediately west of that of Norway.
Along the north side are a number of fine plows, every part
being of metal. They are intended for deep plowing, and seem
capable of doing good work.

The liquors, especially bottled punch, are a strong feature of
the display. Here are also confections, prepared coffee, crackers,
snuffs, and chewing tobacco. A chemist from Stockholm has a
case of phosphates and other preparations of agricultural
chemistry. Towards the west end of the space are models of
the various kinds of vessels used in the Swedish fisheries, with
samples of fishing-tackle, and overhead are suspended the seines
used by the Swedish fishermen. Specimens of the fish of the
country are exhibited in alcohol. A number of samples of
leather hang against the wall. The exhibit of native woods is
complete and interesting. The grains of the country are shown
in glass jars and also in the stalk and ear, and close by are a
number of covered earthen jars containing samples of flour made
in Sweden.

Sardines, anchovies, herrings, and potted meats, scythes, and
dairy utensils complete the collection.

Denmark.

The Danish section lies west of the Norwegian and south of
the Swedish court. It is small, and the exhibit is made up of
Danish punch, grains in the blade and in small canvas bags,
brandies, pickles, preserves, and potted meats and fish.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. , 501

Belgium.

The Belgian section lies west of the nave, and im mediate! v
east of the Spanish and Portuguese courts. The exhibit is very
small, but thirty-eight persons taking part in it. It comprises
chiccory, raw, in the pod, and manufactured, chocolate, and the
details of chocolate manufacture, specimens of fine leathers and
kid, candies, cordials, gin, flax, wool, and millstones.

Japan.

The Japanese court is situated in the southwest corner of the
hall, immediately west of the Austrian section, and is divided
into small passage-ways by canvas screens. Each passage-way
is provided with long rows of shelves on which the articles
exhibited are arranged. Along the south wall, samples of native
tobacco are shown ; but the greater part of this section of the
court is devoted to an exhibit of the teas of Japan. Specimens of
tea are shown, and the process of tea-culture is illustrated by a
number of drawings of the different stages of the growth of
the plant.

Along the west wall is a display of the fishing-tackle, nets,
etc., used in Japan, with specimens of cured fish, some of which
are put up in canvas, like bacon. Fishing-nets are suspended
overhead, and a part of the space along the west wall is given to
an exhibit of the few simple agricultural implements used in
Japan, a primitive-looking plow and harrow, a scythe and cradle.

On the north side of the south aisle of this court is a beautiful
exhibit of the culture of silk as carried on in Japan. It is
shown by specimens of the worm and cocoon, and of floss silk,
and by models and drawings with explanations in English.

In the next aisle on the north is a large collection of skins
of fish and animals, and of shells, also samples of cotton from
the government manufactory.

The south side of the next aisle on the north is taken up with
a display of tackle for hand-fishing, very much like our own,
but made with the neatness that characterizes everything of
Japanese workmanship. On the north side of this aisle is a

502 THE ILLUSTRATED HlSTOliY

collection of sauces made from vegetable substances, and con
tained in stone bottles.

In the last aisle on the north the grains and other agricultural
products of Japan are shown according to a systematic classifica-
tion, and on the southern wall of this aisle is a display of the
native woods of the empire. Each block of wood has affixed to
it a specimen-leaf or twig of the tree from which it was taken.

Brazil,

The Brazilian section lies west of the nave and extends back
to the Norwegian court. The French section bounds it on the
south and the Portuguese on the north. Brazil was one of the
very first of the foreign nations in this hall to have her exhibit
in readiness, and it is fully in keeping in thoroughness and
beauty with her display in the Main Building.

In front of the court in which the principal display is made
stands one of the most unique structures in the building. It is
a rustic pavilion, the posts and rafters of which are w^rapped in
native cotton, giving to it at a distance the effect of an immense
house of snow. The different grades of Brazilian cotton are
shown in bales arranged around the sides of the pavilion. The
annual production of cotton in the empire amounts to about
$14,902,443. Within the pavilion the different grades of
Brazilian coffee are shown in jars and boxes of fanciful design,
the Mocha and Rio being conspicuous among the other grains.
The annual product of coffee in Brazil is $64,047,481, thus
making its culture the principal and most profitable industry of
the empire. Samples of native leaf tobacco are also shown in
this pavilion.

The principal court lies immediately in the rear of the cotton
pavilion, and is enclosed by a brilliantly ornamented railing,
decorated with streamers of green and yellow and national flags.
The collection of native woods is astonishing in the number and
richness of the specimens displayed. It comprises over one
thousand different woods, among which rosewood and mahogany
are conspicuous, and is arranged along the entire court. A con-
siderable display is also made of leather and skins, which are

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 603

suspended overhead around the court. The wines and liquors
of the empire are shown, though these do not as yet constitute
a very prominent Brazilian industry.

The annual product of sugar in Brazil amounts to $15,403,-
151, making it the second industry of the empire. Twelve
different kinds of sugar are shown in this court, and will com-
pare favorably with the sugars of our own Southern States and
the West Indies.

The exhibit includes cocoa in the nut and prepared for the
market ; rice from Maranhao ; starches ; rubber, ready for the
market and in the crude gum ; ninety diiFerent varieties of edible
beans ; Brazilian teas, the culture of which is as yet in its in-
fancy; gums, resins, canned goods, hemp; vegetable fibres for
making rope, and a finer fibre which can be worked up into a
sort of wool ; wax, pickles and preserves.

The tobacco exhibit is large, and, besides smoking tobaccos,
cigars and cigarettes, includes fourteen different kinds of snuff.

The Brazilian silk-worm and its habits are shown in an ad-
mirable manner. The Brazilian worm winds itself in such a
way with its silk threads that in utilizing the silk the grower
does not have to kill the worm, as is the case with the Asiatic
worm. This worm is abundant in nearly all parts of the Bra-
zilian empire, and produces in each generation an average of two
hundred and forty cocoons of silk ; each cocoon weighing two
and one-half drachms and containing thirty grains of good silk.
The Brazilians take great pride in their silk culture, and every
effort is made to extend and improve it from year to year.

Venezuela,

The Venezuelan exhibit arrived so late that it could not be
given a place in the Main Exhibition Building, and was
assigned a section in Agricultural Hall. This section lies in
the southwest quarter of the hall, north of Japan and west of
Austria. It is enclosed by a tasteful railing, ornamented in
red and blue.

The collection is almost entirely agricultural in its character,
and includas the grains, vegetables, fruits and barks of the re^

504 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

public. A large exhibit of coffee is made, and cochineal forms
a considerable part of the display. A collection of oils, balsams,
rum, and the famous Angostura bitters, is also exhibited. The
skins of the native animals of Venezuela are suspended over-
head, and samples of native tobacco are affixed to the pillars of
the court. Pine-apples and other large fruits are shown in
alcohol.

A cabinet of very rich gold-bearing quartz and other minerals
stands on the north side of the section, and on this side are also
exhibited specimens of Venezuelan printing and book-binding,
chocolates, boots and shoes, fruits in wax, embroideries, leather,
and flowers made of the feathers of native birds. A portrait of
Washington, surrounded by national emblems, made of human
hair, is also shown. Samples of sugar and dye-woods complete
the collection.

The Argentine Republic.

The section assigned to the Argentine Republic lies back of
]Portugal and south of the Russian court. It is enclosed with a
light wooden railing, ornamented with the national coloi-s.
Festoons of the leaf of the native tobacco are hung about the
court, and the skins of the native wild animals of the country
are suspended overhead.

The collection is very large, and includes over six hundred
exhibitors. It comprises the native woods, barks, gums, resins,
dye-woods and seeds of forest products; the grains, sugars,
beans, peas, fruits, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, wines, dried fruits,
nuts, liquors, leather, starch, flour, wax, honey, cotton and wool
of the country. An exhibit is made of the silk grown in the
republic, and several grades of sugar are shown.

- Liberia.

The Liberian section is located at the east end of the hall,
north of the southeast transept, and to the east of the Canadian
section. It is the only display made by Liberia in the entire
Exhibition, and is due entirely to the energy of Messrs. E. S.
Morris & Co., of Philadelphia, who are extensive growers of

Of the centennial exhibition. 50b

coffee iu that far-off land. The members of this firm have
assumed the entire expense of the exhibit, and deserve praise for
their generous conduct. It may be said that they have been
tlie principal means of developing the culture of coffee in
Liberia, which is now one of her most prominent industries.
They have also given themselves heart and soul to the work of
civilizing Liberia by educating its people, and have caused a
number of native African boys to be educated at the Lincoln
University, at Chester, Pennsylvania, and intend sending them
back home next year to establish schools among their own
people. All the proceeds of the sales of Liberian coffee at this
stand during the Exhibition are devoted to the building of
school-houses. Messrs. Morris & Co. intend to supply the de-
ficiency from their own means. They will establish tlie schools
as soon as possible, and require each pupil to pay for his tuition
by planting and cultivating a small patch of coffee at his own
home. Thus they hope to make Liberia a great coffee-growing
country, and to extend the production of that article among the
native tribes of the interior of Western Africa.

The collection exhibited here consists of coffee principally.
This is of an excellent quality, as the writer can testify from a
personal knowledge of it. Palm soap is the next exhibit in
importance. Palm oil is shown in glass jars hermetically sealed.
Lime-juice, chocolate, arrow-root, sugar, indigo, ivory and iron
ore, make up the list of Liberian products. Messrs. Morris &
Co. have their own indigo works in Liberia, the only establish-
ment of the kind on the west coast of Africa. A coffee-huHino:
machine forms a part of the exhibit, and there are a good many
curiosities in the way of implements and clothing made by the
native tribes. The cap and robes of an African king are also
shown. Ten native African boys, taken from the bush, and
destined to serve as teachers, as mentioned above, are on duty in
this department.

The Pomological Annex,

To the east of Agricultural Hall is a large wooden building
intended for the various displays of ripe fruits and vegetables

506 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

which are to be made from time to time during the progress of
the Exhibition.

The Wagon Annex

Is situated to the north of Agricultural Hall, and is simply a
series of rough sheds, whitewashed. It contains a fine display
of farm wagons and carts, bakers' and milk carts and ice
wagons. These represent the highest degree of skill in wagon
making, and show an admirable combination of lightness and
strength, which is particularly characteristic of American work-
manship in this department. They are handsomely ornamented,
as a rule. American-made wagons have long commanded a
high reputation in the markets of Europe for their admirable
workmanship and beauty of design, as well as for their marked
superiority over European vehicles in the combination of light-
ness, strength and durability, to which we have referred.

CHAPTER XY.

HOETICULTUKAL. HALL.

Desciiption of the Building — Tlie Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Hall —
Tlie Fountain — Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit — A Rich
Collection of Tropical Plants — A Beautiful Scene — The Forcing Houses —
The East and West Rooms — Exhibit of Gardening Materials — The Electri-
cal Organ — The Horticultural Grounds — The Guano Pavilion — The Tent —
Anthony Waterer's Rhododendrons — The Cuban Summer House.

HE Horticultural Building is the smallest of the five
principal edifices of the Exhibition. It stands on the
Lansdowne terrace, a short distance north of the Main
Exhibition Building, from which it is separated by
the Lansdowne valley. It is located a short distance
back from the brow of the hill which rises from the Schuyl-
kill, and commands a fine view of the river, the city and the
surrounding country. The design of the building is in the
Mauresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, tlie
edifice being constructed principally of iron and glass. Seen
from a distance the effect is charming. The exterior is painted
in variegated colors, which give to the building a liglit, fairy-
like aspect, in perfect keeping with its graceful design. The
length of the building is 383 feet, the width 193 feet, and the
height, to the top of the lantern, 69 feet.

The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230
by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet
long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around
this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a
gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this
principal room are four forcing-houses for the propagation of
young plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with curved
roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing-houses in

507

608

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

each of these sides is a vestibule 30 feet square. At the centre
of the east and west ends are similar vestibules, on either side
of which are the restaurants, reception room, offices, etc. From
the vestibules ornamental stairways lead to the internal gal-
leries of the conservatory, as well as to the four external gal-
leries each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmount
the roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries are
connected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the
rooms on the ground-floor, which has a superficial area of 1800
square yards.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.

The east and west entrances are approached by flights of blue
marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet. In the centre of each
stands an open kiosque, 20 feet in diameter. Each entrance is
adorned with ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles
of the main conservatory are provided with eight ornamental
fountains.

The basement is of fire-proof construction, and contains the
kitchen, the heating apparatus, store-rooms, coal-houses, etc.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 509

Mounting the marble steps and passing through the vestibule
to which they lead, the visitor finds himself in the main con-
servatory, a spacious and beautiful hall, which elicits the ad-
miration of every beholder. The roof is of glass, and the iron
framework in which the glass is set is tastefully decorated in
fresco. A light gallery, with railings of open fretwork, extends
around it, and opens at each of the four sides of the hall upon
the external galleries to which reference has been made. It is
supported by horse-shoe arches of black, white and red bricks.
Two superb chandeliers hang from the roof, affording the
means of brilliantly illuminating the hall at night.

In the centre of the hall is a large fountain of marble, exe-
cuted by Miss Margaret Foley, an American artist, in Rome.
It is a tall structure, the water falling from several successive
basins into the pool below, in which is a group of statuary in
marble, of quaint design. It represents a group of children
bathing from a reedy bank. One joyous little one is blowing a
shell, and another, half reluctant to plunge into the cold water,
upon which she gazes down, leans lightly on the chubby
shoulders of a third child. From the fountain walks radiate
to the north, east, west and south, and divide the floor of the
conservatory into beds.

Around the hall is a row of corridors, from which the arches
which support the iniler gallery open into the conservatory.

The Horticultural Building is the property of the city of
Philadelphia, and will remain a permanent ornament of the
park after the close of the Exhibition. It cost $300,000,
which sum was defrayed by appropriations by the City Councils.
The ground was graded and the foundations laid on the 1st of
May, 1875, and the building was completed April 1st, 1876.
It covers an area of about an acre and a half. The architect
was H. J. Schwarzmann ; the contractor, John Rice, both of
Philadelphia. The wrought-iron was furnished by the Key-
stone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh ; the cast-iron by San^uel
J. Cresswell, of Philadelphia ; the painting was done by Joseph
Chapman, of Philadelphia ; and the masonry by Moore & Scat-
tergood, Philadelphia.

510 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The collection exhibited in the Horticultural Buildinjr is
classified as follows by the Centennial Commission :

Department VII. — Horticulture.

700 — 709. . . .Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers.

710 — 719. . . .Hot-houses, Conservatories, Graperies.

720 — 729. . . .Garden Tools, Accessories of Gardening.

730 — 739. . . .Garden Designing, Construction and Management.

• The conservatory, or main hall, of the building is filled with
a superb collection of rare and luxuriant tropical trees and
shrubs. The side spaces of the hall are filled with statuary,
the most important work being a colossal Diana in plaster com-
position from the famous Doulton potteries in England.

The collection of plants in the conservatory is deeply inter-
esting, and is deserving of careful study. Here are the broad
fan palm, the sago, date and cocoa palms, all of full size, and
as graceful as a dream of Eastern romance. The orange and
lemon trees, with their rich golden fruit, the camphor tree,
with its luxuriant growth of sharply cut leaves ; the eucalyptus,
which is said to have the property of neutralizing the malarial
poisons of the air ; the guava ; the mahogany, and the India
rubber tree, with its thick, heavy leaves, all make up a rich
and beautiful display of foliage, which is charming from what-
ever part of the hall it is viewed. A banana, with its fat,
sturdy branches of fruit, forms a conspicuous object of the
collection, and a number of fine cacti are scattered through
the hall.

It would not be possible to give a complete account of the
plants gathered within this hall, without making a copy of the
catalogue, and we must content ourselves with the brief summary
given above.

The green-houses, which extend on either side of the con-
servatory, are sunken eight or t^n feet below it. These, as has
been said, are four in number, and are covered with curved
roofs of glass. Each is 100 by 30 feet in size, and is intended
for the propagation of young plants. In one of these forcing-
houses is a collection of tree-ferns gathered from almost every

OF THE CKNTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

511

country on the globe, and a number of rare plants from an
English green-house, which were sent to this country carefully
packed in moss. Among the curious specimens gathered within
these forcing-houses are a number of fragrant azalias from
Belgium, the flower of which is of a pale cream color; and
close by them is a maple from Japan with crimson shadings in

STAIRWAY IN HORTICULTURAL HALL.

its fine cut leaves. There is also a group of pitcher plants from
the South Sea islands, which bear a blotched greenish cup,
which looks as if it were made for a frog to drink out of. A
flamingo plant {Authurium Williamsii) is a notable member of
the stately assemblage, its blossoms of deep rich scarlet being
ill form simply a broad curled leaf Close by it stands a deli-

512

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

cate fairy-like Norfolk Island pine; and the Sandwich islands
send some fine specimens of fern, which spread out from the
stem like a broad umbrella. A most interesting tree is a sago
palm, about ten feet high. It was once the property of Robert
Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, and is said to be

THE FORCING-HOUSE, HORTICULTURAL HALL.

from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and thirty
years old.

The lover of the beautiful in 'nature may spend hours in this
rich collection. One of the green-houses contains a superb
collection of ferns, belonging to a gentleman of South Amboy,
New Jersey, and valued at $10,000.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 513

The rooms at each end of the building are liandsomely frescoed,
and are filled with a variety of horticultural appliances. The
room on the north side of the western entrance is the office of
the chief of the Bureau of Horticulture. That on the opposite
side is used for the display stands and frames for flowers, aquaria,
and wax-flowers, and along the walls are arranged a number of
designs for landscape-gardening. Tlie room opening into this
contains a similar display, and a number of handsome garden
vases, and garden tools, watering-pots, and hanging-baskets.
At one side of the room Henry A. Dreer, of Philadelphia, makes
a handsome exhibit of garden and flower seeds, garden tools and
implements and flower stands.

In a room on the north side of the west entrance, adjoining
the office of the Bureau, is an exquisite display of cut flowers by
Pennock & Bro., of Philadelphia; a case of natural flowers and
fruits preserved by a new process ; and a large collection of
flowers and fruits in wax.

At the eastern end the rooms adjoining the entrance contain
apparatus for heating green-houses, furniture for them, garden
tools, iron furniture and ornamental work for gardens and lawns.
There is also a large collection of lawn-mowers and of garden
vases.

The view from the west end of the building i& very beautiful.
It embraces the Main and Machinery Halls on the left hand,
and a number of smaller buildings to the north of them. To
the westward are the United States Building, the Woman's
Pavilion and the State Buildings, while to the left the towers
of Agricultural Hall rise through the trees. Almost the entire
expanse of the Exhibition grounds can be seen at a glance from
this point. The view^ from the eastern end is as interesting, but
different. It embraces the Schuylkill with the East Park,
Laurel Hill, and the country beyond, and in the distance one
can see the towers and spires of the city. To the right the
eastern ends of the Art Gallery and Main Hall fill up the
picture, with the wooded depths of Lansdowne Valley lying
between them and the gazer.

In the eastern gallery of the conservatory is one of the most

514 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

remarkable macliines to be seen in the Exliibition. It is the
" Electro-Magnetic Orchestra," and is exliibited by the inventors,
AVm. F. & H. Schraoele, of Philadelphia. It consists of an
** Orchestrion," which is supplied with wind in the ordinary
way from a bellows, but which reads the music it is to perform
and executes it by the action of electricity. i

" The automatic reading is based upon the idea that if the
music notes be printed on paper in metallic or conducting marks
(such as printers style illuminated work), the electricity will
distinffuish the conducti no: characters thus formed from the non-
conducting surface of the paper, and will thus be made to feel
or *read' the notes. If, in place of this printed music, the
notes be cut as perforations in the sheet, and a metallic plate be
placed beneath, over which the sheet is drawn, this plate, which
shows through the paper wherever the perforations exist, answers
practically the same purpose as the marks on the printed sheet,
being in fact but an additional modification of the same principle.
The perforated notes have been preferred for the music of the
]>rosent instrument, because the sheets can thus be prepared by
hand, thereby obviating the otherwise costly necessity of setting
up type and going to press for single copies of the pieces desired.
Such notes hear the same relation to the printed or gilt ones that
manuscript does to printed matter.

" The music sheets are in the forms of rolls, which are drawn
under a row of charged feelers or ' readers,' whose office is to
distinguish the notes. They are moved by passing between two
gum-covered rollers, rotated by a mechanism called a ^ wind-
engine.' The motor power of this is the compressed air or
*wind' of the bellows of the instrument; and it contains, in
its construction, all the necessary elements of a steam-engine,
represented, however, in such different forms, that no resem-
blance to the latter is left. It is a double engine, each pair of
opposite wind-pockets being equivalent to a steam-cylinder ; and
the alternate movements of their swino^ingr leaves are the counter-
parts of the push and return of the piston-head. The noise or
puff is prevented by a peculiar construction of the valves, and
the manner of working of the cut-off; and the expanding gussets

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 515

of the pockets take the place of the 'packing' in a steam-
cylinder, over which they have the great advantage that they
consume no power in friction, so that the wind-engine is exceed-
ingly economic, using the whole force of the wind without waste.
These advantages, and the cheapness of construction of this wood
and leather engine, render it an admirable motor for low pressures.

" The present instrument has several hundred ' readers ' or
feelers, standing close together in order that a great many may
be placed in a small space. The electricity, which may be
called a hundred-fingered performer, pervades them all, ready
to pass at a moment wherever a note occurs. The various
instruments, representing a band of twelve pieces, besides the
drums, etc., have their appropriate spaces allotted them on the
music sheet ; and the connections between their ' readers ' and
the performing parts are made by wires, which, when grouped
together, form tiie cable running from the reading apparatus to
the main case. Each note, as soon as detected, is telegraphed
to the corresponding performing magnet ; and as a great number
may be simultaneously read, it follows that the music may be
exceedingly varied."

About twenty-five acres of ground immediately around the
Horticultural Hall have been laid off as an ornamental garden
by Mr. C. H. Miller, the Chief of the Bureau. These grounds
are filled with a beautiful display of native and foreign flowers,
which give to them an exceedingly brilliant and charming
appearance. A broad sunken garden leads from Belmont avenue
to the western door of the Horticultural Building. It is bright
with flowers of a thousand different hues, and sparkles with
handsome fountains. The flowers of England, France, Germany,,
and the tropics grow side by side with those of our own comitry
in the beautiful garden, in the midst of which the grand Con-
servatory stands like a central jewel in the midst of a thousand
gems of various hues.

At the western end of the Horticultural grounds the Pacific
Guano Company, of Boston, Massachusetts, have a beautiful
Moorish pavilion, in which they display samples of their
fertilizer. The grounds immediately around this pavilion are

516 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

planted with tobacco, and a number of tropical plants, which
thrive admirably in this soil, which has been fertilized with the
guano of this company.

At the north side of the Horticultural Building is a large
tent-like structure, consisting of a series of wooden arches
covered with canvas. It is designed for the exhibition of
flowers in bloom, and was first used for the display of a mag-
nificent collection of rhododendrons by Mr. Anthony J. Waterer,
of the famous Knapp Hill Nurseries, in England.

A large exhibit is made of rustic furniture, seats, fencing, etc.,
which is scattered through the grounds. At the south side of
the hall, on the slope of the Lansdowne Valley, Cuba exhibits a
collection of rustic work and flowers in a tasteful summer-house,
and back of this is a fisherman's hut of bark, such as is every-
where to be seen on the coasts of the West India islands.

CHAPTEE XVI.

MEMORIAL HALL.

Description of the Building— Bronze Groups of Statuary — The Annex — Clas-
sification of the Art Exhibit — The Reception and Central Halls — The
Paintings and Statues in them — The Art Galleries — Notable Pictures by
American Artists — The English Gallery — Masterpieces of the Modern
English Painters — The Older English Artists— The Queen's Pictures — The
South Kensington Exhibit — The French Pictures — The German Gallery —
The Austrian Collection— A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary — Italian
Paintings — The Castellani Collections — Spanish Pictures — Art Gems from
Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School — Notable
Pictures from Belgium — The Danish Gallery — Brazilian and Mexican Art
— The Photographic Annex — A Fine Display of Photographs.

EMORIAL HALL is the most substantial of all the
Exhibition buildings. The materials of which it is
,^ constructed are stone, iron and glass. It was built at

V-^ a cost of §1,500,000 by the State of Pennsylvania and
city of Philadelphia, and is designed as a permanent
memorial of the Centennial year of American independence. It
is placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission to be
used during the Exhibition as an art gallery, after which it is
designed to make it the receptacle of the Pennsylvania Museum
of Industrial Art, an institution similar to the South Kensington
Museum, at London.

The building stands on the plateau on which the Main Exhi-
bition Building is located, and is about two hundred to two hun-
dred and fifty feet north of that structure. It is planted upon
a broad terrace six feet above the general level, the banks well
turfed and bordered with shrubbery, to which the visitor ascends
by broad and easy steps in front, or smaller ones at the side.
At each side of the front row of steps are enormous bronze

517

518 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

figures of horses held in check by women in flowing drapery.
On the right of the building is a fine group of bronze, represent-
ing the firing of a shell from a large mortar. The shell has
been fired, and an officer of the naval service, glass in hand, is
leaning forward watching its course. A sailor has sprung on
top of the mortar, and is shading his eyes with his hand and
looking in the same direction. Another stands on the right of
the mortar and is similarly engaged. The expression of the
figures is excellent.

The group on the left of the hall represents a lioness dying in
the midst of her whelps. The arrow of the hunter is deeply
imbedded in her shoulder, and she is in the agonies of death.
Pier whelps are gathered about her in mute astonishment, and
the male lion, who realizes the full extent of the misfortune, is
staiuling ready to defend or avenge his mate.

Memorial Hall is three hundred and sixty-five feet long, two
hundred and ten feet wide, and fifty-nine feet high over a base-
ment of twelve feet. It is built of granite, w^th an iron and
glass roof, iron being altogether used in the place of wood, and
is entirely fire-proof. The design is a modern renaissance.
The general plan is a right-angled parallelogram, relieved by
square towers at each of the four corners, and by projecting
vestibules and steps in the centre of each of the long sides. It
is crowned by a central four-sided dome, rising one hundred
and fifty feet above the ground and capped by a colossal ball,
from which rises the figure of Columbia. At the base of this
dome are seated four figures representing the four quarters of
the globe.,

" The main front looks southward ; it displays three distinc-
tive features :

" First. A main entrance in the centre of the structure, con-
sisting of three colossal arched doorways of equal dimensions.

"Second. A pavilion at each end.

" Third. Two arcades connecting the pavilions with the centre.
The central section is ninety-five feet long, seventy-two feet high ;
the pavilions are forty-five feet long, sixty feet high ; the arcades
each ninety feet long and forty feet high.-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHlliinON.

519

Cfl

Tlie front of the south face of the central section displays a
rise of thirteen steps to the entrance seventy feet wide. The
entrance is by three arched doorways, each forty feet high and
fifteen feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches of
the doorways are clusters of columns terminating in emblematic
designs illustrative of science and art.

"The doors, which are of iron, are relieved by bronze panels,
having the coats of arms of all the States and Territories. In
the centre of the main frieze is the United States coat of arms.

MEMORIAL HALL, OR ART GALLERY.

The main cornice is surmounted by a balustrade with cande-
labra. At either end is an allegorical figure representing science
and art.

"Each pavilion displays a window thirty feet high and twelve
feet wide; it is also ornamented with tile-work, wreaths of oak
and laurel, thirteen stars in the frieze, and a colossal eaofle at
each of its four corners.

" The arcades, a general feature in the old Roman villas but
entirely novel here, are intended to sc reen the long walls of the
gallery.

520 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY

" These each consist of five groined arches — these arcades
form promenades looking outward over the grounds and inward
over open gardens, which extend back to the main wall of the
building. These garden-plats are each ninety feet long and
thirty-six feet deep, ornamented in the centre with fountains
and designed for tlie display of statuary. A stairway from the
gardens reaches the upper line of these arcades, forming a second
promenade thirty-live feet above the ground. Its balustrade is
ornamented with vases, and is designed ultimately for statues.
Tlie cornices, the atticas, and the crestings throughout are highly
ornamented.

" The walls of the east and west sides of the structure display
the pavilions and the walls of the picture galleries, and are re-
lieved by five niches designed for statues; the frieze is richly
ornauiented — above it the central dome shows to great ad-
vantage.

" The rear or north front is of the same general character as
the main front, but in place of the arcade is a series of arched
Yv'iudows, twelve in number, with an entrance in the centre; in
all, thirteen openings above, in an unbroken line, extending the
entire length of the structure ; between the pavilions is the grand
balcony — a promenade two hundred and seventy-five feet long
and forty-five feet wide, and elevated forty feet above the
ground, overlooking northward the whole panorama of the park
grounds.

" The main entrance opens on a hall eighty-two feet long, sixty
feet wide and fifty-three feet high, decorated in the modern
renaissance style; on the farther side of this hall three door-
ways, each sixteen feet wide and twenty-five feet high, open into
the centre hall ; this hall is eighty-three feet square, the ceiling
of the dome rising over it eighty feet in height.

*•' From its east and west sides extend the galleries, each
ninety-eight feet long, forty-eight- feet wide, and thirty-five feet
in height. These galleries admit of temporary divisions for the
more advantageous display of paintings. The centre hall and
galleries form one grand hall two hundred and eighty-seven
feet long and eighty-five feet wide, capable of holding eight

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

521

thousaud persons, nearly twice the dimensions of the largest
hall in the country. From the two galleries doorways open
into two smaller galleries, twenty-eight feet wide and eighty-
nine feet long. These open north and south into private apart-
ments which connect with the pavilion rooms, forming two side
galleries two hundred and ten feet long. Along the whole
length of the north side of the main galleries and central hall
extends a corridor fourteen feet wide, which opens on its north
line into a series of private rooms, thirteen in number, designed
for studios and smaller exhibition rooms.

"All the galleries and central hall are lighted from above;
the pavilions and studios
are lighted from the sides.
The pavilions and central
hall are designed espec-
ially for exhibitions of
sculpture.''

The work on Memorial
Hall was begun on the
4th of July, 1874, and
the building ^vas com-
pleted on the 1st of
March, 1876. The archi-
tect was H. J. Schwarz-
niann ; the contractor R.
J. Dobbins, both of Phila-
delphia. The iron-work
was furnished by the

Edgemoor Iron Company, the Pencoyd Rolling Mills, and the
Kittredge Cornice Company. The stone-work was furnished
by Sargent & Co., the Westham Granite Company, the Con-
shohocken Stone Company, S. F. Prince & Co., and the Ex-
celsior Brick Company. The glass was furnished by Shoemaker
& Co., Ward & Co., and J. M. Albertson.

At an early period of the work on Memorial Hall it was
found that the applications for space in it were so numerous
that the buildincr would not accommodate the works of art to

EAGLE USED IN ORNAMENTATION OF
MEMORIAL HALL.

522 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

•

be exhibited in it. An extension, or annex, was therefore built
immediately north of the hall. It is of brick and iron, and
harmonizes well with the principal building in design and color.
It is intended to be permanent. Tlie principal building gives
75,000 feet of wall space for painting, and 20,000 feet of floor
space for statuary, etc. The annex aflbrds 60,000 square feet
of wall space for paintings, and contains thirty galleries, each
forty feet square, besides four galleries each one hundred feet
long by fifty-four feet wide, and two transverse central corridors
twenty feet wide.

The exhibit of works of art contained in these buildings is
thus classified by the Centennial Commission :

Department IV. — Art.

400—409 Sculpture.

410—419 Painting.

420 — 429. . . .Engraving and Lithograpiiy.
430—439 .... Photography.

440 — 449. . . .Industrial and Archiieciural Designs, etc.
450 — 459. . . .Ceramic Decorations, Mosaics, etc.

The exhibition of photographs is so krge that a third build-
ing was provided for it. It will be described at the close of
this chapter.

From the main entrance the visitor passes into the south
hall or vestibule of the building. The wainscoting is of colored
marble, but the remainder of the hall is finished in simple
white. It is in the modern renaissance style, and is elegant
and tasteful. A magnificent crystal chandelier, exhibited by
Cornelius & Sons, manufacturers of gas fixtures, Philadelphia,
hangs from the ceiling. At the north side three massive arches
open into the central hall, and at the east and west sides doors
lead to the gardens lying within the arcades of the southern
front of the building.

The hall is filled with statuary in marble and bronze.
Against the arches of the north w^all is a colossal bust of
Washington, by Pietro Guarnerio, of Milan, Italy. The col-
lection of statuary is very good, and we shall allude to it again
in our remarks upon the Italian section.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 623

The gardens aud arcades on the east and west sides of the
main entrance are prettily ornamented with flowers, and con-
tain a small collection of statuary. In the eastern arcades is a
fine bust of Dante, and another of Michael Angelo. In the
garden on the west side are some interesting specimens of
statuary and vases in spelter.

Passing through the arches at the north end of the south
hall, Ave enter the central hall, a spacious and beautifully pro-
portioned apartment, lighted from the dome overhead. It is
finished in simple white, and it is to be regretted that its
beauties were not enhanced by a judicious use of color in its
decorations.

In the centre, under the dome, is a copy in terra cotta of the
large group representing "America," from the Albert Memorial
in Hyde Park, London. At the south side of the hall is a
life-size bronze statue of Professor Morse. He is represented
in the act of examining his first telegraphic message. On the
same side is a bronze statue of Robert R. Livingston, of New
York. At the southeast corner, fronting the German depart-
ment, is a fine colossal statue of Prince Bismarck. At the
southwest corner is an equestrian statue in plaster of President
Blanco, of the republic of Venezuela; and just back of this is
a fine allegorical painting, by Professor E. Von Reuth, repre-
senting America doing homage to the spirit of her institutions.
A number of vases in bronze, by the late Horatio Stone, are
scattered through the hall. At the north side is a handsome
memorial altar and reredos in marble from Italy. It is adorned
with pictures in mosaic work, representing the Adoration of
the Magi and the Shepherds, and the Crucifixion. The latter
is a copy of the famous painting by Guido Reni, in the Church
of St. Lorence, in Lucina, at Rome. The northeast corner,
fronting the German department, contains three superb vases
of Sevres porcelain and some bronzes, among which are a
statuette of President MacMahon, in silver bronze, and a full-
sized Egyptian girl, with a harp, in ornamental bronze.

The space in the centre, around the base of the group repre-
senting America, is filled with statuary, chiefly by American

524 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

artists. The most important works are Thetis, with the infant
Achilles in her arms, thinking how she may regain the boy's
birthright, by P. F. Connelly ; a bust of Charles Sumner, by
Presk^n Powers; a bust of Cleopatra, by Miss Margaret Foley;
and a full-length statue of Medea, by W. W. Story.

The halls on the east and west of the central hall are divided
by partitions into smaller a})artments, which are assigned to the
various countries taking part in the Exhibition. The corridors
which lead east and west from the central hall are thus merely
temporary. They are lined with paintings.

It will not be possible to give a complete list of the works
of art in the Memorial Hall and the annex, nor to descril^e
each of them. We can but glance at the various departments,
calling attention oiily to the most prominent works in them.

The United States.

The American dei)artment is divided between Memorial Hall
and the annex. It fills one large hall, a corridor and a part
of a second in the principal edifice, and nine galleries and a
corridor in the annex, 'and comprises several thousand pictures
and statues. As a whole it has been much criticised, and is
not accepted by the critics as the best exposition of American
art that could have been given. Still it contains works of
which the country has reason to be proud.

One of the ends of the American gallery in Memorial Hall
is entirely covered by Rothermel's large painting of the Battle
of Gettysburg, which formerly stood in the Art Gallery at old
Fairmount. This painting has been sharply criticised, but
nevertheless finds much favor with the masses who daily throng
around it.

A notable picture is " Going to Church in New England in
the Olden Time," by George H. Boughton. Edward Moran
exhibits two fine marine views, " The Coming Storm over New
York Bay," and " Minot's Ledge Light." Thomas Moran ex-
hibits his ''Mountain of the Holy Cross," and the "Hot Springs
of the Yellowstone," two of the most superb pieces of mountain
scenery in existence. Eastman Johnson sends two pictures in

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 525

his happiest style, "A Kentucky Home " and " What the Sea
Says/' M. F. H. De Haas has a fine marine view, "Moonrise
at Sunset." J. F. Cropsey has a careful study of a " Church
in the Isle of Wight,-' which is much admired. W. Whitt-
redge's " Home by the Sea " is a beautiful work ; and R. S.
Gifford's "Fishing Boats of the Adriatic," "Lake Geneva"
and " The Golden Hour " show the artist at his best. Charles
N. Miller, of New York, sends two excellent works, " Return-
ing to the Fold" and " The Old Mill at Springfield." J. F.
Kensett has a fine view of "Conway Valley, New Hampshire."
G. P. A. Healey has several of his most carefully and solidly-
painted portraits in the collection. Daniel Huntingdon sends
a view of "Lake George," and Toby Rosenthal has an
"Elaine," representing the barge with the dead maiden de-
scending the stream. Thomas Hill's large painting of "Con-
ner Lake, California," occupies a prominent place and attracts
much attention. Professor W^eir's famous " Gun Foundry,"
and his less known " Confessional," are also fine pictures.
George H. Smilie sends "A Lake in the Woods," a pretty com-
position ; and F. A. Bridgeman has a brilliant Moorish scene
called " The Story-Teller." Albert Bierstadt exhibits six pic-
tures of Western and Pacific coast scenery. One of these is a
"View of Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point Trail;" another,
a glimpse of " Mount Hood ; " and a third, " Spring in Cali-
fornia." His "Settlement of California" attracts much atten-
tion. W. L. Sontag has a beautiful "Sunset in the Wilderness,"
and C. Schussele, a Philadelphia artist, a striking painting of
"Solomon and the Iron Worker." F. D. Briscoe, another
Philadelphia artist, has a spirited water scene representing "A
Breezy Day off Dieppe." The late Charles L. Elliott is repre-
sented by two fine portraits, one of Edwin Forrest, the other
of General Bouck. Harry Fenn sends "The Old Convent
Gate " and the " Old Fire-Place," executed in his best style.
Winslow Homer's " Snap the Whip " shows that artist's best
qualities as well as his faults. Henry Innman has a portrait
of Hackett in the character of Rip Van Winkle. D. T. Ken-
drick, of Boston, sends "A Foggy Day at the Beach." Page is

526 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

/•ep resented by his well-known "Farragut Entering Mobile
)3ay," a large and stirring work. T. B. Thorpe has a landscape
called " Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way." Louis
C. Tiffany sends several Oriental scenes, among them ^'X
Guard at Prison Gate, Tangier.'^ Jerome Thompson's "Old
Oaken Bucket '^ is here. It is well known by the excellent
chromo which had such a large sale a few years ago.

There are several of Washington Allston's paintings in the
collection, but the only one which shows him at his best is
*' Spalatro's Vision of the Bloody Hand.'' Rembrandt Peale
is represented by one of his portraits of Washington. Among
the portraits are Commodores Perry and McDonough, by
Jarvis; General Jackson, by Waldo; Commodore Decatur, by
Sully; General Meade, by Thomas Hicks; Washington, by
Charles Wilson Peale, the elder of the two painters of that
name; Washington, by Colonel John Trumbull; John Adams,
Thomas Boylston and Mrs. Boylston, by J. S. Copley ; John
Jay, Fisher Ames and Judge Story, by Gilbert Stuart.

These, as has been said, are but a few of the most prominent
nf the American pictures; and the list of necessity omits many
tiiat are deserving of notice.

England.

The English collection of pictures is placed entirely in
Memorial Hall, and occupies two rooms and the northwest
corridor lying between them. It is in every respect the best
and the most judiciously arranged collection in the Exhibition.
No such exhibition of English art has ever been made before
in any foreign country. It is a better display than Avas made
by England at Paris in 1867, or at Vienna in 1873.

The main room is devoted to the modern painters of Eng-
land, and is well filled with their finest works. Here are Sir
John Gilbert's "First Prince of Wales'' and "Battle of
Naseby,'^ in his best style. Frederick Leighton, whose work
is as poetic as it is artistic in the highest sense, has three of the
finest paintings in the hall : "Summer Moon," "The Court of
a Jew's House at Damascus" and "An Eastern Slinger Scaring

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 527

Birds from a Field in the Harvest Time.'^ Alma Tadema has
five pictures in the collection, two of which are water-colors.
These are "An Egyptian Mummy of the Roman Period," "The
Sick Girl," " The Vintage Festival," " The Connoisseur " and
" The Story of a Good Wife." The last two are water-colors.
It is impossible to write of these pictures here as they deserve.
We can only mention their presence in the collection, and in-
vite the reader's attention to them.

Among the portraits is a fine one of Lady Marianne Alford,
by R. Buckner ; one of George H. Boughton, by John Pettie ;
Mistress Dorothy, by George A. Story; Betty, by Luke Fildes;
a curious portrait of himself, by Hoi man Hunt ; aad portraits
of Leighton and Millois, by Watts.

William Frith Powell's famous "Railway Station," embody-
ing the arrest of one of the most notorious English forgers at
the moment of the departure of the continental train, occupies a
prominent position and receives the praise it deserves. Edward
Armitage sends his "Julian the Apostate Listening to the Dis-
putes of the Sectaries." Luke Fildes has a powerful London
scene, entitled, "Applicants Seeking Admission to the Casual
Ward of the Workhouse." The north wall has two " Studies
of Lions," by Landseer, and " The Marriage of Griselda," by
Charles West Cope. At the east end of the room is a full-
length portrait of Washington, by Gilbert Stuart. George H.
Boughton has a scene of the olden time, called "God Speed
the Pilgrims on their Way." Millois sends a charming study
of a child. H. Moore and John Brett send each a noble, but
different, seashore view, and Colin Hunter has another, called
"Trawlers Coming Ashore," three pictures which have no
equals of their kind in the Exhibition.

The corridor between the two English rooms is largely de-
voted to water-colors. One of the best of these is an " Interior
of the Sistine Chapel," by H. M. Knowles. Another is A. P.
Newton's " Left by the Tide." Sir John Gilbert has a water-
color of "Francis I. and his Court Visiting the Workshop of
Bonvenuto Cellini." Louis Haghe has a fine work repre-
senting "The Tepidarium of the Baths of Pompeii." "The

528 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Night Watch " (the artist's name is not given), is also a fine
work.

The upper end of this corridor continues the collection of oil
paintings. The most notable are E. Croft's " Battle of Ligny "
and " The Convent Ferry," by Arthur Hughes.

The northwest gallery contains a notable collection, many
of them by deceased painters. Here are Maclise's " Banquet
Scene in Macbeth," one of his largest works; Mulready's
"Village Buffoon," loaned by the Royal Academy; portraits
of the "First Three Partners of the House of Baring," by Sir
Thomas Lawrence; the large painting of "The Marriage of the
Prince of Wales," by William Powell Frith, loaned by Queen
Victoria ; " The Marriage of the Young Princess," by the late
J. Northcote, also loaned by the queen ; Benjamin West's
"Death of Wolfe," also the property of her Majesty; Gaines-
borough's "Portrait of the Duchess of Richmond;" West's
" Christ Blessing Little Children ; " Landseer's portrait of the
first Lord Ashburton ; " Dolbadden Castle," a genuine Turner,
loaned by the Royal Academy; Barry's "Adam and Eve;"
and " Landscapes," by Creswick, Calcott and Stanfield.

The other rooms north of the British corridor are devoted to
an exhibit of the course of industrial art taught at the South
Kensington Museum. The exhibit consists of copies of famous
art works, and the designs and drawings of the pupils of the
school.

France.

The French section occupies several galleries in Memorial
Hall and in the annex. But few of the leading artists of France
are represented, and the collection contains none of her great
names in art. The best picture in the ol lection is Carolus
Duran's large portrait of his sister-in-law, Mile. Croixette, of
the Theatre Frangais. The lady is seated on her horse, which
stands on the sands of the sea-shore with (he last ripple of the
waves breaking about his feet. The lady is exceedingly pretty,
and the horse is perfect.

Among the notable pictures of this collection are, " Rizpath
Protecting the Bodies of her Sons," by George Becker, a power-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 529

fill work, and the largest in the collectiou ; "The First Step in
Crime," by Jean Pierre Antigua ; "A Conspiracy under Catha^-
rine de Medicis," by Louis Adan; a large "Death of Ctesar,"
by Felix Clement ; " Haddon Hall, Derbyshire," and " A Call
on Uncle Cardinal," both by Joseph Castiglione; the "Story
of Euth," by Paul de Curzon ; " Saint Antonio, Patron of the
Mariners of Porto d^Angio, Italy," by Henri Dubouchet;
"Kapoleon I. with Goethe and Wieland," by Eugene Hille-
macher; a "Fellah Woman," by Charles Landelle; "The In-
discreet," by Armand Leleux; the "Morv^an King," by
Evariste Leminais ; "The Kcst," by Leon Perault; "Morning
on the Lagune of Venice," and "Sunset at Sea," both by
Amedee Rosier ; " Heath Flowers," and " Snow Flowers," by
Auguste Schenck ; an exquisite " Leda and the Swan," by
Jules Saintin ; " The Gitana's Dance in Grenada," by Benjamin
Ulmann ; " Boulogne-Sur-Mer," by Alexandre Veron ; and
"Josephine, in 1814," by Hector Yiger. The portrait of
" Bielle, the Flower-Girl of the Paris Jockey Club," by Pierre
Glaize, and "Cassandre," by Leon Commere — the latter in the
annex — are two splendid specimens of flesh-painting.

The main gallery in Memorial Hall contains a number of
exquisite tapestries from the national manufactories of the
Gobelins at Paris, and at Beauvais.

Germany.

The German exhibit is confined chiefly to Memorial Hall,
and occupies the coutheast gallery, opposite the French section.
In the corridor leading to tho principal hall are a number of
German paintings, the principal of which are, "A Courtyard in
Venice," by Henry Jaeckel ; '' The Mahmondi Canal, at Cairo,"
by E. Korncr ; " Portrait of Pauline Lucca," by O. Begas ; " Mt.
Vesuvius," by R. Heck ; " xrust with Care," by R. Deutsch.

Upon entering the German gallery, the first object that
attracts the visitor is the large equestrian portrait of the Crown-
Prince William Henry. The horse and rider appear to have
just emerged from the line of fire in the battle that is raging
behind them, and both are full of the excitement of the fight.
U

530 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The picture is by C. Steffeck, and is much admired, as it richly
deserves to be.

There are two pictures of the *^ Surrender of Sedan," on the
2d of September, 1870. One of these, and the more powerful
picture of the two, is by Louis Braun ; the other by Count
Harras, who ^vas himself present at the memorable scene, and
who has another fine painting in the gallery — the "Arrest of
Luther on his Return from the Diet at Worms.'' Julius
Schrader, an artist whose fame is not confined to Germany, has
a fine representation of " Elizabeth Signing the Death Warrant
of Mary of Scotland ; " and a companion to this is the " Lady
Jane Grey Confuting Bishop Gardiner," a stiking picture, by
Tolingsby. R. Heck sends a beautiful view of a " Natural
Arch at Capri ; " and Q. BeckeFs " Before the Christening," and
"After the Christening," are delightful in their sweet simplicity.
A. Scwartz has a much admired painting called "Brown
Flowers," and F. Boser one entitled "Early Trials," before
which visitors linger long. The "♦Evening Scene in the Zoo-
logical Gardens at Berlin," by Herdert, is an exceedingly care-
ful and life-like picture. Ferdinand ^leyer's "After the Church
Festival," is not only an admirable painting full of keen humor,
but conveys a sound moral. Meyer, of Bremen, has a capital
picture, " The Village Gossips," close by, and Achenbach, one
of Germany's best marine painters, exhibits "Flushing in a
Storm." Xylander's " Moonlight at Sea " is much admired, and
Jordon's " Old Pilot," is admirable in its way. Louis Horst
sends a fine portrait of the Emperor William, and Gustavo
Richter, one of George Bancroft. " The Flight of Frederick
Y, from Prague, after the Battle of the White Mountain," by
Faber du Tour, is one of the best pictures in the gallery. The
scene is one of the greatest confusion, and is admirably depicted.
H. Briicke exhibits a large " Discovery of America by Columbus,"
which is w^armly praised.

In one of the small rooms of the northeast quarter of the
building, is one of the finest of the German pictures — Wagner's
masterpiece — "Scene in the Circus Maximus at Rome, a.d. 88."
It is well-known in this country, and is exhibited by Goupil &
Co., of Paris.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 531

Austria.

The Austrian collection occupies tlie eastern gallery, and
comprises 163 paintings, etchings and statues. It is very good
as a rule, and contains many pictures which are worthy of care-
ful study.

The gem of the whole collection is John Makart's "Venice
Paying Homage to Catharine Cornaro." The picture is 35
feet long and 14 feet high. On the death of her husband, Don
Jacopo J I. Lusignano, King of Cyprus, she made a free gift of
that kingdom to the Kepublic of Venice, under whose tutelage
she had been brought up as " figlia di San Marco.'' Upon her
return to Venice she was greeted with the reception which this
picture commemorates. The canvas contains a large number
of portraits of persons well-known in Vienna.

Ernest Lafitte has two exquisite pictures, a " Girl of Upper
Austria," and "Peasant Woman of Upper Austria." John
Canon, of Vienna, exhibits "A Page," and a '^Girl with Frnit,"
Avhich are so much like Rembrandt's work that many experienced
judges have pronounced them his, and have almost refused ta
believe them modern. Frederick Freidlander exhibits his
"Tastino: the Wine," one of his best works. G. A. Kuntz
exhibits "In the Cell," a picture of a nun with her head leaning
on her folded hands gazing out of the window of her cell. The
expression on the nun's face is marvellous. The picture is also
remarkable for the reason that Kuntz until four years ago was
a distinguished sculptor, and had done nothing with his brush.
Aloysius Schonn sends a " Siesta of an Oriental Woman," a work
noted for its warmth of coloring. The Countess of Nemes-
Ransonnet, one of the most accomplished lady artists of Austria,
sends her own portrait and a view of the " Interior of St. Stephen's
at Vienna," which receive, as they deserve, great praise. Maria
Von Parmentier, another lady artist, exhibits several charming
Tyrolese scenes. Of these, the best is the "Mill in the Tyrol.''
F. Rumpler's " Smiling Girl " and " The Two Female Friends "
are charming works, and are much admired. Charles Leopold
Miiller, one of the greatest of living Austrian artists, has only

532 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOr.Y >

two small works here which do not fairly show his merits, but
which are among the gems of the collection. These are " In the
English Garden, at Palermo," and *^ ^lonte Pellegfino, near
Palermo." Adolphns Obermiillner exhibits three fine paint-
ing's— "Welcome Sounds" '^ The Lake of Constance at the
Beginning of a Storm," and *' The Grum-Alp, with the Palu-
glacier." The first of these represents the' meeting of two sledge
parties belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Arctic Expedition
of 1872-74. F. Rass exhibits "A Girl with a Cat," and " Life
in a Castle of the Middle x4ges," both admirable. " Sans Souci,"
a study of Italian Lazzaroni, by F. Fux, is a capital scene; and
Chas. Probst's " Head of a Youns; Ladv" is a charmino: study.
Robert Russ exhibits the "Mill at Mais, in South Tyrol;"
Augustus George Mayer, a "Bathsheba;" A. Schsefier, a deso-
late beach scene, called "At the Sea ; " L. Munsch, a view of the
"Alp Gschlbss towards the Gross-Venediger ; " Rosa Schwenin-
ger a " Neapolitan ; " Eugene Felix, " Pan and Bacchantes ; "
Lewis Mayer, "The Judgment of Paris;" Ralph Ribarz, an
" Ox Team ; " Remi Van Haanen, a " View of a Dutch Town
in Moonlight ; " and Gustavus Wertheimer, " The Moor and his
Horse," all of which are excellent. A number of fine water-
colors are included in the collection.

In the collectioii of statuary, the notable works are a bust of
the Emperor of Austria, by C. Zumbusch, loaned by his Majesty;
and busts of Maximilian I. and Charles V., by C. Costenoble,
all in marble. F. Pezzicar has a colossal bronze statue of
"' The Freed Slave," about which crowds gather daily in admira-
tion. The negro exultantly displays Abraham Lincoln's Pro-
clamation of Emancipation, and his chains lie broken at his feet.

Italy.

The entrance or reception hall of the principal Art Gallery is
tlie only room in Memorial ,Hall occupied by Italy, with the
exception of the rooms in the northeast section of the building,
which contain the Castellani Collections of Classic and Mediaeval
Antiquities. These are the property of Signor Alessandro Cas-
tellani, of Rome, and consist mainly of ancient marbles, bronzes,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 533

Italian majolica, gold work, and } ersonal ornaments. Tlio col-
lections are unique in many respects, and are among th6 riclie.st
and m():?t valuable in the world. Our limits do not allow a
description or even complete list of the treasures here exhibited.
They comprise seventeen portrait busts and heads in marble
from the Greek mythology ; twelve of the exceedingly rare
bronze dressing-cases of tlie Etruscan ladies, of which there are
but one hundred now in existence; a large and valuable collec-
tion of old porcelain and majolica ware, the glory of which is a
case of superb Gubbio ware ; and many gold ornaments and
gems of Phoenician, Etruscan and Greek workmanship. Some
of the gems are unequalled by anything iu modern art.

In the vestibule at the northern entrance to Memorial Hall,
are a number of superb pictures in mosaic from Rome, the
finest display of the kind in the entire Exhibition.

Italy occupies six galleries in the annex to Memorial Hall,
and in these displays a large collection of paintings and sculp-
ture. The busts and statues number three hundred, and among
them are some of the best works of some of the most famous
sculptors of Kome, Florence, Milan, and Bologna. It is
believed that this is the largest collection of sculpture ever dis-
played at any Exhibition. We can only point out a few of the
most prominent works.

First in order must be mentioned the productions of the
renowned Florentine sculptor, E. Caroni, professor at the Fine
Arts Academy at Florence, and one of the Italian Commissicm-
ers to the Exhibition. His "Africaine'^ is a masterpiece, the
lineaments showing all the workings of the betrayed woman's
mind. Of a different type is his "Love's Telegram," rep-
resenting a young lady who, during the siege of Paris, being
unable to communicate with her lover by ordinary means, is in
the act of despatching a carrier pi<reon with tha amorous mis-
sive. Then comes *' Love bursting forth from the Egg," a
charming piece of fancy. Next, *^ Christmas Day," bearing a
capon in one hand and good wishes in the other. Then an
exquisite allegory, "Butterfly Youth," which, flying from one
of life's pleasures to another, at last remains entangled in the

534

THE I ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

net of disappointment. In representing children Profes.«or
Caroni has been eminently successftd ; his ''Recreations of a
School GirP^ is as gay as his ''Cold'' is pathetic — in the latter
the tripod containing the charcoal has upset and the shivering
child, hiding her liands under iier frock, looks the very essence
of chilly despair. So also the " Impressions of Cold Water '^

ITALIAN STATUARY IX THE ANXEX TO THE AKT GALLERY.

portray the little bather's mingled feelings of curiosity and
timidity, while the "First Cai)ture" shows the intense delight
of the boy at having caught the little sparrow in his hand.
Professor Romanetti's" Franklin and his Whistle" and "Wash-
ington and his Hatchet" will attract general attention, as will
ilso Zocchi's " Infancy of Benjamin Franklin," where the youth-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 535

ful compositor is setting up his first types. Professor P. Guar-
uerio, of Milan, whose "Washington '' in the Memorial Hall is
already familiar to thousands of visitors, has in the Art Gallery
a fine design of " Raphael in his Youth," and his " Girl Bath-
ing" is full of power. Signor D. Baroaglio, of Milan, who has
already won for himself fame among young Italy's sculptors,
has a colossal piece, " Flying Time." Heedless of the attempts
of Youth, who would detain him. Father Time hurries on; the
parchment scroll of History in his right, the sharp scythe in his
left hand, and forces reluctant Youth on after him. Not less
successful has the sculptor been in his " Blowing Bubbles,"
"Butterfly" and ''First Call," all of which are full of expres-
sion. Signor Renato Peduzzi, of Milan, has shown great
originality in his " Berenice," the inscription on which statue
tells its own tale, " Venus, to thee and other gods I sacrifice
these tresses, shouldst thou return to me from war my spouse^"
Signor Peduzzi's work will not readily be forgotten by any who
have seen it. The distinguished artist, Cavaliere Cantalamessa
Popatti, whose sculpture is almost as well known in America as
it is in Italy, and who is one of his country^s commissioners,
has on this occasion two charming statuettes, " Sunshine " and
"Storm," as also "Love's Morn," all of which are worthy of
the sculptor's reputation. Signor Torelli, of Florence, exhibits
" Eva St. Clair," from " Uncle Tom's Cabin," " Shy Girl," and
a sweet " Little Housekeeper," who, with her broom, is sweep-
ing out of the house envy, hypocrisy, pride, vanity, and
calumny. Professor Bopi, of Milan, has a fine bust of Gari-
baldi, and has been equally happy in his " Hope."

The Italian sculptors have naturally, on this occasion,
brought out the connecting link between Italy and the dis-
covery of our continent, and such productions as D'Amore's
" Night of October 11, 1492," and Zocchi's " Columbus Scanning
the Chart," speak eloquently for themselves. F. Barzaghi, of
Milan, has a number of productions which strikingly denote
the artist's genius. " Phryne before her Judges," "Sylvia
Looking at Herself in the Fountain," " The Finding of Moses,"
and " Blind Man's Buff" will all engage the spectator's atten-

536 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY '

tion, as will also the same sculptor's " First Friend/' represent-
ing a Scotch terrier playing with a lovely child. A little gem of
the same character is R. Pereda's " Joy ; " the beaming counte-
nance of the child in this case will be generally pronounced
perfect. This Milanese artist's productions are all alike chaste
and graceful. In the ^^Rete d'Amore" the girl willingly
allows herself to be entangled in the network of lov(», and draws
the net around her heart. The same#sculptor's ''Motherless
Children/' "Childish Grief/' and "Little Smoker" are all
telling and true. E. Braga, of Milan, has a "Bacchus" and
"Child's Plaything/' both noteworthy/and few will pass by
C. Corti's "Lucifer/' from "Paradise Lost/' without admira-
tion. Zocchi's " Michel Angelo's Chisel in Hand " is a grandly-
conceived work, and not less so is Pazzi's " Episode from the
Divine Comedy." We have scarcely space even to mention
Romanelli's "Madonna of St. Luke's Bologna/' Barcaglia's
" Love Blinds/' Antonio Bottinelli's " Vanity/' Argenti's
"Sleep of the Innocent/' Motelli's "Unwelcome Interruption/'
Bergonzoli's "Angel of Love/' and Sperlini's "Confidence."
C. Pandiani has some finely executed works; his "Moses
Trampling on the Crown " and " Love " will attract the observer,
as will also C. Pagani's "Psyche." Not entirely unnoticed
must we pass over the " David/' a copy in miniature of Michel
Angelo's masterpiece; the "Angelica/' from Tasso's "Freed
Jerusalem/' or the admirably portrayed " Ruth the Gleaner.'*
A. Malfatti's " Disappointment " and " Emancipation/' the lat-
ter in plaster of Paris, will attract considerable attention.
Besides Professor Guarnerio's great works above mentioned,
he has also a number of other productions, among them being
"The Forced Prayer," where the sulky little fellow is repre-
Bented with life-like accuracy; "Vanity," " The Rebuke/' and
the " Last Day of Pompeii." What es|)ecially characterizes this
remarkable exhibition of sculpture is the close attention that
has evidently been given to anatomical study ; every detail is
true to nature, and there is nothing out of harmony with its
surroundings.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 537

The windows of the south hall of the aunex contain a
handsome display of stained glass of American manufacture.

Among the paintings in the Italian section are a number of
good copies of the great works of the Italian masters. Con-
spicuous among these is a copy of Raffaele's "Galileo before the
Inquisition."

The originals are good as a rule. Gilli, of Turin, has a fine
representation of the famous scene between "Arnold of Brescia
and Pope Adrian IV.," in which the pontiff sentenced the great
preacher to death. Fumigalli has a fine picture of " Columbus
in Chains," and ^[archesi an admirable "Interior of the
Sacristy of !Milan." "A View of the Bay of Naples and
Mount Vesuvius," by Smargiassi, and the " Head of a Lady,"
by Romagnoli, are admirable works.

Spain.

The Spanish collection occupies one side of the western gal-
lery of Memorial Hall. It is small, but contains some good
pictures. The best modern work in the collection is "The
Burial of St. Lorenzo," painted at Rome, by Alejo Vera, in
1862. It is a noble picture, and shows well among the older
masters. There is a fine "Christ on the Cross," by IMurillo,
which of cour:^e attracts much attention. Two laro^e paintings
of " The Landing of Columbus," by A. Gisbert and D. Puebla,
and one of " Columbus Demonstrating his Theory to the
Monks of La Rabida," by E. Gano, occupy conspicuous places.
P. Gonzalvo has a fine "Interior of the Cathedral of Sarafiossa "
and A. Domingo exhibits a spirited picture entitled "A Duel."

Srceden,

The Swedish collection occupies the eastern wall of the west
gallery of Memorial Hall, facing that of Spain, and a gallery
in the annex. It is the first opportunity the people of this
country have had to become familiar with Swedish art, and
the collection therefore attracts much attention. The most
prominent painting is Hockert's "Burning of the Royal Palace
at Stockholm." This catastrophe occurred when Charles XII.

638 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

was a mere youth, and the young hero forms the principal
figure in the spirited scene.

Baron Otto Hermelin, the Swedish Commissioner in charcre of
the Art Department, has several of his pictures in the collec-
tion, lliese are " Winter Day in the Neighborhood of Stock-
hohu;" "Poor People's Burying Ground, near Stockholm;"
*'The First Snow;'' "Fishing Harbor, near Stockholm;"
^'On Montmartre, Paris," and "Autumn Day at Djugorden."
Another noble artist, Baron G. Cederstroera, exhibits a clever
painting called " Dark Moments." Miss A. Lindegren's
"Girl with an Orange" is much admired. "Sigurd Ring,
King of Scandinavia and Engl," by Severin Nilsson, is a
stirring scene from the legends of the Vikings. M. E. Winge
has two pictures drawn from the same source, " Ligne Burning
herself on Seeing her Lover Hanged " and " The Viking
Fleet." B. Kordenburg has two good pictures of every day
life, "A Weddnig in a Swedish Country Church" and the
"Killed Sheep." August Jernberg's "Market Day in Dussel-
dorf" is a careful and excellent Avork. He has also another
fine ])icture, "Visitors in the Museum of Amsterdam Kegard-
inc: Kcmbrandt's Ni<:ht AVatch."

Norway.

The Xorweg-Ian collection is divided between a small room
in the southwestern corner of the principal building, the win-
dows of which are filled with American stained glass, and a
gallery in the annex.

Professor Hans Gude has here a fine picture called "A Fresh
Breeze on the Norwegian Coast," and a "Calm in Christiana-
fiord." " Hardengerfiord," by P. Thurman, is also a notable
picture.

The collection in the annex is larger and better than, that in
Memorial Hall. The most notable picture is "A Scene in the
Romsdalsfiord," by A. Norman.

The Neiher lands:

Holland occupies three galleries in the annex, and makes au

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 539

admirable display of the works of ber artists. Tbey are marked
by the same care that characterizes everything attempted by the
people of the Low countries, and it may be safely asserted that
this collection is as rich in excellent paintings as that of any
nation represented in the Exhibition.

First we notice four large copies, by S. Altmann, of Amster-
dam. These are " The Banquet of the Civic Guard, after
Van der Hlest ; " " The Five Masters of the Drapers, after
Rembrandt ;"" The Masters of the Klovenier's Guild at
Harlem, after Frans Hals ; " and '* The Young Bull, after
Paul Potter.''

Among the originals the following are admirable, though the
list does not include all the good pictures of this collection :
" The Church of Trier," by J. Bosboom ; "At Church," by C.
Bisschop ; "The Cat Feigns to be Hanged," by B. H. Gempt :
"Four Weeks after St. John's Day," by J. D. Huybers;
"Landscape on the Mediterranean Coast," J. Hilverdink; "A
Moment of Expectation," by Gerke Henks; "Still Water
near Dordecht," and " View on the Yo in Amsterdam," by E.
Koster; "A Conference," by L. Lingeman ; "Evening on the
Beach," by H. W. ^lesdag ; "A Yiew of Amsterdam in the
Sixteenth Century," by J. A. Rust ; "A Cheese Market in a
Town of JS'orth Holland," by C. Rochussen ; "The Deacons of
the Silversmiths' Guild Conferring a Freeman's Certificate,"
by J. A. B. Stroebel ; "Gleaning," by P. Sadee; "A Barber
Shop in Cairo," by W. de Famars Testas; and "Domestic
Happiness," by H. Yalkenberg.

Belgium.

The Belgian art exhibit in ^lemorial Hall is established in a
little room on the east of the north entrance, and consists of
statuary, bronzes and figures in earth and plaster. The most
conspicuous of these is a life-size group in marble of "A Mother
and her First Child," by Charles Fraikin. There is also a fine
display of Faience ware.

The Belgian paintings occupy three galleries in the annex.
The most prominent are "Autumn on the Meuse," by A. Assel-

510 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

l)erg; "Alias Montaniis VI^^iLing the Printing Oltice of Plontyn
at Antwerp," by Joseph Jii'llemans; "Rome, iVoni the Tiber
near the Quay of Ripetta," by Francis Bossuet; " Greve, Coast
of Brittany," by A. Bouvier ; "The Church of St. Fermo at
Verona," and " The Gate of Wertheim in the Grand Duchy
of Baden," by Jacques Carabain ; " Dante and the Young Girls
of Florence,*' by N. De Keyser ; "' The Sentinel nt the Gate of
the Harem," by George de St. Cyr, a pupil of Portaels ; "The
O'd Hermitase of St. Hubert at Namur," bv Geortje Genisson;
"Sunday at the Convent," by Franz Meerts; "A Woman of
the Roman Campagna," and "A Young Girl ot the Vicinity
of Rome," by Xavier Mellery; "View of Saxenhausen," and
the " Dome of the Invalides," by Robert Mols ; " Scene in
Rotterdam," by Francois Musin ; "Burning of Ruhla, near
Eisenach, in Thuringia," by Ferdinand Pauwels ; " The De-
ception," by Jean Portaels, one of the most eminent artists of
Belgium; "Interior of Hindeloopen," by Peter Sebes ; "A
Christian Martyr under Diocletian," by Ernest Slingmeyer ;
"^yar" and "Rodelta," by Eugene Smits; "The Bad St.
Martin," by Charles Soubre; "The Cave of Diomede, an
Episode of the Destruction of Pompeii," by Joseph Stallaert;
" View of Dordrecht, from the Meuse," and " The House of
the Confraternity of Archers," by Francis Stroobant ; "The
Rhine, between Bonn and Coblcnz," and " Posilipo, near
Naples," by F. R. Unterberger ; " Desdemona," by Jules Van
Kiersbilck ; "After the Rain," and " Morning," by Joseph Van
Euppen; "The Confederates before Margaret of Parma," and
"A Flemish Woman of the Sixteenth Century," by Professor
Franz Vinck ; and " The Hotel de Ville at Alost," by Gustave
Walckiers.

Denmark.

The Danish collection is small, and shares a gallery with
Norway in the annex. The principal works are "The. Dis-
covery of Greenland in A. D. 1000," and "Two Greenland
Pilots," by J. R. C. Rasmussen ; and "A Midsummer Night
under Iceland's Rough Weather," by >yilhelm Melby.

miiiiii!iiii'ii'it

541

542 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

♦ Brazil.

The Brazilian exhibit is not large. It is located in one of
the eastern galleries of the annex. Its most important works
are the large paintings representing scenes in the late war with
Paraguay. These are" The Battle of Hiimaita;'' "The De-
fence of the Island of Cabrito by the Brazilian Army and
Navy ; 'r and " The Naval Battle of Riachnello."

Mexico.

Mexico has a part of a gallery in the annex. Its most im-
portant paintings are " The Valley of ^lexico," by Jose Ma
Valesquez : " Brother Bartholomew de las Casas " and " Gali-
leo," by Felix Pavia ; and " Donna Isabel of Portugal," by
Pelegrin Clav^.

The Photographic Annex.

The space in Memorial Hall and the annex being taken up,
a third building was erected for the exhibition of photographs.
It is of wood, stuccoed, and is situated on the Avenue of the
Republic, east of Memorial Hall and north of the Main Exhi-
bition Building. It contains a large collection of fine photo-
graphs from the United States, Great Britain, Germany,
Austria, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Sweden and
Mexico. ^lany of these are views of the scenery of the
countries to which they belong. The collection may not fairly
represent the progress made by foreign nations in the photo-
graphic art, but such as it is, it shows the United States far in
advance of all the competing countries. A specialty of the
American display is the series of splendid views of the scenery
of the Pacific coast.

A large exhibit is also made of photographic apparatus and
material, and magic lanterns of the better class.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE UNITED STATES GOVEENMENT BUILDING.

Description of tlie Building— The Grounds — Exhibits of the Various Depart-
ments Outside of the Building — The Monitor Turret — The Grent Guns of
the Arruy and Navy — The Postal Cars — The Transit of Venus Exhibit —
Army Trains — Disposition of Space in the Hall — Exhibit of the Post-Office
Department — A Model Post-Office — The Agricultural Department — A Fine
Display — The Interior Department — Exhibit of the Patent Office — His-
torical Relic? — A Rich Display of Indian Curiosities — The Educational
Exhibit — The Census — Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Terri-
tories— A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution— The Animals
and Fislies of the United States — The Mineral Collection — The Treasury
Exhibit — The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches — The Navy Depart-
ment— A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equip-
ment of an American Man-of-War — The Torpedo Service — The War De-
partment— Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service — The Engineer Corps
and its Work — Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post
Hospital — The Laboratory — The Light-House.

'^EXT in size and importance to the five Exhibition build-

ings already described is the edifice erected and coll-
ie trolled by the geneml government of the United States.
i^ It is located on Belmont avenue, north of Machinery

Hall, from which it is separated by the lake. It is
constructed in the form of a cross, with offices built in the con-
cavities of the angles. The main stem of the cross, or nave of
the building, is four hundred and eighty feet long, and the
arras, or transept, three hundred and forty feet long. This is
clear of the entrance, which will protrude ten feet farther on
each end. The building rises to a height of two stories in the
main portions of J^he cross, the upper story having for its sides
long rows of windows which act as skylights for the building.
Spans run clear across the edifice, supporting the roof with the

/ 543

514 THE I ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

a*d of rows of columns built along the main aisle. The whole
design, while very strong, has the appearance of lightness, no
heavy work being visible anywhere. In the middle of the
building, in the centre of tlie angles of the cross, is a dome sur-
mounted by a small cupola, and this again by a flag-staff. The
dome is octagonal in shape, and lighted all around with win-
dows. Around it on the offices mentioned, as in the angles, are
four smaller domes of similar design. The building is placed
on a terrace above the surrounding grounds.

The outside is handsomely painted, the prevailing tints being
brown and wood-color. The lower portion, or main body of
the structure, has a stripe of red at the top; beneath this are the
windows, which are continuous all around. Then comes a
broad band of w'ood-color, with a neat yellow figure placed at
intervals in it ; next a band of dark red, and then the lower
band plain. The dome is of wood-color, and these, with the
black composition roof, give a subdued but pleasing effect at a
distance. The prevailing color inside is wood-color, all the
lower part being so; but it is relieved by small red bands, inter-
spersed with neat geometrical figures. The ceilings of both the
building and dome are painted a dark blue. The main feature,
however, consists of the sides of the building, which are divided
into panels, and these again are subdivided into diamond shape.
Each panel covers much space, and in the centre of each of its
diamonds or lozenges is painted the emblem of the department
of the government there represented. The Agricultural Bureau
has a plow, with stalks of corn and wheat around it; the
Interior Department has a bow and arrows, surmounted by a
tomahawk; the Smithsonian Institute, the skull of an animal,
encircled with a wreath ; the Army, by the lictors' rods and axe ;
the Navy, an anchor and cable ; the Treasury, a shield, with
scales, and beneath a key ; and the Post-Office, the wings of
Mercury, a telegraph pole and a letter. The fisheries are recog-
nized by a writhing fish impaled with a trident. These designs
are innumerable and are very pretty.

Tlie main entrance is quite handsome. It rises to a peak,
and has an immense window and circular top. Columns staud

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 545

on each side, resting on large pedestals. In the columns are
panels, and on these, in relief, is a group of standards crossed
over a drum, on each side of which are cannon balls. The doors
of the main entrance stand out from the building, and are fifteen
feet high. This edifice is designed for the exhibition of the
resources of the United States as a war-power and its internal
resources in time of peace.

The grounds around the building are handsomely laid off.
The space immediately adjoining the edifice is occupied with a
display of heavy ordnance and other objects too large for exhibi-
tion within the building.

On the east side of the building is a sample monitor turret,
such as is used in the iron-clad monitors of the United States
navy. It is constructed of wood, and is a clever imitation of
iron. It contains two formidable fifteen-inch guns, and is pro-
vided with every detail necessary to the showing of its practical
workings. The turret is exhibited by the Navy Department,
which also displays a formidable battery of ship and boat guns
of all sizes and patterns, of brass and iron. Each one is mounted
and equipped as when in active service, and is accompanied with
a number of specimens of the shot and shell used with it. These
guns occupy the space to the south of the building. Here also
the Navy Department exhibits the boat "Faith,^' which was
used by the first Grinnel Arctic Expedition under Lieutenant
De Haven, and the second Grinnel Expedition under Dr. E. K.
Kane. This was one of the three boats in which Kane in 1858,
upon abandoning the "Advance," pushed with the survivors
and stores of the expedition eighty miles over ice to the open
sea, and thence nearly one thousand miles to Disco. It was
brought home by Captain Hartsene, United States navy.

Here also is the boat made out of the wreck of the " Polaris,"
in which a part of her crew escaped in June, 1872, and in which
they were picked up by the Scotch whaler " Ravenscraig," after
their long and perilous voyage in it.

Near the southeastern corner of the building the Post-Office
Department exhibits two postal-cars, one of the style used by
the New York Central, the other the car used by the Pennsyl-
35

546

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 547

vania Railroad. These show the style of car used by the great
trunk roads of the Union for the fast mail service, and illustrate
the entire method of assorting, receiving and delivering the mails
while the train is in motion. The cars rest upon a section of
railroad track laid in the most careful manner and heavily bal-
lasted with stone. This is a special exhibit made by the Penn-
sylvania Railroad, and is designed as a specimen of its own
track and to show what a well-built road should be.

To the westward of the postal-cars the Xavy Department ex-
hibits the frame buildings and instruments used by the American
expedition in the observation of the transit of Venus, December
8-9, 1874.

On the north side of the building the engineer section of the
War Department makes an interesting exhibit of a bridge train,
with pontoons, wagons, etc., and a large display of army wagons
is made by the quartermaster's branch of the service. On the east
side of the building the "War Department exhibits its heavy ord-
nance. Here are a huge ten-inch Woodbridge rifle gun, which
uses a charge of seventy pounds of powder with a four hundred
pound ball, and a twelve-inch Thompson rifle, weighing 84,280
^^ounds, firing a six hundred pound shot, for which one hundred
and twenty pounds of powder are used. The latter is a breach-
loader, and one of the most interesting guns in the Exhibition.
Close by is a thirteen-inch sea-coast mortar, which uses a two
hundred ■ pound shell. A Sutcliffe rifle breach-loading gun is
also shown. It uses a two hundred and thirty pound shot and
forty-five pounds of powder. The most formidable gun in the
collection is the twenty-inch Rodman, which is a muzzle-loader,
and fires a one thousand and eighty pound ball, with a charge
of two hundred pounds of powder.

At the northeast corner of the building are two vertical en-
gines which supply the motive power for the machinery within
the hall.

The cost of the building and of the display of the articles it
contains was provided for by an appropriation by Congress
on the 3d of March, 1875. The amount appropriated was
§505,000, and it was expressly provided that not more than

548 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

$150,000 should be expended in the construction of the build'
ing. The actual cost of the edifice was $110,000. The floor
space is divided among the various departments as follows :

To the War Department 11,200

To the Navy Department 10,400

To the Interior Department 20,600

To the Treasury Department 3,000

To the Post-Office Department 3,800

To the Smithsonian Institution, including the Fish Commission. . .26,600
To the Agricultural Department 6,000

Total 81,600

The main body of the building and its transept are traversed
centrally by walks, which cross in the centre under the rotunda,
or lantern, crossing the intersection. The principal arm of the
cross consists of three aisles, which have side-lights beneath the
eaves, the central aisle rising above the side aisles and having
ventilators at the comb. The transept has but a single aisle.

Entering the building we find it one of the handsomest and
most attra'itive of the great halls of the Exhibition. It is taste-
fully painted, as has been said, and is gayly decorated with flags
and streamers, draped and festooned overhead.

The Post- Office Department.

Commencing our tour of exploration at the south door, we
give our attention first to the Post-Office Department, which
occupies a portion of the southeastern section of the building.
It lies east of the transept, but does not reach quite to the nave
of the building.

The principal portion is taken up "with the Post-office of the
Centennial Exhibition. It is constructed of black walnut and
plate glass, and is fitted up in the handsomest style. All letters
for the army of exhibitors and employes engaged within the
grounds are received and delivered from this office. There is
a system of lock-boxes, a general delivery and a carrier's de-
partment, each of which is designed as a specimen of this
branch of the service. Money orders, both domestic and
foreign, are issued and paid here, and there is also a depart-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 549

ment of registered letters. The office is a branch of the Phila-
delpliia Post-Office, and is in charge of Postmaster Fairman
and a special force of clerks. The government has provided a
special stamped envelope, which may be purchased here, as a
souvenir of the Exhibition, and which is good for postage all
over the Union.

The railway mail service is shown by the postal cars without
the building, to which we have alluded, and by small models
inside the building.

The Topograpkicol Division exhibits a series of splendid
railway and general postal route maps, and maps showing the
location of the money order offices.

The Division of Boohs and Blanks exhibits specimens«of all
the books, blanks, etc., letter scales, marking and rating stamps
used by the department.

The Mail Equipment Division exhibits leather pouches for
letter mails, canvas bags for printed and miscellaneous matter ;
also registered letter mail bags, mail locks of the pattern now
in use, and those which were formerly used but have been
thrown aside by the department.

From the Stamps, Stamped Envelope and Postal Card Di-
vision we have a complete exhibit of all the stamps, stamped
envelopes and postal cards ever used by the department, and
specimens of registered letter envelopes and post-office official
envelopes now in use. Here also is a machine in operation
which cuts, folds, stamps, gums and counts stamped envelopes,
taking the paper in rolls and turning it out in packs of com-
pleted and stamped envelopes; and another engaged in the
manufacture of postal cards.

Around the walls of the space occupied by the Post-Office
Department are hung portraits of the postmasters-general of
the various periods of our history ; and in a glass case is ex-
hibited the ledger used by Benjamin Franklin while post-
master-general of the North American colonies.

The Agricultural Department

The exhibit of the Agricultural Department is large and

550 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

exhaustive, and is made mainly in handsome glass show-casefe
of large size.

The Statistical Division exhibits large outline maps of the
United States, showing forest areas ; the extent and value of
farming lands, and amount of production, by counties ; charts
and diagrams showing the amount of special products, by sec-
tions, and statistics of farm animals, and other matters relating
to the agricultural industries of the country. These maps are
divided into spaces of different sizes and colors, which are
arranged and numbered with reference to a carefully adjusted
schedule printed in one corner of each map.

The Chemical Division exhibits specimens of soils arranged
in the order "of their geological formation, comprising marls,
calcareous earths, green sand and phosphatic marls. Then
come phosphatic rocks, animal and vegetable fertilizers, and a
combination of the three in a manufactured state. The next
feature, the utilization of vegetable products, is illustrated by
means of specimens, beginning with the product in its natural
state and proceeding through the various stages of manufacture
to the finished article. It comprises the manufacture of flour,
meal and starch from cereals ; of sugar from cane, beet-root,
maple and sorghum, and exhibits models of the machinery used
in the manufacture of these. The fermentation is shown of
starchy substances from which beer, ale and porter are made,
and also the distillation of whiskey. A model still and plans
of notable American distilleries are exhibited. Then are seen
the fermentation and distillation of sugar, molasses and fruits,
resulting in a complete set of samples of American wines, these
in turn being distilled and converted into brandy. Following
up the systematically arranged display, the visitor witnesses the
preservation of fruits and vegetables by hermetically sealing in
glass or tin, packing in sugar and syrup, or desiccation ; the
manufacture, with the assistance of leaves, barks, herbs and
roots, of concentrated extracts from hemlock or oak ; the manu-
facture of dye-stuffs ; the distillation of dry wood by heating in
closed retorts, free from air ; the manufacture of pyroligneous
acids, acetate of lead and other acetates used as mordants in the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 551

process of dyeing ; the manufacture of linen, cotton and woollen
goods, paper, tobacco and snuff; of vegetable oils, and from
these in turn of fancy soap, and also of the eighteen different
essential oils that comprise the whole number manufactured in
this country. Then follow an illustration of the manufacture
of butter and cheese; a specimen of phosphate rock from South
Carolina, weighing 1150 pounds, and a display of materia
medica, separated either in the crystalline form, the oil or the
resin from the active proximate principle."

The Botanical Division is perhaps the richest and most com-
plete in the department. The display of the wood growth of
the country is exhaustive. At the foot of the cases stand many
hundred sections of logs, overhead in the case being specimens
of the foliage of their respective trees. Next to Horticultural
Hall and grounds this spot affords the botanist the greatest
delight which the Centennial can give him. From the sub-
tropical growth of the Gulf and Southwestern States up to the
hardy coniferee of Maine and the Northwest there is not a tree
of importance which is not here represented. The patience of
the curious is sorely taxed in counting the rings of old stagers
that had reached the hey-day of their growth two hundred
years before Columbus first saw Guanahani, and of some that
had doubtless sheltered weary aborigines while Louis of France
was battling for the cross in Palestine. Most of these interest-
ing specimens were obtained from the Sierra Nevada mountains,
in California. The principal of those of which accurate statistics
can be given are as follows : one of a sugar pine, 175 feet high
and 27 feet in circumference at the base, and 588 years old. the
section having been made at a diameter of 7 feet 2 inches ; one
of a soft, white pine, 130 feet high, 25 feet in circumference ar
the base, and 510 years old, the section having been made at a
diameter of 6 feet 6 inches, and one of a red silver fir, 162 feet
high, 30 feet in diameter at the base, tapering for 100 feel
before the first branch was reached, and 392 years old. All
these grew on the Sierra Nevada. There is also one of a
twisted pine from the Rocky mountains, 123 feet high, 22 feet
in diameter at the base, and 297 years old. A curious exhibit

552 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

for most folk in the Middle States is that of the many varieties
of native oak and the remarkable want of resemblance among
them in regard to foliage, the tan-bark oak of California, for
instance, having velvety, willow-shaped leaves, while those of
the black-jack oak of the Southern Atlantic States are bell-
shaped. In the grain of the wood, also, the same wide di-
vergency exists. Whik the canon live oak of the Southwest
has a smooth bark and fine grain, the post oak of this region is
rugged both in bark and grain.

The Microscopical Division exhibits a series of water-color
drawings representing the family of cryptogamia, with mag-
nified spores, showing the several stages of the various diseases
to which they are subject; also preparations illustrating the
characteristics of poisonous and edible mushrooms common to
the United States; illustrations displaying the varied character
of the starch granules of plants; drawings and illustrations ex-
plaining the method of distinguishing vegetable and animal
fibres, their kind and quality; drawings displaying vegetable
and animal cellulose and starches, and illustrating methods of
detecting them in organizations.

The Entomological Division contains collections of models of
the fruits and vegetables of the United States ; stuffed specimens
of birds, beneficial and injurious to farmers and orchardists ;
stuflPed specimens of the various types of poultry of this country ;
a collection of the grains and cereals of the Union; a collection
of the textile fabrics of the United States, with specimens of
their manufacture ; specimens of tobacco from different tobacco-
producing sections of the United States ; and a mounted collec-
tion of beneficial and injurious insects.

The Hm^ticultural Division exhibits specimens of economic and
utilizable plants, showing methods of growth, culture, etc., grapes,
cotton, tobacco, flax, broom corn, jute, corn, sorghum, yucca
fibres, etc.

77?^ Interior Department.

The exhibit of the Interior Department occupies the south-
west section of the building, and is large and interesting. The
most of the articles are shown in glass cases.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 653

The Patent Office, — The display made by this, the oldest and
best known branch of the Interior Department, is large and
exceedingly interesting. First of all are shown the publications
of the office, consisting of the annual reports, official gazette ;
index to patents, general and yearly ; volumes of patents,
monthly and weekly; decisions of the Commissioner of Patents;
mechanical dictionary ; and official classification.

A selected series of 60,000 drawings of models, and a selected
series of 5000 models, all carefully chosen from the vast collec-
tions of the Patent Office, are shown to serve in illustration of
the work of the office. They embrace the following classes:
agriculture, harvesters, mills and presses, architecture, civil
engineering, railways, navigation, metallurgy, metal-working,
wood-working, steam, hydraulics, pneumatics, mechanical move-
ments, hoisting, horse-powers, journals and bearings, vehicles,
fire-arms, textile, printing and stationery, stone, clay, glass,
leather, light, heat, electricity, household, chemistry, gas, ice, and
fine arts. Extending over so wide a range, these models aiford
a fair showing of the ingenuity and success of our country in the
inventive arts, and furnish food for months of study. The
exhibit is admirably classified, and if a man wants to find a model
of a certain stove, he has only to look in the division of heat ;
if he wants to find a certain reaper, he will find it in the divi-
sion of agriculture ; and so on throughout the list.

The National Museum makes a deeply interesting exhibit of
a case filled with relics of the illustrious Father of his Country.
They consist of the camp equipage and other articles used by
General Washington during the Revolution. They are just as
he left them at the close of the w^ar, and were given to the
general government for safe-keeping after his death. Here are
the tents which constituted the head-quarters in the field of the
great soldier. Every cord, every button, and tent-pin is in its
place, for he was careful of little things. His blankets, the bed-
curtain worked for him 'by his wife, and his window-curtain, are
all in an excellent state of preservation. The chairs are in per-
fect order, not a round being broken ; and the little square mirror
in his dressing-case is not even cracked. The washstand and

554 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

table are also well kept. His knife-case is filled with plaiu,
horn -handle knives and forks, which were deemed "good enough
for him ; " and his mess chest is a curiosity. It is a plain wooden
trunk covered with leather, with a common lock, the hasp of
which is broken. It is divided by thin partitions of wood into
the necessary compartments, which are filled with bottles still
stained with the liquids they once held, tin plates, common knives
and forks, and other articles pertaining to such an establishment.
His cooking utensils, bellows, andirons, and money chest, all of
which went with him from Boston to Yorktown, are in this case.
Here also hangs the suit of clothes worn by him upon the occa-
sion of his resignation of his commission at Annapolis, in 1783,
and here is the commission which he gave back to Congress,
when he had completed his great work. A hall lantern and
several articles from Mount Vernon, a " travelling secretary,"
Washington's sword and cane, and a surveyor's compass, pre-
sented by him to Captain Samuel Duvall, the surveyor of
Frederick county, Maryland, are in the same case.

This collection includes also the coat worn by Andrew Jackson
at the battle of New Orleans, and the war-saddle of the Baron
de Kalb ; a bayonet used by one of Braddock's soldiers, and
found upon the fatal field of the Monongahela ; panels of the
state coach of President Washington; two splendidly orna-
mented muskets presented to President Jefferson by the Emperor
of Morocco ; a copy of the medal awarded by Congress to the
captors of Major Andre; a number of splendid sabres presented
to officials of the United States navy by Ali Pacha and other
eastern sovereigns ; and a model of an invention for lifting
steamboats over the sand-bars of western rivers, designed by
Abraham Lincoln in 1849. Had Mr. Lincoln, then an obscure
Western lawyer, succeeded with this invention, it would have
made him independently wealthy. It failed, however, and
twelve years later he became President of the United States.
During the interval, the model lay forgotten in the Patent
Office ; but after his inauguration. President Lincoln got one of
the employes of the office to find it for him. After his assassina-
tion it was placed in the case containing the Washington relics.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 555

The Pension Office exhibits its annual reports, and the statis-
tics of its operations, together with some collections of historical
.'interest relating to the war of tlie Revolution.

The General Land Office exhibits its annual reports, volumes
of the laws of Congress relating to the public lands, digests of
the decisions of the Commissioner, and other documents. It
displays also maps, charts, and atlas of surveys, miscellaneous
collections, and instruments and processes employed in the land
survey.

The Indian Office makes the largest and most interesting
exhibit in this section of the building. It embraces the reports
and other publications of the office, maps of the Indian Reserva-
tions, photographs and paintings of the Indians, their mode of
life, habits, etc., costumes of males and females, weapons of war,
models of wigwams, tents, canoes, domestic utensils, and speci-
mens of the arts and manufactures of the tribes. Captain Jack,
Split Oak, Dull Hatchet, Clumsy Moccasin and other famous or
obscure Indian braves are here in all the glory of life-size papier-
mache and stuffing, streaked on the face with red paint, and
wearing the head-dress of feathers.

Some of them appear to take pains in displaying their neck-
laces of grizzly bears' claws, others their belts full of dangling
scalps, and still a third number deerskin tunics and breeches,
and a lavish decoration of bead and shell work. Sheet Light-
ning prides in a remarkable set of ear-drops which, if somewhat
decreased in avoirdupois, would make first-rate car-couplings or
thunder-bolts; and Iron Breast gazes grimly from behind a
beaded sash of many colors that girds a puny trunk, a FEmpe-
reur, from shoulder to waist on the opposite side. The squaws
of the Californian braves stand patient-looking and ready to hew
down trees or turn up an acre or two of wild land with a rude
spade-shaped piece of rock, while the lords and masters squat
away in the huts, effecting a chemical change in tobacco. These
copper-hued matrons, and also the unmarried belles, win the
admiration of the warriors with necklaces of dried grass, aprons
of braided grass, and short gowns of milk-weed fibre, some of the
matrons adding to their embellishments the pappoose basket.

656 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The little, puckered-mouthed, pug-nosed Esquimaux, with
his slight sprinkling of a moustache and "goat,'^ is also exhibited.
Arm-in-arm with him, and still more diminutive than himself,
is his wife. Both are dressed in the white bear-skin garment,
which is hood and coat combined. \¥ith the exception of their
faces there is between every portion of their bodies and the out-
side air a thickness of several inches of non-conducting substance,
and it will be wonderful if they can stand a Philadelphia Fourth
of July. Proceeding along the passages bounded on both sides
by glass show-cases the visitor sees in the latter vessels of plaited
willow, resembling baskets, but having the interstices filled with
cement, so as to hold water, arrow-heads varying in size from
the bulk of a three-cent silver piece to half that of a man's hand,
made of copper, sand-stone, flint, iron, or stones of pretty colors,
and bows and arrows of sizes differing to suit all, from the little,
naked, prospective warrior, who is made to practise against a
target, up to the veteran over the door of whose tent hang the
scalps of four-score pale faces.

There is no lack of baskets and cradles of willow, in which
kicked and squalled many a hard-knocked pappoose. The
medicine man's rattle is also shown. With this magic apparatus
the red-skinned physician rattles the demon of sickness or that
raw head and bloody bones, known as the " blues '' (a thing the
red man often gets), out of patient and out of camp. It some-
times happens, however, that the rattle proves inefficacious, but
this signifies that the patient is loathsome in the eyes of the
Great Spirit, and not that the medicine man is a hoax.

Passing by the innumerable wooden mush-sticks, iron war-
knives, wooden war-clubs and stone spear-heads, the visitor
comes to a model of a portion of an ancient cave ruin on the
Kio de Chelly, in Arizona ; -also a model of an ancient cave town
on the same river, and near the same place as the former. These
models are in natural tints, and tHe crumbling walls seen within
the spacious cave are not yet so far gone as to prevent one from
observing the stamp of a prehistoric and high civilization. The
cliff ruin, on the Rio Mancos, Colorado, is also represented by
a model, and belongs to the same school as the preceding. There

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 557

is, besides, a collection of broken pottery, arrow and spear-heads,
fancy articles of bone, inlaid with shell, and other specimens —
all taken from these ruins. Then comes a long array of articles
of bone-smoothing tools, wedges, perforators, harpoon heads,
fifes and whistles. The objects of stone are innumerable, and
comprise pestles and mortars ; a Mexican calendar, which is a
circular object, about a foot in diameter, marked with concentric
circles enclosing strange symbols, and used by the Aztecs pretty
much as a Yankee uses his almanac; grooved axes, hammer
stones, leaf-shaped implements, digging tools, hatchet stones,
chisels, gouges, adzes, scraper-like and spade-like implements,
net-sinkers, grind-stones, etc. Articles made of copper or shells
are equally numerous. Tobacco pipes of stone or clay, and in
the shape of dogs, cats, buffaloes, rattlesnakes, fairies or hob-
goblins, fill several cases. There are fiendish-looking little
household gods made of bone, inlaid with shell, manufactured
by Alaskan Indians, and knives, spoons, forks, etc., excellently
carved from bone by the Nushergak Indians of that territory
and by the Innuit Esquimaux. A curious feature is a reduced
copy of a colossal carving at Fort Simpson, B. C, representing
the body and outspread wings of a bird with the head of a dog.
The Indian tradition is that this was the sacred bird which
brought over their ancestors from Asia. Copies of the sacred
bird are found in various forms all through Alaska. Having
passed through all these and the great number of dishes and
trays of carved wood, those executed by the Indians of Sitka
island being of especial merit, the visitor enters into an examina-
tion of the methods pursued in and the work accomplished by
the Indian schools, which is deeply interesting.

In the nave between the sections of the Interior Depart-
ment and the Smithsonian Institute is an immense canoe dug
out of a single log of wood by the Indians of Vancouver's
island. It is sixty feet in length, with a breadth of beam of
eight feet.

Here, also, are two large "totem posts," from the Pacific
coast. These posts . are common among the Indian tribes of
that region. To the uninformed, these " totem posts " look like

558 . THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

rude idols of wood, reared in front of, and toweritig high above
the houses of the natives, but in reality they are nothing but a
sort of illustrated pedigree or family tree, or more simply,
*' name posts." The Indian, when he takes a name for himself
from some real or supposed feature in his character, such as
"The Dove,'^ "The Shark," is accustomed to tattoo the rude
figure of the animal suggested by his name upon his arm or
breast. The northwest coast Indians still further illustrate their
names and family history by erecting in front of their houses
tall posts of cedar, cut into combinations of human and animal
forms. Each of these representations illustrates a generation in
the pedigree of the owner. These posts are not worshipped,
though they are supposed by the Indians to exercise a protect-
ing influence over their houses.

The Education Office is in charge of its Commissioner, Gen-
eral John Eaton. It makes an interesting exhibit of models of
country and town school-houses of the past and present times,
and college buildings; specimens of school furniture and appa-
ratus ; a collection of school text books, showing the progress
made in these works from those used at the opening of the
century to those in use to-day ; catalogues of colleges, schools,
and charitable and benevolent institutions; statistics of educa-
tion in the United States ; the reports and publications of the
office; and a number of other matters of interest connected with
the progress and present condition of the educational systems
of this and other countries.

The Census Offtce exhibits a complete set of the Decennial
censuses of the United States from 1790 to 1870, with the
"Statistical Atlas of 1870."

The Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories is
shown by the reports and bulletins of the various expeditions,
topographical and geographical atlases, wall maps and charts,
panoramic photographs, paintings, etc. The windows in this
section of the hall are filled with photographs of the scenery
and geological formations of the vast region between the Rocky
and Sierra Nevada mountains. The geological formation of
noted peaks, plateaux, and valleys of this region is shown by

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 559

means of topographical plaster work, variously colored, the
colors being numbered with reference to an explanatory sched-
ule. There are also models of the present condition of the
ancient cliff habitations of the aboriginal inhabitants of Arizona
and New Mexico and models of the same restored.

The Smithsonian Institution and Commission on American

Food Fishes.

The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution is full of interest-
to the ordinary sight-seer, as well as to the scholar. The pub-
lications of the institution, its contribution to general knowl-
edge, and its method of exchange with foreign institutions are
sliown.

Then follows an exhibit of the Collection to Illustrate the
Animal Resources of the United States. This is very complete,
and is in charo;e of Mr. G. Browne Goode. The exhibit is
divided into four sections. The first section includes North
American animals which are directly beneficial or injurious to
man. The species which supply food, clothing, shelter, imple-
ments, materials, or amusement, are classed as useful, while
those which endanger the life or personal comfort of man, or
destroy those animals or plants which are of direct benefit to
liim, are considered injurious. The most prominent group in
this section is a collection of pennepedia, such as fur-seals, sea-
lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-elephants, and walrus.

There are two specimens of stuffed walrus exhibited, one from
the Xorth Atlantic and the other from the Xorth Pacific. The
last mentioned is one of the most striking objects in the collec-
tion, as it is fully fifteen feet in length and possessed of hard,
strong horns, almost two feet long. Its fur is of a soft dark
brown, which contrasts strangely with its ferocious appearance.
A harp seal exhibited near is equally ugly, while the monster
sea-lion stands with lionine head and body erect, looking for all
tlie world like some king of the forest suddenly turned into a
lion-mermaid or merman. The fur-seals are all beautiful crea-
tures, gracefully proportioned and clothed with the soft, rich,
brown fur which gives them so great a commercial value. Near

560 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

this collection is a group of fissipedia, such as bears, wolves,
foxes, etc. These animals are classified as both useful and
injurious to man, some of them being valuable as food, others
for their fur, ivory, etc., while they are injurious as being the
enemies either of man or domestic animals. In this group a
magnificent specimen of the grizzly bear is shown, and also
large polar bears.

A few steps further on is an entirely different group, com-
posed of representative species of the ungulata. There are
among these two musk oxen from Arctic America, both much
resembling the American bison in general appearance, but
having the horns gracefully curved downwards instead of up-
wards. A pretty prong-horn antelope from the Yellowstone
river stands near these ferocious looking animals, and immedi-
ately behind it is a rare specimen of the American elk. This
animal stands over five feet ten inches high, while its head
towers almost two feet above its body. The antlers stretch far
above both, and in spite of their seeming weight and angular
lines give the animal an air of grace and lightness combined
with strength. Two very homely Rocky mountain goats are
seen near this noble animal, and the contrast is not compli-
mentary to the goats, whose blunted features, grizzly beards,
and awkward forms are thus brought out in unpleasantly bold
relief.

The Rocky mountain sheep exhibited is a much more comely
animal, its large, heavy horns having a sickle shape, which
lessens the effect of their length and weight. A mule-deer
from Central America is not a particularly interesting animal,
but near it is a beautiful specimen of the woodland caribou,
captured in Maine ; it is of a lovely fawn color, and has long
sinewy limbs, denoting both strength and fleetness. Another
caribou, from the northeastern part of the continent, attracts
much attention by its tremendous antlers, which seem entirely
out of proportion. Several Virginia deer and two large bison
are also exhibited, and not far from them is a peccary, which,
except in size, much resembles the wild boar of England.
There is no exhibit of birds, reptiles, or insects, although the

v,l. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 5G

uses of many of them are shown in another portion of the
department.

In addition to a full display of water and land animals then>
are also exhibited the various means employed in their pursuit
and capture by hunters, trappers, and fishermen of Xortli
America, aboriginal and civilized. This collection may be
regarded as a monograph of all matters relating to the chase
and the fisheries of the country. In its arrangement the prin-
ciples of zoological classification have been closely followed,
each distinct torm being considered as a species, and the
specific forms divided into genera, families, and orders, accord-
ing to the general balance of the affinities. Thus, barbed instru-
ments are placed with hooked instruments, while plain spears
and lances are grouped with knives and clubs, in order to pre-
serve the idea of their manner of use. The weapons in the first
group consists of instruments used for striking, such as salmon
clubs, used by the Indians of the northwest coast, fishing clubs,
and hunting clubs of various kinds. Among these are the
stone-headed and tooth and bone-pointed clubs, and clubs armed
with metal points, all of which have been used by the abo-
rigines. Then there is a large collection of hunting-dirks,
daggers, hunting-knives, scalp-knives, blubber-knives, board-
ing, bowie, flaying, splitting, breeding and sheath -knives.
Among the group of axes are tomahawks, hatchets, boat-
hatchets, cleavers and whale spades.

There is a large display of fishing and whale lances, himting
spears, and prodding awls used in the piercing of the brain in
killing fish for the table. In the second division are the grasp-
ing instruments, or those by which the power of the fingers is
extended. These are classified with scoops, which include
clam-shovels, trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals,
hand-dredges used in collecting mollusks, pile-scrapers, etc. ;
hooked instruments, such as gaif-hooks, jigs, grappling irons,
lip-hooks or grapnels (used by whalers and oyster-rakers).
Among the barbed instruments are harpoons, spears of various
kinds, lily-irons, and dolphin-irons. There is also a large dis-
play of oyster and coral tongs, jerk-snares, lariats, and lassos,
36

562 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and bird-slings used by the Esquimaux. There are likewise
dredge-tangles used by English collectors. In the group of
missiles are exhibited weight and dead-falls, the throw-sticks
used by the Moqui Indians, of New Mexico, in hunting I'abbits;
boomerangs, slings, and spears, thrown by straps ; spears, with
throwing-sticks, used by the Esquimaux; bows and arrows,
cross-bows, air-guns, water-guns, etc. All these implements
are very curipus, and while many of them are familiar to all,
many more are now rarely seen, even on exhibition, and never
seen in use.

The collection of firearms is equally interesting, as it includes
guns and pistols from the most primitive form known to hun-
ters to the beautiful rifles and revolvers of the present. The
display begins with a number of muzzle-loading arms with
smooth bores, muskets, fowling-pieces, cane-guns, and so on
upward through various kinds of rifles and rifle-carbines to
breech-loading arms. In the latter group are revolving car-
bines, pistols, revolvers, whaling-guns and harpoon guns. The
various kinds of ammunition used are shown in the same de-
partment, and include shot, explosive bullets, shells, wadding,
shot and powder measure, and cartridges. Even the accessories
of loading, cleaning, repairing, sighting, and testing firearms of
all kinds used in hunting are also shown in the same department.

In another group are arranged angling tackle of all kinds,
set tackle, angling apparatus, and nets of every conceivable
shape and size, from the rabbit nets used by the Indians of the
Southwest to the largest seines. Among the traps are pocket-
traps, pit-falls, turkey-traps, the old-fashioned figure four rabbit-
traps, snares, springers, automatic dead falls, spring-guns, etc.
The various kinds of apparatus used for wholesale destruction,
such as poisons, asphyxiators, torpedoes, etc., are all represented
in another group, and it is in fact difficult to conceive how such
an exhibition could be made mgre complete.

This section also includes an exhibit of the means of
utilizing the various animals for food, and for the uses of com-
merce and manufacture, and of preserving them for scientific
use.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 563

The Collection to Illustrate the Fishery Resources of the United
States is exhibited in connection with the display of the Smith-
sonian Institution, and is partly covered by the collection just
described. It is very large and valuable, as it embraces photo-
graphs or plaster casts of almost all the fishes found in the lakes,
rivers, streams, bays, and coasts of North America. The ex-
hibit includes in the pedeculati sea-bats or devil-fish, goose-fish
used for bait, mouse-fish, etc. ; and, in the next genera, sun,
rabbit, porcupine, swell, box, trunk, cow, file, and trigger-fish.
From the porcupine-fish helmets are made, while oils used in
medicine are obtained from the sun-fish. The sea-horse, pipe-fish,
snipe, and trumpet-fish and sticklebacks are next exhibited, and
near them are species of the teleocephali, such as soles, flounders,
flat-fish, turbot, halibut, cod, pollock, haddock, hake, ling, cusk,
turbot, rockling, lance, etc. In the next group are casts of the
wolf-fish, blenny, toad-fish, sea-snail, goby, sea-robin, gwinard,
sculpin, sea-raven, Norway haddock or hemdurgun, redfish,
rock-cod, from the western coast ; black-fish or tautog, cunner or
chogset, parrot-fish, from the Pacific. There is also in this col-
lection some fine samples of the sturgeon, anglo, sword, bayonet,
and scabbard-fish ; several casts of chactodous mackerel, cero,
tunny, bonito, pompana, pilot-fish, and dolphin.

The more common inhabitants of our waters, such as bass,
porgies, perch, blue-fish, etc., are all represented by casts taken
from excellent specimens. Several fine casts of the gar-fish and
flying-fish attract much attention, and near them is a group of
haplomiy such as blind-fish, pike, pickerel, etc. Among the
more interesting specimens are casts of the clumaira or king of
the herrings, skates, devil-fish, and sharks. These enemies of
man and fishes possess many interesting peculiarities which can
be studied at leisure and in safety at the Government Building,
and are, of course, objects of no little curiosity.

All the apparatus used in the capture of these animals is ex-
hibited in another part of the building, and this display includes
angling tackle of all kinds, from the delicate fly to the shark
gear, set tackle, such as surface, floating trowl, and bottom set
lines, together with all the parts and accessories of angling

564 THE ILLUSTEAIED HISTORY

apparatus and of harpoon and seine lines. Among these are
trout, salmon, cod and halibut hooks, jigs, and the blue-fish
drails made of bone and metal of the Newport, Noank, Provi-
dence, and Proviucetown patterns. Adjoining this is a display
of whalers' chains and lines, fluke chains and ropes, head-picks,
blocks, pendants, sinkers, seine-floats, reels, gun wale- winches,
dredge-line rollers, seine-windlasses, etc.

A most interesting subdivision of this department is a collec-
tion of boats used in fishing. These include birch canoes and
the whaling canoes used by the Indians of the northwest coast,
Kyaks, Umiaks, Indian raft-boats, launches, ancient "dug-outs,"
scowls, oyster-boats, seine boats for lake and sea use, Potomac
seine-boats, dorys, sharpnis, dingies, the Italian fishing-boats
now used in California, Adirondack, and Alexandria bay boats,
and mackerel and oyster smacks. The herring, Mackinaw,
Huron, Norwegian, and other boats used in the great lake
fisheries are also exhibited by models. Near the western boun-
dary of the section are five cases filled with models of fishing
craft used by Indians. These implements are of course, rude
in construction, and yet they are evidently well adapted for the
purposes for which they were intended. On three of these cases
are placed specimens of the Atwood shark, a man-eater found
in the Atlantic ocean, and the sand-shark and horse-mackerel
which inhabit the waters off the eastern coast of America.

In one larw, handsome case is exhibited bv models the means
of pursuit and capture of the whale, and the manner in which it
is prepared for market. In the centre of a green, wavy surface,
representing the ocean is a beautiful model of a full-rigged whaler,
while a little farther off is a whale-boat and a crew in pursuit
of their prey. The harpooning or striking the whale is shown
by another model, while,- in still another, is a boat-crew watch-
ing the animal in its "death-flurry.'' Some of the dangers of
whaling are represented by a boat in the jaws of the enraged
monster of the deep, wdiile the crew are struggling in the waves.
By the side of the ship is a whale just captured, and the man-
ner in which the pieces are drawn on board is shown by a com-
plete reproduction of all the implements and apparatus neces-

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 565

sary for the work. The oil is taken from the head ia buckets,
but the pieces of the back are hauled one at a time on board,
and from this flesh oil of a second grade is obtained by boiling.
Not far from this is a case of models of fish-ways of all kinds,
and workmen are now engaged in arranging the exhibit of
hooks, which will complete the display.

The Collection to Illustmte the Ethnology of the United States
is exhibited conjointly with that of the Indian Bureau of the
Interior Department, and is in charge of Dr. Charles Row. It
comprises objects of flaked and chipped, and pecked, ground and
polished stone, used by the primitive inhabitants of America,
such as arrow and spear-heads, perforators and scrapers, cut-
ting and sawing implements, chisels, gouges, axes, hammers,
adzes, ceremonial weapons, stone vessels, pipes, tubes, orna-
ments and sculptures; objects of copper, bone, shell, pottery
and terra cotta ware; carvings on wood; skulls; mummies;
samples of food, and models, drawings and samples of articles
of common use to illustrate the habits, daily life, pastimes, re-
ligion and warfare of the ancient Indian tribes.

The Collection to Illustrate the Mineral Resources of the
United States is in charge of W. P. Blake. The principal
objects of this collection of the useful ores and minerals of the
country have been to illustrate : 1st. The nature and variety of
the mineral resources of the United States; 2d. The geographi-
cal distribution and geological associations of the minerals ; 3d.
The extent to which they have been utilized ; 4th. The me-
chanical, metallurgical and chemical processes by which they
are extracted or converted into useful products; 5th. The in-
herent and comparative qualities of the extractive products. A
portion of the collection is arranged according to the nature of
the objects, irrespective of locality, but the bulk of the exhi-
bition is grouped geographically by States. There is also a
section devoted to models and drawings, and one to geological
maps and graphic charts. This collection occupies the north-
east portion of the Government Building, upon the right of the
main aisle.

566 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Treasury Department.

Tlie exhibit of the Treasury Department is small, and is
located in the north end of the building. It is confined chiefly
to the Revenue Departments.

Specimens of all the treasury notes, fractional currency and
other bills issued by the government, and notes of various de-
nominations issued by national banks, are displayed by the
Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

In a small but handsomely fitted-up court the Supervising
Architect of the Treasury exhibits a fine plaster model of the
Custom House and Post-office at Nashville, Tennessee, and
drawings of the custom houses and post-offices of the principal
ports of entry of the Union. Here is a case of all the medals
struck at the United States Mint, at Philadelphia, and here are
samples of all the rev^enue stamps used by the Treasury in its
various branches. Samples of liquors in barrels, and tobacco in
packages are exhibited, in order to show the mode of collecting
the revenue upon these articles ; and here are samples of the
testing apparatuses and scales, and the locks used by the
department.

The Coast Survey Office exhibits maps and charts of the
coast and the various rivers, bays, harbors, etc., of the country,
with models of the appliances by which the work of this branch
of the public service is carried on.

The LigJithouse Board exhibits specimens of the various
lights used on our coast, and of the means employed to supply
the various light stations both ashore and afloat. Here is a
large rotarylantern, one of the most striking objects to be seen
within the building. This beautiful piece of workmanship
stands over fifteen feet from the floor, and is covered wdth prisms
which gleam like the fabled gems of the Orient. But these
pretty pieces of crystal are not placed in the lantern for orna-
ment ; every prism has its individual duty to perform in so
refracting the rays of light that they will gleam out upon the
night, not in diverging and ever-weakening directions, but in
parallel lines which retain their brightness for miles. Reflect-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 567

ors are also used, and as these are parabolical in shape the
effect is the same; every ray is caught and reflected in a band
of light, which preserv^es its brilliancy for an almost infinite
distance. These lanterns therefore utilize every ray of light
and send them forth in parallel lines in any direction. The
details of these lanterns are so complete that even the few rays
which do not pass through the prism are reflected at such
angles as to make them parallel with those refracted; so it will
be seen that not a single ray or }X)rtion of a ray is lost. The
effect is, of course, to give forth a gleam which no sailor near a
dangerous coast could fail to see, and which, warning him in
time, must be often blessed as the halo abov^e the forehead of a
guardian angel. These lamps are of six classes, the first for
projecting headlands, the second for less prominent points, and
the smaller lights for narrow seas, or passages, rivers, etc. The
largest lamp now on exhibition is what is known as a revolv-
ing or flash-light ; it is run by clock-work, which receives its
power from a weight suspended in the tower on which it is
placed, and only requires winding about once in every five
hours. The object of the flash-light is, of course, to indicate
the locality on w^hich it is stationed, so that no mariner can
possibly be misled by it. The flashes can be made at intervals
of from sixty to ten seconds, and as these intervals are under-
stood by pilots, they can at once recognize their bearing and
act accordingly. In the three larger lamps lard oil is used,
while in the others petroleum has been found most effective, as
it gives a more intense light. The experiment of using petro-
leum in the larger lanterns has been carefully made, but it was
found that the increased heat emanating from the argand
burners volatizes the mineral oil so rapidly that the lenses be-
come coated with carbon. With lard oil the illuminatins:
power of these lanterns is equal to that of from 350 to 450 wax
candles. In the same department are two range-lights similar
in size to those which are being erected on the Delaware.
These Delaware towers are so located in relation to each otlier
that a pilot coming up the river at night will need only to so
steer his boat as to see but one light; that is, make one light

568 THE II.LUSTPwATED HISTORY

hide the other, and he will have no difficulty in keeping the
channel. These lights are provided with a parabolical reflector,
and are, of course, stationary. Among the other lighthouse
exhibits are several floating lamps, which can be anchored oif
of any shoal.

The Navy Department.

The Navy Department occupies the southeast section of the
Government Building, and makes a large and attractive display
of the workings of its various branches. Its section is taste-
fully draped with bunting, and from the roof hang the various
flags used by the navy from its origin down to the adoption of
the stars and stripes, the pennants of the various grades of com-
modore, admirals' flags, and the various signals in use by the
service. The portraits of the secretaries of the navy, from the
establishment of the government to the present time, and of the
naval heroes of our wars, are hung around the section, and add
to the attractiveness and interest of the display.

At the western end of the section, fronting the transept, are
two powerful marine engines, one a compound screw^ engine of
800 horse power ; the other a back-acting condensing engine of
500 horse power. Immediately in the rear of these are two
compound marine boilers, each eight feet in diameter ; and close
by are specimens of the cutter engine with vertical boiler.
These are exhibited by the Steam Engineering Branch of the
DejKirtment.

The Ordnance Branch displays its publications and reports,
which hold a high rank among professional men. It exhibits
a number of torpedoes, both automatic, stationary and movable.
The first torpedo ever used in this country is shown, and the
various improvements are exhibited in a progressive manner
until perfection is reached' in the Ericsson and Lay torpedoes.
The Lay is considered the most perfect movable torpedo known.
One of these here exhibited is made of wTought-iron plates, has
somewhat the shape of two cones joined at their bases, and is
about eighteen feet long and two and a half feet in diameter.
Its interior is divided into four sections, separated by bulk-
heads. In the forward section is placed the charge of seventy-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 569

five pounds of dyuamite, or three hundred pounds of powder,
on the outside of the shell being the concussion fuses. In the
second section are vessels of carbonic acid gas, which furnishes
the motive power t-o the engine, the latter operating the helm.
The engine is connected by electric wire — a reel of which is in
the third section — with the operator on land or shipboard, the
electric current opening or closing the throttle- valve, and thus
causing the streams of carbonic acid flowing through pipes to
have the same effect upon the engine as steam. The after sec-
tion contains the engine, wdiich guides the infernal machine at
the will of the operator. From each end of the torpedo rises a
pole four or five feet long, bearing a signal flag, one being red
and the other white, so that the operator can the better distin-
guish a line in sighting. The signals appear just above water,
the torpedo floating underneath, and, shark-like, awaiting its
prey. It is sometimes sent out as far as three miles from the
operator, and can be drawn back at will. The towing torpedo
is towed alongside from the foreyard of a vessel, while the spar
t-orpedo is fixed upon a little craft of its ow^n, above water, and
upon spars extending out oyer the bow. The craft is desj^atched
upon its errand after the manner of the Lay.

This branch also exhibits specimens and models of the vari-
ous guns used in the naval service, and of small arms.

Prominent in the formidable array of heavy guns are the
Gatling battery gun, having a crank at the breech and a re-
ceiver on top, into which the cartridges are dropped, the gunner
turning the crank with his right hand and loading with his
left, firing from sixty to eighty shots a minute, and thus grind-
ing out death as though from a coffee-mill ; and the terrible,
raking Billinghurst battery, consisting of a horizontal layer of
twenty-five guns, which are all fired simultaneously. Near
these is an immense area of wall covered with, shelving, upon
which are specimens of all the varieties of guns used now or
ever used by the United States marines ; scabbards and swords,
modern and ancient, handsome and ludicrously odd ; also an
almost endless variety of murderous-looking shells, grape-shot,
canister and solid round shot — some new, others having been

570 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

fired, but retaining perfect shape, and still others cracked,
broken in pieces, dented or battered, the lot having doubtless
maimed many a goodly ship, made daylight shine through
stone walls and carried off many a poor tar's head. Elsewhere
there are large and handsome glass cases, containing thousands
of models of forts, batteries, ordnance and weapons of all kinds
used in naval service, torpedoes and the rigging and macliinery
of men-of-war. The two most curious features of the section
are rusty and half-decayed weapons obtained from sunken war
ships, and full uniformed figures representing Jack Tar in all
the transformations he has undergone during the last hundred
years.

Instruments for inspecting heavy guns and for gauging and
inspecting shot and shell are shown; also samples of gun-
powder, percussion powder, cartridges, rammers, scrapers,
sponges, grenades, war rockets and all the various articles
which are used for the armament of a fighting ship, the old
and new styles being shown side by side in many cases.

The ordnance branch also exhibits papier-mach6 figures clad
in the dress of the sailors and marines of the navy at the various
periods of its history ; and a number of interesting and valuable
naval relics. In this collection are two small brass guns brought
from Spain by Hernando Cortez, and used by him in the con-
quest of Mexico.

The Navigation Branch exhibits navy bunting and navy
flags, illustrating the present state of the bunting manufacture
in the United States, as shown in the bunting made for the
navy and known as " navy bunting," and also the mode of
making flags by dyeing in pattern. A machine for testing
bunting is also shown.

Here are specimens of logs to be used by hand or steam, with
an exhibit of the improvements in Sir William Thomson's
Sounding Machine, and the various devices for detaching
sinkers and bringing up specimens of bottom, water, etc. An
ingenious apparatus for displaying signal-lights at night is also
shown, and close by are cases of compasses for various uses,
instruments for testing them, adjustable binnacles, sextants.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 571

quadrants and the various apparatus used for determining lati-
tude and longitude.

The Naval Obsei-vatm^ exhibits its publications, photo-
graphs of astronomical and other objects, and a series of fine
chronometers.

The observatory having for some time past been intimately
connected with Arctic expeditions, and Rear-Admiral Davis,
Superintendent of the Naval Observatory, being engaged in
preparing an official narration of the expedition of the "Po-
laris,'* a design was formed and carried out for a collection of
relics of the celebrated Arctic and Antarctic explorers. In a
high glass show-case, fourteen feet square, standing near a fine
bust of Kane, are shown, on one side, the prismatic compass,
transit, sextant and other instruments used by that intrepid
navio;ator near the frio-id wilds of Western Greenland : draw-
ings and paintings of Arctic scenery and animal life, executed
by himself, and the flag of the "Advance,'* the ship in which he
made his second voyage; the three other sides of the case con-
tain relics of the expeditions of Hayes, Hall and Bradford ; the
flag that Wilkes took on his Antarctic expedition in the ship
" Peacock," the same flag being taken by Kane, Hayes and
Hall also on their Arctic voyages ; relics of Sir John Franklin's
expedition, including portic.is of his vessel secured by Captain
Hall in his second expedition and brought back by him then,
together with relics of Parry's voyage; the journals kept by
Hall in his "Polaris" expedition, and a fac-simile of the sledge
made for Captain Hall by " Esquimaux Joe."

The HydrograpMc Office exhibits the charts, books and other
publications issued by it, which are of interest chiefly to pro-
fessional seamen.

The Nautical Almanac Office exhibits its publications, which
show the care and skill exercised in the control of this important
branch of the service.

The Yard and Docks Branch exhibits handsome and care-
fully prepared plans of the navy-yards at Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, Boston, New York, Washington, Norfolk, Pensa-
cola and Mare Island, California. Here are also plans of the

572 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

machinery in use at the principal navy-yards, photographs of
the buildings, and perfect and elaborately executed models of
the dry-docks at the Boston, New York, Norfolk and Mare
Island navy-yards.

The Equipmmt and Recruiting Branch exhibits a specimen
of Young's Ship Galley, with utensils for cooking for five hun-
dred men ; life-boats, lanterns, and the various articles needed
for the fitting up of a ship. In this section are coils of hide and
Russian hemp ropes and manilla lines of various lengths and
thicknesses, some of the hempen cables being nine inches thick;
and coils and reels of steel- wire rope, some of which contain as
much as one hundred and thirty-five fathoms, the thickness of
the rope ranging from three-eighths of an inch to two inches in
diameter.

The Construction and Bcjxcir Branch exhibit against the
eastern wall models of the hulls of the " Constitution " and a
number of the other famous vessels of the navy, and in the
nave fronting the War Department is a full-rigged model of the
United States sloop-of-war "Antietam." The model is forty-
one feet in length ; is perfect from water-line to rail ; is fully
rigged, with sails, and carries twenty -two broadside guns.
Every detail is perfect, and the vessel is one of the most beau-
tiful and attractive pieces of workmanship in the hall. To the
south of this model is a transverse section of the same vessel, on
a smaller scale, showing the mode of construction of an Ameri-
can man-of-war. A full-rigged model of the old French line-
of-battle ship ^' Dante," of about the year 1600, is close by, and
the contrast between it and the model of the '^Antietam " shows
almost at a glance the improvement that has been made in the
construction of vessels of war.

The Medical and Surgical Branch makes a complete exhibit
of the medicines and hospital stores used in the navy. Here
are cases of the surgical instruments supplied in the service ;
cots and stretchers for the transportation of the wounded in
action ; beds with woven wire mattress ; arrangements for venti-
lating the holds of ships ; a model, one thirty -second part the
size of the original, of the "sick bay " of the famous ship " Hart-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. o73

ford/' which, it will be remembered, was Farragut's flagship
during the late civil war. On the south wall of the section are
photographs of the naval hospitals of the United States, and of
the homes for disabled sailors and marines. A sectional model
of the hospital ship "Idaho," showing all three decks, is in-
cluded in this collection.

The Pay, Provision and Clothing Branch exhibits clothing
and materials for making the same issued in the navy ; a pack-
age showing the manner of packing clothing for sea; and speci-
mens of rations and stores of all kinds issued to the men. Here
also are specimens of the blanks, books, iron safes and locks
used in the Paymaster's department.

The navy appears to excellent advantage here, and shows in
a striking nianner the thoroughness and excellence which have
always distinguished this branch of the public service of our
country.

The War Department.

The exhibit of the War Department occupies the northeast
section of the building. It is quite lai'ge and includes every
branch of the military service, the thoroughness and efficiency
of which were so well tested during the late civil war.

The Signal Service claims our attention at first. The exhibit
is in charge of Lieutenant Grugan, and the principal part of it
is a signal or weather station fully equipped and in operation,
with recording instruments, telegraph wires, a printing press

and a full coros of observers. One >set of instruments w^ill be

in actual service, and other instruments will record changes in
the weather, which are wholly artificial, exaggerating their
natural action so as to show the principle upon which they
work.

" This very important branch of the government service has
been, to a very great extent, the creation of General Albert J.
Myer, Chief Signal Officer, United States army, who is now
familiarly known as ^ Old Probabilities,' who, though he does
not ^regulate the weather,' does regulate the carrying of um-
brellas and overshoes. Indeed, he received the thanks of a

674 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

prominent brother officer in charge of the opening ceremonies
on the 10th instant for ordering up, under the most discourag-
ing circumstances, the few hours of sunsliine which rendered
those services so enjoyable.

" General Myer was in command of the Signal Corps during
che war, a corps which rendered very important services in com-
municating information across districts where it would have
been impracticable for the United States Military Telegraph
Corps to have run its wires. At the close of the war, however,
there was little left for this corps to do, the Telegraph Corps
was abolished, having only a quasi military status, and General
Myer was called upon to organize a system of daily weather re-
ports in connection with liis Signal Service Corps. This his
studies and tastes admirably fitted him for, and the work was
begun.

" Records had long been kept at all the military stations, and
much of the ground-work of a correct system had been already
prepared. The Smithsonian Institution too had, with limited
means and vokmteer observers, developed the science of fore-
telling the weather and tracing the course of storms to a greater
extent than any other organized effort had ever done. The
weakness of all methods, however, had been in the fact that
volunteer observers, though enthusiastic, could not be relied
upon ; for, to suit their own convenience, or through uninten-
tional neglect, the observations were not made at the proper
moment, or were made by unskilled persons.

" General Myer started out with the principle that the
observers should be not only qualified but should be under
strict military discipline. In this way only could reliable data
be obtained. He therefore accepted none but enlisted men for
observers, and these were first instructed in their duties before
being put into service.

. ^* Observing stations were established at all the important
cities in the Union, and at every sea and lake port which was
accessible by telegraph. Many other important seaports have
since been reached by a coast line of telegraph, built for the
purpose by this department. At these stations observations are

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 675

made three times in the twenty-four hours, at intervals of eight
hours, all being made at the same instant of time. The results
of these observations are sent immediately by telegraph, by the
operators connected with the signal office, to the office of Gen-
eral Myer, at Washington, and from these data skilled officers
make up the 'probabilities' for each locality, which are so
universally consulted by the readers of the morning papers
before they venture over their thresholds. The predictions and
the reports from all the stations are telegraphed to each station.
The observers note, first, the state of the barometer ; second, the
state of the thermometer ; third, the humidity of the atmosphere;
fourth, the rainfall ; fifth, the direction and velocity of the wind.
For this purpose each office is provided with a barometer, a
thermometer, a wet and dry bulb thermometer, a rain-gauge and
an anemometer.

"The display at the Government Building is intended to
show a signal station with all these appliances, and with many
others which are now in use, or being tested at the office of the
Chief Signal Officer. The above-named instruments, as exhib-
ited, are all self-registering, and make a record fuller and more
accurate than any made by human observers. They are all
of American invention, and are principally by gentlemen con-
nected with the service.

" Lieutenant Gibbon's barograph or self-registering barometer
is the usual syphon-shaped mercurial barometer, in the short
leg of which an iron float rests upon the column of mercury.
The slightest change in the level of the column makes this float
rise or fall, and its motion is communicated by a cord running
over a pulley to the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet. The
armature of the magnet communicates its motion to a pen which
dots the surface of a cylinder moved slowly by clockwork, thus
registering the slightest change and the exact moment of its
occurrence. The paper with which the surface of the cylin-
der is covered is ruled to cover a space of fourteen days,
and as each paper is removed it is filed away as a permanent
record of that period of time. Foreman's barograph is in its
leading characteristics like the one above described, and has

576 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

also ail attachment which automatically prints in figures each
chano^e of one-thousandth of an inch.

" Hough's thermograph is a self-registering thermometer. It
consists of a syphon tube, a short leg of which is expanded
into a larger tube with a closed end. In this short leg is placed
alcohol, which is confined there by a column of mercury in
the longer leg, which is open at the top. The thermometer
operates by the contraction and expansion of the spirits by cold
or heat, raising the column of mercury as the spirits expand,
and letting it sink as it contracts. Upon the surface of
the mercury is a float, which rises and falls witli the column,
and by a very delicate apparatus operates a circuit-breaker
of an electro-magnetic circuit. This again, as in the case of
the barograph, is made to record tliO changes on a revolving
cylinder.

" A marine barograph is constructed much like the one first
described, except that the tube containing the mercury is made
of iron instead of glass. It has an attachment to hang it up by,
which keeps it always in a perpendicular position.

" Eccard's Evapograph is an instrument for determining the
amount of moisture in the atmosphere, and registering the
result. This is determined by the rapidity with which water
exposed to the atmosphere will evaporate. The instrument is
an open cylindrical vessel filled with water, resting upon a
delicate scale ; as the water evaporates the vessel is lightened
and risesj the slightest change being sufficient to operate the
circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet, which, as in other instru-
ments, records the changes on the cylinder moved by clock-
work. The motion, of course, is always upward, as evaporation
continually goes on with greater or less rapidity.

^'Gibbon's electrical rain and snow gauge records, in like
manner, the depth of the rain or melted snow which falls in any
given time. A receiver is situated on the roof of the building,
the area of the upper section of Avhich is a certain number of
times as great as the base of the cylinder of the instrument with
which it is connected by a tube. Upon the water in the lower
cylinder is a float, which, as it rists, communicates its motion

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 577

by an electro-magnet to the recording apparatus as before
described.

" Eccard's rain-gauge dispenses with the electro-naagnet, the
float communicating its motion by sl counterpoise to the clock-
work. This is a very simple and effective instrument.

" Gibbon's Anemograph measures and records the velocity
and direction of the wind. Upon the roof of the observing
station four hemispherical cups, placed vertically on horizontal
arms, catch the slightest movement of the air and cause the
arms to revolve. A certain number of revolutions, equalling in
the distance travelled one mile of distance travelled by the wind,
closes an electric circuit, and an electro-magnet records the same
on a revolving cylinder. This cylinder, moving by clock-work,
should there be no movement of the magnet, will cause the
pencil to make a long, straight line ; with a high wind the record
is frequently made, and the line is broken up into longer or
shorter sections, corresponding with the velocity of the wind.
The direction is indicated on another cylinder. There are four
magnetic circuits connecting with the four points at the weather-
vane, corresponding with the four points of the compass. Once
in four minutes the clock-work makes a record, and that record
is made by the pen of whichever circuit the weather-vane hns
at the time closed. Eccard's Anemograph dispenses with the
electric circuit, and makes its record on the cylinder by entirely
mechanical means. The weather-vane in turning revolves the
rod to which it is attached, which communicates its motion
directly, or by gearing, to the pen, without the intervention of
an electro-magnet.

" The above-described instruments are thought to be the most
reliable of any invented, and are in every respect the most
simple in construction. The anemograph, or wind instrument,
is perfectly satisfactory; and Eccard's barograph, or self-
registering barometer, is the most perfect and simple of any yet
invented. The limited appropriations made to the department
make it impossible to introduce these wonderful and almost
intelligent instruments into all the offices. The only recording
instrument used in all offices is the simplest form of anemo-
37

578 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

graph, which notes the velocity of the wind. The barometers,
thermometers, rain gauges and humidity thermometer are all
read by the eye of the observer at stated times, with the
possible liability to errors either of the eye or hand, and the
entire lack of a record of the time intervening between the
observations.

"The publication branch of the office is also equipped and in
operation in this display. Each morning a chart is printed
showing the results of the observations taken at 7.35 A. M., with
the prophecies concerning the weather for the day. The
observers send their reports by telegraph to the Chief Signal
Officer at AVashington in cipher, for the double purpose of
securing accuracy in the transmission and brevity in the
despatch. These reports are translated, and 'Old Probabil-
ities ' forecasts the weather from these data. General Myer
himself sometimes does this and his predictions are generally
verified ; Lieutenant Craig, Lieutenant Dunwoody and Pro-
fessor Abbee usually perform this work, each taking his turn for
one month, while the others are assigned to other duties, such
as the verification of the prophecies from the returns received
at a later date, and editing the publications made daily, weekly
and monthly of the phenomena observed. In the daily bulle-
tin is the synopsis of the reports, the probabilities, and the
verification or failure of the prophecies. The weekly bulletin
gives a resume of the observations of the week, noting the com-
mencement and progress of storms, their duration and other
circumstances connected with them. The monthly bulletin is
of a similar character, becoming more general in its nature.
Reports are also received by mail from similar organizations in
various parts of the world, and by means of these the whole
route of a storm can frequently be tracked from its inception in
the Rocky mountain range, where the greater number originate,
to where they leave our shore, and crossing the Atlantic, break
on the western coast of Europe, traversing that continent to a
greater or less extent. Many reports are sent in by masters of
vessels, and thus an almost connected account of any remark-
able storm is obtained. In fact, it is hoped that, with proper

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 573

support, the time is not far distant when vessels will be specially
commissioned to take these observations in mid-ocean.

" The charts printed at the various stations each day are posted
in conspicuous places for the benefit of seafaring men and others,
and their predictions are tlie guide to outward-bound vessels.
In fact, the skipper who should take out his craft from an
Atlantic port after the danger signal had been raised and the
bulletin had informed him that a cyclone had started up the
coast, would be regarded as a most reckless man to have charge
of a vessel.

" It may be interesting to know how the data received point
out the course of a storm. Long experience has shown that
certain conditions of barometer and thermometer produce
certain or nearly certain results. For instance, by taking a
weather chart and drawing a line through all of the stations
where the barometer is lowest, and drawing another line through
all the stations with highest barometer, it will be observed from
the arrows showing the direction of the wind that they all point
from the latter line to the former line, or area of low barometer.
These low or high barometer areas move usually a little to the
north of east, and, with two observations as a basis of calcula-
tion, their velocity can be readily determined. Occasionally
two or more low barometer areas or storm centres will unite in
one grand storm. Observations have shown that the cyclones
which start from the West Indies take one of two routes, or
divide and pass over both. They come northward to the
southern coast of Florida, then follow the Gulf Stream north-
ward, or dash wCvStward through the Gulf of Mexico, or divide
at that point and go both ways.

*' These daily charts are not alone valuable to the navigator,
but are distributed for the benefit of the farmers. At a post-
office distributing station, like Philadelphia, the midnight report
is printed and goes out in the early morning mails to every post-
office where it can be received early enough to be of service.
These charts are hung up in the post-offices, and are consulted
with much interest. The signs of the coming weather, Avhich
are usually looked for in the horns of the moon, in the dew upon

580 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the grass, in the pigs carrying straws, in the wind 'backing
round,' and other mysterious and ambiguous methods of getting
up a wise prophecy, arc now looked upon with deserved con-
tempt in the rural districts, and the prophet who uses them is
verily without honor in his own country.

" Lieutenant Grugan has constructed some appliances by which
the apparatus on exhibition will be made to work rapidly enough
to satisfy the most impatient sight-seer. He will raise the wind
from any quarter, and at any rate of speed, from ten to sixty
miles an hour, which will set the apparatus, elevated a few feet
above the heads of the spectatoi's, in motion. This is accom-
plished by means of a fan near the engine-house, which forces
a current of air through pipes to the required spot. A shower-
bath arrangement will produce an artificial rain-fall ; the other
instruments will work in the building without aid.'^

The field work of the Signal Service is of little consequence
in time of peace, but during a war it is of the highest importance,
as it is by means of it that distant portions of the army commu-
Dicate with each other in the presence of an enemy. • The dis-
play of it is made partly in the building and partly in the
grounds to the westward of the building. The flags, books, and
smaller instruments used by the Signal Corps are exhibited in
the building. In the grounds is a complete field telegraph
train, fully equipped and ready to erect fifty miles of portable
telegraph line. A portitble signal tower, constructed of light
iron bars, rises to a height of seventy-two feet, and at its base is
the wagon designed for its transportation. Here are the sema-
phore apparatus, signal flags, torches, rockets, bombs, mortars,
colored lights, and other apparatus used for communicating
with troops in the field and with vessels. One of these is
called a " heliograph,^' and is a large mirror which transmits
signals by sending flashes of tl^e sun in difierent directions and
at regular intervals.

The Quartermaster's Departmeiit exhibits a number of fig-
ures clothed in the uniforms used at various times in the Amer-
ican army from the Revolution to the present day. In this
section are shown the tents, cooking utensils and tools, musical

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 581

instruments, blankets and beds, and machinery for cutting out
clothing and making shoes used in the army. Here also are
the portable forges, and the horse-shoes, in use at present, and
a complete exhibit of the system of farriery practised in the
service. The wagon train is placed out of doors to the north
of the building, and has been already referred to.

The Engineer Corps make one of the most interesting exhibits
in the building. Maps and drawings of the great works con-
structed on the coast, the improvements of rivers, lakes, and
harbors, from 1776 to 1876, are shown.

Harbor improvements are illustrated by models of the differ-
ent kinds of crib-work used in building piers on our great lakes,
by drawings and models of improved dredge-boats, snag-boats,
and grapples, by a fine model of the pier built on iron-screw
piles at Lewes, Delaware, and by a model of the work at Hell
Gate, New^ York, showing in miniature all the details of that
important undertaking. This model is so arranged that the
bed of the river can be raised, disclosing all the galleries which
have been driven underneath it. Next to this model is a model
of a steam-drilling scow, used in drilling holes for blasting rock
under water where the current is very rapid. The peculiarity
of the scow is a large iron dome, which can be lowered to the
bed of the river, and inside of which divers can carry on their
submarine work without being troubled by the current, no
matter how rapid it may be.

Military engineering is illustrated by models made by Ser-
geant Benson, of the engineer battalion, on a scale of one inch
to the foot, of a complete pontoon train. These models, com-
prising wagons, boats, trestles, forge, tool-wagon, and every-
thing pertaining to a pontoon bridge, are made of black walnut
and German silver, and are accurate to the smallest particular.
The way the bridge is built is shown on a glass river, con-
structed for the purpose. Hanging above the model bridt'-e
train are a wicker gabion, iron gabion, and sap fagot. Near
by are samples of intrenching tools.

A very interesting table is the one containing the various
kinds of tor])edocs and the electrical apparatus connected there-

582 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

with, and in a glass tank are shown models of the same things
in the Avater, so that one can see exactly how these terrible
weapons of defence are armnged in actual warfare. In another
tank is a model of an iron crate, with what are called pressure-
plugs, used to determine the force of explosion of dynamite
under water.

These models were made by Sergeant Nolty, of the battalion
of engineers. One large table is devoted to models of counter-
poise gun-carriages, which are devices by means of which heavy
guns can be lowered below the parapet, loaded with safety from
the enemy's fire, and raised again to be fired, and all with the
greatest ease.

The display of instruments pertaining to geodesy, meteor-
ology, and astronomy is very fine, and speaks volumes for the
knowledge and ability possessed by oui* engineer officers.

A model of a sounding machine will interest hydrographers.
By it twenty soundings can be taken in a minute and automati-
cally recorded. Quite a striking display is that of specimens
of building stone, from over one hundred different quarries.
These specimens are four inch cubes, with one side polished,
^nd are arranged on a black velvet pyramid, which shows
them off to great advantage.

A complete display is made of the various articles needed for
the equipment of the Engineer Corps of the army in active ser-
vice. The pontoon train is exhibited in the grounds north of
the building. In the hall are field photographic instruments,
siege and mining tools, and reconnoissance instruments.

The Ordnance Service exhibits its large guns outside of the
building, as has been stated. The display within the hall is
large, and merits the most careful study.

The manufacture of arms is shown in the most admirable
manner. Here is seen in practical operation all the riflo-
making machinery which the Government Armory at Spring-
field, Massachusetts, could crowd into the limited space. The
skilful men operatives begin with the round bars of steel and
the long blocks of black walnut, turning out complete the
handsome weapons of death almost as rapidly as the latter

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 58

could be made to end human lives. The plain strip of walnut
is applied to the lathe, and in three minutes and fifteen seconds
is perfectly gun-shaped ; then to the borer, which prepares it '
ibr the lock in one more minute. It is then a finished stock.
To enumerate all the other machines used before coming to the
gun-barrel, including the gang-driller for boring out the re-
ceiver, the miller for milling the same, the firing-pin and tang-
screw machines, would be attempting too much in this space.
All of them are of gigantic strength, and yet their construction
is as fine as that of a watch. There must be no irregularity in
their operation, not even to the extent of the one-thousandth part
of an inch. The barrel is bored out by three or four augers of
different and regularly-increasing size. One of these guns, a
Springfield breech-loading rifle, is wrought upon by no less
than 550 different operatives before it is perfect. These man-
age 1200 machines, and the number of guns which they can
turn out in a day of eight hours is about 400. The bayonet-
grinder attracts hundreds about him. The bayonet having been
wrought into nearly perfect shape, he takes and applies it to a
fine-grained grindstone, making 1500 revolutions per minute.
The sparks don't fly ; they flow straight out like the tail of a
comet. It is known, of course, that all this machinery is oper-
ated by steam, the engine-house being immediately outside the
main building.

In the adjoining section the manufacture of cartridges and
bullets is in progress. Nine women are employed in making
cartridges, there being as many different machines, and through
these must go the constituents that finally come out a cartridge.
There is the cutter and cupper, which cuts the copper plates into
circular pieces as large as a silver half-dollar, and then punches
them through a hole, shaping them like a cup. Several other
cupping machines, differing only in the diameter of the hole,
each in turn takes the cup and lengthens it, until finally it is
headed in another machine, has the fulminated cap inserted in
another, the charge in another, and the bullet in the last.

Here are models of gun-plants and forges, illustrating the
whole process of cannon niaking. Gatling and other battery guns

584 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

are shown, and small models of field artillery as well aS the guns
tliemselves. Caissons and artillery forges, models of sea-coast
and siege guns, showing the manner of using them in barbette
and casemate batteries, and a series of Whitworth, Sutcliffc,
Mann, Moffat, and Hotchkiss breech-loading field rifle-guns
are exhibited. Close by are several handsome brass guns,
bearing the name and arms of Louis XYI., King of France,
presented to the United States by Lafayette during the Revo-
lution.

Along the wall is arranged a collection of all the various stylos
of guns and pistols ever used in the United States army, from the
old flint-lock of the Revolution up to the splendid breech -loading
rifle of to-day. Here are several Chinese and Japanese match-
locks, and a match-lock of the fourteenth century, one of the first
guns made after the adoption of fire-arms in European warfare.
Pyramids of shot and shell stand about the section, showing all
the various projectiles used in warfare. Here are mountain
howitzers, their carriages and also ammunition chests — all on
* pack-saddles — -just as they are carried over mountains or bad
roads on the backs of mules; stufted uniformed figures of cavalry-
men on the backs of papier-mach^ horses ; the mortal and stuffed
remains of the famous trotter George M. Patchen, hitched to a
carriage containing a Gatling gun ; a Hotchkiss revolving cannon
(for field use, discharging eighty rounds of shells or canister-
shot per minute), and a section of oak which stood inside the
intrenchments near Spottsylvania Court House, and was cut
down by musket balls in an attempt to recapture the works
previously carried by the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac,
May 12th, 1864.

In contrast with the splendid cannon of to-day are a number
of old guns cast at Philadelphia and Germantown during the
Revolution.

Plans of the United States arsenals are exhibited, and at the
western end of the section is a handsome model of the arsenal
and grounds at Rock Island, Illinois.

The space occupied by the War Department is handsomely
draped with flags, and is ornamented with fine portraits of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 685

secretaries of war, and the most distinguished generals of the
army.

The Post Hospital.

The 3fedical Section of the army makes no exhibit in the
Government Building, but confines its display to the Post
Hospital, which stands in the government grounds to the north
of the principal building. The hospital is a plain but neat
frame structure, two stories in height, with a wide piazza run-
ning all around it. It is designed to show a complete post-
hospital of twenty -four beds of full size. The principal room
on the lower floor shows the arrangement of the beds, and the
conveniences provided in the army hospitals for attending to the
wants of the sick and wounded. The treatment of wounds and
other hurts is illustrated by papier-mach^ figures placed in the
beds in the positions necessary to the proper treatment of such
injuries. Upon the walls of the room and the halls adjoining
it are hung photographs of difficult and successful amputations.

In this room is Mr. Thomas Eakins' fine picture of Dr. Gross
delivering a clinical lecture to a class of students. It is one of
the most powerful and life-like pictures to be seen in the
Exhibition, and should have a place in the Art Gallery, where
it would be but for an incomprehensible decision of the Selecting
Committee.

In the adjoining rooms are models of the barrack " General
Hospitals" used during the civil war; models of hospital
steamers, such as were used during that struggle on the tide-
water rivers of the East and on the Western rivers ; and models
of hospital railroad trains. Here also is a case of medical and
surgical curiosities from the Army Medical Museum at Wash-
ington. A third room is fitted up as a dispensary, and contains
samples of medical supplies. Opposite this is the office, with a
collection of surgical instruments, medical works, and the blanks
and record books used in the hospital service. A fifth room is
fitted up as a dining-room, and contains a display of table-ware
and mess furniture. Opening into this room is a kitchen with
a full equipment of cooking utensils and other articles needed
in this department. *

586

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 687

The rooms on the second floor contain a display of medicine
chests and panniers, stretchers, litters, artificial legs and arms,
and trusses for rupture and other apparatus.

In the grounds in the rear of the Post Hospital are shown
several hospital tents of various sizes, and a park of ambulances,
me^Iicine wagons and carts.

The Laboratory.

Between the Government Building and the Post Hospital is
a small frame building intended for a laboratory for the manu-
facture of cartridges and other dangerous compounds. It forms
a part of the exhibit of the Ordnance Department. It is built
after designs by Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the army, and
consists of an iron frame w* ith a wooden covering. This method
of construction is intended to lessen the loss of life in case of
accidental explosions. In such an event the wooden covering
is blown out by the force of the explosion, but the iron frame
is left standing, and the building does not fall in upon its
inmates. The frame of the present building was used for one
which formerly stood in the grounds of the Bridesburg Ai'senal,
at Philadelphia. It was destroyed in August, 1875, by the
accidental explosion of from 600 to 800 pounds of gunpowder.
The wooden sides were blown outward, but the iron frame
stood firm. Of the twenty-one per.>=^ons employed in the build-
ing at the time, but three boys died from injuries received.

The present structure contains several portraits of the secre-
taries ^vho have presided over the War Department, including
a not very good one of Jefferson Davis, and instruments for
ascertaining the velocity of rifle balls.

The Lighthouse.

In addition to the display made in the Government Build-
ing, the Lighthouse Board of the Treasury Department has
erected opposite the northeast corner of that building an iron
lighthouse, such as is used on the dangerous shoals of our coast.
The base of this stru(;ture is of wood, but is painted to repre-
sent stone. To this tlie iron flanges of the superstructure are

588 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

bolted, and above this is a high iron cylinder, eighteen feet in
diameter, the whole being surmounted by an ornamental iron
tower. In the centre of this tower is placed a revolving or
flash-light of the fourth grade, and over one of the dormer
windows is suspended a fog-bell weighing 4950 pounds. The
lio-ht is revolved and the bell is struck by clock-work, the
flashes of the light and strokes of the bell being regulated at
the will of the light-keeper. The bell is intended to be struck
first three times, then twice, and then once, this being the
signal adopted for one of the shoals of Long Island, to which
the lighthouse is to be removed after the close of the Ex-
hibition.

Near the lighthouse is " The Syren," or fog-horn, which is
simply an enormously long horn blown by steam. It emits a
most deafening sound, and has been heard for a distance of
thirty-five miles. A smaller horn is also shown. It is oper-
ated by a caloric engine, and is intended for a light-ship. Near
this is a large lantern and , an iron lattice work signal for day
and night use on light-ships. The lights and signals are
fastened near the top of the mast, and are distinguished by a
difference of color. A number of buoys are scattered about the
base of the tower.

CHAPTER XVIII

THE woman's building.

Description of the Building — Its Cost — A Lady Engineer — The Interior of
the Building — The Exhibit — The Looms — Works of Female Artists — In-
ventions of Women — Institutions Managed by Women — Splendid Embroi-
deries— Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing OflBce.

If HE Woman's Building is one of the handsomest edifices
connected with the Exliibition, and owes its existence
entirely to the efforts of a number of ladies known as
the " Women's Centennial Executive Committee." It
is devoted exclusively to the exhibition of the results
of woman's labor, and thus constitutes an altogether unique
feature of the great fair.

The building stands on Belmont avenue, at the western end
of the Horticultural grounds. It covers an area of 30,000
square feet, and is formed by two naves intersecting each other,
each 192 feet long and 64 feet wide. At the end of these there
is a porch 8 by 32 feet in size. The corners formed by the
intersection of the two naves are filled out by four pavilions
which are included in the hall. Each of these pavilions is 48
feet square. The whole structure is of wood, the architecture
being of the modern style. The centre of the edifice is 25 feet
higher than the rest of the building, and is surmounted by a
lantern with a cupola on top of the same, giving to this part of
the building a total height of 90 feet. The most striking
feature of the plan is that there are in the whole interior but
four supporting columns to the roof, all the rest being trussed
over from the outside walls. The exterior is painted a light
bluish gray color, and the interior is finished in the softest
shade of light blue.

5S9

590

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 591

Work upon the buikling was begun about tlie middle of
October, 1875, and it was turned over to the ^'Women's Com-
mittee/'completed, early in January, 1876. The design was
prepared by Mr. H. J. Schwarzmann, the architect of Memorial
Hall. The cost of the building and its internal arrangements
was $30,000, which sum was raised through the exertions of
the ladies having the enterprise in charge.

The appearance of the interior is very pretty and attractive.
A tasteful fountain, situated immediately under the lantern,
sends a graceful jet of water into the air, and around the
basin in which it stands is a cool and invitins; rim of
rock-work and ferns. A large chandelier hangs from the
central point of the roof, and banners and streamers ornament
the hall.

At the north side of the building is the engine house, in
which a Baxter portable engine of six horse power supplies the
motive power for the machinery in operation in the hall. The
engine is in charge of Miss Emma Allison, of Grimsby, Iowa,
who, if she does nothing else, offers an example worth follow-
ing to the engineers of the male sex in the neatness of
her dress and the perfection of cleanliness exhibited in both
engine and engine-room. The young lady is highly educated,
and is thoroughly posted in theoretical as well as practical
mechanics.

The engine operates a number of spinning frames and power
looms in the hall, which are constantly at work, in charge of
female operatives. It runs also a small Hoe cylinder press, on
which the journal issued from this building is printed.

The display within the hall is quite large, and includes
nearly everything of woman's work or invention that could be
collected. Paintings and statuary by female artists are shown
in the northern section of the hall, but the collection falls short
of illustrating the highest triumphs achieved by the sex in
these departments of art.

A most interesting exhibit is made in the southeastern sec-
tion of the building, of the inventions of women in machinery
and other fields of labor. The majority of these are designed to

692 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

economize household labor. First of all, there is a machine
for washing blankets, which every housekeej3er knows to be
one of the most difficult operations of the laundry. The same
lady inventor exhibits two mangling machines. A system of
self-fitting patterns, intended to enable ladies to dispense with
the services of a dressmaker, is also shown. Here is a barrel -
cover which can be locked, and which thus serves as a protec-
tion to sugar and flour barrels. Here are smoothing irons to
be heated by gas as they are used ; a frame for stretching and
drying lace curtaint ; dusting racks and many other household
appliances. Here are a machine for washing dishes, which not
only cleans but dries them ; a patent bedstead, fitted up with
drawers; a combined travelling-bag and chair; a life-saving
mattress, which floats like a cork and will not turn over ; chest-
protectors ; surgical appliances and dental products. Here are
some remarkably well-executed pictures worked in human
hair, and a number of flowers and toilet articles made entirely
of fish scales. A bouquet of wax flowers is shown made by the
great-granddaughters of the author of the Declaration of In-
dependence, who, in the midst of the rejoicings of this Cen-
tennial year, are left to make an almost hopeless struggle with
poverty. Here also is a whistle made of the tail of a pig,
which completely upsets the old Scotch adage, that " Out of a
pig's tail you can't make a whistle."

In the southern section are photographs of the various insti-
tutions in the United States which were established or are
conducted bv women. Prominent among; these are the Shelter
for Colored Orphans, at West Philadelphia; the House of the
Holy Family, at New York; the Old Ladies' Home, Lowell,
Massachusetts; the Home for Young Women and Children,
Lowell, Massachusetts; the New England Hospital for Women
and Children; the New York Lying-in Asylum; the New
Haven Orphan Asylum ; Home for Friendless Women, Indian-
apolis ; Reformatory Institute for Women and Girls and the
Home for Friendless Women, at Fort Wayne, Indiana ; the
Old Ladies' Home, at New Albany, Indiana; and the Orphans'
Home, at Richmond, Indiana.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 593

III the soutlieastcrn section is a largo collection of embroideries
by hand, the most of it in glass cases. Here are a number of
portraits worked in silk or embroidered in worsted. There are
portraits of Queen Victoria, Mr. Gladstone, Prince Albert, the
Prince and Princess of Wales and others. An elaborate picture
in worsted- work represents the " Death of George Douglas at
the Battle of Langside." Here are splendidly embroidered
garments of various kinds for ladies and children, carriage-robes,
afghans, and a picture in needle-work of Abraham and Hagar.
Mrs. Mary Champneys sends a pair of socks which she knit in
heu one- hundredth year.

In the northwestern section there are some fine wood-carvings
by ladies, and sets of chamber furniture designed by them.
Close by are sets of porcelain ornamented by lady artists, some
of which are very beautiful.

The southwestern section of the hall is taken up almost
entirely by exhibits from foreign countries. The ladies of
Great Britain, Canada, Sweden, France, and the Netherlands,
and other countries have sent contributions to this department,
which are among the handsomest articles displayed in the hall.
The Royal School of Art and Needlework, under the patronage
of her Majesty the Queen of England, the exhibit of which we
noticed in our account of the Main Exhibition Building, has
here several cases of superb embroideries and needle-work.

Egypt also sends several specimens of rich embroideries in
gold and silver thread. Here are a set of velvet covers for
doors richly embroidered in quaint designs with gold thread by
the wife of the Bey of Tunis. They are among the most beau-
tiful specimens of needle work in the entire Exhibition. From
the Netherlands are some beautiful silk embroideries and some
feather-work, and from France silk embroideries, and specimens
of the drawings of the pupils of the female art schools of Paris.

In the Canadian department are a number of finely executed
models representing the church and chapel of Notre Dame, at
Montreal, the Mother House of the Sisters of Notre Dame, the
Orphanage at Joliette, the St. Alexis Orphan Asylum, the
Monastery of the Good Shepherd, the Convent of the Good
38

594 THE IliLUSTRATED HISTORY

She[)hercl, Quebec, the St. John^s Asylum, the Hotel DIeu and
the General Hospital, at Quebec. The inmates of these estab-
lisliments send beautiful specimens of their handiwork, includ-
ing a picture in worsted of the Lord's Supper, and cases of silk
dresses, flowers, and a carved picture- frame. There are also in
this exhibit many handsome pieces of straw-work, silk flower-
work, laces, anti-macassar and cretonne work.

Norway and Sweden each send embroideries, flowers, and
articles made from fish-scales, articles ornamented with moss,
clothing, and articles of household use. Their displays resemble
each other very closely. Near the western wall of the portion
of the building occupied by these two countries are four life-size
figures in wax, similar to those in the Main Building, represent-
ing not only the costumes but the facial characteristics of the
Swedish peasants. The first three represent two young ladies
anxiously blowing to pieces one of those little flowers which are
supposed to tell a maiden whether her lover is true or not.
Behind them stands a young man watching the result with an
expression half anxious, half amused. The other figure repre-
sents a bride in the peasant dress.

Japan fully sustains her reputation by her display here of
i^rticles in the manufacture of which the women of that country
have attained great skill. Among these articles of utility, as well
as beauty, are cigar-cases, cabinets, work-boxes, writing-<lesks,
satchels, etc., all made of wood and most delicately ornamented
with lacquer and inlaying, many of them being adorned with
grotesque yet not wholly inartistic figures in ivory and ebony.
There are also displayed a large number of artificial flowers,
which, in shape and color, are close counterparts of nature,
besides a number of raised pictures in wool. The last-mentioned
exhibits have a peculiar effect somewhat akin to perspective, but
they are nevertheless unnatural. Several large screens orna-
mented with numberless fans, which in turn are ornamented
with figures of various kinds, are also in this collection. Some
of the figures are painted, while others are worked in wool, or
made of cloth raised high from the surface. One of the most
striking of these exhibits is a large six-panelled screen, with a

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 596

framework of ebony ornamented with gilt and silver plates.
The back of the screen is covered with a plain gold pattern of a
pretty design, and the front has a ground of yellow silk, in
which are worked a variety of ladies' fans. On these are
depicted Japanese mandarins, tradesmen, merchants, mechanics,
farmers, jugglers, and all engaged in the pleasures, professions,
or occupations to which they were born. The figures themselves
are of paper, but the clothing, with all the variety of ornament
and minuteness of detail, is made of silk, and, like many other
of the Japanese pictures, raised from the surface. A cabinet
containing screens and ottomans is a very fine piece of work,
and is universally admired. The specimens of plain and
embroidered silk exhibited are peculiarly interesting, not only
from the richness of the material, but from the quaint yet really
beautiful designs.

The ladies of Brazil make a handsome exhibit of table covers,
embi-oidery, and fancy work, many of the articles being the
contributions of the inmates of the Brazilian Orphan Asylums.
Among these the most noticeable exhibit is a cabinet of gold
lace-work. A pretty little pincushion, made of shells and silk,
and a sample of the needlework of the Viscountess de Itamaraty,
attract much attention. A very beautiful model in cork of a
noted Brazilian castle, a wreath of flowers made entirely of
leather, several cushions, delicately embroidered witli silk and
w^ool, by the pupils of the Orphan College of St. Theresa and
the College of the Imperial Society, are all exceptional pieces of
work, and are, of course, much admired. Among the other
more noticeable exhibits are some elegant specimens of lace- work,
scarfs, and artificial flowers made of leather and feathers-
Near the centre of the building is a small printing office in
which female compositors are engaged in setting up the type of
The New Century fcyr Women, a journal conducted entirely hy
women, and issued from this building.

Altogether the display in the "Woman's Building is very
creditable, and reflects great credit upon the good taste and
administrative ability of the ladies having it in charge.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION.

The State Buildings— St, George's House — The French Government Building
— The French Stained Glass Pavilion — The German Government Building
— The Spanish Buildings — The Portuguese Building — The Swedish School-
House — The Canadian Log-House — The Brazilian Building — The Japanese
Dwelling and Bazaar — The Turkish and Tunisian Coffee Houses and
Bazaars — The Syrian Bazaars— The Moorish Villa — The Chilian Machinery
Hall — Buildings of the Centennial Commission — The Judges* Hall — The
Restaurants — The Shoe and Leather Building — The Brewers' Hall —
The Butter and Cheese Factory — Department of Public Comfort — Singer
Sewing Machine Cottage — The Centennial Photographic Association — The
American Railroad Ticket Office — Empire Transportation Company's Build-
ing— Starr's Iron Works — The Glass Works — Campbell Printing Press
Building — The American Newspaper Building — The World's Ticket Office
— The Pala^itine Camp — The Women's School-House — The American Kin-
dergarten— The New England Farmer's Home and Modem Kitchen —
Pacific Guano Company's Building — The Sheet-Metal Pavilion — The CafS
de Brazil — The United States Life-Saving Station — The Elevated Railway
—The Windmills.

The State Buildings.

I HE State buildings were erected by the Commissioners
of the respective States to which they belong, the cost
being defrayed by appropriations by the legislatures of
'3 those States. The majority are located on State avenue,
in the northwestern portion of the Exhibition grounds,
but a few are in other parts of the enclosure. We shall take
them in their geographical order.

New Hampshire. — The New Hampshire Building stands on

State avenue, immediately west of the Michigan Building. It

is fifty feet square, and is a small and plain, but tasteful, frame

cottage, with a reception room on the first fioor, and a ladies'

596

NEW HAMPSHIKE STATE BUILDING.

AVEST VIRGINIA STATE BUILDING.

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Oi /

parlor up-stairs. It is intended, like all the State buildings, as
an office for the Commissioners of the State, and a rendezvous
for visitors from the State to which it belongs to the Exhibition.
It is ornamented with fine photographs of White Mountain
scenery.

Vci^mont. — The Vermont Building stands in a garden plot to
the north of Machinery Hall, and near the Turkish Coffee
House. It is a handsome cottage, thirty-five by forty feet in
size, and the interior is fitted up simply but tastefully in stained
pine wood. It contains the offices of the Vermont State Com-
missioners, a reading-room and a ladies' parlor. In the latter
is a fine Estey organ.

Massachusetts:, — On State avenue, immediately west of the
Connecticut cottage, the commonwealth of Massachusetts has
erected one of the handsomest cottages in the grounds. It is of
wood, and consists of a central building with wings at each end,
around which are wide and cool piazzas. The building covers
an area of eighty-seven by seventy f^ety and is painted in dark,
rich colors. It is two stories in height, and from the central
point of the roof rises a tower surmounted by a flag-staff. The
entrance hall is wide and spacious, and extends from the front
door to the rear of the building, at which is the office for the
transaction of the business of the house. On the left of the hall
are the reception room of the Board of State Commissioners and
the ladies' parlor, and on the opposite side the reception room
of the Governor of Massachusetts and the reading-room. The
first three rooms and the hall are handsomely furnished, and the
whole building: has an air of elegance and comfort which are
admirable.

Bhode Island. — The Rhode Island Building is a small but
tasteful frame cottage, situated on the slopes of George's Hill,
to the west of the Mississippi Building. It is fitted up witli
the offices of the State Commission and reception rooms.

Connecticut. — The State of Connecticut has erected as its head-
quarters a tasteful two-story cottage, on State avenue, between
the Massachusetts and New Hampshire buildings. It is in-
tendcMl to represent a colonial homestead of a century ago. The

598 THE Ilil.USTRATED HISTORY

building is about forty feet square, and the front is of Ofctagonial
shingles, timber and plaster. The low second story projects
four feet over the first story. In the centre of the front is a
stout wooden porch over a strong old-fashioned hatch door
divided horizontally in the middle. Over the porch are the
ooat-of-arms of the State and the motto, " Qui Transtulit Sus-
tinet." On the roof is a dormer-window, raised three feet above
the eaves and with a slanting roof reaching nearly to the peak
of the main roof. The main roof starts in front from the eaves
at a height of eighteen feet from the ground, and after running
up to a peak about the centre of the building slopes to the rear,
where the eaves are only ten feet from the ground. On the east
side of the house is a balcony at a window eight feet wide, and
at a window in the second story the State coat-of-arms is to be
displayed. On the west side is a picturesque verandah of heavy
timber. The windows are all glazed with lights six by eight
inches. In the centre of the building is a substantial stone
chimney.

In the interior is a reception room twenty-two by twenty-nine
feet, seventeen and one-half feet high, with a gallery on front
and two sides tiiree and one-half feet wide. The whole interior
is finished with wood, stained to give it the appearance of age.
An old-fashioned fireplace stands opposite the front door. It
has an ample hearth and stone front surrounded by pictured
tiles. Shelves suj^ported by heavy brackets are over the fire-
place, and above them panelling readies to the ceiling. Back
of the reception room is the principal office for the State Com-
mission, janitor's room and parlors for ladies and gentlemen.

Neio York. — The New York State Building is a highly orna-
mental two-story cottage, with wide verandahs running around
it and a tower rising from the centre of the front of the roof.
It covers an area of eighty by thirty-five feet, and is painted in
light colors. It stands immediately south of State avenue and
east of the British Government Buildings. It is simply but
tastelully furnished, and contains the offices of the State Cora-
mission and reception rooms for ladies and gentlemen.

New Jersey. — The State of New Jersey was the first afler

ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING.

INr>TATSrA STATE BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 599

Pennsylvania to take up the Centennial Exhibition scheme, and
since then her assistance has been of the most liberal character.
It is not surprising therefore that the State is represented hy
gne of the most elaborate and attractive structures on the
grounds. The building stands immediately north of the Wo-
man's building, on the east side of Belmont avenue. It is a
wooden structure of unique design ; is covered with tiles manu-
factured from New Jersey clay, and presents a novel as well as
interesting appearance. Above the main entrance rises a lofty
tower from which an admirable view of the grounds may be
obtained. The chimney is a conspicuous portion of the building,
and is made of brick manufactured in various portions of the
State. The building covers an area of eighty-two by forty-twr-
feet. The interior is finished in dark, rich colors, and consists
of a wide, cool reception room, with wide windows on the first •
floor, with offices and parlors for ladies opening upon it. Tlie
upper rooms are for the use of the State Commissioners. The
furnishing is simple but tasteful.

Pennsylvania. — The Pennsylvania State Building stands
nortli of Machinery Hall, and near the lake. It is a handsome
Gothic cottage, ninety-seven feet long and fifty-seven feet wide,
and is painted a light-brown. Over the main entrance rises a
large tower flanked by two smaller ones. A wide piazza ex-
tends around the buildincj. The main entrance leads to a lartje
Grothic hall, into which open the manager's office, the Governcjr's
room, parlors for ladies and gentlemen and the reading-room.
The upper rooms are for the use of the State Commissioners.
The rooms are richly furnished and the interior of the buildinj;
is elegant and handsome. ♦

Pennsylvania Educational Hall. — In addition to her State
building, Pennsylvania has erected a separate structure for the
display of her schools and educational system. It is situated
immediately to the west of Memorial Hall, and is circular in,
shape, with a dome rising in the centre of the roof The in-
terior consists of a central hall lying immediately under the?,
dome, and an outer corridor or hall running entirely around it.
This outer hall is divided into a number of sections or stalls, in

600

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY'

which the exhibits are arranged according to a regular system.
The central hall is unbroken and opens into the outer hall by-
several doors.

Entering by the south door, the attention of the visitor is

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING.

drawn to the exhibit of the Kindergarten system which stands
on his right. This is one of the most complete showings of
Froebers system in the Exhibition, and is deeply interesting.
The next section on the right shows the primary-school systeiu

OF THE CENTENNIAF. EXHIBITION. 601

of Pennsylvania. Then follow the secondary, grammar and
high school, each in regular succession, after which the normal
school and college systems are shown, the whole ending with
the exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania. The exhibit is
made by showing the text-books, furniture, scientific and philo-
sophical apparatus used in the schools, and by specimens of the
pupils' work, such as we have alluded to in our account of the
school exhibits in the Main Building. No State makes such an
elaborate display as is to be seen here, this magnificent exhibit
being under the charge of Professor Wickersham, who is the
State Superintendent of Schools. Models, drawings and photo-
graphs of the State schools of various grades and of several of
the colleges are shown, and the educational statistics of tlie State
are displayed by means of charts. The technical schools show
drawings, casts and models, the various apparatus used by them
and specimens of the work of the pupils. The display includes
the schools for the blind, the feeble-minded, the deaf and dumb,
and the orphans of the soldiers and sailors of Pennsylvania who
died in defence of the Union during the late civil war. Speci-
mens of their work in the industrial departments are exhibited,
and a full showing is made of the course pursued in them.
There is also an exhibit of Sunday-school material, such as
maps, charts, forms and models.

Delaware. — The Delaware State Building; is a handsome
frame cottage of two storie^^, in the Norman-Gothic style, with
a tower, and is situated on State avenue, to the west of the
Massachusetts Building. It is simply furnished, and contains
the offices of the State Commissioners and parlors for ladies and
gentlemen.

Maryland. — The Maryland Building is situated a little to
the north of State avenue, and west of the Delaware house. It
is eighty-five by seventy feet in size, and is built of wood. It
contains the offices of the State Commissioners, reception rooms,
and a large hall in which an exhibit is made of the agricultural
products of the State, its mineral ores, marbles and other build-
ing stones, timber, etc. The oyster fisheries of the Chesapeake
bay and its tributaries are illustrated by specimens of oysters in

002

THE ILLUSTRATED H [STORY

the shell, and by a complete display of models of all the boats
and other apparatus used in the fisheries. In one of the rooms
on the west of the hall are a number of specimens of the work
of the pupils of the State schools of design ; and in an adjoining
one portraits and other historical relics loaned by the Maryland
Historical Society. One of these is the banner presented to
Pulaski by the nuns of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1778.

In the sri'ounds in front of the buildinoj the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad Company exhibit an old "grasshopper engine," made
in 1835 — one of the first locomotives ever used in this country

MARYLAND STATE BUILDING.

— and one of their largest six-wheel engines, which is said to
be the largest passenger locomotive in the world.

Virginia. — A private gentleman has erected a plain cottage
of two rooms, in the rear of the Woman^s Building, to serve as
a rendezvous for visitors from the old State of Virginia, which
declined to make any appropriation to the Exhibition.

West Vivf/inia. — The State of West Virginia has a hand.-ome
edifice on Fountain avenue, near the Total Abstinence fountain.
It covers an area of fifty-nine by thirty feet, and is built en-
tirely of timber from the State to which it belongs. It is a

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 603

two-story structure, with a tower in the centre. The building
consists of two portions, an octagonal front, with a central hall
open from the floor to the roof, with a gallery running around
the second story, and a rear hall, rectangular in shape. The
octagon contains the offices of the commissioners and reception
rooms for visitors. The hall in the rear is filled with a hand-
some display of the agricultural and mineral products of the
State. The native woods are shown by large sections of trees,
and by eighty smaller blocks in the shape of books. The bark
is left on the back of each, and the name of the wood is printed
in gilt letters and pasted on the bark. The row of samples
thus resembles a collection of handsomely bound volumes. The
rich coal and coal oil of the State are shown by large blocks
of the former and jars of the latter. A fine display is made of
iron ore. Large blocks of bituminous coal stand in the grounds
adjoining the building. A considerable display is made of
tobacco, and of oils, wines, mineral waters, mineral paints,
glass sands and marls. Building stones of the best quality are
also shown. The public school system of the State is shown,
with specimens of the text-books used.

Mlssissij)pi. — The Mississippi Building is a neat and tasteful
two-story log cabin. It is forty-three by thirty feet in size,
and is built of wood covered with a frame work of logrs with
the bark on, all the timber used in its construction being
shipped direct from Mississippi. There are sixty-eight differ-
ent kinds of wood used in the building, and the ornaments to the
balconies, door- ways and windows consist of knots, roots and
curious formations found in the Mississippi forests. The walls
of the interior are finished in highly polished pine wood of
various kinds. Some of these specimens resemble bird's-eye
maple, and others are as dark as mahogany. The exterior of
the structure is covered with Spanish moss, which gives to the
building a most picturesque appearance. The building con-
tains the offices of the State Commission and reception rooms for
ladies and gentlemen. The building stands on the slopes of
George^s Hill, to the north of the West Virginia Building.

Tennessee. — Tennessee is represented only by a canvas tent

604 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

between the Maryland and Iowa buildings, erected by a private
individual. It contains a small exhibit of the iron ores of the
State. ^

Arkansas. — The Building of the State of Arkansas is situ-
ated on the south side of State avenue, west of the British
Buildings. It is constructed of wood, is octagonal in shape,
about 80 feet in diameter, and has a double dome in the centre.
It is painted in bright colors without and within, and the in-
terior is handsomely draped with flags and streamers. A
handsome bronze fountain stands in the centre, under the dome,
and around the hall is arranged a sj^ecial display of the mineral
and agricultural resources of the State. The woods, minerals
and coal are shown to excellent advantage, and a capital dis-
play is made of the excellent cotton grown in this State. The
building also contains the offices of the State Commissioners.

Missouri. — The Missouri Building stands north of State
avenue, on the slope of George's Hill, and adjoins the Iowa
Building on the west. It is a two-story structure, with a tower
at its eastern end, and covers an area forty by sixty feet in
size. It contains but a single room on the first floor (the
ladies' parlor being in the second story), which is neatly but
simply furnished. Here is a cabinet of specimens of the min-
erals found in the State, and of the native svoods.

Ohio. — The Ohio Building is located at the eastern end of
State avenue, immediatelv west of Belmont avenue. It is the
most elegant and substantial of all the State edifices, and is
constructed of dressed stone furnished by twenty-one quarries
of the State. All the materials used in its construction were
furnished by citizens of the State of Ohio engaged in the manu-
facture of the respective articles, and are intended as special
exhibits. The building is forty feet square inside, is two full
stories and an attic in height, and is fitted up with reception
and reading-rooms and the offices of the Stat^ Commission. In
the rear is a large hall or annex, of wood, sixty feet long,
intended for the exhibition of articles from Ohio and for public
meetings.

Indiana. — The Indiana Building stands on State avenue.

r<CEwr SNftJCR

MISSOURI STATE BUILDING.

IOWA STATE BUILDING.

OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXHriUtlOX. 605

immediately west of the Ohio Building. It is a ^ handsome
wooden pavilion, and covers an area sixty by forty feet in size.
It contains a principal hall, into which open the reading-room
and ladies' parlor. The walls of the principal hall consist of
different colored panels, on which are painted the population,
agricultural and other statistics of the various counties of the
State. The offices of the Indiana Commissioners are in this
building.

Illinois. — The Illinois State Building is a handsome frame
cottage, and adjoins that of Indiana on the west. It is two
stories in height, and contains a large reception hall, in which
is a fine organ, a handsomely furnished ladies' parlor, in which
is an upright Chickering piano, a reading-room and tlie offices
of the State Commission.

Wisconmn. — Wisconsin has erected for her Stat© head-quar-
ters a plain but comfortable and neatly furnished cottage, im-
mediately west of the Illinois Building. It contains the usual
reception rooms, ladies' parlor and the offices of the State
Commission.

Michigan. — The Michigan Building stands on State avenue,
immediately west of the Wisconsin cottage. It is an elaborate
structure of frame, with a tower at the southwest corner. The
interior is very handsome, being fitted up in hard wood, and is
divided into the usual reception rooms and parlors. The
building contains the offices of the State Commissionei*s. It is
handsomely furnished throughout.

Jowa. — The Iowa Building is a neat and tasteful frame cot-
tage, and stands on the slope of George's Hill, on the east of
the Missouri Building. It is simply furnished, and contains
a reception and reading-room, and the offices of the State
Commissioners.

. Kansas and Colorado. — These States share between them a
large Gothic frame building, the ground-plan of which is in the
form of a Greek cross. It stands immediately back of the New
Jersey Building, on the slopes of Belmont valley. Each arm
of the cross is one hundred and fifty feet in length. The interior
is handsomely fitted up, and is devoted to a special display of

606 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the agricultural and mineral resources of the States of Kansas
and Colorado. The former State occupies the principal portion
cf the space.

The great seal of Kansas is painted in the north wing, and
below it is a large map of the State, twenty-four feet long by
thirteen feet wide. The agricultural products of Kansas are
displayed in the north and east wings ; the minerals and birds
in the south wing; the insects in cases around the centre; the
timber and stone displays are arranged near the east wing. A
handsome bronze fountain, presented by the ladies of Topeka,
occupies the centre, under the dome. Above it is suspended a
facsimile of the Old Independence Bell, formed entirely of
Kansas products, and designed by Professor Henry Worrell, of
Topeka. This bell is eight feet eight inches high, and its
diameter at the lower or open end is eight feet nine inches.
The outer rim of the bell is formed of wheat, millet, broom-corn,
and sorghum. The tongue is formed of a gourd six feet long ;
the hammer is a bell-shaped gourd a foot and a half in diameter.
Around the top of the bell, the inscription, "Proclaim Liberty
to all," etc., is formed of millet and flax. The building is sur-
mounted by forty-two flags, representing all nations exhibiting
here, and presented by the ladies of Leavenworth. The entire
building is surrounded by a wide portico, afibrding seats and
shade. In one of the triangles formed by the intersection of the
wings of the building there is a neatly furnished reading-room,
where files of Kansas newspapers are kept. Opposite to this is
the office of the State Board. These afford a quiet resting-place
for visitors.

The display of agricultural products is labelled, giving the
name of the county where grown, and by whom grown. The
yield per acre is recorded in the books of the State Board, and
can be ascertained on application. By reference to the large
map in the north wing, visitors can ascertain the section in
which any product exhibited is grown. There is wheat on
exhibition the stalks of which are from five feet to six and a
half feet high, with heads from three to six inches long ; the
corn is from thirteen to seventeen and a half feet in height.

MICHIGAN STATE BUILDING.

CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA STATE BUILDING,

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 607

with ears from eight to ten feet from the ground; oats from five
to six and a half feet high ; rye from five to seven feet high ;
broom corn over eighteen feet high ; bhie grass three feet four
inches high; fourteen different varieties of wild grass, commenc-
ing with the buffalo grass, six inches high, and ending v.'ith
blue-stem prairie grass, over ten feet high — too big for hay
and not quite large enough for cord wood ; clover from four to
five feet high ; ears of corn from twelve to fifteen inches long;
one stalk of corn with thirteen ears upon, and another with
seven ; and many other products showing an equally remark-
able growth. A fine display is made of the native woods of
Kansas.

The State of Colorado exhibits its mineral resources in
the west wing of the building. Here are specimens of gold
quartz, silver ore, and at the north side is a representation of
the Rocky mountains, in which are grouped stuffed specimens
of the animals of that region. The State Commissioners have
an elegantly furnished reception room at one side.

California and Nevada. — These States have erected a large
wooden pavilion on the south side of State avenue, opposite the
Maryland Building. It contains a handsome hall, the pillars
of which are finished in imitation of the native woods of the
Pacific coast. A special exhibit is made of the agricultural and
mineral resources of these States. The building also contains
the offices of the California and Nevada State Commissioners.

All the State Buildings have large registers in which visitors
from the respective States may record their names and addresses.
Nearly all are provided with files of the State newspapers, and
with baggage and coat rooms, where visitors may leave their
valises, bags, and useless wraps, without charge. A number
have special post-offices, and at all visitors may find facilities
for writing and despatching letters. They can also have their
letters sent to their State Buildings during their visits to the
Exhibition.

The Philadelphia City Building stands at the northern end of
the bridge over Lansdowne valley, and opposite the eastern end
of Horticultural Hall. It is a handsome wooden structure, is

608

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

elegantly furnished, and is fitted up with reception rooms for
the Mayor and Councils of the city of Philadelphia.

The Foreign Buildings.

The British Government Buildings. — St. George's House, as
the principal structure is called, and its two out-luiildings, stand
on the slopes of George's Hill, south of the State Buildings, and
constitute the head-quarters of the Commissioners from Great
Britain and her colonies. They stand in their own grounds,
which are enclosed with a pretty rustic fence, and in the yard

THE BRITISH BUILDINGS.

before the principal edifice is a tall fiagstaif from which floats a
large English ensign.

St. George's House is of the Elizabethan style of architecture,
two stories high, and is surmounted by a roof of red tiles
and a multitude of tall chimneys. The building was erected
under the superintendence of the English Commission, and the
furniture, upholstery and fixtures are from leading houses in
England. The building covers a space ninety by twenty-five
feet, with projections in front and a verandah and balcony in
the rear. The interior decorations and arrangements of rooms,
hallways, etc., are designed to reproduce the time of Queen

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 609

Elizabeth as nearly as it can now be €lone. The window panes
are small ; the rooms have fire-places, high mantels and broad
window seats. On the first floor a suite of three apartments
finely finished in oak and opening into each other by sliding
doors are the ^' show rooms '^ of the house. They aggregate
fifty-six feet in length by sixteen feet wide. There are about
twenty apartments on the two stories, opening into passageways
running lengthwise through the centre of the house. Apart-
ments in this building are provided for the use of the various
British Colonial Commissioners, from the Dominion of Canada,
Victoria, Xew South Wales, Queensland, South Australia,
Tasmania, Xew Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Jamaica, Ber-
muda and the Bahamas. In the two adjoining houses there are
accommodations for thirty-eight persons who are attached to the
Commission. The British Buildings are among the handsomest
in the Exhibition enclosure. They are the private residence of
the Commissioners, and are not open to the public.

The French Government Building stands north of the Main
Building and east of jNIemorial Hall, near the entrance gate
which faces the Keading Railroad Depot. It it sixty feet long
by forty feet wide, and is built entirely of brick and iron, the
facing being highly ornamental. The top is of glass and iron,
and the entrance is finished with iron.

The building is intended for an exhibit of the public works
of the French Republic, and the articles displayed within it
consist of models, charts, and drawings of bridges, aqueducts,
railways, docks, and improvements to navigation. There are
many large and elaborately executed charts and models which
illustrate the system of supplying the towns and cities of France
with fresh water, and to these are affixed descriptions in both
French and English. " One of the largest and most interesting
models shows not only the great aqueduct at Marseilles, but the
same Avork in the process of construction, with steam derricks,
temporary railways on trestle-work, and all other appliances
necessary for such an undertaking. Among the more important
exhibits in the road section are models and charts of the viaduct
of Dinan ; the bridge of Arcole, on the Seine, Paris ; the greajt
39

610 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

swing bridge at Brest. The model of the last-mentioned work
is over eight feet long, and is said to be a perfect reproduction
of the original, even to the most minute details. The bridge
of St. Sauveur, the iron viaduct of Busseau d'Ahum, the bridge
of Chalonnes, and the viaduct of the Point de Jour, are all
represented in the same way, and all attract much attention,
not only from engineers, who can appreciate their construction,
but from the general public, who are only supposed to be capa-
ble of admiration. The new Paris terminus of the Orleans
Railway is shown by a finely -finished model of the station,
sidelings, guard-houses, signal offices, etc., and near this is a
collection of lithographs exhibiting the various types of car-
riages, wagons, passenger and freight cars, and locomotives
used by the French. The plan of navigation between Paris
and Auxeme is illustrated by general charts and models of
longitudinal sections. The barrages of the Upper Seine, which
consist of two parts, a navigable passage and a wier, the mova-
ble trestle barrage at Marlot, the improvement of the Seine
from Boean to Havre, and the canal bridge on the Albe, are all
represented by finely-carved models. One interesting section
is devoted to maritime works about the various sea-ports,
including the lock of the port of Dunkirque, port of Havre,
and basin of the citadel, ^vonderful caisson of the coffer-dam in
the basin at Brest, the port and lock-gates at St. Nazaire, the
basin-port at Bordeaux, and the ports of Bayonne and Mar-
seilles. The French light-house system is fully illustrated,
both by models and charts, there being several beautiful models
(five to eight feet in length) of the New Caledonia light-house,
and the light-houses of Heaux-de-Breliat, Le Tour, La Banche,
the Borges, and St. Purne-de-Royan. In connection with
these are displayed the various kinds of lighting apparatus in
use, showing lamps of the four grades, and also a full exhibit
of other signals of various kinds, such as buoys, beacons, etc.
The French system of life-saving service is shown in another
section, and still in another is a geological map of France and
illustration of the beds of phosphate of lime known or worked,
with full descriptions of mining and machinery. The process

OF THE CEXTEXXIAL EXHIBITION.

611

of elevating and distributing water is shown not only by the
aqueduct of Roquefavour, at Marseilles, but the barrage and
reservoir of the Turens, and the elevating machines at Conde
for the supply of the canal from the Aisne to the Marne, On
the north side of the building is hung a large, handsome map,
showing all the carriage and railroads of France, and the walls
of the building are covered with lithographs of all the more
important works of the government."

The French Stained Glass Pavilion is situated near the
building just described, and is designed especially for the exhi-
bition of stained glass. Here are three magnificent windows
destined for the Roman Catholic Cathedral in New York.

BUILDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE.

The French Ceramic Pavilion is situated on the northern
slope of Lansdowne valley, west of the German Government
Building. It is constructed of iron, glass and tiles, and is
devoted to an exhibit of tiles, porcelain, and pottery.

The German Government Building stands on the northern
slope of Lansdowne valley, at its head, and east of Belmont
avenue. It is built of brick, is stuccoed in imitation of stone,
and is an attractive structure in the renaissance style of archi-
tecture. It is eighty-two by forty-two feet in size. A sj)acious
portico leads into the main hall, whicli is handsomely finished

612 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

in stucco work, and the walls and ceiling are highly frescoed.
This hall serves as a reception and reading-room. On one side
of it are the offices of the German Commission, and on the
other the ladies' and gentlemen's parlors. The building is the
head-quarters of the Imperial German Commission, and is
intended as a rendezvous for visitors from the German Empire.

The Spanish Government Building is a large frame structure,
situated on the slopes of George's Hill, west of the Total
Abstinence Fountain. It is a large wooden edifice with a
basement beneath it, and is eighty by one hundred feet in size.
It contains a handsome display of models and drawings of the
public works, fortifications, and historical buildings of Spain,
exhibited by the Spanish government. It is similar to the
French exhibit referred to above.

The Spanish Guard House adjoins this hall, and is con-
structed of wood. It is octagonal in shape, about fifty feet in
diameter, and is occupied by a detachment of Spanish engineers,
who have charge of the various exhibits of the kingdom.
Immediately in the rear of it is a long shed with Moorish
arches along the sides, which are closed by light curtains. This
is occupied by the Spanish soldiers as a kitchen and mess-room.

The Portuguese Government Building is a plain wooden
cottage, and is situated on the southern slope of the Lansdowne
valley, east of Agricultural avenue. It is furnished simply,
and serves as the head-quarters of the Portuguese Commission,
and as a place of resort for visitors from Portuo^al.

The Swedish School-House is a pretty little building con-
structed of native woods. It was built in Sweden and brought
over to this country in sections. It is one story in height, and
is situated west of the Carriage Building and north of the
building of the Department of Public Comfort. No paint is
used in the building, but the native wood shows everywhere,
fresh and brought to a high polish. The building is a model
of the public or national schools of Sweden. It is fitted up
with the furniture used in such buildings, and with the philo-
sophical and other apparatus prescribed for the higher schools.
Specimens of the text-books and books of reference used are

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

613

shown, and there are models exhibited here of the great schools
of the cities of Sweden. Education in Sweden is compulsory,
and the children of the poorer classes are furnished with a good
common school education at the expense of the state. For
those who desire to avail themselves of such privileges higher
schools are provided, many of which are designed to fit the
pupil for some particular trade or profession. The neatness
and order of this little building are particularly noticeable, and
the practical nature and thoroughness of the course are well

SWEDISH SCHOOL-HOUSE.

shown by the exhibit made herein. The work of the technical
schools is shown in the Main Exhibition Building, and has
been alluded to elsewhere.

The Canadian Log House is exhibited by the government of
the Dominion of Canada. It is situated near the British
Buildings, north of the Total Abstinence Fountain, and is forty
^ by sixty-four feet in size. It is constructed of logs and timber
of every variety, and represents the portal of a classic temple.
It is unique and attractive, and its summit, to which visitors
are admitted, commands one of the best views of the Exhibition
grounds.

614 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Brazilian Government Building stands on a wocxied
knoll on Agricultural avenue, east of the German Government
Building. It is built of wood, octagonal in form, and has a
light open piazza around it, the roof of which forms a balcony.
A turret-like room is built over the main structure, and at
every point are staves for flags. The main entrance faces the
south, and opens into a large hall which extends the whole
depth of the building. Two rooms o})en upon the hall on
each side. They are used for the offices of the Brazilian Com-
mission and reception rooms for visitors. Th^^ house is hand-
somely furnished, and is one of the pleasantest and most
attractive connected with the Exhibition.

The Japanese Dwelling is situated on the eastern slope of
George's Hill, north of the Spanish buildings. It is built of
wood, is a low structure, two stories in height, and is covered
with a roof of heavy tiles of an ornamental shape. The sides
of the building are made of movable panels, over the entrances
are curiously carved timbers, and the grain and finish of the
wood are very beautiful. The interior is richly furnished.
Carpets of an elegant design cover the floor, the rooms are fitted
up in a style of elegant simplicity in the Japanese manner, and
the walls are hung with finely- woven curtains of vegetable
fibre, Avhich, while they screen the rooms and shut out the
sun's rays, do not exclude the air. The building is the private
residence of the Japanese Commissioners, and visitors are not
admitted to it.

The Japanese Bazaar stands immediately north of the
building of the Department of Public Comfort. The grounds
around it are enclosed, and are laid off as a garden in the
Japanese style. The building is a low, rambling structure
built around three sides of a court, is constructed entirely of
carved wood, and is covered with a roof of heavy corrugated
earthen tiles. The northern side is left almost entirely open,
the only protection against the weather being the overhanging
eaves and paper curtains. The ceilings, walls and floors are
])ainted in imitation of tile work, and many of the counters on
wliich the goods arc displayed are richly ornamented and gro-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

615

tesquely carved. The building is intended for the sale of
Japanese articles, consisting chiefly of antique bronzes, curious
specimens of porcelain and pottery, wood and ivory carvings,
and lacquered ware. The majority of the attendants of the
bazaar wear their native costume. The duties have all been

THE JAPANESE DWELLINa.

paid on the articles for sale here, and visitors may carry their
purchases away with them.

The Turkish Coffee House and Bazaar is located on the
Avenue of the Republic, north of Machinery Hall. It is a

616 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBY

large and richly ornamented pavilion, with a dome-like roof
surmounted by the crescent and the star, and with a wide
portico deeply set in the sides of the building at the northern
and southern ends. The sides are filled with long, pointed
windows. The building is richly decorated in crimson, blue,
and gold, and is exceedingly gaudy. Opening upon the porches
are four small bazaars, in which a large stock of pipes, carpets,
rich dresses, swords, daggers, jewelry, and other articles from
the Turkish empire are sold.

The cafe occupies a large and well-lighted room in the
centre of the building, like which it is octagonal in shape.
Above is the ornamented dome-like ceiling, painted in Turkish
colors and ornamented with Turkish designs. A luxurious
divan or lounge runs around the sides of the room, and tables
and chairs are scattered about. The high, breezy-looking win-
dows are hung with heavy curtains handsomely embroidered.
Pipes are here in abundance, and you may enjoy the happiest
of smokes for a mere pittance. Coffee is made and served here
in the peculiar Turkish style, the cups being the most fragile
shells of exquisite porcelain, placed in silver holders. At one
corner of the room is a brazier with a charcoal fire in it. When
a visitor orders coffee the attendant places a spoonful of sweet-
ened ground coffee in a silver dipper about as large as the cup
from which you are to drink, and then adds hot water. He
places the dipper over the fire in the brazier and allows the
mixture to come to a boil, and then turns it out, thick and as
strong as brandy, into your cup. Turkish liquors and preser\^s
are also sold here. The attendants are all Turks and dress in
their native costume. The building is under the control of the
Turkish Commission.

The Tunisian Coffee House and Bazaar stand on the north
side of Fountain avenue, nortji of Machinery Hall. The
coffee house is octagonal in shape, is capped by an eight-panelled
and much elongated dome, and is ornamented with odd designs
panelled in red, blue and black, and relieved with numerous
intersecting bars of green and gold. The windows of the
building are set high up in the sides, and are very small, but

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 617

the roof is contrived so as to keep up a constant circulation of
air. The cafe is an elaborately ornamented room, supplied with
tables, chairs and divans, and at one end is a raised and
cushioned platform, on which musical performances are given.
Coffee is made and served here in a manner similar to that em-
ployed in the Turkish cafe. The attendants are Tunisians, and
wear their native dress.

The Bazaar adjoins the cafe on the west, and is a smaller
structure — a mere shed supported by slender pillars. On a
high counter which runs around the inside of the building a
Tunisian merchant displays a collection of Eastern wares for
sale.

In the rear of these buildings the Bey of Tunis exhibits two
black tents of caraeFs hair cloth, such as are used by the
Bedowin Arabs. They are intended to show the mode of life
in the desert.

On the opposite side of Fountain avenue, a little to the west
of the Tunisian buildings, are three small wooden booths.
These are Eastern bazaars on a small scale. The most westerly
is for the sale of sponges from the principal Turkish sponge
fishery ; the next, going east, is the " Jerusalem Bazaar,^' and
the last the " Bethlehem Bazaar.'^ In the last two some enter-
prising Syrian merchants oiFer for sale articles of olive wood
and mother-of-pearl from Jerusalem, Bethlehem and other
parts of the Holy Land.

To the east of Belmont avenue, near the German Govern-
ment Building, is the Moorish Villa, a quaint little structure.
The building is very small and unattractive without, and has
little stained glass windows set in the walls near the top. The
interior is richly ornamented with tile work of different colors.
Passing through the entrance hall the visitor finds himself in a
square room, bordered at each corner with slender columns,
decorated in keeping with the walls and ceiling. Overhead is
a glass dome, which admits enough light for the centre, but
leaves the remainder of the building in a cool darkness. To
the right is seen through the dim light a small counter covered
with jewelry and oriental trinkets of all kinds, behind which

618 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

are seated two wliite-turbaned and baj^gyTCOstumed Moors, both
too intent on making sales to notice the curious glances of their
visitors. Among the larger articles offered for sale are Arabian
guns, swords, daggers, stilettos, aiid strangely carved knives
with jewelled handles. On the left is a bed-room about eight
feet long and four feet wide, and in this is a nicely made-up
couch with satin pillows and handsomely embroidered spread.
A small parlor, with a long, low divan and a few elegant otto-
mans, adjoins this, while a step farther on is another and larger
parlor furnished in the same way, and two more bed-rooms of
about the same size. The walls and floors of all these inner
rooms are covered with heavy, dark -colored tapestry, and the
ceilings are panelled in imitation of mosaic work of the most
intricate devices.

The Chilian Government Building stands west of Machinery
Hall, and is occupied by a display of the amalgamating ma-
chinery used in the mines of Chili.

On the north side of Fountain avenue, east of the Tunisian
Cafe, is a relief plan of Paris, constructed by Colonel Lienard,
a distinguished engineer officer of the French army. The
buildings consist of separate blocks or models, and stand out
from each other. The formation of the land is shown and a
fair general idea of the French metropolis is afforded by this
plan.

Buildings of the Centennial Commission.

Tlie United States Centennial Commission OJHces are located
on the right of the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds at
Elm and Belmont avenues. They are established in a low one-
story frame building with a wide piazza running around it.
The building is painted a light brown, and is ornamented with
elaborate lattice work. The business offices of the Centennial
Commission are located here.

The Centennial Board of Finance Building is situated on the
left of the main entrance to the grounds, immediately opposite
the Centennial Commission building, and is an exact copy of
that structure. It contains the business offices of the Board
of Finance.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

619

The Centennial National Bank is a one-story wooden structure
of tasteful design, and is situated on Elm avenue, immediately to
the east of the main entrance to the grounds. It is the medium
through which the financial affairs of the' Exhibition are trans-
acted, and offers banking facilities to exhibitors and visitors.

The Judges^ Hall. — This is a large and handsome wooden
pavilion, one hundred and fifty-two by one hundred and thirteen
feet in size, and is situated on the Avenue of the Republic,
north of the Main Exhibition Building. It is tastefully orna-
mented without, and constitutes one of the most attractive

THE judges' HALIi.

structures connected with the Exhibition. The interior is
handsomely fitted up. In the centre is a large hall eighty by
sixty feet in size, with a gallery running around it. Surround-
ing this central hall is a corridor upon which open ten committee
rooms and four private rooms for the judges. The building is
for the use of the international juries charged with the deter-
mination of the prizes to be awarded by the Centennial
Commission.

The Medical Department is intended to provide immediate
and gratuitous medical assistance to persons injured or taken ill
in the Exhibition grounds. It is provided with a plain but
comfortable building situated on the north slope of Lansdowne

620 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOIJY

valley, near its western end, about equidistant from the great
halls of the Exhibition. It contains two wards, one for female,
the other for male patients, with three beds in each ward. An
experienced resident physician is in charge, with competent at-
tendants, and an ambulance is provided for the removal of
patients to their own homes or to the city hospitals.

The Sawmill. — This is a substantial shed, and is located on
Fountain avenue, west of Machinery Hall. It is two hundred
and seventy-six by eighty feet in size, with a boiler house forty-
eight by tliirty feet in size. It contains the exhibits of direct-
acting steam saw machines and gang saws.

Barracks. — There are five one-story and one large two-story
frame buildings located at prominent points in the grounds.
These are the barracks for the Centennial Guard, or special
police force of the Exhibition. These buildings are also police
stations and are provided with cells for prisoners. The two-
story barrack, which is located at the southwestern extremity of
the grounds, is provided with a court-room and a magistrate's
office.

Fire-Engine Houses. — These are two in number, and are of
wood and one story in height. They contain halls for the steam
fire-engines stationed in them, halls for the horses, and quarters
for the men. One of these buildings is at the northeast corner
of the jNIain Exhibition Building ; the other at the intersection
of Lansdowne drive and Belmont avenue. They are supplied
with steam fire-engines, hose carriages, ladders, and Babcock
extinguishers on wheels and portable.

The Restaurants.

Besides the restaurants and lunch-rooms in the Exhibition
buildings there are seven "first-class restaurants located within
the grounds. These are among tl^e largest and most completely
appointed eating-houses in the United States, and are required
by the Centennial Commission to conduct their affairs in such
a manner that visitors to the Exhibition may be able to obtain
the best fare at moderate prices.

21ie American Restaurant is the largest and handsomest of

OF THE CEiNTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX.

621

all these establishmeuts. It is situated on the northern side
of Belmont valley, immediately south of Agricultural Hall,
and within a short distance of Horticultural Hall. It is three
hundred by two hundred feet in size, and is built around three
sides of a court which is open on the south. This court-yard is
one hundred and twenty-five by one hundred and sixteen feet
in size, and is handsomely turfed and ornamented with foun-
tains and flowers. A wdde piazza extends around the building,
0])ening upon the court. There is a large and handsome dining-
hall at the east end of the building, which can seat six hundred
guests, and on the opposite side of the building is a pavilion for
'the sale of ice cream, etc. Five thousand guests can be seated at
once under the roof of the restaurant. Meals are served either

GRAND AMERICAN RESTAURANT.

d la carte or fable d'hote. There are private rooms for supj^ers,
dinners, etc., and the establishment possesses every facility for
entertaining a large number of guests. It is conducted by
Messrs. Tobias & Heilbrunn.

The Southern Restaurant is situated on Belmont avenue,
north of the Woman's Building. It is one hundred and eighty-
five feet long and ninety-four feet deep, and has four large
dining-rooms and sixteen private rooms for j^arties or others
who wish to dine away from the bustle of a large, crowded
hall, several parlors, a reading-room, etc. It is intended as a
place of rendezvous for visitors from the Southern States, and
the waiters are all colored men. The proprietor is Edward
Mercer, of Atlanta, Georgia, a gentleman well known through-

622

TITE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

out the South as "a mau who can keep a hotel." The estab-
lishment can accommodate one thousand guests.

There are two French restaurants within the grounds.

I'he Restaurant of the Trois Frtres Provenqeaux is situated on
the west side of Belmont avenue, on the north shore of the
lake, and south of the United States Government Building.
It is a simple one-story wooden building, one hundred and
seventy-seven by one hundred and ten feet in size, and stands
in the midst of tastefully laid-off grounds. It will accomrao-

THE SOUTHERN EESTAURANT.

date about one thousand guests, and is a duplicate, with respect
to its management, of the famous restaurant at Paris, after
which it is named. Louis Goyard, of Paris, is the proprietor.
The Restaurant Lafayette is a handsome two-story frame
structure, located on the south slope of Lansdowne ravine,
north of the Carriage Building. The second story is arranged
as an open-air pavilion, and the building contains a number of
public and private dining-rooms. It is one of the handsomest

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

623

eating-houses in the grounds, and is conducted on the French
plan. It will accommodate about one thousand guests. Paul
Sudreau, of Philadelphia, is the proprietor.

The German Restaurant, or, as it is better known, "Lauber's
Restaurant," is situated on the south side of the Belmont val-
ley, a few yards northeast of Horticultural Hall. It consists
of a large dining-hall with a lofty dome, elaborately frescoed
and fitted up in elegant style, and three wings enclosing a large

BESTAURANT OF THE TROIS FR^RES PROVENgEAUX.

space which is floored over and covered with canvas. In this
court tables are set, and beer and German wines are served.
The building is two hundred by one hundred and fifty feet in
size, and is handsome in design and convenient in arrangement.
It will accommodate about twelve hundred guests. The pro-
prietor is Philip J. Lauber, one of the most popular and enter-
prising citizens of- Philadelphia. It may be added here that

624 THE JT.LUSTKATED HISTORY

this has been the most successful and best patronized establish-
ment within the grounds.

The Vienna Bakery and Cafe, Fleischmann, is a tasteful
structure of wood, one hundred and forty-six by one hundred
and five feet in size, situated immediately east of the French
Government Building, near the entrance gates opposite the
Reading Railroad Depot. It is the property of GaflP, Fleisch-
mann & Co., of Bliss ville. Long Island, New York, and is de-
signed to exhibit the advantages of compound yeast in baking.
It is fitted up w^ith a bakery in which fresh bread is being
constantly baked, and served to customers in the coffee-house
which adjoins the bakery.

The George's Hill Restaurant is a frame building one hun-
dred and twelve by seventy-two feet in size, situated in the
western portion of the grounds, near the State buildings. It
is also called the Hebrew Restaurant, as it is designed with
especial reference to the wants of the Hebrew visitors to the
Exhibition. Talman & Kohn are the proprietors.

To the southwest of the George's Hill Restaurant is a small
pavilion erected by Jacob Kohn, of New York. Here are sold
the delicious wines and liquors of Hungary, which are served
by attendants in the national dress of that country.

The Dairy. — This is a tasteful structure, built of logs, and
is open in the main story, having only the roof above it. A
frame pavilion has been erected to the west of it, and is used
for the same purpose. The buildings stand on the north slope
of the Lansdowne ravine, southwest of the Horticultural Hall,
in the midst of grounds handsomely laid out as a garden.
They are owmed by an association of dairymen residing in
Philadelphia and the adjoining counties, and in them fresh
milk, cream, buttermilk^ ice cream and refreshments of the
licrhter kind are served out to visitors.

The Tea and Coffee Press Building is a handsome edifice,
with a tower at each end, situated on the north side of Belmont
valley, south of the Agricultural Hall. It is the property of
Mr. Jonathan Miller, and is designed to show a new method,
invented by him, of making tea, coffee and other extracts, by

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 025

means of pressure caused by tlie expansion of the materials
used. This invention is one of the most important discoveries
of the day, and is considered by chemists and other scientific
men to be a national benefit. The j^rocess of making tea and
coffee is shown to visitors by the inventor and his assistants,
and attracts many spectators, especially housekeepers, to whom
it is of great value, as it not only gives them a fine article of
coffee and tea and a quick mode of preparing them, but econo-
mizes the materials used. The value and power of the process
of making extracts is shown by the fact that the entire proper-
ties to be extracted are taken out in a short time by cold water,
and when hot or boiling water is thrown into the press, the
expansion of the material is so great as to prevent the genera-
tion of steam. Tea and coffee made by this process, and de-
liciously cooled with ice, are served out to visitors at a small
cost, and the " presses " are sold at moderate prices.

Individual Enterprises.

TJie Shoe and Leather BuUdhifj. — This building was erected
by the Shoe and Leather Trade of the United States. It is
built of wood, is very plain in design, is one story in height,
and is three hundred by one hundred and sixty feet in size. It
is situated south of ^lachinery Hall^ and the main entrance
faces the grand plaza between Macliinery Hall and the Main
Building. At this end of the building are the offices and com-
mittee rooms.

The building contains a large hall, at each end of which is a
gallery, and smaller rooms at each extremity of the edifice.
The hall is handsomely decorated with flags and bunting, each
truss which supports the roof being draped with red, white and
blue bands. As these are very numerous, the effect of the dis-
play is very fine. At each end of the hall are elaborate deco-
rations appropriate to the place.

The hall contains a complete exhibit of all the materials

which enter into this large American industry, from the heavy

and intricate machinery for cutting and finishing the leather

down to the blacking for polishing it. Nearly six hundred

THE CKNTEXNTAL EXHIRITIOX. 627

American bouses take part In this exhibit, and a few manufac-
turers from Eno^land, Russia and Germany.

The largest display is made by jVIassachusetts. The exhibits
from this State exceed those from all the other States too^ether.
Newark, New Jersey, is well represented and occupies a large
space, and both New York and Philadelphia make an excel-
lent appearance.

The central aisle is taken up on both sides with a display of
boots and shoes for men, women and children. The goods are
contained in handsome glass show-cases, and range in character
from the heaviest to the lightest and finest work. The variety
of shoes is very great. One manufacturer exhibits over five
hundred distinct patterns. Another exhibitor has arranged his
collection with reference to the historical interest which fashion
has given to the shapes and finish of coverings for the feet,
showing as he does the shoe from 1776 down to the present
Centennial year in its differing forms.

At the western end of the main aisle the India rubber manu-
facturers exhibit their goods, and make a handsome display of
the various articles of this material used in commerce.

At the west end of the building is a small room, or hall, con-
taining a fine exhibit of trunks, satchels, and the different leather
goods used by travellers. Adjoining this, on the north side of
the building, is a display of hardware for trunk-makers, etc.

The south side of the main hall is occupied with a large
exhibit of leather. Rockwell & Co., of New York, make a
special exhibit of sheep leather, their imitations of Russia
leather being so perfect that it is hard for any one but a skilled
expert to detect the difference.

On the north side of the hall is a large display of boot and
shoe making machinery. Conspicuous among the machines
exhibited here is the McKay scAving-machine for boots and
shoes, from Boston. This machine is regarded as one of the
best in use — if not the very best—and its capabilities for doing
the work for which it is designed may be seen in the fact that
the company's books show half a million of dollars of royalties
on the work done last year. The Tai)ley Heel-Burnishing

628 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Machine Association, of Boston, exhibit one of their admirable
machines, of which four hundred are now in use. The Union
edge-setting machine is an interesting object. It is said to do
its work in one-half the time it can be done by hand ; and the
Plummer's Union whitening and buffing machine performs the
labor of six men. The American Shoe-Tip Com}>any, of
Boston, exhibit an interesting machine for quilting boots and
shoes with wire. Many of the machines are in operation, and
their workings may be seen by visitors.

The Shoe and Leather exhibit is highly creditable, and gives
an admirable idea of the magnitude and importance of this great
American industry and of the skill and ingenuity exercised in it.

The Brewei^s^ Industrial Exhibilion Building is situated near the
northeastern corner of the Exhibition grounds, and immediately
east of the Ao^ricultural Buildinor. It is two hundred and seventy-
two feet in length and ninety-six feet in width, and was erected
at a cost of $30,000. It is a large and conspicuous wooden
building. Hop vines are trained along the south front, and the
grounds on this side are tastefully laid off as a hop vineyard.

The building contains one large hall eighty-five feet in height,
and four smaller halls forty-five feet high. Over the main
entrance on the south side is a statue of King Gambrinus. At the
rise of the second roof is a beer-barrel ornamented with the flags
of all nations, and over each entrance is a handsome design made
up of the implements and materials used in the business.

The interior is decorated handsomely with bunting of various
colors, and over the eastern entrance is a large trophy surround-
ing a medallion on which is inscribed the following sentence :
"In the year 1863, 1,558,083 barrels of beer were brewed in
the United States; in 1875, 8,743,744 barrels were produced
from malt liquors, on which a tax was paid of $9,144,004."
Inscriptions in English and German relative to the brewing
business are placed on the wall at various points. Near the
centre of the hall is an elevator which conveys visitors to the
gallery outside of the building, from which a fine view of the
Exhibition grounds, the .river, and the surrounding country
is obtained.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 629

The buiklhig is devoted to a display of the processes of mak-
\n<r mult, and brewing beer, ale, and porter. Mr, Charles Stoll,
of New York, has erected at great expense a working brewery
of the most approved plan, containing all the latest improve-
ments. It is called the "Centennial Brewery," and has a
capacity of 150 barrels at one time. Opposite to this display
there are two malt kilns of full size, one of which was erected
by William Hughes and Theodore Bergner, of Philadelphia.
The latter is a patent arrangement, and is complete in every
particular. In various parts of the building the manner of
steeping, germinating, and drying the malt, is shown, together
with the cleaning and separating machines. Malt-grinding
mills, hop-grinding mash machines, vats, tubs, and beer-cooling
apparatus, from Austria, are also shown. Models of malt-
houses and breweries are exhibited, and among these is a model
of the brewery of one hundred years ago, when all the labor was
done by hand. The brewery then was simjily a rough shed
with a rudely thatched roof of straw. Close by is a model of a
modern brewery of to-day, with all its machinery and improve-
ments. Samples of hops, barley, and other cereals from which
malt liquors are made, are shown, one firm displaying five
varieties. Samples of malt liquors of all kinds, in glass and
wood, are also exhibited.

On the northern side of the Brewer's Buildincr is an annex
known as the " Ice House." It is seventy feet in length and
eighty feet in width, and the walls are double and are lined with
shavings to assist in maintaining a low degree of temperature.
It is fitted up with three compartments : one for ale, which does
not require so low a temperature ; a second for beer, which
requires great cold ; and the third for use as a sample room.
All the malt liquors intended for competitive exhibition are
kept in this building.

The Butter and Cheese Factory is a large wooden building
situated near the northeastern end of the Exhibition crrounds
and east of the Brewer's Building. It is one hundred and six-
teen by one hundred feet in size, and is two stories in height.
It contains a special exhibit of the dairy produ(;ls of the United

630

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 631

States, and illustrations of the processes of making butter and
cheese.

TJie Department of Public Comfort is a peculiar and very
important branch of the great Exhibition. As its name indicates
it is designed to supply additional comforts and conveniences to
visitors to the Exhibition. It is controlled by a company of
which Mr. W. Marsh Kasson is the President. The sum of
$20,000 was paid to the Centennial Commission for the privilege
of establishing this department, and it was made a condition of
the concession that all the accommodations provided by the
department should be of the best quality, and that the charges
for them should be moderate.

The principal building of the Department of Public Comfort
stands on the corner of the Avenue of the Republic and Agri-
cultural avenue. It is a handsome edifice of wood, two stories
in height, two hundred and sixty-four by one hundred and
twelve feet in size, and consists of a central building with two
wings. The central building is used by the department, and
contains a large reception-room for visitors, which is abundantly
supplied with chairs and sofas, and is free to all who choose to
avail themselves of its facilities. A register is kept here, free of
charge, in which visitors may enter their names, address in the city,
and date of intended departure, so that friends may readily learn
of their whereabouts. Special arrangements may be made for the
reception of visitors' letters addressed to the care of the Depart-
ment of Public Comfort. These will be kept until called for, or
forwarded to any desired point. Reserved seats at the theatres and
principal places of amusement in the city may be obtained here.

At the north end of the reception-hall is a lunch-counter, at
which refreshments are sold at moderate prices. Stands for tlie
sale of fancy articles, newspapers, periodicals, etc., are to be found
in the reception room, and attached to it are barber-shops for
gentlemen, dressing-rooms for ladies, water-closets, lavatories,
boot-blacking rooms, and coat and baggage rooms, where bag-
gage and other small articles may be left at a small cost, the
owner receiving a check for his property.

Jn connection with the coat and baggage room are ten sta-

632 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

^ions, in and about the Exhibition buildings, where articles of
wearing apparel, small baggage, bundles, baskets and umbrellas
may be deposited and cared for, or checked for delivery to other
Stations. Stands for sup})lying newspapers, periodicals, and all
the current literature of the day, are provided in the reception
foom and in and about the different public buildings ; stationery,
postage stamps, and all conveniences for writing, are also su})-
plied. In the Art Gallery stands for the sale and hire of object
and opera glasses are established. Five pavilions for boot-
blacking are also located at desirable points about the grounds.
At all the coat and baggage stations umbrellas are kept for sale
and hire. Telegraphic stations for ordering rolling-chaii*s and
calling messengers of the American District Telegraph Com-
pany may also be found there.

Over the central portion of the building is an open air gallery,
which is covered with a canvas awning and is free to all
visitors. It is intended, like the reception room, as a place of
general resort for visitors.

The eastern wing is occupied by the General Telegraph
Office of the Exhibition, also under the control of the Depart-
aaent of Public Comfort. ^lessages may be sent from here to
all parts of the world. The room contains an exhibit of the
various instruments used in telegraphing, the greater number
of which may be seen in operation.

The Avestern wing is fitted up for the accommodation of the
United States Centennial Commission and the members of the
press of the country. It contains some of the offices of the
Commission and a large and airy hall, which looks out upon the
wooded slopes of the Lansdowne valley, and is fitted up with
tables and chairs for the use of the army of correspondents and
ireporters who are daily engaged in making the attractions of the
Exhibition known to the public.

The Singer Sewing 3Iachlne Building is a pretty frame cot-
tage erected on the south slojje of the Lansdowne valley, north
of Memorial Hall, by the Singer Manufacturing Company at a
cost of $20,000. It is handsomely frescoed within, and is fitted
irp in elegant style. It is devoted to a special exhibit of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

633

Singer sewing machines. Among the novelties on exhibition
here are a wax-thread lock-stitch machine, and button-hole and
eyelet machine, a book-binding machine, and several others that
are new ,to the public, one of which is capable of making

SINGER SEAVING MACHINE BUILDING.

30,000 different styles of stitches. Numerous samples are shown
of the work performed with the Singer machine, and these are
among the most beautiful and skilful specimens of needlework
to be seen in the Exhibition. A register is kept in the recep-
tion parlor for the names of visitors. At the close of the
Exhibition the company will present to one of the lady visitors

634 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

whose naaie shall he foiiiul in the register, the two millionth
machine of their tnanufacture, the choice to be determined hy
lot. Sixty -one machines, each of a different style, are in opera-
tion here.

The Pennsylvania Bible Society Pavilion is located on the
north side of the Lansdowne valley and south of the Horticul-
tural Hall. It is a plain structure of wood, oval in shaj)e, ami
surmounted by a carved roof with a projecting cornice. It bears
the inscription, " The Bible without note or comment." The
front is ornamented with an open Bible, above which is the text
from Jeremiah xxii. 29: "O earth, earth, earth, hear the word
of the Lord." Bibles and Testaments, in all the written lan-
guages of the world, are sold here at cost.

jT/ie "Times" Pavilion is a small frame structure erected by
the proprietors of the Philadelphia '^ Times," as a Centennial
business office. It stands on Belmont avenue, opposite and
east of the lake.

The Glass Magazine stands on Belmont avenue oj^posite the
lake, and north of the Photographic Association Building. It
is forty feet square and two stories in height. It is constructed
mainly of plate glass from the works of Messrs. Klautsheck,
Thomas & Stuart, of Philadelphia, and is devoted to a special
exhibit of plate and window-glass, glass shades, hand mirrors,
etc., made by the abov^e firm. All the articles in the building
are for sale.

The American Fusee Company^ s Building is a small plain
structure, situated on Lansdowne drive, north of the Judges'
Building. It contains an exhibit of the safety match of this
company, the head-quarters of which are in New York.

T'he Centennial Photographic Association Building is the
property of the company the name of which it bears. It is a
one-story frame building with a wide balcony around it, and is
situated on the east side of Belnlont avenue, north of the granci
plaza. It is one hundred and fifty by thirty feet in size, amV
contains one room for the exhibition of photographs, and three
rooms for photogra])hic manufacture. The comi)any have the
exclusive right of making photographs of the buildings and

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 635

exhibits, which are on sale here and at various points in the
buildings and within the grounds. This is the only place where
visitors can have their pictures taken at the Exhibition.

The American Railroad Ticket Office is a handsome building,
octagonal in shape, and constructed of wood. It is seventy-five
feet in diameter and two stories in height, and is situated on the
northeast corner of Belmont avenue and the Avenue of the
Republic, immediately west of the Judges' Hall. It is used as
a general ticket office for the four great trunk lines of the
country — the Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, Erie, and New
York Central railroads. Tickets are sold to all points in the
United States, and information furnished respecting routes of
travel, rates of fare, etc. A portion of the building is used as
the office of the Adams Express Company for the transaction of
their Centennial business.

The Bankers^ Building is a handsome cottage, painted in dark
rich colors, and situated east of the Art Gallery, between the
Photographic Annex and the Vienna Bakery. It was built by
the contributions of the bankers of the principal cities of the
Union and their clerks, and is designed for the exhibition of
coins and currency, and as a place of rendezvous for bankers
and their families while visiting the Exhibition.

The Empire Transportation Compani/\s Building is a plain
wooden structure, seventy by sixty feet in size, situated on the
Avenue of the Republic, north of the east end of the Main
Exhibition Building, It is built in the style of a railroad
freight station-house, and is devoted to an exhibit of the method
of transporting " fast freight,'' as practised by the Emi)ire
Transportation Company and its connections. A number of
handsome working models of lake steamers, grain elevators,
oil tanks, railroad cars and locomotives are arranged around the
room, and are in constant operation. They show the system of
bringing grain in steamers from the great lakes to prominent
points on the great trunk lines, and of transferring it by eleva-
tors to the cars which are to convey it to the eastern markets ;
and also from the cars to the large elevators of the terminal
points in the east, from which it is discharged into vessels bound

636

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

for foreign ports. A series of working models also exhibits the
method of operating petroleum wells, and of shipping the crude
oil in tank cars and conveying it to distant markets. The
models to be seen here are among the most perfect in the Ex-
hibition, and the display made in this building is as interesting
as it is suggestive.

The Burial Casket Building is a one-story frame structure,
with turrets, situated on the south slope of the Lansdowne
valley, north of the Annex to the Art Gallery. It is devoted
to an exhibition of the various styles of burial caskets.

The Gas 3Iachine is an octagonal one-story frame structure,

THE EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY'S BUILDING.

fifteen feet in diameter, situated south of Machinery Hall, and
is devoted to an exhibit of a new process of generating a fixed
illuminating gas. The exhibitor is J. C. Tiffany, of Boston.

Starr's Iron Works are located southwest of Machinery Hall,
near the fence which separates the Exhibition grounds from Elm
avenue. They are the property of Messrs. Jesse W. Starr &
Son, of Camden, New Jersey. The display consists of iron
pipes for water and gas, fire hydrants, stop valves, lamp posts,
etc. The chief feature is a complete set of gas apparatus for the
manufacture and distribution of gas, from the benches and retort
house to tiie gas-holder. Included in the a[)})aratus may be
found a set of cast-iron purifiers, with wet and dry centre

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 637

valves, and an improved carriage (first introduced by this firm)
for removing the lids of the purifiers. Another feature is an
automatic compensating governor, circular, multitubukir and
pipe condensers, jet, spray and cataract washers, with wooden
and wrought-iron lime sieves. The exhibit is the largest and
most complete made by any of the iron workers of the Union,
and reflects the highest credit upon the Messrs. Starr. The
extent of the business of this firm may be imagined by the
reader when it is stated that their patterns alone are valued at
$250,000.

The Gimpoicder Pile Driver is exhibited by the Gunpowder
Pile Driving Company, of Philadelphia. It is built in the
open air, and is situated southwest of Machinery Hall, and
affords a practical demonstration of the advantages of driving
piles by this process.

The Automatic Railroad is situated w^est of Machinery Hall,
and is exhibited by Charles W. Hunt, of New York. It is an
exceedingly ingenious invention, and illustrates the mode of
unloading vessels by means of a railroad worked by a self-
acting ap})aratus.

The Glass- Works are situated w^est of Machinery Hall, near
the Fifty-second street entrance to the grounds. The building
is one story in height, and contains a large brick furnace and
chimney in the centre. It is gayly decorated with globes and
Other objects of colored glass. All the various processes of
pressing, blowing and cutting glass are carried on here by a
corps of experienced w^orkmen. Tumblers, goblets, mugs and
other articles are manufactured and sold to visitors. The build-
ing is the property of the well-known firm of Gillendcr & Sons,
of Philadelphia, who are among the most prominent glass-
makers of the United States. The work-room is thronged
all through the day with visitors watching the process of
manufacture.

The Saw-Mill is a one-story frame building, with a boiler-
house attached, and is situated southwest of Machinery Hall,
near Fountain avenue. It is the property of E. W. Koss &

638

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 639

Co., of Fulton, New York, who exhibit here a fine direct-acting
circular saw of improved construction.

The Ccmi2:>bell Printing Press Building \s situated immediately
west of Machinery Hall. It is built of wood ; is two stories in
height; is one hundred and forty- four by eighty-eight feet in
size, and is handsomely decorated. An elaborate fagade stands
at the eastern end, and is surmounted by a statue of the inventor
of the art of printing. A balcony crosses this front on a level
with the second story. The building is in all respects one of
the handsomest and best arranged erected by private enterprise
within the Exiiibition grounds. It is the property of the
Campbell Printing Press and Manufacturing Company, of
Brooklyn, New York, who here exhibit all their specialties in
printing presses, from the immense and splendid "Rotary" to
the smallest card printing presses.

The company have the exclusive right to do printing for the
exhibitors and other persons connected with the great fair, and
offer them peculiar facilities in this respect. For this purpose
the company have established a large and complete, printing
office in this building, in which all the branches of the art are
carried on. Type-setting, stereotyping, electro typing, printing
and book binding are in operation here, and those interested in
these matters may here study all their details. A daily news-
paper is to be e(^lited, set up, printed and circulated from this
building. The Campbell Building thus constitutes one of the
features of the Exhibition, and deserves a generous recognition
at the hands of visitors to the great fair.

Fuller, Warren & CoJs Stove Building is a handsome one-
story frame pavilion, situated at the east end of Machinery Hall
and opposite the Total Abstinence Fountain. It is devoted to
an exhibition of stoves, heaters and ranges in operation from
the famous works of Fuller, Warren & Co., of New York,
Chicago, Cleveland and Troy. These are richly worth an
examination, and are among the handsomest as well as the best
in the world.

The Liberty Stove Works is the name of an ornamental
wooden structure west of Machinery Hall and south of the

640 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Total Abstinence Fountain. It is occupied with a display of
stoves, heaters and ranges, manufactured by Charles Noble &
Co., of the Liberty Stove Works, of Philadelphia. These offer
a sharp competition to those of the establishment just mentioned,
both in beauty of design and good workmanship.

The Pavilion of the Boston ^^ Herald ^^ and Boston "Daily
Advertise!'^' is a small one-story frame building, situated on
Fountain avenue, north of the western end of Machinery Hall.
It is the head-quarters of the correspondents and attaches of
the journals to which it belongs, and a centre of New England
news.

Poj)-Corn Buildings. — There are two of these buildings
located in the grounds, one on Fountain avenue, opposite the
north end of the lake, the other on Agricultural avenue, east of
the New England Farmer^s Home and Modern Kitchen. They
are one-story frame structures, and are devoted exclusiv^ely to
the sale of pop-corn. They are the property of J. A. Baker, of
Dayton, Ohio, to whom the concession for the sale of this article
belongs.

The American Newspaper Building is a handsome two-story
frame structure, seventy by forty-six feet in size, and is situated
on Fountain avenue, north of the lake and south of the United
States Government Building. The edifice is thirty-three feet
in height, and the style of architecture is light and graceful,
affording a pleasing contrast to the great buildings of the Exhi-
bition. It is painted in cool and pleasant neutral tints, and has
a most attractive and inviting appearance. From the exterior
it appears to be two stories in height, but the central hall rises
clear to the roof. A long table extends down the middle of
this hall, and on it are arranged copies of all the newspapers
published in the United States. Chairs and sofas are scattered
about the hall for the convenience of visitors, who are cordially
welcomed and made to feel at home by the courteous manager
and his assistants. All visitors are invited to come and read
the local papers from their distant homes, and the building is
thus one of the most convenient of all the features of the Ex-
hibition.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

641

On each side of the reception hall are long, narrow, but well-
lighted alcoves, in the innumerable pigeon-holes of which are
files of all the daily and weekly papers published in the United
States. The admirable system upon which the establishment is
conducted renders it easy for the attendants jto find at once any
paper of any date that the visitor may desire to see. Foreign
visitors are thus enabled to make a study of American jour-
nalism. The height of the side chambers, where these alcoves

THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER BUILDING.

are placed, is about ten feet, and over them are long galleries or
sheltered balconies which extend all around the interior of the
building. These are most tastefully fitted up with comfortable
chairs and neat walnut writing-desks, while from the large open
windows can be obtained a charming view of the lake, or
glimpses of almost any other portion of the grounds. The
representatives of all the newspapers in the country are welcome
to the free use of these writing-rooms, and pens, ink, paper and
envelopes are furnished editors and reporters free of charge.
41

642 THK ir.IJTSTRATED HISTORY

When it is remembered that the building is located on one of
the loveliest spots in the enclosun^, and when it is stated that
no noise of any kind, except the snbdued voices of visitors,
breaks the stillness so necessary to all higher classes of compo-
sition, it will be seen at a glance that no more desirable place
in which to prepare descriptive rei)orts of the Exhibition could
l)e found, and no doubt the liberal accommodations will be taken
advantage of by large numbers of visiting journalists, as well as
bv those resident in this city.

The building and its contents are the property of Messrs.
George P. Kowcll & Co., of New York, well known to the
American people as the leading advertising agents of the United
States. The energy and generosity with which they have carried
out this unique and important branch of the Exhibition should
render them even more popular with the business men of the
country than their past extraordinary career has shown them
to be.

The Neic York ^' Tribune ^^ Pavilion is a tasteful one-story
rtructure, octagonal in shape, with verandahs and a high peaked
roof It stands on the west side of Belmont avenue, near the
north end of the lake, and is used as the head-quarters of the
Tribune correspondents and as the Centennial business office of
that journal.

The Pressed Fuel Compamfs Building is a small but hand-
some iron pavilion, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, west
of the lake and o})posite Machinery Hall. It is devoted to an
exhibit of the pressed fuel prepared and sold by E. F. Loiseau,
of Philadelphia.

The World's Ticket Office.— The well-known firm of Cook,
Son & Jenkins, whose main house is in London, but whose
branches are now established in New York, Philadelphia, Bos-
ton, Washington, New Orleans, San Francisco and Pittsburgh,
have already gained a world-wide reputation by their system of
cheap and attractive tours in all parts of the world. They have
erected a handsome building of wood, hexagonal in form, and
sixty feet square, and situated on Belmont avenue, immediately
north of the eastern end of Machinery Hall. The interior con-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 643

sists of a main hall extending to the roof and four private
offices. The hall is lighted by six tasteful dormer windows
placed in the roof, which rises from the sides to the central por-
tion. Counters are arranged around the hall, at which tickets
to all parts of the civilized world are sold. Guide-books to
foreign countries, based upon the system of tours adopted by
Messrs. Cook, Sou & Jenkins, are for sale.

A number of articles of olive wood made in Palestine are
offered for sale in the hall, and in the vestibule leading from
the western entrance a number of Eastern curiosities are on ex-
hibition. Among these is the mummy of an Egyptian priestess
or princess of the age of the Pharaohs. In addition to the
mummy, which, though three thousand years old, is in an
excellent state of preservation, the mummy-case is rich in
Egyptian figures and inscriptions, which describe her ladyship
as a priestess or princess of noble rank ; and the inscriptions,
while, as usual, giving some biographical details, contain ex-
tracts from the " Book of the Dead," or '^ Kitual of the Dead."
The mummy and case are the property of the Rev. Dr. J. L.
M. Curry, President of the Richmond (Virginia) College, who
obtained them at Luxor while making a trip up the Nile under
the escort of a member of this firm. Weapons and other curiosi-
ties from Upper Egypt are also shown.

In the grounds in the rear of the building Messrs. Cook,
Son & Jenkins show a model of the camp which they provide
for persons journeying through Palestine under their charge.
It consists of a dining-room tent large and square in shape,
fitted up with a long table, chairs, etc. ; and a sleeping-tent
containing two single iron bedsteads, a wash-stand, dressing-
case, etc. Attached to these is a kitchen. The camp is in
charge of a Syrian dragoman and cook. Those who contem-
plate making a visit to the Holy Land should not fail to see
this establishment, and should by all means consult Mr. Cook
or one of his partners, who offer facilities and comforts in this
difficult journey which cannot be otherwise obtained by travel-
lers except at great expense.

Frank Leslie\'i Building is a pretty one-story frame pavilion

644 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

on the east shore of the lake, just north of the World's Ticket
Office. It is used as a head-quarters for the artists and cor-
respondents of Frank Leslie's illustrated publications.

The WomerCs School- House, or Kindergarten, is situated
northeast of the Woman's Building and a few yards distant
from it. It is a one-story Gothic cottage, one of the most
charming and attractive structures on the grounds. It is
thirty-five by eighteen feet in size, and is built of pine wood,
which is brought to a beautiful hue by varnishing and polish-
ing. Not a particle of paint is to be seen about the building,
but the native wood shows everywhere bright and rich in
color. The interior consists of a large hall with an alcove at
the side for spectators. The system used is that of Frederick
Froebel, the inventor of the Kindergarten. A low table stands
in the centre of the room, and around it are a number of little
rocking-chairs for the little pupils. Every Monday, Tuesday,
and Wednesday the operations of the Froebel system are shown
from ten until half-past twelve o'clock. The teacher is a lady
from Boston, and the class is composed of sixteen bright little
ones from the Xortheru Home for Friendless Children, in
Philadelphia. A more delightful sight than these happy
children at their studious play can scarcely be imagined. The
advantages of the Kindergarten are so well known that it
would be useless to dwell upon them here.

The American Kindergarten is a small frame building lying
immediately north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building.
It is in charge of Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, an experi-
enced teacher, whose system is said to be an improvement upon
Froebel's, or rather an adaptation of his system to American
wants. A school for the training of Kindergarten teachers
constitutes a distinctive feature of this establishment. It is
open daily.

Clarh & Company^ s Building is situated between Belmont
avenue and Lansdowne drive. It is forty feet square, one story
in height, and is surmounted by a tower. It is devoted to a
special exhibit of self-coiling shutters.

The Warren Foundry and Machine Shop represents cast-iron

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 645

gas and water pipes unprotected from the weather. It is
located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the southern edge
of the Exhibition grounds,

Tlie New England Farmer^ s Home and Modern Kitchen con-
stitute one of the most interesting features of the Exhibition.
They are situated on State avenue, west of Agricultural avenue,
and not far from the Woman's Building. The New England
Farmer's Home is a plain one-story log house, and is built and
arranged in the style of the New England farm-houses of a
century ago. It contains i parlor, or " settin-room," a kitchen,
and bed-rooms, all of which are furnished with veritable heir-
looms contributed by the people of New England. IMany of
the articles are exceedingly valuable for their historical interest.
In the " settin-room " is a chair made for Governor Endicott,
who led the first colonization of Massachusetts two centuries
and a half ago. In one of the chambers is the Fuller cradle in
which was rocked little Peregrine White, the child who was
born on board the " INIayflower " oii the voyage of the Pilgrims
to Plymouth. The rockers have been worn away in the long
years that have elapsed since then, bat the cradle still remains
a mute witness of the wonderful story of American progress
with which all tongues are busy li )w. What a contrast between
the scene when it held its little charge in the hamlet of Ply-
mouth, amid the fierce storms that howled along the bleak and
barren coast of Nev,' England, and the grand assemblage of the
nations and wealth of the world in which it now takes its part !
Here is John Alden's writing-desk, on which he penned those
tender epistles in which

" Every sentence began or closed with the name of Priscilla,
Till the treacherous pen to which he confided the secret
Strove to betray it by singing and shouting the name of Priscilla."

Here also is an ancient spinning-wheel which is known to
have belonged to Plymouth for more than two hundred years,
and which may be the very one which Priscilla, the Puritan
maiden, whirled so deftly that poor John Alden could find no
way out of the web she wove about him. Here is the dressing-

646 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY

case of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the first minister in Rhode
Island, one hundred and twenty-eight years old ; and against
the wall hangs the first clock brought to Andover, Massa-
chusetts.

Everything in the house has the ripe flavor of antiquity, and
the visitor may see in the place an exact reproduction of the
homes that his ancestors, the Minute Men of the Revolution,
left so proQiptly and bravely when the news of the battle of
Lexington called them to arms. The farm-house is occupied
only by ladies, who are dressed in the quaint costumes of their
great-grandmothers, and who conduct visitors through the
house and explain to them the story and uses of its contents.

Adjoining the farm-house is a frame building fitted up as a
Modern New England Kitchen. It contains all the improve-
ments of the present age, and shows the progress of the century
in this department of domestic industry.

The Pacific Guano Company^s Buildings are situated at the
western end of the Horticultural grounds. The principal
structure is a handsomely ornamented Moorish pavilion, two
stories in height, containing specimens of the guano ; and north
of this is a shed containing models of the company's warehouses
at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina.
The grounds around the pavilion are plentifully fertilized with
the guano, and are planted with cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane,
which are growing finely under the warm sun and the generous
stimulus of the fertilizer.

The Aver ill Chemical Paint Company's Building is situated
on Fountain avenue, east of the saw-mill. It is a handsome
pavilion of wood, and is ornamented with colored panels
sliowing the various colors and qualities of the paints manufac-
tured by this company. Specimens of the paints are on exhibi-^
tion within the building.

The New York Slate Poofiiig Company^s Building is a small
wooden structure with a pointed roof. It is situated on tha
slope of Lansdowne valley, north of the Carriage Annex to the
Main Building. It is devoted to an exhibit of the rubber

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 647

roofiog and the patent slate roofing paint manufactured by this
company.

George HayeSj of .New Yorky has a wooden building painted
in imitation of brick, north of the Carriage Annex and imme-
diately west of the edifice just described. It is devoted to a
special exhibit of patent window blinds, constructed so as to
admit the air and at the same time exclude the dust and insects.

The Sheet Metal Pavilion stands on the north slope of the
Lansdowne valley, south of and opposite the German Govern-
ment Building. It is a handsome and elaborate edifice con-
structed entirely of sheet metal. A massive balustrade, orna-
mented with eagles and vases with flowers, all of metal, extends
around the roof. The building is the property of Marshall
Brothers & Co., of Piiiladelphia, manufacturers of metal roofing
sheets, and the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company, of
Salem, Ohio, manufacturers of architectural sheet metal and
ornaments. The building, which is itself a beautiful specimen
of the work of these firms, contains a large exhibit of the
wares manufactured by them.

The Caffe do Brazil is situated on Fountain avenue, north of
the lake. It is a small one-story pavilion of wood, and is
conducted as a coffee house by a firm of Brazilian merchants.

The United States Life-Saving Station is a handsome two-
story building, situated on the north shore of the lake, imme-
diately west of the Trois Freres Provengeaux Restaurant. It
is intended to show the system in use at the life-saving stations
established by the general government at the dangerous points
along our coast, and is provided with a full equipment of the
articles necessary to this purpose.

The Elevated Railway spans the Belmont valley, and con-
nects the Agricultural and Horticultural Halls. It rests upon
a series of pillars which have foundations of masonry placed in
the bed and on the sides of the valley. It consists of one upper
rail and two lower ones placed in a triangular position, the
lower rails being about four feet and a half below the central
or upper rail. The car rests on the central rail, on which the
principal wheels work, and it extends down to the level of the

648

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

lower rails, thus making it a two-story structure. Horizontal
wheels revolve on the lower rails, and thus keep the car steady
and prevent it from jumping the track or being thrown off.
The adhesion of these wheels to the rails can be increased at
pleasure. The car is divided into three companments, one
upper and two lower ones. The locomotive is provided with
La France rotary engines, and has an ordinary horizontal
boiler. It carries its fuel and water in the compartments
below the centre rail. It is claimed for this road that it is
cheaper to build, more economical to operate, and safer than
any other elevated road in use. It conveys passengers across
the Belmont valley for the moderate sura of three cents.

The Windmills, — A number of patent windmills of various
kinds are located in the extreme northeastern corner of the
grounds, on the hill overlooking the Schuylkill. They are in
constant operation.

CHAPTEE XX.

BIOGEAPHICAIi.

GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY,
President of the U. S. Gentennial Commission.

;6^0SEPH RUSSELL HAWLEY was born in Richmond
county, North Carolina, on the 31st of October, 1826.
His father, a Congregational ist minister, and a native
of New York, was at that time engaged in some mis-
sionary work in North Carolina, but in a few years
removed to central New York, and settled at Peterboro. Here
young Hawley grew up, gaining his education at the free
schools of the district, and closing it at Hamilton College, from
which he graduated in 1847. Having resolved to become a
lawyer he began the study of his profession at Cazenovia, New
York, and continued it at Farmington, Connecticut. In 1850
he removed to Hartford, Connecticut, at the suggestion of his
uncle, David Hawley, a well-known city missionary, and began
the practice of law there. He had a hard struggle at first, in
his eiforts to establish himself in his profession, but went to
work with an energy and determination that finally brought
him success. He continued to prosper, and five years after his
settlement in Hartford he was able to marry, and on Christmas
day, 1855, was united to Harriet, daughter of General A. Foote,
of Guilford, Connecticut.

Mr. Hawley early distinguished himself in Hartford as one
of the leaders of the Free Soil party. He was conspicuously
active in State conventions, and was regarded as one of the
most eloquent and forcible speakers in his party. Althouo-h
enjoying a successful law practice his preference for politics led

649

650

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

him a few years later to abandon his profession and devote him-
self to journalism. Associating himself with Mr. Faxon, he
bought out the Hartford Bepublican, and changed it into the
Hartford Evening Press, of which he assumed the editorship.
The new journal was a success from the first, and Mr. Hawley
soon found himself ranked among the leading journalists of
New England, a position which he maintained with ability and
profit until the breaking out of the civil war.

Upon the receipt
of Governor Bucking-
ham's proclamation,
after the fall of Fort
Sumter, Hawley and
two friends met at
the office of the Press
and signed their
names to an enlist-
ment paper as volun-
teers in the 1st regi-
ment. A public meet-
ing was held at Hart-
ford the same evening
and was presided over
by the Lieutenant-
Governor of the State.
The list was presented
to the meeting and
was at once filled up,
and Company A of
the 1st regiment was
formed. Hawley was made first-lieutenant of this company,
which was mustered into the service for three months, on the
22d of April, 1861. The colon'el of the regiment being pro-
moted soon after, Hawley became captain of his company. He
exerted himself with ardor to organize and equip his men, and
armed them with Sharpe rifles at his own expense. His regi-
ment was promptly sent forward to Washington, and in the

GENEBAL J. R. HAWLEY, PRESIDENT OF THE
U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 651

battle of Bull Run, which soon followed, Captain Hawley's
company was one of the few that did not take part in the shame-
ful panic and flight.

The company was mustered out of the service on the 31st of
July, 1861, their term of enlistment being ended. In the fol-
lowing month the 6th Connecticut Regiment was organized for
three years' service, and of this body Hawley was made lieu-
tenant-colonel. Upon reaching Washington the regiment was
assigned to the Department of the South. It took part in the
attack on Fort Wallace, under Colonel Terry, on the 7th of
November; in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah,
in April and May, 1862 ; in the battle of James Island, on the
14th of June ; and in the fight at Pocataligo, on the 22d of
October, 1862, in all of which engagements it was especially
distinguished for gallantry. During this period Terry had
been made a brigadier-general and Hawley had been promoted
to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment in nearly
all these affairs.

Colonel Hawley commanded his regiment during the opera-
tions of General Gilmore, at Morris' island and Fort Wagner,
in the campaign against Charleston in the spring and summer
of 1863. He was subsequently placed in command at Fer-
nandina, Florida, and had the good fortune while there to
secure for his regiment the breech-loading Spencer rifle, which
was ignored by the War Department during the war, but which
he regarded as a most valuable weapon. On the 19th of
February, 1864, he took part in the hard-fought battle of
Olustee, Florida.

On the 4th of May, 1864, the 6th Connecticut was trans^
ferred to the Army of the James, where Colonel Hawley was
given the command of a brigade in Terry's division. He par-
ticipated in this capacity in Butler's attack on Bermuda Hun-
dreds, and in the fights at Chester Station, Deep Bottom, Deep
Run, Chapin's Farm, New Market Road, Darbytown Road,
Charles City Road, and in nearly all the engagements which
occurred north of the James river during the year.

In September, 1864, he was commissioned a brigadier-gen-

652 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

eral of volunteers, and in November was placed in command
of 3000 Connecticut troops, and sent with General Butler to
New York to maintain order in that city during the Presiden-
tial election of that year. He returned to the army when the
elections were over, and in January, 1865, took part in the
storming and capture of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, North
Carolina, one of the most brilliant operations of the war.

In the spring of 1865 General Terry was placed in command
of the city of Richmond, and General Hawley was at his
request made his chief of staff. He held this position until
September 28th, 1865, when he wa.s promoted to the rank of
major-general of volunteers ; and on the 15th of January, 1866,
was honorably mustered out of the service. In quitting the
army he left behind him the reputation of a brave and able
officer, who had rendered good service to his country and
whose every promotion had been won by the faithful and
efficient discharge of duty in the field, and often under the
most tryino: circumstances.

Returning home he was nominated by the Republican party
as its candidate for Governor of Connecticut, and in April was
elected over Governor English in one of the most exciting con-
tests ever held in the State. He held the office for one term,
and then, declining a renominatiou, returned to his editorial
duties, having during his service in the army and his guberna-
torial term retained his connection with the Press, which had
been consolidated with the Hartford Courant under the latter
title. Of this paper General Hawley was the chief proprietor
and editor. In 1868 he was sent as a delegate to the National
Republican Convention, at Chicago, and was chosen President
of that body, which nominated Grant and Colfax for the Presi-
dency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. On the 5th
of November, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-second Con-
gress, and was re-elected in 1874.

General Hawley was one of the first to espouse and work for
the project of an International Centennial Exhibition, and both
in Congress and in his journal gave himself Jieart and soul to
the effort. Upon the passage of the act of Congress organizing

OF THE CENTENNIAT^ EXHIBITION. 653

the United States Centennial Commission, he was appointed by
President Grant a Commissioner from Connecticut. Upon the
first meeting of that body, in March, 1872, General Hawley
was chosen President of the Commission, to which position he
has since been regularly re-elected. The ability and energy
with which he has discharged the difficult, burdensome and
often delicate duties of his position are shown in the magnifi-
cent success with which his labors have been crowned.

In person General Hawley is about five feet eight or nine
inches in height, with a stout, well-built figure. His face in-
dicates firmness and decision of character, and the expression
of his clear gray eyes is straightforward and earnest. You
would single him out in a crowd as a man of unusual ability,
and as a man utterly incapable of an equivocal action.

JOHN WELSH,

Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance.

John Welsh was born in the city of Philadelphia, in 1805,
and was bred to mercantile pursuits. He is seventy-one years
old, and was for many years a member of the well-known
firm of J. & W. Welsh, general shipping and commission mer-
chants, on Delaware avenue, near Walnut street. He is one
of the most successful merchants of Philadelphia, and for half
a century has been closely and honorably identified with the
business interests of that city.

Mr. Welsh was one of the earliest advocates of the plan for
the International Centennial Exhibition, and when the Board
of Finance was organized, at the instance of the Centennial
Commission, in June, 1872, he was appointed a member of it,
and was unanimously chosen Chairman of the Board. In this
capacity he has served for four years, and has discharged his
duties with signal ability and fidelity. The general financial
business of the Exhibition has been managed by the Board
of Finance. Upon this body devolved the task of making the
contracts for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the
proper completion of the same, the provision of the thousand

654

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and one things necessary to the complete success of the Exhi-
bition, and the raising and disbursing of the revenue necessary
for carrying out the great scheme.

The reader will thus see that the duties of Mr. Welsh have
been of the most difficult and arduous nature. For the past
two years he has devoted his whole time to the affairs of the
Exhibition, and under his vigorous and able management they
have been conducted with a vigor, promptness and success

which are character-
istic of the man. The
best evidence of the
high esteem in which
Mr. Welsh is held by
the solid business men
of the city is shown
in the eagerness with
which the leading
capitalists of Phila-
delphia affixed their
names as sureties to
the bonds for $500,-
000,which Mr.AVelsh,
in connection with Mr.
Fralev, the Treasurer
of the Board of Fi-
nance, was required
to give for the faith-
ful disbursement of
the sum of $1,500,-
000, appropriated by the Congress of the United States in aid of
the Exhibition. His popularity with his fellow-citizens generally
was shown in the enthusiasm wjth which he was greeted by the
vast throng which witnessed the inaugural ceremonies on the
10th of May.

MFRED L GOSHORN.
Director-General of the Exhibition.

Alfred T. Goshoru was boru at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1834.

JOHN WELSH, CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENNIAL
BOARD OF FINANCE.

OF THE CE^'TEXNIAL EXHIBITION.

Goo

He received his early education at the common schools of that
city, and completed his studies at Hamilton College, from
which he graduated with distinction. He studied law, and in
due time entered upon the practice of his profession, but soon
left the bar and engaged in manufacturing, becoming subse-
quently the proprietor of extensive white lead works near
Cincinnati.

He entered heartily into the Exhibition scheme, and, upon
the organization of the United States Centennial Commission,
was appointed by
President Grant a
Commissioner from
Ohio. At the first
meeting of the Com-
mission he was elect-
ed one of the Vice-
Presidents of that
body and Director-
General of the Ex-
hibition.

The Director-Gen-
eral is the chief ex-
ecutive officer of the
Exhibition. Upon
him devolved the
trying charge of su-
pervising the work
generally, conducting
negotiations, corre-
spondence, and leading as one harmonious body to the objective
point of success an army of artists, contractors, superintendents,
clerks, exhibitors, railroad companies and State and national
commissioners, previous to the opening of the Exhibition, and
of managing all the daily details of the great enterprise after
its public inauguration and during the Exhibition period.

Such a position requires executive ability of the highest
order, and the brilliant success with which General Goshorn^s

A. T. GOSHORN, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE
EXHIBITION.

656

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

labors have been crowned has demonstrated the faet that iie
possesses this quality in an eminent degree.

PROFESSOR JOHN L CAMPBELL,

Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission.

John L. Campbell was born at Salem, Indiana, on the 13th
of October, 1827. His father was a prominent merchant and
manufacturer of southern Indiana, and was able to give his son

an excellent education.
The young man entered
Wabash College in
1844, and graduated
from it with distinction
in 1848. In 1851 he
was appointed pi'incipal
of tlie Preparatory De-
partment of Wabash
College, and held this
position for two years,
devoting his leisure time
to the study of the law,
receiving his license to
practise in 1853.

He did not enter
upon a legal career,
however, for, in 1853,

PROFESSOR J. L. CAMPBELL, SECRETARY OF THE ^^ ^^^ appOintcd Pl'O-
XJNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. fcSSOr of MathcmatlCS,

Natural Philosophy
and Astronomy in AYabash College, and accepted the position
which he has since held wnth great distinction to himself and
benefit to the college.

In February, 1864, Professor Campbell, at the especial request
of Professor Henry, delivered at the Smithsonian Institution at
Washington, the address on the life and teachings of Galileo, in
commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 657

of the great philosopher. The occasion of this address suggested
to Professor Campbell the idea of commemorating the approach-
ing Centennial of American Independence with an International
Exhibition to be held at Philadelphia, and from this time he
brooded over the scheme.

In 1866 Professor Campbell was appointed by the President
of the United States a member of the Board of Visitors to West
Point, and during this year he took the first public step in behalf
of the Exhibition scheme — a plan which appears about this
time to have suggested itself to the other gentlemen mentioned
in an earlier part of this work. He addressed letters to the
Hon. Morton McMichael, Mayor of Philadelphia, and the Hon.
Henry S. Lane, United States Senator from Indiana, suggesting
and giving an outline of a plan for the Centennial Exhibition
of 1876, at Philadelphia. These gentlemen cordially responded,
promising cooperation. Professor Campbell, thus encouraged,
continued to urge his scheme, and at length had the satisfaction
of seeing it an accomplished fact.

Upon the organization of the United States Centennial Cora-
mission, Mr. Campbell was appointed a commissioner from
Indiana. At the first meeting of the Commission, on the 4th
of March, 1872, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee
on the permanent organization, and was subsequently placed at
the head of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a position of
great responsibility. At the session of the Commission in May,
1873, he was chosen Permanent Secretary of the Centennial
Commission, and has since then discharged the burdensome
duties of that important office.

It being now impossible for him to attend to his professor-
ships he offered his resignation to the Trustees of Wabash
College, but that body, rather than lose his services for the
institution, granted him leave of absence until the close of the
Exhibition,
42

658

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

GENERAL CHARLES B, NORTON,

Secretary of the Bureau of Revenue.

Charles B. Norton was born at Hartford, Connecticut, and
received a thorough education in his boyhood and youth. Upon
reaching man's estate he adopted journalism as his profession,
and won considerable reputation as publisher, editor and author.
For many years his special business was connected with the

supplying of the prin-
cipal libraries of the
United States with
rare and valuable
works from foreign
countries. In this
business he made
many trips to Europe,
visiting and inspect-
ing all the important
libraries of the old
world, and securing
many expensive works
of an official character
as exchanges with
those issued in this
country. He gained
a practical knowledge
of the modern lan-
guages of the old
world, and made the

GENERAL CHARLES B. NORTON, SECRETARY OF
THE CENTENNIAL BUREAU OF REVENUE.

acquaintance of most
of the prominent literary men of Europe.

At the breaking out of the civil war, Mr. Norton gave up his
business, and organized a regiment of twelve hundred men. He
was elected a second lieutenant, and took part with his command
in the first battle of Bull Run. He was subsequently present in
nearly every battle of the army of the Potomac, and discharged

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 659

the duties of the various positions filled by him with credit to
himself and to the satisfaction of his superior officers. He was
soon taken from the line, and placed on the staif of General
Butterfield, after which he served on the staffs of Generals Mc-
Clellan, Porter and Barry. He was brevetted a brigadier-
general of volunteers for his gallant meritorious services, and
remained in the army until the close of the war.

In 1867 General Norton was appointed by President Johnson
a commissioner from the United States to the Paris Exposition,
and at the same time received a special military appointment
to that Exposition from the State of New York. In this double
capacity he repaired to Paris, wdiere he fully sustained his
previous reputation. He devoted himself with especial care to
the Interests of the American exhibitors, and won their grateful
esteem by his services in their behalf. He made two reports on
the Exposition : one to the President of the United States on
" Munitions of War ; '^ the other to the Governor of New York
on the " State Exhibit and on the fortifications of the city of
New York.'' Of these reports sixty thousand copies were printed
and circulated by the general government and the State of New
York, and the author received many flattering letters from
foreign governments complimenting him upon their accuracy.

General Norton, as has been stated in an earlier portion of
this work, was one of the first to conceive and advocate the
plan of an International Exhibition. As soon as the scheme
began to take a definite shape, and more especially after Its
incorporation by act of Congress, he become personally identified
with the great undertaking. His services and experience have
been of the greatest value, and though he has not at any time
held any very high official position, he has proved his efficiency in
every department, and his experience has been made use of with-
out stint to the permanent advantage of the Exhibition. He
has had especial charge of the press and all matters connected
with the publicity of this great enterprise, and by his universal
courtesy and his readiness to give, and peculiar capacity for
giving, information he has made many friends, and has rendered
invaluable service to the Exhibition. He has been one of the

660

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

hardest workers in the undertaking, and has been content to
labor in private, leaving to others the credit of his work, and
satisfied to do anything that could in the least contribute to the
success of the great scheme. Such a man deserves an especial
recognition at the hands of his fellow-citizens, and should
receive it. Though his labors have not always been apparent
to the world, they have been of the highest importance, and in
nothing have the Centennial Commission shown their good sense
more strikingly than in securing for the great work before them
the experience and services of this able and accomplished
gentleman.

ABBE BOLT FORGING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT

PHILADELPHIA.

Arrangements for the Great Celebration — Action of the Centennial Commis-
sion— Independence Hall Decorated — The Centennial Legion — The Blue
and the Gray — Brilliant Scenes in Philadelphia — Ceremonies of July 1st —
Congress of Authors — The Great Civic Parade of July 3d — Ushering in the
"Fourth" — The Midnight Celebration — Stirring Scenes — Dawn of the
Fourth — The Military Parade — A Grand Demonstration — The Exercises in
Independence Square — Other Celebrations — Illumination and Fireworks.

(rHE arrangements for the proper celebration of the 4th
of July, 1876 — the one hundredth anniversary of
American independence — were at an early day confided
to the United States Centennial Commission, and ex-
tensive preparations were made to conduct them on a
scale of splendor worthy of the glorious occasion. The city of
Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania lent their cordial
cooperation to the effort to have all things in readiness for the
Fourth, and the work went forward with a heartiness and vigor
that could not fail of success.

It was wisely resolved by the Commission that as the Decla-
ration of Independence was signed in Independence Hall and
proclaimed to the people in Independence Square, the com-
memorative ceremonies should be so conducted as to make the
venerable building the grand central figure of all the demonstra-
tions. The city authorities caused the building to be hand-
somely draped in the national colors, and enormous stands,
covered with canvas awnings and ornamented with flags and
streamers, were erected in Independence Square for the accom-
modation of the singers and invited guests who were to take

661

662

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 663

part in tne rejoicings. A new bell of vast proportions — the
gift of a patriotic and public-spirited citizen — was hung in
the State House tower, ready to join its deep tones to the
shouts of the multitude when the moment of rejoicing should
arrive.

Being anxious that the Centennial celebration should do its
share in cementing the reunion of the Northern and Southern
States, the Commission began, at least a year before the occasion,
the formation of a " Centennial Legion," consisting of a detach-
ment of troops from each of the thirteen original States. The
command of this splendid body of picked troops was conferred
upon General Ambrose E. Burnside, of Rhode Island, and
General Henry Heth, of Virginia, was chosen Lieutenant-
Colonel. Both were veterans of the late civil war. The Le-
gion was readily made up, the best volunteer commands of the
original States being eager to serve in it.

For a week previous to the 4th of July crowds of people be-
gan to pour steadily into Philadelphia. Volunteer organiza-
tions from the various States were constantly arriving, and were
either encamped at various points in and around the Exhibition
grounds or were quartered at the various hotels. The city was
gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and the view down
any of the principal streets was brilliant by reason of the clouds
of bunting with which it was decorated. The principal build-
ings were almost hidden by the flags which adorned them, or
were ornamented with patriotic inscriptions, and at various
points on Chestnut street triumphal arches were erected. By
tlie night of the 3d of July it was estimated that at least 250,000
strangers were assembled in Philadelphia.

The Centennial ceremonies were begun on the morning of
Saturday, the 1st of July. The leading writers of the Union
had been invited to prepare memoirs of the great men of our
revolutionary period, which were to be deposited among the
archives of the State House, and all who were able to accept the
invitation assembled in Independence Hall at eleven o^clock on
the morning of July 1st, 1876, where they were joined by a
number of invited guests. The ceremonies were opened by an

664 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

address from Colonel Frank M. Etting, the Chairman of the
Committee on the Restoration of Independence Hall, and a
prayer by the Rev. William White Bronson. Whittier's Cen-
tennial Hymn was then sung by a chorus of fifty voices. The
names of the authors were then called, to which each responded
in person or by proxy, and laid his memoir on the table in the
hall. The exercises were then brought to a close, and the com-
pany repaired to the stand in Independence Square, where a
laroje crowd had assembled.

The ceremonies in the square were begun at half-past twelve
o'clock with Helfrich's Centennial Triumphal March, performed
by the Centennial Musical Association. Mr. John William
Wallace, the president of the day, then delivered a short address,
after which Whittier's Centennial Hymn was sung by a chorus
of one hundred and fifty voices, and Mr. William V. McKean
reviewed at some length the great historical event in commemo-
ration of which the ceremonies were held. After the band had
played "God Save America," the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, of
Massachusetts, delivered an address, which elicited warm ap-
plause. " The Voice of the Old Bell,'' a Centennial ode, was
then sung, and Governor Henry Lippitt, of Rhode Island, made
a short speech. The band followed with a number of patriotic
airs, and Mr. Wallace announced the unavoidable absence of
General John A. Dix, and introduced in his place Frederick
De Peyster, President of the New York Historical Society, who
made a few remarks. After a Centennial Ode, by S. C. Up-
ham, had been sung by the chorus, the Hon. Benjamin Harris
Brewster delivered an eloquent address, at the close of whicb
another Centennial Hymn, by William Fennimore, was sung.
Senator Frank P. Stevens, of Maryland, then said a few words,
after which the " Star Spangled Banner " was sung, and the
exercises were brought to a close by a prayer from Bishop
Stevens.

All through Sunday, the 2d, the crowds continued to pour
into the city, and on Monday, 3d, the streets were almost im-
passable.- Business was generally suspended from the 1st to the
5th of July.

THE WlbCOiibJLN bTATii iJUil.JL>lK(i.

665

666 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The celebration ushering in the 4th of July was begun on the
night of the 3d. A grand civic and torchlight procession pa-
raded the streets, which were brilliantly illuminated along the
whole line of march. The procession began to move about
half- past eight o'clock at night, and consisted of deputations
representative of the various trades of the city, the Centennial
Commissioners from the various foreign countries taking part
in the Exhibition, the governors of a number of the States of
the Union, officers of the army and navy of the United States,
civic and political associations, and officers of foreign men-of-
war visiting the city. Some '>f the deputations bore torches,
and these added to the brilliancy of the scene. All along the
line fireworks were ascending into the air, and cheer after cheer
went up from the dense masses of enthusiastic spectators which
filled the sidewalks.

The illumination of the streets along the route of the proces-
sion was superb. Chestnut and Broad streets flashed resplen-
dently in lines of fire and colored lanterns. The dense masses
which thronged these streets stood out boldly in the clear light
of the illumination, and the long, slow-moving line of the pro-
cession flowed through them like a vast river.

Crowds had collected around Independence Hall, filling the
street before it and the square in the rear of it. An orchestra
and chorus were stationed on the stands in the square to hail
the opening of the Fourth with music. The movements of the
procession w^ere so timed that the head of the column arrived in
front of Independence Hall precisely at midnight. The crowd,
which had been noisy but good-natured, was hushed into
silence as the hands of the clock in the tower approached the
midnight hour, and one hundred thousand people waited in
breathless eagerness the strokes which were to usher in the
glorious day. As the minute hand swept slowly past the hour
there was a profound silence, and then came rolling out of the
lofty steeple the deep, liquid tones of the new liberty bell,
sounding wonderfully solemn and sweet as they floated down to
the crowd below. Thirteen peals were struck, and the first
tone had hardly died away when there went up from the crowd

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 667

such a shout as had never been heard in Philadelphia before.
It was caught up and re-echoed all over the city, and at the
same time the musicians and singers in the square broke into
the grand strains of the "Star Spangled Banner.'' All the
bells and steam whistles in the city joined in the sounds of
rejoicing, and fireworks and firearms made the noise tenfold
louder. When the "Star Spangled Banner'' was ended the
chorus in Independence Square sang the " Doxology," in which
the crowd joined heartily, and the band then played national
airs.

The festivities were kept up until after two o'clock, and it
was not until the first streaks of the dawn began to tinge the
sky that the streets of the city resumed their wonted ap-
pearance.

The lull in the festivities was not of long duration. The
day was at hand, and it threatened to be mercilessly hot, as
indeed it was. As the sun arose in his full-orbed splendor the
thunder of cannon from the Navy Yard, from the heights of
Fairmount Park, and from the Swedish, Brazilian, and Ameri-
can war vessels in the Delaware, and the clanging of bells from
every steeple in the city, roused the few who had managed to
snatch an hour or two of sleep after the fatigues of the night,
and by six o'clock the streets were again thronged.

In view of the extreme heat of the weather the military
parade had been ordered for an early hour of the day. At a
little after seven o'clock the line was formed, the right resting
on Chestnut street, facing west, in the following order:

Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, Commander-in-Chief, and Aides.

General Bankson, commanding First Division N. G. P., and Aides.

Philadelphia City Troop.

Black Hussars.

Keystone Battery.

Brigadier-General Thayer, Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P., and Aides.

Cadets United States Military Academy.

United States Marines.

Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P.

Third Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Ballier.

Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Maxwell.

668 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Gray Invincibles (Pa.), Captain Jones.

First Brigade, First Division, N. G. P.

Brigadier-Cieneral Brinton and Staff.

Second Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Lyle.

United Train Artillery, Providence, R. I.

Detroit National Guards, Captain O'Keefe.

First Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry, Colonel Benson.

Twenty-second Regiment New York N. G., Lieutenant-Colonel Camp.

Albany Zouave Cadets, Captain Reynolds.

VVeccacoe Legion, Captain Denny.

B Company First Regiment N. G., District of Columbia.

D Company Eighth Regiment N. G. P., of Harrisburg.

Washington, D. C, Grays.

Pierce Light Guards of Boston.

Centennial Legion.

Three companies Virginia National Guards, Colonel Ordway.

Seventh National Guards, New York, Colonel Clark.

Twenty-third National Guards, New Y'^ork, Colonel Ward.

Two companies First Regiment N. G. of Vermont.

Two companies Detroit Independent Cadet^.

Visiting troops from Texas.

Cadets of Northern Home.

Girard College Cadets.

Visiting Governors and their Staffs.

The Centennial Legion^ composed of detachments from the
thirteen original States, occupied a prominent place in the line.
It was commanded by General Henry Heth, of Virginia, and
was composed as follows :

Rhode Island— Light Infantry Regiments.

Georgia — Clinch Rifles.

New Jersey— Phil Kearney Guards.

Delaware — American Rifles.

Maryland— Detachment Fifth Regiment.

Massachusetts— Boston Light Infantry.

South Carolina— Washington Light Infantry.

New York— Old Guard.

North Carolina- Fayetteyille Light Infantry.

New Hampshire — First New Hampshire Battery.

Connecticut — New Haven Grays.

Pennsylvania — State Fencibles.

Virginia — First Light Artillery Blues.

The troops numbered about ten thousand men, rank and file,
and the whole column w^as under the chief command of General

OF THi: CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 6G9

Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, and a gallant veteran of
the civil war. The command was made up of troops who
during that bloody struggle had fought each other gallantly,
and who had now come to testify their devotion to their com-
mon country, and to show to the world that in trusting its
defence to its well-regulated militia the American republic is
stronger than the most powerful monarchies of the old world.

At half-past eight the column began to move down Chestnut
street towards Independence Hall, in front of which the troops
were reviewed by General W. T. Sherman, the Commanding
General of the armies of the United States ; the Secretary of
War ; Prince Oscar, of Sweden ; Lieuteriant-General Saigo, of
the Imperial army of Japan ; the officers of the Swedish men-
of-w^ar in the harbor ; the governors of several of the States ;
and General Hawley, the President of the Centennial Com-
mission.

As the troops passed along they Avere greeted with enthu-
siastic cheers by the crowds on the street. The Centennial
Legion and the troops from the Southern States were the
objects of an especially hearty demonstration. The route
chosen W'as a short one, the extreme heat forbidding an ex-
tended parade, and by ten o'clock the military ceremonies
were over.

As soon as the parade was ended the crowd turned into
Independence Square, which w^as soon filled. The approaches
to the building by way of Chestnut and Sansom streets were
kept clear by the police, in order that those who were entitled
to seats on the stand might reach their places. Four thousand
persons were given seats on the stand, and a vast crowd filled
the square. As the invited guests appeared and took their
seats on the platform the prominent personages were cheered
by the crowd. The Emperor of Brazil received a welcome
that was especially noticeable for its heartiness.

It was hoped that the President of the United States would
be present and preside over the ceremonies ; but General Grant
declined the invitation to do so, which it was at once his privi-
lege and his duty to accept, and remained in Washington,

670

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 671

preferring his selfish ease to a little patriotic exertion and
exposure to the heat on this grandest of his country's festivals.
His absence was generally remarked and severely condemned
by his countrymen.

At a few minutes after ten o'clock General Hawley, the
President of the United States Centennial Commission, ap-
peared at the speaker's stand and signalled to the orchestra to
begin. The opening piece, which was an overture entitled
"The Great Republic," based on the national air, "Hail
Columbia,'' and arranged for the occasion by Professor George
F. Bristow, of New York, was rendered in fine style by the
orchestra under the leadership of Mr. P. Gilmore. As the
music ceased General Hawley again came forward and intro-
duced as the presiding officer of the day the Hon. Thomas W.
Ferry, Vice-President of the United States, who was received
with loud cheers. After a few remarks appropriate to the
occasion Vice-President Ferry presented to the audience the
Right Reverend William Bacon Stevens, D. D., the Protestant
Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania, whom he introduced as the
ecclesiastical successor of the first chaplain of the Continental
Congress. The bishop was in his canonical robes, with prayer
book in hand. He delivered a solemn and impressive prayer,
during the utterance of which the whole audience stood with
uncovered heads, silent and attentive, unmindful of the blazing
sun which poured down upon them.

When the prayer was ended the "Hymn, 'Welcome to All
Nations,' words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, music, ' Keller's
Hymn,' " was sung. The Vice-President then announced that
Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, a grandson of the patriot of
the Revolution, who offered the resolution in Congress that
" these United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and
independent States," would read the Declaration of Independ-
ence from the original manuscript, which the President had
intrusted to the mayor of Philadelphia. The faded and
crumbling manuscript, held together by a simple frame, was
then exhibited to the crowd and was greeted with cheer after
cheer. Richard Henry Lee, a soldierly-looking Virginian,

672 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

then came forward and read the Declaration ; but the en-
thusiasm of the crowd was too great to permit them to listen
to it quietly.

At the close of the reading the orchestra performed a musical
composition entitled "A Greeting from Brazil/' a hymn for the
first Centennial of American Independence, composed by A.
Carlos Gomez, of Brazil, at the request of His Majesty Dom
Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. It was received with cheers by
the crowd, which were repeated for the Brazilian Emperor,
whose hearty interest in the Centennial celebrations and the
Exhibition had made him a favorite in Philadelphia.

Mr. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of
Finance, then, at the suggestion of Vice-President Ferry, in-
troduced Bayard Taylor, the poet of the day, who recited a
noble ode, which was listened to with deep attention, the
audience occasionally breaking out into applause. When the
poem was ended the chorus sang " Our National Banner," the
words by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts, the music by Sir
Julius Benedict, of England.

As the music died away the Vice-President introduced the
Hon. William M. Evarts, of New York, the orator of the day.
Mr. Evarts was greeted with hearty cheers, after which he
proceeded to deliver an eloquent and able address, reviewing
the lessons of the past century and dwelling upon the great
work America has performed for the world.

When ^Ir. Evarts retired from the speaker's stand General
Hawley gave the signal to the leader of the orchestra, and the
"Hallelujah Chorus," from "The Messiah," was sung; after
which the vast audience, at the request of the Vice-President,
joined in the One Hundredth Psalm, with which the mem-
orable ceremonies came to an end.

During the day the Humboldt Statue and the Catholic Total
Abstinence Fountain, in the Exhibition grounds, were dedi-
cated with appropriate ceremonies.

At night the city was brilliantly illuminated, and a magnifi-
cent display of fireworks was given by the municipal authorities
at old Fairmount.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA.

Arrangements for the Regatta — The Prizes — Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy —
Programme of the Races —Biographical Sketch of Commodore James M.
Ferguson — Description of the Races — The Winners.

|XE of the most prominent features of the Centennial
Exhibition was the Grand International Regatta of
the rowing clubs of the world, which was begun an
the Schuylkill during the latter part of August. Aa
was expected, it was the most imposing demonstration
of its kind that has ever taken place, thanks to the energy and
liberality which those who had it in charge displayed in arrang-
ing for it, and it is safe to predict that their expectations were
fully realized.

The course over which the races were rowed is one of the
best in the world. The river is broad, deep, and still, and
without an obstacle to interrupt the contestants in their efforts.
The leading boat clubs of the United States and British
provinces were present, and the English universities, and the
city of London, the chief boating centre of the world, wer«
fairly and handsomely represented by picked crews which
offered a generous but active competition to the American
oarsmen.

The races were held under the auspices of the United States
Centennial Commission, which awarded the prizes to the suc-
cessful contestants. These consisted of medals of gold, silver
and bronze, vases, punch-bowls, etc., and are as handsome in
both design and execution as the silversmith's art can make
them. The gold medal was for the winning crew, silver for the
^3 673

674

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 675

second in the race, and the bronze for all the participants. The
medals are circular in form, and in the centre, in has relief,
will be a single-scull oarsman pulling; over him is a scroll, and
the outer edge contains thirteen stars. The reverse has the
words "International Eegatta, Philadelphia, 1876,'^ sur-
rounded by a wreath, in which is left a space for engraving the
name of the contestant. Attached to the medals is a pen-
dant loop of quite a pretty design. The diamond badge, for
the winner of the single-shell race, has upon it the .flags of
the foreign nations which are represented, carved and sur-
mounted by a scroll. Below, in the centre, is the monogram
of the navy in diamonds, in a chield, surmounted by bent sculls
entwined with laurel leaves. A pedestal has raised devices of
a rudder and foot-board, and below this, in has relief, is a
rower in a single-shell. The bottom of the badge is composed
of crossed oars, w^th a lantern and a scroll depending therefrom.
For the pair-oared race the prize will be a magnificent punch-
bowl ; the top is embellished with the figures of two oarsmen
stripped, and each holding aloft an oar ; on the sides are the
heads of eagles thrust through laurel wreaths, and on the sides
are wreaths, with boat-hooks and palm leaves. The base is of
ebony, and decorated with festoons, rosettes, and laurel leaves.
On the reverse side is a space for engraving the name of the
winner. For the graduates' race the prize is a large vase ; on
the sides at the bulb are the figures of herons about devouring
frogs ; on the sides are the letters " I. R. R.'' — International
Rowing Regatta. There are within a shield flanked by oars,
over which is a scroll containing the figures " 1776 — 1876."
The shank rests upon the arch of a bridge, through which is
passing a four-oared shell, vigorously pulled by the crew. All
rests upon a base which represents the water of a river. For
the double-scull race a simple but pretty prize was adopted. It
represents two oarsmen ready for work, and carrying their boat
down to the water and their oars on their shoulders. On the
base is a blank for an appropriate inscription. For the college
regatta the prize is contributed by George W. Childs, Esq., of
the Publie Ledger, and comprises a tureen of magnificent

676 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

design, the upper part being embellished with the heads of
eaMes. The tureen rests on a shank consisting of a silver
glol^, flanked by four oars. The globe rests on two columns
for side supports, and a representation of old Independence
beil for the centre support. The bell has on it the United
States coat of arms, and the columns the coats of arms of Eng-
land and Ireland. On the lid of the tureen is a figure of
Victory. For the international four-oared shell race is also a
handsoilie tureen, having on its sides views of the Schuylkill.
The top is a representation of the dome of the Capitol at Wash-
ington, surmounted by the statue of America. The shank has
the flags of all nations, in colors, entwined around it, and the
base is of marble of different colors.

The regatta brought together the boating men of the world ;
and as these are amateurs and men of the better walks of life —
many of them gentlemen of wealth and culture — it was one
of the pleasantest and most beneficial features of the Exhibi-
tion.

As the races, while under the control of the Centennial Com-
mission, were under the local management of the Schuylkill
Navy, it is proper to call attention more fully to this organiza-
tion.

The Schuylkill Navy was organized in 1858, and is com-
posed of nine boating clubs, as follows :

The University Barge Club, of Philadelphia 12 boats.

The Undine " " " " 15 "

The Quaker City " " " " 12 "

The Pennsylvania Boat " " " 15 "

The Philadelphia Barge " « " 11 *•

The Malta Boat " « « 11 "

The Crescent Boat " « " 13 "

The West Phila. Boat " " " 11 "

The College " " « • " 9 "

There are thus one hundred and nine boats in the navy, and
the membership is at present about six hundred and fifty. The
members are strictly amateurs, a term which is thus defined by
the constitution of the navy : " We define an amateur oarsman

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 677

to be one who does not enter in open competition, for either a
stalie, public or admission money, or entrance fee, or compete
with or against a professional for any prize, or who has never
taught, pursued, or assisted in the pursuit of athletic exercises
as a means of livelihood, or has not been employed in or about
boats or in manual labor on the water." Each club has its own
boat-house. These are located on the east shore of the Schuyl-
kill at Old Fairmount, and are elegant stone structures, two
stories in height. They are provided with every facility for
boating, and with rooms for meetings and entertainments. The
total amount invested by the navy in boats, uniforms, houses,
etc., is about $70,000.

The members of the Schuylkill Navy entered with enthusi-
asm into the arrangements for the regatta, and contributed
more than liberally to the expenses of the fete, which, unlike
the Exhibition itself, brought no pecuniary return to its pro-
jectors. Besides ftirnishing quarters in their own boat-houses
to the boats of visiting crews, they erected temporary boat-
houses in the park, which furnished ample accommodations to
all who came to take part in the races.

From the circular issued by the navy we make the following
quotation :

'^Arrangements have been made to hold the following races :
*^ First — An International Race will be held, open to all regu-
larly organized boat-clubs throughout the world, to be rowed in
accordance with the rules of the National Amateur Bowing As-
sociation of the United States ; the prizes to be a piece of plate
each for fours, for pairs, for doubles and for single-sculls, and in
addition, medals to be presented to each man rowing in the race,
to be of gold for the winning cjew, for the second crew of silver,
and the remainder of bronze.

^^ Second — An International College Race for four-oared
shells will be held, the prize to be a piece of plate, with a gold
medal to each member of the winning crew; open only to
under-graduates.

^^ Third — An International Graduates' Race will be held for
four-oared shells, open only to graduates pf colleges or univer-

678 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

sities ; the prize being a piece of plate, and a gold medal to each
meml)er of the winning crew.

"No person will be allowed to row in both the International
Colleore Race and International Graduates^ Rac»e.

'^Fourth — Professional Races will be held, open to all crews
throughout the world, for four-oared, pair-oared and single-scull
shells for purses, the amounts of which will be announced by
the 1st of May, 1876.

" The races will ha held between the 20th of August and the
15th of September, and the entries shall be closed on July 15th.

"An entrance fee of $25.00 will be charged for fours; $15.00
for pairs and doubles, and $10.00 for singles. This fee will, be
returned to all boats starting in the races, and is demanded as a
guarantee of good faith in making the entry, and to justify the
committee in making the necessary arrangements for proi)erly
housing the boats of the entering crews.

"The Amateur Races will be rowed in heats one and a half
miles straight-a-way. The Professional Races will be rowed in
heats of three miles, one and a half miles and return.

"Besides the above prizes the * Jury on Rowing' of the
United States Centennial Commission, who will have an over-
sight of all the races, will award the diploma and medal of the
Commission to the victors.

" The National Amateur Rowing Association will hold their
annual regatta over the same course (the National), beginning
on Auo;ust 22tl."

Great credit is due to the navy as a whole for its generous
support of the regatta, but the man who is entitled to the chief
praise is James M. Ferguson, the able and efficient Commodore
of the Schuylkill Navy, who was the first to conceive the plan
of an international regatta as one of the features of the Exhibi-
tion, and to whose energy, pluck, aud determination the success
of the scheme is mainly due.

Jcmies M. Ferguson was born at Cookstown, in the county of
Tyrone, Ireland, on the 1st of August, 1834, and comes of thufe
North of Ireland Presbyterian stock which built up western
Pennsylvania and Americanized itself by its gallant services

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

679

(luring the Revolution. His father was a linen merchant, but
becoming unfortunate in business, emigrated to the United
States in 1847. One week after the arrival of the family in
Philadelphia, the father was laid to his eternal rest, and the
subject of this memoir, a lad of thirteen, was set to work to
earn his own living. He was placed in a wholesale notion
house in Philadelphia, but did not remain there long. He was

COMMODORE JAMES M. FERGUSON.

anxious to become a printer, and soon entered the office of
William S. Young as an apprentice.

It was a characteristic of the boy, as it is of the man, not to
do things by halves, and he set to work with a will to master
the "art preservative of arts." in this office he was a fellow-
apprentice with many young men who have since become dis-
tinguished in journalism. Among these may be mentioned
John Russell Young, managing editor of the New York He)*ald;

680 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

H. J. Murdoch, of the United Presbyteriariy of Pittsburgh ;
Major John M. Carson, of the Washington Republican;
Joseph McFarland, of the Cincinnati Commercial ; George S.
Ferguson, of the Chinstian Instructor of Philadelphia ; and
John Blakely, of the Philadelphia Evening Star. He succeeded
so well in his efforts to learn that, before his apprenticeship ex-
pired, his employer released him to allow him to take charge
of the office of the Westminster Herald, of New Wilmington,
Pennsylvania. He had a double object in securing this position.
It not only gave him an independent position, but enabled him
to enjoy the benefits of a two years' course of study at West-
minster College. During this time he attended regularly to his
duties in the printing office, and maintained an enviable posi-
tion in his classes at college. At the close of his collegiate term
he removed to Pittsburgh, and became the publisher of the
United Presbyterian, one of the most influential journals of that
denomination in the United States. Soon aflcr settling in
Pittsburgh, he married Miss Lizzie Moffatt, of New Castle,
Pennsylvania, who died in 1860, leaving one son as the issue
of this union,

Mr. Ferguson was anxious to return to the city of his boy-
hood, and an opportunity was soon offered. He purchased an
interest in the Chnstian Instructor' , a weekly paper published by
his old employer, and at the same time established the YoutKs
Evangelist, a semi-monthly for Sabbath school children. Under
his able and energetic management these papers were soon
placed upon an assured footing of success. In October, 18G8, he
contracted a second marriage, the lady in this instance being
Miss Rebecca J. McBride, of Philadelphia. In January, 1870,
he entered into partnership with S. A. George in the business
of printing, electrotyping, and stereotyping, the firm-title being
S. A. George & Co. He is still a partner in this house, which
possesses one of the largest and most perfectly appointed print-
ing establishments in the United States.

Soon after his return to Philadelphia, Mr. Ferguson became
a member of the Quaker City Barge Club, one of the rowing
organizations of the Schuylkill Navy. The war put an effectual

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 681

damper upon all enterprises of this kind, but upon the return
of peace the public interest in boating matters began to revive.
Mr. Ferguson v. as quick to perceive this, and exerted himself
with characteristic energy to promote the interests of the Schuyl-
kill Navy. He was especially active in organizing and carrying
out the regattas of the navy, and his services were so highly
appreciated by his comrades that early in 1868 he was elected
to the post of Vice-Commodore of the navy. His administra-
tion of this office gave such marked satisfaction that in 1869 he
was elected Commodore. At the close of 1869 business engage-
ments compelled him to decline a re-election as Commodore, but
he was still the representative of his club in the naval board.
At the urgent solicitation of the members of the navy, he
accepted the position of Vice-Commodore a second time in 1872;
and in August, 1873, upon the resignation of Commodore Coxe,
was unanimously elected Commodore onoe more, and has held
that position ever since.

As early as the fall of 1873 Commodore Ferguson conceived
the plan of a grand International Rowing Regatta on the
Schuylkill in 1876, and at once set to work to bring the navy
to the support of his scheme. In this he was successful, and at
the meeting of the naval board in March, 1874, he was author-
ized to visit Europe and invite the principal rowing clubs of
the old world to take part in the proposed regatta. He sailed
in July, and, on the night preceding his departure, was the
recipient of an unexpected ovation from the members of the
navy, who presented him Avith a superb gold badge emblazoned
with the monogram and flags of the navy and other appropriate
devices. The cost of this beautiful insignia of his office was $300.
Upon reaching Europe, Commodore Ferguson visited the lead-
ing rowing associations and extended to them the invitation of
which he was the bearer. He was everywhere received with
marked cordiality, and brought back home the gratifying assur-
ances of the hearty cooperation of these associations in the
regatta.

Upon his return home he gave himself with renewed energy
to the effort to bring the scheme to success. It w»^ his personal

682

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

effort that induced the United States Centennial Commission to
adopt it, and make it a part of the programme of the Exhibi-
tion, and, as Mr. Lynch, of the Centennial Commission,
declared in a recent public speech, " If the regatta is the grand
success it promises to be, it will chiefly be due to the indomit-
able energy, pluck and determination of Commodore Ferguson,
who conceived it and carried it to triumph in the face of every
obskicle."

In person, Commodore Ferguson is a little above the medium
height, with a compactly knit, active figure, light sandy hair
and whiskers, and clear unfaltering eyes, which glow with the
genial light of the warm and generous nature which has
endeared him to his host of friends on both sides of the
Atlantic.

THE BALDWIN NARROW-GAUGE LOCOMOTIVE, USED BY THE WEST-END RAIL-
WAY IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

The most active preparations were made for the International
Regatta by the gentlemen having it in charge, and no efforts
were spared to make the Occasion the most memorable aquatic
carnival ever held. The course was carefully marked off with
flags and buoys, and the distances measured with exactness. A
grand stand was erected at Rockland, the finishing point, and .
another on the opposite side of the Schuylkill. The starting
point was immediately below the bridge of the Reading Rail-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

683

road, at the Falls of the Schuylkill, and the " finish " at Rock-
land, just above the Columbia bridge. The stands and the
banks of the river were thronged with spectators daily, the
crowds frequently numbering as many as one hundred thousand
persons* and the utmost good nature and enthusiasm prevailed.
The winning crews were greeted with deafening cheers as they
came in, and were made to feel that the sympathies of the vast
throng were heartily with them. The Regatta was in all re-
spects a brilliant success, and the result more than rewarded
the generous efforts of those who had projected it and carried
it through to its triumph.

THE ICE-YACHT, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

As it will be impossible to give a detailed description of each
day's proceedings, we must content ourselves with presenting
here a statement of the result of each day's w^ork, from which
the reader will learn the names of the contestants, the winners,
and the time made by each.

The Regatta was opened on Tuesday, August 22d, and

684 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

closed on Wednesday, September 6th, 1876. The first three
days were devoted to the Fourth Annual Regatta of the
National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, with the following
result :

Fourth Annual Regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen,
held at Philadelphia, August 22, 23, and 24, 1876. Race — Straightway.
Distance — Ij miles. Course — The National Course, Schuylkill river.
Umpire — Mr. E. D. Brickwood, England. Judge at Finish — Mr. Walter
C. Madeira, Philadelphia.

FIRST DAY.

TRIAL HEATS— FOUR- O ABED SHELLS.

FIEST HEAT.

Time.
1.— Atalanta, New York city— Bow, W. H. Downs; 2, H. W. Rodger; 3, C. A. Lyon;

stroke, J. E! Eustis 9.13>4

2.— Beaverwyck, Albany, New York— Bow, J. T. McCormick ; 2, J. H. McEntee ; 3, E. T.

Gorman ; stroke, T. J. Gorman 9.28}<^

3.— Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut— Bow, F. Wood ; 2, W. W. Collin ; 3, D. H.

Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy 9.39>^

SECOND HEAT.

l.__Columbia College, New York city— Bow, E. E. Sage ; 2, G. Griswold ; 3, C. S. Boyd ;

stroke, J. T. Goodwin 9.13)^

2. — Vesper, Philadelphia — Bow, H. McMillan ; 2, F. Henderson ; 3, W. T. Corson ; stroke,

J. B. Mingus 9.U

SINGLE SCULLS— FIRST HEAT.

1.— P. C. Ackerman, Atalanta, New York 10.28

2. — R. H. Robinson, Union Springs, New York 10.55

3.— C. P. Tasker, Crescent, Philadelphia 11.12J^

SECOND HEAT.

l._C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York 10.38J^

2. — F. Pleasonton, Quaker City, Philadelphia 11.45

THIRD HEAT.

1. — F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York 10.46

2.— H. McMillan, Vesper, Philadelphia 10.47

SECOIO) DAY.

DOUBLE SCULLS.

Time.

1. — Union Springs, New York — Bow, R. H. Robinson ; stroke, C. E. Courtney 9.19

2. — Atalanta, New York — Bow, P. C. Ackerman ; stroke, H. W. Rodger 9.26

3._Ve8per, Philadelphia— Bow, H. McMillan ; stroke, J. B. Mingus 10.10^

PAIR OARS,

1.— Atalanta, New York— Bow, W. H. Downs ; stroke. J. E. Enstis lO.lO^:^

2. — Nautilus, New York — Bow, David Roache ; stroke, William Walshe 10.29

3. — Argonauta, New Jersey — Bow, W. T. Taylor ; stroke, John Gunster 10..50J^

THIRD DAY.

FINAL HEATS— SINGLE SCULLS.

Time.

1.— F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York 10.391/5

2. — ^P. C. Ackerman, Atalanta, New York 18.46

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 685

FOUB-OAR SHELJLS.

Time.
1. — Atalanta, New York — Bow, W. H. Downs; 2, H. W. Rodger; 3, C. A.Lyon; stroke,

J. E. Eustis 9.37%

2.— Columbia College, New York— Bow, E. E. Sage ; 2, G. Griswold ; 3, C. S. Boyd ; stroke,

J. T. Goodwin Not taken

These races being over, the International Regatta proper began on the 28th of August, and
lasted five days, the public interest in it increasing every day. The following is the ofiScial
statement of the result :

INTERNATIONAL KEOATTA.

AMATEUR RACES.

Held at Philadelphia, August 28, 29, 30, 31, and September 1, 1876. Kace—
Straightway. Distance — 12^ miles. Ck)urse — National Course, Schuylkill
river. Umpire — Mr. Frank Brown, New York. Judge at Finish — Mr.
Walter C. Madeira, Philadelphia.

THE SELLERS SLOTTING MACHINE, IN MACHINERY HALL.

FIRST DAY.

TBIAL HEATS— FOUB'O ABED SHELZS.

FIRST HEAT.

Time.
1.— Enreka, Newark, New Jersey— Bow, J. Young; 2, W. Ryno; 3, P. Young; stroke,

J. Angleman 9.2914

2.— Dublin University Rowing Club, Ireland— Bow, N. Ferguson; 2, C. Barrington; 3, C.

B. Barrington; stroke, G. H. Hickson 9.361-^;

3.— Argonauta, Bergen Point, New Jersey— Bow, E. Smith; 2, B. Stephenson; 3, C. E.

Dunbar; stroke, F, C. Eldred.... 9'4£

686 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

SECOND HEAT.

Time.
1.— Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut— Bow, R. J. Cook ; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H.

Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy 9.02%

2.— A'^esper, Philadelphia— Bow, U. McMillan ; 2, F. Henderson ; 3, W. T. Corson ; stroke,

J. B. Mingus 0.13%

3.— Crescent, Philadelphia— Bow, C, E. Steel; 2, H. K. Hinchman; 3, H. W. Terry;

stroke, G. Milliken dACy^

THIRD HEAT.

1.— Columbia College, New York city— Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold ; 3, C.S.Boyd;

stroke, J.T. Goodwin 9.08

2.— Elizabeth, Portsmouth, Virginia— Bow, J. Murray; 2, P. McGrath ; 3, T. Gallagher;

stroke, D. Callahan 9.11

;^._Quaker City, Philadelphia— Bow, J. McBeath ; 2, C. R. Adams; 3, S. B. Stinson ;

stroke, S. M. Gormley Withdrawn

FOURTH HEAT.

1.— Beaverwyck, Albany, New York— Bow, J. T. McCormick ; 2, J. H. McEntee; 3, R. T.

Goi-man ; stroke, T. J. Gorman 9.14

2. — Duquesne, Alleghany City, Pennsylvania— Bow, D. Fritz; 2, 0. Moody; 3, S. Moody;

stroke, F. Brennan Not taken

3.— FalCon, Burlington, New Jersey— Bow, A. Horn ; 2, H. McKim ; 3, T. Meyers ; stroke,

J. W. Horn Not taken

FIFTH HEAT.
l._Watkins, New York— Bow, A. McLafferty ; 2, F. StoU ; 3, A. Tyrell ; stroke, F.

Wakeman 9.0G]4.

2.— Pennsylvania, Philadelphia— Bow, J. W. Barr; 2, \Y. H. Rennert; 3, A. L. Kappes;

stroke, II. Conrad • • -Not taken

3.— Malta, Philadelphia — Bow, J. Rabe; 2, C. Giller; 3, J. Dunston ; stroke, W.

Harper Wi tlidrawn

SIXTH HEAT.
1.— London Rowing Club, England— Bow, R. Labat; 2, F. Gulston; 3, A. Trower; stroke.

J. Howell

8.35

2.— Northwestern, liiverdale, Illinois— Bow, W. B. Curtis; 2, H. Smith; 3, J. Killorin;

stroke, C. Corning 8.59V^

3.— Atalanta, New York city— Bow, W. H. Downs; 2, H. W. Rodger; 3, C. A. l.yon;

stroke, J. E. Eustii, Withdrawn

SEVENTH HEAT.
1. Trinity College, Cambridge University, England— Bow, J. A. Jamieson; 2, G. S. N.

Man ; 3, W. B. Close ; stroke, J. T. Penrose 9.0G%

2.— Oneida, Burlington. New Jersey- Bow, R. N. Weston; 2, G. A. Hunt; 3, F. G. Wood-

ington; stroke, F. H. Deacon Not taken

SECOND DAY.

SINGLE SCULLS— TRIAL HEATS.

FIRST HEAT.

1.— J. McCartney, Friendship, New York 1101%

2.~G. E. Man, Argonauta, New Jersey ♦. 11-13

3._G. W. Young, Crescent, Philadelphia 11-26

4.— F. Henderson, Vesper, Philadelphia 11-33

SECOND HEAT.

].— E.D.Mills, Jr., Atalanta, New York lOM^

2.— J. M. Holsman, University, Philadelphia 11.40%

3.— J. B. Leibert, Vesper, Philadelphia Not taken

4._W. B. Curtis, Northwestern, Riverdale, Illinois Withdrawn

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 687

THIRD HEAT.

Time.
1.— 6. J. Gormley, Quaker City, Philadelphia 10.52%

2. — R. A. Robinson, Union Springs, New York 10.56

3.— C. P. Tasker, Crescent, Philadelphia 11.15%

FOUR-OARED SCUZLS— SECOND TRIAL HEATS.

FIRST HEAT.

1. — Beaverwyck, Albany, New York— Bow, J. T. McCormick; 2, J.H. McEntee; 3, R. T.

Gorman ; stroke, T. J. Gorman 9.07

2. — Eureka, Newark, New Jersey — Bow, J. Young; 2, W. Byno ; 3, P. Young; stroke, J.

Angleman • 9.13

JOHNSON S TYPE CASTING MACHINE, IN MACHINERY HALL.
SECOND HEAT.

1.— Watkins, New York— Bow, A. McLafferty; 2, F. Sti)ll; 3, A. Tyrell ; stroke, F. Wake-
man 9.01^

2, — Trinity College, Cambridge, England — Bow, J. A. Jamieson ; 2, G. S. N. Man ; 3, W.

B. Close; stroke, J. T. Penrose Not taken

3.— Columbia College, New York city— Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd;

stroke, J. T. Goodwin Withdrawn

THIRD HEAT.

1. — London Rowing Club, England — Bow, R. Labat; 2, F, Gnlston ; 3, A. Trower;

stroke, J. Howell 8.51V^

2.— Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut— Bow, R. J. Cook; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H.

Kellogg ; stroke, J. Kennedy 8.52^^

THIRD DAY.

SIXGLE SCULLS— TRIAL HEATS.

FOURTH HEAT.

1.— C. E. Courtney, Union Springs. New York U.29%

2. — P. C. Ackerman, Atalanta, New York Not taken

3. — J. Magin, Waverly, New York Withdrawn

4. — J. Kennedy, Yale College, Connecticut ,. .Withdrawn

688 THE rLLUSTRATED HISTORY

FIFTH HEAT.

Time.
1.— F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York , 12.05J^

2.— J. B. McBeath, Quaker City, Philadelphia 12.073^

3. — C. Megargee, College, Philadelphia 12.15}^

4,— H. Young, Malta, Philadelphia 13.10

FINAL HEAT FOUR-OARED SHELLS

1. — Beaverwyck, Albany, New York — Bow, J. T. McCormick; 2, J. H. McEntee; 3, R. T,

Gorman ; stroke, T. J. Gorman 9.06

2.— London Rowing Club, England— Bow, R. H. Labat; 2, F. S. Gulston; 3, A. Ttower;

stroke, J. Howell 9.061^

3.— Watkins, New York— Bow, A. McLafferty; 2. F.Stoll; 3, A. Tyrell; stroke, F. Wake-
man 9.16

SIXTH HEAT — SINGLE SCULL.

l._W. G. Thomas, Philadelphia 11.36i^

2.— G. W. Parker, Quaker City, Philadelphia 12.40i^

SEVENTH HEAT.

1. — H. McMillan, Vesper, Philadelphia ^. Not taken

2. — T. M. Montgomery, Northwestern, Illinois Withdrawn

3. — J. B. Mingus, Vesper, Philadelphia Withdrawn

EIGHTH HEAT.

1.— F. Pleasanton, Quaker City, Philadelphia 12.00

2. — F. G. Woolman, Oneida, New Jersey Withdrawn

3. — R. H. Labat, London Rowing Club, England Withdrawn

FOURTH DAY.

8INOLE SCULLS— SECOND TRIAL HEATS,

FIRST HEAT.

Time.

1. — C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York 10.31

2.— F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York Withdrawn

3.— S. J. Gormley, Quaker City, Philadelphia Withdrawn

4.— F. Pleasanton, Quaker City, Philadelphia Withdrawn

SECOND HEAT.

1.— J. McCartney, Friendship Club 10.323^

2.— E. Mills. .Jr., Atalanta 10-44

3.— J. B. Mingus, Vesper 10-5*

PAIR-OARS — FIRST HEAT.

1.— Atalanta, New York— Bow, W. H. Downs ; stroke, J. E. Eustis 9.45

2.— Nautilus, New York— Bow, Roache ; stroke, Walshe 9.58

3.— London Rowing Club, England— Bow, E. A. Trower ; stroke, G. 0. Howell Withdrawn

4.— Argonauta, New Jersey— Bow, E. Smith ; stroke, F. C. Eldred Withdrawn

SECOND HEAT.

1.— Northwestern, Illinois— Bow, John Killorin ;. 2, stroke, Henry Smith 10.023^

2.— Northwestern, Illinois— Bow, W. B. Curtis ; stroke, C. T. Corning 10.081^

3.— London Rowing Club, England— Bow, F. S. Gulston; stroke, R. H. Labat Withdrawn

COLLEGE GRADUATES.
1.— Dublin University Rowing Club, Ireland— Bow, G. F. Ferguson ; 2, C. Barrington ;

3, C. B. Barrington; stroke, G. H. Hickson 10.39^

No competitor.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 689

SINGLE SCULLS — FINAL HEAT.

Time.

1.— C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York 10.48^

2.— J. McCartney, Friendship, New York 11 .12}^

FIFTH DAY.

DOUBLE SCULLS— TRIAL HEATS.

FIRST HEAT.

1 .— Atalanta, New York— Bow, P. C. Ackerman ; stroke, H. W. Rodger 10.29^4

iL — Vesper, Philadelphia — Bow, H. McMillan ; stroke, J. B. Mingus 10.43

3.— Northwestern, Illinois— Bow, W. B, Curtis; stroke, C. T. Coming 10.56

3. — Oneida, New Jersey Not taken

THE SELLERS HYDROSTATIC WHEEL-PRESS, IN MACHINERY HALL.

SECOND HEAT.

Time.-

1.— Union Springs, New York— Bow, L. E. Yates ; stroke, C. E. Courtney 10.17

2.— Crescent, Philadelphia— Bow, G. Young ; stroke, C. P. Tasker .10.34

3.— Vesper, Philadelphia— Bow, J. B. Leibert ; stroke, F. Henderson 10.54^

PAIR-OARS— FINAL HEAT.

I.— Northwestern, Illinois— Bow, J. Killorin ; stroke, H. Smith 10.02

2.— Atalanta, New York— Bow, W. H. Downs ; stroke, J. E. Eustis 10.16

INTERCOLLEGIATE.

1.— Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut— Bow, R. J. Cook ; 2, W. W. Collin ; 3, D. H.

Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy 9.10%

2.— Columbia College, New York aty— Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd;

stroke, J. T. Goodwin 9-20

3.— Trinity College, Cambridge, England— Bow, J. A. Jamieson; 2, G. S. N. Manj 3, W.

B. Close; stroke, J. T. Penrose Not taken

DOUBLE SCULLS — FINAL HEAT.

1.— Union Springs, New York— Bow, F. E. Yates ; stroke, C. E. Courtney 9.523^

2.— Atalanta, New York— Bow, P. C. Ackerman ; stroke, H. W. Rodger.

9.54

This closed the Amateur Races.

The Professional Races began on Monday, September 4th, and closed on Wednesday, September
6th. The following is an account of the work of the three days :

690 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

FO VR- OARED SHELLS.

FIRST HEAT.

Lying so far above the start, it was an utter impossibility for any one to jndge exactly Tfho had
the advantJige of the start, but from the steamer it looked as if the New York crew had a slight
bit the best of it. As they neared the end of the Island it was seen that the Americans had the
lead, and they passed the point three-quarters to the fore. Before the willows, and at the end of
the clump of trees, London steered into the west shore, and made a brave spurt, which put the
bows on even terms, and this position was held right up to the buoys. This half of the race was
clearly in favor of the New York crew, who had rowed the best stroke by far, England rather
ragged, and splashing to such an extent as to surprise the people, who rather expected to see the
perfection of oarsmanship from these four men, as they have been winning at all of the promi-
nent regattas in England prior to their departure for this country. In making the turn at the
Falls Biidge the Londoners straightened out first, and before the New York men could point
their boat down the river were leading by a good three lengths. The Americans pulled over to
the west shore, and spurted for the lead, but the Thames men, without any apparent difficulty,
maintained their commanding position, and could have increased it if they had so desired, and
they crossed the line the easiest kind of winners in 18.213^^ minutes. The half distance was made
in 8.15 ; the Americans 153^ seconds later. The victors were heartily cheered at the finish by the
boats and the spectators. ^

Time
1.— Thames Crew, London, England— Bow, W. Spencer; 2, Henry Thomas; 3, J. Higgins;

stroke, Thomas Green 18.21i^

2._New York Crew, New York— Bow, F. Plaisted ; 2, J. Flauris ; 3, J. Mahony ; stroke, J.

W.Maxwell 18.37

SECOND HEAT.

The start for this heat between the famous Paris crew from St. John's, New Brunswick, and the
comparatively unknown Fishermen, from Halifax, was effected with the latter crew slightly in
advance, and at every stroke they rapidly drew away from their more experienced opponents.
Youth and vigor were telling. The great four who had been pitted against the fastest crew
England possessed, and won, it was plainly to be seen had lost not only their stroke, but also
the strength for which they were formerly so noted. They have been rowing together for seven
or eight years, and now have gone stale. No. 3 especially pulled in a style that has not been
shown by any man since the start of the regatta. It seemed as if he would dislocate his neck at
every tUii at his oar; it was almost painful to look at. The Fishermen, without outriggers to
their boat, were making her plough through the water in splendid style. The buoys were
reached in 8.51, and the winners did not exert themselves coming home. The Paris labored
earnestly, but the steering, if nothing else, would have defeated them badly. On the return
half they got clear east of the buoys, and then pulled through the heavy grass to regain their
position. After this they steered so far to the west that it was supposed that they were going
down on the west side of the island. Noticing their mistake they pulled through boats, hitting
stakes, and just straightened out in time to see the red flag dropped. The time, as announced,
was 17.58 minutes, and will have to go on record as correct, but it does not at all tally with that
made by several competent gentlemen on board of the Belmont. The time of the losers was not
taken.

Time
1.— Fisherman's Crew, Halifax, Nova Scotia— Bow, 0. Smith ; 2, C. Nickerson ; 3, W.

Smith; stroke, J. Nickerson 17.68

2 —Paris Crew, St. John, New Brunswick— Bow, G. Price ; 2, G. Price ; 3, S. Hutton ;

■troke, B. Fulton Not taken

THE WHALEBOATS.

Now followed what proved to be the only really interesting or closely-contested event of the
day. There were three entries, all from New Bedford, Massachusetts. The " Sixth Ward " had
the west position, the Vesta the centre, and the Centennial the east. The first-named took the
lead at the word and held it past the island, amid the cries of encouragement and loud applause
from either shore. The movements of the coxswains of the different boats were thoroughly in

OF THE CENTENXIAL EXHIBITIOX.

691

c^amest in coaching their crewB, and their movements as they assisted the stroke-oar and en-
couraged the men were very odd and peculiar, and entirely new to these waters ; but as the three
were similar in their exertions, it must have been all right and proper. The Sixth Warders were
still leading at the mile-post, when both the Vesta and Centennial spurted and took the lead, and
a hot race followed, all of the crews plucky and staunch, up to the buoys. The stake-boats wer«
turned very nearly at the same time, and this was the positiou opposite liaurel Hill landing,
when the Vesta coxswain called on his brave and gallant crew, and they responded with a will,
and within a hundred yards had a lead of a length. From this time out the race belonged to the
Vesta, and the excitement was to see who were to be second. It was close work all the way
down to the finish, the three crews struggling manfully and pulling for dear life. The Centen-
nial managed to get just a little to the front of No. 6, and was but two seconds ahead when Mr.

Madeira raised the flag.

Time,

1 .— Whaleboat Vesta 25.51

2.— Whaleboat Centennial 26.01

3.— ^Tialeboat Sixth Ward 26.03

" THE DEATH OF THE ELK " — SWEDISH GROUP IN THE HAIN BUILDING.

SINGLE SCULLS— TRIAL HEATS.

FIRST HEAT.

England was represented in this heat by Thomas, Canada by Hanlon, and America by Coul-
ter. The start was fair and even. Hanlon, however, at once pulled away, Coulter second, and
the Londoner well to the rear, and he drew out before the island was passed. The Canadian was
far ahead before the mile-post was reached, his lead being at least three lengths. Coulter ap-
peared to have no vim, and was apparently making no extra exertion to win the race. At any

rate he was beaten in the following time :

Time.

1.— Hanlon. Toronto 21.34

2.— Coulter, Pittsburgh 22.24

3. — Thomas, London Not taken

SECOND HEAT.

Out of the three entries for this heat, 0. Smith, of the Halifax crew, withdrew, leaving Brayley,
from St. John, and Green, of London, to contest. Soon after the start Green pulled off the course,
and Brayley rowed over alone.

692

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Time.
1 .— Brayley, St. John 22.26%

2. — Green, London Drew out

3.— 0. Smith, Halifax Withdrawn

THIRD HEAT.

Ellis Ward, of Newburgh, New York, was placed on the right, Spencer, of London, in the
centre, and Peel, of Philadelphia, on the outside. It was thought that this heat would be a close
one between Ward and Spencer, as it was understood that the London men were of the opinion
that the latter was good enough to take second money in the regatta, Higgins to take first. But
like the preceding ones, it was all one-sided, without a single interesting feature, save a slight
struggle between Spencer and Peel. Ward took the lead from the start, and was never headed at
any time during the race. He was three lengths to the front of Spencer at the stake-boats, and
after thp turn was made, pulled rapidly away for the mile-post, where he stopped for a few sec-
onds to rest himself. When he resumed rowing it was palpable that neither of his opponents
were his equal, and he won as he liked. Peel and Spencer had a spurt together for a short dis-
tance, but the latter was about pumped out, and slackened up, when the Philadelphian passed him.

Time.
1. — E.Ward, New York 22.20J^

2.— Peel, Philadelphia 23.47

3. — Spencer, London 24.20

brayton's hydro-carbon engine, exhibited in machinery hall.

FOURTH heat.

The two scullers, Louther and Morris, from the Iron City, who were to contest this heat for the
honor of their native city and country, with Higgins, of London, the best in England, as they
pulled np to the starting point were greeted with repeated cheers. When the word was given,
Higgins jumped off with the lead, being, at the first hundred yards, a half length in advance of
Louther, and as much more ahead of Morris. Opposite the centre of the island Louther spurted
and drew up even with the London man, Morris dropping still farther behind. The two fore-
most men still stood on equal terms at Sedgeley, Louther sheering towards the centre position
of Higgins, being repeatedly warned by the umpire, and at each call trying to keep out of the
way. Nearing the willows the Pittsburgh oarsman gained, and had the best of the race by about
three-quarters of a length, and here both men pulled out of their course and a foul ensued, the
oars touching several times. When the boats were extricated Louther took the lead, turning

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 693

the stake-boats first, and reaching home some distance ahead. Higgins, after the foul, did not
make any attempt to win, and rowed just hard enough to keep ahead of Morris. When the
three boats had crossed the line Higgins entered a claim of foul, and the umpire decided that
he did not consider the foul intentional on the part of either man, and ordered the heat to be
rowed over again this morning at ten o'clock by Louther and Higgins :

Time.
1. — Louther, Pittsburgh (foul) 21.35

2. — Higgins, London (foul) 21.59

3.— Morris, Pittsburgh 22.36

FIFTH HEAT.

McKiel and Plaisted were the only starters in this, the last heat of the day. Both men kept
well together up to the willows, when McKiel, in trj'ing to pass in front of Plaisted, ran into
him, and the umpire gave the heat to the latter.

Time.
1. — Plaisted, New York Not taken

2.— McKiel, New York Foul

3.— Smith Withdrawn

SECOND DAY.

SINGZE SCULZS— SECOND TBIJ.L HEATS.

FIRST HEAT.

In the drawing the night before it had fallen to the lot of Ellis Ward, of New York, to be
pitted against Brayley, of St. John's, New Brunswick, who had a walk over for his heat the day
previous. From the reputation of the first-named oarsman, who is M'ell known from Maine to
California, it was thought that the American colors would be to the fore in this heat. Mr. Cur-
tis started them fairly, and there was no advantage. Ward was pulling two strokes slower than
the St. John's man, who was making thirty-four to the minute, and he had gained the advan-
tage of a half length by the time the end of the island was reached, and pulling regularly and
with considerable power, the length was a length and a little over at Sedgeley. Opposite the
willows and a little above. Ward spurted, and, hugging the west shore, drew away from his op-
ponent two lengths. Both of the contestants were now in rough, luniiiy water, and the advan-
tages of position and water were much more equal, heretofore Ward having much smoother
water to row in. Brayley was still keeping up his stroke at thirty-four, while Ward had dropped
down to thirty. The Canadian man gained as they drew towards the stake-boats, the American
turning about a length and a half in advance. After getting pointed down towards home Bray-
ley made a vigorous spurt, and, rowing in admirable form and with good judgment, gained on
Ward at every tug of the oars. Before Laurel Hill landing was passed the two°had joined issue,
and for a half dozen strokes it was a fine contest, but as Brayley got the bow of his shell in front
about two feet the American lost all power and strength, and it was plaiji to be seen that he had
done all he could do that day. He pulled pluckily throughout the rest of the race, and
pluckily made several efforts at a spurt. They were feeble, and it was almost painful to see the
exertions of the gallant fellow, as he bent to his work and endeavored to regain the lead. It
was of no avail, however; Brayley was much the stronger man and best oarsman of the two,
and crossed the line seventeen seconds ahead of the once-famous oarsman of Comwall-on-the-
Hudson.

1. — A. Brayley, St. John's, New Brunswick 22.06 V<i

2.— E. Ward, New York *^ .22.23]/

SECOND HEAT.

After the fiasco of the moming row-off between Higgins and Louther, the second heat of the
second trial-heats of singles was looke* forward to with considerable interest, as it was hoped and
thought by the majority that " Pat" would row over the course in such excellent form and make
a record of time that would give some color to the claims of his friends that he was as good a
man as any in the world. A few who were better up in rowing matters, and had watched the
young Toronto man, were confident that he would have an easy victory over either of his com-
petitortL He had health, age, and an honest ambition to help him, three very requisite qualities

694

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

iu the oarsman of the present day, and in addition to the»e his style is fully the equal of any
man on the river. Hanlon was fortunate enough to draw the favored position on the west side
Plaiated the New Yorker.in the centre, and the Pittsburgher, whoso suddenly shot up to glory, on
the blue' or east side of the course. When Mr. Curtis, in his sharp, decisive way, gave the com-
mand of start, it rather looked as if Hawlon had dipped his oars somewhat in advance of the word
"Go" At all events he immediately assumed tlie lead, with the New Yorker secoud, and the
renowned Louther third. Going to the head of the island the Canadian was leading Plaisted a
good two lengths, and the Pittsburgh man one more. They went along strung out at about tlu>
same distance to Sedgeley, where the New Yorker had gained a little, and the end of the string
held his own. Directly opposite the one-mile post Hanlon steered out into the centre of the
river, and Plaisted assumed the last position which he had vacated; Louther in the meantime
having dropped to six lengths in the rear. As the firet two neared the stake-boats, Plaisted made
» desperate spurt and closed up considerably, and making an excellent turn, much better than

GROUP OF PALM TREES IN HORTICULTURAL HALIi.

Hanton, he straightened out but a little less than a length behind, and right here was seen the

difference between the two men, as Hanlon for the first time in the race set himself to work, and

with the most consummate ease drew away fn>m Plaisted as if he had been a plaything, and at

the Laurel Hill landing was leading by three lengths, and conscious of his ability *» vrm the

race, he rested on his oars opposite Sedgely landing, and wiped his hands on his shirt. The

delay gave Plaisted an opportunity of drawing closer, but that wa^ all. The race had never been

in doubt from the start, and they finished in the following order : ^.^^

^ ^ 21.541^

1.— T. Hanlon, Toronto, Canada 22 "nV

2.— F. Plaisted, New York, N. Y 23J14

S._P. Loutber, Pittsburgh, Pa

PAin-OARS-TRIAL HEATS.

FIRST HEAT.
The four London professionals. were drawn for this heat, and as it was well 1^"«^-" Jj'^* ^^^^
and Thomas, who are the champion pair-oa,^ of England, would win. there was but httle interest

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. . 695

taken in the contest. The two crews pulled at a good pace over the course, but shortly after the

•tart the champions went to the front, and were never headed.

Time.
1. — T. Green and H. Thomas, London 2lAi%

2. — J. Higgins and W. Spencer, London 21.54V^

SECOND HEAT.

The last heat of the day brought to the start two of the great Ward brothers, Josh and Gil, and
the FauJkner-Regan crew from Boston. Plaisted and Maxwell, of New York, after the severe
race of the former with Ilanlon, considered it advisable to withdraw. A beautiful start was
effected when the word was given. The Wards by the time the island was passed, by dint of
extremely tough work and good steering, had got ahead about a half, still continuing the same
lead at Sedgeley, and at the willows had succeeded in giving the Bostonians their wash. The
latter, however, did not approve of this state of affairs, and pulled to the east to avoid it. In
doing this they lost ground, and at the mile-post had fallen back to a length and a half. Between
this point and tlie Laurel Jlill landing the Boston pair spurted and closed the gap to within a
half. The Wards finally reached ihe stake-boats in advance, but made an execrable turn, and
when the contestants were both around Faulkner and Regan were in front. Like Ellis in his
heat, as soon as tliey were passed the brothers let down, and were beaten a mile from the home
boats. The Boston men just held their own the remaining portion of the course, and were very
easy winners.

Time.
1.— G. Faulkner and P. Regan, Boston 20.28

2.— J. and G. Ward, New York 20M}4

THIRD AND L.AST DAY.

The last day of the grand international regatta, in spite of the importance of the final heats
between the four-oared shells, singles, and pairs, was but sparsely attended. To be sure, there were
thousands of spectators present, but the enthusiasm and general manifestations of approbation
and delight were slight compared to the scene witnessed at the close of the London-Yale, and
Beaverwyck-London heats. The assemblage seemed to have the correct idea that when the con-
testants started on the course there was no probability of an honorable, manly struggle for
superiority, and, while they were perfectly willing to cheer and applaud the victors, there was
always a reasonable doubt in their minds that the hindmost boat may have won, and nothing
could be settled until the umpire gave his decision. The word " London " seems to have been
impressed upon the minds of the American public in aquatic matters as the synonym of "foul,"
and whenever any of these gentlemen, either amateur or professional, were entered, the ma-
jority of those who followed the oarsmen on the course rather expected that there would b«
some difficulty that would end the race unsatisfactorily. The proof of this was easy to be seen
in the cries and shouts that greeted the Faulkner-Regan crew as they passed the line a quarter
of a mile to the front of the chmipion pair-oars of England. "There is no foul this time!"
" Foul ! foul ! " from the entire assemblage. The English oarsmen must certainly now be satis-
fied that they can have all the justice that can be looked upon in any quarter of the globe in
this country, and though the judgment of Mr. Curtis has been questioned, there is not the
slightest hint from gp.ntUmpn but that he has decided all cases exactly as he has viewed them,
acting as an umpire, not as an oarsman or an American. Now that the regatta is over the retro-
spect simply shows that professional oai-smen should never be invited to attend or participate in
regattas which depend on the subscriptions of citizens who love the sport to form purses to
gather these men together. If the regatta had closed with the contests between amateurs, the
people would have been much better satisfied than they are at present. The final heats to-day
were not interesting after the start, and were not a fitting finale to the grandest aquatic event
of the decade.

FINAL. H EAT— FOUR-OARED SHELLS.

The committee having decided that the four-oared shells should be the first race of the day,
the two crews, the Thames and the Halifax, drew up towards the starting point, the former hav-
ing the best position— the west — and the latter placed some distance towards the east. Mr.
Umpire Curtis was a little quick in giving the word, and the London men caught his voice the

696

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

firet, and bad made three strokes before the Haligoniaiis understood the situation. Both crews
made a remarkably fast stroke, the Englishmen forty eight to the minute, and their opponents
forty-six. The race was severe and sharp from the start, but the colonists, by the middle of the
island, had a lead of a half a length. They then dropped to forty-two and the London to forty-
four. Opposite Sedgeley the cockneys sheered into the west shore, and Halifax increased the

lead to a length and a half. At the willows
a half more had been gained, London still keep-
ing up to forty-four and Halifax dropping to
thirty-six. Before the mile-post the former pulled
directly into the hitter's wash, and spurted,
making a great effort to reach their leaders.
They gained half a length and were pulling
up gradually, and there was every appearance
of a foul. Before they could come close enough
for this pm-pose the Halifax people pulled over
to the east shore to make the turn. Londou,
who were a length behind \\hen the stake-boatB
were reached, straightened up at least a length
and a half ahead, and now the struggle com-
menced. Both crews drew away towards the west
shore, and putting forth every bit of strength
there was in them, pulled for home. Halifax
gained so rapidly that it was hardly conceivable
that they had the beat four in England ahead of
them, and just here it was where the mistake was
made by their bow oar; he did not straighten up
quite soon enough, and got into London's water,
and a-< they neared them the latter refused to give
an inch, and a foul necessarily followed. An
appeal was made by both crews, and they must
have understood the umpire to say "Go on," as
after drawing apart London started, and had
covered two lengths before the Halifax men
seemed to understand the situation. Then, buck-
ling to their work, they followed their oppo-
nents and at each stroke neared them.

When the tug came the Londoners were not
there, and as soon as the fishermen put the nose of their boat in front they ceased row-
ing and paddled over the remainder of the course. Below Columbia bridge both crews were
listened to by the umpire, and he then gave the race to the Thames crew on a foul.

DEAD- STROKE POWER HAMMER,
MACHINERY HALL.

FINAIj hjsat—sixgle sculzs.

There is but little to say about this race, except that Hanlon, of Toronto, who has proved him-
self to be one of the best single scullers in America, won from the start from Brayley, of St.
John's. The latter pulled a most plucky stem chase, but he is evidently not the equal of his
younger and more scienced opponent. The time for the winner was 2L09 minutes; Brayley,
21.16%.

PAIR OAR— FINAL HEAT.

It was hardly looked forward to as a good race between Green and Thomas and the Faulkner-
Regan pair, after the hot work the former had had in the first race. Still the Englishmen for
three-quarters of a mile put firth all the power that was in them, and pulled away up to fifty,
the Bostonians only making forty-four, and at this rate they led from the start, .and b}' the time
the willows were passed, the Londoners slackened up, and never made an attempt to win th«
race, contenting themselves with second money. Faulkner-Began covered the three miles in
21.20 minutes.

CHAPTER XXIIL

THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS.

Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock — Eegulations of the Bureau of
Agriculture, governing these Exhibits — Description of the Grounds — The
Horse Show — The Noted Animals — The Dog Show — A Fine Collection of
Canines — The Cattle Show — A Superb Exhibit — Display of Sheep, Swine
and Goats — Description of the Animals — The Poultry Show — The Scene in
the Pomological Annex.

HE arraDgements for the display of live-stock, in con-
nection with the Centennial Exhibition, were intrusted
by the Executive Committee to the Bureau of Agri-
culture. The following regulations for these displays
were thereupon issued by the Chief of the Agricultural

Department, with the approval of the Director-General of the

Exhibition :

UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION,

1876,
PHILADELPHIA.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE.

Live-stock.

1. — The live-stock display at the International Exhibition will
be held within the months of September, October, and Novem-
ber, 1876; the periods devoted to each family being as follows:

Horses, mules, and asses, from September 1st to 14th.

Dogs, from September 4th to 8th.

Horned cattle, from September 21st to October 4th.

Sheep, swine, and goats, from October 10th to 18th.

697

698 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF

Poultry will be exhibited from October 27th to Novem-
ber 6th.

2. — Animals to be eligible for admission to the International
Exhibition must be, with the exception of trotting stock, walk-
ing horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle, of such
pedigree that the exhibitor can furnish satisfactory evidence to
the Chief of Bureau, that —

As applied to thoroughbred horses, as far back as the fifth
generation of ancestors on both sides, they are of pure blood,
and of the same identical breed.

As to short-horned cattle, they are registered in either Allen^s,
Alexander's, or the English herd-books.

As to Holsteins, Herefords, Ayrshires, Devons, Guernseys^,
Britannys, Kerrys, and other pure breeds, they are either
imported or descended from imported animals on both sides.

As to Jerseys, that they are entered in the Herd Register of
the American Jersey Cattle Club, or in that of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society of Jersey.

As to sheep and swine, they are imported or descended from
imported animals, and that the homebred shall be of pure blood
as far back as the fifth generation.

3. — The term breed, as used, is intended to comprehend all
family divisions where the distinction in form and character
dates back through years of separation ; for instance, it is held
that the progeny of a pure-blood Jersey and a pure-bred Guernsey
is not a thoroughbred but a crossbred animal, and as such is
necessarily excluded.

4. — In awarding prizes to animals of pure blood, the judges
will take into consideration chiefly the relative merits as to the
power of the transmission of their valuable qualities; a cardinal
object of the Exhibition being to promote improvement in
breeding stock.

5. — In case of doubt relative 'to the age of an animal, satisfac-
tory proof must be furnished, or the animal will be subject to
examination by a veterinary surgeon ; and should the state of
dentition indicate that the age has not been correctly stated,
the person so entering as an exhibitor will be prohibited from
exhibiting in any class.

THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

699

6. — The forms of classification for awards, as given under
each head, are intended (excepting in the case of trotting stock,
walking horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle) to
apply to the animals of any pure breed that are entered for
competition.

7. — The Exhibition being open to the world, it is of the first
importance that the best of their kind only be brought forward,
as the character of the stock will be judged by the general
average of those exhibited.

8. — Exhibitors will be expected
to furnish their own attendants,
on whom all responsibility of
the care of feeding, watering, and
cleaning the animals, and also of
cleaning the stalls will rest.

9. — Forage and grain will be
furnished at cost prices, at depots
conveniently located within the
grounds. Water can be had at all
hours, ample facilities being pro-
vided for its conveyance and dis-
tribution throughout the stock-
yards.

10. — Exhibitors must supply all
harness, saddlery, vehicles, and
other appointments, and all such
must be kept in their appointed
places.

11. — The Commission will erect
ample accommodation for the exhibition and protection of live-
stock, yet contributors who may desire to make special arrange-
ments for the display of their stock, will be afforded facilities
at their own cost. Fractious animals, whether stallions, mares
with foals, or bulls, will be provided with stalls of suitable
character.

12. — All stalls will be regularly and distinctly numbered ;
corresponding numbers on labels, of uniform character, will be

SEVRES VASE — IN MEMORIAL
HALL.

700 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

giveu to each exhibitor ; and no animal will be allowed to pass
from its stall without its proper number attached.

13. — Numbers alone will distinguish stock in the show-yards,
preceding the awards of prizes.

14. — The judges of live-stock will make examination of all
animals on the opening day of each serial show, and will for
that day have exclusive entrance to the show-yard.

15. — No premium will be awarded an inferior animal,
though there be no competition.

16. — All animals will be under the supervision of a veter-
inary surgeon, who will examine them before admission, to guard
against infection, and who will also make a daily inspection
and report. In case of sickness, the animal will be removed to
a suitable enclosure especially prepared for its comfort and
medical treatment.

17. — When animals are taken sick, the exhibitors mav either
direct the treatment themselves, or allow the veterinary surgeon
appointed by the Commission to treat the case. In this latter
event, the exhibitor will be charged for all expenses incurred.
All possible care will be taken of animals exhibited, but the
Commission cannot be held responsible for any injury or
accident.

18. — A ring will be provided for the display and exercise of
horses and cattle.

19. — On the last day of each serial show, a public auction
may be held of such animals as the exhibitors may desire to
sell. Animals may be sold at private sale at any time during
their exhibition. During the period of a serial show, no animal,
even in the event of being sold, will be allowed to be definitely
removed.

20. — An official catalogue of the animals exhibited will be
published.

21. — Exhibitors of thoroughbred animals must, at the time
of making their entries, file with the Chief of the Bureau a
statement as to their pedigree, affirmed or sworn to before an
officer authorized to take affidavits, and the papers so filed shall
be furnished to the jury of experts.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 701

22. — The ages of live-stock must be calculated up to the
opening day of the exhibition of the class to which they belong.

23. — Sheep breeders, desiring to exhibit wool, the products
of the flocks, will display not less than five fleeces.

24. — All animals must be entered according to the prescribed
rules as given in forms of entry, which forms will be furnished
on application to the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture.

Breeding Horses.

Mares entered as breeding animals must have had foals within
one year of the show; or, if in foal, certificates must be furnished
to that effect.

All foals exhibited must be the offspring of the mare with
which they are at foot.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Pure bred turf stallions, six years and over.

Pure bred turf stallions, over four years and under six years.

Pure bred turf stallions, over two years and under four years.

Pure bred turf mares, six years and over.

Pure bred turf mares, over two and under six years.

Awards will be made for :

Trotting stallions, six years and over.

Trotting stallions, over four years and under six.

Trotting stallions, over two years and under four.

Pure bred draught stallions, six years and over.

Pure bred draught stallions, over four years and under six.

Pure bred draught stallions, over two years and under four.

Pure bred draught mares, six years and over.

Pure bred draught mares, over two and under six years.

Trotting brood mares, six years and over.

Trotting fillies, over four years and under six.

Trotting fillies, over two years and under four.

Running and Trotting Horses

Shall be judged according to their record up to August 15th,
1876, due regard being had to present condition.

702

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Awards will be made for :
Running horses having made fastest record.
Trotting stallions having trotted a mile within two-thirty.
Mares and geldings having trotted a mile within two-
twenty-five.

Walking Horses.

Fast- walking horses, whether bred for agricultural purposes
or the saddle, will compete in the ring for awards.

THE VINTAGE FESTIVAL, BY ALMA TADEMA, IN MEMORIAL HALL.

Matched Teams.

Awards will be made for:

Matched teams having trotted a mile in two-thirty-five.

Matched .stallions for heavy draught, over sixteen hands high,
and over 1500 pounds weight each.

Matched geldings for heavy draught, over sixteen hands
high, and over 1500 pounds weight each.

Matched mares for heavy draught, over fifteen hands high,
and over 1400 pounds weight each.

Matched mules for heavy draught, over fifteen and a half
hands high, and over 1300 pounds weight each.

Breeding Asses.

Awards will be made to respective breeds of:

Pure bred jacks, over six years.

Pure bred jacks, over three years and under six.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 703

Pure bred she-asses, over six years.

Pure bred she-asses, over three years and under six.

Neat Cattle.

No cow will be eligible for entry unless accompanied with a
certificate that, within fifteen months preceding the show, she
had a living calf, or that the calf, if born dead, was born at its
proper time.

No heifer entered as in calf will be eligible for a prize unless
accompanied with a certificate that she has been bulled before
the first of April, or presents unmistakable proof of the fact to
the judges.

No bull above one year old can be entered unless he have a
ring in nose, and the attendant be provided with a leading stick,
which must be used whenever the animal is taken out of stall.

Awards will be made for the best herd of each respective
breed, consisting as follows :

One bull.

Four cows, none under fifteen months.

Neat cattle, of each respective breed, will compete individually
for awards.

Bulls, three years and over.

Bulls, over two years and under three years.

Bulls, over one year and under two years.

Cows, four years and over.

Cows, over three years and under four years.

Cows or heifers in calf, over two years and under three years.

Yearling heifers.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best bull of any
breed.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best cow of any
breed.

Fat and Draught Cattle.

Animals entered as fat and draught cattle need not be of pure
blood, but will compete on individual merits.

Fat cattle must be weighed ; and, in general, those will be
judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least
surface and offal.

704

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Awards will be made for:
Best fatted steer of any age or breed.
Best fatted cow of any age or breed.
Most powerful yoke of oxen.

Most rapidly-walk-
ing yoke of oxen.

Most thoroughly-
trained yoke of oxen.
Most thoroughly-
trained team of three
or more yokes of oxen .

Breeding Sheep.

All sheep offered
for exhibition must be
accompanied wltli a
certificate to the effect
that they have been
shorn since the first
of April, and the date

given.

If not fairly shorn,
or if clipped so as to
conceal defects, or
with a view to im-
prove the form or
appearance, they will
be excluded from
competition.

Awards will be

LANGEN OTTO GAS MOTOR, EXHIBITED IN THE madc tO reSpecUve
GERMAN SECTION OF MACHINERY HALL. breeds for *

The best pen of five animals of same flock, and including one
ram ; the ewes all having had living lambs the past spring.
Awards will be made to respective breeds for :
Rams, two years and over.
Shearling rams.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 705

A sweepstake award will be made for the best ram, respect-
ively, of long, middle, and fine-wooled breeds.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Ewes, in pens of three, all having had living lambs.

Shearlings, in pens of three.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best pen of three
breeding ewes, respectively, of long, middle, and fine-wooled
breeds.

Faf Sheep.

Fat sheep entered for competition must be weighed ; and, in
general, those will be judged best which have the greatest
weight, with the least surface and offal.

Awards will be made for :

Pen of three best fatted sheep of each breed.

Pen of three best fatted sheep of any breed.

Breeding Swine.

Every competing sow above one year old must have had a litter
or be in pig, and the owner must bring proof of these facts, if
required.

If a litter of pigs be sent with a sow, the young pigs must be
sucklings — the offspring of the sow, and must not exceed the
age of three months.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

The best pen of one boar and two breeding sows.

For pen of sow and litter.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Boars, two years old and over.

Boars, one year old and under two years.

Boars, between nine months and one year.

Breeding sows, two years old and over.

Breeding sows, one year old and under two years.

Pen of three sow pigs between nine months and one year.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best boar of any
breed.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best sow of any

breed.
45

706 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Fat Swine.

Fat swine entered for competition must be weighed ; and, in
general, those will be judged best which have the greatest weight,
with the least surface and ofiPal.

Awards will be made for :

Pairs of best fatted hogs of each breed.

Pairs of best fatted hogs of any breed.

Dogs.

Benches will be furnished free of charge. Exhibitors may
themselves assume the costs of attendance upon their animals ;
but, to provide for them who cannot conveniently attend the
Exhibition, the Commission will assume the expenses of feeding
and daily care free of charge.

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Dogs of two years and over.

Dogs of one year and under two.

Pups.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best dog of any
breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred dog
of any breed. '

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :

Bitches of two years and over.

Bitches of one year and under two.

Bitch pups.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best bitch of any
breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor.

A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred
bitch of any breed.

Poultry.

Poultry can only be exhibited in coops made after specifica-
tions furnished by the Bureau of Agriculture.

The Commission will furnish coops and attendance fiee of
charge.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 707

Awards will be made to respective breeds for :
Pairs of one year and over of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese,
swans, pigeons, guineas, and ornamental birds.
For pairs under one year.

Fish.

Living fishes will be displayed in both fresh and salt-water
aquaria. •

Awards will be made for :
Largest display of fish of each species.
Largest display of fish of all species.

A. T. GOSHORN,
BURNET Landreth, Director- General.

Chief of Bureau of Agriculture,

Philadelphia, March 22cZ, 1876.

The grounds assigned to the live-stock displays were situated
about five hundred yards south of the main Exhibition enclos-
ure. They comprised twenty acres in the form of a trapezium
with the wider end in front, bounded on the north by the
Pennsylvania Railroad, on the south by \Yestminster avenue,
on the east by Forty-first street, and on the west by Belmont
avenue. They were surrounded by a high wooden fence, con-
taining three groups of entrances similar to those at the main
Exhibition enclosure. Two of these groups were on Belmont
avenue, and the other at the corner of Westminster avenue and
Forty-first street. The buildings and improvements cost over
$25,000. There were 826 stalls for cattle and 540 stalls for
dogs. All these were comprised in twenty-nine frame build-
ings, each 170 by 14 feet in size, and having a roof projecting
four feet on each side and end. Eighteen of these sheds were
on the northern border of the grounds, perpendicular to the
fence, and the eleven others on the southern border, in the same
position with respect to the fence. The offices of the superin-
tendent and the judges were in a frame btiilding fronting on
Belmont avenue, and two stands for the judges were erected in
the centre of the large area between the sheds. This area was

708

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

left open for the purpose of exercising the animals and of ex-
hibiting their performances to the judges and the spectators.

flowers' centennial oil-cup, exhibited in machinery hall.

The Horse Show. The exhibition of horses, mules, and asses
was opened in accordance with the oiBcial programme on the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

709

1st of September, but was not fairly in operation until several
(lays later. It was in many respects a surprise to the visitors,
being on the whole much better than was anticipated.

The palm was worthily borne oW by the Canadian exhibitors,
whose stalls were located immediately on the left of the entrance,
their display being the best arranged and to the farmer the
most valuable and instructive on the grounds. The animals
here exhibited consisted mainly of Clydesdale and English

CARVED EAST INDIAN FURNITURE, IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

draught horses, which are a specialty of Canadian stock-raising.
There are two branches, if we may so express it, of the Clydes-
dale breed. One of these is known as the English Clyde, the
other as the Scotch. Both branches are originally from Scot-
land, but the English breeders have made certain modifications
in the horse. Both branches were well represented at the Exhi-
bition. All the animals exhibited there in the imported class
were of the very best specimens of the breed, and it is rather ?
difficult matter to select particular horses for special mention

710 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The chief praise, among the Clydesdales, however, was given
to Royal Tom, an English-bred horse, four years old, and
weighing 2133 pounds. He was a rich mahogany bay, and so
(.'venly and symmetrically built that while standing in his stall
his immense size was scarcely noticeable. When brought out
with other horses in the ring, however, the young giant at once
showed his magnificent proportions in their true light. He was
a very compact, closely coupled and ribbed horse, with broad,
flat legs, exceptionally clean for a horse of his great size. He
wore upon his collar twelve medals, won by him at fairs in
England, and has never yet been beaten at such an exhibition.

A very fine specimen of the Scotch-bred Clyde was seen in
"Scotsman," a light bay four years old, and weighing 2000
pounds. He was not so compactly built as Eoyal Tom, and
was not so fine in the characteristic points of the breed, but was
still a magnificent young draught stallion. In the ^ame row of
stables were two very fine specimens of the Lincolnshire, or
English draught horse. One of these was " Simon Pure,'' a
beautiful blood bay, of excellent style, but somewhat more
leggy and lighter limbed than the Clydesdale, but rangy and
possibly more active. The other was " Lord Dufferin," a re-
markably smooth two-year old. He is of a rich brown color,
very compactly built, and entirely free from blemish ; an ex-
ceedingly promising young horse, a little smaller than some
specimens of the breed, but making up in quality what he
lacks in size.

In the next range of sheds were shown the practical results
of the infusion of this draught blood in the exhibit of cross-bred
stallions and mares — an exhibit of the greatest value to breeders
and farmers. Here were to be seen horses of great size, but of
more active and graceful build than their somewhat clumsy
sires. One of the handsomest, draught stallions on the ground
•was Lord Logan, one of those cross-bred or grade stallions,
three years old, of a rich blood bay, smooth limbs, devoid of
the exaggerated hairy fetlock which marks the pure Clydesdale,
and more rangy and free in action, with a weight of 2000
pounds. Especially noteworthy among these grades were three

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

711

mares exhibited by George Doidge, of Columbus, Ontario,
They were fillies of extraordinary size and attracted especial
attention from those interested in the breeding of horses.

In the next row of sheds were displayed stallions of the
breed especially raised for coach purposes, called by various
names, and produced by no very exact course of breeding. The
most noted of these were exhibited by Mr. Long, of Lansing,
Ontario, and were styled by him Cleveland Boys. One of these
was " Lord Zetland," bred by the nobleman of that name, of
the celebrated thoroughbred Voltigeur by a grade mare ; the
other was " Emperor," bred by the late Emperor Napoleon III.

MACHINERY SECTION, AGRICULTURAL HALL.

out of the thoroughbred " Esculape." These horses are of largt
size, with blooded heads, clean and sinewy limbs, and well
adapted for carriage service, being stylish and of excellent
action, but not very fast. They will scarcely supersede the
trotting stallion with Americans as breeders of carriage horses.
The Canadians exhibited very few thoroughbreds or trotters,
and only two Percheron stallions, which, though fair animals,
were not as handsome specimens as could be found in the
United States exhibit.

Passing the Canadian exhibit, we come next to the exhibit

Y12

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of horses from the United States. First of all we noticed a
row of sheds devoted mainly to the display of the Chestnut
Grove Stock Farm, of Easton, Pennsylvania, which exhibited
horses of all kinds. We noted the very handsome imported
four-year-old draught stallion Oxford, a Clydesdale of pure type ;
Highland Golddust, a beautiful chestnut sorrel stallion, a
splendid specimen of the well-known Golddust trotting stock,
and several other stallions and geldings of approved trotting
and draught strains. Crossing to the other side of the grounds

FOUK-CYLINDER SOAP-MAKING MACHINE EXHIBITED IN THE FRENCH
SECTION, MACHINERY HALL.

we came to the stables devoted to the thoroughbred and trotting
stock exhibited by our own breeders. In the first stall we find,
in strong contrast with the draugh,t stallions described on the
Canadian side, the beautiful but small Jenifer Arabian, a very
light gray, almost white, and a strong exponent of the points
of that poetic breed, delicate in all his proportions, but perfec-
tion in form. We noticed, in passing, the very handsome
stallion Andes, out of Bonnie Scotland, and the beautiful

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 713

blood-brown stallion Bingaman, out of Asteroid, active as a
deer and playful as a kitten, with beautiful limbs, and grand
muscles playing with easy grace under his sleek and supple skin.
Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, exhibited four fine stal-
lions, which were among the most notable On the grounds. Two
of them were aged horses — one, Tom Allen, out of the celebrated
Ethan Allen, a strong-limbed, serviceable trotter, well up in
the points of the Allen stock; the other, Montgomery, out of
Alexander's Abdallah, the very aristocracy of trotting pedi-
grees, and a very good example of the strain. The others were
promising colts. Among the trotting stallions particular curi-
osity was excited by Graphic No. 36, a two-year old colt, out of
the stallion Smuggler, whose wonderful performances, during
the past summer, have made him the sensation of the hour.
Graphic is a rangy, heavy-limbed colt, and looks as if he would
be a goer. The best-known trotting stallion on exhibition was
Thomas Jefferson, a noble black horse of wonderful beauty,
whose long tail actually trails upon the ground, and whose per-
formances, under the skilful reins of Budd Doble, are matters
of turf history. The next most notable horse was Mr. F. G.
Wolbert's stallion, Bismarck, out of Hambletonian. Bismarck
is sixteen and a quarter hands high, of a rich bay color, closely
coupled with broad, flat legs of enormous range, and muscles
of exceptional size. He has no record, but could doubtless
establish one low down in the twenties. There were a number
of other exceedingly fine horses, but none of national reputation.
After the trotters and runners came the United States dis-
play of draught horses. Prominent among these was the exhibit
of James A. Perry, of Wilmington, Illinois, which consisted of
imported Percheron horses. At the head of his stud was the
Duke de Chartres, probably the finest Percheron stallion ever
imported, light dapple-gray in color, sixteen and a half hands
high, weight 2050 pounds, limbs and muscles of enormous size,
but perfect symmetry, and, despite his immense size, active as
a mustang. Mr. Perry also showed Rolland, a horse of great
size and power, and especially noteworthy as to color, being a
rich dapple-brown, which is somewhat rare in this breed, which

714 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

runs mostly to grays. J. J. Parker, of West Chester, Pennsyl-
vania, made an excellent display of Percherons of the smaller,
and, as some hold, the purer type, horses ranging from 1200
to 1600 pounds. He exhibited two colts which were very in-
teresting to breeders. They were the offspring of the delicate
thorous^hbred Jenifer Arabian and the somewhat coarse but
pure-bred Percheron mares. These colts were too young to

INTERIOR OF ROTUNDA OF MEMORIAL HALL.

judge of the result as yet, but Mr. Parker deserves the thanks
of breeders for making the experiment. Mr. George Murray,
of Kacine, Wisconsin, exhibited the largest Clydesdale on the
grounds — Donald Dinnie, a horse of enormous size, but of fine
quality as well. Our local breeders were well represented.
William Meikle, of Indiana, Pennsylvania, exhibited three
Clydesdales of recent importation ; Charles S. Taylor, of Bur-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

715

lington, New Jersey, exhibited the Clydesdale stallion, Samson,
a very handsome brown four-year-old ; and also an exceedingly
fine Clydesdale mare, May field. The smallest animal on the
grounds was the Arabian Jack, exhibited by Louis Lienau, a
little creature not much larger than a Newfoundland dog, but
exceedingly attractive in its quaint ugliness.

At ten o'clock in the
morning and again at
four o'clock in the after-
noon, during each day
of the horse show, the
animals were led out in
the ring, and were there,
either in harness, or
under the charge of at-
tendants, put through
the performances best
calculated to show their
speed and display their
most attractive and
valuable qualities. The
sight at such times was
beautiful and inspirit-
ing, and drew large
numbers of persons to
witness it. Prominent
among the animals ex-
hibited in the ring was
a team of beautiful
dapple-gray horses, the
property of Mr. A. K.
Murdoch. Their aggre-
gate weight was 3500 pounds. Especial admiration was ex-
cited by two milk-white mares, twin-sisters, granddaughters
of Dan Rice's old horse Excelsior.

The number of entries at the horse show was 246, of which
170 were American. The remainder belono^ed to Canada.

"aquometer" pump, exhibited in machin-
ery HALL.

716 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The following gentlemen were the judges of the horse exhi-
bition :

John R. Viley, Lexington, Kentucky; Dr. J. W. Weldon,
New York ; Basil Duke, St. Louis, Missouri ; Colonel E. T.
Stowell, Cornwall, Vermont; George Murray, Racine, Wiscon-
sin ; Thaddeus Holt, Macon, Georgia ; Thomas D. Dewey,
Owossa, Michigan ; Milo Smith, Clinton, Iowa; General T. G.
Williams, Austin, Texas ; S. P. Brown, Washington, District
of Columbia; A. McAllister, Springfield Furnace, Pennsylva-
nia; S. H. Tewksbury, Portland, Maine; John Miller, Colum-
bus, Ohio ; F. Parrington, England, and Dr. Tetu, Quebec.

The horse show was well patronized, the attendance and the
interest in it increasing each day. ^ It was formally closed on
the 14th of September.

The Dog Show. — The dog show was opened, according to
arrangement, on the morning of the 4th of September, and was
closed on the evening of the 8th. It was a perfect success, and
was pronounced, by competent judges, the most complete and
satisfactory exhibition of its kind ever held. The entries num-
bered 722, of which 681 were American, twenty-six English
and Irish, and fifteen Canadian dogs. The collection embraced
sporting and fancy dogs, imported and domestic English and
Irish Jordan setters, and pointers of fifty pounds weight over
and under. Harriers, beagles, Chesapeake Bay dogs, Irish
water spaniels, and a large variety of hounds and terriers of all
sizes and colors made up the list, with a liberal display of New-
foundlands, St. Bernard's, mastiffs, bull-dogs, poodles, etc. The
different breeds were classified according to sections, and by
reference to the catalogue the visitor was enabled to familiarize
himself with the distinguishing characteristics of the breeds.
With the list of entries was incorporated a description of typical
characteristics, and a scale of points such as is made use of in
judging dogs in England.

" Long before the visitor reaches the show," wrote the cor-
respondent of the New York Tribune, " he is greeted with such
a medley of dog voices as he has assuredly never heard before.
From the deep bay of the fox hound to the sharp yelp of the

OF THE CEN'ijaNiaAL EXHIBITION.

717

terrier, from the full tone of the English mastiff to the uncer-
tain squeak of the poodle, there are numberless gradations, with
variations for each mood of the dog mind. Setters are more
largely represented than any other variety of the dog race, and
there are many fine, highly-bred animals here. There are
some excellent red Irish setters here, including a few that are
valued at two hundred guineas apiece, and some black-and-tan
Gordon setters so finely marked that they would form fine sub-
jects for the animal painter. Many English setters are exhibited,

DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING MACHINERY IN MACHINERY HALL.

and some of them not only show the points of good dogs, but
have pedigrees of remarkable extent. Most noticeable among
the latter are two dogs recently imported from England, late
the property of Edward Laverack, of Shropshire. They are
descended from stock which Mr. Laverack obtained in 1825,
and which, it was supposed, had been pure for thirty-five years.
He has kept a continuous strain of pure blood since that time.
The pedigree of the two dogs for nine generations is shown,
and the number of names in it is adapted to give a person an

718 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

enlarged idea of the dimensions of the graveyard which might
contain the bones of his ancestors. There are comparatively
few pointers, but some are good animals. Some Irish terriers
are shown of a very high strain of blood, as may be judged
from the price, two hundred guineas in gold, asked for one or
two of the best. Very curious in appearance are the Irish water
spaniels, with long curly top knots and shaggy ears. There are
quite a number of Duchshunds, a medium-sized dog, w^ith sing-
ular crooked forelegs. Among the other canines are English
fox-terriers, used to unearth the fox when the hounds have run
him into his burrow; many Skye terriers, Scotch terriers,
black-and-tan terriers, poodles, and lap dogs. Spitz dogs, Siber-
ian bloodhounds, a fine English mastiff, English and Italian
greyhounds, Chesapeake Bay duck dogs, vicious-looking bull
terriers, English pug dogs, sheep dogs, and two queer hairless
Mexican hounds."

The attendance upon the dog show was large, many of the
visitors being ladies. The judges and their specialties were as
follows: John E. Long, Detroit, Michigan, pointers and span-
iels ; Col. T. G. Skinner, New York, hounds ; Dr. L. H.
Twaddell, Philadelphia, non-sporting dogs ; John Swain, Bal-
timore, Maryland, English setters; George Drolet, Montreal,
Canada, Irish and Gordon setters. Among the more prominent
awards were the following :

The Forest and Stream prize to Ailleen, owned by Frank
Roan ; prize for Duchshunds to Dr. L. H. TwaddelFs Unser
Fritz; Turf J Fieldy and Farm prize for fox hounds to J.
Shaner's Dandy and Chip ; C. L. Westcott's prize to J. E.
Long's Juno; John Krider's prize to J. Ayre's Glen; Captain A.
H. Clay's prize to Bess; the Chicago Field^s prize to Rufus 2d.
The Philadelphia cup for the best setter in the show was awarded
to Paris, owned by L. H. Smith, of Strathroy, Ontario, Canada.
The cup for the l^est imported English setter, over one and
under two years, was awarded to L. H. Smith's Llewellin.
The Detroit Gun Club cup was awarded to Juno, owned by
J. E. Long, of Detroit. The Philadelphia sportsman's cup for
pointers was awarded to G. A. Strong's Pete.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

719

The Cattle Show.

The display of horned cattle began on the 21st of September,
and lasted until the 4th of October. Though the entries were
light at first they increased daily, until they finally numbered
550 head of cattle, so that the exhibition may be fairly considered
a success. It attracted
many visitors, especially
those interested in the rais-
ing of cattle.

Among the animals on
exhibition were four large
buffaloes from Colorado,
which were especially no-
ticed by reason of their
immense size. The larg-
est animal displayed was
the General Grant, whose
weight was almost five
thousand pounds. There
were also shown two steers,
one from Kentucky, the
other from Canada, whose
weight was almost equal to
that of the General. Two
rows of sheds were set
apart for draught cattle,
of which a fine display
was made. All the oxen
on exhibition were thor-
oughly trained to the voice of the driver, and the greater part of
them belonged to the finest breeds of this country. Among the
entries were 150 Jersey milch cows from various parts of the
United States, and 12 from England; about 70 Shorthorns from
Canada and Pennsylvania, principally for beef; 50 Ayrshires, for
dairy purposes ; a large number of Devons, intended for both
the dairy and the meat market ; and a number of fine specimens

BECKER'S " RIZPAH PROTECTING THE BODIES
OF HER SONS," IN MEMORIAL HALL.

720

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of Hereford, Galloway, Kerry, Holsteiii, and Dutch breeds,
most of which were bred for the market. The display of fat
cattle for beef was also fine, although the entries from each
State were small. A number of the more valuable Shorthorns
were imported from England by a well-known Kentucky cattle-
raiser. They were valued at from $4,000 to $9,000 apiece?
and one of them, a gigantic bull, w^as valued at $10,000.

COMBINATION WOOD WORKER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

On the 4th of October a number of the Shorthorn or Jersey
cattle were sold at auction, the cattle show being over. The
prices were fair, the sale opening with the disposal of the heifer
Cassandra for $180, and the roan bull Lord Cranham for $100.

77?^ Display of Sheep, Swine, and Goafs

Began on the 10th of October, and lasted until the 18th. The
entries were as follows : sheep, 400 ; swine, 375. The Ameri-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 721

can animals were exhibited by prominent breeders in New-
York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Virginia. Can-
ada sent a considerable number of sheep of the breeds of
Cotswolds, Leicester, Southdowns, and Oxford-downs, and
some fine swine of the Suifolk, Yorkshire, Berkshire, Essex,
and Chester white breeds. Among the Southdowns were some
of the most valuable specimens of sheep in existence, some of
which were valued as high as $6000 apiece. One of the largest
was a breeding ram weighing four hundred pounds, %vhose hire
for a single season is about $250 gold. Mr. Russell Swan-
wick, of England, exhibited some noticeable Cotswold sheep,
the average weight of which reached the rare figure of three
hundred pounds, a weight not often attained by this breed.

Among the swine herds Mr. T. S. Cooper, of Pennsylvania,
exhibited the finest animals. These were imported Berkshires,
all of which are said to have carried off premiums at various
European exhibitions. The heaviest hog in the display w^as ex-
hibited by Messrs. Shaner, Ashbridge& Walter, of Chester county,
Pennsylvania, who exhibited some splendid Chester whites.

The Poultry Show. — The exhibition of poultry was held in
the Pomological Annex to the Agricultural Building, and was
opened on the 27th of October and closed on the 6th of Novem-
ber. The large hall was specially fitted up for the occasion
with long rows of coops. Above these were placed a number
of cages containing Canaries. The entries of chickens and birds
amounted to more than six thousand, but the fowls present fell
short of this number. The finest displays were from Pennsyl-
vania, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
Rhode Island and Michigan. A considerable number of fine
fowds from Canada and England were also on exhibition. The
majority of the States of the Union were well represented, and
the visitor was afforded a fair idea of the excellence and variety
of the fowls raised in this country.

The exhibition was under the charge of J. E. Diehl, Esq.,
the Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Poultry Association,
who acted as Superintendent.
46

722

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Of the fowls and birds on exhibition our limits will allow us
to speak but briefly. The Light Brahmas attracted particular
attention. They were large, beautiful chickens, with all the
perfect marks of that breed. Immediately to the south of the
coops containing them were a number of coops of fine Bantams.
Of the large Cochin Chinas there were several varieties. Some
of them were puie white, others pure black, and others again
of the buff varieties. Dr. H. H. Lowrie, of Plainfield, New
Jersey, exhibited three handsome white Leghorns. Mr. Mc-
Laren, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, sent some silver duck-
winged Game chickens; whilst Benson & Burpee displayed

s?^s-^«sM#^^^

EASTMAN JOHNSON'S " OLD KENTUCKY HOME," IN MEMORIAL HALL.

sixty cases of fine fowls, among which were pure whiste and
black Leghorns, black Spanish chickens, and black Hamburgs
with red combs and white wattles. There were also some beau-
tiful silver and gold-spangled Hamburgs, and golden-pencilled
and silver-pencilled Hamburgs. G. H. Warren, of New York
Mills, and G. F. Seavey, of Massachusetts, exhibited some beau-
tiful golden and silver Sebright fowls— very beautiful bantams,
spotted all over the body, wings, tail and neck. Probably the
most attractive exhibit to the ordinary visitor, as well as to the
poultry fancier, consisted of a number of pairs of silver Pheas-
ants from Pennsylvania and Connecticut. These were of a very
rare breed, and were, without doubt, the most beautiful fowls
in the Exhibition.

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

723

. Turkeys were well represented, a number of varieties of do-
mestic and wild fowls being shown. The black, light and dark
bronze and white, and the wild turkey had each its well-selected
representative.

Among the ducks we may notice the Raven duck, large, dark-
colored and beautifully marked ; the Cayuga duck, pure black,
even to the bills, legs and feet ; and the Aylsbury or the Centi-
ary, pure white, and equal in size to the Cayuga. W. A. Burpee
exhibited a curious duck, hatched in the spring of 1876, and

garlandal's air-cooler and purifying apparatus, exhibited in

machinery hall.

})erfect in every way except that its feet instead of being webbed
were perfect chicken's feet. This duck could swim as well as
any other, notwithstanding this defect.

There were two Egyptian geese on exhibition. They were
very handsome and attracted much attention. The breast is of
black, white and gray, spotted like canvas ; the back of a red-
dish-brown, black and gray mixed; and there is a reddish-
brown ring around the -throat, with the same tinge in different
shades on the neck and head. There were also several varieties
of the Toulouse, China, Bremen, Hong-Kong and Wild goose.

724

THE ILLUSTRATED HJSTORY.

The display of pigeons was very extensive and very fine,
comprising some of the best and rarest breeds, besides such fav-
orites as Tumblers, Jacobins, Fan-tailed and Crested birds,
Cameras, Turbets, Antwerps, and numerous others. One dis-
play of a breed which has been increased in size, until the birds

THE STEVENS PARALLEL VISE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

are almost as large as common chickens, attracted exceptional
attention.

There were also exhibited a number of swallows, African,
Chinese and P]nglish owls. Magpies, Starlings and Canary
birds.

A fine display was made of patent incubators, and other ap-
paratus for the better care and raising of chickens.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE STATE DAYS.

Arrangements for the State Celebrations— New Jersey Day — An Inspiriting
Spectacle — Connecticut Day — Massachusetts Day — New York Dav — A
Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State — Scenes and Inc-iilents
in the Grounds — Pennsylvania Day — The Grandest Celebration of All — A
Gala Day at the Exhibition — The Governor's Keception — The Eire \Vorks
— Rhode Island^ Day — The Italian Day — Inauguration of the Columbus
Monument — New Hampshire Day — Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Day
— The Fire Works — The Delaware Celebration — Reception by the Governor
of Maryland — The Virginia Celebration — The Tournament — The Ball —
Crowning the Queen of Love and Beauty — Ohio Day — Magnificent Tribute
to the Governor of Ohio — The Merchants' Reunion — Vermont Day.

(^ow X order to add to the attractiveness of the Exhibition^
and more especially to carry out the design of making
it a means of celebrating the Centennial period of our
National history, the Executive Committee at an early
day determined to inaugurate a series of "State Days,"
on each of which a special celebration should be held in the
Exhibition grounds in honor of the State of the Union to
which the day should be assigned. It was decided that the
ceremonies on these occasions should consist of an address de-
voted to a review of the history and progress of the State hold-
ing the celebration, a reception by the Governor of such State
at the State building in the Exhibition grounds, and such other
festivities as should be decided upon by the committee. It was
understood that these celebrations would of necessity be con-
fined to the States nearest Philadelphia, as it would be com-
paratively easy for their people to be present in force on such
occasions. The more remote States by reason of their distance
would find it impossible to take part in these festivals. Ar-

725

726

tup: illustrated history

rangeineiit.s wore promptly entered into between the Centennial
Commission and the authorities of the States desiring to engage
in these celebrations, and the utmost enthusiasm was displayed
by all parties in carrying out the programmes decided upon.

New Jersey Day.

The first State to engage in these special celebrations was
New Jersey. Thursday, the 24th of August, was the day
selected by the State authorities, and for several weeks previous

THE ITALIAN DEPARTMENT. AGRICULTURAL HALL.

to that date energetic efforts were made to induce such a num-
ber of the people of New Jersey to be present at the Exhibition
that the occasion should be an event memorable in the history
of the State. New Jersey had done so much to make the
Exhibition a success, and had given it such warm and efficient
support at its most critical periods, that it was peculiarly appro-
priate that this generous commonwealth ehould open the series
of State festivals.

Thursday, August 24th, was bright aitJ. fair. All through th^

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

727

morning trains were arriving from points in New Jersey,
bringing thousands of visitors, and other thousands came by
way of Camden, the Delaware river ferries, and the city car
lines. By eleven o^clock the grounds were thronged and the
various buildings of the Exhibition were filled with a merry,
eager crowd of "Jersey folks/' bent on seeing the beauties and
wonders of the "Centennial/'

81X)TTING MACHINE, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS &. MILES IX MACHINERY HALL.

At ten o'clock the New Jersey Reception Committee, consist-
ing of native Jerseymen residing in Philadelphia, assembled at
the Centennial depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad to act as
an escort to Governor Bedle and party, who were to come from
Trenton. The Committee was constituted as follows :

728 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

E. C. Knight, Chairman ; Hon. Morton McMichael, Dr^
Joseph Pancoast, Hon. B. H. Brewster, Samuel Bispham,
Samuel E. Stokes, J. B. liippincott, Kichard J. Dobbins, Fur-
man Sheppard, Edward Browning, James H. Stevenson, John
W. Stokes, Louis A. Godey, Dr. E. C. Jayne, and Joseph H.
Campion.

The unusual demand upon the transportation facilities of the
road threw all the morning trains behind time, and it was not
until after eleven that the arrival of the train containing the
gubernatorial party was announced by the cheers of the crowd
around the depot. As Governor Bedle and his party alighted
from the train, they were met by the Reception Committee, the
chairman of which greeted them with a brief address of wel-
come, to which the Governor made an appropriate response.

The company with their escort now formed in line, and pro-
ceeding across the street, entered the grounds through the gate
adjoining the Board of Finance head-quarters. Here were drawn
up in two lines on eitiier side the chiefs of the departments of
the Centennial management, with President John Welsh, of the
Centennial Board, Thomas Cochran, Clement L. Biddle, Amos
R. I^ittle, and other members. Headed by the great First
Brigade Band of forty-five pieces, then playing at the Centen-
nial, the procession filed around the Bartholdi fountain and up
to the Judges' Hall. The following is a list of the more
prominent among the visitors in line, and subsequently iu
attendance at the Jersey State Building :

Governor Bedle and lady; Hon. Abram Browning, the orator
of the day; ex-Governors Parker and Newell ; ex-United States
Senator Stockton; Hon. A. L. Runyon, State Comptroller;
Major-General Mott, keeper of the State Prison; Vice-Chancel-
lorDodd ; Supreme Court Judges Van Sickle, Reed and Dixon;
Speaker of the State Senate, General Sewell, and State Senators
Leon Abbett and lady, John Hill, Dayton, Thorne, Potts,
Schultze, Jarrard, Kirk and Hopper; Speaker of the New
Jersey Assembly Carscaller, and Assemblyman Sidney B.
Berans; Hons. Orestes Cleveland and J. G. Stevens, New
Jersey Centennial Commissioners-at-large ; aides-de-camps to

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

729

the Governor, Colonels Grarretson, Hendrickson, Spencer, Hoy,
Holcombe and Vredenburg ; Adjutant-General Stryker; Quar-
termaster-General Perrine ; Judge John T. Nickerson, United
States District Court ; State Treasurer Wright ; Ashbel Welch,
Esq., ex-President of United Companies of New Jersey ; Super-
intendent J. A. Anderson, of Belvidere division ; General N. N,
, Halstead ; Hon. Alexander Wurtz, ex-State Senator, and Ben-
jamin F. Lee, Clerk of New Jersey Supreme Court. The pro-
cession also included the Reception Committee, members of the
Centennial management, and many Jerseymen who had previ-

THE SEWING MACHINE SECTION, MACHINERY HALL.

ously arrived on the grounds. General Hawley and President
Welsh accompanying Governor Bedle and Mr. Browning
respectively.

When the audience had assembled in the Judges' Hall,
which, for the first time in its history, was entirely filled. Gov-
ernor Bedle introduced the orator of the day, the Hon. Abram
Browning. Mr. Browning then delivered an eloquent and
instructive address, in which he reviewed the history and pro-
gress of the State of New Jersey, and explained its agricultural.

730

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

industrial aud commercial resources. He was listened to with
marked attention, and was frequently applauded.

At the conclusion of the address, the company formed in line
and marched from Judges' Hall to the splendid New Jersey
State Building, on Belmont avenue. This building and the
grounds around it were thronged with people awaiting the
arrival of the Governor. From every spire of the building
abpve the red tiled roof floated the national colors. The sur-
rounding structures gayly flaunted their bunting, bands of
music at the adjoining restaurants gave forth their sweetest
strains, and Machinery Hall chimes rang out their peals of

CHAMBERS, BBC). & Co's ARCHIMEDEAN BRICK MACHINE. EXHIBITED IN

MACHINERY HALL.

melody in honor of " Jerseymen's day." Every county in the
State, from Sussex to Cape May, and from Hudson to Camden,
was represented in the thronging multitude which from nine A. M.
till evening tested the strength and capacity of the spacious
structure, and surged restlessly through and around it. The
procession from Judges' Hall, headed by the First Brigade
Band, arrived at the building at fifteen minutes after one o'clock,
when many of the State officials were escorted into the private
rooms of the State Commissioners. Soon after. Governor
Bedle appeared in the main hall of the building, and mounting

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

731

a chair addressed the crowd. A formal reception was held by
the Governor at the close of his speech, and lasted until three
o'clock, the citizens of the State present and many strangers
being severally presented to his Excellency. This reception
brought the ceremonies to a close.

The attendance during the day was as follows : payino* vis-
itors, 56,326; free, 10,727; total, 67,053. The receipts ''were
^28,063.75.

POWER PUNCHING MACHINE, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES IN MACHINERY

HALL.

Connecticut Day.

The day selected by the authorities of Connecticut for their
State celebration at the Exhibition was Thursday, September
7th. Several days previous to this the Third and Fourth regi-
ments of Connecticut volunteers arrived at Philadelphia, and
went into camp in Fairmount Park near the Exhibition

732 THE ILLUSTRATED HlSTOUY

grounds. On the 6th, Governor Ingersoll arrived from Hart-
ford.

Tlie 7th of SeptcMuber was an exceedingly disagreeable day.
A dull and cheerless rain fell all through the day, and com-
pelled the abandonment of a portion of the ceremonies that had
been determined u|)on. In spite of this, however, the crowd of
visitors poured steadily through the gates, and long before
twelve o'clock the principal buildings and all the main avenues
were thronged.

At one o'clock Governor Ingersoll held an informal reception
at the Connecticut State Building on State avenue, which was
largely attended. It was estimated that fully ten thousand
citizens of Connecticut were present at the Exhibition during
the day.

The total attendance was as follows : paying visitors, 64,059;
free, 10,985 ; receipts, $30,853.75.

Massachusetts Day.

Thursday, September 14th, was Massachusetts day. The
chief interest of the occasion centred about the Massachusetts
Building, on State avenue. All the surrounding buildings,
American and foreign, displayed their bunting, while from the
cupola of the Massachusetts house floated the old Pine Tree
flag, an emblem of colonial days, with the national colors
from the flagstaif in front, and a pretty collection of many
colored ensigns tastefully arranged above the main entrance.
The doorw^ays of the interior were decorated with flags.
During the afternoon an orchestra, stationed in the hall, fur-
nished the music for the occasion, while from the towers of
Machinery Hall the chimes rang out the national airs, and
gave a salute on the bells thirteen times, in honor of the day.

At one o'clock Governor Rice, attended by his staff", took his
stand in the Governor's room of the building, and held a formal
reception, which was largely attended. The people were pre-
sented to his Excellency by Commissioner A. L. Coolidge.
The visitors entered by the main door and, passing through the
"hall, repaired to the Governor's room. After paying their re-

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

733

spects to his Excellency they passed through the press and read-
ing-room, and made their exit from the building by way of the
rear door of the hall, the passage ways being kept open by a
detail of the Centennial Guard.

During the reception, the Sons of Massachusetts, an organi-
zation of Massachusetts men re-
siding in New York city, and
led by Colonel Frank E. Howe,
presented a handsome flag to
the State through the Governor.
The presentation was made in
an appropriate address by Mr.
Nathan Appleton, of Boston,
and was acknowledged in fitting
terms by Governor Rice.

After the reception was over,
the Governor, his staff, and the
members ot the executive coun- dreaming iolanthe, in butter, in
cil dined in the State build- the woxmen's pavilion.

ing.

At night the Governor was serenaded at the Trans-Continen-
tal hotel, where he was lodging.

It was estimated that fully ten thousand visitors from Massa-
chusetts were present in the grounds during the day.

The cash admissions to the grounds were 85,795 ; the free
admissions, 12,073; total, 97,868. Receipts, $41,193.

New York Day.

The 21st of September was set for New York day, the fourth
of the series of State Centennial celebrations. The day was
bright and clear, and at an early hour throngs of visitors began
to pour through the gates into the Exhibition grounds. By
noon it was evident that the occasion would be memorable as
drawing the largest attendance since the opening of the Exhibi-
tion, and by one o'clock the crush was tremendous. Thousands
came in from New York city and other points in the Empire
State during the morning, and each arriving train over the New

734

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

York division of the Pennsylvania Railroad was crowded to its
utmost capacity.

At one o^clock Governor Tilden reached the main entrance to
the Exhibition grounds in a carriage, and was received by the
Centennial authorities and escorted to the ^ew York State
building. His arrival was greeted with deafening cheers, and
he was followed by a vast multitude eager to do honor to the
chief magistrate of the Empire State. The Governor was ac-
companied by ex-Governor Bigler,of the Centennial Board of
Finance, and was followed by about forty members of the
United States Centennial Commission, headed by General Haw-
ley, and Commissioner Beckwith, of Xew York. Governor
Tilden acknowledged the hearty greeting of the crowd by re-
peatedly bowing from his carriage.

■■\ii.i;^

^,A\\

"DUG-OUT" FROM BRITISH COi^UMBIA, IX THE UNITED STATES GOVERN-
MENT BUILDING.

Upon reaching the New York building. Governor Tilden at
once entered it and took his stand in the principal parlor. The
formal reception immediately began. The visitors were pre-
sented to the Governor by ]\Ir. Frank Leslie, President of the
New York Centennial Commission. As the people received
the Governor's recognition, they passed out bv a door and stair-
way in the rear of the building. After the lapse of a consider-
able time it was found that to receive the increasing mass of
people on the outside, who were then being admitted through
the front entrance at the rate of twenty per minute, would Re-
quire the time allotted to the ceremony to be extended several

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 735

hours. An intimation was also given privately that the floor
of the building was not of sufficient strength to stand the un-
usual weight being put upon it. It was accordingly suggested
to Governor Til den to repair to the portico and address the
multitude gathered around the edifice. This suggestion being
acquiesced in by the Governor, the formal reception was brought
ito a close, and the Governor, descending to the portico, was in-
troduced by General Hawley, who said : " Fellow-citizens, you
anticipate what I have to say. I have the great honor of pre-
senting to you to-day his Excellency, Governor Tilden, of New
York." When the cheers with which he was greeted had sub-
sided, Governor Tilden said :

" Ladies and Gentlemen : My right arm is not wearied
with the hearty grasp of the thousands who have seized it with
the force of a single shake [A voice : There are 40,000 here
who can't get in], but your committee have warned me that
the ceremony could not possibly be brought within the time
allotted to them, and have therefore instructed me to make my
acknowledgments to you en masse. Ladies and gentlemen, I
tender to you my cordial salutation, one and all. I have come
here to-day to perform an official duty, to put the moral power
and the official authority of the great State of New York by
the side of Pennsylvania, to testify our appreciation and our
sympathy. In behalf of five millions of people I thank you
for your kind attendance, and I thank you for your expressions
of respect, and, tendering to you my cordial and complete salu-
tation, one and all, I bid you adieu.''

The ceremonies of the day now came to a close, and Gov-
ernor Tilden, accompanied by Colonel Frederick A. Conkling
and Henry Havemeyer, Esq., of the State Board of Centennial
Commissioners, left the New York building for a tour through
the grounds. They were followed by a large crowd of people
who repeatedly gave loud cheers for Governor Tilden. The
party entered Machinery Hall, through which they passed, and
then proceeded to the Main Building and Memorial Hall, and

7;j()

TlIK ILLUSTRATED HISTOliY

returned to the New York Jiouse by way of the Government
Building.

A battalion of the Now York City Police was drawn up in
front (►f the State building awaiting the Governor's return. As
Jie approached the men came to a present arras. The Governor

STEAM HAMMER, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES, IN MACHINERY HALL.

passed through the ranks, inspecting the force, and then as-
cended to the portico. Superintendent Walling, in charge of
the force, introduced the Governor to the men, who received
him with three cheers. The Governor thereupon addressed
them briefly, congratulating them upon their proficiency in drill

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 737

mid discipline, after which the patrolmen passed in review be-
fore him. Shortly after this the Governor entered his carriage
and left the grounds.

It was estimated that forty thousand pei^sons from the State
of New York were present during the day.

The total attendance was as follows: Cash admissions, 122,-
003; free admissions, 12,585; total, 134,588. The receipts
were $59,986.

Pennsylvania Day.

Thursday, the 28th of September, was set apart by the Cen-
tennial authorities for the celebration of the State of Pennsyl-
vania. The day was particularly well chosen, inasmuch as it
was the one hundredth anniversary of the adoption of the first
Constitution of Pennsylvania. It was declared by special procla-
mation of the Governor of the State to be a legal holiday, and
in all parts of the State preparations were set on foot and en-
thusiastically carried out to make it the most memorable occa-
sion in the history of the Exhibition. It was not doubted that
the State which had been the mainstay of the Exhibition in all
its trials, and which, more than any other, had carried it through,
to success, would eagerly avail itself of this opportunity of testi-
fying emphatically and unitedly its approval of the manner in
which the great enterprise had been carried out.

With the rising of the sun on the morning of September the
28th the city of Philadelphia was astir. Business was gener-
ally suspended, and thousands of citizens and visitors sojourn-
ing in the city took the early trains for the Exhibition. All
through the day the steam and horse railroads, and the various
vehicles engaged in the work of transporting passengers, were
crowded to their utmost capacity. Trains were arriving all the
forenoon from distant points in the State, each bringing hun-
dreds of visitors to swell the great throng.

The entrances to the Exhibition ground swere opened at half-
past eight o'clock, and immediately there w^as a rush for the
turn-stiles. This continued without intermission for several
hours. By ten o'clock the crowd had settled down into a steady
stream, and the turn-stiles revolved with the regularity of water-
47

738

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

wheels, receiving Miid discharging an unbroken stream of hu-
manity, and the constant shower of half dollars falling into the
cash-boxes soon showed that the day was to be a success finan-
cially as well as in other raspects. At one o'clock the reports
from the turn-stilas showed that one hundred and seventy-five
thousand paying visitors had passed the gates, and still the
crowd kept pouring in.

FERRIS A IvnLES' SHAPING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

" No pen, however inspired," says the Philadelphia Press, in
its account of the celebration, '^ could adequately describe the
scene presented inside the Centennial grounds an hour after the
gates were opened. If tlie whole world was not centred there,
it was very evident that a considerable portion of a State had
converged to a focus, and though every broad avenue was alive
with humanity, the multitudes seemed to double every hour.
The Main Building, being the nearest and chief point of attrac-
tion to the main entrance, soon became uncomfortably crowded, and
the tens of thousands of delighted guests surged on and on, until

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

739

every open structure on the grounds was filled, and every wide
avenue turned into a gay boulevard. Among these thronging
thousands all classes of society possible to find in a single State
were represented, from the most highly cultured to the most
ignorant, from the wealthiest to the poorest ;
but though high and low w^ere mingled to-
gether in a seemingly inseparable mass, the
best of good nature prevailed, and all so-
cial distinctions were forgotten in the com-
mon feeling of love for the old Keystone
State. Usually nearly the whole number of
daily visitors are in the grounds at one oVlock,
but yesterday they continued to arrive until
very much later, and at three o'clock in the
afternoon the scene was indescribably bril-
liant. In addition to the immense numbers
of visitors who came as individuals, there
were many thousands belonging to perma-
nent or temporary organizations who came in
a body. Many of these were the employes
of large firms, and in most cases, where their
admission fee was paid by their employers,
they proceeded to the grounds in a body, and
remained together for some hours afterwards.
The men from the Baldwin Locomotive
AYorks were there in full force, and pre-
sented a very creditable appearance. The
Veteran Corps of the First Infantry, N. G., totem-post, from haidahs,

1 r^ t 1 /-il 1 CI Ct 'jI 1 /-i QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS,

under Colonel Charles o. omitn, and Com- in the united states gov-

T-i Pii -o-j_-r» • ±. J.J ernment building.

pany 1), oi the r irst Kegiment, acted as an es-
cort to the Governor during the day, and their handsome uni-
forms added greatly to the beauty of the grand spectacle. They
were accompanied by the Fii-st Regiment Band. The Battalion
of Patriarch, I. O. O. F., was headed by the Weccacoe Band.
The Junior Order of United American Mechanics, the students
of Girard College, with their excellent band, the children of the
Soldiers' Orphans' Institute, and the Lincoln Institution, and the
members of the Constitutional Convention, all marched through

740 thp: illustrated history

the grounds in a body at different times, and thus one excitement
followed another until the two hundred thousand visitors wearied
from mere excess of enjoyment. What lent a peculiar charm
to the scene was the presence of a large number of school chil-
dren, and although the little ones must have endured much in-
convenience making their way through the crowd, it was evi-
dent, from their beaming faces, that the day was one of intense
delight. The fiftieth graduating class of the Central High
School arrived at the grounds about one o'clock, and proceeding
to Belmont, renewed old friendships in the enjoyment of a
grand banquet. As the shadows grew longer there was a gen-
eral movement toward the gates ; but it at once became so evi-
dent that only a small portion of the outpouring throng could
be transported away at one time that thousands returned, in
order, as they fondly hoped, to avoid the rush, and also gain at
least another hour of enjoyment amid the splendors of the
occasion.''

Various entertainments were offered to the visitors during
the day. There were concerts and musical recitals at the music
stand in the Main Building, and performances upon the great
organs. The various exhibitors of musical instruments gave
performances at their respective stands. The chimes of Machin-
ery Hall were rung at frequent intervals, patriotic and other
airs being executed upon the bells by Professor Widdowes. The
little folks were amused by the frequent ascent of paper balloons
from the open space in the rear of Agricultural Hall. The day
was glorious, the beautiful autumn weather being all that could
be desired.

At ten o'clock in the mornins; Governor Hartranft lefl his
quarters at the Globe Hotel, accompanied by a number of dis-
tinguished citizens of the State, and proceeded to the Exhibition
grounds, under the escort of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania
Infantry. The Governor's party' and his escort entered the
Exhibition grounds Ly the principal gates on Belmont avenue,
and proceeded at once to the Pennsylvania State Building.
There they were formally received by General Hawley, Direc-
tor-General Goshoni, and Mr. John Welsh, on behalf of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 741

Centennial authorities, and were at once conducted to the Judges^
Hall, where the ceremonies of the day were to take place. The
building was beautifully decorated inside with the flags of all
nations, the colors of the State of Pennsylvania being tastefully
draped over the doorway. A raised platform, with a canopy of
the national colors, covering a beautiful and mammoth cactus,
was reserved for the Governor and the distinguished gentlemen
who accompanied him. The hall was densely crowded in all
parts, and the audience listened patiently and attentively to the
numerous addresses that were made.

The ceremonies were opened by the Hon. Morton McMichaeb
who introduced, as the presiding officer of the day, Governor
John F. Hartranft, who was received with loud cheers. Gov-
ernor Hartranft acknowledged this greeting in a brief but
eloquent address, and introduced to the audience General Joseph
R. Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Com-
mission. General Hawley in fitting terms expressed the obliga-
tion of the Centennial Commission and of the whole country to
the people of Pennsylvania for the part they had taken in the
Exhibition. He was followed by Mr. John Welsh, President
of the Centennial Board of Finance, whose address was brief
and to the same effect. Governor Hartranft then introduced to
the audience the Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewster, the orator
of the day, who delivered a lengthy and able oration, reviewing
the first century of the history of Pennsylvania. He was fre-
quently applauded. Addresses were then made by ex-Governor
Bigler, ex-Governor Pollock, Senator Cameron, Justice Strong,
of the United States Supreme Court, and ex-United States Sena-
tor Scott. At the close of Senator Scott^s remarks Governor
Hartranft declared the ceremonies at an end, and the audience
dispersed.

In the afternoon Mrs. Gillespie and the other ladies of the
Women's Centennial Executive Committee held a reception in
f Judges' Hall, which was largely attended, many of the most
distinguished men of the country being present.

In the afternoon Governor Hartranft held a reception at the
State building. The building had been elaborately decorated

742

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

both inside and out. The walls were festooned with United
States flags, and similar flags waved from every turret, window,

and other possible point
on the roof. The entrance
was hung with bunting,
and in the west room was
placed over the large por-
trait of the Governor the
word " Welcome.'^ A
number of distinguished
persons gathered in the
building early in the after-
noon, and the grounds
without were thronged
with a dense crowd.

Shortly after two
o'clock the Veteran Corps
of the First Pennsylvania
Regiment, which had act-
ed as the Governor's es-
cort during the day,
marched up the Avenue
of the Republic, preceded
by Company D, of the
First Regiment, and
headed by Beck's Band.
At the southwest corner
of the building the troops
turned and marched along
the south side, to the west,
where they entered the
building, and cleared a
passage-way for the Gov-

«DIAKA." FIGURE IN TERRA-COTTA,EXHIB-gj.^^^ ^. aCCOmpauied

ITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN , , . ^ . , , i

BUILDING. by his Staff, came m at the

eastern or main entrance.
Proceeding to the Governor's room. Governor Hartranft

OF THE CENTEKNIAI. EXHIBITION. 743

received the CeDteDiiial authorities and a number of other dis-
tinguished gentlemen.

The public reception was now begun. The first to be presented
to the Governor were the Soldiers' Orphans, from the State
Schools, who passed in review before his Excellency, and were
cordially received by him, each being greeted with a hearty
handshake and a pleasant smile. The officers and men of the Key-
stone Battery next filed in and paid their respects to the Governor.
Then came the Mayor and the Select and Common Councils of
the City of Philadelphia; and finally the escort of troops, which
had accompanied the Governor, filed by and shook hands with
him. The doors were now thrown open to the people, and
until five o'clock they passed by in rapid succession, nearly all
managing to take his Excellency by the hand. It was esti-
mated that at least 10,000 persons were received by the Gov-
ernor. During the reception the Corinthian Quartette, of the
American Vocal Union, rendered several songs. Promptly at
five o'clock the doors of the State building were closed, and the
Governor, retiring to his own room, held an informal reception
of his stafiF officers, and a number of lady visitors. His Excel-
lency then repaired with his escort to the Philadelphia City
building, at the eastern side of the grounds, and paid his
respects to the Mayor of the city.

At three o'clock Mayor Stokley held a formal and largely
attended reception at the Philadelphia building, near Horticul-
tural Hall.

There was now a lull in the festivities, and the crowds flocked
to the various restaurants to obtain their evening meal, or scat-
tered themselves about the grounds. The eating houses were
filled to such an extent that it was almost impossible for the
guests to receive attention at the hands of the waiters. The
utmost good humor prevailed, however, and all through the day
there was no rowdyism, no violence or misbehavior on the part
of the vast crowd within the grounds.

Towards nightfall the people began to drift steadily towards
George's Hill, and by six o'clock the slopes of the hill and the
tops of the surrounding buildings were densely crowded. The

744

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

crowd continued to grow larger until half-past seven, the hour

for beginning the display of fire-
works, which was to conclude the
celebration of the day. At least
175,000 people were gathered within
the Exhibition grounds at this hour,
and as many more were assembled
in the streets and the Park outside
of the enclosure. The display was
in charge of Messrs. Brock & Co.,
of London, and was one of the finest
ever witnessed in this country.

The display began promptly at
half-past seven o'clock. From the
first salute of aerial maroons to the
final display of variously-colored
rockets, the interest of the crowd
never flagged. The simultaneous
illumination of the entire grounds
by magnificent colored lights was
the first feature of the entertain-
ment, and was peculiarly effective.
There were several set pieces, em-
bodying devices emblematic of he-
roic deeds and suggestive of patri-
otic purposes. One was a portrait
of Washington, another a device
in red, white, and blue, containing^
the words, " Welcome to All Na-
tions." Large balloons, having daz-
zling artificial lights, were sent
heavenward. As they drifted off

"PSYCHE." FIGURE IN TERRA- toward thc northcast, colored fire-

COTTA, EXHIBITED BY GALLO- i J- U J VU £

works were discnarged with nne

WAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN • /» i i

BUILDING. effect. The bursting of the large

shells in mid -air, setting fire innu-
merable stars of every color and tint, so lit up the grounds that

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

745

the effect was suggestive of dazzliDg sunlight. Mostly all of
the large rockets happily burst just as their downward course
was begun, thus sending their showers of stars toward the
gazers below with indescribable efiect. The programme included
nearly every variety of fireworks, from the most simple devices
to the most intricate combinations of the kind that human in-
genuity and skill have ever devised. The scene was peculiarly
impressive. This was especially true toward the last of the
programme and at its close. A calcium light of the utmost
power had been arranged on the top of Machinery Hall, and as

VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE GLASSWORKS.

its illuminating rays were turned toward different portions
of the grounds in succession the effect was imposing in the ex-
treme. The dazzling artificial light shone upon the lake, foun-
tain, and the waving trees, and the result was one of awe and
erandeur. The spray of the fountain seemed like spray of
•burnished silver ; the trees, already assuming the varied and
beautiful tints of autumn, seemed like a weird fancy picture in-
stead of a beautiful reality. When the final bouquet of rockets
had been fired from George's Hill and the enthusiastic Pennsyl-

746

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

vanians turned toward the points of exit at the end of
Machinery Hall, their upturned faces, suggesting hope, energy,
and unfailing courage, were typical of the towering strength and
resources of the Keystone State.

The celebration was now at an end, and the crowd made a
rush for the gates, which were flung open wide, in order to allow
the people to pass out. The street and steam cars and all the
other available vehicles were soon filled, but it was long after

CHINESE PAGODA, IN THE MAIN BUTLDING.

midnight before the depots and the streets around the Exhibition
were cleared.

The total attendance was as follows : Cash admissions, 257,-
168; free, 17,751. Total, 2t4,919. The receipts were
$118,673.75.

Rhode Island Day.

Thursday, October 5th, the day appointed for the Rhode
Island celebration, was cold and raw, but in spite of this the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 74Y

Exhibition grounds were crowded at an early hour. The State
building, on the slopas of George's Hill, was handsomely
decorated with flags and bunting, and was visited by thousands
of people during the day.

At half-past eleven o'clock General Hawley, accompanied by
Generals Bradley and Lewis Merrill and Commodore Calhoun,
of his staff, and Mr. John ^yelsh, President of the Centennial
Board of Finance, repaired to the United States Hotel, where
Governor Lippett was lodging, and escorted the Governor and
his staff to Gate A, where a number of the members of the
Centennial Commission and the Board of Finance were waiting
to receive them. A procession was then formed, and headed
by a detachment of the Centennial Guard and the baud of the
First Brigade of the First Division, the visitors proceeded
along Belmont avenue to State avenue, where they turned off
towards George's Hill and the Ehode Island State Building.

As the State building was too small to accommodate much
of an audience, and moreover had but one entrance, it was
decided that Governor Lippett should hold his reception on
the porch. The guards at the head of the procession soon
cleared a passageway through the crowd, and the Governor
and his companions advanced to the porch of the building.
Here General Hawley welcomed his Excellency and his attend-
ants in the heartiest manner, and was answered by Governor
Lippett with happy effect.

At the close of his Excellency's speech, the reception of
visitors began. The Governor standing on the steps of the
building received the people one by one as they came up in
line, and as each one paid his respects to the Governor he
passed over to the west side of the building. The reception
ended at three o'clock. Governor Lippett and party then re-
paired to Machinery Hall, where they were received by Mr.
George H. Corliss, Centennial Commissioner from Khode
Island, who explained to them the construction and working
of the great engine.

The attendance during the day was as follows : Cash ad-
missions, 89,060; free, 11,886. Total, 100,946. The receipte
were $44,496.

KIOK OF 8TUFKEI) lU H US KXHIfril I> IN THE MAIN BlJILDlNfi

748

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 749

The Italian Day.

One of the most memorable celebrations connected with the
Exhibition took place on Thursday. October 12th, on which
day the Italian residents of the United States presented to the
city of Philadelphia the magnificent marble statue of Christo-
pher Columbus, which now ornaments the West Park. The
day was the 386th anniversary of *the discovery of the New
World by Columbus.

The various Italian civic and military organizations of
Philadelphia and other cities which decided to take part in the
ceremonies assembled in South Eighth street on the morning
of the 12th of October, and proceeded up Eighth street to
Chestnut, and thence to Fifth, where they were reviewed by his
Honor the Mayor, after which the Mayor and members of both
branches of City Councils entered carriages and took the place
in line assigned to them in accordance with the programme.
Chief Marshal J. Ratto, Esq., headed the line and was followed
by a platoon of twenty-four reserve officers, commanded by
Lieutenant Crout. The visiting Columbus Guard (Bersaglieri),
of New York, came next, headed by the Black Hussar Band
dismounted. The riflemen numbered about seventy men, and
made a handsome appearance, the officers having an abundance
of green ostrich feathers in their low-crowned hats, while those
of the privates and non-commissioned officers were black. The
red, white, and green of Italy, together with the stars and
stripes, were born by the color-bearers. Following these came
the Columbus Monument Association in barouches, and then
the Mayor and members of Councils. Attired in their hand-
some winter uniform, the State Fencible Band preceded the
Italian Beneficial Society, of Philadelphia, who carried a hand-
some blue banner, with the proper inscription. Delegations
from New York, Washington, Boston, Baltimore, and other
cities were in one body, and bore at the front the banner of the
Boston Mutual Relief and Beneficial Society, on which was
an elegant painting in oil representing the landing of Columbus.
The Italian Colony, of Philadelphia, and G. Garibaldi Society,

750

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

of New York, brought up the rear of the line. The line of
march was up Fifth to Arch, thence to Broad, to Fairraount
avenue, through the Park to Girard avenue, to Belmont avenue,
and to the Globe Hotel, where Governor Hartranft and staff
were in waiting to accompany them to the site of the monu-
ment.

The movement to erect a monument to Christopher Colum-

PATENT FOLDING BED, EXHIBITED IN THE MAIN BUILDING.

bus originated in Philadelphia about two years ago, when the
Columbus Monument Associati9n was organized, the call for
aid in the enterprise being heartily responded to, not only by the
various Italian societies in the country, but by individuals who
made personal contributions. Professor Salla, of Florence, Italy,
being applied to, sent over a design for a monument, which
was adopted, and the artist began his work at once. It arrived

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 751

in this country in July, 1876, but, as the officers of the associa-
tion desired to have it placed in position not more than a few
days before the time fixed for its dedication, it was not con^
veyed to the grounds until needed, when it was erected on
the site originally selected for it. The entire monument cost
$18,000, and stands twenty-two feet from the ground, the
statue of Columbus being ten feet in height, and the pedestal
twelve feet. The base is seven feet long by six feet in width.
The figure represents Columbus, in the costume of his age and
clime, standing on a ship's deck ; near his feet being an anchor,
coils of rope, and a sailor's dunnage-bag ; his right hand rest-
ing on a globe fifteen inches in diameter, with the New \yorld
outlined on the front face, and supported by a hexagonal
column. His left is gracefully extended, and holds a chart of
what was once an unknown sea. The head of the statue is
bare, and the physiognomy about as represented in the bust of
the great navigator at Genoa. The statue faces east, and on
the front cap of the pedestal are the words: "Presented to the
City of Philadelphia by the Italian Societies." Beneath this is
a medallion representing the landing of Columbus. On the
opposite side of the cap is inscribed : ^' Dedicated October 12th,
1876, by the Christopher Columbus Monument Association, on
the Anniversary of the Landing of Columbus, October 12th,
1492." Underneath is the Genoese coat-of-arms and the words :
"In Commemoration of the First Century of American In-
dependence." On the remaining two sides of the pedestal are
the coats-of-arms of Italy and the United States.

The militarv escort to Governor Hartranft formed on Girard
avenue east of Belmont avenue at about two o'clock. It con-
sisted of the following regiments and organizations of the First
Brigade, headed by General Brinton and staff: First Regiment,
Colonel Benson; Second Regiment, Colonel Lyle; Weccacoe
Legion, Captain Denny; Washington Grays, Captain Zane;
First City Troop, Captain Fairman Rogers, acting as personal
escort to the Governor. The military marched up Belmont
avenue, and halted opposite the Globe Hotel, at which point
Governor Hartranft took his place in the line. At about three

J,iiiii...iii!:;^-'"|'

THE WHITMORE PORTABLE STE A M-EKGINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERT HALT..

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 753

o'clock, the procession from the city having meanwhile arrived,
marching through the Exhibition gates at the Belmont avenue
entrance, the line proceeded along the avenue to its junction
with Fountain avenue, the site of the monument.

The monument was veiled wdth two large American and
Italian colors, and around its base had been erected a platform
capable of accommodating about one hundred persons, the space
in front being enclosed and supplied with seats for invited
guests. The rear of the stage w^as fest(X)ned wi'th American
and Italian colors, studded with the coats-of-arms of all nations,
and from all sides waved green, red, and white Italian ban-
nerets and red, w^hite, and blue streamers. A force of guards,
under Captain Snyder, were in attendance to prevent the
anxious multitude from pressing too closely upon the speakers'
stand. At half-past three o'clock the military had taken
position in a semi-circle skirting the crowd, with the First City
Troop in the centre. Governor Hartranft, Mayor Stokley, and
Baron Blanc, the Italian minister, advanced to the stage, fol-
lowed at intervals bv the officers of the Italian societies, the
orators appointed for the occasion, and the Fairmount Park
Commission. Governor Cheney, of New Hampshire, with his
stafP, in full uniform, also appeared on the platform, and the
Black Hussars' Band, of Philadelphia, were assigned a position
in front.

After an overture by the band, the exercises were opened by
Mr. Charles S. Keyser, of Philadelphia, with \\ horn the sug-
gestion of the memorial statues in the Park originated several
years since, and who has long been identified with the work.
Mr. Keyser officiated in the conduct of the ceremonies, and
introduced Mr. Alonzo M. Viti, Honorary Consul of Italy,
and Member of the Royal Commission to the International
Exhibition. Mr. Yiti briefly stated the motives which had led
to the presentation of the statue, and at the close of his remarks
the statue was formally unveiled by Governor Hartranft and
Baron Blanc, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten-
tiary, from his Majesty the King of Italy to the United States,
and Royal Commissioner to the International Exhibition. As
48

PERFORATED VENEER SEATS.

754

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 755

the two gentlemen, standing on either side of the platform,
pulled vigorously at the halyards, the colors entwined around
the statue slowly rose from the marble and floated on the breeze
from the top of the flagstaff's to which they had been drawn,
and disclosed to the cheering multitude the beautiful effigy of
the great discoverer. The Italian hymn was given by the
band, followed by the Star-Spangled Banner, and a salute of
artillery was fired from a battery stationed on George's Hill.
An address was then delivered by Governor Hartranft, after
which Mr. Nunzio Finelli, the President of the Columbus
Monument Association, formally presented the statue to the
Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The address of acceptance
was delivered by the Hon. Morton Mc]\Iichael, President of the
Park Commission. Brief addresses from a number of distin-
guished gentlemen present closed the ceremonies.

New Hampshire Day.

Thursday, October 12th, the day of the Italian celebration,
was also celebrated as " New Hampshire Day.'' The pro-
gramme of each festival was so arranged that the New Hamp-
shire ceremonies were over before those of the Italian societies
began.

At a quarter to eleven, in the morning, Governor Cheney and
staff", the latter being in full uniform, w^ith the Amoskeag Vet-
eran Corps, numbering ninety-six men, in Continental uniform,
commanded by Colonel Wallace as the Governor's i>ody-guard,
the entire party being escorted by the cadets of the Virginia
Military Institute, numbering one hundred and eighty-five
youths, under the command of Colonel Scott Ship, left the
United States Hotel, where the gubernatorial party were
quartered, marched up Elm avenue, entered the Exhibition
grounds by the main entrance, and were there received by a
detachment of the Centennial Guard under Major E. H. Butler,
who escorted the body to the New Hampshire building.

Presidents Hawley and Welsh acted as the escort of Gov-
ernor Cheney, the three proceeding on foot, followed by the
Governor's staffs, members of the Centennial Commission and

756

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Board of Finance, and several thousand citizens of New Hamp-
shire, the escort of military and police taking the lead. The
march was enlivened by the music of Brown's Cornet Baud, of
the Veteran Corps. In the vast throng that soon surrounded
the State building it is estimated that there were between
6,000 and 7,000 people from New Hampshire. Tlie rest of the
crowd were mainly New Englanders also, of whom it is estimated
that there were upward of 13,000 in the city. The Veterans
having drawn up to guard the front of the building, Presidents
Hawley and Welsh, accompanying Governor Cheney, appeared
on the porch of the latter, and were received with great applause.
General Hawley now came forward, and in a few character-

VIEW OF SECTION OF FISH KXHIBIT, UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

istic remarks welcomed the Governor and people of New Hamp-
shire to the Exhibition, and introduced to the throng gathered
about the building his Excellency, Governor Cheney, of New
Hampshire, who was received with hearty cheers. The Gover-
nor in a brief address expressed his appreciation of the cordial
welcome given to himself and- the people of his State. A
prayer was then offered by the Rev. Mr. Powers, of Manches-
ter, after which the Governor introduced the Hutchinson
Family, who sang the well-known song called "The Old
Granite State." Governor Cheney then introduced to the
audience Professor E. D. Sanborn, of Dartmouth College, who

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

757

delivered a lengthy oration on the history of New Hampshire.
Brief addresses followed from ex-Governor Straw and others,
after which the Governor took his stand in the reception-room
and the formal reception of visitors began. It lasted a little
more than an hour, and at its close Governor Cheney and staff,
with most of the distinguished gentlemen present, proceeded

"the century vase," exhibited by the gorham company in the

main building.

to the Columbus Monument, and assisted in the ceremonies
there.

The attendance on the 12th of October was as follows : Cash
admissions, 101,541 ; free, 11,881; total, 113,422. The receipts
were $50,536.

758 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Day.

The 19th of October, the anniversary of the surrender of the
army of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington at Yorktown,
was set apart for the joint celebration of the States of Delaware,
Maryland and Virginia. The State government of Virginia
declined to take part in the celebration, so that the participation
of the " Old Dominion" in it was purely informal. It was re-
solved by the authorities having the affair in charge that the
occasion should be one of the most memorable in the history of
the Exhibition, and extensive preparations were made for it.
A display of fireworks was announced for the night of the 18th
of October, while the 19th was to be taken up with the State
celebrations and a grand tournament and ball.

The Fireworks. — The second grand display of fireworks was
given on the night of the 18th of October, on George's Hill,
by Messrs. Brock & Co., of London. It was witnessed by
about 60,000 persons within the grounds and a much larger
number outside. Precisely at seven o'clock the grounds, upon
which both the mist and darkness had settled, were suddenly
made brilliant by the simultaneous appearance of several hun-
dred lights of many colors fixed to short poles. This lasted
over five minutes, during which one hundred large rockets, the
contents of fifty five-inch shells, and six large magnesium bal-
loons shot high into the air. Then followed the simultaneous
flight of fifty five-inch shells, that showered thousands of tur-
quoise and ruby stars over the heads of the spectators and
veiled the fireworks of nature in the heavens. Then ascended
one hundred brilliant tourbillions, thirty large rockets, with
twinkling stars ; a fountain of fire that rose as if from Vesu-
vius to the height of one hundred feet ; a battery of fifty mines
of saucissons ; seven pigeons flying along wires to and from
their cote ; two figures seventy feet in w^idth and sixty feet in
height; portraits of President Welsh and Director-General
Goshorn, in a burning condition, and one about half the size of
one of the others ; a portrait of General Hawley ; a volley of one
hundred eight-inch shells, sending innumerable and dazzling
fire-balls of every variety of color up against the sky.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION,

759

A representation of Inde-
pendence hall, one hundred
and fifty feet long and one
hundred feet hig^h, the
greater part of it being
hidden from most of the
spectators by its own smoke ;
a volley of one hundred
mines of saucissons ; the
simultaneous discharge of
fifty ten -inch shells, and
the flight of fifty large rock-
ets, each of which liber-
ated twin parachutes carry-
ing several thousand feet
high and over two miles
from the starting point ;
fiery representations of bal-
loon baskets, which then
burst and showered down
countless stars of red, green,
blue, white, purple and
other colors. These were
doubtless seen for forty
miles or more on all sides.
Then followed a grand
salvo of shells fired in
rapid succession, and caus-
ing a many-colored shower
of such vastness and daz-
zling bewilderment as to
cause in the case of many
])ersons no small degree of
fright. It seemed as if all
the stars of a hundred
heavens were concentrated
in that shower.

BRITISH MUSEUM VASE, EXHIBITED
GALLOWAY <fc GBAyF.

760 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Next came the grandest and most successful of fbe fixed
pieces — a great ca.scade of fire two hundred and ten feet long
and one hundred feet high. To describe it is to say that a real
cascade, if flame-colored, could not have been more natural-
looking. Hardly less imposing, and far more startling and
dazzling, was the finale — a bouquet of two thousand large
rockets. When the last spark had died away a powerful cal-
cium light was thrown over the grounds from the north central
tower of Machinery Hall, and the chimes rang out ^' Home,
Sweet Homo," the gates were thrown open, and the crowd
dispersed.

The Delaware Celebration. — Thursday, October 19th, was a
beautiful day, and as bright and balmy as the loveliest Indian
summer weather could make it. About 11 o'clock the State
authorities of Delaware, and the city officials of Wilmington,
arrived at the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, where
they were received by the officials of the Centennial Exhibition,
and escorted by them to the Delaware State building, adjoining
the Maryland building on the east, and which, like the latter,
was profusely and tastefully decorated with State and national
colors. Above each building floated the flag of its State, and
the Delaware structure displayed the coats-of-arms of the Old
Thirteen. The procession entered the grounds and marched to
the building in the following order : detachment of the Cen-
tennial Guards, Major E. H. Butler commanding; First
Brigade Baud, Carl Heinemann, leader ; Governor Cochran,
accompanied by Presidents Hawley and Welsh of the Commis-
sion and Board of Finance, and escorted by the American
Rifles of Wilmington, numbering seventy-five men; the State
and national officials of Delaware and the city authorities of
Wilmington ; Governor Cochran's staff*; Colonel George Truitt
Maxwell, Chief Marshal ; Firem/en's Centennial Association of
Wilmington ; State Centennial Commissioners, members of the
United States Centennial Commission and Board of Finance,
and the people of Delaware, who dropped in the line along the
way until their number exceeded five thousand.

The line having drawn up along State avenue, in front of the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

761

Delaware building, where some ten thousand people had as-
sembled, the gubernatorial party arrived upon the porch, and
were greeted with cheering,
after which General Hawley,
on behalf of the Centennial
management, welcomed Gov-
ernor Cochran and all the
people of Delaware. He re-
ferred to the part which that
State bore in the work of
founding the government,
and to the propriety of its
holdinoj such a celebration as
the present, Governor Coch-
ran then addressed the assem-
blage.

When Governor Cochran
ended his speech, the Hon.
William G. Whitely was
introduced by Chief- Justice
Comegys. Mr. Whitely de-
livered an address, giving a
history of Dela-
ware from its first ^^m
settlement to the
present day.

Mr. Whitely's
address being end-
ed, Governor Coch-
ran began his re-
ception of visitors,
first receiving the
respects of the Cen-
tennial CoramiS- TUMBLER DRAINER, AND WATER-JET, EXHIBITED BY

sion. Board of Fi- charles lippincott & co., in machinery hall.

nance, and other

prominent officials of the Exhibition. The guests were introduced

762 THE ILLUSTPwATED HISTORY

by Colonel Maywell,chief of staff. As many as could shake hands
with his Excellency in an hour and a quarter, at the rate of
about forty-five a minute, did so. By this time their neighbors
of Maryland had assembled in such numbers, and become so
enthusiastic that the Delaware building began to grow deserted,
all attention being drawn to the former quarter.

The Maryland Celebration. — At a quarter past twelve o'clock
the participants in the Maryland celebration entered the Exhi-
l)ition grounds by the main entrance, and proceeded to the
Maryland State building in the following order: Detachment
of the Centennial Guard, under Major E. H. Butler; First
Brigade Band, Governor Carroll and staff, on horseback, the
staff being in full uniform and the Governor in citizen's dress;
Second Brigade, Maryland National Guard, under General
James R. Herbert, and composed of the Fifth and Sixth Regi-
ments, commanded, respectively, by Colonel H. T. Loney and
Colonel Clarence Peters. As the procession entered the grounds
it was reviewed by Presidents Hawley and Welsh, with other
representatives of the Centennial Commission and Board of
Finance, who afterwards fell in line at the head of the people
of Maryland, who brought up the rear of the line. Governor
Carroll and staff halted in front of the Maryland building and
reviewed the military, which marched past and up George's Hill,
the First Brigade Band performing martial and patriotic airs.
The marching of the Fifth was noticeably fine, and elicited
great applause.

The Governor and staff then dismounted, and were received
by President Welsh and other members of the Board of Finance,
who escorted the gubernatorial party to the porch of the Mary-
land building, amid the strains of " Maryland, My Maryland,"
by the First Brigade Band, their favorite air ; and the noble
form of their Governor, who now confronted them from the
porch, aroused the enthusiasm of the people to its highest pitch,
and their cheers drowned the music. Then followed a medley
of "Away Down South in Dixie," "Yankee Doodle," and
kindred airs by the band, after which Governor Cochran, who
had stolen a few moments from his own celebration, arrived,

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

763

under the escort of General Hawley, to pay his respects to Gov-,
ernor Carroll. Governor Hartranft, who, all the morning, had

PALMER POWER SPRING-HAMMER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY

HALL.

been everywhere that he should be, and done everything that
he could do for the honor of the visitors, fell in at this point,

764 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and made it a gubernatorial trio. Presently the members of
the Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, most of them
accompanied by ladies, and several foreign gentlemen, including
Mr. Wu Ying Ding, the Chinese mandarin (in full native cos-
tume), arrived and entered the building, after which the oratory
began.

General Hawley, addressing Governor Carroll, said that the
United States Centennial Commission and Board of Finance,
likewise all connected with the management of the Centennial,
bade him and his people a most hearty welcome. Maryland,
said he, had a glorious share in the events celebrated during
this Centennial year, and her sister States do not forget what
she has done for the honor of the star-spangled banner. " I am
here," he concluded, " to bid you a heartier welcome than lan-
guage can express. I need not say that the Governor of Mary-
land deserves all the esteem tliat Americans can give a faithful
citizen and an able executive officer ; nor can Americans soon for-
get his illustrious great-grandsire, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton,
the man who signed his post-office address to the Declaration of
Independence." [Great applause.] Governor Carroll then arose^
and, when the loud and long-continued applause which greeted
him had subsided, made a brief but eloquent reply to General
Hawley, thanking him and the Centennial authorities for the
welcome he and the people of Maryland had received at their
hands.

Governor Denison, Commissioner of the District of Columbia,
was then introduced by General Hawley. He was glad to be
there to represent the District of Columbia, and he believed that
if it were possible for Americans to feel a greater love for their
country than they possess, the vast multitude of citizens present
w^ould go home so impressed by what they had seen and heard
this day that they would be better patriots than ever before.
Mr. J. G. L. Findlay, the orator of the day, was then intro-
duced, and spoke at great length on the history and resources of
Maryland.

The Hon. Thomas Wilson, Commissioner of the District of
Columbia, who was then introduced, said that it was proper

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 765

that the Centennial celebration of Maryland and the District
of Columbia should be held jointly. The latter is bone of
Maryland's bone, and flesh of her flesh. Maryland gave part
of herself that she might live. " All hail, then, to our mother
State of Maryland." The speaker then delivered an eloquent
and thorough history of the District of Columbia, and of the
foundation and progress of the city of Washington.

After the close of Mr. Wilson's address, Governor Carroll
took his stand in the reception-room, where over five thousand
persons desirous of giving his hand a friendly shake availed
themselves of the opportunity to do so, they being introduced
to him by Adjutant-General Frank A. Bond, chief of the
gubernatorial staff. About three o'clock Governor Carroll was
obliged to welcome, en masse, the thousands awaiting outside to
grasp his hand. Then he and his staff proceeded on horseback
to witness the great tournament, which had begun some time
previously on the eastern slope of George's Hill.

The Virginia Celebration. — The Virginia celebration was en-
tirely informal, there being no official representation of the
State at the Exhibition. At the Virginia building there was
open house and lunch for all visitors from the Old Dominion
who wished to partake of it. The number of Virginians pres-
ent on the grounds was about 5,000. In addition to these
there were about 800 visitors from West Virginia, who rendez-
voused at their State building, but took no part in the ceremo-
nies of the day.

The Tournament. — The great feature of the day was the
Tournament, a novel sight in Philadelphia. The following is
the Philadelphia Times^ graphic description of it:

Sixty thousand persons stood on the slope of George's Hill
yesterday afternoon to look at the Centennial Tournament.
And a pretty sight they made. Full half of them were ladies,
in bright dresses and gay ribbons ; here a knot of uniformed
police ; there a party of eager sight-seers, be-badged all over
with blue ribbons and gilt letters. Everywhere a patient, quiet
crowd, waiting in the hot sun for the show to begin. Further
down the hill, toward the west end of Machinery Hall, were

766 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

ten thousand more, perched on every available elevation, cover-
ing the i)edestals of the Catholic fountain, crowding the towers
of the large buildings, and crunching along over the gravel
roofs of the neighboring structures. The high elevator, at the
top of the hill, was alive with peo|)le, and the Exhibition fence,
in a semi-circle of half a mile or more, was ornamented with a
frinfre of human faces.

This great crowd had gathered to see a genuine Southern
tournament. The like of it never was seen in Philadelphia
before. It was arranged by men who first saw the light below
Mason and Dixon's line; it was carried through by them, and
to them was to belong the credit or discredit of the day, as
events might determine. A tournament down South is every-
body's holiday. Not so very far down South either, for it is
only in Maryland and Virginia that the tourney grows to its
full height : in the far South it is not much better known than
in the North ; and, very appropriately, nearly everybody who
was interested in the management of yesterday's pageant was
from either Maryland or Virginia.

There were fifteen knights, representing the thirteen original
States, the Union, and the Centennial, and the day's work
before them was to ride over a given course, thrust their spears
through diminutive rings and enjoy the plaudits of the multi-
tude. The course proper, at the foot of George's Hill, was
about three hundred yards long; at intervals of fifty yards
were three arches, fifteen feet high by ten or •twelve feet wide.
From the horizontal bar forming the top of each frame hung a
wooden rod, ending in a piece of iron a foot or more in length,
and from each of these three iron endings was suspended a
small red ring, an inch and a half or thereabouts in diameter.
The rules of the tournament required that each knight should
ride at a full run, and that each knight's spear should be at
least six feet long. Every rider, then, must start a hundred
yards or more from the first ring, control his horse, poise his
spear, and be in perfect condition when the first arch was
reached. To knock a ring from its frail fastening availed the
knight nothing; a breath of wind or a touch with the lance

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

767

would do that ; but each rider must thrust his spear through
the ring, or through all three of them, if he could, and bring it
still impaled upon his spear, to be laid at the feet of the judges.
The rings used yesterday were much smaller than is customary.
Three inches in diameter, and even four inches, is not an un-
usual size, and a two-inch ring is considered uncommonly diffi-

EXHIBIT OF SEEDS IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

cult to capture. But the rings used yesterday were smaller
than any of these; bringing into play all the nerve and skill
that the riders possessed, and this fact was not appreciated by
the seventy thousand spectators, who could not know the
extreme difficulty of impaling so small a ring when going at
full speed.

At two o'clock the judges were in their stand, and the

768 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

knights stood waiting for the word. Colonel Skinner, Doctor
Morgan, C. M. Barton, General Torbert, and H. J. Smith had
been appointed judges, and the knights were H. Crozier, repre-
senting New Hanjpshire; E. H. McFarland, Jr., representing
Massachusetts; Wni. P. Bryan, representing Connecticut; Geo.
V. Bacon, representing New York ; C. D. Chapman, represent-
ing New Jersey; H. M. Perry, representing Pennsylvania; R.
L. Kane, representing Delaware ; R. W. Hereford, representing
Maryland; P. A. Scaggs, representing Virginia; J. M. Hardy,
representing North Carolina; F. Nelson Jarboe, representing
South Carolina; J. A. Fox, representing Georgia; Charles
White, Jr., representing the Centennial; and A. B. Suit, repre-
senting the Union. The knights, however, were not genuine
representatives of the States that they were supposed to repre-
sent, and thus the tournament lost the element of rivalry between
the thirteen States that might otherwise have added to its interest.
Nearly every one of the contestants was from either Maryland
or Virginia. Hardy, representing North Carolina, is a North
Carolinian, and nobody would accuse Chapman of being any-
thing but a Jerseyman, but these were about the only excep-
tions. Chief Marshal Suit had garnered in the amateur kniglits
from Maryland and Virginia, and to them the spectators are
chiefly indebted for their day's amusement. William P. Bryan,
for example, who represented Connecticut, is from Prince
George's county, Maryland; O. A. Fox, the knight of Georgia,
is a Virginian; Charles White, Jr., the Centennial knight, is a
Marylander; and A. B. Suit, knight of the Union, and the
chief marshal's youthful son, is a Virginian.

The chief marshal, after brushing the Centennial dust from
the shoulders of his velvet coat, and readjusting his broad, red
sash, mounted his charger and announced that he was ready for
the fray. The knights, at the bidding of the four mounted
heralds in gorgeous uniforms of crimson, green, and gold, with
hoarse voices and shining trumpets, then drew up in line in
front of the judges' stand, with hats in hand, to listen to an
introductory speech by Colonel J. J. Stewart, of Baltimore.
The colonel told them of the honor and glory of knighthood

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 769

and chivalry, but he took longer to tell it than the crowd
thought necessary or expedient, and at the end of five minutes
or so the whole hill-side broke out into a roar, and when the
colonel kept on, in spite of the warning, he was interrupted
with cries of " sit down," and " cut her short, old man," but
he finished his speech, and the fifteen knights cantered down to
the west end of the course, and waited each for his turn to
exhibit his skill for his State, his true love, and his honor.

Colonel Suit sat with dignity upon the back of a fine steed
that insisted upon elevating a pair of shining shoes every time
the band struck up a lively note. The colonel took his place
beside the centre arch and shouted " Knight of New Hamp-
shire, prepare to charge!" The assistant marshal next below
him in the line repeated the words, and "Knight of New
Hampshire, prepare to charge," rang down the course from
mouth to mouth. Another assistant marshal, in another huge
crimson sash and a cocked hat, raised his gloved hand and the
heralds, at the signal, struck a note on their bugles. The
Knight of New Hampshire prepared to charge. He started out
on a trot, struck a gallop and then spurred his horse into a run.
Not such a fast run, however, as he might have struck if he
had entered as fully as his rider into the spirit of the occasion.
Still he was on a run, and that was all that the rules required.
The spear was poised, the rider's eye was on the goal, and the
first ring rolled in the dust. The second ring followed it; but
the third was nicely impaled upon the lance, and " Knight of
New Hampshire, one ring," the judges announced. Massachu-
setts did not do so well. Massachusetts, unfortunately, had a
very frisky gray horse, that had an unpleasant habit of shying
off at the slightest provocation, and the result was that the Bay
State's gallant knight went back to his post without having to
stop to tell the judges how many rings he had taken. Rhode
Island did better — a little better — taking one ring. Connecti-
cut took one ring, and New York the same. Then came the
representative of the Keystone State. He was arrayed in gor-
geous shining armor. But the Keystone and the armor came
to grief, for never a ring crowned his efforts. New Jersey's
49

770

THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY

little representative, on the smallest and friskiest of mustang
ponies, took two rings, and earned them well, for he was a
skilful and daring rider, and poised his spear with the practised
eye of a genuine knight. Delaware's representative, who was a

f^^^Kfift^

'^rr

^^'p-jL^-t.''

TICKET-OFFICE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, IN THE EXHIBITION

GBOUNT>S.

Baltimorean, rode slowly up to the first arch, slowly up to the
second, slowly up to the third and took all three rings. Mary-
land's knight, also riding slowly, took one ring. Virginia
took one. North Carolina's representative, handsomely equipped

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 771

with a suit of golden armor, and looking every inch a knight —
a fearless and accomplished rider, and all over a man — a native
of the State that he represented, dashed up to the first arch
with such speed that he carried away the rod from which the
ring was suspended. But not dismayed by this, he kept uj)
his speed and laid before the judges the two remaining rings.
He asked, with apparent justice, that he might be allowed a
trial at one more ring, to atone for the breaking of the arch,
and the judges replied that he should have dropped his lance
when the ring came down. " It is not knightly to drop your
spear," the knight replied, and the crowd heard him and
cheered him. The judges, however, offered to let him give up
his two rings and try at all three rings again, but this the
knight very wisely declined. South Carolina's man, riding
very fast and very gracefully, took all three of the rings.
Georgia took none. The Knight of the Union, a smooth-faced
little boy, mounted on the smallest of gray ponies, galloped up
to the first arch, stopped, dodged his spear at the ring, missed
it, galloped up to the second, dodged at the ring, missed it,
galloped up to the third, dodged at the ring, missed it, and
cantered back to the start amidst the shouts of the multitude.
The Knight of the Centennial did better, taking two rings.

This ended what, in a horse race, would be called the first
heat. There were three such trials, giving each knight a chance
at nine rings. The knight who brought home the most rings
was to be winner of the tournament, and winner, of course, of
tlie first prize. Each trial was very nearly a repetition of the
first. The North Carolina man carried away another stick,
and the Massachusetts steed shied off again, the judges giving
his rider another chance for the rings.

While the second trial was in progress, an array of uniformed
horsemen filed across the brow of the hill, and a few minutes
later a uniformed courier galloped over the course and an-
nounced "Governor Carroll, of Maryland." He was followed
shortly by the Governor and his staff, the former mounting the
judges' stand, where Governor Hartranft soon appeared. The
band played "My Maryland" and "Hail Columbia," and iho.
multitude cheered.

772 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Delaware at length carried off the honors, through the
prowess and skill of her Baltimorean champion, and when the
knights were drawn up in line before the judges' stand, to hear
the decisions, there was such a glimmering, and glittering, and
shining of fancy costumes as would make a fortune for any shop
that sold cotton velvets and gilt facings. Then the knights
went over to the Transcontinental to supper. The following
is the record ;

KNIGHTS. ^st trial.

New Hampshire • • 1

Massachusetts 0

Khode Island 1

Connecticut 1

New York 1

Pennsylvania 0

New Jersey 2

Delaware " 3

Maryland 1

Virginia 1

North Carolina 2

South Carolina 3

Georgia 0

The Union 0

Centennial 2

The Knight of Pennsylvania was then allowed another
chance at one ring, the centre ring, in his first trial, having
been misplaced. He won the ring, raising Pennsylvania's
score to three.

The Knights of Connecticut, South Carolina, and the Cen-
tennial, having each six rings, then competed for the second
prize, with the following result : Connecticut, one ; South Caro-
lina, one ; Centennial, two. In a further trial between Con-
necticut and South Carolina, the former made two rings and
the latter one.

New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Maryland, having five
rings each, then rode for the third prize. New Hampshire tak-
ing one ring additional, New Jersey two, and Maryland three.

BINOS.

2d trial.

3d trial.

Ibtal.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 773

The prizes were, therefore, won in the following order :

HINQS.

First prize, Delaware 8

Second prize, Centennial 6

Third prize, Connecticut 6

Fourth prize, South Carolina 6

Fifth prize, Maryland 5

The standing of the other Knights was announced as follows :
New Jersey, five ; New Hampshire, five ; Rhode Island, four ;
Pennsylvania, three ; Virginia, three ; North Carolina, three ;
New York, three; Georgia, two; Union, two, and Massachu-
setts, one.

The prizes contested for by the knights consisted of gold and
silver tea-sets, elegant bronzes, richly carved pitchers, breech-
loading rifles, etc.

The crowning of the Queen of Love and Beauty, by the suc-
cessful knight, took place in the evening, at the Judges' Hall,
and was witnessed by a large audience. The tickets to this
ceremony were sold at five dollars a piece, the money being
used to defray the expenses of the tournament. The hall was
handsomely decorated, a throne having been erected on the
south side, the platform brilliantly illuminated with candelabra,
upheld by bronze figures of knights and pages, and bordered
by pyramids of rare exotics. The balconies were early filled
with ladies and gentlemen, and by eight o'clock the throng of
visitors increased so rapidly that it was found necessary to
bring the first floor into requisition. At half-past eight o'clock
the Reception Committee entered, with General A. T. A. Tor-
bert, master of ceremonies, and Hon. J. F. Stewart, the orator,
and were soon afterwards followed by the knights, marshals,
and heralds. These, with the exception of the five successful
knights, who were escorted to the platform, took positions at
the back of the throne, and then the arrival of the Queen of
Love and Beauty, Miss Perkins, of Buckingham county, Vir-
ginia, and her Maids of Honor, Miss Griffith, of Maryland;
Miss Holland, of Florida ; Miss Taylor, of Delaware, and Miss
Bladen, of Philadelphia, was announced. All eyes were turned
toward the entrace, and in a moment afterwards the Queen and

SODA FOUNTAIN, EXniBlTED BY CITAS. LTmNCOTT A CO., IN MACHINERY HALL.
774

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 775

her attendants, all attired in white satin, appeared, and with
their young faces illuminated by the rays of a calcium light,
and beaming with joyous anticipation, advanced to tha throne,
which now, surrounded with fair ladies, gallant knights,
heralds, pages, and niai'shals, presented a picture of rare mag-
nificence. The Hon. J. F. Stewart was again introduced, and
delivered a brief address appropriate to the occasion, after
which the victor of the tournament placed upon the head of the
Queen a silver crown. The Maids of Honor were next crowned
by the four remaining knights, and then began the reception,
tlie participants in the tournament being first presented. The
names of the successful contestants were afterwards read by
Horace J. Smith, Esq., and the prizes awarded. The novel
ceremonial concluded with the coronation ball, w^hich was
lieartily enjoyed by all who were so fortunate as to be present.

The attendance on the 19th of October was as follows: Cash
admissions, 161,355; free, 15,052; total, 176,407. The re-
ceipts were $80,367.50. The day thus ranks next to the Penn-
sylvania celebration in the number of persons present.

Ohio Day.

Thursday, October 26th, was assigned to the State of Ohio
for her special celebration. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes
arrived in Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 25th, and took
up his quarters at the Transcontinental Hotel, opposite the Ex-
hibition.

On the morning of the 26th large crowds poured into the
Exhibition grounds, and by ten o'clock a dense mass of people
had assembled around the Ohio State building for the purpose
of doins: honor to the Governor of the Buckeve State. It was
estimated that at least 30,000 people of Ohio were present on
the occasion. The Ohio building was gayly decorated with
flags and bunting, and presented a handsome and attractive ap-
jiearance.

At eleven o'clock. Governor Hayes, accompanied by his staff,
left the Transcontinental hotel, and repaired to the main en-
trance to the Exhibition grounds on Belmont avenue. He was

776

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

met there by General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, Presi-
dent John Welsh, and members of the Centennial Commission.
A procession was formed headed by the First Regi-
ment band and a platoon
of Centennial Guards. As
it passed down along Bel-
mont avenue the chimes
rang out a welcome, the
crowds along the line
cheered lustily, and the
scene was an inspiring one.
When Governor Hayes ap-
peared on the east portico
of the Ohio building,
among the distinguished
people surrounding him
were Hon. Benjamin F.
Wade, Hon. Amos Town-
send, Hon. R. C. Parsons,
General George McCook,
ex-Governor Edward F.
Noyes, General Bucklin,
Hon. Edwin D. Morgan,
Governor Hartranft, and
others. The appearance
of the Governor was the
signal for prolonged cheers,
and when the applause had
in a measure subsided,
General Hawley came for-
ward and introduced Governor Hayes to the multitude. The
Governor was received with enthusiastic cheers, and when these
had died away delivered an eloquent address, which was fre-
quently applauded. The Governor then took his stand in the
reception-room, and the people filed in rapidly, took him by the
hand, and passed out. The reception continued for two hours,
and was marked by the greatest enthusiasm.

MAIdtlctH-SMSEa

JAPANESE BRONZE VASE, IN THE MAIN
BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 777

Shortly after two o^clock it became apparent that it would be
impossible to admit all who wished to pay their respects to the
Governor of Ohio, even should the reception be prolonged until
nightfall. Governor Hayes therefore yielded to the suggestions
of the State managers and brought the ceremony to a close. He
then ascended to the balcony, and addressed the throng without,
thanking them for their attentions to him, and expressing his'
regret that he was not able to greet each one personally. The
announcement of their disappointment was received by the
thousands below in the best of humor, the Governor was again
heartily cheered, and as he retired the crowd began slowly to
disperse. At fifteen minutes before three o'clock the Governor,
accompanied by Director-General Goshorn, left the building and
took the cars on the steam railway for the Memorial Hall station,
where he alighted and passed through the Main Building. At
about four o'clock, while making a tour of the buildings and
grounds, under the escort of Mr. Goshorn and several members
of the gubernatorial staff, Governor Hayes arrived in the
vicinity of the Municipal building, at which the commercial
exchanges of other cities were being entertained at lunch by
their Philadelphia brethren. At the door of the building the
Governor and his companions hesitated, and were on the point
of withdrawing, when, upon the solicitation of Mayor Stokley,
the party were induced to enter. Governor Hayes was pre-
sented to the company by Mr. E. Harper Jeffries, of Philadel-
phia, and received with hearty applause. The Governor re-
sponded in acknowledgment of the cordiality of his reception,
which, he said, he construed to have been tendered not as a com-
pliment to himself as an individual, but to the office of the chief
executive of the great State of Ohio. Addressing Mayor Stok-
ley, he added, that the pleasure of meeting so many of the rep-
resentative men of the business interests of the country was an
unexpected one, and that as he had been honored with an intro-
duction, his only purpose was to pay his respects to the gentle-
men present. He thanked the people of Philadelphia, through
their Mayor, for the generous manner in which they had greeted
the name of Ohio, and the welcome they had extended to her

778 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

executive, and closed by saying that whatever may be the result
of the present ephemeral political strife, we would all remember
that we are Americans. The Governor's brief remarks were
interspersed with rounds of cheers, which were renewed upon
their conclusion. Mayor Stokley followed in some pertinent
remarks, and the visitors in a short time withdrew to continue
their trip through the enclosure.

The 26th of October was also the occasion of a reunion of
the merchants of tjie principal cities of the Union. The cere-
monies were held in the Exhibition grounds. The Commercial
Exchange, of Philadelphia, met at its own building, and at the
roll-call there were 600 names answered to. Tlie Drug Ex-
change also met at the Commercial Exchange building, and the
entire body, and 200 members were present. Both bodies took
the cars of the Pennsylvania railroad for the Exhibition, where
they were joined by the Philadelphia Stock Brokers, 300 in
number, and the Grocers' Association, with 75 members.

As a grand national reunion of the great capitalists of the
great cities of the Union, the day was a remarkable occasion.
There were thousands of those whose successful mercantile ven-
tures have given them high standing in moneyed circles — of men
who are known to be leaders in matters of finance and com-
merce.

At the Centennial depot they waited until several delegations
from other cities swelled the gathering. First came the Balti-
more Corn and Flour Exchange, 500 in number ; then followed
the Commercial Exchange, of Wilmington, Delaware, 100 ;
Trenton Board of Trade, 200. The great excursion from Xew
York came in two sections, numbering 1 ,200, and composed of
the following bodies :

The Produce Exchange,. the Cheap Transportation Exchange,
the Cotton Exchange, the Board of Trade, and the Stock Ex-
change. The entire body then formed in line, and headed by
Grafulla's band, and escorted by President ^yelsh and the Board
of Finance, proceeded to the Pennsylvania State building.

It was about quarter after twelve o'clock when the visitors,
accompanied by the Philadelphia delegation, arrived at the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

779

Pennsylvania State building, but long before they even put in an
appearance upon the grounds, a crowd had collected on the lawn
before the structure, and filled the spacious apartments of the
pavilion. It was some little time before the visitors had been
comfortably positioned in front of the main entrance ; but when
all were comfortably located, Governor Hartranft, Hon. John
AVelsh, and several members of the Centennial Board of Finance
emerged from the Governor's private apartment and took up a
position on the portico. The very presence of this distinguished

BAUGH's sectional mill foe, hard SrSSTANCES, EXHIBITED IN
MACHINERY HALL.

party threw the vast assemblage into a spasm of vociferous
applause, which reverberated to the very confines of the Inter-
national city.

When quiet was restored, the Hon. John Welsh stepped to
the front of the portico and introduced Mr. George W. Mears,
the President of the Philadelphia Commercial Exchange, who,
on behalf of the mercantile bodies of Philadelphia, welcomed

780 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the visitors to the city and the Exhibition. Mr. J. L. N. Stark,
President of the New York Produce Exchange, then responded,
and Governor Hartranft was called upon, and replied in a few
words.

At the conclusion of Governor Hartranft^s address the pro-
cession was reformed, with the Philadelphia delegation in ad-
vance, and headed by McClurg's band, moved down Fountain
avenue and across the Horticultural plateau to the Municipal
building, where a collation had been prepared for the entertain-
ment of both hosts and guests. Arriving at the drab-colored
pavilion, the Philadelphia boards halted and allowed the visit-
ing associations to pass through and enter the building in
advance. On account of the rather contracted quarters of the
structure erected to represent the city, it was necessary to admit
the delegations in tantalizingly small sections, but the bands in
attendance enlivened the waiting moments with musical selec-
tions, and in a little less than two hours all were bountifully
served. The reception here was entirely informal, the members
of the various organizations gradually dividing into groups, and
sauntering oflp to view the manifold attractions of the Exhibi-
tion. At a little after three o'clock. Governor Hartranft arrived
at the Municipal building, but after bowing his acknowledg-
ments to the hearty applause with which he was greeted, retired
to an ante-room to rest from the fatigues of the day. An hour
later the Governor left the building and took a carriage for the
city, and by six o'clock the visiting delegations were all on their
way to their homes.

The attendance on the 26th of October was as follows : Cash
admissions, 122,300 ; free, 13,361 ; total, 135,661. The re-
ceipts were $61,029.50.

Vermont Day.

The 27th of October was observed as Vermont's day. Gov-
ernor Fairbanks, the chief Magistrate of the State, being unable
to attend through illness, deputed ex-Governor John B. Page
to represent him. The Vermont State building, which was
located on the Avenue of the Republic, just west of the Penn-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

781

sylvania building, was handsomely decorated. At ten o'clock
ex-Governor Page held a reception at the State building, which
was attended by about two thousand citizens of Vermont. From
the State building the guests marched to Judges' Hall, where at
eleven o'clock,. Hon. Henry Clarke, by appointment of the
Governor of Vermont, delivered the formal address. The
orator stated that the State was the first to be admitted into the
Union formed by the original thirteen, and proceeded to review
her history from Colonial days down througli the Revolution to
the present time.

The attendance during the day was as follows: Cash admis-
sions, 95,553 ; free, 12,517 ; total, 108,080. The receipts were
$47,485.

LIBERIAN IVORY DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

CHAPTER XXY.

THE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITION.

Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of the

Exhibition.

'OR tlie convenience of the reader we give here a brief
summary of the principal events connected with the six
months' career of the great Exhibition.
^~7*o May lOthy 1876. — The Formal Opening of the Ex-

hil)ition. The admi.-^sions were: Cash, 76,172; free,
110,500.

3Iay 15th. — Opening of tlie International Billiard Tourna-
ment, at Horticultural Hall. This was the most successful
affair of its kind ever given, the highest run ever made in one
inning (251) being accomplished by William Sexton.

3Iay 16th. — The General Assembly of the United Presbyte-
rian Church met in Philadelphia.

On the same day the Volunteer Firemen's National Conven-
tion assembled in the same city.

3Iay 23c?.— The Grand Temple of the Order of True Temp-
lars of Pennsylvania convened at Philadelphia.

3fay 2-lth. — The Judges of Award of the International
Centennial Exhibition entered upon their duties.

May SOth. — Formal opening of the Bankers' Centennial
Pavilion, in the Exhibition grounds. The ceremonies were
elaborate, and were attended by numbers of bankers from all
parts of the Union.

3Iay SOth. — Anniversary of the American Sunday-School
Union celebrated in Philadelphia.

Reunion of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar
782

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

783

of the United States. Largely attended by knights from all
parts of the Union.

Meeting of the American Social Science Association at Phila-
delphia.

The National Convention of the Baptist Social Unions met at
Philadelphia.

May 31s^.— Grand Celebration in Philadelphia by the Grand

MAI/ACHITE MANTEL AND ORNAMENTS, EXHIBITED IN THE
RUSSIAN SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

Commandery of Knights Templar of the State of Pennsyl-
vania.

Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society at
Pliiladelpliia.

June Is^.— Grand Parade of the Knights Templar of the
United States. Over 6,000 knights in line.

784 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

June 2d. — Visit of the Massachusetts Press Association to the
Exhibition.

June Qth, — American Medical Association met at Phila-
delphia.

June 7th. — Reunion of the Army of the James, held at the
Philadelphia Academy of Music.

Opening of the American Brewers' Sixteenth Annual Con-
gress at Msennerchor Hall.

June Sth. — Reunion of the Society of the Army of the Poto-
mac at the Academy of Music at Philadelphia.

June 10th. — National Convention of Civil Engineers met at
Philadelphia.

June 12th. — Meeting of the Association of Superintendents
of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, at Philadelphia.

Women's National Temperance Union met at Philadelphia.

June ISth. — International Temperance Conference opened at
Philadelphia.

Meeting of Good Templars State Lodges at Philadelphia.

June 14th. — National Association of Stove Manufacturers met
at Philadelphia.

The National Division of Sons of Temperance of North
America began its sessions at Philadelphia.

Ministerial Temperance Conference held at Philadelphia.

June 16th. — Dedication of the Ice Water Temperance Foun-
tain in the Exhibition grounds, by the National Division of
Sons of Temperance.

Meeting of the Grand Lodge of Good Templars of the
United States, at Philadelphia.

June 20th. — National Convention of Mining Engineers met
at Philadelphia.

June 22d. — Meeting of the Manufacturing Chemists' National
Association, at Philadelphia.

June 24th. — Meeting of the Grand Encampment of the
Knights of Malta, at Philadelphia.

June 26th. — Meeting of the National Religious Amendment
Association, at Philadelphia.

World's Homoeopathic Convention opened at Philadelphia.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

785

Convention of the German Free-Thinkers held at Piiiladel-
phia.

June 27^A.— Meeting of the National and State Encampments
of the Grand Army of the Eepublic.

WEIMER S SUSPENDED HOT-BLAST STOVE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

June 2Sth. — Meeting of the National Law Congress, at Phila-
delphia.

Reunion of the 28th and 147th Eegiments of Pennsylvania
Volunteers and Knapps' Battery, at Philadelphia.
50

786 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

June ZOih. — The Ten Days' Encarapraent of the West Point
Cadets in the Exhibition grounds opened.

July 1st. — Congress of Authors held at Independence Hall.

July 2d. — National Convention of Catholic Young Men's
Associations held at Philadelphia.

July Sd. — International Typographical Union met at Phila-
delphia.

Commercial Travellers' Association began its sessions at
Philadelphia.

July 4th. — Grand celebration at Philadelphia of the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the Independence of the United States
of America. For description of this celebration see Chapter
XXI of this work.

Reunion of the Society of the CinciniYati at Philadelphia.

Reunion of the Veterans of the War of 1812-15 at Phila-
delphia.

The Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain and the Humboldt
Monument in the Exhibition grounds formally dedicated.

Jidy 6th. — Meeting of the International Conference of Dele-
gates of the Societies of St. Vincent de Paul, at Philadelphia.

July 11th. — The International Arbitration Convention met at
Philadelphia.

July liyth. — Encampment of the Columbus (Ohio) Cadets on
the Exhibition grounds.

July 25th. — Pennsylvania State Dental Society met at Phila-
delphia.

Jidy 2Sth. — Encampment of Knights Templar at Ridley
Park^ under the auspices of the Maryland Commandery.

August 1st. — Convention of Antiquarian and Historical So-
cieties met at Philadelphia.

August 7th. — Pennsylvania Militia encamp at Camp Anthony
Wayne, in Fairraount Park.

August 11th. — Grand parade and review of the Pennsylvania
Militia.

August 15^/i. — International Chess Tournament held at
Philadelphia.

Meeting of the Photographers' National Association, at Phila-
delphia.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

787

American Association of Instructors of the Blind met at
Philadelphia.

Grand Lodge of Knights of Pythias of Pennsylvania met
at Philadelphia.

August 16th, — Convention of the Caledonian Club of North
America held at Philadelphia.

August 22d. — Opening of the International Rowing Regatta
on the Schuylkill. For an account of the Regatta see Chapter
XXII.

rA rCCR-fMlTH.fHH.lk.

THE " WARWICK VASE," EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE

MAIN BUILDING.

Supreme Lodge of the Knights of Pythias assembles at
Philadelphia. Grand parade of the Order.

August 24th. — New Jersey Day. Paid admissions, 56,326 ;
total, 67,052. Receipts, $28,063.75.

August 28th. — Reunion and parade of Swiss Citizens of the
United States at the Exhibition grounds.

September 1st. — Opening of the Live-Stock Displays of the
Centennial Exhibition. The Horse Show b^un.

September 2d. — Encampment of the Connecticut Militia near
the Exhibition grounds.

788

' THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

September 4th, — Meeting of the International Medical Con-
gress at Philadelphia.

International Convention of Archaeologists met at Philadel-
phia.

September Qth. — Parade of the Volunteer Firemen of Phila-
delphia. *

September 7th. — Connecticut Day. Cash admissions, 64,059;
total, 75,044. Receipts, $30,853.75.

WEIMER & BIRKENBINE S FURNACE CHARGER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY

HALL.

September 9th. — Meeting of the California Pioneer Society at
Philadelphia.

September 11th. — Meeting of the ;N"ational Pomological So-
ciety at Philadelphia.

September 12th. — Grand Council of the Improved Order of
Eed Men held at Philadelphia.

September ISth. — National Convention of American For-
esters held at Philadelphia.

OF THE CE^TEXXIAL EXHIBITION.

789

Septeinber 14/A. — Massachusetts Day. Cash admissions, 85,-
795; total, 97,868. Receipts, $41,193.

September Idth. — Grand Lodge of the Independent Oi-dcr oi'
Odd Fellows met at Philadelphia.

September 20th. — Pa-
rade of the Grand Lodge
of Odd Fellows at Phila-
delphia.

September 2\st. — Xew
York Day. Cash admis-
sions, 122,003 ; total, 1 34,-
588. Receipts, $59,986.
.^ September 23c?. — Con-
vention of Aperians (hon-
ey-raisers) held at Phila-
delphia.

WeJsh National Eisted-
fodd in session at Phila-
delphia.

National Carriage
Builders' Association in
session at Philadelphia.

September 27th. — For-
mal a n n o u nc e m e n t of
Awards by the Centennial
Commission at Judges'
Hall.

September 28th. — Penn-
sylvania Day. Cash ad-
missions, 257,168 ; total,^
274,919. Receipts, $118,-

673.75. Grand display of fireworks at night in the Exhibition
grounds.

October 4th. — Dedication of the Hall of the Patriotic Sons
of America at Philadelphia.

Conference of Librarians of the United States in session at
Philadelphia.

THE TWISS VERTICAL ENGINE, EXHIBITED IN
MACHINERY HALL.

790 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

October bth. — Rhode Island Day. Cash admissions, 89,060;
total, 100,946. Receipts, |44,496.

October 12th. — New Hampshire Day. Cash admissions,
101,541 ; total, 118,422. Receipts, $50,536.

The Columbus Statue in the Exhibition grounds dedicated
by the Italian Societies of the United States.

October ISth. — Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute
encamp on the Exhibition grounds.

October 17th. — State Council of the Order of United Ameri-
can Mechanics met at Philadelphia.

American Dairymen's Association met at Philadelphia.

October ISth. — Grand display of fireworks in the Exhibition
grounds at night.

October 19th. — Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia Day.
Cash admissions, 161,355; total, 176,407. Receipts, $80,-
367.50.

October 2Qih. — Ohio Day. Cash admissions, 122,300; .total,
135,661. Receipts, $61,029.50.

Reunion of the Merchants at Judges' Hall, in the Exhibition
grounds.

November 2d. — Bishop Allen's monument in the Exhibition
grounds dedicated.

November dth. — Farewell reception and banquet by the Cen-
tennial Commission and Board of Finance. Grand Interna-
tional display of fireworks at night.

November 10th. — Formal close of the International Centen-
nial Exhibition.

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS.

Ceremonies at Judges' Hall — Announcement of the Awards granted by the
Commission— Character of the Awards — Description of the Medals— List of
the Principal Awards in Each Class.

HE awards of medals and diplomas to successful com-
petitors in the Centennial Exhibition were announced
in Judges' Hall with appropriate ceremonies on the
evening of the 27th of September. No event during
the course of the Exhibition was looked forward to
with as much interest by the exhibitors as this one. At times
many of them were impatient at the unavoidable delays and
disposed to murmur at the management of this important
branch of the work ; but the manner in which the judges per-
formed their duties, the discrimination with which their
reports were prepared, and the enhanced value of their awards
over those made at any former International Exhibition, finally
caused all dissatisfaction to disappear. Gratification at the
success of the new American system of awards was universal.
Judges' Hall was beautifully decorated for the occasion. Par-
titions had been removed, greatly enlarging the seating capacity
of the room and adding greatly to its beauty. The flags of the
leading nations of the world were arranged in festoons around
the galleries, and curious lanterns from the Chinese department
were suspended between the columns. The rostrum in the rear
of the platform was covered with flowers and rare plants, over
which there was a canopy of American flags. Marble statues
were placed in the corners of the room, vases from the Main
Building in the corridor, and one of the century vases in silver
in the open space in front of the platform.

791

792

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

General Lewis E. Merrill, U. S. A., acted as master of
ceremonies, and announced as they entered the following-
named bodies of gentlemen: The Centennial Commission, the
Board of Finance, and the United States Government Board ;
General Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards and the
J5oard of Judges; the Director-General of the Exhibition and
the Foreign Commissioners; the offi(.*crs of the Centennial Guard,

the Presidents of the Cen-
tennial Commission and
the Board of Finance,
and the Governors of
States and the Diplomatic
Corps. After these had
all passed to the places
assigned them, prayer was
offered bv the Rev. Dr.
Henry A. Boardman, of
Philadelj)lii[i, in response
to which the Temple Quar-
tette of Boston sang a
selection from Schubert's
Mass for male voices.

United States Commis-
sioner Daniel J. Morrell,
who presided, then made a
short address.

The music which fol-
lowed consisted of selec-
tions from the national airs
of many countries,, per-
formed by the Centennial
orchestra. As the music
of each nation was recog-
nized the audience rose to
its feet in honor of the country thus represented, and the airs
of France, England, and Germany were loudly ap])lauded.
Director-General A. T. Goshoru then delivered a short ad-

TERRA-COTTA VAPE, EXHIBITED BY
GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN
BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

793

dress. His allusions to the Foreign Commissioners and the

Board of Judges were received with warm applause,
in substance as follows :

He said

This Exhibition is not a new competition of rival manufacturers and trades-
men. It brings together nationalities and leads to extended relations ; pro-
motes the acquisition and diffusion of a better knowledge of national resources
and products, and of national methods and industries. It creates and enlarges
mutual respect and esteem, softens prejudices, and contributes to the preserva-

r-.'^

THEOHELL's printing meteorograph, exhibited in the SWEDISH

SCHOOIi-HOUSE.

tion of harmony and peace — the noblest aim of civilization. The benefits of
this assembling of the representatives of every- civilized country with their
products will be better understood and more fully appreciated after the Exhi-
bition itself has passed away. We are in the presence of the productions of
science, art, invention, skill, and labor, fitted to improve the material and
moral condition of man. We are at the same time in the presence of higher
influences. The united attention and thought of many leading minds of the

794 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

civilized world, for the time being, centre here, and, by their representative?,
preside over this institution ; opinions of many and diverse minds thus in
contact become by attrition and dLscussion more developed and perfected in
themselves, and in turn flow back through the various channels to reanimate
and quicken the sources of their origin. We learn here what science and
art have done for the comfort and elevation of man, and are reminded that
the discoveries and inventions during the era which this Exhibition commem-
orates are the most remarkable and useful recorded in history.

No feature in this enterprise has produced a more profound impression than
the individual character and qualifications of the genilemen selected for these
commissions, and who are intrusted with most delicate and difficult duties.
In addition to the required knowledge and experience, they have disilayed calm
consideration and forbearance, vigilant attention, and the most friendly and
lively zeal for the success of the work. It is, therefore, gentlemen of the
foreign commissions, that I seize this opportunity for my associates and my-
self, and on behalf of the exhibitors from the United Slates, to express to you
with the warmest feelings the high sense we entertain of your important ser-
vices and the large degree in which we are indebted to you for the measure of
success which has crowned our efforts.

With equal earnestness and sincerity and pleasure I refer to the eminent
body of men, both foreign and American, combining among them superior
attainments in every department of human knowledge, selected to examine
and express their opinions upon the qualities and merits of the products and
subjects forming this Exhibition. The task imposed on them was in some of
its features new and untried. They were desired to express opinions indi-
vidually and in writing upon the qualities and merits of individual products,
and to affirm their opinions by their respective signatures. Most obviously
this was asking the performance of a task at once difficult and delicate, and
the assumption of great responsibility. The good-will, earnestness, and zeal
with which they accepted this onerous charge and entered upon the work
gave assurances to the Centennial Commission that have been to them a source
of gratification and of confidence. Their work is now completed and will soon
be given to the public, which is in the end the final arbiter and ultimate
judge. It is not competent for me to anticipate that verdict, but I may allude
to some of the elements on which it must of necessity be founded.

It has been the duty of the Centennial Commission to examine, appreciate,
and confirm in legal form 12,000 or more of the recommendations of the
judges for awards. In the progress of this labor, the commission have been
impressed with the spirit of impartiality, fairness, and earnestness which per-
vades the work. They have been equally impressed with the evidences of
trained skill and acute discrimination and with the manifestations of special
and general knowledge throughout. Surely it cannot fail that the people and
nations represented here will in due time acquire, from the useful and reliable
information conveyed by the reports of the judges, a better and fuller knowl-
edge of their own products and of the products of each other. In the full
confidence that the wishes and aims of the Centennial Commission in adopting

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 795

this method of awards will be thus happily realized and appreciated both by
exhibitors and the public, I have now the honor to express to you, gen-
tlemen of the Board of Judges, on behalf of the Centennial Commission,
our thanks for the signal aid and great benefits in this department, which
you have conferred on the exhibitors.

And now, gentlemen, in a few weeks the object for which we came here
will be accomplished. The Exhibition, which has been the source of so much
pleasure and instruction, and which has excited the admiration of millions of
visitors, will soon pass into the records of history. The circumstances that
suggested it were of a peculiar and interesting character. Connected with the
centenary commemoration of one of the most important political events in the
history of the world, and from its inception having been free from merely
commercial or mercenary motives, it was organized and has been conducted
with the single view of erecting a monument dedicated to the fruits of peace,
that will be remembered for all time with pride and pleasure. Inaugurated
in a spirit of fraternity and good- will, it was intended to afibrd to the people
of this country and all other countries an opportunity to see and study the
elements that have conduced to the national welfare. We acknowledge our
indebtedness to the exhibitors from foreign countries, and to the exhibitors
from the United States who have co-operated with zeal and most faithfully to
render the Exhibition successful in all of its departments. The work has been
great — the difficulties many — but we trust the future will bring returns of a
fruitful harvest.

After the singing of a quartet from "Les Enfants de Paris "
by Adolphe Adams, General Hawley briefly explained the work
of the Judges and of the Centennial Commission in preparing
the awards, as follows :

Gentlemen : We have reached another interesting step in the progress of
the International Exhibition of 1876. The importance of the work which
culminates this evening has been felt by the Commission from the beginning.
It has never been thought possible to devise or carry out a system of award
that would render absolute justice, or obviate criticism ; but it was believed that
we could, by the plan with which you are familiar, get nearer that result than
did our predecessors in other exhibitions.

We departed from the usual system of international juries and called to our
assistance 125 judges from the United States, and an equal number from
foreign nations, all selected for their known character and qualifications. Our
method also dispensed with graduated medals. It required written reports
recommending awards based upon merit, the elements of merits, in the lan-
guage of the Commission, including " considerations relating to originality, in-
vention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the purpose
intended, adaptation to public wants, economy and cost." The articles exhibited
were classified in twenty-eight groups, and to each of these groups a competent
number of judges, foreign and American, was assigned. They entered upon their

796

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

duties May 24. Each group chose a president and secretary, and called to its
aid such reporters and experts as were needed.

The rules required that the report upon each article or subject should be
signed by some one judge and countersigned by at least a majority of his as.»o-
ciates in that group. No limitation has been imposed upon the lumiber ot the
awards. It is apparent that of twenty articles submitted, each might be worthy
of honor for the peculiar merit, or, on the other hand, it might happen that
none would deserve special mention.

The Chief of the Bureau of Awards, General F. A. Walker, represented the
Commission in its relations with the judges, interpreting and applying the
rules and conveying the decisions of the Commission upon questions that arose
from time to time. He classified the reports and prepared them for considera-

MAMMOTH CALIFORNIA GRAPE VINE, IN AGRICULTURAL HALL.

lion by the Commission. That body has read every one of the reports either
in committee of the whole or in large sub-divisions thereof. The task is not
quite complete, a few reports are not ready for our examination. Final action
upon others is delayed by reason of such oversights, alleged violations of the
rules, duplications, overlappings,-or technical error as may be expected in so
large a mass of work by 250 gentlemen working in twenty-eight groups. The
Commission has formally approved repotts and awarded thereon its uniform
medal and diploma. The lists of awards that we present this evening are
classified by nationalities. The lists given to the press are arranged under
their several groups. The preparation of diplomas, medals, and certified
copies of the full reports in each case must necessarily be a work of more time.
It was deemed just to the exhibitors to announce the principal fact as speedily
as possible.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 797

Among the many to whom we feel personally grateful stand prominently the
tens of thousands of exhibitors. While commercial and purely material mo-
tives and considerations are appealed to in order to induce their participation,
it is quite evident that a large number are hereon the occasion somewhat pecu-
liar, not alone from the United States, but from many nations, chiefly that thev
niiy testify their good-will in our festival year in the country [loud applause];
nnd there are many purely governmental exhibits to competitive examination
that will nevertheless receive the highest of awards, the continuing gratitude
of the whole American people. The special manifestations of friendly inter-
est and cordial good-will presented by many sovereigns can never be forgotten,
and they will do much to perpetuate international friendships. [Applause.]

As the names of the several countries were called and their
representatives came forward to receive their lists they were
greeted with loud applause. Especially was this true* in the
cases of Brazil, Egypt, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Tur-
key, Great Britain and Victoria, and the United States. In
some instances the whole audience rose to its feet, and the slap-
ping of hands and shouts of " Bravo " continued for several
seconds. The exercises of the evening were closed by the sing-
ing of Dudley Buck's Serenade by the Temple Quartette Club
and Music by the First Brigade Band.

The method of awards adopted by the American Centennial
Commission differs from the preceding systems. It dispenses
with the international jury, and substitutes a body of judges,
one-half foreign, chosen individually for their high qualifica-
tions. It dispenses also with the system of awards by gradu-
ated medals, and requires of the judges written reports on the
inherent and comparative merits of each product thought
worthy of an aw^ard, setting forth the properties and qualities,
presenting the considerations forming the grounds of the award,
and avouching each report by the signature of their authors.
Thus the volumes of reports will form a complete encyclopaedia
of the Exhibition, which can be consulted on all disputed ques-
tions as to the relative merits of objects of like character, and
wdll be an authority to settle the quarrels of rival manufacturers
and inventors about the value of their premiums.

The medals awarded by the Commission were of bronze,
round in shape, four inches in diameter, very chaste in appear-
ance, and the largest of the kind ever struck in the United

798 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

States. The stamps were engraved by Henry Mitchell, of
Boston, and the medals were struck at the United States Mint
at Philadelphia. In the centre of the face is a female figure,
representing America, seated on an elevation, and holding a
crown of laurels over the emblems of industry that lie at her
feet. At equal distances apart on the outside zone of the face

CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL— (oBVERSE).

are four other female figures in bas-relief, which with appro-
priate symbols represent America, Europe, Asia, and Africa,
respectively. The reverse side has in the centre the words •
Awarded by the United States Centennial Commission/'
and on the outside zone: "International Exhibition at Phila-
delphia. MDCCCLXXVI--.all in raised letters. The zone

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

799

on each face is separated from the inner area by a wreath
of laurels.

All the medals of award were of the same size, weight,
material, and design. About twelve thousand were presented
to deserving exhibitors.

The list given below embraces but a small portion of the

CENTETTNIAL AWARD MEDAL — (eE\T:IISE).

awards granted b}' the Centennial Commission. A complete
list would more than fill a volume of the size of this
one, and the list would be made up largely of the names of
exhibitors from foreign countries, in which American readers
would have no special interest. It is to be understood thnt
these awards of medals are evidences merely of merit, nci

800 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY

superiority; the reports made subsequently indicate whose
exhibit in each group is held in highest esteem by the
judges.

Group L — The First Group embraced every character of
mineral ores and combustibles, metals and metallurgical prod-
ucts, and the various tools and apparatus for mining. No less
than 616 awards were made. Among the American exhibitors
were the following :

Coffin, Eedington & Co., New York, Fine Silica for Polishing.

E. D. Dougherty, Tennessee, Colored Marble.

Gilson, Clement & Woodpin, Rutland, Vermont, Statuary Marble.

Anthracite Fuel Company, Rondout, New York, Compressed Coal.

Albany and Rensselaer Iron -and Steel Company, Troy, Xew York, Besse-
mer Steel and Wrought Iron Rails, Bars, Forgings, Axles, Spikes, Nails, and
Horseshoes.

Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Bessemer
Pig Iron and "Wrought Iron Bars.

James C. Jackson, New York, Exhibit of Castings made by novel methods.

Tathara & Brother, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sheet Lead and Tin-lined
Lead and Iron Pipes.

Edwin P. Ball, Chicopee, Massachusetts, Steam Stamping Machine for
Crushing Ores and Rocks.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Grindstones and Fixtures.

Sheldon & Slosson, West Rutland, Vermont, Block of Statuary Marble.

M. M. Manly & Son, Pennsylvania Rolled Irgn Hand Rail.

Madison County Pottery Company, Richmond, Kentucky, Pottery.

George M. Mowbray, North Adams, Massachusetts, Apparatus for Blasting
Mines, Electric Battery, Fuses, etc.

George K. Tyson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Phosphor-Bronze.

Hastings & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gold Leaf and Dental Foil.

Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Nickel Anodes.

Philadelpliia and Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Iron
Rails and Rail Piles.

Group II. — Medals were bestowed upon 285 exhibitors in
the Second Group, which embraced all articles of pottery, glass-
ware, artificial stone, brick,, terra-cotta work, tiles for roofing
or pavement, majolica, and pallissey ware, porcelain for the
table, window, mirror, and table glass, and machinery for mak-
ing all such articles. Among the exhibitors on the list of
awards are the following:

Galloway & Graff, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Artistic Terra-Cotta.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. '801

Josepli H. Moore, Trenton, New Jersey, White Granite Table Wares, Bis-
qnit and Parian.

Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, Boston, Flint Glass Table Wares, et«.

ri. C. Fox & Sons, Philadelphia, Druggists' and Perfumers' Glass Wares,

Homer Brooke, New York, Presses for Glass.

The Brick Enamelling Company, Philadelphia, Enamelled Brick, in a variety
of colors.

Wm. Chambers, Philadelpliia, Brick-making Machine — operates by expre«-
- sing the Clay.

Ti)e Fire Proof Building Company, New York City, Fire Proof Hollow
Block of Teil Lime Composition for Building Purposes.

J. Goebel & Co., New Y'ork City, Crude and Burned German Clay, and
Glass-melting Pots made from same.

Eoland & Sprogle, New York City, Artificial Carburetted Stone.

J. B. Dobleman, Greenpoint Flint Workr>, Brooll]! E"(II Ydll IKu'
Glass Table Wares, etc.

Whitall, Tatum & Co., Philadelphia, Chemists', Druggists' and Perfumeni'
Wares of Lime and Green Glass.

Ch^ouj) III. — The Third Group embraced chemicals and
pharmaceutical preparations, and the apparatus for manufactur-
ing them, and 748 exhibitors received medals. Of these the
most noticeable houses in the list are r^riven below :

E. B. Benjamin, New York, Chemicals and Chemical Apparatus.

Avcrill Chemical Paint Company, New Y'ork, Heady Prepared Paints.

Brooklyn White Lead Company, New York, Lead Colors.

Joseph Burnett & Co., Boston, Cologne, Flavor Extracts, etc.

Colgate & Co., New Y'ork, Fancy Soaps and Perfumery,

Francis & Loutrel, New Y^'ork, Copy able Printing Ink.

Lock wood, Brooks & Co., Boston, Inks and Mucilage.

Henry Maillard, New Y^'ork, Confectionery.

George Mather & Sons, New York, Printing Inks.

Maynard & Noyes, Boston, Inks.

McKeone, Van Haagen & Co., Philadelphia, Soaps.

Enoch Morgan & Son, New York, Sapolio Soap.

Charles Pfizer & Co., New Y'"ork, Chemicals.

RestdorflT, Bettman & Co., New Y'ork, Dressings for Ladies' Shoes.

Robinson & Pratt, Philadelphia, Printing Inks, etc.

Crosse & Blackwell, London, Vinegar.

T. W. Masury & Son, New Y^ork, Colors.

T. & E. Atkinson, London, Perfumery and Toilet Soaps.

Group IV. — Group IV. included animal and vegetable prod-
ucts, such as milk, cream, butter, cheese, honey, flour, starch,
wines, malt liquors, etc., and the machinery for their preparu-
51

802 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

tion. The awards number 1,129, two-thirds of them being to
foreign exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the following
received medals :

American Condensed Milk Company, New York, Condensed Milk.
T. Kingsford & Son, Oswego, New York, Starch.
William Barnett, Philadelphia, Starch.
Glen Cove Starch Company, Long Island, Starch.
J. J. Wood & Co., United States, Columbus, Ohio, Starch.
E. T. Cowdery & Co., Boston, Mixed Pickles, Gerkins, Catsups.
P. Lorillard & Co., New York, Tobacco in all its forms (except cigars).
L. Schepp, New York, Desiccated Cocoanut, Preserved Fruit.
E. C. Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Vegetables.
George V. Hecker & Co., New York, Flour from Winter 'Wheat.
Rumford Chemiciil Works, Providence, Rhode Island, Baking Powder.
John G. Borden, Brewster's, New Y'ork, Preserved Extracts.
E. C. Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Extracts.
Gordon & Gil worth. New York, Preserved Extracts.

Crosse & Blackwell, London, England, Pickles, Sauces, and Preserved
Fruit.

Group V. — Group V. was devoted to the display of fish and
fish products, and apparatus for fishing, fish culture, etc. The
awards are incomplete, but number 229, very few of which are
to American exhibitors. Among those named are the fol-
lowing :

Mrs. J. IT. Slack, Bloomsbury, New Jersey, Combination Hatching-Boxes.

C. F. Orvis & Co., Manchester, Vermont, tlie Orvis Reel.

A. B. Shipley & Sons, Philadelphia, Artificial Flies, Rods, Reels, etc.

Conroy, Bassett & Malleson, New York, Artificial Flies, Bass Lines, Fine
Rods, etc.

American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York, Trammel
Net*?, Gill Nets, Purse Nets, and Lines.

W. R. Lewis & Bros., Boston, Canned Salmon, Mackerel, Lobster, and
Clams.

Mnx Ams, New York, Pickled Eels, Caviar, Pickled Salmon, Anchovies, etc.

J. AV. Carley, New York, Preserved Oysters, specimens of Oysters and
Clams.

Eugene G. Blackford, New York, Live Fish in Aquaria, with Fish in Re-
frigerators.

Kemp, Day & Co., New York, Canned Lobsters, Mackerel, etc.

John Winslow Jones, Portland, Me., Fresh Mackerel and Canned Lobster.

Joseph F. Tobin, New York, W^halebone.

Hapgood & Co., San Francisco, Canned Salmon.

TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED BV OAIXOWAV * GRAEP, I.^ XHE

MAIN BUILDING.

803

804 THE ILLUSTRATED HTSTOPwY

Educational Department, Ontario, Canada, Prepared Fish.

General Collection of Bermuda, Bermuda Fish, alive, including Parrot
Fish.

General Exhibit of Bermuda, Shells, Corals, Sponges, Sea Fans, Echmo-
doems, etc.

Brazilian Commission, Turtle Oil and Turtle Butter.

Museum of Bergen, Norway, Collection of Mammals, Fishes, Crustaceans, etc

Board of Commerce, Bergen, Norway, Salted Herring and Cod, Cod Roes,
Ling Cask.

Fabrica Progressa, Povora de Varim, Portugal, Conger Eel in Oil, Oysters
in Oil, Shad in Oil.

Board of Commerce, Alesund, Norway, Fishing Tackle, Lines, Nets, etc.

President Vienna Commission, Vianna del Castello, Portugal, Lamprey in
Oil.

Eoyal Swedish Commission, Blekinger, Salted Gotland Herring, Eels, do.
Cod, etc.

Commissioners from Tasmania, Brown Trout.

Gloucester Fishing Exhibit, Gloucester, Massachusetts, General Collection
of Fishing Implements, Models of Boats.

Massachusetts Marine Exhibition, Boats for Fishermen and Fishing Vessels.

Maryland Centennial Commission, Maryland, Model of Fish-Hatching
House, Models of Boats, etc., etc.

C. C. Brand, Norwich, Connecticut, Whaling Gun with Bomb Projectile.

E. B. and T. Macy, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Whaling Gear.

Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Connecticut, Fishing Boat, Fit-
tings, etc.

Bradford & Anthony, 3oston, Massachusetts, Anglers' ImpiemcnL^, Hooka, eta

A. Voss, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Bait Mill.

Kelsey & Hosmer, Sandusky, Ohio, Fishing Dressing Machine.

White Manufacturing Company, BiiJgeport, Connecticut, Fishing Lamps.

Jonathan Buck, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Fisherman's Clothing.

J. F. Carter, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Fisherman's Oil Clothing.

Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Fishins: Rods.

Alden Sea Food Company, New York, Dried Turtle, Dried Cod, Dried
Clams.

Group VI. — Under this head were exliibits of timber, worked
timber, parts of buildin<is, forestry, ship timber, seeds, nuts, etc.
The awards numbered 160, of which the following are the most
noticeable :

Peter Henderson & Co., Nfew York, Field and Garden Seeds.
James M. Thorburn & Co., New York, Garden Seeds and Tree Seeds.
A. L. Fanchec'e & Co., New York, Marble Mantels.
Fisher & Bird, New York, Marble Mantels.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

805

Group VIL — Furniture, upholstery, wooden-ware, baskets,
mirrors, washing-machines, and like articles were embraced in
the seventh group. The awards numbered 307. The following
American houses among many others received medals :

Charles Zinn & Co., New York, Basket and Willow- Ware.

Peter C. Doreraiis, New York, Sofa Spring-Bed and Lounge.

Deraorest, Joyce & Co., Brooklyn, New York, Opera Chairs.

Adolph Thiery, Philadelphia, Mantel and Pier Mirrors, Chairs, etc.

Hertz & Co., New York, a completely furnished Bed-room, comprising rich
Maple, Mahogany, and Amaranth Bedstead, etc.

The Hartford Woven Wire Mattress Company, Hartford, Connecticut,
Woven Wire Mattresses, etc.

Reed & Barton, Taunton, MassachusettB, Casket Trimmings.

Wakefield Kattan Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Rattan Furniture,

PATENT CAR COUPLER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

Group VIII. — In Group VIII. were embraced cotton, linen

and other fabrics, including the materials and the machinery,

and of these there were sixteen different classes. The awards

number 384, including the following:

H. W. Johns, New York, Asbestos Fibre and Fabric.
Woven AVire Mattress Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Wire Mattresses.
Wakefield Rattan Company, Wakefield, Massachusetts, Rattan Goods.
American Linoleum Manufacturing Company, New York, Linoleum Floor
Cloths.

Group IX. — In this group were exhibits of wool and sill;
fabrics, including the materials and the machinery, woven and

806 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

felted goods of wool, and mixtures of wool. The awards num-
bered 595, from which list the following American exhibitors
have been selected :

M. A. Fiirbush & Sons, Philadelphia, Carding Machine.

•Jesse Eddy's Sons, Fall River, Massachusetts, Fancy Cassimeres.

John and James Dabson, Philadelphia, Carpets, Blanket', Overcoatings.

George H. Gilbert Manufacturing Company, Ware, Massachusetts, Flan-
nels, Blankets.

American Silk Label Company, New York, Silk Labels.

George Crorapton, Worcester, Massachusetts, Looms.

Danforth Locomotive and Machine Works, Paterson, New Jersey, Silk
Machine.

James Koy & Co., West Troy, New York, Shawls.

John Bromley & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Carpets.

United States Bunting Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, Woollen Bunting
Damasks.

W. H. Horstraann & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Dress, Carriage and
Upholstery Trimmings.

B. B. Tilt & Son, Paterson, New Jersey, Figured Silk and Silk Loonw.

John N. Stearns & Co., New York, Figured and Twilled Silks.

Dexter, Lambert & Co., New York, Silk Goods.

OJieney Bros., Hartford, Connecticut, Silks and Silk Ribbons.

Group X. — Group X. embraced all articles of clothing, furs,
india-rubber goods, ornaments and fancy articles, and the
awards made number 537, tlie larger part of which went to for-
eign exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the most notable
were as follows:

W. A. Drown & Co., Philadelpliia, Pennsylvania, Umbrellas and Parasols.

Celluloid Manufacturing Company, Newark, New Jersey, Brushes, Jew-
elry, etc.

Althof, Bergmann & Co., New York, Mechanical Toys.

Fred. Julius Kaldenburg, New Y'ork, Pipes.

F. Grote & Co., New York, Turned Ivory, etc.

Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, New York, Military Hats and Cap='.

Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, New York City, Society Goods.

New York Belting and Packing Company, New York City, Emery Vul-
canite.

John Wanaraaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Civil and Military
Clothing.

Devlin & Co., New Y^ork City, Civil and Military Clothing.
Madam Demarest, New Y'"ork City, Fashions, Paper Patterns, Dress-Cutting
Slystem, and Shirt and Stocking Suspenders.
Goodyear Rubber Company, New York, Rubber Goods.

OF THE CEXTENKIAI^ EXHIBITION.

807

Group XL — Included in Group XI. were all articles of jew-
elry, watches, silverware, bronzes. The exhibitors numbered
only 150, of whom only twenty-six were Americans. Of these

BLANK BOOKS, EXHIBITED BY W. F. MURPHY's SONS, PHILADELPHIA, IN

THE MAIN BUILDING.

the principal ones receiving the recognition of a medal were as
follows:

Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York, Bronze, Marble, Zinc, and Imitation of
Bronze.

Gorham Manufacturing Ck)rapany, Providence, Rhode Island, Silverware.

Gorham Manufacturing Company, Providence, Rhode Island, The Century
Vase, in Solid Silver.

808 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Tiffany & Co., New York, Jewelry and Jewelled Watches, Silver Work.
Robbins & Appleton, New York, Gold and Silver Watch Cases.
Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, Silver-Plated Goods.
Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, a large Nickel-Plated Vase.

Ch'oup XII. — "Leather and manufactures of leather, includ-
in^- boots and shoes, trunks," etc., were the class of articles cx-
hil)ited as Group XII. The awards announced to-day number
215, almost wholly to American exhibitors, the principal of
whom are given below :

Dana, Moffet & Co., New York, Harness and Russet Leather in Variety.

S. Halsey & Son, Newark, New Jersey, Patent and Carriage Leather, and
one Hide of Oil-Top Leather.

Henry G. Ely & Co., New York, Buff, Pebbled, Glazed, and Split Leather.

Hubner & Keller, New York, Oak-Tanned Calf Skins.

Kees & Thorne, New York, Hemlock Sole Leather.

Chatfield, Underwood & Co., New York, Belt Leather.

W. F. Breed, Dole & Co., Lynn, Massachusetts, Shoes, Slippers and Gaiters.

Barrous & Boyd, New York, Shoes and Slippers.

J. G. Bruzzell & Co., Lynn, Massachusetts, Shoe Machinery.

Edwin C. Burt, New York, Ladies' Fine Made Shoes.

Schultz, vSouthwick & Co., New York, Union Crop Sole Leather.

Hoyt Brothers, New Y^ork, Hemlock Sole Leather.

American Cable Screw Wire Company, New York, Standard Screw Wire
Machine, for Uniting the Soles to the Uppers of Boots and Sho^s.

Bay State Shoe and Leather Company, New York, Men's, etc., v\ omen's, etc.,
Boots and Shoes, Sewed, Pegged, etc.

Dawley & Derby, New York, Lasts, Boot Trees, etc.

Kenny & McPartland, New York, Shoes.

E. B. Stimpson, New Y^ork, Shoe Machinery.

Gi'oup XIII. — The paper industry was exhibited as Group
XIIL, and embraced such manufactures as stationery, printing
paper, blank books, playing cards, wall paper, etc., besides the
machinery and apparatus for printing, such as printing presses,
type-casting machines, stereotyping apparatus, book-binding
and envelope machines, etc. The awards numbered 239. The
chief exhibitors to whom awards were announced to-day are the
following :

Tiffany & Co., New York city, Wedding Stationery.

Esterbrook Steel Pen Company, Camden, New Jersey, Steel Pens.

Porter & Bainbridge, New York city, Visiting and Wedding Cards and

Papeteries.

Hoe & Co., New York, General Exhibit of Printers' Presses, and Materials

for Printers* Use.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

809

J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Bookbinding and Printing.

H. O. Houghton & Co., Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Book-
binding.

D. Appleton & Co., New York, Bookbinding,

B, O. Woods & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Amateur Printing Presses.

Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Books.

J. R. 0>good & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Books.

Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books.
'J G. P. Putnam & Sons, New York, Books.

Harper Brothers, New York, Books.

Francis & Loutrel, New York, Blank Books.

R. Hoe & Co., New York, Newspaper Press.

THE AQUARIA, AGRICXTLTXIIIAL HALL.

Group X/F!— Group XIY. included all apparatus for heat-
ing, lighting, ventilation, water supply and drainage, such as
stoves, fire-places, kitchen ware, gas fixtures, water-pipes, etc.
The number of exhibitors was small, there being only 49
awards, of which nearly all were to Americans. Among these
were the following; :

W. H. Jackson & Co., New York, Grates and Fenders for Open Fires and
Fire Places.

Wakefield Earth Closet Company, New York, Earth Closets, Cabinet
Closets.

Tuttle & Bailey, New York, Vertical Wheel Registers for Heating and
Ventilation.

Jacob H. Polharaus, New York, Refrigerating Cupboard and Safe.

Smith Refrigerator Company, Albany, New York, Dry Air Refrigerator.

W. S. Carr & Co., New York, Bath-Room Furniture.

Lewis W. Leeds, New York, Improved Methods of Ventilation and Heat-
ing (diagrams).

William G. Creamer, New York, Car Lamps.

810 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Group XV. — This group was devoted to builders' hardware,
edge tools, cutlery, etc., and awards to the number of 214 were
made. Among them I observed the following large American
houses named as receivers of medals :

J L. Mott Iron Works, New York, Fountains, Vases, and Statuary.

The Mcridcn Cutlery Company, Meriden, Connecticut, Table Cutlery.

Yulo Lock Manufjicturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Time, Safe,
Door, and other Locks.

Hall's Safe and Lock Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, Safes.

Herring & Co., United States, New York, Fire and Burglar-proof Safes.

Marvin Safe and Scale Company, New York, Fire and Burglar-proof Safes
and Combination Locks.

Group XVI. — "Military and sporting arms, weapons, appa-
ratus of hunting explosives, etc.," was the title of Group XVI.,
and in this department only 70 oxhil)itors appeared. The prin-
cipal awards to American exhibitors were made to the following:

E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, New York, Firearms and Ammunition.
♦Merwin, Culbort & Co., New York, Pocket Revolvers.

Clark & Sneider, Baltimore, Maryland, Breech-loading Guns.

Sharpe's Eiilo Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Breech-loading Hunting
Rifle.

E. Remington, Ilion, New York, Breech-loading Gtnis and Target Rifle.

CoU'h Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Connecticut,
Colt's Revolver.

Richard J. Gatling, Hartford, Connecticut, The Gatling Gun.

South Boston Iron Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Condensed Bronze
Cannon and Howitzer.

Group XVII. — Pleasure and travelling carriages, carts,
wagons, sleighs, and all other manner of vehicles and their
accessories, such as fittings, robes, rugs, etc., were named under
Group XVII., and 150 exhibitors Avere given awards. The
principal American exliibitors thus distinguished were as fol-
lows :

L. P. Tihbals, New York, Children's Carriages.

J. A. Conover, New York, Children's Carriages and Wooden Horses.

Peters & Calhoun Company, Newark, New Jersey, Harness, Saddles, etc.

C. M. Mosenian & Co., New York, Fire Engine Harness.

J. B. Brewster & Co., New York, Carriages.

Wood Brothers, New York, Carriages.

C. T. Raynolda & Co., New York, Carriage Varnishes.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

811

Group XF777.—'' Railway plant, rolling stock and appa-

ratus, and road engines'' was the title of this group. The ex-

alcott's turbine wheel, exhibited in machinery hall.

hibitors were only QQ in number, and of these 42 were Amer-
icans. The awards to the latter most worthy of notice were as
follows :

812 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Loco-
motives.

New York Central Railroad Company, New York, Postal Car.

Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States
Postal Car.

Pullman Palace Car Company, Chicago, Illinois, Hotel, Parlor, and Sleep
ing Car.

Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, Railroad Track.

John Stephenson Company, New York, Street Tramway Cars.

Group XIX. — This group was devoted to the exhibition of
models of vessels and apparatus of transportation, including
life-boats and salvage apparatus, propeller wheels, ropes, steer-
ing apparatus, and even balloons and their apparatus. The ex-
hibitors were few, and only 30 awards were made. Among
them were the following to leading American exhibitors:

Irving Grinnell, New Hamburg, New York, Ice Yacht.

C. & R. Poillon, New York, Model of Schooner Yacht Sappho.

A. H. Hark & Co., New York, Flax Twines.

Lawrence Waterbury & Co., New York, Manilla Rope.

John A. Roebling's Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire Ropes.

E. AVaters & Sons, Troy, New York, Paper Boats.

New York Safety Steam Power Company, New York, Steam Yacht.

Group XX. — Under this head were grouped motors, hydrau-
lic and pneumatic apparatus, such as boilers, water-wheels,
shafting, belting, pumps, pneumatic railways arid tubes, hydrau-
lic jacks, presses, fire-engines, and the like. Contrary to gen-
eral expectation the exhibitors in this group were numerous,
and 351 awards were made. Included among those to Amer-
ican exhibitors are the following :

Hartford Pump Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Compressed Air Pump.
Babson & Dwight, New York, Self- Regulating Fire Escape.
Chard & Howe, New York, Lubricating Cup and Compound.
Jolin A. Roebling's Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire Rope, Rig-
ging, etc.

Rumsey & Co., S^^neca Falls, New York, Pumps, Hydraulic Rams.

Hubbard & Aller, Brooklyn, New York, Steam Pumps.

Otis Brothers & Co., New York, Passenger Elevator, etc.

John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, New York, Turbine.

Blake Hose Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Fire Hose.

Wells Balance Engine Company, New York, Double Piston Engine

Richard Dudgeon, New York, Hydraulic Jacks and Punches.

Vulcanized Fibre Company, Wilmington, Delaware, Pipes.

OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 813

Charapion Fire Extinguisher Company, Louisville, Kentucky, Chemical En-
gines, Hook and Ladder Trucks.

Babcock Manufacturing Company, New York, Chemical Engines and At-
tach ments.

William K. Plait & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Fire Extinguishers.

Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Hand Fire-Engine.

Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Safety Hoisting
Machines, etc.

Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Wrought Iron Tubes,
Tools, and Brass Work.

Griffith & Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio, Vertical Portable Engine.

Group XXL — Machine tools, whether of wood, metal, or
stone, were embraced in this group. The awards numbered 160,
and of these 100 went to American exhibitors, including the
following :

Stephen's Patent Vise Company, New York, Parallel Vises.

Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ice Tools.

Henry Disston & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Circular and other Saws.

John W. Griffiths, New York, Wood-bending Machine.

Simonds Manufacturing Company, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Circular Saws.

S. A. Wood's Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Wood-working
Machinery.

Clough & Williams, New York, Machine for making Cork Handles of Wire.

Old Colony Rivet Works, New York, Planing and Shaping Machine.

American Saw Company, Trenton, New Jersey, Punching, Shearing, and
Pressing Machines.

John Roach & Son, New York, Wrought Iron Forgings.

Group XXII. — This embraced machines, apparatus, and im-
plements used in sewing and making clothing, lace, ornamental
objects, pins, etc. There were only 48 exhibitors. Of the
American exhibitors the following received awards:

American Watch Company, Waltham, Massachusetts, Watchmaking Ma-
chinery, and a System of Watchmaking.

T. C. Page, Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, Lamb Knitting Machine.

Remington Sewing Machine Company, Ilion, New York, Button-hole Sew-
ing Machine.

The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey, Sewing Ma-
chines for Stitching Buttonholes.

Wilcox and Gibbs Sewing Machine Company, New York, Sewing Machines.

The Howe Machine Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Shuttle Sewing
Machines.

Wilson. Sewing Machine Company, Chicago, Illinois, Wilson's Family Sew-
ins: Machine.

814

TUB ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The Weed Sewing Machine Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Shuttle Sew-
ing Machine.

Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine Conapany, Bridgeport, Connecticut,
Sewing Machines for Leather.

Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut,
Sewing Machines.

The Singer Manufac-
turing Con)pany, Eliza-
beth, New Jersey, Fam-
ily Sewing Machines.

Group XXIIL^
In this department
were grouped all
"agricultural ma-
chines, implements
of agriculture, hor-
ticulture, and gar-
dening." Of the
260 awards made
three-fourths were
to American exhibi-
tors, principal
among whom I no-
tice the names of
the folio wins::

Wheeler, Millick &
Co., Albany, New York,
Horse Hay Rake.

E. H. Allen & Co.,
NeAV York, Sugar Land
Plows, Cultivators, etc.

Blymer Manufactur-
ing Company, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, Sugar Ma-
chinery.

A. J. Nellis & Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Patent Process of Chilling Steel.

A. J. Nellis, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Hay Fork, Gripping Claw, etc.

J. Tingley, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Hand Power Churn.

A. B. Farquhar, York, Pennsylvania, Cotton Cultivator.

George Barnes & Co., Syracuse, New York, Knives and Sickles.

I. C. Hoadley & Co., Lawrence, Massachusetts, Portable Farm Ertgines.

STEAM HAMMER, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES,
IN MACHINERY HALL.

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 816

Walter A. Wood, Hoosac Falls, New York, Harvester.
Walter A. Wood, Hoosac Falls, New York, Self- Binding Keapers.
Pennock Manufacturing Company, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, Double
Arm Hay Forks.

A. J. Nellis & Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Iron Tie for Binding Cotton.
R. H. Allen & Co., New York, Horticultural Implements.
Walter A. Wood, Hoosac Falls, New York, Sweep Rake Reapers.

Group XXIV. — Embraced in this group were the instru-
ments and apparatus of liygiene, medicine, surgery, prosthesis,
etc. Of 132 exhibitors to whom awards were made, I find the
following to be the most prominent American manufacturers:

McKisson & Robbins, New York, Pharmaceutical Preparations.
Crandall &, Son, New York, Crutches.

Robert Shoemaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Drugs and Fluid
Extracts.
J. B. Seeley, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Trusses.
Elastic Truss Company, New York, Trusses.

Group XXV. — Embraced in this department were exliibits
of " instruments of precision, research, experiment, and ilhistra-
tion, including telegraphy and music." There were 321 awards,
the principal American exhibitors receiving medals being the
following :

George Steck & Co., New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Decker Brothers, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Bacon & Karr, New York, Square and Upright Pianos. '

Burdett Organ Company, Erie, Pennsylvania, Reed Organs.

Mason and Hamlin Organ Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Reed Organs
and Harmoniums.

Wm. Knabe & Co., Baltimore, Concert, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

James W. Queen & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mathematical and
Drawing Instruments, Microscopes.

Albert Weber, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

Holmes Burglar Alarm Telegraph Company, New York, Burglar Alarm
Telegraph.

Peloubet, Pelton & Co., New York^ Reed Organs.

Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, Edison's American Autooiatic
Telegraph.

Western Union Telegraph Company, New York, Quadruplex Electric Tele-
graph, and for the Phelps Printing Telegraph.

American District Telegraph Company, Improved Gravity Battery, District
Telegraph Apparatus.

Chickering and Sons, Boston, Massachusetts, Concert, Grand, Upright, and
Square Piano-Fortes.

Steinway & Sons, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos.

816

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Group XXVL — Only 163 exhibitors, of whom only 18 vvero
Americans, furnished displays for Group XXVI., which was de-
voted to the illustration of architecture and engineering. The
American exhibitors who received awards were as follows :

Thomas H. Speakman, Philadelphia, Combined Wire and Wood Fence for
Farm Use.

J. Herbert Sliedd, Providence, Rhode Island, a Hydrant with all the neces-
sary Appurtenances.

State of Massachusetts, New England, Hospital for Women and Children.

State of Oliio, State Building.

State of Massachusetts, State Hospital for Insane.

PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

Michigan Survey Commission, Michigan, Geological Charts.

Kentucky Survey Commission, Geological Charts and Profiles.

Q. M. Gen. M. C. Meigs, Washington, District of Columbia, Plans of two
Large Bridges.

Prof. Semper, Plans of Town Hall.

State of Massachusetts, Exhibit of Normal Schools, etc.

United States, Exhibits of Engineering. '

Engineer Corps, United States Army, 'Pontoon Bridge for Advanced Guard
and Army.

United States Government, Collective Exhibit Cliff and Cave Dwellings.

Group XXVII. — As this department embraced the exhibits
in Memorial Hall and its Annex, and the Photographic Hall,

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 817

the list of awards is simply a list of the painters, sculptors,
photographers, aud others whose works have been submitted.
Of these exhibitors receiving awards for other than purely art
reproductions, the following list will be interesting :

American Photo-Lithograpliic Company, Heliographs.

W. Kurtz, New York City, Photographs.

Tiffany & Co., New York, Silver inlaid witli Niello and Copper.

J. L. Mott & Co., New York City, Castings in Iron.

Knoedler & Co., New York, Engravings, Etchings, etc.

W. E. Marshall, New York City, Engraving.

Continental Bank Note Company, Engravings.

National Bank Note Company, Engravings.

Prang & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Chromo-Lithography.

John Rogers, New York City, Sculpture.

Gorham & Co., Providence, Rhode Island, Repons?^ Work in Silver.

TifKiny & Co., New York, Repousfe Work in Silver and Iron.

Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, Lithographs.

London Graphic C-ompany, Drawings and Wood Engravings.

Group XXVIII. — ^^ Education and Science" was the title
of this department, and it embraced a large number of sub-
divisions. There were 672 exliibitors, of whom the followinjr
are particularly worthy of mention as having received awards :

D. Appleton & Co., New York, Various Publications.

A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, School Books, ^Lps, Charts.

A. T. Bicknell & Co., New York, Books for Buildei-s.

Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, Philadelpliia, BooLs.

S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago, Illinois, Publications.

Harper & Brothers, New York, Books.

Henry Holt & Co., New York, Books.

H. O. Houghton & Co., Cambridge, Massacliusetts, Plain and Colored Litho-
graphic Printing.

Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., New York, School and College Text
Books.

F. Leypoldt, New York, Publishers' Weekly, etc.

Orange Judd & Co., New York, Book.s, etc.

James R. O.«:good & Co., Boston, Books.

The Sons of Geo. P. Putnam, New York, Books, Literature, and History.

Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, Books.

J. Sibin & Sons, New York, Bibliographical Publication.

Scribner, Arm.strong & Co., New York, Books and Maps.

L. Prang & Co., Massachusetts, System of Drawing designed by W. Smith,
and other Publications on Art Teaching.

Kay & Brothers, Philadelphia, Law Books.
52

818

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

Lee & Sheppard, Boston, Massachusetts, Works of Charles Sumner, etc.

Miss E. M. Coe, New York, Kindergarten Work and Materials.

J. W. Schemmerhorn & Co., New York, School Apparatus, Furniture, and

Health Lift.

Illustrated London News, London, Specimens illustrating the Art Depart-
ment of The Illustrated News.

Cassell, Fetter & Gal pin, London, Illustrated Books, Publications, Serials,

etc., etc.

The Graphic Newspaper, London, Illustrated Newspaper.

Central Pacific Railroad Company, Natural Objects and Illustrations of Ob-
jects, representing the Ilora and Fauna of California and other portions of the
country traversed by the Central Pacific Railroad.

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Books and Apparatus of Instruc-
tion.

Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Students' WorK.

Catholic Publication Society, Ecclesiastical History.

VIEW OF THE LOOMS, MACHINERY HATJi.

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION.

The Fireworks on the 9th of November — Tlie Closing Day — Unfavorable
Weather — The Attendance at the Exhibition — The Change of Programme
— Ceremonies in Judges' Hall — The Music — Prayer of Rev. Dr. .Seisa —
Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell— The Te Deum— Eemarks of President
John Welsh — Address of Director-General Goshorn — Speech of General
Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhibition Closed — Stopping the
Machinery — Scene in Machinery Hall.

M HE Centennial Commission resolved at an early day to
close the Exhibition with as elaborate and appropriate
ceremonies as those which had marked its commence-
y> ment.

On the night of the 9th of November, a grand dis-
play of fireworks was given on George's Hill by Messrs. Brock
& Co., of London, and Professor Jackson, of Philadelphia.
This was the most imposing and successful pyrotechnic display
of the Exhibition, and was witnessed by a vast multitude within
the grounds and a still larger throng without the enclosure.

When the morning of Friday, November 10th, the day ap-
pointed for the formal closing of the Centennial Exhibition
arrived, there was manifested on all sides a feeling of mingled
regret and pleasure — regret that the grand Exhibition, with all
its glories, Avith its wealth of attractions, its mechanical tri-
umphs, and its treasures of art, Avould be, in a few brief hours,
but a bright page in a glorious history; pleasure that now, on
ils closing day, the country could point with pride to the six
months' career of the great enterprise — a half year without a
blot on its record.

The morning of November 10th opened with clouds and rain,
and during the day a cold, disagreeable storm prevailed. In

819

820

THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY

spite of tliis, however, the early trains and street cars were
crowded with visitors, and every available vehicle was pressed
into service by the multitude. As soon as the entrance gates
were opened there was a rush for them by the crowd that had.
o-athered about them. The entire force of the Centennial
National Bank was actively engaged in furnishing the required
change, and the turn-stile keepers were compelled by sheer force
of necessity to accept, without close scrutiny, the admission fees
from the good-natured, pushing throng. This stream of people
continued to pass through the turn-stiles until late in the after-
noon without intermission.

RHODE ISIiAND STATE BUILDING.

It had been intended to hold the closing ceremonies in the

open air at the western end of the Main Building, but the

steady rain which fell during the day rendered a change in this

part of the programme imperative. Judges' Hall was therefore

chopen as the most suitable place for these exercises. A vast

crowd collected around the hall, and the disappointment at not

being able to witness the closing ceremonies was general. A

broad passage way was kept open in front of the building by

two long lines of the Centennial Guard, which effectually

!)arred the entrance of any one unless provided with the

proper card of admission.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 821

Twelve o'clock struck, but the rain continued to fall steadily,
and there were no signs of a change of weather, no hope that
the rain would cease and permit the ceremonies to take place in
the open air. Word was accordingly sent to the distinguished
. personages to repair to the Judges' Hall, there to participate in
the ceremonies which were formally to close the grand Exhibi-
tion. The arrangements, everything considered, were admira-
l)le. The First City Troop, under Captain Fairman Eogers,
and supported by a strong detachment of Centennial Guards,
kept back the ever-increasing crowds, and formed an avenue
between the thousands of visitors who were at least determined
to see if they could not hear; and carriage after carriage rolled
up to the entrance, and their occupants, provided with the open
sesame in the shape of a ticket marked "Admit to the Judges'
Pavilion,'' quickly passed into the interior. By two o'clock all
the visitors had arrived, and were in the places assigned them.
On the platform sat President Grant. To his right were
General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, Secretary of War
J. Donald Cameron, and George W. Childs, Esq. To the left
were Commissioner Daniel J. Morrell, Secretary of State Ham-
ilton Fish, Rev. J. H. Seiss, John Welsh, Esq., and General
Kobert Patterson. Immediately bnck were Governor Hartranft;
Governor Rice, of Massaclr.isetts ; Governor Bedle, of New
Jersey ; Governor Cochrane, of Delaware ; Chief Justice Waite,
Associate Justices Davis and Bradley, and Mayor Stokley. Sir
Edward Thornton, the British Minister, had donned his court
dress to do honor to the occasion. General N. P. Banks, dis-
playing unaffected interest, stood near her Majesty's envoy.
Thomas A. Scott chatted to Bishop Simpson, whose fine features
were lit up with a feeling of interest at the scene. Asa Packer,
millionnaire and philanthropist; Frederick Fraley, who has
handled the Centennial receipts with the ability of an accom-
plished financier; U. S. Grant, Jr., the President's private Sec-
retary ; Aristarchi Bey, saturnine and cynical in appearance ;
Bayard Taylor, the Centennial poet; ex-Governor Straw, of
New" Hampshire; Professor Blake, of the Smithsonian Insti-
tute ; S. M. Felton, President of the Philadelphia, Wilmington

Gregg's impact brick machine, exhibited ix machinery hall.

822

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 823

and Baltimore Railroad, and others, formed a background which
was thoroughly representative in its character. To the right
sat the members of the staffs of the Governors, and a number
of distinguished army and naval officers, and on the left were
accommodated the Centennial Commissioners, the members of

SIBERIAN COFFEE HULLER, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTURAIi HALL.

the Board of Finance, and a number of the Diplomatic Corps.
In front, and filling every vacant seat, were the privileged per-
sojiages admitted to witness the closing scenes.

824 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

At two o'clock the Centennial Inauguration March, written
by the great German composer, Professor Wagner, for the open-
ing ceremonies of the Exhibition, preluded the formal exercises,
and its now familiar notes were greeted with enthusiastic ap-
plause. When, on the opening day, this composition was for
the first time publicly performed, the effect was rather disap-
pointing, as in the open air only the wind instruments could be
clearly heard. So far as the music was concerned the change
of programme to the Judges' Hall proved a decided advantage,
for the massive chords of the "Centennial March" rolled out
upon the air in waves of richest harmony, while every note of
the most intricate evolutions was distinctly marked. General
Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, who acted as
the presiding officer, then introduced Rev. Joseph A. Seiss, who
offered the following fervent prayer :

Almighty God ! v/lio hast made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell
on all the face of the earth, we, Thine unworthy servants, look up to Thee
through the only mediator, Jesus Christ, Thy Son. We^worship Thee as the
Creator, the Sustainer, and the Governor of all things, visible and invisible, to
whom all homnge is due from all creatures in all places of Thy boundless do-
minion. We offer unto Thee our thanks for Thine unsearchable goodness, and
humbly pray Thee to touch us with a right sense of the majesty of Thy glory
and of the wealth of Thy loving kindness, that our hearts may ever glow with
reverence and affection toward Thee whensoever we contemplate Thy wonderful
works toward the children of men.

For the earth, which Thy hands have fastened ; for its continents and seas>
its islands, lakes, rivers, mountains, plains, valleys, and watersprings ; for what
groweth out of its surface, and for what lieth in and beneath its soil; for its
climates, its seasons, its zones, and the steady continuity of all that pertains to
it, we thank Thee. For the human race, which Thou hast created ; for the en-
dowments with which Thou hast clothed mankind; for their preservation, their
progress, their spread, and their redemption ; for their happiness in this life,
and for their hopes for eternity, we thank Thee.

For this great country, for the richness of its productions, for the variety of
its adaptations, for the ampleness of its extent, and for the splendor of its adorn-
ments, we thank Thee. For the mingled peoples to whom Thou hast given
this land, for their virtues, their intelligence, their adventure, and their pros-
perity, and especially for the century of growth, triumph, and ameliorating
power in their experiment of popular government, O King of the world! we
thank Thee. For the peaceful coming together here of the representatives oi
the nation, for this exhibit of the industries, art, genius, and accomplishments
of so many civilizations and sorts of men; for the display of the products of so

KEYSTONE SODa WATER APPARATUS," EXHIBITED BY CHARLES LIPPIN-
COTT & CO. IN MACHINERY HALL,.

825

826

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

many lands and seas ; for the comfort and satisfaction with which multiplied
thousands have come and gone during these months ; for the educating force,
the lessons of wisdom, and the increase of knowledge thus furnished to millions
of observers, and for the success with which Thou hast favored this undertak-
ing of Thy servants, good Lord, we thank Thee.

And now, as this spectacle of fraternal converse and mutual teaching comes
to its termination, vouchsafe, O God ! to crown it with Thy blessing, "Whatso-
ever has been displeasing in Thy
sight, pardon and forgive. What-
soever has been in harmony with
Thyself, follow with Thy con-
tinued favor. And graciously
overrule all to the good of our
country and of the whole world.

These commissioners and rep-
resentatives of the nations bring
back in safety to their homes^
laden with fruits here gathered,
to profit and enrich the souls and
estates of their peoples.

These officers and executives,
who have labored so long and
courageously in the procurement,
organization, and guardianship
of the public benefit so happily
enjoyed, reward and bless for their
faithful toil and great achieve-
ment.

These articles, exhibits, and
teachings, as they go hence into
all countries, make heralds and
instruments of augmented com-
fort, convenience, elevation, and
prosperity to the communities into
which they come.

This new and friendly inter-
course between the ends of tho
earth make potent for the further-
ance of kindly brotherhood among
mankind, the progress of the
truth, the triumph of peace and
salvation, and the upbuilding of whosoever is agreeable to Thy own sovereign
will and purposes.

And as our own dear nation now starts out upon the unknown sea of a new
century, our united prayers are lifted to Thee, O God ! beseeching Thy Divine
Majesty to be gracious to this youngest child in the family of nationalities ;

TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED IN THE
MAIN BUILDING.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 827

that Thou wouldst spread Thy protecting hand over it in its dangers ; that
Thou wouldst forgive its sins and indiscretions, and that Thou wouldst guide it
evermore in safety.

Its President, its Governors, its Legislatures, its judges and magistrates, and
the . commanders in its army and navy, endow plenteously with the spirit of
wisdom, justice, faithfulness, and devotion. Uphold them in their duties, and
prosper them always in whatsoever is right, and true, and good. Fill all pub-
lic servants with prudent counsels, trusty speech, sound integrity, and honest
fear of the Lord. Send down upon our churches, our religious teachers, our
schools, and all our means of education, Thy Holy Spirit, that intelligence,
virtue, truth and piety may be our inheritance forever.

Give grace to our people to acknowledge Thee, the only true God, by whose
spirit all things are governed, and dispose them toward Thine ordinances and
commands, that they may dwell together in unity and concord, and ir all god-
liness and honesty. And although we have often provoked Thy displeasure
and deserved Thy punishments, yet we beseech Thee, of Thy great goodness,
not to deal with us after our sins, but to defend and preserve unto us our free
institutions and national happiness. Scatter, by Thy mighty power, every
cloud that rises to threaten our nation's permanence or peace. Ward off cal-
amities of war and bloodshed, and all moral deterioration and decay, and gra-
ciously protect us against discord and sedition within, and against invasion and
spoliation from without, that our precious liberties may not be taken from us,
but descend from generation to generation.

And now, O God of Nations, King of Glory, Lord of Heaven and Earth, be
pleased to accept the thanks and petitions which we thus present before Thy
Majesty, and graciously hear our prayers.

Mercifully, also, bestow Thy heavenly benediction upon the ceremonies of this
hour, and upon Thy servants forever, that all our works begun, continued, and
ended in Thee may always redound to the honor of Thy holy name, through
Jesus Christ, Thy Son, our Lord and Saviour, to whom, with Thee and the Holy
Ghost, ever one God, be glory and dominion, world without end. Amen.

A chorale and fugue from Bach were then performed by the
orchestra, after which the Hon. D. J. Morrell, Chairman of the
Executive Committee of the United States Centennial Commis-
sion, was introduced to the audience. When the applause which
greeted him had subsided he said:

On the 9th day of March, 1870, it was my privilege to introduce
in Congress a bill to provide for holding in the city of Philadelphia
the Exhibition which this day brings to a close. On the 3d of
March, 1871, that bill became a law, but not without opposition
and amendments, which took from it all provisions for carrying:
out the purpose contemplated by the act itself. On the 4th oi'
March, 1872, the Centennial Commission met and organized, and

828

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the labor of preparing for the Exhibition was commenced, iu the?
face of obstacles such as were never encountered in a similar un-
dertaking.

The government had refused aid ; local jealousies were powerful ;
the newspapers of the country, with few exceptions, were lukewarm
or openly hostile, and the mass of the people could not be interested

in an event which
seemed faraway in the
future. During the first
year of the life of the
Commission doubt
everywhere prevailed,
and I am ashamed to
say, I shall strive to for-
get, and 111 ope that his-
tory will not record,
how few had faith in
the success of our en-
terprise, and how many
wise and eminent citi-
zens rendered a hesitat-
ing support, or re-
fused to commit them-
selves to what, to them,
seemed a hopeless
cause. In this time of
gloom the city of Phil-
adelphia was not afraid
to charge itself with
the expenses incident
to the organization and
labors of the Commis-
sion, and in this, and
all other official acts, her municipal authorities have shown coura-
geous liberality.

The creation of the Board of Finance was the turning-point in
the fortunes of the Centennial Exhibition; from that moment its
prospects brightened, and, though that Board was confronted with
a financial panic and other discouraging events, its executive offi-

SILVER BASS-RELIEF PLAQUE, REPOUSSE, EXHIB-
ITED BY THE GORHAM COMPANY.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

829

cers moved forward in the confidence that "knows no such vyord as
fail." By slow and laborious stages public interest was aroused ;
the Women's Centennial Commission labored with zeal and effi-
ciency ; money from private subscriptions to the stock of the Board
of Finance flowed into the treasury; the State of Pennsylvania and
the city of Philadelphia made liberal appropriations for the use>
of the Exhibition, of which a memorial will remain to future Cen-
tennials; and, when success was assured, the National Congress
recognized its duty and gave us material aid.

ORNAMENTAIi PAGODA, IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

"As a woman who is in travail hath sorrow," but afterwards
^'she remembereth no more her anguish for the joy that a man is
born into the world," so the pangs of this great labor are far away
and lost in this hour of its triumph.

It is but just, however, in speaking for the executive officers of
the Centennial Commission, that I should point the future historians
of the Exhibition to the great difficulties which have been encoun-
tered and overcome, and claim from them a charitable criticism.
In. comparing this work with that which has been done elsewhere,

830 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

I beg them to note that this has been accomplished by the volun-
tary agents of a free people, clothed with no official or titular pres-
tige or distinction, and without Governmental support.

The members of the Commission and the Board of Finance have
recognized that they were on exhibition as fully as any material
object enclosed within these grounds; that thousands of eyes would
scan their every act, after the fashion of these times, which is to
attribute mercenary or corrupt motives to all engaged in the exe-
cution of public trusts; and I shall esteem above the prizes the
nation has won in the Exhibition, an award from that higher group
of judges which represents the conscience of the world that this
work which we to-day commit to history is free from taint, that
good men shall say it was honest. The managers of future Centen-
nial celebrations to be held on these grounds will see and do things
more wonderful than our wildest dreams, and the remnants of our
finest things may be exhibited by them as proofs of the rudeness of
early days; but in the records we have made the full measure of
our manhood will go down to them untouched by the gnawing tooth
of Time.

Of the Exhibition, now to be numbered with the thinors of the
past, it is difficult to speak. The nations are here; they have made
this great spectacle what it is, and they deserve the gratitude of
the American people. While they have taught much, they have
also learned something, and they have seen in the crowds of American
citizens, of all occupations and conditions of life, who have thronged
these grounds, a polite, orderly, self-respecting and self-governing
people. So far as their representatives have entered into our social
life we will hope that they have found that what may be lacking
in form is made up in substance ; that the simplicity of republican
manners is dignified by the sentiment of good-will to men.

The Exhibition was opened by starting in motion the Corliss
engine, that giant of wonder to all, which for six months, w^ith
equal pulse, without haste, without rest, has propelled an endless
system of belts and wheels. Silent and irresistible, it affects the
imagination as realizing the fabled -powers of genii and afrit in
Arabian tales, and, like them, it is subject to subtle control. When
ihese our ceremonies here are ended, the President of the United
States, by the motion of his hand, will make the lightning his mes-
senger to stop the revolution of its wheels, and at the same instant

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION,

831

to tell the world that the InterDational Exhibition, which marked
the Centennial of American national life, is closed.

When Mr. Morrell ceased, Theodore Thomas gave a signal
to the Centennial Chorus in the western balcony, and the or-
chestra and chorus rendered, with fine effect, Dettingen's Te
Deum,

The next speaker was Mr. John Welsh, the President of the
Centennial Board of Finance, whose appearance was the signal
for the most enthusiastic applause. Several moments elapsed

MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDING.

before quiet could be restored, and then Mr. Welsh delivered
the following address :

Fellow-Citizens: — In this closing scene of the International
Exhibition, I may well give expression to the grateful emotions
which swell my heart, that all who have shared in the labor of its
preparation and conduct, in your approval of it meet their coveted
reward.

832 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The predictions of evil which were made of it — and by many
in high places — have not been realized. The nation has not
been dishonored. The good name of its people has not been im-
perilled. This day witnesses that the noble purpose of its projecton
has been accomplished.

It has hallowed the Centennial year by an inspiration of the
past. The circumstances attendant on the nation's birth have been
recalled. The patriotic impulses of the people have been quick-
ened. Their love for their country has been strengthened.

The Exhibition ha;3 concentrated here specimens of the varied
products of the United States, and made better known to us our
vast resources.

It has brought to us the representatives of many nations — men
skilled, accomplished and experienced — and they have brought
with them stores of treasures in all the forms given them by long-
practised industry and art. And others are here from new lands,
even younger than our own, giving full promise of a bright and
glorious future.

It has placed side by side, for comparison, the industries of the
world. In viewins: them the utilitarian revels in the realization
that man is striving earnestly to make all things contribute' to his
convenience and comfort; the philosopher stands, in awe at their
contemplation as he dwells upon the cherished thought of the
possible unity of nations; and he who looks on the grandeur of
the scene from a spiritual standpoint is filled with the hope that
the day is near " when the glory of the Lord shall cover the earth
as the waters cover the sea."

It has taught us in what others excel, and excited our ambition
to strive to equal them.

It has taught others that our first century has not been passed in
idleness, and that, at least in a few things, we are already in the
advance.

It has proved to them and to us that national prejudices are as
unprofitable as they are unreasonable; that they are hindrances to
progress and to welfare, and that the arts of peace are most favorable
for advancing the condition, the power and the true greatness of
a nation.

It has been the occasion of a delightful union among the repre-
sentatives of many nations, marked by an intelligent appreciation
of each other, rich in instruction and fruitful in friendships.

OF THE CENtENNIAL, EXHIBniON.

83.3

It has placed before our own people, as a school for their iiistruc-
tion, a display — vast and varied beyond precedent — comprising the
industries of the world, including almost every product known to
science and to art.

It has made the country and its institutions known to intelligent
representatives of all nations. They have had access to our homes,
have become familiar with our habits, have studied our systems of

COMMUNION SERVICE, " GORHAM PLATE," EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM
MANUFACTURING COMPANY, IN THE MAIN BriLDING.

education, observed the administration of our laws, and will here-
after understand why the United States of America exerts so large
an influence on other nations, and, consequently, the great truth
that in proportion to the intelligence and freedom of a people is
their loyalty to their government.

It has concentrated on this spot, in the short term of six months,
eight millions of visitors, who have enjoyed all its rare privileges
53

834 ^ THE ffiBUSTKATKi) HISTORY' !'

without a disturbance or any personal hindrance from violence or
even rudeness.

It has exhibited the Amerieau people in their true- character, re-
spectful of each other's rights, considerate of each -other's con-
venience, and desirous of allowing to others a full participation in
their enjoyment.

It has afforded an opportunity to show that the administration
of an exhibition on a grand scale may be liberal in, its expenditure
without useless extravagance; .that its laws may be strictly enforced
with impartiality and without harshness; that its regulations may
secure the efficiency of its departments and uniformity in their
action; that its whole course has been free from financial embar-
rassment or even a payment deferred; and that, notwithstanding
every part of its machinery was in constant motion, no one of the
immense throng within the limits of the Exhibition was sensible of
its restraint.

It has shown that the authorities of the great city in which the
Exhibition has been held have been actuated by a single eye to the
promotion of the public convenience. That, under their supervi-
sion, facilities of every kind have been provided, property has been
protected, good order has been preserved, unusual health has" pre-
vailed, and extortion in its varied forms has been almost unknown;
these, combined with the unlimited accommodations for visitors
and the hospitality of its citizens, are in beautiful harmony with
the purposes of the Exhibition. Nor has the State of Pennsylvania
been less in sympathy. The traditions connected with its soil are
its priceless heritage.

The International Exhibition is to be regarded as a reverential
tribute to the century which has just expired. That century has
been recalled. Its events have been reviewed. Its fruits are
gathered. Its memories are hallowed. Let us enter on the new
century with a renewed devotion to our country, with the highest
aims for its honor and for the purity, integrity and welfare of its
people. On the Exhibition the curtain is now about to fall. When it
has fallen, the wonderful creation, in 'the beauties of which we have
so long been revelling, will have passed away. Looking round upon
it now, while the scene still glows with its grandeur, and our senses
are rejoicing in its delights, I desire to assure all v.ho have contrib-
uted towards its production that there is at lonst one who bears in

OF THE*' CENTEKNlAi: vEXHIBmON.

835'

gratefal- rem em brail ce whatever they have done. It may have
been an humble prayer, the earnings of hard toil, out of theii*
abundance, or the devotion of years of intelligent labor — it matters
not. The little brooks and the rivers alike make up the mighty
ocean. To all — at home and abroad — who have helped us for-
ward ; to the Sovereigns and Governments of other countries who
have countenanced and encouraged us; to their representatives who
have worked so nobly in our cause ; to the exhibitors of our own
and other lands, who have done more than can be expressed ; to the
Congress of the United States of America, for its generous and

DRUM ROLLEK PRINTING PRESS, EXHIBITED BY COTTRELI, & BABCOCK.

timely aid ; and especially to the President of the United States of
America, for his unwavering support and encouragement, are due
the grateful acknowledgments of the nation. Would that I were
authorized to make such acknowledgments here, or that my own
had the value in them to make them acceptable to them all, from
the humblest to the highest.

And now, to my fellow-laborers of the United States Centennial
Commission, and of my more immediate associates in the Centen-
nial Board of Finance, I need only, say that onr work has its place

836

THE II^LUSTRATED HISTORY

in the aunals of the uatiou. If the memories of it be pleasant to
our countrymen, we have done well.

During this address Mr. Welsh was frequently interrupted
with applause, and this was continued after he took his seat.
The orchestra then rendered Beethov^en^s beautiful " Sixth Sym-
phony." The Hon. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the
Centennial Exhibition, was next introduced, and spoke as fol-
lows :

THE RUNQUIST OSCILLATING GOVERNOR, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

Mr. President:— The bright sunlight that came last May to
greet the opening hour of the International Exhibition of 1876 was
a propitious omen. Those who had labored from its inception to
place before the world in a proper manner an enterprise in which
great expectations and interests were concentrated were encouraged
and strengthened in this work. It has since prospered, and won
the favor of general commendation.

Millions of people have come hither to enjoy the teachings of a
school that has laid the foundations for more liberal thought and
for more extended knowledge of the social, industrial, and political

OF THE CENTENNIAI, EXHIBITION.

8:57

^I'/yi/f/WT^^ lifTViJN,

elements that contribute to the welfare of man. The beneficial re-
sults that will ensue from these teachings cannot be over-estimated.

The Exhibition has been a great educator. It has given the
people of other nations new and correct ideas of the resources and
industries of America. It has given the people of America enlarged
information of the arts, products, and wealth of the participating
nations. It has also augmented and strengthened social and com-
mercial relations between nations which are results of high im-
portance, and may be con-
sidered a happy consumma-
tion of the objects of this in-
ternational work.

Had it accomplished less
than this, it would have
failed of the hopes of its
projectors.

But the hour has arrived
when we must dismantle
these buildings and take our
departure.

Having been for almost
four years intimately con-
nected with the internal and
external administration of
this work, I feel that we
have abundant cause for con-
gratulation that the close of
our labors terminate in the
midst of a success that is
manifestly satisfactory to our
country and approved by the silver flower vase, repousse work,
patriotism of our people. In exhibited by the gorham co.

this great undertaking we have had from the beginning the zealous
co-operation and faithful services of both the officials and the ex-
hibitors in the various departments, to whom we are pleased in
this manner and on this important occasion to acknowledge our
indebtedness.

To our friends, the foreign commissioners and foreign exhibitors,
I am glad of another opportunity to express and repeat our most
cordial greetings and thanks for the valuable part they have taken

838

THE MLLLUSTKA^TED HISTORY

in this ExliibitioD. Without such co-operation it would not have
obtained the dignity and interest which has so profoundly affected
the people of the United States. Your presence, gentlemen, has
been accepted by the people of this country as a mission of interna-
tional good-will and fraternal intercourse. I pray you, therefore,
to carry with you a conviction of the appreciation and friendly
feelings of the government and the people towards you for your
honorable and successful co-operation.

I also have the pleasure to congratulate my fellow-citizens, the
exhibitors from the United States. You have contributed abun-
dantly of the rich products of the soil and mines, and of your own
ingenious and skilful workmanship. You have won fresh honore in
every department, and have revealed and made better known to

wagner's chariot race, in memorial hall.

our own people and to the world your strength and progress, and
the vast resources at your command. Your contributions and in-
telligent co-operation entitle you to claim a large share both of the
credit and benefits of this Exhibition.

If the influences of this Exhibition should discourage all incli-
nations to the showy and superficial, and elevate the standard of
quality and workmanship, and thereby add to the intrinsic merits
and values of our products, it will produce its legitimate results and
justify the expenditures of thought and treasure that have been
lavished upon it.

But I cannot conclude without alluding to the efficient and
faithful work of my co-officials, and of my personal staff, which
commands my highest acknowledgments of respect and esteem^
■ The amount of labor and thought which has devolved on you,

OF THE CENTENiflAjIi EXHIBITION. 839

gentlemen, ean never be known, nor need it be. We have our
record in the consciousness of the confidence placed in us, and in
the support we have always received from the United States Cen-
tennial Commission and Centennial Board of Finance, and from
the numerous contributors, here and elsewhere, who laid the foun-
dation of this Exhibition, and from the public.

And now, Mr. President, with the close of this day another In-
ternational Exhibition will be concluded and added to the records
of the past. But it will not be ended ; it will rather have only be-
gun. The real Exhibition we have striven for is not limited to the
display of material products, which, however pleasing, must be
brief. The teachings, the social and moral influences, the improve-
ment in the productive powers of genius and inventive knowledge,
constitute in part the object and aim. May these be fully realized
as the legitimate results of this Exhibition.

As the Director-General concluded, chorus and orchestra
burst forth in the glorious "Hallelujah/^ from HandeFs "Mes-
siah." At the conclusion of the chorus General Hawley arose,
and after the enthusiastic applause with which he was greeted
had subsided, spoke as follows :

The final day of the Exhibition has arrived. Four years and
a half ago the Centennial Commission was organized under the
legislation of the national government to celebrate the Centennial
Anniversary of our national independence by holding an interna-
tional exhibition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil
and mine. The National Congress deemed it fitting that the com-
pletion of the first century of our national existence should be
commemorated by a presentation of the national resources of the
country and their development, and of the progress in those arts
which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations.

Happily the United States was and is at peace with the wholo
world. International Exhibitions have become an established fea-
ture in modern civilization, but connected with this were features
of peculiar and local interest. They have not interfered with its
progress — indeed, the acceptances of other nations, and the very
friendly congratulatory letters addressed to the President of the
United States on the occasion of the celebration of the Fourth of
July, show that they have rather given an opportunity for expres-
ajons of cordial good-will that have givea. very great pleasure to

840 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

the whole American people. There were many and great diffi-
culties in the path of the enterprise, the usual misapprehensions
the disturbed coudition of the business and finance at homeand abroad
and the slow conversion of a public sentiment which, in the earlier
days, feared that justice might not be done to American resources
and capabilities. We recall the hours of uncertainty and dis-
couragement solely that we may felicitate ourselves upon the result
that have answered the hopes and predictions of the most sanguine.

The Exhibition has given us a better comprehension of our own
position and progress. We expected and hoped to be taught our
shortcomings in some respects, and we shall profit by the lessons.
And yet I gather from my countrymen that they are not a
little pleased to see how well our productions in every depart-
ment have borne the comparison to which they have been sub-
jected.

Unquestionably international trade and commerce will be pro-
moted. Our manufacturers, mechanics and artists will show by
their work that they have been close students of the admirable
exhibits from abroad, and have taken advantage thereby.
The ingenuity and excellence of our mechanics and inventors
will be made better known. A higher benefit has been wrought.
Tlie bonds of peace have been strengthened. Interminable ties
liave been created that will be strongly felt whenever national
derangements are threatened. Our people are so widely scat-
tered, and their relations have been so seriously disturbed, that
every patriot anxiously desired them to seize the great occasion
to know each other better that they may love each other more.
What has been done toward this is one of your most valua-
l.le labors. The concurrent and almost wholly harmonious testi-
mony of our critics at home and abroad permits us to feel that we
have been on the whole largely successful in all our work. This
commendatory judgment is very grateful to us.

My associates have given expression to our gratitude. I would
gladly add to what they have said if I could. The Commission
thanks the city of Philadelphia, the State of Pennsylvania, the Na-
tional Government, and especially you, sir, our honored President.
It thanks the foreign commissioners, one and all, most heartily. It
thanks the exhibitors of all nations. It thanks the American
people, whose conduct here has commanded unbroken respect.

It thanks its associate corppration, the Board of Finance ; above

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

8^1

all, it reverently acknowledges the kind favor of Heaven which has
so smiled upon us that while we turn somewhat sadly from these
scenes of great labor and greater pleasure, all who have been
accredited here may feel they have done something towards ad-
vancing the world to the better day coming. Grod be praised for
tlie past ; God send us all, individuals and nations, a happy future.
Mr. President, we await your pleasure.

At the conclusion of General Hawley's address the audience
and chorus united in singing the national anthem, " My coun-
try, 'tis of thee," the full orchestra accompanying the voices.
Never was the sweet hymn sung with more patriotic fervor
tlian then given, for as the simple yet majestic melody filled the
air the original flag of the American Union, first displayed by

MAKART's "VENrCE DOING HOMAGE TO CATHARINE CORNARO," TS

MEMORIAL HALL.

Commodore Paul Jones on the " Bon Homme Richard," was
unfurled from a window above the stage, and as its hallowed
folds floated in the air all eyes gazed upon the relic with rever-
ence, and while a thousand throats sang "America" wdth still
deeper feeling, all present united in applauding by a brisk
clapping of hands this most happy addition to the programme:
At twentv-three minutes of four o'clock General Hawley an-
nounced that General Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United
States, would now formally close the Exhibition. The Presi-
dent here arose and said :

"Ladies and Gentlemen : — I have now the honor to declare
the Exhibition closed/'

842 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTOBY

The President then turned to the left, and waved his hand
as the signal to the operator at the telegraph instrument, imme^
diately behind him, to give the signal for stopping the Corliss
engine and the machinery in the hall. Mr. Robert B. Man-
ley, the general director, touched the key, and the characters
" 7-6 " were signalled to the main telegraph office. The same
current caused the hammer to strike the special gong stationed
alongside the Corliss engine, which was the signal to stop, and
at the same time all the gongs in the Machinery Hall felt the
effect of the electrical current, and gave notice to the exhibitors
that the official fiat of the President, that the Exhibition had
been declared closed, was promulgated. At the instant the in-
strument ticked in the main telegraph office, the following des-
patch was placed on the wires and sent to London, Liverpool,
Paris, and the principal cities of Europe, the United States,
and Canadas :

International Centennial Exhibition Grounds.

Philadelphia, November 10, 1876.

The President has this moment closed the International Ex-
hibition— 3.37 p. M.

W. J. Phillips, Telegraph Director,

U. S. International Exhibition.

All present then united in singing the long metre doxology
to the words,

" Be Thou, O God I exalted high.
And as Thy glory fills the sky,
So let it be on earth displayed,
Till Thou art here as there obeyed."

And soon afterwards the assemblage dispersed. A large
crowd gathered about the pavilion to witness the departure of
the President, who stepped into his carriage at about four
o'clock, and drove back to the residence of his host, Mr.
George W. Childs. Though the Exhibition was thus formally
closed, only a small proportion of the exhibits were covered up,
and the grounds remained thronged with visitors until eveninc:.

Machinery Hall was the objective point of not less than

OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION.

843

1 5,000 persons at about two o'clock, at whicii hour it was believed
the President would punctually appear in front of that mighty
giant of .mechanical skill, the Corliss engine, and seizing the
lever, stop the motion of the colossus. In this speculation just
so many individuals were disappointed, notwithstanding which
they held their places, or passed through the mazes of the in-
tricate workshop. Machinery Hall at three o'clock was packed
with impatient humanity. A sea of upturned faces looked in
the direction of the iron and steel giant which controlled the

GILLINDEB & SONS' GLASS WORKS IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

ceaseless revolving wheels, the whirring belts, and the noisy
operation of the perfect labyrinth of mechanism. Never before
in the history of the Centennial Exposition had there been such
a jam of nervous, anxious, and interested observers. It was to
be the culminating and at once the finishing point in America's
great exhibit. The great engine seemed more energetic than
ever. Its walking beams seemed to move with more rapidity,

844 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

and the monster wheel appeared to revolve the more quickly
as if conscious of the fact that it would soon rest from its labors.
Yet, though fancy or imagination pictured the grim colossus
as working harder than ever, its movement was almost noise-
less. The sewing-machines with their busy hum drowned the
laborious efforts of the giant. Thus the work continued, and
still the crowd began to thicken. All awaited the President's
coming, but they were doomed to disappointment. The hand
of the clock pointed to four o'clock. It lacked but a few min-
utes of the hour. At this moment two engineers took their
position near the lever of the engine, and their eye rested on
the gong which was to notify them when to apply the subtle
touch which should end the work of the machinery, and signal
the closing of the Centennial. A moment later the silvery peal
of the gong, touched by an invisible wire, gave the word, and
in a second the Corliss engine had ceased its operations and
rested. This was the occasion for rapturous applause, oft re-
peated. A change had passed over Machinery Hall. . The
throbbings of the great leviathan had ceased, and with them
the pulsations of all other machinery, and the twenty-three
miles of shafting and forty odd miles of belting.

The total number of paying visitors on the closing day was
106,474.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE.

•Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition —
Gradual Increase in the Attendance — Statement of Admissions — Tiie Ke-
ceipts — The State Days — Other Noted Days — Comparison of the " Cen-
tennial " with Other Exhibitions — Statement of Exhibitors.

^'Yl^^^-^^^-^^ back over the six months' career of the Great
C-'T'^ Exhibition one striking fact presents itself — that the
^ Iv Exhibition had to make its way slowly into public
\^<P comprehension and favor. The American people had
little knowledge of w^iat a World's Fair really was,
and asked themselves the question, '' Will it pay to go to the
Centennial?" many times before they decided to go. There
was an ignorance and an indifference throughout the country
concerning the grand undertaking that threatened to mar its
success. With a few notable exceptions, the leading newspapers
outside of Pennsylvania threw cold water upon the Exhibition,
and the public had to get its impressions from the papers.
Certain influential journals in the West did not wa'ke up to
their mistake until the fair had been three months in progress,
and only at that late date sent their correspondents to the
Exhibition and began to publish descriptive letters. On the
opening day Philadelphia furnished nine-tenths of the visitors.
There were 76,172 paying admissions — a very fair beginning
— but the attendance fell next day to 14,722, and the day after
to 10,252. On the 16th of May it was only 7,056. The
highest figure reached in that month was 41,111, on the 30th,
and the average for the month was 19,946. Thus far the
visitors were nearly all from Philadelphia and the neighboring

845

846

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

towns. The pleasant days of June went by without the at-
tendance showing any adequate appreciation by the public of
the manifold attractions of the fair. The highest attendance

was 39,386, the lowest
20,343, and the average
26,756. By the eud of
the month the glowing
accounts of returning
visitors, few in number
though they were, had
leavened the whole lump
of public indifference and
created a general desire
among all classes to make
a pilgrimage to Philadel-
phia. The ceremonies on
the fourth of July
brou2:ht a numerous mul-
titude in spite of the
severe heat that pre-
vailed. On the 3d the
paying visitors numbered
47,786, on the 4th 46,290,
on the 5th 51,825, and
on the 6th 46,088. Then
the attendance ran down
rapidly, so that on the
31st it was only 15,207.
The average for the
month was 24,481. The
heated term was of un-
precedented length and
severity. It began in
June and lasted until late in August. The Exhibition build-
ings were like ovens, and the concrete paths through the grounds
burned the feet like lava. Every day many visitors were pros-
trated and carried to the hospital. Thousands came in spite of

UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE, EXHIBITED
IN MACHINERY HALL.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 847

the heat, however, because their iiiidsMmraer holiday was their
only opportunity. In August the largest atten(hu"iee was on
Jersey Day— 55,930; the smallest was 22,141, and the average
33,655. September brougiit the hoped-for throng. On the 1st
34,182 visitors entered the gates; on the 5th, 50,209, and ex-
cept on one rainy day the total never dropped below 50,000
thenceforth. Connecticut Day, the 7th, scored 64,059; Massa-
chusetts Day, the .4th, 78,977; New York Day, the 21st,

BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING.

117,941; and Pennsylvania Day, the 28th, brought the
enormous number of 257,169 people within the grounds. The
average for the month was 81,961. In October the average ran
up still higher, being 89,789; the lowest figure was 65,865,
and the highest, reached on Delaware and Maryland Day, the
19th, was 161,355. Rhode Island Day, the 5th, registered
89,060; New Hampshire Day, the 12th, 101,541, and Ohio
Day, the 26th, 122,300. During November the attendance
was close upon 100,000 every day.

348 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

The record of admissions by months is as follows :

Months. Days. Paid. Total. Eieceipts.

May 19 378,980 *613,495 $189,490.35

June 26 695,666 952,177 347,833.40

July 26 636,518 906,447 318,199.25

August 27 908,684 1,175,314 415,659.25

September.... 26 2,130,991 2,439,689 928,056.00

October 26 2,334,530 2,663,879 1,160,811.50

November.... 9 918,956 1,038,391 453,700.00

159 8,004,325 9,789,392 $3,813,749.75

OliD VIRGINIA" BUILDING.

A recapitulation of the above shows the following:

Number of days open 159

Paid admissions 8,004,325

Free admissions 1,785,067

Total admissions 9,789,392

Grand total of receipts ; $3,813,749.75

The State Days.

The State day celebrations at the Exhibition are conspicuous
in the records of the admissions as the best paying days. The

* Including 110,500 oflBcially estimated free admissions on Opening Day.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 849

following is a complete list of these days, with the cash an<j total
admissions and receipts :

Paid. Total. Receipts.

New Jersey, August 24 56,325 67,052 S28,063.75

Connecticut, September 7 64,059 75,044 30,853.75

Massachusetts, September 14 85,795 97,868 41,193.00

New York, September 21 122,003 134,588 59,986.00

Pennsylvania, September 28 257,169 274,919 118,673.75

Rhode Island, October 5 89,060 100,946 44,496.00

New Hampshire, October 12. ...101,541 118,422 50,536.00

Delaware and Maryland, Oct. 19.161,355 176,407 80,367.50

Ohio, October 26 122,300 135,661 61,029.50

Other Noted Days.

The following are some of the other large days during the
Exhibition period:

Paying Visitors. Paying Viaitore,

Opening Day 76,172 October 27 95,563

September 9 99,984 November 1 107,715

September 20 101,498 November 2 115,298

September 30 103,385 November 8 90,588

October 18 124,777 November 9 176,755

October 25 106,986 November 10 106,474

Attendance at other Exhibitions.

The attendance at the various International Exhibitions pre-
ceding our own, show the following comparison :

Year. Place. Days Open. Visitors. Receipts.

1851— London 141 6,039,195 $2,120,000.00

1855— Paris 200 5,162,330 640,497.00

1862— London 171 6,211,103 2,044,650.00

1867— Paris 210 8,806,969 2,103,675.00

1873— Vienna 186 7,254,687 1,032,090.00

1876— Philadelphia 159 9,789,392 3,813,749.75

In the case of all the European Exhibitions, the greatest
day was either the closing one, or near it, and at Paris and
Vienna the greatest number of visitors was on Sunday. The
54

860 THE LLLUSTRATED HISTORY

greatest attendance on any one day at previous Exhibitions, an
compared with " Pennsylvania^^ Day here, is thus given :

Philadelphia 257,286, on Thursday, September 28, 1876.

Paris 173,923, on Sunday, October 27, 1867.

Vienna 135,674, on Sunday, November 2, 1873.

Paris 123,017, on Sunday, September 9, 1855.

London 109,915, on Tuesday, October 7, 1851.

London 67,891, on Tliursday, October 30, 1862.

The total number of exhibitors in the Centennial Exhibition
reached 30,864, and were distributed among fifty countries of

PHILADELPHIA CITY BLILDING.

the world. The United States headed the list with 8,175 ex-
hibitors; Spain and her colonies came next with 3,822; Great
Britain and her dependencies sent 3,584 exhibitors; and
Portugal stands fourth with 2,462.

The classification embraces seven different departments,
among which the exhibitors are distributed as follows, the first
column giving the number of exhibitors in each department
from the United States, and the second column the number in
each department for the entire Exhibition :

OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 851

^D^>artmeuts. American Exhib's. Total Exhlb's.

1 — Mining and Metallurgy 644 2,129

2 — Manufactures 2,246 8,760

3 — Education and Science 381 2,490

4— Art 1,784 4,900

6— Machinery 1,606 2,260

6 — Agriculture 1,474 10,217

7— Horticulture 40 108

Total 8,175 30,864

Previous to 1851 there had been numerous national exhibi-
tions in different European cities, some of which brought to-
gether a very considerable number of exhibitors. In all of
these national affairs France kept the lead in the uumber-of ex-
hibitors, there being 2,447 exhibitors in that held in 1834;
3,381 in 1859; 3,960 in 1844; and 4,494 in 1849. The only
national exhibition held outside of France which approached
these figures in the number of exhibitors was that held in
Berlin in 1844, in which all the different countries of Grermany
were represented, the number on that occasion reaching 3,040.

The following statement gives the total number of exhibitors,
and the number of American exhibitors at each of the Inter-
national Expositions which have been held since the system
was inaugurated in 1861 at London:

American Exhlb*8. Total Exhib'a.

1851— London 499 13,937

1853— New York 2,083 4,685

1855— Paris 144 20,839

1862— London 228 28,653

1867— Paris 705 42,217

1873— Vienna 922

1876— Philadelphia 8,175 30,864

We have not at hand the total number of exhibitors at
Vienna, but leaving that out, it will be seen that the number
at Paris largely exceeded that at our own Exhibition, while it
in turn surpasses the two Loudon Expositions and the Paris
Exposition of 1855.

CHAPTER XXIX.

WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED.

Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition — Effects upoa
Foreign Nations — Views of General Hawley — What Director-General Gos-
horn Thinks the Exhibition has Accomplished — Views of President John
"V^elsh— Statements of Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett
Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker Concerning their
Respective Departments,

HEN we come to estimate the results of the great Exhibi-
tion we are at a loss to say how far-reacliing they may
be. It is certain that as a nation we have gathered a
rich harvest of culture and of material benefits, and
that through the influence of the Exhibition abroad
we have acquired a recognition, never before accorded us, as a
country of the most diversified and active industries, and the
highest civilization. The culture obtained by the millions of
our people who have found in the fair a mine of information
and suggestion, must have a beneficial effect upon the national
character. A tour through the halls and grounds was like a
journey around the world, giving an insight into the life and
thought of all manner of men, and lifting the visitor above the
narrow limits of his surroundings, so that his horizon stretched
out to embrace the whole human race. Bigotry, conceit, and
local pride vanished as the great panorama of the achievements
of mankind, of all races and in all climes, passed before his
^yes. Apart from this general and cosmopolitan culture in
which all participated, each found valuable fruits of knowledge
adapted to his own need. The farmer saw new machines,
seeds, and processes ; the mechanic, ingenious inventions and
tools, and products of the finest workmanship ; the teacher, the
852

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

85a

educational aids and systems of the world ; the man of science,
the wonders of nature and the results of the investigations of
the best brains of all lands. Thus each returned to his home
with a store of information available in his own special trade
or profession.

The material benefits accruing from the Exhibition are mani-
fold, and will be realized for years to come as well as in the

FRENCH BURR MILL, IN MACHINERY HALL..

near future. An immediate gain is the modification of the
rigors of the prevalent hard times. Undoubtedly the setting
in motion of millions of people, each with money to spend,
has had an effect in breaking the lethargy that has stifled enter-
prise in the business world and in causing the hopeful begin-

854

THB ILLUSTRATED HISTOBY

nings of a revival of trade which we have been witnessing this
fall. Many improvements in manufactures and the introduc-
tion of new branches of industry will soon follow as the result
of the study by inventors, skilled mechanics, and men of enter-
prise of the products of the globe. They have discovere<i that
many articles which we have been buying from other countries
can be profitably made here, and that many which we already
make can be improved in quality or in the element of taste,
or produced at lower cost, so as to command new markets,

STEAM-PUMP, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

and the result will be a still wider development of our national
industries.

In the eyes of the nations of the world we have attained a
rank never accorded to us before, and this will prove of great
material as well as moral benefit. The good opinion of neigh-
bors is as valuable to a country as to an individual. We were
regarded as a smart half-cultured people, of immense energy
and remarkable ingenuity, but deficient in the higher graces
and achievements of civilization, and depending upon the Old
World for all finer grades of manufactures. The reports of

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

855

foreign commissioners, jurors, journalists, and travellers, all
concurring in expressions of surprise and admiration at the
excellence of our manufactures, our schools, our railroads, our
newspapers, and the soundness of our social life, have greatly
modified public opinion abroad, and gone far towards introduc-
ing more just views of us. Those who mingled much in foreign
circles at the Exhibition know
that the astonishment and won-
der of our visitors from abroad
at our resources and accom-
plishments was great and uni-
versal.

The close of the great Ex-
hibition was naturally a period
of congratulation by those who
had projected it and carried it
throuo-h to success. Prominent
amonof those deservins^ honor
was General Joseph R. Haw-
ley, President of the United
States Centennial Commission,
who from its organization was
the head of the legislative body
that governed the Exhibition,
establishing the system upon
which it was conducted, and
supervising in a general way
its execution. His force of
character and enthusiastic de-
votion to the enterprise en-
abled him to fuse a rather in-
congruous body into a homo-
geneous whole, to keep the designs of a few self-seeking and
unfit men subordinate to the general unselfish and patriotic
purpose of the majority, and to secure on nearly all questions
that have arisen a wise decision. As the official head of the
Centennial organization on occasions of celebration and cere-

CONELLY's statue op THETIS, EET
MEMOEIAL HALi;.

866

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

EMBROIDERED SCREEN, EXHIB[TED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING.

monies, and in its dealings with Congress and public bodies
and dignitaries, his eloquence and zeal were invaluable in
exciting interest in the great undertaking and enforcing con-
viction as to the grandeur and national importance of its aims
and results.

On the closing day General Hawley thus summed up some
of the results of the Exhibition :

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 857

People ask me if the Exhibition has equalled our expectations.
I answer by saying that it did not go beyond or even up to our
dreams, grand as it is, but that it was better than we had reason to
.expect a year before it opened. The estimates of the commission-
ers as to the attendance ran from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000. The
paid admissions have been about 8,000,000. So far as the financial
side is concerned we have reason for gratification. If the apparent
prosperity which prevailed when the enterprise was begun had con-
tinued, it is impossible to say how great the attendance would have
been. We are well aware that mere extent and multitudes of visi-
tors do not make a great Exhibition, and we but accept the judg-
ment of foreigners and Americans qualified by knowledge of other
Exhibitions, when we say that it is the largest, best situated, best
arranged, best managed, and most successful Exhibition ever held.
We were early met by the objection urged by Charles Sumner and
others, that monarchical countries would not take part in an aflTair
which had somewhat of a character of a family celebration of the
success of republican ideas, but our invitations were accepted by
foreign nations in the kindest spirit, and they evidently exerted
themselves to make fine displays. Of course, commercial motives
influenced their action, more or less ; but it is delightful to believe
that something was due to genuine good-will. Uncle Sam appears
to be one of the most popular members of the brotherhood of
nations.

It must be that such a gathering as we have had here will have
large influence upon international commerce and friendship. Re-
flect that commissioners from thirty governments are making reports
of their examinations, and especially on the American features, and
that these reports will be published as ofiicial documents. In addi-
tion, 125 foreign judges, specially qualified by their examinations,
are reporting their observations to their countrymen. Furthermore,
every newspaper in the world has published descriptions and ac-
counts of the Exhibition, so that, to use a commercial phrase, the
United States have been advertised to an immense extent. The world
knows a great deal more about us than it ever did before. With
.'scarcely a single exception our foreign guests have manifested sat-
isfaction and pleasure at their stay in the country. Many have had
false impressions removed as to the character of our people and
their moral elevation. The perfect good behavior of the 8,000,000
visitors is beyond praise. The American people never in the hun-

858

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

dred years of their history appeared to so great an advaotage aa
this summer.

In one respect only the Exhibition did not quite come up to our
anticipations. We were anxious to see Virginia, Georgia, Louisiana,
Texas, and other Southern States with unbounded natural resources
present themselves here as Kansas, Colorado, Arkansas, and others
have done, and we hoped to see them in general joining more
heartily in the social and semi-political features of the year. Mary-
land, Delaware, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky,
among the Southern States, expended money in assisting to make the
Fair, and found their advantage in it. It would have delighted ua

'^j^

TERMONT STATE BUILDING.

if all had done the same. Had the Governor of Virginia appointed
a day for his people to meet here he would have received the warm-
est greeting he ever saw in his life. The masses of the American
people desired to make long strides in the Centennial year toward
perfect reconciliation. Divine Providence gave us a splendid op-
portunity to shake hands. There has been a great deal done, but
I wish there had been more. It has been four and a half years
since the Commission organized. It has had many dark days. It
began with no funds, and with no machinery for raising any. The
jealousy of States and localities was very discouraging. The
American people two and three years ago were in a fault-finding

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

859

mood. It was a time of investigation, criticism, and general dis-
satisfaction. The press was indifferent or unjustly critical toward
.the Exhibition project. This was, I am bound to say, because the
project proposed to put us before the world in an attitude where we
should be closely examined, and there was great skepticism as to
whether the Exhibition could be well managed. In the end we
gained public confidence, and the press became our warm and
indispensable supporter.

I feel great satisfaction in reflecting that we have demonstrated
two things— that an almost voluntary association can conduct all
the material concerns of such an exhibition with ease and accuracy.

THE NEW ENGLAND LOG CABIN AND MODERN KITCHEN.

and that the enterprise has come to the last day without a single
occurrence above microscopic size that could make a scandal if
exposed to public view. It is my testimony, after four and a half
years' presiding over the Commission, that its members, although
selected with no just idea of what their work was to be, have proved
to be a very capable and entirely honest body of men. Many of
them are gentlemen of rare qualifications and experience. We have
labored with a sincere desire to make the Exhibition one that our
fellow-citizens would have no reason to feel ashamed of. We are
ready to say that we are very proud of our success in the material
and moral aspects of the whole enterprise.

Director-General Goshorn w^as conspicuous among those de-

860

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

serving the highest praise of their countrymen for the vigor and
ability with which the Exhibition was conducted. He was the
Executive Officer of the Commission, and for the excellent or-
ganization of the gigantic undertaking and its orderly, methodi-
cal and intelligent prosecution, no man deserves more honor
than he. Events have shown how adequate were his plans,
how admirable his foresight, and how competent his executive

PLANING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

talent to grasp and hold the whole work and make it more than
fill the measure of public expectation.

General Goshorn's judgment of the results of the Exhibition-
is thus stated by himself:

"There has been much less difficulty in the administration of the^\
Exhibition since the opening than I anticipated. A disposition has
been shown on the part of exhibitors and visitors to comply with
the rules and regulations that has made my work comparatively

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

861

Jiglit. I feel sure that the Exhibition has ruu more smoothly than
4iuy of the great European fairs. The general rules and regulations
were prescribed two years before the opening, and to our credit they
remained unchanged to the end. I was engaged for six months in
preparing them, and made them liberal with the hope that they

RADIAL DRILL, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

would stand without alteration and meet all emergencies. The
attendance has been somewhat larger than I predicted. My esti-
mate was 40,000 a day, and it will run over 50,000. The grand
total will exceed that of the Paris Exhibition, which was open a
month longer than this and had the advantage besides of nearly a

8()2 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

month of Sundays, on which days the attendance was always the
largest. A comparison with the Vienna Exhibition will be found
to be much more in our favor.

" All the foreign commissioners were accredited to me, and I gave
personal attention to their departments, so that I have had excel-
lent opportunities to know the views of this class. I have heard
but one expression, and that a highly favorable one. The commis-
sioners were especially pleased with the regulation which permitted
them to arrange the spaces assigned thepi according to their own
ideas. My aim was to give them as much liberty as possible, and
I found them at all times entirely willing to cooperate with the
general direction. The administration of the customs laws, gave
them a good deal of annoyance which I could not obviate. The
customs officials never comprehended the Exhibition. Instead of
regarding it as exceptional and peculiar, they treated it like a retail
shop, and tied it up with all the red tape they could apply. Besides,
there was a want of harmony between different branches of the cus-
toms service which added to the troubles of exhibitors. Foreigners
have expressed themselves to me as greatly impressed with the char-
acter of visitors, their good order, and their inquiring disposition.
"I think that about sixty per cent, of the goods displayed have
been sold, and more will be disposed of during the next few days,
so that the commercial side of the enterprise has, so far as exhib-
itors are concerned, been foirly successful. A good many collections
and single articles of value have been generously presented by
foreign governments to public institutions like the Smithsonian and
the Pennsylvania Museum. I expect to see the exhibition rapidly
dismantled. Exhibitors must all be out by the 31st of December,
but they will not take advantage of the seven weeks accorded them
for removing their goods except in a few cases. The disposition
among them is to stop expenses, pack up and be off as soon as pos-
sible. The foreigners are in even more haste to get home, and have
made arrangements, for early transportation of their articles.

" As to the awards, my opinion is that our system has proved to
be a good one, but for its entire success it requires, for judges, experts
peculiarly fitted to make examinations and write reports. Wher-
ever we had such in any group the result was satisfsictory. One
serious error was committed. As the reports came in they should
have been looked over by the Executive Committee, and such as

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 863

did DOt correspond with the system should have been returned to
the judges for correction. This was not done, and the whole mass
of 12,000 reports was laid before the Commission after the judges
had scattered to the four quarters of the globe. However, I can
say this about the awards — there never was an exhibition where
there was s© little complaint about them. This is because like
articles were not examined in competition with each other to deter-
mine their comparative excellence, but the awards are made for
* merit.

" I should have added that my system of dividing the labor and
responsibility among the chiefs of bureaus, giving them full control
over the details, and holding them responsible for the general re-
sults in their several departments, has had very gratifying results.
This plan, adopted before the opening of the Exhibition, has re-
mained without change."

A large share of the credit for the successful issue of the
Exhibition belongs to Mr. John Welsh/ the President of the
Centennial Board of Finance, who, in connection with his col-
leagues in the board, managed its finances with extraordinary
sagacity and energy, and with an economy nicely balanced by
the liberality required for the full realization of the project. In
a word, Mr. Welsh applied to the Exhibition the principles
upon which he would have conducted an important business
enterprise confided to his care. He and his associates regarded
it as a trust and not as a speculation, and they felt bound by
sentiments of honor and patriotism to administer it with discre-
tion, earnestness and fidelity.

Mr. Welsh expressed himself as follows, with respect to the
financial aspect of the Exhibition :

The expectations I held out to the public have in every respect
been realized except one — I thought we should have 10,000,000 visi-
tors, and we have had only 8,000,000. The difierence is attributable
to three causes : first, the indisposition of people throughout the
country to believe we would open the fair on the 10th of May;
second, to the tardiness of the railroads in realizing the necessity of
bringing their rates within the demands of the public ; and third,
to the extraordinary spell of hot weather which began in June and
lasted the whole summer through. The reports in the newspapers

864

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

that the Exhibition could not possibly be got ready on the day ad-
vertised for opening deprived us of the attendance we expected dur-
ing the first month, and then the hot spell and the high railroad
fares kept people away until September.

My calculations of the outlay required up to the opening, sub-

LIBERIAN COFFEE DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTCTBAL

HALL.

mitted to Congress last winter, proved accurate almost to a dollar,
and my estimates of the running expenses have been closely real-
ized. We have a surplus of about $2,000,000. The total stock
subscriptions amounted to $2,400,000. So we shall be able to pay
80 cents on the dollar to the stockholders, if we are not required

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 865

to pay back the million and a half appropriated by Congress.
This is a question which the courts must settle. The English of
the act of Congress gives the stockholders the whole of their money
back before the government can claim anything, and the Senate
understood it so ; but Mr. Springer, the mover of tlie amendment
to the bill in the House, did not. I learn that a resolution will be
introduced by a member next winter, directing the Attorney-Gen-
eral to take steps to prevent us from paying anything to the stock-
holders until the United States is reimbursed. Congress ought,
instead of adopting such a resolution, to pass one thanking the
managers of the Exhibition, and exempting us from all demands
on the part of the government. We have been celebrating the
birthday of the nation. The government refused to appropriate
anything for the purpose until the success of the movement was
assured. I cannot believe that it will now step in and grab all the
assets, and thus throw the whole expense upon its citizens who
were patriotic enough to subscribe to the great enterprise.

We shall be able to close up our affairs by the 1st of January if
this feature of the disposition of the surplus is settled before that
time. All the buildinixs will be off our hands on the 1st of Decem-
ber. Memorial Hall remains as a monument of the Centennial
year. Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall are the property
of the city of Philadelphia, and will be retained, the latter as an
embellishment of the Park, and the former for festivals, celebra-
tions, and the fairs of the Franklin Institute. The Main Building
will probably be bought by the Permanent Exhibition Company,
recently organized here, and if so will be preserved. The Art
Annex, Shoe and Leather Building, Carriage Annex, Judges' Hall,
Agricultural Hall, Commission offices, etc., will be sold at auction
and removed by the purchasers. The State Buildings will also be
sold, and all the foreign structures, so far as I know, except the
British house, which has been presented to the city. The restau-
rants and other business structures will be speedily pulled down.
The amount received for concessions has not varied from my origi-
nal estimate of $500,000. We are likely to close all the business
growing out of concessions and contracts without disputes and with-
out a single lawsuit.

Mr. John Sartain, Chief of the Bureau of Art, said :

I consider the Art Exhibit, as a whole, a remarkable success,
55

S(jQ THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

and believe it compared favorably with the displays at previous
World's Fairs. France and Germany did not send their best
works, but England made a most remarkable contribution, twice
as large as she sent to Paris in 1867, and three times as large as
her collection at Vienna in 1873. The great merit of the English
pictures was owing to the fact that they came from the private
o-alleries of gentlemen owning fine works. The Netherlands ex-
liibit was good, and so were those of Belgium, Sweden, and Spain.
It was altogether an aggregation of extraordinary talent. The
Italians sent too many copies of old masters, but among their pic-
tures were some of first-rate landscapes. Nothing in the whole
Exhibition attracted so much attention as the Italian statuary.
The Art Galleries were at all times the most crowded part of the
fair, and the rooms containing these statues were the most crowded
portions of the galleries. The Italians, Mr. Sartain says, have
struck out a new field in sculpture, and have successfully treated
in marble subjects heretofore confined to canvas — scenes from
domestic life. Their execution is wonderful, and whatever the
critics may say, the popular instinct recognizes and approves the
truthfulness to nature manifested in these works.

Captain Albert, Chief of the Bureau of ^lachinery, said :
It is scarcely necessary for me to speak of the general success of
the Exhibition in my department, as everybody knows that it has
been very successful. The machinery employed in our various
industries was thoroughly represented in almost every respect
except that of marine engineering and shipbuilding, which impor-
tant interest, owing to the decline of American commerce, is not in
as prosperous a condition as it should be. The number of ex-
hibitors of machinery was more than double the number at the
Vienna Exhibition, the only previous one which had a separate
hall devoted to this department. The exhibitors, as a rule, were
very much pleased. The majority of them have been reimbursed.
Large sales of machinery have been made, both to foreign and
native customers. A number of foreign machines have been sold
and will remain in this country. Machinery Hall cost less than
the sum appropriated for its erection. It was the settled policy of
the Commission to encourage the exhibition of processes of manu-
facture, and this led to the granting of permission to exhibitors to
sell the products of such work, a percentage of the proceeds being

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

867

paid to the Board of Fiuaoce. During the last three mouths a
sum was realized in this way sufficient to pay all the expenses of
the Machinery Department for that time.

The Corliss engine and shafting worked during the whole time of
the Exhibition without any mishap whatever, never stopping from
any disarrangement, and no accident has happened to any person
from machinery under the control of the Bureau. To drive all the
machinery in the Exhibition 4,400 horse-power was required, and
this was supplied from the boilers through three-fourths of a mile
of steam pipe, varying in diameter from two to fifteen inches. This

SCREW-CUTTING LATHE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.

power was communicated by one mile of shafting. The amount <.(
coal used daily was from twenty-five to thirty tons. The Bureau
has conducted the largest and most comprehensive tests of ateam-
engines, water-wheels, and steam-boilers that have ever been known,
as well as trials of various smaller machines and apparatus. To
show the extent of this work it may be stated that tweuty-three
water-wheels, belonging to eighteen different manufacturers, have
been tested, the whole apparatus for the purpose being supplied by
the Commission. Trials have also been made of fifteen different
bailers and about a dozen fire-engines.

868 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Among the important American machines of recent invention
shown were those for cloth-cutting, hat making, envelope making,
stone-cutting, and for ornamenting in stone. Much European
machinery of special interest and merit was exhibited. Among
this may be mentioned machines for jute-making and for tobacco-
twisting, and a sugar mill from Great Britain ; Krupp's exhibit of
ordnance and heavy marine forging, and Schlickeysen's brick-
making machinery from Germany ; wood-working machinery and
a lithographic press from France, and mining machinery from
Belgium. Russia had a fine exhibit from beginning to end, and
that of Sweden was also excellent throughout. The most interesting
part of Brazil's display in this department was illustrative of silk
production. The Canadian machinery was various and o-ood.

Mr. Burnett Landreth, Chief of the Department of Agricul-
ture, expressed great satisfaction with the general results of his
branch of the Exhibition. He said:

•

No previous international exhibition ever had a separate depart-
ment for the products and implements of farming, and the marked
success of the experiment here would, he thought, cause it to be
copied in future fairs. There was an exceedingly good show of
American agricultural machinery. A good deal of progress in
simplifying and improving the construction of mowers and reapers
was displayed. The presiding judge of this group, an Englishman,
considered a hay-loading machine as the most important of the new
inventions shown. None of the foreign countries exhibited much
worth considering in the way of machinery and implements except
Canada. England might have done so, but was deterred by the
want of a market in this country. The show of grains and seeds in
the American section was very good, and several foreign countries
were well represented in this line. Orogon excelled all competitors
in the quality of her grains. Iowa, Nebraska and Michigan sent
the best fruits. There *vas a "fine display of tobacco, and a re-
markably extensive one of wines, in which Portugal, Spain, France,
and our own country were prominent. The exhibit of wool and
cotton was unfortunately scanty and defective. The live-stock
show did not meet expectation as far as the quantity of stock dis-
played was concerned, but the quality was superior to anything
ever seen in the United States. The poultry show was exception-

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

869

ally good and was the largest ever held in this country, while the
display of pigeons was never equalled in the world.

Among the foreign
countries, all things
considered, Canada
made the best show,
because she had both
implements and pro-
ducts. Of products
alone Brazil had the
most complete and
best arranged exhibit.
The special exhibit of
the brewing industry
was a notably credita-
ble feature of the Agri-
cultural Department,
and the butter and
cheese show was also
praiseworthy. The
exhibitors of agricul-
tural machinery were
very successful in
making sale to foreign
countries — Brazil, the
Argentine Republic,
Japan, Australia and
the Cape of Good Hope
being large purchas-
ers.

Mr. Charles H.
Miller, Chief of the
Department of Hor-
ticulture, states:

I am convinced that
the exhibition in that
department has led
to very important

870 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

results. At no previous World's Fair was there a separate
department devoted to Horticulture, but the innovation has
been very satisfactory in its effects. The horticulturists of
the delegation of French artisans who visited the Centennial Ex-
hibition wrote a letter on their return highly praising the exhibit
here, and it has been determined to have a horticultural depart-
ment in the exhibition at Paris in 1878. Besides the numerous
displays of specialties by Americans, many foreign collections of
itnportance were sent to the Exhibition, and the space reserved by
the Commission was so used as to give the whole great attraction as
a display of decorative gardening. Multitudes of visitors have
been delighted with its beauty, and many of them have learned to
appreciate for the first time the results of the labors of florists and
horticulturists. This awakening of popular interest and training
of taste in horticultural matters cannot fail to be of incalculable
benefit. Exhibitors are well satisfied, and many horticulturists
who made no display now regret that they did not do so. A great
many foreigners have expressed their admiration of the Exhibition
in this department, and many of the foreign exhibitors have con-
tributed valuable collections to the Park Commissioners, to form
part of the exhibition which will be maintained in Horticultural
Hall. Measures are now being taken to organize a botanic garden
and arboretum in Fairmount Park, and an excellent nucleus exists
in the foreign and American collections that would be given to aid
the undertaking.

General Francis A. Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards,
8aid :

The so-called American system of awards has suffered more or less
disadvantage in its first trial at the International Exhibition of 1876,
first, by reason of its novelty, and secondly, from the want of early
and adequate preparation for the work of adjudication. The trial
made at this Exhibition has not disclosed any inherent defects in
the system, but it has shown the necessity of providing certain con-
ditions and imposing certain limitations which seem not to have
been anticipated. Among these I may indicate a restriction upon
the awards to be given, having reference to the importance of the
exhibits. Petty exhibits, especially those which are not of a com-
mercial character, cannot be advantageously dealt with under the

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

871

American system. If an exhibitor who presents a can of maple
sugar or two or three bottles of wine, or a piece of hand-worked
embroidery made for the purposes of the Exhibition, is to receive
an award purely upon the merit of the individual articles shown,
without reference either to the extent of the exhibition made or to
the extent and importance of his production, the reports of the
judges will be so multiplied and their subjects will become so trivial
as to impair, more or less, the dignity and authority of the reports
made upon exhibits of
greater importance.

The want of this limita-
tion has been felt at the
present Exhibition, and as
the result we find the num-
ber of awards swollen by
the recognition of a great
number of articles of un-
questioned merit, but of
merit in a very small way.

This excess inevitably
tends to diminish ^ the
proper effect of those
awards which are given
to exhibits of great com-
mercial value.

The want of early and
adequate preparation for J
the work of adjudication ^
has been severely felt
through the whole pro-
gress of the Exhibition.
The classification of arti-
cles as arranged for the china vases.
Judges' work omitted some of the most important groups of products
in the Exhibition, including tea, coffee, tobacco, spices, and the
whole line of cereals, rendering it necessary to assign, as the
exigencies of the situation required, the omitted products to groups
which were perhaps already overburdened with the number and
variety of objects submitted to the judges' attention. The ob-
scurity of some of the lines of classification adopted, moreover, in-

872

THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

creased greatly the liability, always in a degree existing, of articles
falling through betweau contiguous but not absolutely coterminous
groups ; of even more serious consequence was the delay in sending
out blank forms to be filled up by exhibitors with the necessary
information for the judges. These forms were not pi'epared and
issued in season to reach more than a very small fraction of the
foreign exhibitors, and in the result it was found that a very large
proportion even of the native exhibitors had been supplied either

not at all, or so late as to
reuder their replies una-
vailable for the purposes
of the judges, who were
therefore left, in the in-
completeness of the offi-
cial catalogue, to find out
for themselves both the
location of the exhibits
and the special advan-
tages claimed by their pro-
ducers.

In spite of the defects
noted, the American sys-
tem of awards is, I think,
fully acknowledged to be
a success by all who have
seen enough of its work-
ings to be able to judge
of the results; and I
think.it will be generally
approved both at home
and abroad, when the re-
ports of the judges in the
several groups shall be
published. The central idea, as you are aware, is to give information
to the body of would-be purchasers and' to the general public through
a series of discriminating and descriptive reports, instead of making
use of tokens like graded medals which convey practically no in-
formation.

Under the present system, the medal, uniform in all cases as to
size, design and material, becomes only a token that the exhibitor

CHINA VASES.

OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

873

has received an award. The question what the award is is only
answered by the report of the examining judge, which is expected
to set forth the elements of merit, and, as far as practicable, the
degree of merit. In other words, the report of the judge answers
the question which Socrates used to ask of his antagonists in debate
when they declared a thing to be good — good for what ? Its adapta-
tion to the uses desigued, its economy, its efficiency, and every other
recognized advantage of a product, come thus within the scope of
the report. The medal simply declares that an article is good ; the
report tells what it is good for, and how good.

This system also enables us to avoid forcing comparison between
objects having more or less different uses, though falling under the

CENTENNIAIi AWARD MEDAL.

same class. In general it is true, I think, that a judge should be
able to say something better of an article or product than that it is
the best. An article may be the best of its kind and yet very poor ;
and of many very good things it may be impossible to say which is
the best. Hence, the Bureau of Awards has steadily discouraged
the use of superlatives in the judges' reports.

The reports made under this system are nearly all in press, and
will be issued in pamphlets by groups as soon as practicable, all
probably within the course of two or three weeks. In general the
judges have very clearly apprehended and strongly held to this
plan of awards, and the reports as rendered will do great credit to
the Exhibition, as constituting a part of its permanent literature, as

874 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY.

well as convey much practical information of commercial value.
Of course, when a judge is to report upon an exhibit of canned
peas, not a great deal can be said except that the peas were well-
selected and the work of canning well done ; but in regard to the
many exhibits of an important character, highly discriminating and
often fully descriptive reports have been presented. Whether in
a few lines or in two or three pages, the characteristic features of
each exhibit are stated.

Of the judges selected for this difficult and delicate duty it cer-
tainly cannot be necessary for me to speak in terms of praise. Many
of them are among the first savants of this country and Europe,
while others, not so widely known, are experts of large experience
and high authority in their own departments. They have labored
with astonishing zeal and energy. They have, speaking generally,
overcome not only the intrinsic difficulties of the work of adjudica-
tion, but the disadvantages which have attended its first adoption
here in Philadelphia, with rare patience and pains. I believe that
substantial justice has been done as fully as can be expected in
human affairs, and that the results as they appear will justify the
system and do credit to its author, Mr. Beckwith, and to the judges
who have been appointed to carry it out.

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OB.

Palestine and Syria.

33EIlsrC3-

A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THOSE COUNTRIES, THEIR HISTORY,
ANTIQUITIES, INHABITANTS AND CUSTOMS,

ACCORDING TO THE

GREAT DISCOVERIES RECENTLY MADE BY THE
PALESTINE EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS.

Illustrated with 242 Mne JEngravings and 3Iaps.

(^ IXCE the establishment of Christianity throughout the civilized world
^^ the country known as Palestine, or the Holy Land, has been the most
iiiteresting portion of the globe in the eyes of every race professing faith
in Jesus Christ. Not only is it the scene of the events recorded in the Old
Testament, but it witnessed the birth, the labors, the great sacrifice, and
the triumphant resurrection of the Redeemer of the world.

For the past ten years there has been a constant and successful effort
to explore every part of the Holy Land. These explorations have revolu-
tionized our knowledge of Palestine, and the most interesting discoveries
have been made, all tending to strengthen and confirm the faith of the
Christian in the Bible. The author has devoted j^ears of study and research
to his task, and has produced a work which is justly regarded as one of trie
most remarkable volumes ever Issued.

The book opens with the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt ; and
traces their wonderful march from the Land of Goshen to Mount Sinai,
their wanderings in the Desert, and their final march to the Promised
Land. Then follows a clear and concise history of Palestine from the
earliest times to the present day.-

From this brief outline of the character of the work it will be seen that
it is very comprehensive. The Bible gathers new interest read in connection
with it, and many difiicuities which are constantly presenting themselves to
tlie mind of the unassisted reader will vanish in the light of the clear
explanations of this work.

ool^T^>ITIOI^TS =

It is printed from large, clear type, on fine calendered paper, comprised in one lai^
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THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION,

WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE

GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS
OF INTEREST IN THEM,

EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS.

This work gives a complete and vivid description of the great Exhibition. The Author
has written from his ovra personal knowledge, having gone through every pnrt of the great
F;iir, note-book in hand, recording the vast and varied information contained in this book.
He has received in his labors the constant and sympathetic assistance of the Centennial
authorities, and has enjoyed peculiar advantages in the preparation of this work. It is the
only Official History of the Centennial Exhibition offered to the public, and is invaluable to
those who contemplate visiting the Exhibition. There is not a guide book in print which
gives one-tenth of the information contained in this work. To those who have visited the
Exhibition, it will be a pleasing souvenir of their visit, and will enable them to recall the
magnificent scenes they have witnessed. To those who cannot make the journey, the book
18 a necessity, for it will enable them to enjoy the delights of a thorough acquaintance with
the great. World's Fair in the quietude of their own homes.

THE WORK TREATS

OF THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS; giving an account of them, the manner in which
they are laid oflF, and the location of everv object of interest in them.

OF THE GREAT BUILDINGS OF THE EXHIBITION; giving their history, their
size, the details of their construction, and an accurate description of each.

OF THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING, that superb palace of glass and iron; of
the rare and beautiful articles displayed within it ; the rich Jewels, Laces, Silks, and manu-
factures of all kinds, which are here spread out in a manner that surpasses the Avildest flights
of romance ; and the thousands of beautiful and curious objects which fill the vast hall.

OF MACHINERY HALL, the grand temple of the Mechanic Arts; of the great Corliss
Engine, and the thousands of machines which exhibit the mechanical industries of the world.

OF MEMORIAL HALL, the beautiful Art Gallery, with its thousands of Paintings,
Statues, Bronzes, etc. ; the most superb Art Collection ever seen in any Exhibition.

OF AGRICULTURAL HALL, in which is made the most complete display of the agri-
cultural systems of the various nations of the world. This is the grand original feature of
our Exhibition, and is a source of the deepest interest to all who visit it. To the farmer,
the account of the superb display in this building is worth the price of the whole book.

OF HORTICULTURAL HALL, the fairy-like palace in which the flowers of the world
are to be seen ; and of the beautiful landscape gnrden which surrounds it.

OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING; in which are displayed the
great National Museum and the practical workings of the Treasury, War, Navy, Interior and
Post-Office Departments. The account of the collections contained within this building is
brilliantly written, and is of the deepest interest to every citizen of the Union.

OF THE WOMAN'S PAVILION, with its benutiful collections of the work of woman in
the various occupations in which her skill and patience have won her success. This depart-
ment of the Exhibition cannot fail to interest the women of America.

OF THE BUILDINGS OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE UNION, the arrange-
ments made for special displays, and for the comfort and convenience of the visitors from the
various States ; with a description of the buildings and their internal arrangements.

OF THE BUILDINGS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES; giving interesting descriptions
of the stately mansions of Great Britain, the handsome pavilions of Spain and Germany, the
curious residence and bazaars of the Japanese, the Cafes of the Turks and Tunisians; the
bazaars of the Syrians, and tents of Bedouin Arabs.

COn^THDITIOl^S :

It is printed from clear, new type, comprised in one large Octavo volume of 874t pages, embellished
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THE

ENTENNIAL HISTORY

OF THE

UNITED STATES,

THE DISCOVERY OF THE lERIGi GONTINEiT

The Close of the First Cenkf of American Independence.

^p,#«^ITH the close of the First Hundred Years of our National Progress,
^^l^$ and its celebration by a Grand International Centennial Exhibition,
t^^f5^ a renewed and wide-spread interest is being diffused among the people in the
History of the Great Events which have culminated in such power and wealth
as that to which our country has attained.

The author gives a clear, vivid, and brilliant narrative of the events of our history,
from the discovery of the American Continent to the present day. The voyages of
Columbus, the explorations of the different nations of Europe, and the wanderings of
the Spaniards in quest of gold and immortal youth are told with graphic power.

Every step of our colonial history is traced with patient fidelity, and the sources of
those noble, and we trusf., enduring institutions which have made our country free and
great, are shown with remarkable clearness. The causes of our great struggle for inde-
pendence are told with a logical force and ability unsurpassed in any work of the day;
and the story of that great struggle for liberty, with its triumphant issue, is in itself worth
the price of tlie book. Then follows a clear and succinct account of the formation of the
Federal Constitution ; the establishment of the Union ; the course of affairs until the
breaking out of the Second War with England ; and a full and comprehensive account
of that War and its results. The history of the country from the peace of 1815 to the
outbreak of the Mexican war is then given, and the thrilling story of the Mexican War
is told with all the interest of a romance. The history of the Civil War is related with
intense V-g">r, and with strict fidelity to truth. The author writes throughout with the
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m ^ m

iUR DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL PICTORIAL FAMILY BIBLE is the
most perfect and comprehensive edition ever published in this country.

In addition to the Old and New Testaments, Apocrypha, Concordance and Psalius
in Metre, it contains a large amount of explanatory matter, compiled with great care, and
*urnishing a complete encyclopedia of Biblical knowledge.

The following are among its leading features:

1. A comprehensive and critical History of all the Books of the Bible.

2. A very elegant and elaborate Marriage Certificate, with designs, etc., in seven colors.

3. A History of all the existing Religious Denominations in the world, and the various
Sects, both ancient and modern.

4. Beautifully illuminated pages of the Lord's Prayer and Ten Commandments.

5. A very unique Family Record for Marriages, Births and Deaths, printed in colors.

6. The History of the Translation of the English Bible.

7. A handsome Photograph Album for sixteen Portraits, printed in colors.

8. A complete and practical household Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its Antiqui-
ties, Biography, Geography and Naurral History, by the great Biblical scholar, William
Smith, LL. D. Expounding every subject mentioned in the Bible.

4®°" Special attention is called to the great value of this feature. Dr. Smith's is everywhere conceded
to be th« most comprehensive and valuable Bible Dictionary ever published.

9. Over lOOO fine Scripture Illustrations, accurately showing the Manners and Customs
of the Period, Biblical Antiquities and Scenery, Natural History, etc., etc.

10. Topographical Sketch of the Holy Land, with Maps and Panoramic views of the
country as occupied by the different tribes.

11. Illustrations of Jerusalem and its environs, showing the Holy City as it appeared in
the time of David and again in the time of Christ. The Mount of Olives, Mount Zion, etc.

12. The Wanderings in the Wilderness, with Map and Illustrations showing the Wilder-
ness of Sinai, the Camp of the Israelites, Standards of the Twelve Tribes, etc.

13. Illustrations of the Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple, with plans, altars, ark, golden
candlestick, brazen laver, breastplate, molten sea, and the high priest in his various offices.

14. Illustrations of scenes and incidents in the Life of Christ.

15. The Cities and Towns of the Bible, showing all the important places in Palestine.

16. Scenes in the Lives of the Patriarchs, Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament.

17. Illustrations of the Animals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc., mentioned in the Bible.

18. Illustrations of the prominent events in the Life of St. Paul.

19. Illustrations of the trees, ])lants and flowers of the Bible.

20. Fac-similes of Ancient Coins, with a description of each, including the Hebrew,
Greek and Roman coins, with their value in gold.

21. A Harmony of the Four Gospels, and Analysis of the Bible.'^^

22. A Table of contents of the Old and New Testaments, so arranged that any subject
or occurrence m^smtioned in the Bible can be readily referred to.

23. A Plan showing how the Bible may be read through in a year.

24. A Table showing how the earth was repeopled by the descendants of Noah.

25. Nearly One Hundred Thousand Marginal References and Readings.

26. A Chronological Table, showing the principal events of Jewish and contemporaneous
History, from the creation of the world to the present time.

27. A Table of the Kings and Prophets of Judah and Israel, arranged in parallels.

The following are specimens of letters that we have received from
Clergymen and from Agents who are selling our Bible:

Rev. W. S. Black, of Monroe, Union CJo., N. C, writes: — "Every person is delighted with your Bible.
It is the most complete, and gives more entire satisfaction than any other Bible I ever saw. I sold 11 copies
in one day, 13. in another, and 17 in another, mostly in the finest style of WHding."

Rev. J. G. Monfort. D. D., of Cincinnati, 0., writes:— "This Family Bible is of inestimable value. Its
pitrtures impress sacred characters and scenes upon the imagination, and its mape, tables and marginal refer,
ences make it the best of all Commentaries. Let no family that can afford it be without thij large, well-
pmitf^d, handsomely-bound and illustrated copy of the Word of Grod."

^^This very interesting and vnluaMe Work will be sent to
y address, postage paid, on receipt of Jt*rice,

SEXUAL SCIEICE;

INCLUDING -^

MANHOOD, WOMANHOOD,

AND

pHEIE MUTUAL INTER-RELATIONS;

LOVE, ITS LAWS, POWER, ETC.

By Prof. O. S. Fowler.

'* Sexual Science " is simply that great code of natural laws by which the Almighty re-
ires the sexes to be governed in their mutual relations. A knowledge of these laws is of
J highest importance, and it is the general ignorance of them which swells the list of disease
d misery in the world, and wrecks so many lives which would otherwise be happy.
THE WORK TREATS OF LOVE-MAKING AND SELECTION, showing 'how love
airs should be conducted, and revealing the laios which govern male and female attraction
d repulsion; what qualities make a good, and a poor, husband or wife, and what giver
-sons should select and reject; what forms, sizes, etc., may, and must not, intermarry.
OF MARRIAGE, its sacredness and necessity, its laws and rights ; of perfect and miserabU
ions; and of all that it is necessary to know concerning this most important relation in life.
OF BEARING AND NURSING. — This portion being a complete encyclopedia for pro-
active mothers, showing how to render confinement easy, and manage infants ; every young
fe requires its instructions as aflFecting her embryo.

OF SEXUAL RESTORATION.— This is a very important part of the work; because
Qost all men and women, if not diseased, are run down. The laws of sexual recuperation
J here, for the first time, unfolded, and the whole subject thoroughly and scientifically
ated; giving the cause and cure of female ailments, seminal losses, sexual impotence, etc.

And Tells how to promote sexual vigor, the prime duty of every man and

woman.
How to make a right choice of husband or wife ; what persoas are suited to

each other.
How to judge a man or woman's sexual condition by visible signs.
How young husbands should treat their brides ; now to increase their lov&

and avoid shocking them.
How to avoid an improper marriage, and how to avoid female ailments.
How to increase the joys of wedded life, and how to increase female passion.
How to regulate intercourse between man and wile, and how to make it

healthful to both ; ignorance of this law is the cause of nearly all the woes of marriage.
How to have fine and healthy children, and how to transmit mental and

physical qualities to offspring.
How to avoid the evils attending pregnancy, and how to make child-bearing

healthful and desirable.
How to prevent self-abuse among the young, and how to recognize the signs

of self-abuse and cure it.
How intercourse out of wedlock is injurious ; a warning to young men.
How to restore and perpetuate female beauty, and how to promote the growth

of the female bust.
How to be virtuous^ happy, healthful and useful, by a rigid compliance with
the laws of sexual science-
There is scarcely a question concerning the most serious duties of life which is ntJt fully
d satisfactorily answered in this book. Such a work has long been needed, and will be
md invaluabk to every man and woman who has arrived at years of discretion. It should
read especially by the married, and by those who have the care of children, and it will
rry happiness w5th it wherever it goes, by diflFusing knowledge on those subjects concern-
* which it has, until now, been almost impossible to obtain reliable information. The
ok is pure and ekvated in tone; eloquent in its denunciations of vice ; and forcible in its
Lrnings against th^ secret sins which are practiced with impunity even in the family circle.
In one large royal octavo volume of 930 pages, embellished and illustrated with numerous
igravings, and furnished to Subscribers,

3und in Extra Pino Cloth - at •S.TS per Copy,

>und in Pine L^thw, (Library Style.) at $4.50 " "

AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO.,
Philadelphia, Pa. ; Chicago, 111. ; or, St. Louis, Mo.

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