Maritime geography and statistics ..

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N

MARITIME GEOGRAPHY

AND

STATISTICSi

OA

A DESCRIPTION

OF THE

0ttm anb its Coa0t0,

MARITIME COMMERCE, NAVIGATION,

4^. <§v. <§ic.

** Le TiUtat it Neirtune est le Sceptre tfu Monde."

Bt JAMES KINGSTON TUCKEY,

jt Commander in the Rof/al Naey.

IN FOUR VOLUMES.

VOL. IV.

:\v-Y

^ -^ LONDON:

rniVTII) yOK BLACK, PAKRT, AM]> CO. BOOK8£LLBRi TO THB
7?0«* 9A8T-IVS1A COMPAMT^ LEADBNRAli:. 8TRBE?.

1815.

'«*^'»£jfit2SSSiSlt3ir*"^

CONTENTS TO VOL. IV.

Page

POITHBSIA •-.--... 1

Noithem Polynesia^ New Fhilippines . - «. 2
Mulgrave'8 range .•»-•.• 0
LadrooM --------8

Sandwich islands «---».-17

Soatfaem Polynesia ••-»••• 26

Triendly islands -'••-••27

Navigators islands ..«.•• 47

Marquesas --•-•-••49

Society islands .•4i.».»57

BsiTisH NoBTB Amxbica •••«.. 78

Hudsons's Bay ••.•••.tt^.

Labrador - - - - - • «'*85

Canada .-•--»••• 88

Cape Breton -102

Prince Edward's island • - - - • -105
Anticosti island .«.••«• 107
Newfoandland - .-•...- 108

Nova Scotia -••113

UviTBD States of America <« - - • •119
Rise and progress of colonization • « • • |&.

a2

IV CONTENTS.

Paige
Coasts -- • - • . . . . 245

Riyefs and islands ---•-.. ]4$ *
Inland navigation - -. - - . . - 147

Topography .' ,. 154

Commerce - - « - - . . -176

Navy --185

Florida -, Atlantic coast - .. . . -187

• Gulf OF Mexico '^ extent, coasts^ winds - - - 189

Gulf stream ----.... ]9q

East Florida continued - - . • . - 191

Wrst^orida - - - m . . . -192

LfOUtSiANA - - - -.. . . . JQ4

West India Islands^ divisions - - - . . ]9g

CliiSBte ---•--... 100

Aboriginal inhabitants - - - . . ^ 200

Indigenons animals ---.... 202

Colonization, Spanish islands - . • . . 203

British islands - - . . « . •217

French islands - - . . . ^ . 228

Datcb islands -•-.... 232

Ilanish islands • • - . . . . 233"

Swedish islands --»•.... 934

Topography •£ the islands } Bahamas - - - t^.

€hrand i^ntillet ----..» 239

Virgin islands ----•.. 257

Leeward Caribbees ----.. 263

Windward Caribbees ----.. 273

Leeward islands of the Spaniards - - . • 283

New Sfain (Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic) • • . 289

Honduras -----•.« 293

Mosquito shore -•--... 294

e

•

CONTENn* V

Costa Bica, Veragoa 29^

Paoama •---•-•- 296

TsulaFzkma -297

l^iw KiwoDox OF Okavada (Atlantie) ... 298

GviAVA ......... 309

Spaniih Guiana, Dutch Quiana - - « • -310

Freoch Gaiana ....... 314

PortDgoese Chiiaaa .-•-••. 3IC

BiAsa ......... 31S

BvBMos Ayebs ....••.. 334

Patagovia ...••... 340

Tbrbasbl F0BOO ..... ^ • 342

AscHipBLAOo OF Chilob ...... 345

Chili, extent - 361'

Conquest, rirers, fish, climate - • . . • 3fi2

Trade) topography -...-•• 353

Tbrv, conquest, limits ...... 355

Soil, climate, topography ..... 355

Commerce -^.•.•.. 350

Nbw Grakaoa (Pacific Ocean) ..... 362

Nbw Spaik (Pacific Ocean) ---... 355

Gulf of California • • 3(8

Peninsula of California --.... 359

New California ...... 4 370

NoBTfl Wbst America 5 discoveries, coasts ... 373

Diiisions} natives -.....• 374

Establishments of the Russians .... 333

Topography 387

Aleutian Archipelago ..••.. 393

Raasian America ....... 403

Islands off the west coast of America ... 404

Ifuon^s zir tbb Atlavtic Ocban -- • • - 408

•

y*

QaNT£MX'«.

Page

Ferris islands •••«-•-» 408

Scattered islands and rocks -. - - - - 414

Azores --------- 416

Madeiras « - - - a - - - 421

Cftnaries -•-- 427

Cape Verd^ islands ------- 442

Mands in ihe South Atlantic 446

iitANns IN THB Qreat Southbrn Ocbak - - • 453

SitiTiaH Islands ------- 460

: Great Britain^ extent, coasts, £nglish channel - • ib,

^des - - - - - - t - - 461

Currents % * - • - • -- - 464

South coast of England •--..- 465

JBast coast of England ------ 500

Sast coast of Scotland •--••.. 535

West coast of England - - - • • , - 554

South Wales 561

North Wales -. 570

North-west coast of England - • • • f 579

West coast of Scotland -..*.« 585

Canals - 596

Scilly islands -.-----.- 605

Isle of Man 608

Guernsey,. Jersey, &c. - - - - - -610

The Hebrides 617

Orkney islands -------- 625

Zetland islands • 632

Maritime commerce of Great Britain - • - - 665

Fublic trading companies ----- ^ 653

Home fisheries , - - • - - . * - 663

Eoreign fisheries .- - - - - - - 674

Navy 678

«

• •

CONTENTS. VU

Page

Ii€lmBd; Topography - 693

Canals 7^5^

Commerce .------- 718

Kaberief 720

Appkhbix^ Commerce and Blarine • • • - 722

Table of Geographical Poiitiont 732

Index 737

i

T

-' -^

• •• ♦ -

•>

> I.

.if

i . *

i^vA'

. 1 4»

• V

*^

MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.

9K

POLYNESIA.

The immmerable islands that stud the Grand
Ocean as the stars do tlie heaven^ many of which
are entirely solitary, while others form closely
omnected groups or chains, render it extremely
difficult to produce a classification free from ob-
jection } that which seems most natural is to cany
on the description by groups, following either a
meridian or parallel, as nature has placed themt
and noticiiig separately the scattered islands as we
go (ML As the greater number of these latter
are mere coral reefs, with a more or less luxu*
mat v^etation, admitting of no variety of de«
«cripti(m, we shall confine ourselves to the use-
ful» though barren, nomenclature and geographi-
cal poaitioiuu

The islands of the Grand Ocean seem naturally
to be divided into those north of the equator, and
lliaae on the south of that line, and we shall, there-
Cm^ feOow this division, commencing witl»
tke

, NORTl^RN POLYNESIA.

l%^ftB«^iig iriftiMli^are 'sitttated between^tb«
Moluccas and Pelew Mands^ ' r. . • .

Lord North's Island 3^ 02' ; 131^ 06^ »•»' i* '

Jdfanstoio^ I^laad, 4ifi(mrer6d by Captain
MttfiMin 1788, 8^ IV i 131^ IS' K wtj^aml,
one league ift Cfrcmit, covered "with* •cocoa palttiS)
and kifaabiled I^ the iBblyoMian. race.
' Current Mand, of Carteret, 4^ 4^ ; 131^ 41*
fe A laige rock covered with • ts^es. Sti Aodirew^
Of Carteret, two small islands 5^ 3(r ; 132^ 16^

Pub Alma and Pulo Mariere 4"" SOf ; 132^ f3f

>

I«EW PHILIPnNES.

The Pekfw islands, the PaJaos of the Spaniards
who discovered them, were made known to tJie
rest of the world by the shipwreck, of the Eairt*
India Company's packet Anteldpe in 1788,. dt^d
relation of which, composed by Mn KeatQ, hfi$
gjveB to these islands an interest much beyofldd
what they would have excited under any other
circumstances, none . of them beipg ahoVe. a le$gua
in circuit, ' and the whole surrounded .by.a^ccjpal
feef,;^hicb extends from the islands aix leagUes.to
the west« They are moderately elevatied; covered
with treesj * amongsl; which are ibo iti^nyi tthe
laiead &iiit| and ooooa ptdm* The ai^gac rcmo>i«

indlgeaow

TSKfttaOSm roUtsnSBtkm o

indigenous her^ ^upd^the.natiyes make a c(mfe<>
tioaof its juice. Tbe woods abound in fowls;
Iftii^oW^ lalioivi^ t9r nn^ iiimnlifltttd > ctfrtil
the EngliiA taught theoMtivw thsit tb^ vig^^bC
taken i^r^;jfpod»! f •.*:./ j .. i

-*.;3%ii>nativesNu»*pauited by Mr. Keate itiUhe
most, i^iteable colours, .as a hospitib}e,. gagit, aAA
moiioeiitr saoeft ^ Thay aro woU ixia(k» of a ickep
cq>per cobur^ with long htfr; tha^itieil^ Aiked^
but the' ifvpiMn wear two pieces' of fti^ge .oalule
of TfeieiiGbrm of tiiie cdoM^utt husk; both itemed
aretetooed, and stain theif teelh khcL . Thm
hoBses^flsre etevated off the grouitd th;:0qr ieefeion
stones, and are constructed of planks and bam*
boos ; they )iave besides large halls for the holding
public assemblies. Their utensils, instruments, and
canoes, are simifaffto those of vtixe Society Islands,
and they make pots of clay. Fish is dieir prin*
cfj^^ fo0d: The goiremmeat is Composed of a
kmg; ' attd Pupaeki or nobles, irhose insigiria of
^Sjgtityk a bneelet of bone on the wrist: to ti)tt
ft^g ^^ngs the whole territorial property -of th*
iMndUfiHe subjects having no other ridies than
4lM&t 'daama^' Ihdr arms, and utensib. Theit
M^^d^sr^ of * religion consists in the belief of the
m^kuHwogJth& body. Their language is the
feoiypnts^db or dialect of the Malay.- The geogra*
iihl0tfciiMi1i4».oftliese'islaiidais:latitude*6^ lO^N^

^^I3rbQii]raew^ Islands may. be eonsideml as the
«reatWB Ko^taof the great afaatii oitiuw Pr&ls>l
nmMt^iCAROLiNAs, which extend between the

B g lati-

4iid 17Q^« This great chain is vei7'lilt3i^aiW^#b,
iJbnMt MdnsiteobeiiMimd^^
whose particiibr diretitiaa. lb aiMth ">aiid 'sootil^
like.(ii0A2:;of the daiaios of mw Oraid «<kibaii.

. IVb^l^iwri&U ItSfif Md nifao: wiem dtnmA th JtW

'j^qldie ^wpdsiMri; ckirrentB/^ jbftrjringto paw fi-om

ri)fiU9 idtiulio teotfaer. Hie S^aniardsi&st miimd

^temi itior fMlppiaei and ateerwuds CksMim,

ii«idJigMuim.of . €Uki^ Hi txf Spaiii. They; ate

fAlVut.itightyin.iuuDben all fertile, and theicM-

mate i^eefli>le^ ;but sabject to terriUe limioaiiea.

The inhabitattta bre very numeroiiSy and scddlar

to those of the Peiew IsloAids. Axrieardkiffiblthe

relations of the Jesuits, each idand is ^omibed

^ -blf^c^ff but the whole aoknowkdga oi^kS^g,

^fiM mii^tA.attbe idand L^ therndbka

jtyMHWEe; owr the people; They* iiave ^neSttMbr

.templB^ dor idols, nor any sqfipeaiUMzre roP;rriigi»

ous worship, but believe that celestial :s{)inttii d^

cend and bathe in a lake in tim ishsd'^EdUilo :

4fa0».of ybspiBie said to adwre a^ pedes' trifx^riko-

dil^ (probably the guana) and have coAjuieiS.

I^<dyganiy'is pentiitted. Their ^dikf-tamii^Ment

jpiidaMx^ to imad music for ih«y havi(» ndi in-

ttCftBn^ilts. cXiuM arms am tl» boiP ancbiavhi^

headed with bone. *^1^

Tha only islands of tlurchaiait wIM&^i^og^

inl pbatioitoifaafeievfaeMK aiMrtaiM^
fSKgrii an the fialkming. • i

Ths

;.

^ 1 1 *<

{jir<0!teAittail«te»: tf obisfaruof .b#oDn] iftotg;!^ >„„»«»„

..iii'¥ft^ tiie.«ei;<Mi& in size, W* Ql } 'iSSPM. it
> ^ Qiffip. hkaaigi «f Hunter 1791< 8° 0 $ 146P'«iCr ;
tMioiilet* ifienreeed <wkh flhrabs»i fivemleB aJBunder.
- THtB lem>hiaui»t two iA'aatabef^&SQI'i 1<0P'<]K..
iv Tbe» TUitent lde«0f Wibob ocMpjr »i«paoe
loC ooijr &iit -mfles; tni of tbeia aceedvcrai witfi
nNMil^.tbe rati apots oC eonl. Tbey wm tUdfy
-infaahi£ed, 150 canoes having been teen-ttankblid
■withtavta men one ivith another in 'eaidb. ; llw
•onthenk iaktnd is in 7? 16^ j I4i? Bel', m u

Tke.TvaSiaten, 7° !<*' ; 1M° A'* '

Ha^aJMand, 7° 80' ;, 146'' ^. .
: iunMroB, &" OS' ; 140° 0*.
-: lhimaty>me Islands, discovered •b3r liw Spg/i.
(uiidBtin 1608, occupy a space ten leagued Umg,
^iS^and &W. j they are all low, inril weeded
•iptsiplenfy o£&csh water, and are well iobakft

: oiSbeiSdvKii Islands.

. o:>8ti»l^»iiilaBd: cises to a oonsidenble flKfuti>
.tawijfiR.ia'; 16«?58'. • . • . .

}rit*]&spMWieBt. Island* 5° 30^ ; 1<63? Ifi*. ; ■ .
•iifHogqiciBM the largest ishnd:0f«hec]|ainiiktng
dviijaieapnaioi^and fiihMii ksmad, 9" O'TiCnT*

-uofipi^baarftvI^MiAii ijeaaeni jabcal iilcia>.aaid > riaf

B 8 '•'.■.v>''. i i o.(' mcloting
dilT

Brown's Htege,aiP Sly ;:l^'lt*';j'' ^^^ ■
Paterson's Grotrp, a (9u^^r of Idw i&Md^l J 8^

Kscadores, of WalBs, 11° 15^; tftTP^flfti* »
MHsqnito Group, 7° 3(y ; I68? C, aUrge duster
• of coral patched.

Elmore's, two islands three miles asunder, 7

o

Lord Mulgrave^s Islands form a long chain
from N.N.W to S.S.E. and are composed of Seve-
ral groups '0^ low coral' islands, lihicHy wobded,
and producing the ccJcoa and areca palms, of angeSi
&cl They extend between the latitudes S^tR
and i2° N. and generally seem to be weirinlia^
bited. The southernmost group is named Kflfgs*
inills. ' ' .1

[ 'Hopper^s Island, on the equator. Is tetl'lea^ftfes
long N.E. and S. W. forming on the west TsWte a
great lagoon, 0^ S' S. 173^-43' E: • ' ' ' ' ' '
/*"Htenaeh^ffle*s Island, six miles SlW.- of Hop^
per*s; 'is six leagues long. .;.»♦.'

DundM Island, D^O' S. 173^54/.- ■ 'h. >.v
- ^ HaU^s Island, long and low, 1^' 0* N; VfS9 OtT.

Cook's Island encloses a lagoon 1^ 16* | 1^*^

Rti

• This is almottft solitary iutaace of theocmciresideofaconl ialand
Cueing the east.

'f

■/ t

Mulgiave Island^ S"" 64/ $ lyS"" 39^.

Chatham JWaiiilii 9"" tSP" } 171^^/
' VfiHm4» ofltikty. fKthec island* v» c^qnted ui
this chain, to all of which the Eogliab n^mgatpf^
have.gllen.Bflm^s« . . ,.,

.» !• .

•r

• I

f «

A few solitary idands dot the sea eaqi ,^f tj^
Molgrave chain, they are

St Kerre. 11^ 06 ; 178^ SO/ W.
: BvbadQs» 9^ Ol,i 178° 30 W-
. Palmyia. Island^ only three.. leagu€i . Ip circuit
^QcloPW two b^poons on the west ; oa the east it is
^ ata^xoral bank, and on the west is lined by a
«e^ of the same. On the N. W« is andiorag^
but itfi9|>ean to have no fresh water, apd V
umpkf^tedf 5^ iSl N. 162'' 37^ W.

Christmas Island, of Cook, occupies with its
x«sf . iftMn leagues in ciccuitt and eOicloses a la-
gooAiOil the west, into which there is a obannel
through the ree^ and anchorage outside of the
li||||fr. [ ^It'produced only afew shrubs and about
thirty cocoa*nut trees, when Cook visited it, and
was nninfaabtted ; here: die pavrigat^r procured
iMn^jtmle^ and found it abound in fishw H'^Q'tN,

W9?wm. •. . .

B 4 LAUaONIES*

JUrtf^fcl-

> ' iti

'■■•j±^ tfJMos .•:.'; vj'. v«b vy^iiriiyimffi lo ;>f>irv.'..

kmka^iakMM, ^xtfttidiit^ialMult mMb % dnbKtnA

t«fe^'14«*«ndl^°:Eil<Mig. - > ifv5j

"{SiEivtval df tli& fiOQliiem idatub of tins «laii
were discovered by MagellsQi in 15S1» who 'paaad
ifi%i]»'La#rdneb, from the tliieviah dhpotiladii' of
^ ifittgl^i' tht^ were aflerwards calted Lai

W6<M db^tved liftidng dien. Ib ia3i iti^wefe

Hmtn i!iiMl(Ml-poflse«sioQ of bj S^Mia, favia*

'£^rfabiB»liineAt win fonbed ob tham till- 1668* -^^hhp

'ft' settf^eift- \^ eoMm^oed «t Gumed; :lte

'ftotitfaertMbiMfc 'irfiuKl' diseoveced by Sk^aHMt

^iltiS^tfie ntaie of Mariiainte ^ma>ii»iuia hoaii^

-^Maty.Aniie of Auittiia, wife of PiBiip'.iVv .rt

" 'lie iaIsmA of Tviuam, ike tiiird ofithopaitjAK.

^ii^^d by'Magellaa, is tibat of whidk ivrjlMse

^e most detailed aceount Aam iibie-v9ftiguiHi£

^'Aksbn, Bfron« Wt^,> &c. Acxonbig tt^. the

'H^t^ 6f tiie iirM- o^ these vbyagtts» this iriaBdis

'^'^'li^e^t prtradke, wMle.tl)e:iMl9ij;«ftan'iMid>lniire

'^iihbe^'vkit^ it, have b«eif 8itf{»aed- :!aad imar-

«^9fied' ttt Uncfe^ thair high raised . aayec taJnm

''■'eniili'iiy dKi^poiflftfe*^ '• . •■ ;.-.■>: i o-i.-;

"'"tJbubtiess we ahotild make cooaiderRble-'/ilil-

^ifH^^kii^' fbt t^o «{t(Mltt>n of: Aman'Bl'CQtnpa-

^"Mi^s;-when't!)«y vi^itted this islaiuL; Baslpusted

W^tlfe Migti^^df a kAgi Mvigatioat,' laMiLidonng

r- -'A ■ I'JH il.>y..:i ; .i .^•;-. I J .„ •• '!K...;;i*:fiMjH»a»da

upwttds of twenty men a day by the 8Cttrvy»
ihej heate found abntrdBaaee bf fresh provisioiia
ladr vq{etabl08^ i^ob» in a yvwkt w Hby jx^f^e,
iBitxwed -tllQ) t«a0t iat gope to a state ofr i«|^d
CHnbMaiflBQBiike } H was tbper#fi>re naiui^i ffiHi^
tiieir thankfulness £ir 'this alpio^ reaiirm^jPt
^hotid^^ear^oloutii^ beyond. JS^tw^l ^.tbieir
Oescciptioftaf'difriiiattd; / ; /......;/

^ * The Englbh i(nniit'Ui)jnhebiti;4 bwt Ifi^r^Hf

iar^Ulo^plantatime 4>f vaiious dfruit^^fiwi a^

-wntmiiflg oeiteb moatimeiit$, w piU«ni) p49|e|l

symnelskafiy, which demoted ^ ito i •h«f4aic> b^

«Dcified at no reAdte period by alpiiin^usr j>e«|-

rpU, ciViMted to a certain di^ee^ J^< liicl^ ^A^^

aite teamed, that fifly yeass before^.this i^laAd

reclDOMA d(MX)0 iahabitantSy but tbat^ «t tJMt

"period, an ^demic disease haying swapt^t^fw^

tbree-ibiiidis of the p^^nlaKicm of. the urihi^s

dbaisi^' :tb6 Spaniards established 94 <.C(Bam

'obl^ad 4h6' survavioi^ Unians to xemqve. to^.l^l^i^t

ida^d'to cQadpensate the mortality,

AicoriiDg to Anson's rdationi dtei ifdlwd /is
iimUB Hufa^'kNig and six broad ; the |;^ r^
/gnadutilyfire^) tise sea ta die centre €^
maA Ikrnagneably dtvenlified with .wooded « |)f}is»
wdlste^and plains.. Tbe soil is eveiy . :^I^e}gnod,
producing a much finer, and mor^l^xjvfi^tjg^lliss
'AbaridsiobiBaien in the (torrid zQi;^.^..Tb|^,,.ffcoa«

£spjk}Xh6. bceid-iluit,.>be«sDMy.fF^. ajjd.hff^
b-ow^sr^ tit»^ gvara afid the /ii^pe,. yr^^e ,^^^^
* in kbbadaneei^as.weU as^fv^a^rapajpof '^/^f^*
i:ijfTmd|f antiscorbutic plants. The woods were free

from

m

uor^ &6m ^mA^iMemi^ 8BdtlMi:lmnL«8oifd£i/«aiidei()M
iiaiii«pp«ef. mo iacoftwDBMcet tr Jther tr«vdlerv
I^MMuaiidft of iiiiilk white UnflUMfl^ vittfeib9oaN|D
eoMr waBckkHMl amoog .the' neh- f/^HnreB^nfMaJk
wiare eauaily .mn • dovm by tiio seasnen j whila^fytugry
bufib tmts oeclqmcLby fowb of 4die 'dooiestic ikiody
which 'WecefttkeairMi such eaae, that the osflnrf
wese partly fed oo theim The ialand also pofr-
aenad irastininabecs of wiU hogsy^ whkh/ihoweTer^
&om fthek larocityi ceuld only be mastered i^r

' 'Ihtnaisndi ftlM^h witibQ

flODOidiag^te'the writer oiiiea v0y%ge^^%bimi0SiAf

ibatecad far damestic. porposes by wetts and*

aptoiiissf . and m.the middle of it are twa laihtf,

wfaoaa^bankB aseJsQiIevel and. legular, that tbiy

seem tp hayp been formed by art» anid.wfaiQh afa

coveted with vast flocks of wild ducke^ ciial^^s*

wbtsiliDg^loveis, &c : but to Goaipensate fonjlll

diese^good t^ings^ the island awaraiSr wilh mOAf :

qnitoes, and other sp^ies of kisects^ whic^itoCf '

m^t'both man and beast« The cUaaale ia ae¥etift>

and facokhy^ th^ beat being joKMkrati^ hy-im^

stent bsaezes and by adaderate rama. 8itt^ia.dkai

pioture *of Tiniin^ whan viaitdd by Arnold iim>

Ooifabeiv YJiA. How very diflferant ftomi lhM«ui&

ambceedingfnavigatofii! . . n.

- rCoantnodore Bjrron, . in his i vojnage nmsdi lAw/

WQsld, lafii«ad at thia island the. firsti oHfj&ugHfT

17§fi^ /and did not quit it tiU thft ifiiat of !i(^^

Iitipatitofi to enji^. the jexpectediiyMadKae^ J^^

commodoae landed with aeyenl' v£}iu9^i.iii^^m^

I r . and

11

iBdj^faHtened'to paw 'the fimt wiMHb» imUkibe
CHJlanty^ tliiit wheor iMijwul'tiHni Tiniaa* wouU
flpfOT' upon- them; utiath ail. its Imuties y but tbej
iancL^^e tfeesrso close, j$md ao emhanraMed by
iBukvWMid) that it was with the greatest difficidljF
tbejjrpeiietiBted through them, «]mI notwitbei^
iMecatmg tbeir hands and ftet. Bat when thejr
had/ at last succeeded, what was their surpriae ?
Instead of siniUiig meadows clothed with richgnas
and clover, and enameUed with flowers^ to And
their view rest on arid plains, covered only wslb
reeda and ^ereepiag plants, so interwoven, Idhat it
was next to impossible to make way tbroui^
tliem, white dbuds of flies obscured the air> and
fitted their months when they atteanpted to apeaic
The ammals seemed to have.undeigone a Ghange-
^qaaUy. remackable, for though the parties sent
ia 'seaMh cf cattle met with some, they wem so
^Mdf that they could seldom get within gmushofe ;
aAdf/^lMof they succeeded in killing one, it was
usoally ao ikt from the shore, that they were
<4d%od ia'kave three-fourths of it in the woods,
beiiig (ihaUe to convey it to the ship befete ct
iMfahme'iMitridi WM hogs they howeven prou
iMfeirm^ leas idifllcnlty, aa well as coooa^nuts^
giaaMiariand. bitter oranges, bread-fruit and papab'
in abundance, but they sought in vain' for die^
^irtti hmiimAr rand scorbutic plants of .Anaob.
JlftSi.^Mk zlb^ which the Centtarioa watered mem
ntw^ltatid to wntaA a tisusoous hraddsh fwaWtV
fllMl wMiiiMiTnk': Byaon's shipirwaa filled; withl
cAMl^^Me^4scdiplaU| « and* veneikuius ants, aup*
5»nfc posed

^pefseA t6 he broogbt on board M f!he ;ffi^Wtiddb:
&nd tbecfiiYiiate ^'the season o^.hiil xisii' iieixHi-

m

^ered as extremely tint[ealt%; ibr thottgtt'llifc
people reccyvered rapidly of the scuf\7, ixtii^
were carried off by fevers, produced ty thfe ' itri-
Itood^mte heat and continraal raitis. Sev^r^'^pdi^-
sons of both Ansoti^s and Byron'a ciiewi' weife
TieaHy poisoned by eating die fish takeii in^ll^

Ciptahi Wallis, who visited Tinian in September
1767>rhas not given us a much more &tttertt!ig
accoufnt of it than Byron. The cattle were noifr
bnly to be found on the north side of the island^
and mere approached with great diffictdty, witSib
the hogs were so wild, that they could seldoih giet
within shot of them. Fowls and some ^tts, par-
ticularly limes, were procured more eaafly, but rt6
cocoa-nut trees were found within three miles dF
the shore. '

The next English navigator who touched at
Tiniaq was Captain Gilbert, in August IT^Sd, tod
who, instead of the Land of Promise of AnMon,
fonnd it still worse than Byron had described' it.
Me sdso indeed procured some wild hogs^* £lwls»
MA fhiit, and though he saw wild ^aMfe^ ihe itould
ive^rtgr approach the full grown 'OQes,^ laauLi^wn
tfiifewftre obliged to be' cdntait wJ^^^socteLCtdHr^
^ni& €eiitdrioii'!B wells were ^oom ^nlaolf 4^9)
nhd flane ^ those springs were Mit niHthtwhioh
cA^cm crossed at eveiy step. The flies had not
jmmpmoiIms vummenbkf. mis less JxfftifailiawA^^*
The last account* wttovd'^e^ H^e^^^iiih^

Tinian

^BIj^^Agw w Eiw3fab.Qfl5qer,» jho^ yipted. it
j^^pe^^^nptber 17^9^ . He.faii«4.tha xwwitry equally
J^p^t;^le,,^d Ihfi cftttle. efj^iftUy, wild 901 J?^

.^I^c^ . tlf^ugh •♦ not tfce best in the worldi
jp^^^hjer him^ush iK>r full of worma aa Bttou foun^
^ ...Witb the' grea^ difficulty isoine individinda
jffp^tfsAeA into the interior of tli^ islxuid* iSpuod
tbe m6num«nts described by Anson, and yfhi^k
k^ not^be^o. . d^vejced . by t^e : aupre^dw^g w-
vi>0^^o^ aAd wliich there ,can he do do^bt ir^m
<5;<qMtWG^ by tb^ aborigine pi tjfie j^cL
Z^ejf: had tailored jijttle Qt no al)bei|itio|i djjfce, th^
wait, of Aoiom aod conaiat cjf twiow^spf pjfc^-
jQ^idtpali c(^umna» each crowned with a demi.globe^
qCy^bii^ ^ pjanie aurf^ce. is upw.|urda« It ia difil-
/^^ tp aarertain whether they are of stone of
fj cai|§)9sitio]|» but pi;ob^ly the former. . Tl^e. . di^
meaaions of one of them are^ . . : ^

j^Pq^pei^dicular height of the pyramid ... 14 0

„ Jlf^^ at the base 5 4

',^ Ijl(|^U» of tbe demi gbbe 5 10 ,

e'^fibiivcittr changed may be the ialaiid of Tiniaii
Mjieikemkf^ptetefmc^ Anson's viait, aU the^ suor
eMdAig^navigtttofia agree with him in the badMaa
06 AaiooAy road, wUcfa is on: the south wiestaud^l
tM)botfbariii'iB coarse aand and cocal* aii^ding no
MiiridttiK ttachota^ aad cutting tbet Cdit^B^ *uo*

•"tihU^f&uA, iSvuteiiaift 6V M artaes,' ObicmH^cMi, te.« BUdi dM^

u

less tnMgrsediOf* Jkiisdfit' partial rtwoittal^^

lus bows ; and a second time >drligg«d^ both "Mi*
chore after him. Byron was obliged to put to sea
iuifcosequence of the* teavy swell; and the
ships of Captains Gilbert and Seaver (who visited
tiU^iribnd the same year): were obliged'to cut^d
Imttosea.

' According to Anson, the nMtd is only dangi^^
ens bcKWteti <tie middle of June and middle 'Ot
Octdber, when tlie winds often blow sdl rofMdtbd
compass^ with great violence, and wh^ti fit>m tlie
itmtf difow ixk a heavy swell. Accoiding to
ByMfi, the month of October is the most dan*
gerow*

Ouftm is the largest of the Mariannes, and-thcr
dnly one on which the Spaniards *have anysettle'-
ttent. It is fotty miles in circuit, and contains^
about 10,000 inhabitants, in seven or eight ^^
lages, beaides the Spanish town, named A^aha»'
which is on the N.W. side of the island, fbtir
miles up a river, and the approach defended 'by
a battery of eight guns. TTie road before theri^-^
V4Br is only safe in summer.

The other islands of this chain are^ with tfae^
exception of two or three, uniiihab J6^. ^ lliiiF^^
names from touth to nortili are Sifpah, Agu^fH
Saypa», Antajan, Sari^mn, GogCtaa, PagotH^
Qttgajar, Assutidption, a vluit cMfiBsl aiass Qi tvm^
aftd Uraceas. -. .^J

The Ladronei hare been cdebrit«4i by .^heii^*'
European visitors &rt the peifMtm^ of thieib'fltA-

ing

tffA(i^fi(&m'mmymi»'ndm»/a9iA tpnttnii the

. •>• • «t • •'! 0» . • ,»« ■* , ' * I'll I "

i «»

c

*

i . ^il' ! H'

♦rs /

!N^th: of the Marianoes a volcanic archipel^gD
extends almost to Japan, fonniDg two .>dittmot
cbaipa from south to nortlu In the vrettermilost
cl^dii are the fbllowing : .Vela» or the Sail. Sul«
pbur. Jdandi of Goot, naxn^dfrom th« smtfU i^f
tbaf: cimiiera) obsisrvecj ^naar .it, is five Ireagues lang>
N#N^« and S.S.W. ; the south point ri9e»iti ahigk
bwen Juil^ flat at top^ which appears to be a voU
cano, and a low narrow isthmus connects this hill
ipth the body of the islandir It is extremely bar-
ren» ' producing only a fiaw bushes, 24^ 48' ;. 141^
IS/ JE^ Seven leagues north of Sulphur Island is
a conical island/ and another the same distance
south.: thej were called by Cook, North and South
I4^ds;

TV' AixM>ishop'8 Islands are the northern eon^
tinuation of this chain, and are little knowik

The eastern chain contains many voloanoefl^
tlixbe of whif^b follow each other on the south.
Mi^Clslmd is.in 24"" 50f i 14,6^ 6V4 . Grampua.
Iftond^ of Cajitain Meares, 17^99. are.agroupt:
on^of wh;^ is five leagues long north aiid awtb,.
riiipg to a high mountain, with >little wood» and
heaten by a violent surf, which seems to render
hii^ikg^ntapQmhU. W l(y } X46My I

IMalabrigo,

r- •

! 1-'

14

Mililiiitfi rwnililiiMML .^ MiiiMm iMdAMb
de Piros, ate l^paniah dMcovedgi. iWiwRjttyi^oqfc
ve not ocrttiidjr koMiii. • - . : * .::^ .:\.;,.a

East of the chains a( Mtnaw*. «n^ :li!Ma|iWk
chains above noticed, are many scattered islandi^
whose general direction is N.W. and S.E. ; diey
arc ■

Tlie Gardens, two clusters of cond islets on
reefs. «1° 35' ; 151° 30'.

St. Btirtholomfnir ... 15^ lO* 163°41' E.
.Qaapax Rico ... ..15 12 171 18 , . ..

Wake's Rock 17*8 173 45 '

Wake's Island 19 0 166 4^ . . . „ ,

Desert Islands 20 30 • 168 0 . .. ,

Ltoiira. 90 fi4> 166 42

Camira ...22 0 163 0 . ,,

Volcano ...22 40 163 0

Desert Islands 23 30 163 30 . '\

i\jison's Idand .... 23 30 160 —
Sebastian Lopez. • . • 25 S4 1^6 30

Lot's Wife, o{ Meares 17899 is a siogulaf ip^f^
rising perpendicularly to the height of; S6Q fi^j
resembling a first rate ship of war imcler f^W^^
Oa the S.£. side is a cavern» into which ^ fii^
nishe^ withafiri^tful noise. ^"^ SV i 160'' y •.! ^

Rica del Qro and Rica de Platf^ or Ool4.^)f^.
Silver Islands, placed in the charts. jUi.tli^jjq|^
gjix>DB^ if they esiat, probably owe tbisii: ft^m^fym
the fables of the ^fapapeye. . . ^ ,^.,,,1/

Usiansky Island- discovered in the BjuarauLr

sb^ |>T<pea|.is» qpoCofd^M^ltiep^^^ill)^
cuiii Oil a Gonl reef j it i» po^cered yi^ gfSm,t^'

«• <

Knuenstero's Breakers, -seen ia the same shi{v

$AI7DWICH ISLANDS.

% m m « * »

I

«

The Sandwich Islands, discovered by. Cap tain
Cook in 1778, are eleven in number, lying be»
tween the latitudes of 18'' 5V and g2*^ Qf N. ;
and between 156^ and 160^ W. longitude. They
form the nnost isolated and the north-eastem group
of Polynesia. There is reason to suppose, !that
these islands are the isles of the Kings of Gaetan
154/i ; and also the hs Majos or Morijes of other
Spaniards.

Owhycfe, the south-easternmost and largest, is
nearlj an equilateral triangle, the greatest length
of whicby north and south, is twenty-eight leagues
itftf\(f "a l^ftlf, and tbe greatest breadth, twenty-four
llamkek"/' The whole island is composed of moun-
twi, ttrWhiph two are particularly conspicuous/
ll^iit'iCaah, ^on tlie* N.C., rises to three peaks,
wyim catii>6 sfe6n f6rty leagues, and its summit
iJ^S^tyw^a wttii Isttow throughout the year, whence.
dRiftWtfe^t^jthe tropical line of snow, its eler
i^fe<l8*%ft8(trtfe i5,000 feet The elevaUon of
ICc^mt Roa, on the south coast, is not much

2ft* laMsis of this island, from' t(ie NiW; 'point

Wfiil%ikft point rduiid'by &e eait, ^i without'

WW-rfr. Q any

\

j^y^iomitsf^ tlie ihoi^ h cottpdtoft atpbuptu^
'dioulw rocky clift, with iDterveftldg Ki^ :^ai^

: <mly« Many tuos of ^lesli ^dter tiu^Me idVa* ti*
r cU^ into the sea.

The N.E. coast is larreh and uncultivai^^^

.'wdi a&piart of the south coast, which ^ppeara to

, have undergone the most severe dfeets pf volca-

ittc €f^ $baA hw no souo^fii^pk with ^9€(Q £|thoms

«f ' Iiiie» . close txi the clijis* The N« W. c^M* ^

the c(Mt)?a^ is ftrtile md well 'diitiJiPiate^ . •

lliis idsend ^as ^evehd bays, with good fn*
dibnge ;iaf wfeidithit of ^Kibraktekoa, on thb w^^
tiidugh not the ha^ is the idcfi^t frc^u^nt^d ^
ficira^feali shqpl^^ aiid is mcAimftiHy cdebMted cby
IM trIigicBl elbd of €a>taia Cook.

Mowee is eight leagues N.N.W. of Qiv^^gse^
mdis tibvidfed into two circular -peninsulai^ t|fiited
ft^ a low isthmus. Both pbnmsalas are: mfifn'
Imoufe. The l^igth of the idand is fmty^fbt
intfe^ «id its 'gtreat^t breadth twenty. ; Several
farts t)f this idand atSeia also to have safler#d^^
vofoamcfire. ,;

The 'north shore has no lKMAidiqg$ ^clOAe to. fh^
x3iA diatTike perpendicular from the sea*, ..JLa
fVtaiflietlescrftes ihb first aspect of tlasisl^fi^ as
4»eaiitfful, irinre'ims of Wat^r tumbling in icf^sqidea
Ifrom the 'tops of the mountaiRs, and l^^e^.a^^re
ciymred with 1iabita(ioiis» ^ ts to<ferm a^ejofl^miecl
tiUagd for three or four leagues; the proppfj^ti
tf idtbifidilefijljboand^s, ho%fev«^^ ^ |

-fi^ar-kfae NwW.j^ottft^ the ^iplMid i^. |Uh^fia»
' . \ the

J

cFth^' w^st side, and Fairhavcifi ton 'Aie sfMbe riAe,
^S^aiflblid giMxl ^chrtrage and ^resh^wator.
' ' TNtiomM^ -A amtHL barren klaiid,^ith:oiit ^o^,
ten miles long, four tniles broafl, and tame mflts
' ifort fite RW. ^ofeit rf Mowee.

Mbtokinnee, a large bairen 'immludsited todc,
' hMMr&tn Mowet and IWioorowa. •
- Dlor^toift^vc^ leagues and ttluAf west oifMowM,
4s Dflrtj'^Aree miles )^n^9 ^n^^ 'fifteen tnfieft fatmi.
It is, l^e M^wee, divided into two penShsifias )
ft e leatternttiost c** whidi is vei^ Wgb^ -vtlL ^he
^pHtet6»nHK>st Moderately fiO; It has m> wood^ittiA
ftesh water. Inhere appears to he hq goofl
rcmnd this island. Half a league ^m
its east point is a barren, todky, T^et, named
Modbvenite.

* ^anai, tliiee ieagnes voiitfi of the east lefid of

"Mtttotoi, ififteen miles kmg and sac itrilei l>roltd,

fe4fafren and thinly inhabited.

' ^t)ahoo, seven leagoes N.W. xX Morotoi, is

'ttirtyimles earfi way. The norfh and \test sides

liavTB a mnch more fertSe appearance ihan any

jparfs of the coasts of the other islands ; 'httt ite

' ^nCh 'Side is extremely "barren. Onihe tsaaft ft an

' ^jKfM^e Hbay, bounded' on the fconth by a ^ong

' ^{*)l»t>)f 4ana, Uffwhich, at>one cifle tfctont, is ti

'<'^49tf«ie stm^h is'n^teet6 fiay;B!rdrdffigtb^
'ssl^Hd^e, and having good water^ birt as thte
TeefHtWeh'IftieS -tbe*«re renders 'tbe -to^g
liSldj^^^TOt wifrinrtJioo'OT'wrtierhtg'fe .to gi^fhe na-
^ c 2 tives

80 MARITIME GfeOGUAPHY.

tives to bting it to the boats in edtaibflBbesi vrfaidb
tiler will do for a trifte.

* West of Whiteet€ is Opouroah, a lagoofi, entered
by a break in the reef, whieh lines the sikire.
iPhe lagoon ends in two little coves, and would
icma an excellent harbour was it not fdr the tuoah
Toifrness of the entrance.

On the N. W. side of the island is also a bay,
with good anchorage, and a rivulet, in which th^
water is brackish for 100 yaVds from the beacb^
And is otherwise inconvenient to be got at.
• Atooi, or Otooway, N. W. twenty-five leagues
from Woaboo, is thirty-thjee miles long and
twenty-two broad. The west, north, and N.R
iddes are broken and uneven ; on the south, the
hills rise with a gentler ascent from the sea, and
the land is more even.

Wymoa Bay, on the S.W., afibrds the besfc aa*
chorage among the whole group, though it 1#11»*
ilidr exposed to the prevailing winds ; for the high
Idnd causes the trade wind to change its directioii
on this side of the island to S.E. and E.S.E. iTlie
bottom is clean, and wood and water easy ta be
procured*

The inhabitants of Atooi are the most advatioei
in the art of cultivation of any of those islanders,
ibeir plantations being fenced with neltthedg^
^nd traversed by well kept pathways Thse- cttlit
tenHs bring to tills island large pines, of wUcb ibl^
Datives nmke canoes. i

Oneeheaw^ five leagues west ei AtMi, &
twelve miles long and siie broad. The east coast

is

mh^ an}' f^erjfesk^vlfif^t the other l^m^ ^exce^
the S.£. pointy which is high and bluC yam
I^^^QfithaN.Wv i» the best aaqkcxriigti* ^^
. ikieelMiu^i, . 00 Ofigaa, a little rocky, hap*eo^
U«l>%tniobabited ialan4 is aq>arated from thenort^
flidk Qfs OHe^hoa^ by a chaniiel one inile brp«4^
which does not appear to have water for shipa« . .
vT^oofi^ or Tdgoora» the wiesteminojst idand
ofibe gi^up known to Captain Cook, i» barwq»
higbj and umnhahited. .

Bird Xpland^ the Madoqpapa of the * native^^
Wight fac in vain by Captain Cook, was discover-
ed in 1789 by Captaic) Douglas ; it ii only tlire^
0Utesi3Qk circuit, rising in two hills. The south side
is covered with verdure, but all the rest ia a.
hakedrock* 23^8'; l6l°45'.

Keeker Island, discovered by La Perouse, is a
great rock 1,000 yards long and sixty high, whit^
«ied with birds' ordure. QS"" 34' 164s'' S2\
•^ ^W^ french Frigate Bank, a shoal, discovered
fegr j^ same navigator, in 23° 45! N. l65° 50^ W.
i^il^e If estern limit of the Sandwich Idands.
^, \ The eUmate of the Sandwich Islands differs little
fiom that of the West Indies, lying in the same
hMtnd^ . and this difference seems to be in favour
^ j|ie former^ The medium of the thermomet^^
flUifuMHj irom January to March, was 83"^, aiKJt
&fi> pe^test rise 88° in Karakakaa Bay« • la .
SfuralM^iB^y the medium was 76'', a difi^raqc^
probably produced by the latter b^ing es^pofod t;a
^e .iM J^reesie^
ifejstjj :-. >i '..■ ; .\ . . 9 S . The

^i

^Hgt inNb^rimg tej minim i iwr^itlij/ m^ jpMir..

tiBde is ^teicid by the poittioob jnd dwvirftoii
oliitfr laftdhi; aad koA ai^ aea bmeMi «e pitMy *

' TIm GUtsmta sMM to bt v«7 wntablo^' <Wirl
not te be gorcoMd bj genend oMseo^ aetti^y
oftni to wiadrarvd, aod as oAeti tp ioewaffi. Ihe
tai9>eU>aand flowsk ragttlarty everf 4ix bows, 4ie
flood from the east, and the gieatett liat is twor
fiNrisistendiicbftk.

The quadrupeds are confined to. hoga, dngWj js^d
«b$ tibaifacirttr are m laige aad heavy bMedi.
The dflga^ similar to those of all the oiba wlinda
111 the Auufic^ an the siae of a eonunen tBn»l|^it»
vith short crooked legs, loog bacha» and ptidbedr
aan: tWf are kept by the natives eothntly for

The.bifds are mimerous and beantifiil, Ihamh.
Mtinatiaos, simteeo species ooly being emuHAteted
io Cttd^^s voyage, and of theae, five only are eMi«t
inon ia Europe, wUu laven, owl, plover, pi^ura^
aftd the oo&unoii water hen. Xlie reat ace of the
attaUev species^ The islands are said ttn h»rana
imMBods reptiiesL

The ottlduated vi^^etaUe productiooa tare ettliMt
Ipfimtlar to dioae of ^ othor iaiands of 1km Bu
tifie ; aod agrkttltare is carried te great perfeatieii^
Aaiyattar sweet pototoea, taao, &c. beii^ f^nst^
ta Jtegidar liM% and the piantatioM separated by
walls of loose burnt stones, which, beiaff concealed

^tan tfie-^yft try f^9ar^;«;iia» *v?k!y |*P?^ <w *^''*

Tlie natives of these islands are of tbegtt^t

tb^ Qtah^teai^i s^ud the women less^ ^elijpt^ijp
f(Hwe4t' #4^the f;f^9 ^x^ iv^nof in ^tiv:^t]» a&fi
5<?r^<Wl* tf> th^' ]pVi6pd)y isl^^^(k||^| i tfeei^ 8^mi|[.
a^^ to tte faor^ <Mermed pfsrso|ui funoc^t tbef^

19^ hump-bap^s, ^p4 nw^ eaPW» i^7«4 P^PIli^
bolqg seen.. T^t^y iMT? subject to ^oil$ 9^ ttl007«|'
wivch C^pt. iCii^g 8^pposes $q BW^opd ffapi ^jifi
gpre^ q^aptitjf o^f s^lt they ftat with tbejf food ^
aiid the upper cl^si} 4H^er 4f e^AiUy fmjj^ the efl^bct^
oC tik^ kifpii. .. K

T^e food of tf)$ Ipurer cUfis ponsi§ts of ^ and*
ifegeta^es, to which the higher ofderf add hog^-
^3, fxA fewls J they give t^p preference tq zpe^
^f} fish highly salteft The wom^a Uere^ as ^t
the Sodety Ish^t^d?, ^at apart froqfi the loei^f an^
^ ff)rbif)dei) the use pf pQr)c» turfle, aqd aqme
kmd^ pf %h ^ud plai^tain^. Cont^^ary to the get
«ei9i cffstcun ef thp Pqlyne)^ps» |i)ese islandeni
fl«»|ii|tr t»tQ0 the skip nor wei»r e?ir-ori»iae»tj|. .
^. The e^tplo^rim^nt of th^ wp^^en consists in q^^
iflg their clo^ ^nd ffee n)ej[^ of the^fst daifc iq
Iniiidfiig theiF c»u4^ ^d ipal^og inatu^ Th^
tfiktamf pr €»fi|i9qp people, fire flSHj^ly pmplQye<|
40 ;d|iUiv^Ql^ §^d fishing. ^Qesidesi tb^ ^rt ef
fitgnauj^lirf ait4 xn^aufaftuffi ixf clot^ ai^ ^»M%

c 4 thiiy

• Jbis uttsodable custou is said to be conftfted to the interior of tht

Utttt^wMMWd MB eating twttffvi* t|f fl^M «f4 iM ti» «BW«

%*5jf li^ vaAxf a gi^eat quantify of salt- ' by ci

1be(dea wa«^itoto pans^' kii^d ktlo^ittg th^ su'ii tb
tvi^oratef it. ' • ' ' "'

/in the law«r class of women cliastity seems i6
be as little esteemed as amongst ibe Otaheiteahs,
batp in every other respect their moral character
kars no cbnipaTison. There' is here tio^ abomi^
mbi^ society c# Af reoys. Inlknticide is unlkno^^n,
bat oa the contrary 'liie women are extremely at-
teBtt<?e to their children. Human sacrifices were,
however^ on the discovery of the islands, as fre-
^^nt, a not more so, than among the Society
Isfaaids, and the torvtows of both sexes were liable
to be knocked on the head by order of the chief.
The only law is that of the strongest, and the
king and chiefs have unlimited power over the
Kves and properties of the subject. They divide
fte year into twelve moons, and the moons ifttd
tbirty days, having a name for each. - *'

*^:^Thei^ religion extends to tlie belief in a fiitur^
state of re>Vard, and they oiler sacrifices td the ffi-
%€nitie8 rf peace, war, joy, &c. On the deathT 6t
-the 'king twelve of his subjects, who have volufa^
teer^d to accompany him to the other world, arii
aacasficed, and on this event all the people ^H
jaiotd'fot a month, and a promiscuotis and 'undis-
guised intbreourse of the sfexes takes |)I^ce tSij^
ring that time. Their mourning consists in dutCitl^
the flesh, cutting off the hair, and pulling out a
tooth.

Since Capt Cook discovered these islands, an
astoxushingly rapid civilization has taken placo
Y,s ", T K'if amongst

*iT#;ii«^ 1

"J 1 1 F *W

Eurjpp^ajti^^ Ii» jI 79J , • C^ipt V^maoni v^ .laid ^bmti ~
the keel, and prepared the frame work of a vcfifd^
forthe-I^ing of Owhy^ whose siee wfts thirtjwgix
f?et by nine, and a quarter. Ten years after, tfaaff
chief bad increased his navy to twenty vessels of
diSEbient sizes» frcon twenty-five to fifty tons, anJ
some of them coppered, chiefly Ikiilt by Aiaiei
ncaos* In 1805, his largest' vessel was seventjrf
tons, and he was well supplied with aavaJ stomi
Many of his pec^e, from making frequent vcj'*
^ges to the North West Coast of America^ and i^
the South Sea whalers, have become- expert ^ea^
men, and they talk of opening a direct trade in
their own vessels with China ;--«-tbe islaiMl pro-
ducing pearls, pearl-shell, and sandai-wood, aU va^
liiab\e iu the China market. The king has a fou
tificatjion round his house, mounting ten gutis, and
a guard of two hundred native soldiers, well disi
cijdLoed, and perfect in the use of fire-arms, ^ho
do. regular duty night and day. He has besidM
tWQf thousand 'Stand of arms, and upwards of
tjvelve thousand Spanish dollars, together widi
<>ther valuable articles, which be has collect^
i;d in^trade, and deposited in regular stone-Jbcmses^
• ,,^fne homed cattle left at Owhyee by C$sptia^
Yancauver h^ve greatly multiplied, and now feorm

Wffvmf^ wUd hexds. * , , .,

» •

I '

• f

• s - . < ' i . / «

« J

SOUTHERN POLYNESIA. ■'/' ".'' '

We shall eommiBn^ owai^c^otitit of tkeifiMtih^rart ^
F^i^fMsie with the ootice qf some scattered iafetfidtv '^
ivfaicfe 0amiat be brought within my gmi^* -^ ^

Matooty, «^ ^ ; 168^ 0'.

Jj^sM^el^ M(tre, Cherry, and Bandom laloHdl^
foilfi 1^ gF^ttp at ccmatderable distaacea imm '
eac^^her, aovfth e^t cf the arohii^riaea o^StttNi*

Cww»

TwrweU asd 8harMn islaads, in5^5r, l^S^'dV'
«jFe two law ifitanda covered 'vith coeoa pabns ; ik
i»pt«bahle they ari^ the St AugiMtinand M Gfaad
Cocpl or CoeoB of Mendana. • >

<3Hibeit's Isiand, 11° 0' ; 177^ O'.

iUrfwiiahoo is the TaumacM of Qiiiras* Theievv
tjlfty aad popvU^on of this lifetle qpiot is estreaiie %m '
the space of a mile in length Capt. Wikon owKted'
two hundred homes, a«id fQ\md h0p» ibwi|> twi*
^imto m the greatest ahuQdanee. Thie ialigid 19-
fimrv leagoes loag east and west» and modera^fliP'

h«b. la^sc/i 177° (V E. V

Dq]ce of York^s leiand ef Byron is tok leagHW
incinH)it» endostng a lagciop on the wesi where
\ii09Jt/i cm lead j bpt there seems to he no aneftos^^
nge, and no mbabNnto we^ seen fay Byroo« ^
39^} 172^22' W.
. Duke of Chience's Island. 9^ 11'; 171° «)'•

leies of Danger, of Byron, are three small onelt
laying north-east and*soQth-west nine miles ; tfafirjc
btV€( Mitber anchorage nor landings being ^«

V rounded

zouflded hj a reef and coa3t ; mie lea^^mea Soon
thcia are boreakers.

The Fidjee w PriacetTilliaai'a tslaudaof Tasowja
art «atMUie\]r wmw9W^ &6^w ts> tw^uty Wiig

moderatei^i^t^ covered with cocoa paUo^s^ and
9urraiinAed by extensive aad daugecoiia reeKs, The
nrtivw arejKiore iudu^itrkNW^ ihm Uie iri^d^ Jp-
IwfikiSii biitare thooglH to be caiuubals^ To them
oa the eagt succeeds th^ group to Mrhkh Cook |^tt
the name of Friendly ]^AN9t9» conaiating of sut^ty*- ^
att% faotxDHfiy <^f them are merely spota of c<»ial
a»d»apiii clqathed with vegetadao»

The four {irincipal ones examined by Cock,. ac#» ^j;;;;^'
TengiUai^oov Annamooka, Haapee» and Sooa* —

ToogataboQ^, i ^« Sacred Island, the Amater-
dm of TamaQ^ is tbeferge$i of tbegraupb beiag;
tafient^F leagueg in circumference £. S* £L aad
W.iiL W. The agoitb, east, and west sh^insa ate
fifmed of 8teq> coral rocli:^ tea t^i twelve fwt higbg.
with jxttervalii of ia^ody heacl^ on which* at low
iqMe^ a line of black rocks is observed- The
north abare is level with the water,, bordered by 4 ,
Mni^beach^ and lined witb shoals and i^cU*
' iThe whole island is law and levels and its ap»
pjaramte conveys a» idea of the meet exnbemut
fei^'i^Fy the entire wr^ace bei^g cove ned mih
verdure, and amongst the trees the cocoa/ piploi
fidltti its bead {are^mio^nt }. unbappily, hoiTev^r^
iKrii^Bnd is deficient in fresh w$fter»' and wliat
I^HTe |s» in. general, is very indifferent; : .

liThi^a^' theL:oaral jrock« .vMcb&rms tb« baM

l^Uii'-i of

1^ tf . tke. island^ iRin nitri^ placei^Malfied^
** eftbiir purti iis of doniMifira.ble dq»di^ and is Sn the
cultivated grounds^ a black vegetable. xnould : ovw
»' sab-atratum of clay* In the lowest ground the
9c61 IB a mere cond sand, but still caveoad^ inith
. tegetafcion.
« ^The t>iil7 stotiesi except coral, observed <!narrihe
vAoAi^ are small blue pebbles, and a smooth biooM
stone, lapis h/dius^ of which the natives nriJce tiieif
faatoh^ts ; bat it is not certain that both these ^e
notlbrou^t from other islands.

To give a general idea of the dwelling of 'the
^Btives^ we sdecfc the description of a village from
Capt.Cook:*

; ^ It is delightfully situated on the bank of th^
iidt, where all, or most of the principal persoM
of ihA island reside, each having liis house in the
4iidat iof a small plantation, with lesser houses ani
offices for servants. These plantations are neatiy
&acdd round, and, for the most part, have onj^
one entrance. This is by a door fastened on* the
inside by a prop of wood, so that a person Ua /tot
kttock before he can get admittance. Public itisldq
md narrow lanes lie between each plantation, Isff
t]|flt,no one trespasseth upon another^ *6fieat|aii'
of some . of these indosures is laid aal in grass^
fhtB^. and planted with such things as seem moiid
fi)r .omainenl; tham use; but hardly any* wevci
without the kava-plant, from which tiheygottidoe

• J 1 ■

fk&t frirfouiJIei licpMTv i Bvery laiticfeiif the" ve- ^^
gMaUe pbodualit ^ thb iabi^i abou^ otkiim "^

«f'lheta^filaatatJoxi9; hut thege» I obsenredv, wo
Bdtilbe. xesidence of pbople of the finit nak;
Hmretiue soulib large hooses near the pdblic loadi^
with spacious smooth grass-plats before tfaeas^ and
aahiclowd. These, I was told» belonged to the
king; and, probably, tfaey are the places wher«
iiaat pnUic assemblies are held."

Tim island has the best harbour of the group}
within several islands and reefs on the ndrth- side^ -

Aimamooka, Rotterdam of Taaman, is oibre
cfevited t&an the small idands which surround ilv
but still can be considered only as a low iskquD
in the centre is a salt lake one mite and a half
booad, round which the land rises with a gradiiai
ascent^ and its surface is covered with wild dacki»
The serA shore is composed of steep coral eli£k
irineor ten leet high, with some intervals of sandy^
bjfeaoh. There is no stone but coral on the idiand^
eseept' a single rock twenty to thirty feet high of
ayeUdwcaleareous and very hard stone. The -po^ ,
ptaktioa Capt* Cook estimated at two thousand*'
Hie (water oa tl|e island is better than that' a(
ISsqgntaboo, but yet is indifferent : the best is>pro»-
qokA hy d^ging holes near the side of the lak^
ffoik ia ioiore abundant on this island than on tl^m
fonery .and ^e undulating sarface ^es it^a'
aitMpleaiOPgly varied appearaiicew '
;i'llaapee, though considered by the natives as
one island, is in reality composed of four very low
islands^ about half a. inito^^rtalkt ftam each other,

laying

00 ittMAiMUft 'Mobmuriionr*

vriiatch iry «»£ low Vdlfer* Tbe wfaol^ i^ettt^^ m
«|Acee^«net*etittAfesitf1eiij^, »Ml*eatih liftaiMl
a abotit tirifx <m* semen mifes long, ikimI two «6ftiur
aiikfs bMad. . Z^efeogassweH nfltitrated .mud in-
luAiitei. Hoolaivo, on the boMMrf, ig etrtjwl;^
tteseit ttd lAandoned^ On «aeh el* diesi^ !i^

' kmh hvn vBttMUsM mooxA^ saidf^lf the iiiMJv^'t#
be Erected in memoiy Kst isome ef their th^lk.
Hh^ di% i;tat» «itlier lelf tlvese i^laftAs |>dMsi;68 is

' fl«m^^%radkkhn;v^
^ Sfetti^irti fiappee 'aftd Ammiviook^) 4he iMt is

^ «f»tliAt^d whih id^tft ahd reefe, two df <«ibk^ «M|f

H VoteaDo> 'which, ^cts^i^ing to the llatit^^ sonie-
fimes thfu^s orit Oarge intones, mid wMle Cttfkt.
C^f^ was 'h6(pe> ^ttidke and iBom^ ifiiB«ed fmm %.
tt k iMhiaftyiDied.

iCiio ^ifi !<r.W. two «irii^ atid a half fi^
and is ^ TBiit T^dc ^f -a oomc^i ^^t«. The oliiDr
Mamd^ it 'ftie vioiftity are 'mere^M*! reefefrt3Wi
t)ne% ftalf B'imIei«<;ircHmference, hot ifll tt^vered
whh verdure, and particularly x?oct)a TMBms.

E^^oa, or Middl^urg of Tasman, may ^be tibn-
Bfdered as aifi elevated island, in compkrkwyn >fV?tfi
' the generality of fliose <if these seas, being vtiUBte
twelve leagues. The highest part is on tihe 19.¥I.
tod is almost iflat, from wheiice it declines ^ei^
gently towards the sea, fiind presents att extetaisJvfe
^od|>ect, where grovefs of trees are only inters-
)>ersed at irregcdar disfeande^ in beautiful disorder,
madthe rest nf the land covered with grass. !Nfear

the

. » Tlird Va)^^, Vol. I. page aSK

llilmt,4s.

. \^ ( ^B^PP^. it. .^s qffotfi i^KMlei^ with tree% niramit fni^^

, ^li9dbL>are the h^t^tions of tik^ BaitivQii.

; .. ;C%tr^ Cpok thu9 d^cribes the xnteiiar of the

, idau^-^-T^^VAlwrt half way xip the higbeH 1»*

^ yof the isljndr we crossed a deep valley the

. jiofctom and stdei^of whicb, thoogh €Oiii|K)#0d '^

.itwd^ any tfaiiig but coral j^od^ were clothed mtfi

.. 4r«ea. \V^ w^ew -now abocrt two or l^ree tiundiisd

^eet al;)0¥e tb? level of the se;a> and yet <ev^eli heMb

%fae Qond y^w .perforated rotx) all tdie boles Md flu^

iB^mdrtie^ "wUdi aseaily divemfy the M^aoe^

.. tUk sBbataAQc witibfii the neadh ti "the tide^ ^ J^

Aaed, we ^boiid ^ tame ccrral till ^^ iMBgaiii*

r q^rirrwrt^ llie arartnits ^f the 'bigiiest Mk<; «ii4

It WM xenwrkable, t^at these "m^tt <dbieAy eollN

fwaed of a yellowish wft: g&xidy dtoiiie. 1[%(e ei^

4befeisili^iieral a^reddiafa clay, Whi<!h in MUiy

fifaices seeaied to %e very deep. On illie Moft tie-

vrted partitf the vrhdle island we fotmd n t0c^

^ffatfbffte, loir Inount of ^earthv sig|)ported ^^ % Hvafl

^^ooral ^tooeSy to \stm% which to suck a *bei^

4lwat hirv« cost toach labour. <^Ltr ^dkles %old lAi,

Ibhdt 4:faia fBount had been erected by order of thei^

.cfaie^ and that tMy sometkiies^iet there ^to^ririk

i^^a; tiiey catted it etdkee^ by which name ^ti

^ec^tioB, whic^ we iutd seen 4ft f ai%attibt>o« a^

'idspetkd^ itielitione4 tt-as diistitiguiBhed. K(>t'tuany

. |ipj^ ^oto it was a ^idg ^f •c^xcclteiit %'ater ;

., aod« about a mile lower down^ a running streatn,

.', • whidi,

"J

n

^I9^r iu,poy little Ivglm^ Md Q0!-4Q«l^t,^M#
g^ty..i^g^t )h^ found b^ iliggt^^ • • ^v i .d
fw^(|9l^ the ekivatifli;! to whi«^ we bikl tHlw<M«
^ hi^ a full view of the whole idund*^ eJtc^ tt
gpjit flif |he fiouth point. The soud^ east. oUieiv&M^
which the highest hills we were now upon »aMk
ilftlriar 4isUnt^ Jfi^& with very great iixntirii^et
immf^diat€^y £coin the sea^ so that the plnbis jnt
ipeadow* ofwhipb there are here sooote of,<gltat
fai^t^ lie all 4Hii the north- west wl^ and as Ibqil
aiff; .^o/med with tufta of trees, intorimud.wddi
j^s^tatim^ th€^ fonn a. very beautiful Umtngiit
40 e^^y point of view* While I was fmwyiitg
this delightful prospect, I could not help flattam^
Hljrsalf with the pleasing idea tliat some futuw tia-
v^gi^r may^ from the same station, behold
meadows stocked with cattle, brou^t.ta >
islaofls by the ships of England^ .and that the
l^etipn ,of this single benevolent purpose^ > itidat
p^n4^<;ly . of all other considerations^ . w^uld • w&
^Ifiiently mark to posterity, that our voy^^s'iiMl
ilot:]|^een, useless to the geoeral inter^ts ^ htilMr
|iity. Besides the plants common OQ/th(9'0t|M
nj^bouring islands,, we found on the ^fllK a
iH^e^ie^ of acrosticum, melastoma^ and tern |r^
with. A few other . ferns and , plants, not. — TtiKli
lower di^wn.*' .. .. . ,r u.:

This island had not yet got dqg$ <|n:^ .lih4|
CafU G>ok visited it O9 the xiprtbhffQpt. 4^MI

lln^lM^ cC'this roadi is a brackash flpiing^ fiom
llMdb, ' probaU^, fresb water may be procured^
be^e the tide ailtea with itj and o^the^nt^
jiMe^ ft l^a way itilaad, in a deep chaam, Captaia
Co6|d found rery good water, but which* r^
/yok^d time 'tod trouble to be convey^ to l3i^
biftd}. *"

' ' K<HHfiiigo bias ft pretty large pond of toterabli^
Wftler, but no appearance of a running^ stream.
'- Kootoo is two mil^s Ipng, and nearly the same
loeftdth. Its noith-west end is low, but it risei
foddenly towards the middle ; and on the souths
jMmtp it terminates in reddish clayey cUi&. ft it
iColtivftted and inhabited. Its only water is fi'om
fUKy. and brackish ponds.
• From the situation of the Friendly Islands to»
the tropic, the climate is more variable than
r the eqofttor. The winds are usually from
point between south and east, and when
aodkrate, the weather is fahr, but when fresh^
tiiere it often rain. They /sometimes veer to th*
Aftith, ftUd even N.W., with hot sultry weather
het^ rain ; but these winds never last long,
bh)# fbesh.

« iyi tile vegetable productions are eveipreenst
4i eukivftted fruits, Che principal are plantains, #f
jiMlll ihete are thirteen varieties ; the bread-
.finite the jmkbu and eUveep the latter a kind of
dfk&m^ ftttd the ahaddock. Besides cocoa-nuts,
4kftf liftfe fbree other kinds of palms. There it
il» -ftr ifMnct ^ef. viU fig; which it sometmet
t^ *o!L. vr. » eaten.

'S&3>

. » * » i

ijbfrtd, one Mack ;&nd in^kr^e^ Ih^ oSietVfM
ilHd'flW^: A li^rge r^efe, diSied %»^ «i«i- 6tlli
«iot unlike dm white fiomtoe^ i^e iMiiiJo^ add Ai

^ *I%i^ only quadruped*^ beAkks h^gs, ate 4
Few^ tats, and some dogs, which are not originMjf
fifttiVes of this group, but were introdace<l b^
Captain Cook in his second royBgef and sMit
«Were also brought from the FMjee faUdldk A
4i(rge breed df fowls is found in a d6tfi«Mit
^te. ^^

^' The bifda are, parrott vnd pam>qaet8, 0Wi|i
cuckoos, kingftihers, and a bird the siare ctfcm
tfirnsh, which is the only one that hialg^ but
%hich eompecfsates the want of others by lAie
•strength and melody o£ its notes. The otiier ianid
birds are riils of two kinds, one as large arm pk
geon, the other not bigger than a lack ; Mots^
^^y-catchers, a very small swallow, and three^MMl
^f pigeons, one of which is the brotuie wittj^ifiw
^e water fowl are, ducks, bloe and whit&h^mii^
tropic birds> noddies, two Jiqiecies of- temp^
small curlew, and a large plover spoittid^' iMlA
'yellow* There ane also die kige bat, M '^ibg
fo«, and tlfc common 4KM't. ^r lui*

The onlyiiokious or disagieeafaie reptiiai>ani
fntects *a:t, sea «iakas, Motpions and ttmiip^iu,
guanas, and small lizardsw Amongst Am' iiM«ite
ar^ besintiMmoths^ hMxm^^ jrea^laDg^

'^'-^ ^ v.i . . arhe

I

^mttk» .and 4i^ 9«J«i sbwhs, r«^. p|p^

. The reefi and ahoab >are covered with au eQd>>.
Ifia^^^unii^j^ rfiN^l$slhi am^n^ which, we thet
VifU0. ^MMiUMi and pewl ayetert ^aad eaveral ptber
lopii^ bM .m0ie\cii^ tfap coumw sort, paiw^as^
$«lie0» ftad t|b§.£^g»itt}c cockles. . Ibere a^r Hke^
Fise.«Kar4 «wto pf 4^/egga, star &j^, qrat?s> aod
^»Jf %k unci a omsiderahle. variety of co;^ (
aaioqgBt which are two red kinds, the one.c^ei*
flMltly knofi^f tbe other tuhulQ^j^f i^^rrral
•oftB gf flpoQf e^ itc.

Gq94iW|ttfar is scarce in all these islands*. It i^
lildeedE te he Couod in most of them, but either in
tt» 4snaU a. qtiantity^ or in situ^tion^ tOQ incop^
irmiei^ to «rve the purpose of nayigator^.
> Ti|e OM^y^ of the Frieodly Islands seldom
910904 tbc wddle ajze» bi^t are strong and wdtt
4Mi4(^»/ t^ew features are veiy various, and among
A«ft. ture noay true European oountenances sp^
SUmoa 'HOms.; llifiir eyes and teeth aqe gop(i|»
Iwitr the 'laMer are not very.yhi^ oi; wj^ll «(^t*
iKXiefiwiMneii. ire net so muisb di(stiiiguishe4 from
the men by their features m by tk(^ ^ape» wh^cb
nqBiUBkii|weidbltes|ef and th^ugb tb^re.ar^ b^huc
"f^^^tmaliM ftnel^ tt bo/si^ with, tbey^f
^iili ffnininan> ^ • ', \

. T^Ofg f^pehd oolMt k a eh^db dsefpfir t^aiit the

copper brawny 4ii]^ majf>MlMd^ 8fitt»..bai^ m
5>tiT d£ oiive

^-«»n

«iwbotnjiakrfairepi>c. tThdr^ifaair Jig^t^nt- gtffli^tf^
«Cl!»iglit;^ < thick, 'ud ^otnlng) thoagh^ '^ 4feir 4ms^

iibick^'bat nmet 'of .the men and Mine kxC»itfacl;DM^
fiEt^ teive it -stoiiied of -a Jbuwifc or ptspl^ enlMrri
illida(lSiW'tof^ro2Btt9eca8t. Ttek^knatttWffli^
0a(p9€i8s choeiiMlnefii^ mildtieiBs* and giMdiiiatttt4i{^
tbo^JbL QQ]aelBmes>m the piesenoe'iBf' tteiJr 4:iliteft
they .ft^ume an air ofg^avitrf^ i9fa|dH^h<fwi6vCiv
is e\dden%:lbnei£^ tothargenendd^ ^-'t

^ <11he^aoeCiii aai^ aad firm step with 'vhiclit they>
ml^^ 'are cbviona proofs of llfteir personal ao*
(aofii^Hehnients^ and their moral qualities afli not
faj^ cooapicBouB. They ace frank^ * good'bcw
^^[rQtired^ induMrious, ingenious^ peraeveriii^,' MKft
4bove ^,1 iK>spitabIe to strangei^^ wilAiwhem tte^
Murt an intercourse by baMer^ which they undistw
atand perfectly. ' . » n^'\\4

JBoth atees and all ages^ have» honmtren the
skfosgesi pFopenaity to thieving fmn ati-imgeMp
^idi i» peabaps more o^^viog to the ;dfasiaeMitf
^afykig their ciiiio8ity> th«i to any nafeutHtl
principle of diflfaoneaty , for thefta acnohgi \ fthdaK
a^l^es.aeemlX) be very^wicomaioii* ..^ > .^.itu^
'' Ilheise are &w natucal defects or dcAnrniatiea fib
tie, foUnd aasongat llieai, nor do tibey ;sqpjp«nrj»ib^

jfict - tl» 43Ufftef ods oT' acwte 'diaeaae8«i'<4™^<P'9^
fiioae iMth^wfau^vthay aferoMasaonallg^ddWiliiip
aoejA aoft of ^bUodnfias^ cauaed byt.^ diaoiaBd«A
the dornea, the nngworm^ and an indolealkiasMiff
l^«^th04eg»iWd^aBB)sy t^u . /v -ji^riniiuiin ^^r^^^ i
«>vw K. They

jffilltflgi H: K^hQitj • otfiera letting, it gi^w^ > othefii r?
jlgatn .»hJivigs«poe^ side bi;^^jaid ti^^otbec «idi^
^^{lOBt^.liHfidlrflKKWtiiiiiSB entirely ditved» except Ji
.MQgte: lock oa boe «ufe. Hie ssen cat -theU*
-|i0^Sd& fhpflct^^ mid 4m)A sexed* eradicate the "hair
4)r4i>%ii«ier the arms. Tbe oneci ans tattooed iGroiii

I^l9jddj0i.af th& beUy: half way dowa the tbigh$;
jtrilll fk blub oaloui:.^ The womeD.have same 9poU
/(^. thi9; inside of theic hands only tattooed^ iwd
.th^|jypg»aK.e:KeBiipt9d£romthis costOH^ ^

' 13ie driass of both sexes. is the- same,* ^d ooo-

.slats lef •« piece, of cloth, or mitting wound oncis

.tod half DGtmd thfe waist, where it is confined bjT^i

;gflrdle €ir cord$ it is double before^ and han^pi

'j4MnxJHike a petticoat, tx> the middie of tbe Uig^^

:liie< upper .part above tbe ghrdle, is formed in(x»

seirisnJ <&ilds, so that there is sufficient cloth to

draw up and wrap round the shoulders* T^esize

.^ftfais-galiiient is in: proportion to ihe come*

^ qnev^ df the.'Piieafer, the inferior daas being, con^

. 1lmt;y«ilJi very small o«e8^ and oft^'n wear nothing

.botifiLpieeeoftiarrow clotb» or matting like a aasb^

aod' halted' a' maro, which they pas^. betweep thai

-liiighs, and wrap? nmnd tile waist, but the um

00 at:.i8MoiBifliy cicHiiiied t& tiie men. In tibeir

griuBttattprtaiiiflieats tiiey have drs^sseaiaade for

. iSmtrparpoBe uf '<^e >same . foooi, but covered: with;

tiAi§&tkes»i Both tnea and women shade their

finmfRianb tha Sun witii liltle i boilflets of va^om

fliatedals**' '<Mt .•. >- ».- • » ■ .-i-'*^ - . '

7he ornaments i^ bothr»8e«ee lare/neebjacet o£

/viiP dS the

i:i

•^TT.^ »•

tin frmt tf tlje jp^mtoiu^ and Vsrious '9^e%t

Asdiiag flowera;' of small shells^ sh^ks' teefiri

laid; oih&c thi9gl» On l^e upper part of the anh

they sometimes wear a polished mother of^pieail

sfacA riog, rings «of tartoiseshdl oa the fingenL

B&d a number of these joined together las braipe*

hkBi^ The lobes o£ the ears, tixough most &^

HfMTidy but onej are perforated with two IkJ^s, m

Miiihitiily lirear cylindrical bits of ivory ot l^ee4»

iliireeLitibbeBlcmg) thrust in at one hole ajid out 9t

the otiieh . Th6 women rub themselves all ov«r

ifritti Ihe pchfv^er of turmeric

i .' Tbrf' frequently batibe in the fresh water pond^

ttiiengh-the water in most of them stinks intol^-

icadhly» and these they prefer to the sea^water whi(^

/ifUdy think hurts their skin. They rub tii^

Hbifadies.all over» and particularly their, heads^ widi

'coeoa^nut oil, which preserves the skin smoo^

>)stid8bfL ^ .1

Their mode of life is a medium between lii-
.^doknbe and labour. The climate» and th^ na-

*

itaitai'f^rS!^ of the soil, renders the latter i]p«
iTiKJcteapary^ and their active dispositions is ^ \)ir
a^ito the former* \^

r>if rrhesakployments of the women aregeAerally p^
rVAaiid Itrdomestic concerns, and the manufactu^rSig
*(tiiii^irHrfotitt a&d mntSj which latter are of seyimd
-qktncjsi tfiff Aiebs^^ifteepiiig on, or meie ornaiwnt.
i^mikese iabtmref jMd^ fiom the tough membraQ,^s
^fwt) efi.^e stock '<^f tbe pkmtaia tree,, . wid tb^te
n^fyr 6h2^Aungio£j<^ ^pndanusr cultivfited for. that
^^'^l^hrpose, while the ^l^f^ng mats are formed * of a

plant.

flat cded a^orrau Tbte wometi dre «ko e^^ ^j^
pl^ed ^ making eoipbs and small baiike(% 4£ fhH . ^;
Mine ipateriaU m the mat9» or pf lite fibroiMi teiik ~ *
^ the cocoa-niitt ivhich they finiflll ki a mottimit
Ulii elegant manner. [ )

Jl^^'J^e occupations of the men are by^ laatf
^b(>tioii9 and extensive than thoae of the KroftiiMt
%ric9ttare, architecture, fi$hing» and boat huai^
tf^ being their princjpfil emplojfmeiili. '€iiii|^
iated roots forming the ehic^ part of ^idrr^ib^ •
'^^ pursue this object ivith the greatest- dJUgoQixt
9tid have brought it to considerable perftotiono.t
. Their plaintaia walks and yanvfidds aie ^ntst^
extensive, and are enclosed by vs^ fffM^ ^
reeds* The plftntiag these vcjgetables requlmi'tip
^ipther labour than that of digging holes for '^itw
.xeception, vhich is done in regular lines^ witjk ;ft
* jkind of woodea spade only three or /our* inehfcs
'-J^eiad. The cpcoa-nut .and bread«fnait are- soai^
tf^red without regularit^r, i^nd requve no ^rqidll^
''iifter they are at a certain height.
'^'' Arcl^tecture is tiie science in which they(j|if
''iqlest imperfect, the habitations <^ the lower id|M|Hi
^^t^eing poor huts, scarce capable of sbeltering^thi|9
jlroiQ^tba weather, %iul those of the higher, orders
*'W&6itber agreeable nof eomfoitfUe.. iThf
^'^ibieasions of one of a middling size /ore Aai^
li^rty ^etiong, twenty broaij^ and twelieifhi^
'^yV^ little better than thatdsi^d viie4s; jsi^
[ed by posts and rafter^ closed ^ 4iie wi^at^
;;'with strong maty, 0r branches affile ettfifar
t^' tMe;;intjBrii)W^n. The 4.^;».«Hlii^
*^'*^''-''^ • ^' ' '• -: D'*' ' ••- y.u^^ .'•>w.jTearth

■•iyiH4^

aiiau-c»fadkl^ foEQi^ mndffaetoil:;stoiBc%c^:ii&ik die

lutidg^a beartli fender, inciai^e^'a^ space .-for ^dis
■awrti^ighd suokliag8 to sleep in ; t&e TOSbof dsf.
jbftnBy 'Sleep oniiiTiy parfr of the ^oor» o!^ .if ^U'di
•fttrge^ ^bere am unlllU hutt A<^6iinng jfer the* floenk
icsntft )x> pass the iiight in* Th^ vhdleic^ fimt
Aainittire consbte <^ a bovdior. two, in %irhiclfc ttef
Iaak64bdr fctf^ gouitds, cocoa-nut sh^lte, fimall
wMiientitoDiB, whrcb setve for pillowi^ : and* a
lA^^todi ibif the head of* the faimfy to ait mu
-Their houses are^ however, of little other Wft
Hfimnto ^dep" in, aod sheltei^ them from the wea-
tliM; for they usually take their meal$ in the opeht

- In the construction of theii* boats they eheW
tAneb' ><ingentfity and dexterity, tiioiigh- their
%bbls -toe odiy adees of a smooth black stim^i
in^es of sharks* teeth, land rasp^ of tba rough
Bkid'ofti fish 'fixed on flat slips of > woofl;^^
9lmi fmpinniefiits whicb they use as knivek^ ' ai^e^ of
ibfetfc»< •■-' ■ --i •^.

' Their iishing line6 are mad6 from ibt i&rar>4>f
^et lAxRieMmt htisk, pitted, and the feirga eor^
sla^ebytvlsting several of these pkitfr tdgetfalm
^dfr*'sma& iisbing books are endi^ly 4if p&M
HkeVH^^imt idii^hnrge oneir are tmly- covered^Wfth^^lt
OH^dMM&ftck, iSM pohiUi or barb*beii>g of tortdtm^*
^Rtfj^r.'ibey'liave* Uso fteti^ soas^ of ^hicfeiti^
ti^i^vteyiMeitffetc^dftft^e: tkete^they i»f i»^t<Ak

fnoB89 aildiAtQotooifpiHDii^. l^ie reedHkaMsreigfal^
mbke^'Mt tBRrpieces placed paoaliel to;cAehr.Qthd4
hat not in ;a8}^ fe^ar pMgrenion^: so : th^ tarn
<g£ them inre: more* than ant noteft ; aivi tbe/ftMek
smss a joittt of Jbambtioi, ^osei at b^ih ts^ , ^litt
^ttjbokfi^* three of which -only areuseiLtt fia^riag(
iriiich 18 done b7applyi]^.khethtiBib(Of*.tbai:ilBft
^attd to tha ItA noBtxii, and Uovingi inta'otttf.af
-the iiolea with Htm otha; aad lAoi|gii jbhe -jtmtm
bat thMe, tbej porodaee a pleasing: ^iHBi^

^ 1 -ill ^

• . Tfawr weapons are clubs highly ncacve^ lapttkrii
jdaats, and bowa and arrows^ which lattan hmh^
ever, «eem to be used only, to kill birds^ and iMft

«r Yam^ plantains, cocoa-nutSi smA Imad^ifllliii^
loon thar gpr^test part of their vagetahie diet. i(Of
dieir . anotial jfood, the chief articles me^hoffit
iiMd^ .6sh^ and all sorts of shell lish« Thehni^r
fmiple sdso. eait rata and dogs. Fowl . attd r tivtte
iseem to be only occasional dainties reserved iik
^eat 'QhiefSir^ . \ i :t iV '

'. . Tb(^r atieaut as in general drest by fajddsii^andtit
€ttC{willM)ttt''aniy kind of sanca ; their bereidigeai
Ibiw ttiea}$'ifl iBoaGmd to water^ or cDcbdf n«itiaiil)r«
Th^ i(M'^ divided iaio poctfoBfl^ : BtcM M
^8a(kfn^}C»f^m flmtBbiT^ and .4hesl3 portit>9tfr««
9pu«| idlbdmdad^ ^.that sdMoto. itcfftttianJftii^
^}^«9. 9WswAMa>4eei2^Mittog4&0itteiv^«^

repasts*

•^«.:;

IfEfp^ififff/biit'tfiere .«re certain twks that. t»p
fpvthic ml; oar diink in ccmipany. The^ seem to
|p?pjHi. set time for their meals*^ but the^ a1|
$fk^jQSie during th« pfghL They go to rest as soda
f§.jl(«if darky and. rise with the dawn. ,

They are fond of society, and (onn conversa-
|M9 parties at 4me another's houses. Their other
^jfHiMiMnta are aipging, dancing, andmuaicper^
Iteoefl by the woknen.

<> Tlyeir^^lic.diversions are ^ngle combats and
:9ffmptiipgj iu whkh women as well as men exhi«
JUt ; dancest in whidi iqpwards of 100 men some^
;!^g^es are ^gaged, to the music of hollow pieces
if£ vwpod heat on with sticks, and accompanied by
^hwupof v««d music : the women «lflo perfora
i|R4beiBr public xlances.

.^ pne of their chief pleasures is the drinking

JkopOr .a heyemg/d compas»l of the root of a spe-

^^^^9f Pepper ; the process of brewing which is

jmt very delicate* A eompany being assembied»

j^j^Mot is produced, and being broken in .^mall

^looesb md the dirt scraped off by servants^' lewh

^IW'SQfi. receives b piece, which, after chewing, he

spits into a plantain leaf. The person appointed

i40-jBi|epMe Ihe it^uor, receives all the mouthihlls

^^tp a^^wooden bowl, and. adds as much water as

.•yWm>fMk» it <»f a proper strength ; it is then well

^^#si}Eed wi4i liie hands, ^and some loose stu£^ pf

^pjjiQ|kfte^^.mat^a9:emade,.is th^ on the siuv

-:^iHfib^<^#L^i^t^xq^to the. fibres, and is wrung

iiaid to get as much.liquor jput of it as ppssib^i^

? } 7 it

iCis ttf^ifi *^rv«l <)ut to the 6oTA^iiiiy''m cl^* of ^gjjjj
*4tx)tit *k ^krtfer dTftplht each. Thfe liquoi' &M "*
^ uitoxiCatihg, o^ ra%hdr stvtpifyitg ^Skat, 6ft
^bse^ndt u^ed to it; and it is slo didbg^eeablfe, thai
tven the native, though th^ dri^ it fleiPeitiS
lunes in the forenoon, cannot swallow it withbtft
ViaS^ing wry ^bes.

The bu}fc of the peopte are satisfied with brti
wift, but 'the chiefs hdve ^commonly several ; ^nd
Aough female dhastity in the unmarried <>f fli^
lower order is in little estimation, those of* (he
liigh^r orders are discreet in this respecti and eon^
jugal infidelity is very raffe*

Their mourning is very severe, tufting «nd
{burning their flesh, beating their teeth With Mdnei^
%nd inflicting on themselves every kinrd df toi^
'infetit. The dead are 1i)uried, Wrapped up ih ttntfk
or cloth. When they labour under atiy %etef6
imd dangerous malady, they ait off one^ or-bodi
-of their little fingers, which they think the iivMf^
"will accept in lieu of their bodieis^

They have no priests, but are "not,* l^r^fbri)^
"Without religious ideas ; and though they seem to
'have no notion of future' puhishment, they belSi^
'iOiat they are justly punished on ^arlli.

•Each district, and evei*y family of thfe ^h^b«r
, -Orders, has lis respe<^tive tutelary Ood, and eMAi
>m(]^idual his odooia Or attendant spitit, ^o par*
;ta&es more of the fevil thsto the ^ttod getiifla^
being supposed to inflict diseases, and "who'li^
^Sier6i<yFe, propitiated *y sacrifices, and cfven ferine-
/tflfhds Vy btfttiam€«H*s,

Tht

m^ \ The greatwt. QjT tjie^ ^^ ^ f^^MSSPgJif^iAff
- Jond of the' poiintry pl-ithe 4e^,,,wJHC^|;^qi^te
iJistant, and li^hither.the aptt|s.c^.j^^M<d^i^ M
d^eir j^lease, is yqined^ately Qimjifjft^ i^tfii %irt
fttUln^ canoe, tbece tp riot, for . .^ver ; u%.^^ f n^
jp^^ment of all spnsu^ . pleasuires. Af . t(^ ^ sf^^
of the lower class, they are e^tei) by. aiir.ip^f
nary bird, which walks on their gray^*,,;; .i^v t
^ iThe j elements have also tjiesr $^bo(]liaate,fj}ftiif
ii&y who are often at vanance with each : q|imu
.llie goddesp of th^ wind,i»;i;iame4 QUa .^ifat(n^g^^
And is l)eli^Ved, jtp caius^ thfe hurricai|efi^ ' w^Aolpi
sometimes visit theisl^n^s^ :. i

; T'heir islands th/ayr suppose, to rest pn thejfJvyulA
ders of the god i)/ptt^e, who bei^ tir^d q(^ bipc
Jf^urden, often endeavours to shaj^e it ol^i,w|uk^'
l^roduces the earthquakes^ to which the i4sm49^4f|^j
4dsi^ subject. ^ : . . ^^r

; "Xhesome religious system is not, hov^y^J^fSftri
^iralpnt tlifougbout all the islands, but the gpiy^ijjii
ideas are the same. Their tnorais^ or |>MJrjr^g:j
jfrounctei are also places of religipug wpfshjpu ' " r
. Their form k government aomewi^lj?^
Jtfes the feudal system of our forefa(hen«^^«|||g-)
composed of a king, several powerfi^. li>J^^?lSd|ta^3
-chiefs, aimpst independent of the kii}g^ ^n^rjOi^Q
;SBer€Ais lesser chiefs,, dependent op the ffK^f^^Sfu
*As tp th^ lower qlass, , tl^ej are. fdl^08tI.tl]^xli^
,fl#t^esq, chiefs,.: to .whom $bey W^.mf<m^^f
,«al)hiWv€V, ,..,. I ;. . . ,,.,: , ,::r:l,:;ta

. . 1^^^ peculiar ^Jipnpj«rs pwd. to .*e ki¥»,<*?ej.
that ^nb one is allowed to., wall^ ovec hi* bead,
'. .:^'' and

•(ttdt^tifW*'4i& Wd5fe biit, evety one^usi sit
a^w* 'tiIl^hk'i»**^aSt. *rhe lAethod ofsaTutin^
4Mfe «l^€f9fy'fe'by .'^tting down before lilm, bbw^
Ifel^ Ae^'lkekd via tire itole of his foot, and touch^
ittj^ it Mi^ilft' the! uppei and under sides of the fii^
g^^Ffif df bod^' hands. After thus saliiting. tt^e
king', ' of any great chiefs the hands must not
touch food of any kind until they are washed' or
Ttiiibed with t^e leaves of plants,' as a «ubstituta
ftdr 'wtttt^l". If the king enters thp house of a suih
jM^Jt^caii never' t)^ inhabited again by its owner':
feltuvee the king has a house in every district* ^ '
* The language of the Friendly Islanders, wticli
isiifeunthte Mday t-oot, Is sufficiently copious fpa;
idl thto ideas of the people ; harmonious in con-
V€f8il9on ; and is adapted both to song and reci-
ta%^er Its construction is simple, and in some of
its mles it agrees with other languages; as £>r
iittittiKie, 'in the degrees of comparison, but the
di^usoS ^ vefrbs seem to have no inflections. The
elKt^HMf ftieir Verbal numeration is 100,000;

Tlie' '.cloth <tf their garments Is made of the^
tnBfe^'Of ttie slender stalks of the paper mulberry ^
*c^f^ted for the purpose, and is thus perform-^
jeSr^nSftl outer rind of the bark being scraped^
itflS^^tlki inner is rolled up to make it flat,, and is
nSmt^d'iii ^t^ for a night; it is tbeii laid on^
tkg 4rtink of a tree, squared, and. beat with^ i|l
3«^i6k>dlkiK^iruinent full of grooves' on all side^, ^
•ontilapiecfe of cloth is produced^ and the long^
it^biti^ftaef and closer iV the ^^c^ ^ Whfai

•«-\

tHs"

fjlTE

wmJUy. &om jfouf^to » leet.ui lieagtb; mid • htf
4Milftro^ aw apcead <i«t to diyv and ar& aftm
wards joi0e4 lisgethuer by ^^rnemig iiiB tig(d
mth r&e visocnis juios of a k^njk Haiong bM»
tiius iengtbenedt tb^y i»re l^iid oyer « large |wdii
.itfi wood I with a kind of at^mp lirtw^^i 4aadt of
ta fihcous wbstoaee closely intef^wovw^ Tiuqr^
^en take a bi^ of clotb» and dipping it in »
«0&irtain juice tixpressed irom the bark of a tme^
,nib, it brifikly over the cloth, whidi gives il a duU
hrowu colour and a dry gloss.

The other islands of this group discov^ed since

the voyage of Captain Cqok, are Lata» -Haoun^

Vavao, on the norths all fertile and pofUlonsn

South of the Friendly Islands are Tasmaa# m Byb*

start Island, th@ Isle Yasquez, or Maurelle» lutid

the group of Kermandec, midway between the

Friendly Islands and New Zealand* The lorincipal

of this group are, Sunday Island, pr Raoulf ia

ltd"" 12' i 178° 20' W. Macanley's Island^ tiW9

miles and a half long N-W. and j^,£. wodg^el^

elevated on the east ; its only vegetatio^n 19. cofv^t

grass and the mangrove ; the surface Is coy^fi^

with burnt rock and pqmice stone, evin$ipg ^

existence of volcanic fires. It has no I?WM)|]JI9

>wat^r, but from the deep gullies ohserVe4 i^ ift

|irobably subject, to heavy rains. Bats and .injgQ

.were obserwd on it. Five leagues smtb of ^jt|||^

island are tlie two barren and rocky O/x^ if^^

i^hercheiaUfld^ in this^roupi is of a ii;ifi^g^liic

(laQh'jlie north vaiditt of the ifriemily gpoup jm
Moy nattered nUiids, of ^diich the CoUowini;

^ th6( keflt k»ifWD« Tf aitw'» isiafid of Le Msdfd

ft

^fpA idnd'of WaUis)^ three milea and a half
Im^ has:ii«a^ water aod a&choiugey sOid is im
haUted ; Cooo^ of Le Maire {Boscaven of Wallifi)^
ttiduen leagaeftin eii»iit rising in« a high peak $
Porn Island of Le Maire teems to 1^ PEfj^oA
^VsTritfT of BpngainviUe. WalHs Island^ fbrther
«utfa,;is ff m^e longt of middling height and eo^
IWred fritfi^trees ; on the west it is lined foy- a reef
in^wlneh aaan i^mng capable of receiFing jdups.

r .

NAVIGATOR'S ISLANDS.

. /

"The'gronp discovered and named NAviGATOR'ii
lifiDreis, by Boagainville, was also visited by La
flMMrae^ 'The known number is seven, but the
mi^ giveA them by the French niavigator8»
H&ii tfioMi in Arrowstnith'» Chart of the Grand!
•IS* 'arfe very different ; they are from W.NiWi
IfcAS/k as Mowt Otawby (Pola fr.),' Gai
WeS^ fr:, Oatooah (Oyolava fr.), ^ Tootobill*^
^fewfelhA' 'fe), Tanfdbe fr., Leone fr., ' Tooma-
IMl {Opotui^.) The natives reckon three otheir
3li)iia»'ilo the S. W. Thisdmin jreceived t^e-namie
iRlw^igator's Idands from the number of canoes

of

ment 6f them, €ircum8titt^^^^iMc^'4w,,v||fM^
kveTf . c(Hnmdn to all Polyneaia.

These islands are elevated ^th borders of lo^
land towards the sea;' and ' ^^nerally surrounded
bj reefs. Tootooillah or Maomna, is extremelj
"fertile, abounding in cocoa nut6, breid frdfvand
*6rai\^es j hogs are'^so plentiful that in tw^htjr K6uhi
Xa rerouse procured five hundred, besides fi»^s
'fihdpigeons. The island has several cascades, a^d
^qn the coral beaches were picked up basalt
peb1>les^ ^ Oatooah or Oyolava, according to La
Perouse, equals Otaheite in beauly and siise,' a»
well as in fertility and population ; and this navi-'
gator esftmates the whole population of the cbalif
zk -four hundred thousand, which, liowever, Ap-
j>ears to be far beyond the truth. - ' , ;'

A!t TVfaouna, Captain de Langle, fhe'con^rta-
pion of La Perouse, the naturalist of the e^pdai-

' tioQy and nine men, were treacherously murde'rj
^y the natives, in whose diendly aippearancf^
placed an imprudent confidence. The natiV^t^
these island^ equal or excel the Otaheitiaps ii^^tne
Various kiqds of manufactures, and parttcularTy^n
tibat of a kiad of linen with spme plat^t reseiabj

> ^^x. . The same disgusting licentiousness ih
lAtercour^e of the sexes was observed h^ile. ^i^tjrt

Ji^e Society I^fends; • \ ; -^

Peorhyn Island is soUtary, sm&Il^^liJ^^ aftctVtK
mg;^ witili la^eie^ di^coivefed in 1789». I^^tud09f

*^-* •'>* J •: j.i;

i*mmmmm

I . ''.

j'j.^Tb^ides Marquesas lay in 'a chain Tn. W.

^ip^ Sj X^ ;beiqg • composed of two groups y the

^^thr^astemii^ost) discovered l>y Mendaiui^ m

(1795^ and naUed after Don drarcias de MencloZat

.Margpis of Canete, and then Viceroy of yPerd.

^Tq tne four seen by Meudana^ Capt Cool: ^^ed

^a^ifth ill 177^ an4 in April 17.91- the America

J^^/bskik ilitgrahani discovered the north-wes^era

^injp. {n June of t^ie ;%ame year this group was

ifisited. by Marchand, a French nlivieator^ wh6.

Hot knowing of the prior discovery^ named them

_^lsJf$. de Jfi SevohUan. In March 17d% %ie\k

iH^rjg^t^^tbe unfortunate companiop of Vancoi^

I vef^ . toiiclied at the same group, and afler hiiti^

lllptup Vancouver named them llergesf^ Istandf.

gC,ejiBbf^ 1792, Roberts, another *ApQeri?in

^n^ .visitff ^ thi^mt ^^ it would appear gai^e

,tljf , ^S^n^wd name of Wa^lungton^ Uiou^h

urn ^2^ gave this name to bt^ of thqin.

iji^^c^ prior discovery -by the Americans be-

}^K ^Si^i^^f ^4^ ju^tic^ demands that the name of

washmgten should be continued to them, "t^e

ngi^jilB fiaoa^ of tbf ^difierent islands are aa

• • I ^ > • t

Ohitoa • • • ^ . . *

«Miftdi (Wikon). /^ ;:»^5M. MendMia.

Unataya (Wilson)

Motane.

}

Menclina^

tTs^ ^^'^'°^^ '}S^ Christina.. . Ditto: "

Ohevahova (Wilson) i ^ . . ^,

Hoivahova. } ^^'^^ »»«».

.Teebooa (WilsonJ 1 Hood Cook, ^

!Petugu Krusenstern. J Adiams Ingraham.

IRooapooah (Wilson) \ Marchand , . . . Marchand*
Tpapoah (Krusen- >Trevenen ....Hergest.

' stern). ) Jefferson Roberts .

Rooahoogah (Wilson) j j^.^^ _^ jj^^,^^^^

Uahuga (Krusen. SM^g^ehu^tts.-. Roberts. ,

stern). )

r Federal Ingraham.

^ooaKeevah (Wilson)) Baux ......•/• Marchand.

i^ukahiya (Ktuseri). SSiv H. Martin . Hergest. /

~ " r Adams ^Roberts.

TJuknown, one mfle / Lincoln In'grahafli.

' and a half SiE. on Revolution . . . Roberts.

Uapoah, two xnilesl Platte Marcfcand.

* in circuit. vLevel Wilson. '*

. ' r Franklin Ingfahatn.'

Mottuaily, (two is- J Two Brdthers . Matchandi
lands. ' J Hergest rocks . Hergett. ^

(Blake. ^RdbettiSl-^

^' r Knox Ingrabattl*

# Hiati: J Masse March AVid.

» j. • ^Freemantle. ;.'Rdbo3flSl'»'/,

^^ r Hancock . * ; . In^rifeifti.

Bittuhu. J Chanal Marcha^ki.

^ ^. iLaiigdon • • # • • Roberts* •* -

/ The

o

CO

TJiiBr . Martq^iiflHM: ai» elevated, yo^bic; an4
^^P9jy^^ j^t the.vfUf^are.rwell watered by rivulets,
Biid affi>rd the same v^etable productions as t^e
Socie^,(][slaQd9« .The hog and rat are the only
quadrupeds ; the first of a yery small size, seldpip
^^^gjf^WSt twelve, poinds. These islands have also
the common fowls, , but not abundant* ,

The inhabitants are painted as the handsome^it
of the Polynesian race, and in their manners diffe^
little from the Otaheitians, the same licentious iiv
tercourse.of the sexes characterizing both, as well
as the same prostitution of their women to straur
gers, a custom which produced an adventure t^
one of the good missionaries, the relation of which
would malfse a stoic .smile :* and little less shock-
ing than ,the offered caresses of the Marquesan
.princess^ :Was ^e in4ecent appearance of the fe»
males, who visited the ship ; for their clothes not
be9T3Wg . tbfi wety in these visits they were lefl on
shorCi and their sole dress was such as recalled
t^e idea, of our mother Eve. The green leaves,
how^y.ff^ attracting the appetite of the goats on
1)99x4 the \ ship, yrh^ the women turned tp
dftjpe^ ^RBe Woie, the hungry animals attacked
theuc^pdupid, to fiiBt they were &oon reduced to a
perfept34fi^ of njidity, to the great scandal of the

. Ohrto^st he south-easternmost of the Marquesa
group^.*i^;five leagues in circuit. .Mendana an*
ch^seid i9> good bay on the south side.

..QotttoyU is three leagues in circuit, and. appa-
rent]^. Uttift iertile. .

. I • E 2 Otihatoo

• Miwioiiarj Voyage, pa^e 141, 4^ £dit.

1ft itMMam ■HiWIIiiVaBr.

tffety of hills with fertile viltilA; ''3Che Bfty 4f

Coek, near the imddltt<«if. the iw«fliid^^i»«.godi
finc^Meag^ intti almnduice of -fi^ itatMr.- - .!'
•. OheVithoa is sifc leagwos leogi «ni itjominMflt tf
staepJuUs vdl vooded. In'die.dcntre'<SF'^ilbnt
•tecfcf fArecipioes titart Ojp w the eli^ift of -dht^iihi
>tiiifadeB> Uc^'m Mfcik odU&dMli as to lorve. ft»
-iotftit t)f thfllr beiBgpftMiMced b]r « coovfdeialb oif
fiftttuifei'f ' ••■•;,■ '■.":••■'"..'. • ■"-

EetugftisisfM]!, tfttt diHP«kefl« n^ «8nj xOdhb
•rouoA^ •. •.'"■■. . ■ . ^

^. .Uapoah is six miles rfauig^ composed ^i* UKHsedlr
•6m^ bSis irtth totky suttiiriHs i at the B^W. "Ml it
« gdod Jhtiy^ loid others on the sotfCh side. ;

Uahuga is stB lei^ues itiicDecttfl.- . Tte mSUKi^
istdtflcy and dtn^d by a rMff: M ^Ihb S.W.'i^ a
^ood bay< It ri^es in % UtBiy BMueiflaiiA'^ettMBidfiii
tfbtebd^t. • ■>'

' NttkdiiVa is the laigeat ef this ohibl^ b^ii^
iiklieeii leagues kmg S.£L atid ^.Wu^ rrStfracmflh
<6bast Is eompoSM af lolfy and/tt^g^ Mdtil
Ayim wfaach Dariible many beaotifid 'oaflcsfles^iofiik
tfroii a tei^t t)f two thouiMuid feet 0i}'«|Mi6«ii|}
'lt^e-1i»ee good hays, tttoied ContjiftoOcfr^ (BiQ^
(Hocgest) Fori Anna Hvia, and ToUtacUgw
(^S^isciasterB). • ^•■.-.v

^ ~fiiatt- aaHrai Patttdm are two im iobabitbdfilteHil*
tat visited by the people ot' fhb ol!h«r' tikiaik-M

ttKod'taXts.- -I'} .>;ui

< Be£w£ea the Friendly aQd3ocM]^-irrtt|(|felll^f^

■ -5 • fol-

.1 . •

' *' 1» ^ '

•»*

%gfc»94ltf'<)r ten ipoto ef eart^ jom6<t by ^oiiiL iieef» ;
the largeMi B|Mii^ not abo«re om mik i« ^cui»-
y^ifWiWi mAmt JK»t» thao tlr^ k^t above the
|tfwilit>» ofsta ;> th^ fotnva Kmkmde ewdpip^g t
tojrbr lago<m:«ft tli0 'west, Tbera m no wdboirt
49et«md^eH» llMMf^lffidiiv for boats. Jkf^
imni, wbtf^ aomdsto a^ • veiy tUii laj^ of vo^
g»table mouldover « eonA Im^ h covered ni^
litidMip «m1 a gmd maajr coooa-iMt trets^ Hiey
an unkika^jtocL have im fresh water» but ave frei*
^aattai Iby gatal; aiuobeim of qicB of vms and
trtftc Uids, and boohka; some ovJk curlo'ir^
and sand |li|ieia wero alao» seen on tbem» aa wett a|
^ibiillVraMrata. Fish ia M>uiidaiit
' ^ At ^ne pai;t of the red^ which bounds the
Wf04«jt|ii^'' Myft Ottptam Coelc^^ '' there van a
lajTge bed of coral almost ^ven isith the sur&ce^
SfhMb aibrded perhaps one of the moat enchant-
i^ff^tp%ct$ that siature has any where producedt
lift 'base was fl^ed to the shoro^ biit reached so far
is^tha*^ it «ould net be seen, so that it seemed to
Itei aaiqieoded in the water» which deepened so
au^ttteoly, that^ at the distance of a few yards^
UwNi «Mghti be aev^n or eight &tiionis. The sea
was at this time quite unruffled, and the sjon
shbrilsg • bright exposed the various sorts of coral
m^tie flsost boaatiful order ; some parts branching
into, the water with ^eat luxuriance, others laying
eoUeoteitin rottud baUs, and in various other &

B 3 gures ;

• Cook'8 third Toyagt, VoL I. p. 21 &

54 "^ MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.

gures ; all which were greatly heightenecl hy
spangles of the richest colouFs, that glowed from
^ number of large clams, which were evety where
interspersed. But the appearance of these was
still inferior to that of the multitude- of fishes,
that glided gently along, seemingly with the most
p^fect security. The colours of the different
sorts were the most beautiful that can be ima-
gined;' the yellow, blue, recj, black, &c. far
exceeding any thing that art can produce. Their
various forms, also, contributed to increase the
richness of this submarine grotto, which could
npt be surveyed without a pleasing transport,
mixed, however, with regret, that a work, so
stupendously elegant should be concealed, in a
pl^e where mankind .could seldom have an op-
portunity of rendering the praises justly due to
8Q enchanting a scene.'*— W 0' ; 163^ 12' Vt. '

Hervey Island, of Cook, 1774» named Terrouge
Atooa by the natives, is similar to Palmerston's
Island, being composed of three or four spots of
dry ground, covered with bushes, joined by reefs,
and is six leagues in circumference. There is no
anchorage round it. The natives seem . to diflef
materially from those of the Society Islands ol'
Cook) though their language is the same, 'They
are of a darker colour, and have much more tsa*
vage features, .resembling the natives qf i^eW
Zealand ; neither are they so friendly as the fof-
i|jer, Their hair is strong and. black, sometimes
worn loo^e, .at' others tied in a bunch on the crown
of the bead, .while aora^ have it cut short Their

only

8QUTHSSN P0I.T9XSU. . 5S

only covedog is a narrow strip of mat round th«t
loin^^ , nor , do they appear to practice tattooing;
19 18' J 158^ 54' W.

Otakootaia, or Venooa-ette, is about three
leagues in circuipference, not more than six feet
above the level of the sea, and has no anchorage
or fr^sh water. Besides bushes^ it has cocoa-^
nuts — ^is uninhabited — but sometimes visited bj»
th^ natives of the neighbouring island of Wateeoo.
Boatii can land bn the west side. 19"^ 51' i
158^ 21' W. .

, Wateeo is four leagues S.E.. of Otakootaia, ancl
about sixf leagues in circumference. Its surface-
is diversified with small hiils, entirely covered
with verdure, and it produces the cocoa palm,*
plantaiOf bread-fruit, the tow plant, and other
Vegetables of these ,seas; and is well supplied
witb bogs. The natives are similar to those o^
the Society Islands, ^nd received Captain Cook
with . cbearfulness and hospitality.
. At this island, that navigator met three natives
of Otaheite, who had been driven by tlie wind^
and currents thus far to leeward, in attempting to!
pas3 in a canoe to Uliatea. Captain Cook after
relating their story observes, ** The application,
of t^^ above narrative is obvious ; it will serve to*
explain better than a thousand conjectures o^
spec^ative reasoners, how the detached parts of.
the earth, and in particular^ how the islands of
the South Sea may have been first peopled, es-*
pecially tfiose that He remote from any inhabite4-
cpntioenty or from each other." But this fact.

m

rictl3ic^ the contrary <M HM in}Me«to4^dtioea^^g^

#»^f9iMliiiib ikaM^ beeii' dtkeh &4im ^Mff taMM^ it^

thtiMal ^^Mis^quMMcil w«ald :8#em ittHdi^dM-

Jiivatiim^ofc tlwPdyn^iatif mc^^&om^ 'Aitafttict^'^n

fdoiUrAature^of tkeie |>eo^ f<^ to agfl^fft^
. -)Mad^ecHr laliiiid, south of Wateeoo, ij» ^e
Ibagfart ki obouity vlmgr ii^liie tniddi^ tfe 'lifliiB,
visible ten leagues^ The S. W. shore is composed-
of diA of sand stone ten feet high, widi many
oarertis ymm by the sea*, The north dhore is
oomposed of broken Iand> with ravines and i»-
tarvflijbi^ of B^ndy beach* Captain Gotik . UfmA
, itotther ^nohorage nor landing place* The MiavM
MsemUie fihose of Wateeoo. . • .iS.i t\:

SeToral degrees fiirther east are. nHjotliv

I «ia)tto««d idandss in* the foUowaa^ ^uooesstefcu

Oheteroa, a high island, four leagues* iihmaA :

-^Jb abounds in the easuarma^ and is i|^abitod»^ ;

J \ H^ohoo^U five leagues long* riaei ua hSikn^pf

eonsiderabte elevation, with a rxixt^w hotimijoi

\V^ l20Af ec^d by a sandy beach# aod^eaieved

^rJti|th'4o% trees. The hills arecbtib^ iMth^fOisa

, j«^^Dfee^ m tufts, except some patctea lef lifock*

.n(0ii,rfihe( N.W. sidle 16 anchorage and haaOiagiiofr

^otooats^M'iteough a b«eak in the rtef^ -/]&€»fiki*

..:.'! /.' .i'/o'ii^ib

m.

BTirii "kkfiih nf fTniiiM Tfcff»iiiriiiij b iit Irflimh

the SQtUr of Wdltty «i& pHQbahfy thar. dtL :Ni»
0QB»of Qoka^ » gntuj^ oSiaw ]Mtdbet». ,«iKr:»

mnlaB.evHsctMB of idat^ mtmttA.^Kfij/h,bif!ilm
8a(Mt9» iaiantki/ awl Loa^ Bmrtiti iaitiidt. Ii|r
MaOiat fgakMj tfc* lrljgitimLnfiQuiraR» lSit4e/ ;
.JUMP 8f W. bodktfan»ittads <MHi«pli JiitaJl. jI

-/'"'' ' SOCIETY islands! \' ' *' "'^

Lt :dke^ gis'Mp tx^ which' Captnn Cook gaVe^ lite
c-noiie efiSoeiely Irimdsi ^oomte of 6i» ottfy^

tm. Marua^ Bolabelai Tbbia^ Otoha, UlielM^ «rk)
iMtutMiDe^ birt tp these we- mi;^^ ftd4 O^^tOi
.ififUMy Sit etiaple# Sraiicfep6*d^ Tethuroa, md

f§h(trni . . •• )

OliiMlMite beiiig Beariy iq ^e cent^ ^ tie
1 l^idtifi, ^tthlthe nmt eMsidQmMe^ and celeb^eci^
todgifawfc to be fipM nolKecit. * >

. ^lol^seWM certaiti that idii^ island is tbe Aog^

'tmr^'-^ MeMhcai M- toHg' looked* for iti' Vdltn»

.^agaa Ht WM diaceivered by Waliii^ in- lYM^^^vAio

iiiapiedlTit Kkg> Gteorge' the H«ird^« Island*' In

-:iilMi»8aiDie yutt it wast TisitfiKl' by> BoHgainvilUs wMo^

Vfa^ae^bliiitfd with the English naY^sitoi^d^ |)«lor

discovery, named it New Cjfthera. Finally, Cap-
tain

in liisithcee Voyages; ^mdvihiei^^^bB1}&ft,^t^^o^f^
has bee& atvply aocomf^shfid .by tl^e. ,fr/sqiiu^tf
visits p«i4 t^it sidCCb.. and abov€^.aU». bj^t.^ie.^^
ntiv^. of tbe misstonarieBf wiu>.x«i^ed,<iii t^i^
kbHid for oon8i4efable. periods. . : .. ., , .

* Otahcitens composed of two ciraoiar. penin^ida^
joined by an islhmua, three milet bx:oad«. Th#
ttorth west pemnaidft is much the largest,.. «ii4
both ts^ethi^r ana dbaut 100 \mk» in, mcvfokr
ference. fiotli riae in lofty hiUs^, leaving only a
border t of low iland^ of .thiM miles in bteadtlH
towardfi the sea. The whole island is surround^
by reefa» in which, however, are several openingeti
fivming good anphorage.

: ^f Berhapo there is scarcely a spot in the .uni-<

vflne^- ' says Captain Cook,* ** that affords a ip^ei

luxiif»nt prospect than the southt^f^ part., jgif

Otaheite. The hills are high and steep, and^^^

miuiy places craggy. But they are o^o^et^ito

tbfk very aummit with trees and shrabs^ in $uf^ .%

mwinser, that the spectator can scarcely fr^ip

tfiUnkiogy that the very rocks possess the prpperty

df producing and supporting their verdaqt <;lp^

ing» The flat land which bounds those ,1^^

toward the sea, and the inteijacent v^eyy, jals^

tMfli with various productions, that, grojw ^(1?^.

the most exuberant vigour, and at oiic^ £ill,,t^,

xsmd of the beholder with- the idea, thft/iio pl^pf},

iipon earth. can. outdo thisi iq the ^eng^hvi^4l .

"'^- ■ .. . • h^m^K

hek^ty^kv^tsLiloti. Natore hds^ beeH no test iSSS[.
HBfertd'in^difitributtiig ri^lets, which are found in
k^iry viHefy \ and 'a« th&f appMach the sea, often
diMdid ititO'twd Of ' three bfanc^ves, fertilising the
flat Ijmctd through vdiich they run/ The faa«
bitatioiis of ' the nativea are scattered without
erd€!i*;*tip*ii* the flats; and many of them ap-
pes&rit^ toward the shore, presented a delightf^
^dtne/ viewed from our ships ; especially as the
acSs^ within the reei^ which bounds the ceast, id
perfectly st%, and affords a safe navigation at all
times for the inhabitants, who are often seen
paddHfig ' in their canoes indolently along, in
pisssing from place to place, or in going to fish."

In ascending the hills, the vegetable earth of
the low ground changes to clay and marl of dif-
ferent colours, covering a tender grey rock.
Biisaltes seems to predominate in the upper
region* ' * . !

The trade wind between KS.E. and }E.NiSi
pr^-aik generally throughout the year, and wheat
ittoiferate, is accompanied with fine clear weather ;
but wiien it blows fresh, it is usually cloudy, with
fihowers of rain. In December and January, It
aometiines blows for four or five days between
W.N.W. and N.W. with dark cloudy weather and
T^iij and of these variations the natives of the
isSiLtkds to leeward take adv^nitage to visit Ota^
hdtej ' Winds from S.W. to W*S*W. are more
fleq[ii^nt, ^nd sometimes blow in brisk squally
witti' durk cloudy weathear, a sultry atmosphere,
jind thunder 9nd ligbtoing: ^hen they veer to

the

'- A.

:f^:'F

8ft ^AyfTyWT r^%fflfWW1fr

the WO* of &W* ijigr »re. i9i»#»fj^
is to bio V dossil. JiouMsW ciic^i^Uutrtc^
tiiese tpnutdoes^K oeyj^n of ^qg 4ufa(iD)^ f

T|^ Otahek^Qs, have QMies *9r
foi thiese difl^ent winds i-^Om tmdf w«4 ^iMff
cattMaaraap; befcweea the SLR aod SJ8JS. M>(pft^
between the W.N.W. axd KW. Tocr#ft ^ bs^tM
N«W. and Northt £mpotaaa» who^ accKwdiflfl te
th«ir mytholflgy^ i^ the wi& of To«roiir} betWMD
S.W. and W.&W. Etoa; ancL betvo^a &W. j|«d
iSkxuth, Farooa.

The veg^able psodacti0iis. of the island 4M
jamSf taro root» sugar .caae» the kava» afii olteo
us^d as &hkU plantain^ bread finu4 opcqft miIa
the saadal wood is also fbuad in the iBonnteiiMi
gpd a ^leat aumber of other beant^&^^ woodfl^
. The mtund fertiliiy of the soil^ and th(»fifMlN

KAMI €%T ilu^ ^MHfW^tf*^ T^tfilU^ft tuA IaA^QHHB Or fil^UBtf

vation to almost nothing; and the yaw^qtoth
plant» of which the seecb axe brou^ £fo«p ;thci
nNHiQtauis». the kaira» and the plaiiteiD> i»e(^tfie
oiotly veg^ahles that require the slightest stlenliMkr
The y9fB they plant in the same manner m aft ftb#
Friendly Islands. The kava and dotb pU|^ .19b
qo^e no other eare than to. cover them fyi^m tfciffL
sifx^ when young, with the leaves of thf^ bt^ii^
ftuijt tree* The plantain demanda no^ ;mc«ie^: jihwii
cutting off the old stem3 when the ftwt.jg gjlhwlfc
^4^1 and.n.e}^. ones have .shot up. Ti^(t$c^»i^tf

ii^pjf ij^ .^^ Jjpea44rwir *rec^^n||iio^ll^ Hmli

v.r,.f instead

,>-.'•

tb^^Vetodve iti to *iAe 'way fof crtfeer vegiWbtesu '

The dkdy^^t&Md'ftimd on tibe i^lund by the first
6bMdver^» 'i^ Ihe hc^, the breed of vhfdi lias
feeeft i^inc6 much hiaproved by some left t)6hind
by *Wo S^aarmh sfiips -fti 1774; who also left some
^^mte'&fid dogs, both of winch have multiphed.
v'^ ^Cfte nattrral euriosiiies df the island acre, as fax
*^<#efcndw, confined to two, of Which the prin-
isijfml -isf a lafee of -ftesh -water, "on the to][) of one
of the h^faest mountains ; to go to which, fi^ott
Mata¥aEi%i^, and rett!rn, requires ^faree of fbm*
^^/ it is said to be fathomless; and to tibotUiA
ID enomous ^e^ which are sometimes catight bjr
Aje* mtives, who veiiture oh liie lake on raflos
nade bf wild plantain tree6« IW secX)nd'c«riOflit>
isii ^pond, the water of which, though ttmpid, de-
pOiUSi a ydlow sedittient, and if drank is fottnd It
tjiteitisl4>dsbn^ as well as cansing those who tathe
in It fjo break out in blotches. '

'Tto^nativM ot Otaheke diflbr nmteriaily from
^timt^nheW^ndfy Idaiids, in their physical fa^
Witfl M mdnd character. They are infinitely mbr^
dt^ciitel)r fl>nhed, and of a mnch fairer coiin^leit-
itfk ^<wli&h is probably owhig to their mote iiido^
^mt^moAtofUfe^ artsitrgfrom the sup6ri;(>t"fettir
Mi^riiif titecomitry. But iJiis superibr beaifty is
alMdOccmipMiied witii a degree of langoni* dnd
Wlfttfr^^f^akiiiiaation, tnost pardculai^y temfark^ble
jfi'* ttiair ^ttbk^ Atfus^eAts; shch as w^^stllH^
Ma^hdHitiig, ^hfbfaare mere dhfldren^s |>la^ to the
dif«aiM8;^oMi# SBiiie^kind In IJI^ 0^^

hRfiKii' lands.

pj;^ lands. The motaen of .Otaheite, dccidrdrhg '4SI
^^ Captain Cook, aire more beautilbl than those ^^iP
the Friendly Islknds, possessing all those physical
characteristics that distingntsh the female sex ifk
the mOst polirfied countries. • ■ • '

The Otaheitans are subject to several mOrtid
and » loathsome diseases, amongst which are "the
ficrophula, a disease called hottati, which product
a crooked back^ indolent swellings of the extre^
mtties» dropsy, intermitting fevers, dysentery, &cJ;
and a disease produced* by the immoderate use of
the kava, which causes them to break out itx
Uotcbes, and to waste away to skeletons. .Thfe
beverage is here chiefly confined to the better
aort, and is prepared in a less disgusting manner
than at the Friendly Islands ; the stalks and leaves
as well as the roots being bruised, and water
poured over them, without the process of chew<-
ing, neither do large companies assemble to drii^
it, as at the former islands. • ; •

Their general. food consists of at least nine-
tenths vegetables ; and though of these they hat^'
.wually the greatest dbnndance, from the ni^glecft
of cultivation, or ujufavouraWe seasons; ttsrHAi!^ ■
afbd evep famines, sometimes occur, inwhlcK*
gneat cumbers perish. When the bread fruit and*'
yams are consumed, they have recourse to vntHmH '
TtKiftSt which grow wild in the mountaiqsi - * * : -
. .,Qf animal food a very small portion falls at^ahy
tiin«40;the share of the lower- class, and thendit"
^ciMifii^ta* of fish, se^ e^8> and. other marind pib- '
dwtion^ The great cbieftare alone abfe to dit '
^. pork

"Ho ^b6irrr9ida»> iimdea^^e^r foi^taigtaty or mottth. ~
jH^tiie^lbf^isIitild is jonpoverishbd hy war^ or otber
i^PH^^es, . the king * pf ohilnts bis *^til]9ect8 of erMj
rank from kiiling hogs, • aad a stmilar probibition
if^iais^^ df^asionaUy extended to fowls^
M:Xhe.mca}0 are very numerous^ their first repoA
bdog at two* o- clock ia theflioroing, after which
limy again go to ileqi» and their last at eight
pfc^ook in the eveningy The women have ncrt
only the nsortifioation of not being allowed to eat
with: the men, but are prolubited aU the better
mftB of iood, ^ch. as turtle, rntae ktQds-^of Mr,
and'Seveaad kinds of plantains, and it is very sel*
dom that' even those . o£ the first vmk arc» aHowed
to eat pork. The women are abo obliged to «erv^
%i]p th^ own victcuils, for they might certainly
starve, before any grown man, even of the lowest
iciass^ wooid do them such an office. The chil-
^lien of eacli sex also eat apart «

*•; When Otaheite was rediscovered by our Eng-
li^ nairigators, it became the envy and admira*
tiQo of Europe. Those who placed happiness in
the ii;idi^[0eace of sensual appetite, and freedom:
in .1;|E^ .absence of legal and moral restraints, were
l^l^^vfi.ilMii^mes of. the New Cythera; and ait
T^rded l^hese. islaaders as siagularly &vouiied by
Providence^ because their food was produced
spo^neouaiy^ .and because they had no other -bli-
8t^esa,in life than to enjoy existence* ^ But- now
th^^^y.a^e beittpr kiM>wni it appears indulritab}}^
ti^ti their imoral.. iniqui^ exceed those of affiy

other

m

fc<lrtWM>Hy>con>tt<itted «wtl»ot)ghntft» nd* tlft^
4u^ to what toartuMMiiieas '^ peHalbmi M ><llf^
frwcd <WMgii> »tiop <wB Awwre facoii— e» nhcmlMil
^^litli- ftH. ^ardimiry «lmAinttUobt» -tlie^'niaBMNiNiM,
iMore^iu^fabt h to<iet$r wwb :ibnn«d at OWfthtiai
who ta their taettimgtwen -to <Mt Muafaa-iMlittfe
te.ltemMl -md mkmmemt'Ki^ itheir i*M>i'i>tim».*>
> Tlie diaaiinaUeiiiMtt0(!y of AtMoji, 4» mihpilfMl
i^ttJbMaro^bMh .fmie»of np«normiik>ii^ p«iM4-
«ag tii9«ie«nB aadtthe tnolinatioii to
cession of fre«h oonnectiotis, are cooataxiAy
mgtimabt aud sp«fidithfltr youths in tilt tattAii-
^ntiaus-enomiiti^. When an Atmay^imaimi/k
■i^Hnd of a 'Child, a pieee «f doth ^t^pii^im
cw«le£ i» ^ipUed to the iioae and >nMiiiA» *«MA
sufiboates it ; but if natural '«flfection> ienis-' (ibtfjam
OMlSitoipNMiive iheir tiffiqpring, -tfaty ani^i^l^
jhaixetin ^fromthis.saciety, and Hve«fteciraids'>ih
«Mii-aiid wife. . j .>j.<ii.

• Crheoniy 'C^tsBomi^ in ^ comii^ im^Mtit^t
•ihe snss ^ 4h«t 4be .man is oUigsd'to «MilH%
VKSfottothe iathM- of the giii> ancltifHIAMik
eent is not esteemed iaige omm^ t|B»''!MiiMr
|aakes.«« scra|>l««f oldigiftg'>inrln>qttie'iMk4&ni:
IMBdOim&^th anMhtn w4o mR)F'be«iDMHMba!iItn
i.3 Jiaridif tbaae<aasM where Am bam'-iMkk'V
itAetmd^ piw^iis, Ihew M>t'titbdm, itU8;%ift4
fanwmtnf oHhiH «» of aiyeiMVfioilriB mia^ttk

• - . • ''^ -^th

PMIif«iJW<A^B t(^j4Mtr0y, their tbrM. first ehilr
^liPi^jm^icularJyifenMii^s« facgijrlsafemucbMoni
^^^itt^ ^sti^qjsed th^Qi b<>y&, and bencf^voncA
4^ be40a>«!9^^cyc^' ^t &^: clin nSord t04N»

JB^Mlft^9#9es^,ARd tb« w^^cai bcM^ ^fmigilit ilm if
4MlfMi0(miBhtQ.l^ir soacejlty are <qoAtiliivJl/ chm§-

iUBiHgrtbiii d^raved .nnto^iold age m tBcdtad
lPithqil|t9feipQCl> md f oMiooa' iaiatcna iiHthe
kif^Hft^amAewipt. The sick «re* g«wr^y> teiaUjr
4Mibcie&^«pd often put to dcoiii by tkm. j»i»-

J t

•li Smb |i^ itlie cfaaraater given of tbe OtebaitaM
^yiMOSS^^ '^^ European visitors^ while aix^OBd-
«llgt^flft^A'lU&: picture is overcharged aod ca*
taftilliojifiMi .Captain Wilson assures usv tfiatifcis
4fcdiiff^^>JQi"tbia country as any othft to havb/a
ftfflMWbia<»ii0»ur8e with married wooieq, or erao
tfit|b4ing)ei(Hif^ .eKoqpt those of the- lowest clasi^
and eren among them many are chaste. It is true
1jb4ftM|8|B ber^ a class of prostitutes^ oaom nu-
(nfMffli tfiefiv^t^ than in other places* «ui sudi
4Pft^btf^4^ thftt frequent the ships of Euriifiiw>
KH^^^paiif^ on ^ore«
i^v^l^lMHW^tf^ ^^ ^uro OS that: tbey ^hase

3||4J^.|h|)ii^^ are oidj perfimned

kliX^HilKiqikaV*^^ ««¥0r bnk ,m thtr tbeatte ^
.%9&/iftlS9^^c«% tbfli.«* m#th«cs^aini4.wiM|
jbiytt. IV. y the

Ijie OtaheitftBs do not diahoacur humsift ^swbiret
lieiBg attentive to the iHteresta of their fattsbwdib
«nd careful oi their afls|priiig» Amocigat then-
iidlues property is sacred^ aiul die last wifl. of 4^
4eced$ed scn^iilously executed, and xnrjuriouGfe
-words^ vi<deDce» and theft am severely punishsii.
' The religious system <if the Otahettws i$/«iiy
^tensive and complicated* It appears tb9t.Afif
lieiieir^ to a kmd c£ trinity^ exi^tisig m « &theiw
ason» and a hird or «pmt. This supratae diviiiily
resides in a palace n the heavena* with laaupy
mother deities ef inierior order^ oamed E^tuas^
ijoid <cdlectively Fkmam p% or chikbmi ef
4iie night. The getieakgy of their gods »
like all other theogenies^ a system of allegorical
cosmography, ^fhe isles of fhe ocean are the fiag-
mento of a great contioenl^ which the gods in an*
ger broke to pieces. The tribune diviakies have
A temple in the district of Oparree» but are 4M^j
-invoked in great public c^lamities^ the daily prayjpn
being addressed to the Eatuas. Each family ha«
also its IAt) cr protecting genius, who is the an*
ther of its -good and evil fortune. The souls of
the dead they believe to be eaten by the fady burd
or dettjr, and s&ea: being purified by a tcansmuta^
lion Into Ids subatanoe^ take flight and become
divioities who watch over the iate of mortala.
Thejr strongly believe in the immortaKtjr of the
aonl, and in the doctrine of futucre rewards ' The
tab&9r0L9 or priests are very numerous and pdirei"*
fttl^ and the chieft on solemn occasions officiate gn
Ihenodfice&i -^^i '

*i .«' ^^Alk

SOtTTHCBH POLTKESIA. ' &J

AH the ambitioii of an Otaheitan is to have a ££S,
grand mirtdj or family mausoleum, which is al-
*wxy% placed in the most romantic utuations, un-
der the shade of "ilinereal trees, where the as-
pect b£ rocks and the murmur of waters inspire a
pleasing melandidy. The corpses are placed on .
elevated stages, named tapapoo, where they re-
mam mitfl the'fle^ is x^nsumed, when the bones
'are collected and ^eptmted in the moral. Mourn-
ing consists in cutting the flesh with the tooth of
&t shark, so that the Uood and tears form a hor-
rflble mixture.

Human sacrifices are offered on various occa-
sions, such as previous to going to war, on the
sickness of any of the royal family, on the inves-
titure of the king, &c. : in the last case, every
diief offiers from one to three victims, in propor-
tion to the size of his district. They are always
of the lowest class, generally criminals, and are
knocked on the head by surprize, or while asleep,
so tiiat they have no warning of their fate ; the
ceremony consists in the priests plucking out the
bowds and one eye, which latter he presents to
the king on a plantain leaf. Prisoners taken in
war are also often sacrificed. They practice cir-
cumcision, not frbm any religious motive, but
from an idea of cleanliness, and both sexes are
tatooed m various parts of the body.

The ^vemment is a mixture of despotism and
ariMocraey. The honours paid to the king are of
the moit extravagant nature. Whatever place be
Alters is xmd^ sacred by his presence, and no per-

F 2 so n

Mtitmd».

soti but ' his domesiidi' ^ miyiAtA '9t' «!leri»tidff {f
he is therefore carriled 06 teki*^ AlcJida^ Nmsi
out of his own itmh^diate A&aUm; £W WB^v§r<il
royal foot touches is saifctifibd' gfdtttiiii '^'Ifint
king's dignity does not permit hilA tdt ^e^'ltim-
self, and all persons in passing hhn/tir^aii^^ ^
royal family, or even his hoitee, must? ^trip<>tte
breast and shonlders. Every word in whit^h'th^
name of the king enters as a part is fbtfoiddeii'M
be spoken. * ^^ » •• "^

The son of the king immediately* on hii bMk
succeeds to die title and honours of hts fkthei;
and the latter descends to the rank of r^eet.^ tmt
if the king has no son, his brother succeeds hint
iithis deadi. \ - • /*

• To the royal family succeed Ae erets t)r 'gl'^*
chiefs^ who possess and govern large distrittt^,^ tfftd
are almost independent ; the tcwhds are genefls^t
relations of the erees^ who govern sUbdWistote* of
their districts ; the rattiras are the possestors' ' tff
freehold lands, the manahoonies the cnitWhtat§^
Without property but free in their person*; ^and
finally the towt&ws, who are servants, or^Hlll*t
staves. The individuals of the inferior^ dassfe^lA^
precluded from rising beyond the rank- of ftrt^^i-^

Since the discovery of the island by tUe'S<^|itfl,
k lias been almost continually at waV Wift*'?fe
neighbours. Their battles are aft bf^'IftelrtiMfl
Idnd. Their war canoes are numerous; 'Aid^infJCii^fh
they fight hand to hand on stages, fUe Yafnqu^ftift
usually jumping overboahi; ind eiWfevTteffft^*%
tave tibemseh^es by swimming ; for tSiiifVt^r^gffik
; ■ "" quarter.

fiftfteFiifH^^ept ^tci f^ime tlje.priaoner ft»r. a more £*;»;
iMfliid #(B^ thp ««sx^i%, A single battle, there-
£)f§*/-#9W7>4l3r <i^cidi^ the yfaxt and often causes
iril>le i|4w4* tofchange their sovereigns.
-rrttP^fi'lAngiiiage-P^ the Otaheitans is radically
|tf9 ^M^eas iM^at spcdceD in all the tslwids of this
#afaOi tbut it* is lass gutteial than that of the
^efldly Js^axid^ ;. it aboimds in figurative expres*
9PQ9W.fi{i^ admite of that inverted arrangement of
words, which distinguishes the Greek and Latii)
1^ ipost modern laagaages.

Tbe &Bt present juoade the Otaheitans by their

Suropean vi^itars, wat a disease a thousandfold

wore destructive than any of their owb» and

which in their dissdute state of manners, and

ad^kd to tbeir general practice of infanticide,

t^eatma a speedy extermination to the whole

fIfCie* The havoc that this disease has made is in-

iffeed ali^ftafit incredible. In 1796, the missionaries

fftimated the population of Otaheite at 16,000,

a^din l^04t it was reduced to half that number.

nn?>e F^idence of the missionaries among them

)i^ji(rod|iced little eftect in correcting their maur

^fiftf^^,:.^gpd hvTp if wiy^ hare been converted to

C^ffilj^flfXy^ There are, however, some slight

ffffg^gpi^' of improvement, in their adoption of

4l9ii)f(j ^lurppean fashions, particularly qoats and

tli^^fffrj i1!^^ U^ worn by many of the chiefs, and

jffil^nP^r^il of any consequence carries a musr

JIBWlhipiT^ M^ ^f European tools is also become

3|nwi^c^.a;Qd..th|s King has learned to write his

iDnuijp ^ ^ Th^

70 MARITIMfi QtOCnO'BT. ^

SSZ The various attempts made to hrtrodnce^ do*
mestic animals and tiie vegetables of Eordpfe ihtkf
these islands, have had very little success. Be-
sides the meUoration of the breed of hogs, and
th6 introduction of goats and dogs hy Ibe (Spa-
niards in 1774, Captain Cook in his* last voyagfe
left on them an horse and mare, three cows and a
bull, an English ram and ewe, and thre^ Cape
ewes ; some geese, ducks, tm^keys, and pea-fowL
The horse died, the bull was destroyed, and the
sheep perished, nor had the poultry any better-suc-
cess. The goats, however, have multiplied, atid
the missionaries have endeavoured again to iri-
ttoduce sheep, &c.

The principal road of Otaheite is MataVai Bay,
or Port Royal, on the north ; it is within s^verid.
reefs and opposite a sandy beach with a fresh watet
rivulet.

Marua, the westernmost of the Society Island^
of Cook, is small, but in the middle rises to a
roiind hill that may be seen twelve leagues : it ia
surrounded by a reef, and has no good anchorage.

Bolabola, or Borabora, is eight leagues in cir-
cumf^^rence, and rises in a high double peaked
mountain in the middle of the island. On the
south west side is the harbour of Otravanooah^
the only place of anchorage round the island, the
rest being surrounded by a reef; the cfadnnel is be-
tween two islets, and is one-third of a mile bfoad»
"ijie depth within is twenty-five to twenty-sevtett
fathoms. The inhabitants of this island are amongst
the most warlike of tlie Polynteiajis, having con-

quered

fpef ed titf%fnk <if the oetj^bbooriiig isSsads^ lint
t(»etr pcnifer hap latterly agjiin declined.

T^ubai, a small. kiF iaUod^ five league^ N» by W-f
eC JMaboku

Qtaha^ S.K by & four leagws from Bolabolapi
has twagood roads, m, Ohamena on the east, the
cbsonel into which is between two small idets^
one nule off shore j the depth is twenty-five to six-
teen fathoms* Oheminia^ on the S.W* is within
leefs and has twenty to twenty-five fathoms.

XJliatea, or Orayetea, tiyo miles from Otaha^
there being no passage between them for ships.
On the west side are the harbours or roads of
Ohamenneno, Teteroa, and Maarabai ; Oachate,
near the south point. Ohetura, on the &£.,
Onimahou on the N.E., and Oopoa near the east
point ; all of which afford good anchorage within
reefs. The natives of this island are darker than
their neighbours, and also more savage and less
hospitable.

Huabeine^ eight leagues N.E. of Uliatea. On
the N, W. side is Owarree harbour within reefs ;
here the fruits ripen some weeks sooner than at
ptabeite.

Sir Charles Saunders, so named by Wallis, is
sjx miles long, and rises to a hill in the middle.

JEimao, or Duke of York's Island, of Wallis,
has several good harbours, particularly Taboo on
tjie, north, which has the advantage possessed by
J^mi^ of the others among those islands, that a
ship, pan sail in and out with the trade wind*
Wood and water are also procured here with great

F 4 facility-

f^e^n Vl^f<>^^ roads ^e. Vm^q^, 9^m
1^ iu>rth» apd.i^sQine op the soutby .tl^f^.i^^i^
w<B ip4Wfid Heeri b J Bougainville* ' ,* >.>:/cI
- ,7?thitroa, eight leagues north *^f M^rts^v^^lQ
Otaheite^ consists of six or seven spots of g^^u|[)4
09f.a ceef,'jost above the level of* the. wate^^.r ,
; . j|if aitea, or Osnaburg Island of Wallis, h iouf
p^i\f$ in circumference, has no anchorage, ^apd
yei3^ 1iQ(i landing. This ishnd is probafai)^ the
Pezanaof Qniros, and is evidently the Boudoir c^
J^p0MnviVi9

rf.,j

' ' ±!ast of the Society Islands is a large extent of
seif .thickly sprinkled with little low coral and
sar^dy islands, to various portions of which navi^
catora have given the names of the Dangerous
^Archipelago^ the Labyrinth, Pemidous Islands^
^c. Many of these islands are coUectioils of drjr
spots on a reef enclosing a lagoon on the Wst ;
jpiey all abound in cocoa-palms, and possess hog^
attd dogs ; the natives resemble the Society i*»
landers, but are darken This lab3rrinth seem^ feo
be divided into two portions ; the first cod&eA
tfelween the latitudes 14^ and €0^ and the second
tifetween 20'' and 35^, The principal islands Wf
1^^ ftrst portion are Oanna, two islands ; one '' Sf
wmch appears to be the Recreation Island ^^JT
Iftoggeweiii ; it is twelve leagues in citcmt, * eSel
vated arid well wooded, by which charactefSiyift
faViier ')rf£aches to the Society Archipelago '; ' its
tafitu(Je1s'l5^ 58^ and longitude 148^48 W. ^^
'^5^Ace of Wales Island, of Byron, is twenty

leagues

WfelJdiittf side k lined by reeft thiree lekgues dfFJ
Byron found no ' anchorage hci^e, nor ^MtM %fii
BfeaSsTatoA^ "it far well inhabited. 14^ fl* ; 147*^

OpMif / of PfllJsert Islands, ot Cook, sgt§
WJdefltly tHe Pernlciotis Islands df Ro^*w*(n ;
tafey are ftnir in number, the largest of ivhidi SB
^Tit leagues long, JJ.N. W; and S.SwR lacf^ «ft* {

King George's Islands, of Byron» ve'tm^yty^
ing S.W. by W. and N-E. by-E. two leagues from
T^^ch other* The N.E., called by th^ fiat^es
diookooa, is a semicircular coral reef, enclqs^ng^a
Ibigoon pn the N.E., into which is a channel be-
tween tliet reefs, only the breadth of a ship, but
^th thirteen ^ithoms ; before this channel is ^lA
hht. 14^*7 J 144^ 56' W-

: -OarBt the S. W. island, is four leagues long^ and
.siipilady formed. Neither of these islands have
ahclmp^ge, but both have fresh water, though
iipp^reatly in small quantity, and are thinly inhap

;,. J^ima^oa, or EMsappointment Islands,.of Byrpn^
j[^e,twp^. ea^t and west of each other six leagues
'\Th^. ^ are mere coral reefp, with ^ts of eart^
t'Pigjff h^e m anchorage, nor cQuld Byron find a
^9f^^. iP!^^ whence their name. The natives
fipT^ wi&iendly. 14^ 7'; 141^ K/ Wr . ,,
gtiQ^y^oa, or Chain Island, of Cook^.a stchig
of hnw ^jiota pf earth joined by. reefs enclpsing ^
v'«f ,/rt J. ' 1 ' ' ^ lagoon

74 MMvnmsj m munntr

Is^ocffi on the west, and widi oidy a few jvnall
trees, 17^ Sfi' ; 145*^ 3(y W,
AdTeutuire Idand, of Cook^ 17"^ 0^ ^ 144"^

Farneaux laland, of Cook» a bank of eomi
twenty leagues in extent, with spots of land «i*
closing a lagoon. 17° 05' ; 143° 1& W.

Bird Island, of Cook, similarly formed to SVw «
Beaux. 17"" 4& ; 148^ 43^ W.

Two Groups, of Cook, a number of spots of
land and re^s, occupying a space of nine leagues :
som^ of tbem are ten miles l<x^ but not abover
one quarter of a mile Woad } they are inhabited.

Resolation Island, of Cook, two leagues Icnrg
N.W. and &R 17"" S*' ; 141° S9f W*

Bow Island, of Cook, Harp Island, of Bou*
gftinvitte, three or four leagues long, but not above
200 yards wide, encloses a lagoon, and is inhabit-*
ed and well wooded. 18^ 17^ ; 140° 48^ W.

Prince Henry's Island, 19"^ O' ; 141® ^ W.

Cumberland IsUnd, of Wallis, IQ"" 18' ^ 140''
51' W.

Gloster Island, of Wallis, 19"^ 11' j 140° 30f

m

Thrumb Cap, of Cook, Lanciers, of Bougain*' .
▼31e, a low circular island, one mile in circum*
ftreiice, 18^ S5'; 139° 48' W.
'" Lagoon Island, of Cook, Faoardins^ of Bou*^
gainville, composed of some woody spots, en*
clo^ by feefs, 18^ 48' ; 138° j33' W.
- ^ftHmt IsbuKit of Wallis, three leagues ia.

• circuits

BOmmmm vounmuu 79"

ciroBit, i^ mhaftnted, but has neithM aiioliomge
nor landing, IQ"" 28' j ld8° e<y.

Whitsunda]^ Island^ df WaHis» has freih wnter
but no anchorage, ig"" ^& i 138^ 12' W.

Queen Charlotte's Island, of Wallis, IQ"" 18^;
ISSf W.

Serle's Idand, eight miles long N.tT. and 9JL
encloses a lagoon on the west and rises to two
hummocks on the S.E. 18^ 08' j 187? O' W.
(Wilson).

In the second or southern portion of tka Dun-
gerous Archipelago^ we find the following iiUnda*

Duke oi Gloucester, of Carteret, two low
sandy and woody idands, wt leagues asundf r,
and each situated on a crescetit*shaped reef^ for&H
ing a lagoon: they have neither fruit, fresh water,
nor inhaintantB, atid are without anchorage^ but
boats may l«nd 20"" 91' S. ; 146'' S4,' W.

Qsnaboig Island, small, low, and covered wi^
wood. SO'' 8^ S. ; 140° 33' W*

Bl^bt Lagoon Island, 21'' 43' S. ; 140"^ 80^' W.

Carysfort Island, 21° O' S. j 138° 26' W.

Lord Hood's Island, 21° 42' j 135° 32' W.
(Edwards) six leagues long and three wid^ en-
dosing a lagoon.

Gambierr's Islands, 23° 12' S j 185° O' W. se-
teral high islands occupying a space six leagues
long, surrounded by a cdral reef, appear to be
wail inhabited. (Wilson).

Crescent feiand, of Wilson, 23° 22' ) 134° ^
has its name fiom ^ttclosing ft lagooo on the west ^
though it affords no fruit trees, it is inhabited.

St.

tt/Kircdm&reiuie ^d^ dieyitisdyiBO'draitojfafiiistMr
fiilteeh losses, wis disoovMhi liyiCajjIeii^tii^
l^ffi6^ It has latety' become intBtes^nig^'Jajr tfa&
dinnxfrexy of the descendants of some o£ the dnfi
tH»e^i9 of his Majesty's ship Bounty^ seyto'off
vhdto, >lrith each a wife and servant^fmm. Qtahdt^ir
sought a retreat in this island ; but six of the En-
glish being murdered by their servants, and these
latter in their turn destroyed by die women^ but
one man and the seven females remained ; whose
progeny, when the island was visited by an Ame-
rican ship in 1810, amounted to twenty-five indivi«-
duals living in a state of patriarchal innocence.
25^15'; 133^25'.

Far distant from all other lands are the follow-
ing islands. Oparo, discovered by Vancouver in
1791 9 is two leagues long north and soudi, very
mountainous and craggy, with perpendicular cliffi
towards the sea« It has good anchorage and land-
ing near the N.W. point and is inhabited. 27^
S&i 144^9'.

Ducie's Island. 24° 4^ ; 124° 37' W.

Easter Island, discovered by Rc^ewein in 1686,
and since visited by Cook and La Perouse, is
twelve leagues in circuit, and of an elevation to
be seen fifteen leagues : on the west side is an-
chorage. This island is inhabited by the Polynesian
race, but is scantily supplied with provisions, and
the only water is that left in the crevices of the
rocks by rains.

On

On *EJist& Bldnd 121 se^ ^ \ii^oi fik£cjttn,
«&iiiriiieli^ ttrB\^\sMd' Txiito colukas ten t(» fiftten
ftsidi^/ itB«oanlinifi)3r a bust wiiose&oe ii<£vtt:
ftetilongu >Thife stAslaQoeis a rad lava^vety ligfat^
add parous?; tfaertoists have a resemblanci to HtH
Bolyiicsiati' neey iaokd hence afford no foundotooil*
flr rtbe €oxgectiii^ of the Peruvians havdngipto^
pfod (file isioitds of this sea* 27''^^ 100'' #7' Wii //

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a

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oj aoiUi - ! '
tisiaonvk/! v. ' .
9i1j lo gajr/ii.:. ii: ;
nO

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( 78 )

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.

• The discoveries of Baffin to the North oTHud-
son*s Bay being extremely problematical, o*ir
readers will doubtless excuse our passing over
the uninteresting nomenclature of the supposed
sounds, capes, and islands, to which he gave the
names of his patrons or friends, Sir James Lan-
caster, Alderman Jones, Dudley Digges, attd
many others. In expectation of a change of cli-
mate by which future navigators may be enaUed
to verify these discoveries, we shall commence
our notice of this continent with Hudson's Bat.

This mediterranean is entered, according to the
most recent charts, by two straits, separated by a
group of islands, the northernmost named Cum-
berland, and the southernmost Hudson's Strait.
In general the shores are composed of naked
rocky precipices, rising from the water to the
clouds, furrowed by profound ravines, or separat-
ed by narrow vallies, never cheered by the siin's
rays, and filled with snow and ice for s^ven^^ghts
of the year, and where this appearance is varied,
it is only by low, marshy and sterile spots. The
mouths of the rivers, which are numerous^ vare
choaked with shoals, and their navigation impeded
by rapids and cat^acts ; most of them have £heir
origin in lakes.

The

BEinn Kovm auxuca* ^

Hie greatest depth in the middle of the bay is
140 £idioms» decreasing regularly towards the
choresy whei'e the bottom is mud and sand : groups
4if i^ocky islands are scattered over it, partactdarly
4m. the east shore.

Ilsh is not abandant either as td species or
imdindmds. Those of the fresh waters mentioned
MB most commoa are small sturgeon, the comnton
maimon fsalmo solar J, the char {sakno A^nusJ^
vhicb» as wdl as the lavaret, is very common 9 se-
veral ^ecies of trout, the fHke (^esoj: beikmajf the
sucker carf), lophius piscatoriuSt gastarosteus ac-
jCideatus ; the baibote fgadus lota)^ the common
perch 1 shd.fish are also scarce, the edible muscle
being the only one found in any quantity ; and
dead cockle shells are thrown up on the ^ores.

The beh^a is met in abundance near the mouth
cf the rivers, and the black whale enters the sea
in great numbers ; but (he Attempts to ^establish a
whale fishery have been unsuccessfal, from the
43onstant floating ices and the shortness oi* \)x^
Hummer.

The animah.met near the coasts are the rein-
deer and white bears, and the former are said to
pass in great herds in the month of October to-
wards the north.^ All vegetation, except mosses,
caeaaes in latitude 67^.

The

• It has been noUced that the reindeer quit* Spit2berfe& in the winter*
«4Sn*ene the let to Nxiray^mblA and ttfberia, aa it ma|r be nuppoMd
^ledk • vnnust cUmate.; biu the writeis whodeacribe Hudson't Baf,
aotioe the emigration of theae apiouilij ai aeekii^ the region of tha
f ivaleat cold«

. $

almost a tcan$tkw4lgmm^ if&Ms^ tm g/b^gAlpltmil^
ft)tt}ope ior Qojyattnmil YivBtkm^ef^.^^m^^9iSEsd
c£:iakBiM eomiBnmii^ulg.'whlii Bs^hl^IftfiiQg^l
OEpe^ exmrxcted bcod deeplj iildeMpd ikipjgUU^
Sutibiflppears to' be the Welconie;Sef tefiiiiiwl^
la^iRepulte Bay, tuamfiftffyea bytfae na^igtiqflaiit
80Koh<€f tbe N.WiifKkfiMi^} the &9t ^matthtlil
hjtpuBf te&id the passage heoe, and th^ imtfkfi*
finvmidiaapiMWtttmeiit at finding thcafldiirairijpitflliitf
fagf^tjbetiaiidiatitshead^ i. t, S^^^^

Chesterfield's river, on the west .*6boiie«of j&mi
eMri&c^ of :the Welcome Sea, &oin ite airc^'ldDg
aig^r^ed ^he hope of being thedfgired pteaaye^'
Imt onbe«£)g explored was. found to.t^sni&atoinja)
l|»ge^iresh.ii^er lake. . ' ^ .> <iiv^p

: T^omiv:^ the southern shores /of ti»e |«)?.«iinQdB
%krwi$ai|th Waie$» thie sea is. free froai;ic6r«|i^f
fhan the beginnifig of July to tl\6 £1^4 of SfiptasSk
her ; juad even io this warmer s$afpi3# gjMit idaniil
of ice are drilled into the. bay$ of tli^^voiithfroq^
the eternally frozen regions of the JOMtit^rix'fim^^
extremes of heat an4 cold are^o g«e^tiii|t.l4A'dcH
graes^ the thermometer in July^riaingito^ifi^ -^Bhitti
ia January it falb to 60 below .0. Tbe^^ naa^ iiflk
tense cold is observed to be at suiMise» antfiid)^
liasg the severity of the froat the i ^ttaoftphor^ ifi
puke and serene, the winds being almmt canatauilff
1^ from the N. W« During the winter the Aor^ina
BoDcaliB ia visible almost every vi^bi^ asidi{iini
helia? tut mock suns are fi?eqpiept» aod-^iireot^
i%i»; .cf extreme goI4; paratelenei oc.^moek

<# ^ moons

i^oITiioighuthfifiiiiBMbr iiV boati^irer -tfaawr.tbaN

pMdnpe^Ki [jUBtahtaneoiis negMadon^ lbs. ioesesGiDD
igifimsdqai fultkig: iorth their i leaves; fsfsiffdut
fifuoptaiBriiif' the,' factories gabher/ift Jli^fiifhai
pCodWMtiof their little '^pffdeps sawn cafy in icmeys
j6lri>9QbidLi8 cmfiDed to soiba] oftha.iiticdt-ipauEjp^
Ijtiibqft^ TCgetaUfiS. lliistfroBcii. dM94)B'i»>hBnK
ever healthful to Europeans, ^^Ii4i0'3r6li6m>iaaih§e<9i

i\ilEhe, moaC^northfeni ^tabliBhoient of the* HiNko
Wi^fiai^ Company lA Fort PrinQe of Waks^ oik
€3mroliiU^imr, in latitude £9^* TMs^nvetit the'
only one of the bay whose moiith is notchoafc^d*
tt]p*nAttala} en the ooiHxary, it eaii receive the
l^tgestshipa for a distance of ten joailea- to- where
lino lyrased h^rtocks. The soil is here ix>oky «id'
Uurrebj thef^ being no trees widiin seveQ- asilep «£
tii^ fattory v i ' and inland are only « found small
JM^rs^ .^y«^ 'poplars, and wiUows. Procaediog
toitiitirnoAh tfa^ dfeary barrennelto increases and}
tifeiiph^biten^ become fewer, until at length vmh
tkar ikmtifftk >of vegetation^ nor the txaee lof i.hu*-
w^Mkng»:Bite iovmd in the frigid wastei . . . :!
fi 'Sforiiji^akf' on Nelson river, in 57^ is little^oflK
ptntEitorXSlMrohiU in tlimate, but bottv it and dig
mAtghstkty impreve at Moose aAd AlbMyi forts^^
bsd} dHmv^.{i^iah^mpty them5elr€s /into JdmesTa
h^^ a^thefwiith extremity of tiua saac^ Here^'jio*^
febon, toiqii|tt7abd*idn<o8t afi ldnAi:of ldt?chbn vege*
fconom iv« c tables

:^ tables »« reirtd with fItcSty, aitrf it fc ^t«t
thought that corn might be cxAtrwXed wHb mtccesisi
iprith ]^oper pains. The trees gttM bere ta a bnrge
size, and under them the ground is covered ^ wilAt
tQ09& and berry*beadring bushes, as gooseberries^
tttrrants» raspberries^ cranberries, besides. strftw«
kemesand others.

• Hie east coast of the bay is named East Mam>
it isi if possible, stiU more barren and ksusoscepttUe
of Imprftfyement than the west coast* It is iine^
with faniiimeraUe rocky islands^

The indigenous population of the coasts of
Httdflokv's Bay is extremely trifling, bdng gi^eat^
feaueed by ma?adies resulting, 0om the exeesarM
faae of spiritnous liquors since the communieatioit
Wilb £art^>eaflQS^ as wefl as from the fieqaeiit
fliurdefs committed ob each other wheo in a sti^
MT iittofadcatioft*

In tiieir ^rsons the Indians arct of fbe middteaiz^
t£% copper colour, with regular and agreeable fea^
tnrei^ and in their 'mtonera natiually lail^ dff/h
ble, and charitaMe; lMit» cm the otiiier hgnd^
cunning, overreaching, aiid thieves* The rela-
tions of ])arettts and children are those in wlifich
tiny appear most amiable^ Like most untutiared -
savages they are improvident, never layiog hf
provisions for times of scarcity } and heoc^ vi^en
their hunting is unsuccessful, tliey^ten ^:vie-
timr t6 famizies, or are reduced to the horrible *ne-
cessity of preserving their exaatenee by devouring
their own of&pring«

These savages aie stiperstitioua in jthe extsr^Bie,

and

and «ltrilmM ^very event of their liv^s lo the su- •
pematoral agency ef some partietilar spirit, who,
ii^ the i^pe of a star, * a wolf, bear, tree, or other
Ulajtct imiitiate or itianimate, watches orer their
ie^ny. ^fbey believe in a supreme dispenser dt
good, Kitch^'man-^'to, or the great chief; an4
also in a maleficent being, WhiUH-co^ to whom
(he^ ascribe their great afflictionis, and whom they
propitiate by channting songs in hia praisii; llieir
fbftik of government is perfectly patriaott^faal, the
advice and opinions <tf the father of a fMniiy foehig
respected by its junior members from habitual re-
verente t and in their war or trading excuraima 4
dlief is chosen, whose persond merit or qaaliScs-
tidns alone are considered in the eleolion^ and
irhose authority ceases with the caose that confer
red it

The Indian division of time is into nights iiK
Btead of dfeys ; and the year consists of twelve
Mooils, each designated by a name signifying sonit
riMsarkabte event or appearance that occum daring
its revolution ) as,

Januaiy, by a word signifying tntenae cohL

Febriiary, the old or past moon.

Kuth, Che eagle moon, from those biitb then
i^^p^AHng.

' Aprfl, the goose moon,

Miiy, the frog moon.

June, by a word signifying the kyii^g of eggi^
bfeckkte in this month the birds l«y.' '

July, -'the goose-moulting moon.

''At^t, the young bird flying moon.

0 2 • September,

9* . j»AftmM« iHm^B^rmrr

jiriu^'iAi^; Sept^nber, the deex; sheckling horns iiiO(ni#
** OctobeF« the deer ruttim; moon.

November, the fteefzing ef the rhws m^^uv , ^ . i
^., December is designated by aimfd mgnifying
^e brush filing from the pine trees by tiie set^-
rity of f he cold. - . ,i

tmm^Kmmtm^

' Thoii^glv tlie ^counliy surrounding Hudson's Bay
had been discovered by English subjects at the be-
*ginning of the seventeenth century, its dreary an4
unprbmising appearance caused it to be neglected
fpr half a century afler, yvheti a trading post was
.ests^bCshed on Nelson's River ; but which was
4;kken in 1655 by some French adventurers over-
.l^nd fj:om Canada. In I67O a company, at the
iiead of which was Prince Rupert, was chartered, '
to carry on the exclusive trade to Hudson's Bay,*
jalnd to seek for a passage to the N. W. This com-
pany formed several establishments, which at diffb-
rent times were destroyed by the French from'
Canada, who also claimed the sovereignty of these
coasts, but finally, relinquished this claim by' th^>
trej^ty of Utrecht ; and from this period to the '
present time the company have en^yed theif s6^ '
vereignty and monopoly undisturbed, eitcept ^
1782, when the forts of York and Prince of
Wales were taken by the French commander La
Perouse without resistance but were restored at

IfilTOO tlie.company*8 estaUisbmenu W6fe:' ^

J J - . ; . . ■ I .

I^t. «-on. of Skin*. Europe. Country, of -^

CIn«hinFort,op? '* ' ' *~^ ' **•••••"•

IWnciirfWifcrfV*^^'^*''^***^^- *^W lof«5^ luf7P 25

ABMiqr Fort - 52 18 85 18 - - 5.600 1 ^"

Hoo«Fort. . 5128 83 15>_ ^^^ M«^«MI^^<^0^
Em Main - - 53 24 78 503 ' ^ 1 of 70 25

/^'' 47,MI d - 780 4l»fl;0 240

, Of these forts Churchill alone is built of stone/
^1 the rest being of squared logs of pine.
ChurchiU mounts forty to fifty cannon, twenty-
four t^ twelve pounders ; and Fort York about
fifteen caonon^ twelve and nine pounders. The'
artu:Ies exported from England for the Indian
txade are ^assbeads^ kettles^ rings and collars of
br^ V knives^ hatchets, and other iron instru-
m^^ }. .fire arms, powder, shot, and fiints ; brandy^'
tolbfficct^ . .and coarse woollen cloths and blaqkets.
T^ skin^ procured in exchange are moose, bear^
fo2;» Wolf> cat, otter, martin, buck, doe, and mus^
qju^h ^ besides goose feathers and quills and casto-
revi^.^jjTbe amount of the trade is estimated, at
t^ij ^^^QTt of jfl 6,000 from England, ^nd the

iigjK^.OjT /^o,ooo. ;•

k> ud:iu i , ,. . , . '.

1

. ' • - -'J

I -y

The,«>»s|:BW?!4 I^abrad^r by the P<«tiigii^e
^tHif9f&iltSh ^^<^ ^o which, by a bad compliment to
tfadr country, the English have sought to attach

o 3 that

96 UAKm^M. G|&pGR4.rj^Y..

xohjaAff. that of New Brit^ji,* extends from the entrance of
Hudson's Bay to the mouth of the river St. Lau-
rence. The east coast jM'esents a ridge of rocky
xpountaiios, rising abruptly from the sea, ar^d pro-
ducing only stunted trees. Tl^c lakes and rivers
are numerous and abound with fisli, and the whole
coast is lined by islands, the resort of innumerable
sea birdfi, amoi^st which is the eider-duck. The
alimentary vegetables found here are wild celery,
scurvy grass, and other antiscorbutic plants. The
animals are the same as those of the Hudson's Bay
region, and many of them turn white in winter.
The Labrador iridescent spar was originally dis-
covered here by the missionaries.
. The natives appear to be of two races. The
mountaineers, or Indians, who it would seem have

a mixture of French Canadiati blood, are CSiris-

• • • .

tians, and live in wigwamSf or hats of birch rfaind
and deers* skins. Their sole employment is hunt-
ing, and the skins of the animals they take they
dispose of to the Canadians^

The Esq^uimaux are a totally diiFerent raq^ be-
ing of very short stature, with small limbs,; of a
copper colour, flat visaged, with short ijoses, black
and very coarse hain Their dress is entirely rof
skins, and their food chiefly peals, deer, and birds'
flesh and fish. Their winter dwellings are sunk in
the ground ; and ia smnaier they construct huts

with

• This name ako in mme maps ioctodes the wbole re^onoi Ameriea
«arth of Caoada.

with poles, covered with skins. Unlike the Indians
they have no relish for spirits. They are not
kM^omu to htiare any ceiigion, aor ahy 4)b>ct of
wnrAip, and are wii^ut government or laws.
Tbeiitten iake a plui^iity of wives, wbo are consi-
liered jia the property of the husband, and are
trassfeired, bartered, or lent from oae to unof^n
On diem fails aH the li^ur except procuring food,
mbitsk u the «cile occupation oi the men. They
MiiMt redkofk miinencdly beyond six, and their
cbaipouod arithmetic goes no farter ^an twenty*
one. Their caiaoes are of ribs of wood, covered
with seal skins ; they are twenty feet long, a»4
but two broad, holding but Q.ne man. Their
arms are the dart and bow and arrow. TheyXeep
great numbers of dogs, as well for food as for
their skins, and to draw their sledges in winter.
ThjBif number is very trifling, those occupying the
coasts being estimated only at between 1,500 9fid
^,000; and as the mountaineer Indians wage a
most inveterate and exterminating war slgainst
IJhetq, they seldom venture from their shores.

The dhief establishment <rf the Moravians is at
Naiflj on the east coast, in latitude 57^. * 'The
Sngfish visit this country for furs, whalebone, and
oil and cod fish.

fi 4 CAXAIU<

The province of Lower Cakada lies on both
itUI^ bf the River St Laurence, as f^ as Lake St.
Fiincis. Hie St Laurence, eonsidered the ftl^
idtii river of America, issues imtoedifttdy fh>ttl
Ij&e Ontario, and by it Hie long chain of lakM
that separate Canada from the United States ettip^
thi^Mselves into the ocean, through ib^ GtdpUi of
St Laurence. The rivehr is closed by ice from tht
beginning of December to the end of Apiil. The
iBltowlng is a short account of the navigation' of
timi^er. • J

f:. At its mouth (Cape Bosieies) the breadth ifi 90
, ^ At Cape Caty 140 miles from its moKtb «. • Ji^P/tt
' At the river Saguenay, 260 mfles ••••«.. /^ pf
, . At the lower end of the island Orlems,^ )

o- . ^870 miles. ... « .-. -,, Jfj-i

« .Xfais isIfUEid leaves a passage of two milc^ ofi
«aich side, ,aod the basin between it and, Qud^
is five miles broad. The river is navigable, %r
hakief batde ships to Quebec a distance <A iOO

UCI&

'''^'»'>- «• .■ . .,1 ij^Ba

Bimposing it to be from aquh-fiada, *• here is nothing ;" an ezclamatioa bf
W^^Mhtf dk6(>t6ren on tkek Ending hone of the pratioiif vtitili d^;
ud which being r^pestej iQr the indiav« to ttw Fren^ oii lh«|t ^^fgq^
^i^^^e? ,inpp9^ed to be the nam« of the coantry. 0th«n teU lis ftat
xiaMidJi an fnidian name for a c^fiec^ion of houses, 'fhit flkveU, hiow*
*««r,.til7 ift-^Cpieili iVid-Mtd thB/«#GOtid, it it pki ffMjI^f^lfi^t
^^hureawonl toezpreMwbattlieyh^diieTersceQ. ^

From Quebec to the Lake of St. Pierre the dis*
tmce is ninety nfifei^ ^add^ 4he breadth of th^

i8l*tel ^ J?^5Re is. taQ leajpies k»g, mid %i5
1m^^ ^ ft IwlC broad j its northern ex^i^^^i^^
ttoi@Gb;[Qf)Um 'ab^e Quebec ;.. and fa^e tJl^e fd?^
sifitf{>^& ta ooe mile, as £ur. as La Voltiims» tef
IO^i9S:ab0V6' the hesid of the lake. » . u

loJR^iLa Yoltieire to Montceal* thirty aiil^
tite j^fremkh is fpom two to finur miies... .>^

r iThe aav^ation irom Quebec to Mooti:/^ 6GQ
toiler ' from t^ river's mouth, isjgt^or vesads of
fourteen feet ; the tide runs up . about . e^^Ugp
bAs^ above Quebec.

* Afler passing "- Moatrealt the beeadth of /the
ri^^ to HAe St. JjqmBy a distance of six. mlle^
18 ^ree quarters of a mile* ' ...i /.

QPLiske St Iiouis, which is tweke miies Ung«
th§ breadth is four miles, and from this lake to
^Bg''^8t 'Francis, distance twentjiufiTO dn&ea^
V^hfiadiJk k from two miles and a bslf ^itsm

^)^>^Laki^ Sb. Pcaads the length is thoty-xiikii
and breadth twenty. ,...:i-j

^l^om Lake St. Francis to the Lake of the Thou*
fisnd Isles the river is six . miles ; and from hence
^"^/^^tfih, at the entcanfee of Lake Oiit&rfo,
^the'biwacUh'is half a mile to six miles } tg/^jd^
^jS^&&ati the river's mouth 745 mileSi ; •

vrn J)ccmt Montreal to Lake Ontario the river, ip
iaM^Mif'tat boate <xf '4w« torn, ^exMpft M4ihe^n^

pia*

, ' .7* . . < *.l * Hi'. '. 4. . ' . • ... '. . '.V '• I. J.

4D HULtmti MtMMMir*

fUk Aove Montreal^ fhd^of TbkoU «}d ift'ffie
huge eafbaaet^ «!; ^vUehj^^ dM.bmts mie
obliged to be partly unloadeil»

Frem Uce fit. EiiiiM to the t«lee «f ^e
ThmnMimi idea Ihe ibreadth of die nv» m ttft
anieB. Hie LaJoe qf tibe Xhonwai fates » l^reap
tPf^ve miles kog rnml six lM:oiid» Md is imMA
from the great nuiabM of kiLmis^ or rwAiCr rodtp
fxPFebed ividk wixkIi io it ; frogs this lake to Kings-
ton, at the eirixance of Lake OataiRioj thekfwi^
of the mm vBiies 6xm six miles to half a mile.
SMemui carrjria^ twio toii9» navigate tietwew
Mmbreal and Kingelmt^ tboiigh Uieve sm MMijr
difficult rapids* and falls, souaO'Of whiob tik^e knHr
•eiux -pass, iNiile otbeos 'U^ a¥oMod hy lock

seven days, and the passage dovw two w (in^
4*!ps;

Jjate Ontacio is 'flSO mfles loQg and ac^i^eaty
iriie ; in oome places it is ao deqiiibat tiie bottipni
iia9 not teen acasndfd, I» gmmd It as JJiUile sub-
ject to storms, and its waters are tranquil ; hatlr-*
regular 'efeiratiom, like tboie et #e Iskfi of
Geneva and others, are observedm ft« The ipMr
^ipdl hMibouni of the lake aae KttgrtfXii (hf^^ay
^<3^r6Ht Sddds Km the joufh^ mhI TMa«t0 ^
¥ock Ml the north, 1>Qt the eodranc^ (to4i9tihi' t|ie
lirtjber «ie obatnucted by sand& In peaectf l^iesiAla

■ •

^ tamiaa>» iriiMi<»r aisi*n3r-*e,^wiw4ly*w<» '^ .

^Htm X finyr ,khi^9. armed v^s^eis of 900 toti9»

6mci S&y to 200 teas e«iployed oo the lake.

Lal^e Optacio fC^jfitmm:a^ with J[^^ .£df by
..^e nv& Nuigfori^ oeljot^fated &r its stiiipcwdovs
mtiii»f*U vliQge bro^dth i$ move tiaan e n^ aad
tJM fef{>e94ic|4«r fall 160 ieet } an iiLaBd 3.fi0
yudsrbroaddivideB tbe cataract intp two AU)^ aad
rather adds to than diminishes its grandeur. Xhe
ForUfge^j or hflxd carriqg^ of i^erchandize, to
am»d the faUa, is two nuleS) and aboi^ diem the
nayijgatjon 18 i^ain free to Lake Erie. Xhia
lake is 300 miles, long aod maety vnd^x ikn
d^Ui ia iK>t abov^ twentj faih^vM, and ia iatr
-mpilb^pr vesfl^k may iwid XbefiefA-*

fca ab#i)es are rocky* as ai^e tbe BUiaerous ii^Mida
mar' the iMSf: c^tremily of the lake; but tbe
south shore is in general a fine sandy beadw .^^
the Jbikl is^se hm, that in atorma from rdie iK^rth,
i^idh are &equeoU the watocs of the J^ke iBJ^fir
date a oonsiderabk extent of cowtry. Lake
Erie has no good port on the north shor9» ^nd
ihatj«f Preaqiie I$le ^a the south ia ^idiffioult
aecesfii (Sudpaly $t £ar vessels o£ eigbt .fefst. r ,

.I«#fce Grie ciiiiiminiaates with Lake.HxicQAiV
^Ifti9«r J^dtawfc, a: St Oaice, whtoh nearly ia
il^ i«iddle. leKpaads iniko ta f offsideraMe lakej (he
;<P9^flPt#C4u6<H^Mstoiiir» IMeH^t^i^ SJSPi
'IWiwi ^S ftAd liPOO in •inrciut ; it cennaumcateil
^th^lake Micbjgaaiby the^aboft strait of MicbaljU

vm»o%b J|avws^l# ^Jb^ ^ hmA^ni Lake

Michigan

92 MARITlJittS GSO^BAPHttY.

Midiigan is S6p mile&. loQgijand. seventy braadi
The strait or rivef Sfc. Mury-^OearLobia^Hiirati
vfith Lake Superior, 400; mfleo long* ajtd jfeifmiea
to 100 broad ; its shores are ip gweral rockjyalBi
its surface is also studded with rocl^.c besidl^it is
aubj^ct to stormsi and the waves rise like those x]£
the oc^anu The lake is sut^t to irregidab
eleviitioiiSj of which the maximum is five <»* «isl
feet. • ^

All the lakes of Canada, and their confluent
fivt^rs^ abound in sahnon^ sturgeon, and others (idh,
of wbioh however no other advantage is aiadB
tl^auftur domestic consumption.

Returning from this long navigation du-ougli the
lalo^ .tp the mouth of the St. Laurence, audits*
ceiiduig along its k&, or northern bank, we meei.
in succession the bay of the Seven Islands, foirai»'
ing a good port, where the North-'West Fur Gtim^ >
pany of Montreal have lui establishment tot tnJ^
ing with the Labrador Indians, the monopoly Jot •
which they purchase from government f(X £\^00O
a year.

The Great Saguenay river has its source \ in
Lafcft St. John, and a course of.l^ Bttlea$ ^ib*
sweeps along a prodigious volume of water« wbidi:.'
is precijHtated over a rocky ledge sisty mim isfMn
thf^, lake, finming a &11 fifty feet high. Ithatiit
besfidf s. ai^veral lesser fiiUs. Its mouA. is aboutiOMrij
mile broad, but it widens in the ascent to tfaiiii^^
mjliesi ;In many places its hanks are compofldditf il
p^endicular fodcy clifls of 600 to MOailbqt J

elevEtiMw V

iflemtioti4 The ttttoHishing rapidity with which
it^magftiM itd^ intb the St. Laurence, renden
it: impotfeibid to^ wimd the deptfh at its moutW
Ink one inik^ • and a half -^thin the narrows ft
m 188^ fiithanM; and sixty miles farther up,
mtf<^tithoms. Tht course of the river is ten*
dskiid'Tery^ winding by rocky paints which intef*
l9ck each other, and render the navigation tedi-
ous. Vessels of light draft can ascend it with the
tide! twwty^five leagues.

. On the north lide of the river's mouth is the^
baibourof Tadousfioc, capable of receiving a num^'
ber of laige vessels. It is a round basin, ^ndtrclea
\Bf Todky shores. '

AAet passmg Malbay, the north shore of the *
river presents bold and interesting features, being"
Ikied by huge masses of rock, interspersed with'
shrubs, or by the hills, called les ibonhmem,
vfhkH rise perpendicularly from the river to a gtekt '
elrioitfon.

. ^IFhe Ide Coudres, or Hazel Island, aleagtie
'from the north bank, rises gradually from thte'
water, and is seven miles long and three brood.
Icfoons^ parish, and contains thirty families, who '
sa^^n themselves by agriculture.

iWtom tias i^nd, both banks of the river aiie
tMekl3^ inhabited, and very fertile. The fttce of'
HmseoXJoMf <m the north is elevated and bold, pi^ ^
8eslirig*'a miGcession of hills, ri^g 'abrut)tlpr '
frimbtiie^iwater, and termiiHatihg on' the west 4t '
CstpetTbMUienti whose perpendicular altitfide ii '

The

9* ifARItrMlf CTbCRAPHt.

The eentfe of the river ii diversified hy clu^f-
ICT8 of small islands, some 6t ^hich are sfetfleiJ,
and pSMiJy cleared of i^ood, siipplyirtg gc>od pBSt-
ttird and great qaantities of hSy.

On approaching the island of Orleans, a ricfi'
and interesting vie^ opens. ' iThe lower end of
this island is four miles above Cape ' Tourment,
and its npper end six miles below Quebec. It is
twenty-five miles long by six broad, leaving a
channel of two miles on each side ; the southern
one is used by large vessels, the northern one
having depth only for sloops at high water, and
is daily decreasing in depth. The island rises
amphitheatrically from steep shores towards the
centre, and is extremely fertile, producing consi-
derable quantities of grain. On the south side
is a good port, and a careening place for merchant
Vessels.

The River Montmorenci, which empties itself
into the St. Laurence, eight miles below Quebec,
is celebrated for its fall, which is 246 feet perpen-
dicular, and 100 feet broad.

Quebec, the capital of Canada and of British
America, is situated at the junction of Charles's
River with the iSt. Laurence, and is divided into
the old and new, or upper and lower towns. 'The
former is on a rocky promontory, named Cixpe
Dmmond, the summit of which is 550 feet above
the level df the river. On the highest part of tUfe
jfromontory is the citadel, composed 6f a whole
bastion, a curtain, and half bastioui with a drCch,

counter*

<towte9ig|titt4 ccmnd way, mSk gUoii ttf t&«
south westy with maxgr otlMT workiy io that tfie
fbftifioatlkiin taty \^ cottiidered M iiiip«^;iial»lei
both fa^ nature aad Mt^ aend Mqiure5,000 ntm M
dfiiend them pnp^rlfi

The ^pab&i boSdimgskfttetei^
bixt thar gTMt solidity* Tbe/coia^iA^aCath^
chmcb f the aaddnt jAsiiit^^ (sMeg^ ng^ octiK
pied as a barrack ior the troopi^ i a seiiritukiy for
the ediicat^n €ff Cathdic ekrgy } a * Proteitaiit
cfaorch ; a <*dfirt4iousie } the HdteLDiefU^ or civil
hospital > a poor4iQUs« i a CMi^Mlt of Ursaliae^
wfaieh haa Mitt thhty^iii dstmi^ n general ho8«
pital» &c«

Hid lowir tMn ill the piidctpal t>kkte of cooi'*
merce, and occupies the gfound at thd £t>ot ol'tbift
promoBtofy, which hfad been gradnaUjr gaiiied^
€itbdr by ttixmig, or mntrng out wharfs : it i» coa«
Miered tmbealthy* The streets of both towna are
irregtthir, uneven, getieially tmtr&w^ and few of
them pavedv The houses ill built of stcMfie, of um
equal heights, and covered with boards, though
the frequent fires have cmised some to use tin or
paiilted sheet iron^ The apartments are wjthoui
taste or elegance^. The popuiatioB of the city is
12/)00, ot which two-thirds are French.

On the south shore of the river, oj^postteCape
Diamond, is Point Levi, which With the former
cape narrows the river to three quarters of a mil^ j
but between these points and Orleans Island is a
bdsiiii fire or six miles wide; capd>le of holding

- . . WO sail

? J ••

,»f »J

a90iflilb46tif»1fofkto>fflMMiM 0(1
flMMinP%AFilMlF-|M|e<A@fosi{t laifftsl els&ssv s^/isosr

^gfltofari8tiUw»i»^Mfch (liifiii iaiiiiinniihiiii^<i%

jmies/«9K «ll^:]Ql«h4 8itae«aiMi ittdnadmiip

Btationary, and carriages and horses crasafjAfqA
lidfd(ta#e» nThetiicfesnnallr: hqgift ttibMrilup
19 i^^idv^!&iv» ^uddm ititw'coHttsloiv ionfr #^
AeffiL^'^fliirsithfl Tfv^. in ai ftiv ^ys^SkvAA
ksi^iim^ A HMQfniMined .byAiMPiseuiil^'^
$llj^^tfwy WffOTmif, ibr tb$ oiirtMtten#
iSfff^i^^ l))r ih^MHMng of the ice aadsoovrp:
fOtlBW f^ttifi;l(imabcjtn dflureft agniwt cMh.otiar

fBlfei«Bli!t iiryijiad nottcr vv.'j

VI ]NiR^i^9eJlik be Aore .beaHli&LtfaHLiha soiluHifr
;iMm-}>fbyeM:Qil!9li^ abd MootKa]^ infth Jbaidn
of the river being thickly dotted with yiUa^oiauld
|j||il^Q{t8^ the. loiter caUrea>ely neat y. Mid' in
$«i^I|{pf.t|ie:fi>i)qier, , boweveramaU, is a^daiirdiiiioa
I: .ni;h§ l(-lvei: Chffidi^. fa& , i«ln die, i^ Jifli^
<nMfS^» 5iiS^^ ^i^^ above Qiiebcd.. ■•:lts<:llddni
Dpar^^^'moiith are.^ov^Sffid "with wppdiiaad^itihiif
jSfi^^'/oi^i ^pf;.. of oomtderabley.wMir -i Jt -itow
i|:9g^ifJka,;M^g*n||p, lind kvi. ft jWl»<(fc jofi iflt

ffifPill^c^> Wids'^^lbetiirQwJL,) 'i^ioiijiiJ Loa

tuated at the junction of the River St Atmnias^lA
jj^^]J^urence. In^ mouth of the Jfiawer
are two islands, forming three channels, whence

the

• •

mam. l^oinr^lli^dlHii^^
nceive vessds laiger thaff iioop^ imA^OUftiV^'B

^iirt ( wrfa flMto^oothe banlbof flie fiver, iUi4
coBliaii rim*«fO iiouMi^ ehlefl^ <^ wbod ^ A

J|[&MaliM8^1lDepillll,iM:. The jMt^idiftkMi^ id'abiMtt
JtvlOO^' •. . • ^

c*;;L8fceiSti IWter islbmed fay im edk|Mai!libti>'dr
the iratex;^ of the St Laurencei to tke^ breiidcb ^
fiota'fifteen to twenty xnileei^ and-ite letl^h k
Mnrntsruone hoIm ) in many paiti k bas biit tak
itaft ^ieven £eet depths At the upper end^of tbe
lAe 'are^a mimber <tf smaU ishadsy Mtiieaf'Wbidk
floa deoMd of wood, and aflbrd paftturt f}» eaCrte^
they are the first islands met with in a^cendinf
ibn;St; Lanrmce from Orleans, a disdanee of II7
sailfia. . from bence to Lake Ontario are viuriona
iduBteai of islands^

J The town of WiUiam Henry^ dr Sorely 6n the
south, bonk of the St Laurence»l6o miles' aSoV^
QnAec^ is situated at the confluence of the Sorel
ohiCHkaBtUy River (which issues from Lake Cham^
|iiin> with the St Laurence* The ^So^el blis
wrtitr fbr vessels of fourteen feet at its mouifa^
ikitik'oiifyt&avigable by boats a little distance.
SteJtofem contdni 100 houses, bnd a Protestant
and Catholic church. Vessels Of 150 tons afi
Wit Jbetisu Lake Champlain is 120 miles 16ng^

^^ vos. iv; n, Montreal^

HmtfeA^ ITS miles above Qudiec^ is on iImI

is ifA litagiMai ioBg* fi&d tvra to^four hrmdL iTI»
tftvn is sitoatted at the fopfc of a hUU undifmifmtf
qf ^|i«us)w of siUiiiei md ^aut im dfuiVllttmr
l)l«r nf HKmi, diviilad intD the ii]^firiwid jiDi^&
tQWBs» though the difiference of level ^ de»&( mxli
exceed twelve feet. The principal atreeti? «rd
inde atod rf^lw, ahd aire ifiteraeoted atii^btta*
gles b}F lesser, ooes* The ftouaes are i«ctt ftufl£»
attd iA$Ay <tf them covesed with sheet smi dr tiiv
to gui^ against ^ea^ The.puhhe huHdti^ arct
the markei ead H^teM>ieu ; the eaihadfalr. and
lliree C^thoUf pc^iish diimrbes ^ tw» Brotestaiiti
churches ) a cdavfAt of rcocdleis^ and Me of Aa
sisters of oar lady) a semainary lor the .educatkrii
<i|f Cathotic cleiigy i the govemment-houae ; and
eowts of justicOi. At Montreal is held ah annnal
fair, to which the Indians bring their peltry*

The 9hi^f inaritioie pljaces in Upper Cahfaide
ire I^'ngstoQ, 4t. the entrance of lake Ontilrio^
And Yorki, the c^^pital ai the piovince, asi'lSHik'
Bortli shore of thi$ Lah^ ; both are yet inconddeihV
able, but rising fast into notice*. ' '' *-

The trade of Canada is of ms^iMr tottmitMuM
to S^Ito4 the imports fsom the celo^ ^jbiittT
derably exceeding half a million a yeart -'ittid^ JMI
1808 arose to near if900,000. The ifb!Ih#ki^ ^tf
\he prtQcipal objects : . • " ■ ' --^-^

-*•■■• •••'--■ jf^'-' " . ■-

Tuw .,».,.^.-. :....'. 1^,<KW

WJwat ,.. 81,<X)©

?ea» ;i.., ., 14.0QQ -i

Sttwres 61,<]|0Q ,

• Otik timljer , 37,000 ,

Mmu , Mifm ■:>

l^u^nber... J,...., l^^iOOO

' New Aipa .».». ^, , ..«.«««.•, ^jOQf},

Butter 5,QQQ .

S«iBiom cod, apd other fish . . d,0QO
^fidtief^ cbi^y biscuit* ptovu
^lomt can(]le9, soap, fi^ <h1«

flax seed, and ginseng ....... 91tOQQ

.. . 900,000

Besi<|es the above amount pf the trade of Que-
bec w^thEngland^ the district of Gasp^^ forming^
^e sputh $hore of the mouth of the St. Laurence,
exports annually to the West Indies and Meditef-
lanean for «£50,000 of cod fi^.

;^,Bfst ^^ ,of forming colonies jn ^he new"
j^]ti^,f[pm France arose in th^ rei^ of Francis I.,^
}ff y^if^m the flc^entine V^rrazani w^s sept out ii)
^^^9. tp e^^^ine the north-east cpast of Americs^i,
and wHq visited Newfoundland and the neis^hbour*-*
Ulg continent ; and, in 1534, Jaques Cartier, of
•St Malo, visited the san^e coast, and entered thg

H 2 Gulf

^* Qulf pf iSt t*aurence> where ]bye, ef^x^ixm^ !^iime
£ttrp]^eah goeds with thp Indiana fot furs. . : . j^-^fj^

I%ht years aftw % acttlemei^;V«3 »;wide r by/^
coinpan^ Chartered by- the crowii; and at^ th|ij
same time Francis de la Roque received the ptpn^
ppus title of Viceroy of New France,- compriapig
Canada, Labrador, Nova Seotia, Acadia, Kct'vir*
foundlaod, 2cc« ^is adventurer built a fort ox)|
the riyer St. Laurence ; but in makiqg a second
voyage to the infant colony, in 1549, he was lost^
and die settlement was abandoned till 1^98, when
the.Manjuis de la Roche received the more mo-
dest iitle of lieutenant of Canada, and Vent out
tirith fortjy convicts only, whom he landed on the
Isle', of Sable, where they all perished of famine
^4 cold- /i

tn'l6Q8 Samuel Champlain ascended the St^
liajurence, and laid the foundation of Quebec, iq-
tended to. bo the capital di New Fnuice. Xb^
nrcigre^ of colonization was, however, very slowt
ror'in 1627 three miserable settlements only bft^
formed, the largest of which . contained but

The exclusive trade of the colony jn fiirs Wjap^
noi "

excepteoL wmdi were left opep to all 9yb^e0t§i^^r

Fiomcen \h the ,same company for fifteen ^^ams.

$ralsp lodged the tight jtQ foruL
give/them 4aw% aijd th^.Ml-j

BRmSH NOBTH. AMERICA. 101

i8Kfi$d6n&36ii br tli'esS ^ company un-

dertook tointroclute 18}o00 persons into the coIo-
&^l between 16^8 and 1843. ind to afford them
ffie necessary asi^stance tifl able to proviile lor

^'^^'ortane* did liot, however, second tlie encouJ
^^ement of government, The. first ship^ sent out
by die Company were captured by tJhie En^Iislu
itidiri l6sf9the colony iiself fell ihto their lianclj
biit was restored by the peade of l6Sh /' -
' The management of the company was not» bow-*
ever, calculated to raise it from the state .of* laiy
guor this revolution occasioned^ and a sanguiaary
WBt with the Indians still more retarded Its prov
gress.' At length government deteiteiniqg to af-
ford it effectual support, sent out, in l66g, 4fi6
i^08en troops, who being reinforced two years.
dR:§:f, gained a decided superiority over ^ the In-
dSahs ; and before I67O the Seven Kations were
fti'ced to enter into an accommodatioi} with th«
cblbnists, and a profound peac« succ^eded^ A(
the' skme time the tnd^ of the colony wm fttiuje
free, except that of fiirs, which vm continued to
the company*

^^T^e etg6yment of internal peace, bjr whidi the
cAon^ was enabled to cany on a lucrative trade
intfi f&e Ihdiws, rapidly increaaed its prosperity^'
ilSrAf'^he iln^lish, firing settled in N^wYgrk/
<^^ed'it Qew and ikiore profitable market to the
Inaiafi nations for their furs.
^Th<3 C^iiadians determined t6 put an end to this
^i}ecilry6iice,"and to fixr^ die Indiaoii to give up

M 3 their

» •• •!

tMkn.

their connections With the En^li^;'4.ridf55(lf'tKi
pUrpo8fe both open force, ireachery^, and ihtri]
Wefife made use of, but Without siiccess,' stttft
urar that was the consequence tkused
Injury to the colony. ' '"^^^w

] In 1690 an En^ish fleet besieged Qu^ec, 'Wll
was obhged to retire, in consequence of the disftrf.
tion of the Indian allies; and another armsaneril
intended for the same purpose, in 1709, ^^'as 'd».
persed by stoims in the Gulf of St. Laurence.

At length the peace of RysWicfc, which ptit an
end to the war between the rival nations in ISu^
t'ope, &lso restored peace to America, but left Csu
nada in a state of wretched impoverishment^ thfe
exports, in 1714, not exceeding £§10,000^ f

The enjoyment 6f peace and the attentitfti of
^government, however, dJreW it from this staibe of
poverty, and its increase was so rapid, that iti'1788
St contained 91>000 persons. I

The War which began in 1756 transferred ihiii,
together with the oth^r French colonies iA ^6tth
America, to Great Britain, by conqtrest, and th6y
*reife confirmed to her by the peace of 1768; • ' -

■:. :i

CS&nB BKBTON ISLAND. , ' > ' 'j

' • ■'. ^ ' -i'-l,

€a|K fireton Iskuid* (Isk Rotate cf t^^^^{^<;f^
is separated from the east end of Nova)[^f:9^

i'i' by

« it

|g^ Jil^glit jpf CiKiUKV 9r. Btisut <tf Froonc^ only Q>r«Arcia»:
9^ .inil€i wiJd. Tb4 iiland is 100 miles lofng,
H^ ^bmit sixty broatU It is leatly divided by A
IflSljr . deep [gp^^ called Lake Labrador, into
«iikh are two enlxancee from the north-east^
^^e4 by>4he iskiid yerdohnfe, fiereti or eight
Jqfipitta long. The soil is in general barfen^'atid
B^LCSft in the elevations, full of swamps anj
Ifik^ whid^ render the climate cold and fbggy^
although it is not deemed unhealtliy. No Idnd of
jgrain ' arrives at maturity, and most kitchen V€lt>
Ipstables degpnenate^

The island contains a bed of coal, in a hori^
f^tal stnbtum, six feet below the surface. The
popidatiea is about lOOD persons, whose entire
fubsiatexice is by fishing.

4,. 1^ ncMTth coast is elevated and almost inac-
jpesaible,. but on the east side are several good
pcMs^ and on the west and souihi several rbadb
wd pove? for small vessels.
u Off ^e niDrth point of the island eight leagues,
M '^ F^'s Idand^ which, with Cape Ray on
Newfoundland, firom which it is Meeh leagues
dffitant, forms the entrance of the gulf of St.
Laurence.

Though this island had been from an early
peiiod £«queiited by .fisheriaen» it was not untd
ffloMrfe had lost Nttva Scotia, that she thou^t
'^'^^Ubiihi^ it, tmder the txk nontfe of Isle

\'^ TiiB jfirst ditablishment was at JPtfrt Dauphin^
bat which was abandoned in consequence of the

# «4p difficult

moved to Louisbourg, which was fbrdtftidF t&^xof
iittiMiiseiiesiMkn^ -^^ siAobaaffit:«lM^^I^

lllllir wejt^ JIM "vsiy taid^^^ wd chidfy'iMftiii^ 'te
» f9w French MnmcffiiilMii WeWfti^^
jtt, 1745^ the New Eoglaader^ att«ilKfe)£4ifdN^t
possession of it, bistk ww Mibored^b^tlid^^ptttob
of 1748. In 1758 it was again subjugated by
the Sngljsh annS| and confirmed to Great Bri*
.tainl76S. ,

The capital of the ish^nd is Sy dney^ on the east

^QtlHt*-' ■ ' ..-.■•.. 'i

"^oflLouttAioiirg^ on (he 8.E.| is the second pbiei^^
^ hM ah ^x^eiiiiit hatbour, four leagues * dea;^
isnd fit fer the krgeet fleet8» but it is diosed')^
MO^frdtn November to May. The entftnaceiS'bift
ytOfkyej^ wide, between twd tsbnds^ one ^laf
^hichis Ibrtified, and itsfir^scrtiss wiifethbMii^
. «birttdneson the main. ' « ir*

yT!h» towti> is built on » prdjetiting -tMguA^nitf*

land; the houses chidly of wood«$>^tlit ^Mtttte
i*teaital»d vride. - : .JCOhiuI ^

.^u?i%e mother places of any conse^m^oiM^ci^
iAV Mst coiist, l^ort Daupbin^ ' Spinhods^uiB^,
-iiiift^^B^f all capable of twiivM^lK»g»ha^.
«Sdttt^ Iskfid^ OP Litde Gape^ BtSbckii tte»{%tilNfe

Monad^lB^^ 'Whiek it ^she(teb) ^oCft^dtm^
^fimii^^mi^'^^ ifiphflftfii tdTtbe

^iliandi ^ oSoOOf^ ttf ' taATbM^ tflr^tRi^ihdkaililw
ilidUf^oi^bl^r^^llH^ lit|eill%l;Mi*|9.

oi ;:7/di'/ii5rii niui oJ (bnjil orb beWM f^MMtf.

MS

8[fi{Slili»:(iifiii|«Ql»nedb«fe G^e ^BkImk wmdMmtu

io:I4ffi<MRdtaie» befoce.llie eait entiitncd dl^tldi
^^.of. G^Bdo* is-iaotnaidenbfe.' -< . - -roq

;»>Tt 'i-?>

» •

PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.' • ' ^* "^^

f • • "• . V '• "^ »,«* J

.A

: Prince Edward's Island, fonnerly StMrohn's> inathe
,a9iikbt part oC the Golf of St» l^ure^pCK^MietiBaes
.<»Bfad tfaeGulf oCNovft Seetii, .}»««ipMiitefiir9Bi{the
^4tb «o«t ef Nova Scotia by NcrtbtOfnterfaiiMl
jSt^SsiHt Srui league wide. It ii. ibrty titley ^joog
iaiMitbirty^iMui, and hat much tbe.adlwolagit'i^
^«p£KnidIfiDd wid Cape Breton, in tempeDatJorotof
climate and fertility of soil, bdng vr^ ^t^ltd
'tvo^j J|iffdueiiig . plmtiful crops of coKOk, anii^'ex-

scfjhmt puf t94H. ... .iiPi:[

In 1803 Lord Selkirk sent out 80P (H«gfoklKd
tScQ(^0Sw^idutdt . vho seem t» f<vspi.aibi(|lu8.
,tHlM£im4 Ihfiviiig ooLony. ^ ISO? J)Im» ^Siiil
.pf^Hiw wm 7*000. The. island is iiifth»i:i»-
x^9ii«9fi ^ l^h Scotia^ The chi<^ -plftf/^ils
i|ShwtN<»>'yowi> (Pbi?t :Jqu6 of :th^ jErPiwh).;.. r, ,] . ,
QdtTh9 tnpsrioi; Artiliiy. ^.•J?nJ!pfe,,E4wiit*<

4llfp4illl|}i my, iH^ : d|0,. 9e(gl|biMri(l«o«oaslfir£feh

.gftbiUflBytiioim 8|)j|b^micfdwiitQ:tff<i:)diC9ltoQt

IHOitB, oHiMd the French to turn their views to-
wards

'^ and in l6l9» a pm^j^ny waa. jfoim^d to< eoloiiil^
^ aad to eatabtiidA a ^ (UMtfy IQ* tl^e iQkilf 06 Su
Hjtmwac^ Thia wiieme, howei^, w^v Qiv^
Mcectttedf and the idaod reoiaiiied ii^(laetf4 wM
17^99 when somexemigrluits from Nova fi^ootfi
tattled a&it» and occupied themselves in ag^^ail*
tiire and rearing calde, Ih^ fiaheriai behig., pr^
liibited to them* Thuig coqfined to one bcao^ c^
industry, cultivation ws^ carried to an. extent
that gained the island the Ctftme of the Granary <^
Canada.

On the subjugation of Cape Breton to the
British arms in 175S, this island followed its &te>
tid itflso beMili« a British colon) . The first me»*
4KH^ df ilft flew masters wse more pgtiHc thitii
JiKtt^ fihfe femoVAl of all the French setdeiis whli
iimtiunted to 3^000. The island being thus ifA
Without inb^itants, the Earl of Egmont prA-
pMed- to government to colonice it, andlEdked|»
tip a fcirce of l,tOO men for its deftnce, on oorw
vi^on of receivii^ the feudal rights ; but budh^h
OMiion being deohurod contrary to a IsMr ^UM»lted
4it the restoration, which prohibited th^^gftiii^i^
«P crown lands under military tenures^ the^offik^
vfM fffefiised, and government, aftef tiie* p^^fe^'tf
/476a,' distributed *he land in gmnts ttf^^Mk^^disl*
banded oi^rs and soldiers. 'intLi^m

'^ 'Until .177^> ihe island was iimiwl^ I0 ' the
govemiisent (]|f IMova ScvfdA^ but in that jMIt^
"Ma^ wifeb Capo Q^eton and the Magdalen Isiafids*

formed

fliivj^'l %ii id .V ". i *'. .

ii*;' coorfdi; ana house Of tasenibly,
•'<"flle iJfiigdaleh rdanda Me a duster ofsex'ett
fc'%He Gulf (yf St Lrtlfrettce, Mventeeu kagueb
{*^ ^bf tlie tloVth and of di{)e Brbtoii iBla^
lt«if a*« ai twky, »nd the laigett onlf *vl
l^fa^^ iW cttcmb. They Are the pwperty «tf
Affinkal sir Isaac Coflin Greenly, and mhaWfeeiby
k Heir 'Heaceaimtb «f ihe French^ vbo quittel
Hova Scotia on its eenJon to fin^latid) and ^kti
iattiist^ tilling and hunting «eak» ■

• t •

ABillCOStI ISI^AND.

. . 'Xhe Island of Anticosti,* in the mouth c^ tib*
liyw St laurence, is twelve lei^gws diataat ir^ip
Ah^ mfm land on the norths and sixtosm from tfa»
IMpst 0f New Bnmswick on the southr 2i 4a
>i^')oi«/N.£. and S.W. and SCT i>£OfMl | ifl ti9»
l^^mely rocky> but well wooded# and a ooiisiibw«
jjdsife ^wd fidMxy is carried on from it. The oilaifi^
i%]^ iitt)0 value, the soil beii^ barraQi -aqid iiit
iwyaEasfliqg a sin^e safe harbour. It iageoiwaUy
'4^i(^P^ *b^ sbores» but rises a little towarAr
i3^ .c^nire* Its oidy inhabitants are an occasbod
ff^^y ^ savBgeSi who wint^ on it for. the pm^^om
.0%hm^fig. It is the property of some pri^MHtt^
individuals of Quebec. • j

:! iThe ySimigm islands are dose to the main wifhia
\Ailticoati':ttbey have a good iiad>oiir and a clKl^
, I.': -didtnMb

9 AftlHigHiihicbrHiptlmi df the lUkriYt tiUne Katltcoieei % dteTrendi
H 4'ift formflriy called Assumption.

10^ ■aiSMiaf'^mkiimi''''^

■^ • ' eiderable cod fish^/ l*fe'«^ 3f .dtfi'^i t^ffw
twelve feet. , r „^„;^^4

•' The island of Npwfoundlandr irf iseparatecT froti^
Labrador on the north by the Stralf of Belle fileV
ilbi leagues wide, and named from an island in its
etfthmce. ^^'^'[

Newfoundland is eighty leagues long, and up^
wards of sixty broad ; it is hilly, but not mouh*
tainous, and has some considerable rivers/ ^^f.
island throughout is rocky and barren, naturally
producing only small firs, bif ch, and other plantifil
flkat thrive in cold and barren countries. ' 'JUke
^titers kre besides so long, not breaking uj^ ^
May, ihat oats iS the only corn that ripens. ' TJ^Q
diilEtiat^ is also extremely disagreeable, from co&<^
stant fogs and storms of sleet and si)ow* 'the |^
tMiJolr^f the island has never been explore(), 6ut
' fhnn the accounts of the natives it is mouiit^n<>ui^
ataid covered with wood. The coasta are indepi^if:
hy * *va»t number of excellent bays and harbo^iir^,
a very few of which are ever visited even BjPSf^*
ffihermen; The sole utility of this i^and to
IMfaift is its serving as a rendezvous iBr i^ii-sA
employed in the fishery oq the neighooi

batiks.' • ■ ^ • •-:^'''->«f

Th^ whole number of stationaiy r^iro^^)!^
habitants of the island does not exceed t,'o6d^
miSeis. - Afe^ ikmiHes of miserable £sd
yydt' ^^taladd frdin the neighbodriu^ coast (if
hnS&r, -iauid Tea^ain on H tot'k paxt df iU'y^i ""'^

■ Thi

flA

wSWv-'WW^Ai*^!^. 103

The taliw^ of exporta-.from Gr«at Britain to j^f"^
Sietnbuiidland is between three and four hundred '^
thouiaiid pounds a year^ entirely in provisions,
doadiing, fiahing4adc)ef and aalt,
. .1^ Ijhe. spring a 8P.aU squadron, composed of a
€fty,gij\n ship; a frigate, and one or two sloops, ar<i
^nt W&gtodt, protect the ahery, a«l*«
adiailrai conunanding the squadron is governor. o£
the inland for the time being. The lieuteqant-
(^vern^s offi<^ Is permanent^
' SX- John's^ the chief place of the island, is on
thi^ east side, and on tli^ shore of a fine basin,
wbosj^ entrance is only 500 yards mdide^ between,
fmL ropky shores, and strongly, fortified. . Th«i
tff^ ifi^jpooj: fl^ce, the houses being mean and*
ih^, rrtreet^ Aarf ow and filthy* Fort Townsend/
^n>;^atk«, contains the government honsei ,
ma^^^^pes, and barracks.

^ Th? ptber places of the island worthy of QQtioei
}^ .01) th^ east coast, from north to soutbi that
jt/.QjT Exploits, or New Perlican, a capaciout
Ha^bow!* . B^a^rgcd Harbour, in Catalonia Bay^^^
im^^, fi^piQ the craggy islands in it . Tsinjty:
»^4-f,j^lC lyith many harbours and coves ^t for \
\^WSf^ .%ets. South of St. John's is ther

mi Bay, much frequented by the fishing :

iswejsLJ^I^fntof tbeisUfiil*, . ... . „. .^. • ;
"^n th^ ^^VLth coast are Tj^epassy Bajv a deep .
C ^ftrft.. jliarhour*: St„ T!i/Imj%. p^y, , h*» . F>»m r
gliSa isj>i|ig bapk*; witbin ..it.,. .PJacentia^Bay,.

?♦ >

lift : XAMUMH QHMMUIRf^

of the fisbenoea,, «Rd ii« i( foM' wtoWnfcniWitj »
d#q(^ by ^fort Between Placapti^ aiN) C^pe
J^'e> th« $.W« point of t^e i^dand, are the, Bay«
o|* Fortuiie wd Despair, Uttle &equant£<L

l?^e .b%nkA of Newfomidljiftd, iwfaicli rnqp witk -
PC$Kpet^ be €^d tbe Peru cf Great BritMn, fnHD ,
thp ncfa^s tbey bripg into the kiQgdom> cmm^-^ »
«^ f re^ft and mn&letmT pnas, extending £K)iiith0 i
iiKtitude 40"^ to 45^,

. The. dej^tb ia \nvy^ irregidai^ i^m fiftftaa to
wg^J^.t^^Wf^ Ti^e hw]( is efiiviefy of sa)i4L»t||i:
^1^9 ^fmpB^i^fivitif^ and fm the east ia afi«m
g)lllff .9^ CWWvily, .eel)^ tlie^ Ditch. Tbe mmh^^
9k(e g^i^faUy ouid^mte, atid the .watar mo^ on ;
the. baqk, however hard.it may blow befroaril ^ (
HfMi^ii'^ but the atmMpbere is obacyrad b^a^i al^
n^t feq^tuai &%» both of which circumsluwNM .
aeem to ari«e firom the same caose, the atcoo^.^p^i.. <
po^pat^on over the baid^, which while it prc4uo€l^ a
fi^g;, alaopocrfa the atnioflpfa^ra beyood tfaatovdt*

« I

• Mr. Pennant, in his Arctic Zoology, sagrs, tliere is 4«W i gf^t fir^
•^ the banks. The fact is, however, ^h«t qn the edges of the bank there is
^^nily akoasr seA» eaostd fay the ^kr current on the north and the golf
fpreftm on the south, striking with velocity against t^ |»v-pa|di^ar itet
of thehat/k.' At a MnaH distance within these edges, on the contrarj^ tS
intat iaaoatlMWth, tliat it fa nsnalfcr vessels on (he hanVfiinjing to inaairl*

ifixmmAonw^ wha* kind of weather it it «broaA( *» fs/ befdro Aev *
wnjtffA on tin hwk^ • ^ , . >{ u ;

-. I «>• i» •«

/ fiRiiMf tfif«» jmsuoa; * 1 IX! '

laiflw IS fiat ffttracteil tiivaaf^^ ' •' *^

^ ^tiibanks of Nevlwndktiid lyr&tlie gnitifl ten^ *
deti¥0lif of tte gtekl eod (^aA» Tmiriteai) n^hieb''
aAtt^e in the mdnth^of July in vast ^[hm^s. Itt-
August they become scarce, in coride^utetice of
th« depftittn^ of the herrimgs and capelings, on
iwikiGft ihey ieed } and alto from the arrival of ^e
flbfttha, which drive all other fi^ away. In Sei|:^
teoifav tfce cod re^ippear, and continue till the
niiddle ^ October/ when the flshiug neaMii ter<»
imnatea.

Thfefi^ are either cared wet or green, or dfy.
In Aefir9t case ^y are salted <m board the ves->
ad» ae* tliey ara taken, and brought toBurope'
wti^nt toachtng at Newfoundland. Hie vesi^-
itftmidad to bring hdaie dried fi^h go into sobe'
piAt of die island, whfere stages are erected" oh' t&e
ahkir^ of^ wbieh «h^fiih are phiced to diy, ai^r
e9tliB^ 48 the hted, emptyltag them, taking but
tlia baefeliiofie^ and strongly salting them* -
sTtte livers itf the cod afford a large quantity 6?-
trrnn oil) w^h is procured by simply exposing '
them tooorrapt by the sun's heat, by which the
greatest part of their substance runs into oil.

.• *he

b « •

* The quantum of evaporation being in pnoportimv t« tke ffitteat oi car- ;
^peaoj depth of tbceraporatiug nutas» itfoUpwn that tiiia qnwUnm irill te a
freato* overVauksthan over the deep sea» and the vtoiMiihere ctuMSqwuoAf
colder ; anfl this last coiiaequeoce u provini bf the rep^ttpk nhJi witf iwi, '
that the ccmlMg fmm the deep Ma into souu^agi, of oi^ « txMUc* ki ^taooioi
i||:A fsddeafaU of the tlieroiometer oif from three to hve de^refs.

Its KAttitniE cMMMHHr.-

* The capding, wBicn is the bnij bait tni Id
take the cod, is of .the ^mj» ^^Jano^ and the coiu
sumption is so great, that they are often endrdy
tahiMiMed near jtfie coasts, jaulotirteBid^aeodttuy
Ao<^ Jxrenfy leagues ter sea *fof tfasn; i 'RityolW
tak^ l» netsi* : .. . -.' j-^:S-.

JvOfi'Ith^ south QD8st of Nemfounakod are Hkk
htl^ Miqwhmf and St. Kefre, by tfea^^bdMgt.
j«g..td Franoe^ The iMBquelona are ttfolilaadli
«Me(l Crnat Miquelon and L»gley« 13ie AttoA
is| a mere rock, only two laUea kmg. St f^rre ik
•f r^mgre- oonseqneDce, being twenty>-fire teagnes
a^cvonk, .'\vith a good haifaovr on the soofb'^fift*
iS^. siittU ^.vessels. The Viigfai Bodtt, tmitl^
Idpiea SL£« of Gspe Race, aie a xeef lAieivi^^aMA
Wider Jiratar. . . ^

IrThoi^ Newfoan^a&d was formally tafceli|NW:-
««ioii «f Ibr Eogbrnd, by Sir Henry Giibiart,' ill
IfiS^ wad though before that it was tiai reftdenrdife»
nf firiuqg yesseb'Of all nations of Bmrop^ ^^^mk
aot jumil 1615 that any setdeaaei^ wn fMaseAvit
ikim «faicfa year the English eslaUislwl 9mtk
ttfiKdUMmt posts on the east coast, and j^artieihifl^
afc St John's. Subsequent to 1695 the^Fckhtti
Iwnied an estaUishment at Flacentia^ 4nd.aeonfr
nuod to send governors thither tOl the pieace^iaf
J^ttmAA^ when they relinquished ^1 <JciM^WiiM
^nd«t V' .jov

iroTil

* HM^^tettar detAfltf we Bri^ TUhcritt. ' '* ^^ '"^^

^t'iMr dM ihs tanditf Mtbe pretended occitpttI<m of a part <

W ^90 tied "^o ^ni «i r-. »/ i » v: .' ' .

yiiufiho^«<HM*iy^iilUiied Nova &:o4ai b iii«id«tf
4li(\tltC pmrakrea^f .Netr Bniii*«i<^' and -Novi
Scotia proper.* Tlie fonner is leparated • ft^d
^)le <^iikbib diBtRcCr a£ G«ip6 Ivf th« Bay.' of
.§lMaMri. Oi^theeart it hibllwn'Golf' ^f-'Sti
AMlS(9aeQ)r:aB^ on ths.sbiitb Ihe JhT'of Vttt^i
in^flg^ fff^^trattdi firadi :the •UmtediStiitss'^tbiviMV
4|f M«fc«.'. by jHhti »V«ftSt..'Cp^ , '! •:,"..< r

-lilPinM :b!a[9g»riq|0BEi«l); <i(dd^ andi^tiie.&iiiniDen
ffttfi .4<^9ipi «Nk.iMitaliihy.>' /The ifaoil-' isc'lik
(BW«9«i.!t)lUi*i imbisfitter >fi)e;pJstQre7tBaft :^pil
culture. Tlie greater part of the coottiy i»>«0(
.IHi^.jfeaUir/wnd* ,aibrdiri^.<thfevt{dibe^
ittii^9NR^awUofa;'. toother '^inttc iis .<iibhtejr, :i
4liMeiiilrt«dl^.;mlles. The Q»asti*af4 tek^ a&I
Ivek^ (fefovAumetable tiajrs, 'iotauag vftuUH^
k§4nim^t 'Wht:ma^>-m6Hhy of notieH tiiefiCtm
humt Bt^r.iii^kih is.'iiia^leagtae»dcefi; wai wbicft
^kiBgoitBil; biiaMed> m tWMkery in thlKzMf
itfi8l»XaNtei£dtw ^hatf iMMT^fehii^ s^tititil 4ii te
4ftOTQ8.Lf/ini0:rMmd'-:Botmv0ntUra;- ni>ietk ^r!|^
1»^d»9f haHttddll)ji:atAir ^lertom, :;yiiix>^'ukie oifk
'na MOirijftlio ^vehoHriil^ngHt «6 «b^ «eigfatoo«nI-
VOL. IV. I •! i'tiig

1lTO«

idad at tte Iic(liiiiiiig of the itxtMnth centniy ; but there b no proof of

Ak oecBpaiicf, though it lee^^ ^wf|«)ff^tb|{[ Ut^ir^^lilip^ fif)M^«n^

JBe,iii^reBUcy oi England^ by submiitiiij^y iu l6i4, ta pay fiT« per ^cat. 9A
wpnodBc* <tf tbdr flsbery.

• • TUt «Titi9V took pl«cf ia 1794,

114 . MAKmME (yEOGUAimr.

MrJ^ck. ^^S fishing grdunds. The pierced rock, south of
*~ this island, at a distance resembles a ruined aque-
duct. It is 400 yards long, 200 feet high, and £s
perforated in three places in the form of arches ;
through tlie central and loi\ge«t of which a boat
can pass under sail*

Green Bay, in Northiunberland Strait, forms
the narrowest part of the isthmus of Nova Scotia,,
being but four miles from the head of the river
Missaquash, which falls into the Bay of Fundy.

The Bay of Fundy (^Baie Franfoise of the
French) is fifty leagues long. It is ctiefty re-
markable for the strength and height of the tidea»
which are said to run up the creeks with immense
velocity, in a kind of bore, whose elevation is
from fifty to seventy feet.

The river St^ John, or Clyde, the principal
4me of the province, falls into the Bay oi' Fundy^
and is navigable for vessels of sixty tona, fifty

miles, and for boats 200 ; the tide flowing jap it
eighty miles. It abounds in, sipali sturgeon^
salmon^ and bass; and its banks are level and
fertile. Frederick Town> the capital of the pro-
vince, is on this river,, ninety miles from its
tnoutli.

Passamaquody Bay^ the western limit of tlte
province, receives the river St. Croix. Before it
are the Manan islands, asserted by the Americatis.
to be within their limits, but occupied lay ilie
English,
tftvo&oiia. The peninsula of Nova &>ot}a is joined to New
Brunswick by an isthmas, as we have already o'B-

served^

BUTIftH KO&TH AUfimCA. 115

serred» four miles brOfuk On the nortli it hm the
Gulf cf St* Laurence^ the Atlantic on the soutiij
and Che Bay of Fundy on the N. W. It has a great
number of bays and harbours, the priocipdi of
which are ChedUbucto Bay, at the east extremity.
Cape Canso being its south point, off which ace a
^rotip of islands, partly formed of gypsum. Oti
the bay ia the town of Guy's Barougb, of about
200 houses.

Hatifiet, on Chebucto Bay, on the south coast
of the peninsula, is the chief place of the pro-
viiice, containing 1^,000 inhabitants. It is i^
tuated on the west shore of the bay, and is for-
tified by batteries of timber, end an intrenchment»
It is the station of a small squadron of ships of
war to protect the fishery* On Cape Sombro, at
<lie entrance of the bay, is a light-house.

iSbeifoume, on Port Roseway, is a town of
SOO houses. Annapolis Royal, the second town
of the province, on the north coast, in the Bay of
Fundy, has one of the finest harbours in the
world, but is a poor place. The river of Anna-
^lis is navigable for vessels of 100 tons fifteen
miles.

Chignecto Bay is a deep inlet, at the head of the
Bay of Fundy, into which falls ^e river Missiquash.

Two tribes of Indians are met in Nova Scpda,
the MiamMS in the peninsula, who do not exceed
^00 warriors, and the Marechkes in New Bruns-
iR^ick, whose number is only 180.

Ifce tfade between Great Britain and ^these
pcovkiceB censlsis iti the export of linen, wooU

1 2 lens,

.^or*^«^ l^ps^ and feWnggw chitf^K&r j£3(M)tt);» ywft
^qd thei iQ3pp]!:t of Uwb^ «nd>ifiilH fiit* «ii3i^^0(MK
^. Isl^ of $9bfe» tWi^Btyrt^^ ^^0>iM disfaaaeii^
Cape Canso, th^ x^orthipfiwt pONftt oC NiTva Siix>tuij
is composed entlrely-of sand-biU^tiatheiahepfe^of
sugar«^oaves> 140 feet lugh« and wbite..Bij:naBe
with^whit^ transparent fitOBf^; it i9.:ofianaGttiii
circulax sbp-pe^ , h^ing ten leagues, in cusaiit^ jboC
very narrow.

On. the :north» or concave side,, is. ft. diallovr.
lake,, five .leagues, in circunifej;«^Pb wd coin-
inunic£^ting with the sea. Ijt haft no porti but
Ivas some ponds of fresh water^ an^ woduoes
juniper, blue-beny bushes, grass, and^ v«tduHu
Many y^s^els have bqen wrecked on this jsland,
and tl>e people, have periled of bqnger. la.
order to render it less dangerous, the government -
of Halifax, in 1809, seht a party of pecqileto^
settle on it, in order to shew fires .dming >bad •
nights, and to afford assistance to those who may •
be shipwf eqked on it. . ' • :

The peninsula of Nova Scotia was first setlleA'
b^ the French in 16(H> who gave it the . naioae ^
iVc£^dia. Their original establishment wai:at! Jfoit^
Francois, on the w&t coast, and die firs^oolo^i'
njsts occupied themselvea solely in tradsn^g.wi^n
the, Indians fo^ furs;^ or procuriog them^l^riilM^D
cE^e. tb.emselve9* The vieinily -of the/ iBntislili^
cbloijies :of New. England, however^ prdduaals
here,' ^^ well ^ at Canada^ .a.de$|n)Cti^:ieoiteQ9<v

ren& in -the » I^^i^ trade j ajftd i :Wj the \ wrto din
t^e^^fe^^ .s^ k«tote,tbfr.]]M^l

dians

t* T

^ftnB«i^^flgfc'&e^£D^^ wffle^ie 'latter' rel jfeiiOKirt.;
jlMbQdk>A.tlK^-B^lAdb-«eCl9em^ whenever the
£qptiteff betwemiS^ fwd naf ibns in £tirbpe permit-
ted'litem tb^comme<H!ie open li^ ' ''
vAf^briHg* taken by the English, and restoriea
afeivvralttimed, Acadiar was finally ceded to Great
Bntain'by^ the peace of Utrecht. Very few' ilng-
IkU, howweVf settlcfd on it, and \dtli the excep-'
tion of change o£ name to Nova Scotia, no alter-
ailioh- was made in the government; the French
coloQists being ttiaintained in possession of their
law6 and religion, and were be^des permitted to
ismain ineuter in any wara between l^ance and
£kq;land.

In 174f6, the French attempting to regain pos-
session of the province, and the colonists break-'
iBg their neutrality, the British government de-
teeming to colonize it efficiently, and at the'
pbace x>f Aix la Chapelle (17^8) the disbanded
officers and soldiers were encouraged to emigrate
thither by grants of land according to their resp^c-
tir^ ranks. ,

•tXbcM eneouragements induced 3,7^0 persons'
to.€tobark for the colony in 1749f who founded ~
the: dty of Hal^x. The French colonists fear-*
ii%i s persecution from the new government and
coUmist^ on account of their religion, and being
altfeiifiUcoutBged by the Canadian government, '
gtoenfity retired from Nova Scotia to that pro-
viaoe^i while the English, equally anxious to get
r}d)of-idipiQj removed the remainder to the other '
Eo^fldiiXxdMMS^ In 1769, the^ population of the'

?:-i\\-f 1 3 coleny

lis MA1UTIM£ aE0&RAPttTr

iiroM^&9ii«r cobny had increieed to 26,000 persons by ^foAn
grations from England and Germany; afld ixt
the same year its exports amounted to XdO^OOiX.
The American war stUl farther increased the
population, by the emigration of loyalists from
the insurgent colonies, and gave an extraordinary
impulse to its commerce and cultivation, by the
demands of the British fleets and armies.

The following were the sums voted in 1814 for
the civil establishments of the British North
American Colonies,

Lower Canada • . • X

Upper Canada 8,441

Nova Scotia • 13,440

New Brunswick . . • 5,775

Cape Breton Island 2,144

Prince Edward's Island . • 3,826
Newfoundland • 4>00S

4 In 1803, the revenue and ezpenges of liower Ctoada wsre,

Kevenne £'M,2il

Expenses 43,220

About three quarters of the expenses are defrayed by the province, ami
the remalmler by the mother country, who also paj's the military esta*
VMahment, an<| 8U{>pott8 the Pint«tant ctcigy and Indlm establiflhments.

{ 119 )

KISE AND PROGRESS

OF TBI

EVKOPSAN COLONIES IN NORTk JTItERICJ,'

FOftHflNO

THE UNITED STATES.

TnovQB England had an undoubted claim to
the sovereignty of considerable portions of the
north-east coast of the continent of America,
discovered by Sebastian Cabot and other naviga-
tors in her service^ it was not until late in tiie
sixteenth century that she made any attempt at
colonization on this coast. The re8[tle8d and ^«
terprising genius of Sir Walter Raleigh first
gave birth to the idea, and he fou^d no diffi-
culty in inspiring a number of his friends with
the same sentiments, who, incorporating them-
selves into a society in 1584, received a patent
firom the crown, authorizing them to form esta-
bllshmenf3 on the east coast of the new continent.
Two vessels were accordingly dispatched by thisi
society in 1585, with an intention of founding
the first settjement on the Chcsapeak, but steer-
ing top far souths tliey arrived a^ the Bay qf
Roanokei in the province afterwards called Caro-

i4p' Una,

lina» t»:v4ioht}i£^ theniffltve the awtaejO&Wt

gn»a> m fboMlBr \ii£ &e) qusen^. ati4t > tki»i HMfif

staBafterwarddiexteiidedtaall th^.ooaalb iMi wbieb

4te Eliglish forawA 8ettkin€iitik . tt - * . o/u

V The two vessdB» afber coQdiUdting thft> Ipdiflfliy

b^ dic^ Aouioke, retilrned to Etigknd^ MdLJStcm

the fiivourable account given by them of.ri^

^ouBtiy the society determined to make it i the

«Mt of ills fiiist settlement. In 1586» seyen vc9^

«eb. mud lOSf emigrants quitted Ei^aod for thb

^purpose, and ajrrived safely at tiieir destination*

'These adventurers^ .hosrever, soon quarrelting

jivitk the Indians, tiie latter attacked andmasa^*

^ed the greater part of them, and t^e retpaUl-

rder ba\nng neglected to provide for th^ir .s^batf-

^xikk by cultivation, were pn the point of pemb-

lUg by famine, when Sir Francis Drake aniymi

-miii 6UCCOUI8 ; but the miseries they had abcibady

rw^ed, left no inclination in the survivors to jpe-

-main, and tiiey accordingly embarked for £qglMd

-in ihe admiral's fleet « »r ..Ji

»<! This fiiilure, however, did not extinguish thp

-ffrojbots '<£ the society, who continued to* iltaite

^aooque. trifiii^ effi>rts to establish a. colony at ^ i^

4^e /place^ and in 1588, 115 persons n^eite

.aeitled there, and in possession of whatever was

--nepessary to eubaistance, defence against, jand

<)tbide'With the Indians. The disgrace of Raieigbt

iffiie/jchieif promoter and support of the cQlQt)|r,

vJ)Qlfrever^«.ieaused it to be neglected, ((» . jodh^r

,4ot^;a}wq!b)Qed# until 160@» when Oo^Mfl^ tale

z^tkf^ associates, determined to visit it ; but fis

the

im9nDD^«9«n83BB'nunBICA. <lfl

,13^ ^at «dMDl»(6» /kadifjabeicdttodt^^ nf

tinifi ijBttiiidUb paBdv:> OcbnJM lataeead ras widl

the coast since nannl)i»rr£B^biEd^omlvlU^i^
«tf^ flrottifriiig-'by. bduAer a XQBad»ahie\qiutfttitj

^^ llie Refits and rapidity o£ tfaas^ otnteiprntt^ijei^

eouragedtbe merdb&nts of Louden -Iwr fiitttr dudtto

a> new ^socteQr of coloniaatioii^.aiid itt:(l6Q6rat odai*

iMtteed its operatbns^ nmder the inMies<x)£ ^tlqi

^orth yiigiilia,: or £l]«wutfa CIon^AD^/awl^

Hlie' ancient assodataon receivid jdiBt;«fiJMi:Stalh

Vjtgima Coaspany. Neither :of . (Ibq^ ^mkifilatay

however f pushed their efibrts i at^adon^nfieD * wifli

ftny dh^ree of v^our, for m 1614 both yestafaUsli-

^iMnta cMtained but 1,44X) persons* - •'; ^i *ii

\^ At length the religious intdarenoe^ nirhidrte*

-wards^tbe dose iji die reign of Jamea L'^b^^an

tHM§t England in a£ame^ laid the first ^soiidriiiun**

dation of the English population of Ameriba. rilUe

^poiiiwasi^ persecuted by the established: <ihurch»

^^iiiditciitii&:new' worlds in whose i]iie:iDpiofed>df«

ogfartii.they hoped to. enjoy that civil imd. cel^gms

-lUfettf damd them in their native cou^tiy. .:vUlie

2]^r2 j6dL.was the epoch of their ficstttmigrdtio«»

bwhen, 1£1 persons of this per8uaBien>i haviatg^qpur-

tittiaatBd^lKe tavritoiywithin the joiisdietlbn/dfL idle

,^|t3rbuiuth Conpany, landed an 4he'Od^af>Noeih

i^/^fffjoM^ te> which they gave the niiine:^'^I$dw

^Bn^liwi. ^ Evety thing opposed their fibt^dStfll^

tS9 MA&ITIKS C^ASBAiaTi «

Mrriviilg at the comiBenci^neat of vdntei in a
ewotry whfme dimate is at that seascm extremely
Kvere, asid wfaicii they fouxul covered with im^
meose fwests, rendered imp^ietrahle by under*:-
wmdf and spontaneously producing neither fruit
]M¥r vi^taUea for their subaistance^ and bnt thin*
ly inhabited by savages, who possessing no idea
c£ agriculture^ but living solely on the produce of
the chace^ could a&rd them no assistance. It
ia not to be wondered at, that fatigue, cold, hun^
g!»r, ^nd the scurvy, ouried off more than one
lialf of tiiese first colonists. The remainder were
lat^iAshing out a miserable existence, when the
ffHWig. brought to the coast a party of Indian war-
liorB, wh0 instructed them in the cultivation of
IfMiHiil O0ni» and in the most successful manner c^
fishing, by whaeh they were enabled to subsist,
mittl auoccMir arrived firom England.
' Ijf^om^ the Indians they also received a grant of
the landa bordering on their little establishment,
wU!^h.ih6y named New Plymouth, and the terri-
twy ceded to them Massachus^s. The colonists
MOeived.a diarter from the king, by which they
wem permitted to dioose their own governor and
soagistratis, witk the power of making laws for
^tlieir goiinemment, independent of the mother
waalfty* Thsy aecor^ii^gly <^eated a goyamor,
iMUknctl, and house of representadTea. The Am«
damental pdndjrie in the formation of this last
ly,>WM;adeclaiation of intolerance ii^ the
exdusion of aU but pudtans. Sbdi is

the

VI .'.ijiiM.;

tke cenftra^ictloB in the moral Hature of nms, that
the chains h^ flies from hisMielf, he itVete nNUHl
the HQcks (>f bis fdlQw creaturest**

The emigrations from Englami imre nott hear*
ever, at first considerable, for in 1689 the nina*
ber c^ colonists only amounted to 600 pefsook
In that and the succeeding yealrs, such miad>eca
fled from religious persecution in England^ iiat
the popnlatioii increased rapiAy; but un£Mftia«
Hately, many of them found the same qpirit of
persecution raging in the country where they cat«
pected to find ah universal charity. This oUig«i
them to seek new dwellings^ and gave rise to the
three new provinces of NewHanqisiamiiilttlO^
of Rhode Iriand and Connecticut in 1635. . Th#
lour provinces of New England, aa seon as reli*
^otts disputes had began to subside^ fcriml a
coi^ederatioD fot their mntoal deienee, aad 1l^
new ones received shnilar cbarten to that cf Masi
saefausetsw

The first laWs of the Mew Enghndeca wtm
such as might be expected from the aiattere
principles of their framers. Witchcraft^ bfaa^
phemy, adultery, peijury, attd murder, were^nih
founded aa crimes of an equal die^ and puaklieA
wSiii death; and the saode penaltgr wat dsdreei
against a child who should presitam to mike, or

eteti

^ n^p«ioef^lq«ttei!»werfMttv^cicMii|Miftiii.tliift
Itoe wHo itetor&ttl W^ cOndi^mbsd to deatb.

124 • HARrriME GEOGRAPItT*

even to curse a parent. Ikying, drunkenness^
«94 4taM»^5 were (miAidh^ by ]^iiblic whipping
tnd cursing, rehautfitoh of pubUc devotioii, or the
BOiMbservance of the sabbath, hy heavy finesu^
Zeal was carried so far, that the names of the

■

days of the week, and of the tnonths, were chang-.
ed, as having a Pagan origin ; while the Saints
were deprived of that appeUation, and reduced
to tJieir simple names, in order to avoid the smal-
lest : appearance of similarity with the church of
Bmi|e« On tiie same principle, the mere bending
Ibe knee 'to. an image was a capital crime; and
CJathfdic imeate who diould return to the colony
after . baniahment, were also doomed to suflfer
deaili. . £vea diings totally indiflbrent in them-
sdiVeSi weoe prohibited as religious profanations ;
amo^g. the rest, wearing long hair, which a
pwtieitlar 4sdict made punishable in the menV/;
w^ile tibe women were forbidden to expose their ^
acQ[i» or neck, their gowns being all of one shape^
withi tha sleeves to the wrists and the collars up' '
to ^ei cUn. ..The mode of courtship, the man-/
ii^*^ of carrying the head, the arms, how to.^
spi|ak>i bok, and walk, were all rigorously pre^.
scnibedf in: short, as the climax of absurdity/ H\^
was forbidden to brew on Saturday for fear t\ik ^
hei99-^0aid'Woark on the Sunday. \\ .

. iId our. enlight^ed days we can scarcely belij^ve r
thai imbnosim excesses to which the most vile su-
jofeMitipo gam rise in this part of the new world, ^ .
wemttli^'not attested by all the historians of the
r, u . ■ .-• • tinaes.

■ V

-J :

., y -^

times. S^xcery )^cf ni^^be .wfitehhword te bloody
^rifice9> aad. in 169S Dpwarda of thirty persons
were convicted, of this cripae and executed^ Neiw
ther the inno^Dc^ of youth, the infirmities^of ^ge,
the modeisty of the sejc» the dignity of railik, of
fokunp, or of virtuey were sufficient protei^oii
against the suspicion of this imaginary crime.
Ouldren pf ten years of ^g^ were put tO'deMh/
Toujfg women were stdj^d naked, . and puMicfy-
examined for the marks of infernal agency. -Tori^
tare was applied, to extort confession^ and liie]gSi«'
bets k^t prepared to finish the tonaents of thbite^
from whoipi the torture forced a false acknowledge'
ment In shorty the colony seemed to be arrived^
at the mom[ejat of total dissc^utiont wbeB^ in th^
very hei^t of the stonp, as if by the immediate
interposition, of the Diyijjity, . the eyes ctf the peo- \
pk were suddenly opened^ and confidence md'
peace succeeded, to suspicion ajud despain The
reflection on the h<;>rrors that they hadi betti eti^ '^
gs|ged in, was. attended with the most pievcing ¥e« ' ^
morse, and by a general fast and public piiiyeM *
the^ endeavoured to concilia^te that meroifiAl Divi^r
nity, Iq whose imnQ they had i^ilt so .muchiiidoi- '^
centbfood. : ^ ^'-w

But though these bk)od-writtea: Uvs^ haVe>'be«ef"'
long a|>r9g2(ted» their effectsare ^tJU yisihle amimgit
the New. ^nglanders,. .the m^qpw: bdng <^titt^ *
gii^^ed by their, g^ve and s^^t^deoioaiior^* aai
by"^^ s^rphed, frigidity ^f. s^mw^* thftt • JB^UkW'
every idea of social intercourse ; while the men
are marked by a silent reserve, a habit of di$s0Q)^

bling,

»

1S6 uABirmrB osoGBiivfiT*

blingy wid a dereUclioii (^ ttutii, but at the Mme
time by an energy of aetttimeat aad adtion ^ 4>e*
yood the other peofde <^ the Unioxi.
. The limits of this sketch confining us to a mert
chronological outline of the estaUisbments is Ame-
vica^ from their first foundation till their arri'i^al at
stability, we must here take leave of New £nglalMi»
and turn our view to Virginia, the second colony,
in point of time, established by England in the
fiew world*

VIRGINIA.

The name of Viiginia was, as we have already
disserved, originally given to all the east coast of
North America, visited by, or known to the Eng-
lieh; but when the settlements were multiplied^
this denomination was confined to the countty be*
tween Maryland and Carolina.

Tfa« company of North Virginia first attempted
an estabyshment on this coast in I606, in which
year Jamestown was established; btit the colo*
iiists having unfortunately discovered a rivulet ia
the nei^bourhood, the sand of which abounded
In particles c^ tak^ they mistook this substance
Ibr silver, and every other pursuit was neglected
ibr that of collecting this useless dust, with which*
ike two fipst vessels that arrived from En^Uad with
prDVW0ns were loaded on their reHnim.

•The n^ecfe of cultivation, the consequence (^,
iiw igaonuioe and felly, produced a. famine, thaifr^

spared

BRrnra north ausboca. 127

tp»ed hat eixty persotis of 500 that arrhred in the
eokmf} and tbwe were about to abandon it, and
seek refuge at Newfoundland, when in l€00 Lord
Delaware, wbo liad accepted the gov^mnent, ar«
rtved with a reinforeement of ^onlsts and a tup«
ply of provifitons* The eminent abilities of this
nobleman restored the colony, and put it <mi a re-i
spectable footing ; its progress was, however, re-
tarded by the monopoly of the company, until the
latter was dissolved by Charles I. and a royal go-
vernment substituted.

During the civil wars, the population of the
colony increased rapidly by emigrations of loyal-
ists, who being in general persons of education
and property, at once introduced those principled
ef civil society, which were so long unknown in
the otiier colonies, of which the first flefetla:^ were
either desperate adventurers, crimioalis or igno-
rant bigots^

The colonists of Virginia being composed
chiejBy of royalists, resisted the parliamentary do-
mination even after the murder of Charles L, and
at last were reduced only by the treachery of
some ef their own members^ assisted by a formi-
dable fleet (rf* the commonwealth. The saine spi-
rit remained nnextinguished during the usurpation
6f Cromwell, and the Virginians first proclaimed
Charles TI. in America.

Bftt though the Virginians were loyal, tfcey were
too high spirited to snfier oppression, and in
conae^ence'of some arbitrary acts of the go^i^^eni-
tAent at hofkie, « young officer, named -Bl^coti;'

raised

128 MA{trriM£ eSOGRAPHt*

nised the stiio4ar4o£ insurr^tion m the cc^tob^
aQd serious. conjseijUQBC^ were to be apprehend(^
vfcien .the death of their leader restored tranq[uu-
lib^and 90Qa after thiQu: constitution received ^
IQore. iippalar form, by the addition of a body oF
Tepresentatiyes^ elected by the people* / 1

•*

1 V

CABOIilNA.

^ •»

/^The first attempts at colonization on the coiasi
iajiw called Carolina, were, as we have seen, un-
diiccess&ilj and it was not until past the middle of
tlie seventeenth century that this object was ^ re-
sumed.

* Iq 1663 a society of noblemen and gentlemen
received a grant of th^s .country^ from Charles II.,
and the celebrated Locke wa^ requested to fram^
^^constitution for the intended colony, wh^ch'
proved to' be founded on very different princi^eS^
from what might have been expected from thepht
losophlc investigator of the human mmd. TI&?
first principle of his constitution was a gener^
religious toleration ; but at the siame tim^ obligln^^
every person above seventeen years of ^gi ^w
choose his communion, and to register himsd^l^
member of it The civil liberty of the ' cdlonisft
was left much more unguarded than the religiou^
thie' whole authority, legislative and ' execilfi^f^
being lodged in the eighl proprietors, Vh6 VerlT
to create three classe9 of.noUlity, aocordiiig to
the quantity of land granted them. The first

mnrm jtuvm «r jmmka. iCf

^uq was. confined to two indivulual^ namei

l^pc^^Ves^ wbo ivi^ed ^,00d icra «acli.

Ttie ,8^ottd ii[aai» naofed jC!^idques, vesf to "re.

ceire StIffiOO acns; Ufd tlw tiiinL or liBroitiC

JL^Obo «cret. Tbe nuinban of tibe t«o iMUc

««nB luiKiiuted. 11ie«e yoaetiiow w«e-nawrto

^a&OBitedindetnU sod the praprieton wore t*

Ibna a lioiiM of^p0«t> AhoWKof uyomiit-

livc^ naoMd tfat court paktipe, 4»at with ymj li^

mhiBd uitiMnr^, wu site CMttad. la ifigfat at

^ defect* of this oons^tatioat the ocHeaj (vhiaht

lad eital^ished iu capital at Charlaatovn) had

frrived at some degret of ao^i^, when, ia 170^

it was thrown into coafaaioa by leligious di^uln».

ftod ^ a bloody war with the ladians | the fomMr'

YTfre tppa settled by tbeinter&rcoc* of tba mother

ians were quiotad. But tha.

cient obftadiH taeacoutitat;

the proprivtaiy govenuaect^

increasiqg with their auai--

at last found it nsosuaiy t^

h it purchased from thf pfOt

<{ jC«4,000» aQ, except £or4

g both their juns4httion and

ty. Hiia n<^leinaa <iuf$t t{»:

latter, and)usfanuly«igoyQ4.

levolutioi). Tb» pvovipg*!

Itnr.fec!^ye4 a similar government to that<^Vii>,

guip,>n^ it was also separate4 into pm province

^^^^q|)^W South Carollns* , . ^

t:-:yh i/fT If-'' ■,'■■■■■ } .1 T' ,• ;-. ->

kJ«?"'«^- * -HEW

ttn*"> .thiziii -Jiir ovt uf ',yiiolo9 niadr 3&

w'^arfrt^rca^ifiMui-^t' "-••-■••' - ■ -tax ^ anjiai

Hie IBtittS^' Ilk' 1€14^ iii»i««»VMt''a§''|j^MMi

ife»-cQtii{fiy^i»^ fowftaed oirits disdoTeiybr^Idli:
^j \Kb(>tt iit -tlieir service ; but Jalneis fi mfbT^

Mj^Sf P^ The ^ul«d'oige«^wa9, how^^ d««SA>
M-i^f 80 4ttt]e consequence, that Jadieft,' thbugb' Htf
rie^i^ f efinqaishedj did iiotsattempt ta eiifi))'ce his
<^mf -iind-^^ie Dutch- were permitted ^vdetly to
BtM^tffrKie' ^ablishmeAfe fbr'-die pur|^6ae o^trad*
irig->iKth- thfi Indiana for ibra; the ihonop<^' Sf
idHk^mi gram^'to the> West iDtKi GdHif^*^
1PNC fl4fft<!{)i^i pest of thi» Cttmpsfty "vnuC'M'Mt

'iftiWfr/**' ♦ ••'" ••*• • '"■■■■■''J> Jo '•■■ ' -' ' ''•^'< ;wttv^;
'^<Ih f^a&^e^ttzefis'of-Ankerdam- 'cMc
'tilif<Mi'iM>I^y' mi^ht be 'advantjlge6U»ty 6^»B
^^Odr^dast; purdasedtbe'priT36geseftfi^ ^MK
'fiMfik ?Cbn^7 >for about '£60,060} Mid'^flfMv
^ijM^^efiMt \n» {mmedtatefy founded i^^e flfi^
-IR<My(t)iif^>%t -^ mouth of "the Hudsot^.'^^^i
'aty had already made %ripiA^j^eogresi"&-i9(S%f
ivhen an Englisli hoitSe squadnm appearing V6f9fe
% it surrendered it the iirst summon^ ai}d»< 'wilh

' ' -the

tffe whdle colotiy, - f^ &ti>' the haeM 4f tb«
Victors, to vAMUk i?^*^ '4R»r^erly ce^fed' bjr- <!id

{MCT<»fn%^i;a'l««^ l^hen baA the (iWtf .dty
f^|iN[^W;.An^|^|i^^o^ aad th« who|e colony,. r^
ceived the name of New^ork,. in honbmc of thet
^l^<^,Yack, tQw^fifarii^jidag granted it by
}9^9)Bpr|}aat8iit» immediately idler ita cooyii^t
iV In l^»tiie Dbtob i^ftoit'got fdMMiivii «£"-%
tiBt :w«fe-obliged to> rcitotS' i» ' the tM»tritif[.jffUk
fg^theacaestfofliof Jiatti«8ill(*^it ibftetmoumpd p^
4Me' "t^cWnMi- K^dh ^a^iipoiiiiad & gMHtniff wfA
ffplvlQl U^ -ttdfiainist^r its affitftoi^ %^t «a <he «»i
fdotid^ 4M oofmtitittiaa was -oow Mkideiki^^' ^](
Itwtntitte'ife i»a elefeUve Ho«>&«f l%e^eseiit^ti:¥M*

■# li

\i

NfiTf JEllS6t; ' ' / *

.^^rfl^^'i^fs^y was fiHt <8etlled- by the Swedes 'itt
j|69|^^wiip;gwe it tlite BSine of A'e^ ^imcisfi, aiipei
^)ff]A^ tteee smaU' establishments, cftU^d^ CSIrvs-
fSayia, HebtHbhr^, and QotheMmrg jthey , howevet*,
^M^vn^iij^nvod ut anj cotaiif^ratkm, fthd iA 1655
f^^Amtiib^i^^ Biifek^ and iiii»)iporatl9

jli^ Mtto JB^i^« When iSie latter becaifie tb^
jinBiP^y/ofthe Ddke of Yorlifi; -be agaia s^rpi^afe^
Ilfffitr 'Sve^ea*- and *gif^n*ed, it to Sir George
t.QtpteiH^|,v atod^ Lofd B^Mjr^ Who gave it its pre<-
^l^i)^.- These (MTopHeto^ 49ld tbe'lalidi iifi
^ti^il^ ^. j^rfent diiiitofiioDs^ t6 the behest bi4-

<)V ' '" «i kS galitie8»

n

• • • 1 ♦

gaUtieU, and these thejr ceded to, the, agira ,/|.
1701^ wl^ii the province reic%ived;,a Stuml^, d|^-'
irtoimeiit to tlnat of New York. . . ' „,

I ' •

MARYLAND. ^ ' '^

The penecutbn the. ctthoUcs experienced in
Bnghndf towards the rad <^ the reign of Chailes
let induced Lord BiQfkiorA, a peer of that per«
•ikaaiony. to seek for liberty of omacieuce in Ange-
lica, and he fixed on that point yet unoccupied b^
Iteropeans, between thie Dekware and the Potow* '
Black; <>f ^cfa he received a grant from the
crown : but by the death of this nobleman, tbo.
cJDecutibiv of the plan devolved on his son| who
qintted England in 1663, with 200 catholic Ya^ ^
sdlies, many of tiien\. of distinction.

' TTfce territory they intended to occupy was pUr*
chased from th^ Indi^ns^ and received the ^amc
of Marylfmd, in honour of the queen of Charkai L ,
The Uberai principles arising from the superior
education of the first colonists, induced them to ^
make |[^l3gious toleration the basis of their govern-
n[^ : in consequence of vi^ch, and their oovl^.[
xiHiatory manners towards the Indians, the. colony '^
WAS already in a flourishmg condittoh at the d^w j^
4E)f Cb^es L Cromwell deprived Lord j^thd^
of the government and property of the cdonjr? j
windfr'>were restored by Charles II. bvt ; -^ *'*^
wiesfcd from the family "by James II. 'Wi
t^btiited them in the property and pro&ii'p

1 ...'.• ^ »rf #1

UKITED STATES 07 AMERICA*

• _-

183

gDvemment oDiy^ their religion renderijig,. ikw\
indfigible to the functions: on the^r becoming.
protestantSy thej were idso restored to the latter,
and until the revolution^ the governor continued
to be apfpointed bj the .family, but with the ap
ptoval of the crown*

4«

V

PBKSTLVANIA* <

Tlioiigh the territory at present named Pen- ^
j^yanisi was originally claimed by liie Dutdi^.>
as a part of the New Netherlands, it remained un^ ^
settled by any Europeans till 1681, when William
Fen, the most celebrated of the then newly spnu^ ^
up sect of quakersy led thither a colony of haul ,
countrymen and brethren. JThe fiither of Pen .
bad been an Admiral in the En^^h service. Mad
bad been employed by the Protector, and the two ,
last of the Stuarts, in several esqpeditions, in con« ^
ducting which he had made considerable pe^
cuniary advances to government, which it not ,
being convenient to repay, he was ofieredtas »-
compensation, the vast extent of territory in Ame^-;
rica, which forms the province that bears hi$
naineJ * The Acbniral accepted the grant, but
dying '^shortly aJfler, lefl the execution of his_.
design to Kis son, who determined to found a co#
loqy pn the purest principles of civil and religions ,
fifiertT. Ite soon collected 2,000 persons, ehieffy
€l^ lis^bw|) sect, with whom he sailed ftom £ng»
Jaod a^d landed in the Ddaware. PieUj not quite
' "" kS satisfied

m • ■ # f

Britj^ King ga,ve him, tcy'\ cemit^. dii^Wy^SS?

copied l^j^vpim, . entered into a i^e^qiUJioii VHtf

ftie India^si, 4J)d ^onclufl^d a bargaii^,: b^ >i^9l»

iifij cede^ to him all' the hfiiB'i^ iailh^l

l^ough this bargain was entirely in favouj: 6£ ^flj8v

purchaser, who, taking advantage of fhe^lgik^

ranee of the savages, dictated his' own prfAfe;

wliicb bore no proportion to the value of W^

cession^ it was suflfcient to quiet "the coiiscienflObs

Vcxt^les of thCi b^neyolent quaker, and^ enittlM

hhpa t6 proceed toihe establishment of the cold<i^.

fpee from all remorse.^ His laws were^ as might be

^8:pected &ot9 9ucb principles, founded on the

unalienable, rights of maii^ the liberty of coi^

sc^TC^, ifjipartial justice, and security of prp«

jph^y. . .For though he established the hereditaiy ,

government of the colony in his ownJ&mfly^*^

-.Wt it out of the power pf his successors to iMUt'^

je^e in the legislation, by confiding the la^Uff^lto*

* the rppresent^tives of the people, choseti Wf^Sk*

^cret ballot^ to prevent corrupt canvassing// Tfte.

^reeinent of the majority of this assemfiiy^^Mift

sufficient to en^ct a law ; but that of tt^mfiflb.

^ was necessary to impose a tax. The ItoffSAft,

^ distributed in lots <rf 1,000. acres, to ftitti^Vlux

.,; sum received a grant in perpetuity bf ififfy^i^
* fbr each member of a femily, at the *aimtif«a6iit

;Iir 'order/ 4gr^iiltrodwe a. j^i^ijal l^sj^/'d^^

' " 'La dustry;

UNITlpPL SZKtJU^ OV . 4MBRC A* 1S|

If^ftrj^ HrVi^ dtMME:t6d| ^aArmei^ phSd, c£ vhati
^/^^qwJJLbf.c^^ shoul<^ at /die.i^ dt
tff]ii*^ 8^^ V ptofewion; aiifl to ^iieoI|

}flifgf^p/Qp^ arfaitc9tors.,w6r9 appointed in e(^ei3^
4<i^jiC^* 9^ k was strietly fotUMea to kc£i^
^fgr-^peps^nary. reeo^ for pleading ^n tb|»

j^^fH^^aC jiuMice.' 6uc& dniple and jiiit t9gik
l9§^i«p CNpiJd.iiot &il of the d»ired eil^^ md w
x;fpdu^gfy;ihe i^n&oc^ df the new coloii/wai fxea
^bcpi^ 1i|ii^ eoDTilbions and diMtfKttioni whidiionl
Ipfpeopalhe more andeat onesy and ap long re*
IfudM their pirogrdM .

f • •

l%e ooloDizatkm . of the province of GeoigifM
rj^fai^miij^ Gooaidered as a dependanOe df Caitiiii^
.q^fs;' pomiQeiiGed by the benevolence of an. in^^
Q^tnji^i^y. vhd bequeathed hia fortuna to ibeieVi^
.jjf IQsqlMVft debtors* Government seeing ho bejb
< Jkif wa^ of . aecompliahing this ^nd, than' that of
pftfp^g the peraons rostored to liberty^ uid'wno
^f\iff^ j^ ,iutm in England^ to&teekaa

^}^f»imt\sij^^ in a country 'Whose soil was jel
of^^asii^r ^ oiltivatiany granted an add&idn 'of
n^^^<y)0:,to the beqpiest^ wlucfa was stifi faitW
^1 jffif^yfMid by », coBsidaraMe private sn^onptip^ii^
gc^ .^f opdent: &ind being obtained^ Gane^
iS^lii^^pffB^ V^ entniated ^Ith the executlov^
Ae plant r, . >^ '.

//TlB,:b " k* first

flat eolodiita, eoBMBiiii^ o£ 100 petMfti^:
lG>iuided the town a^^gnlaaak. The teHkuwaa^
feu 491 ]ietson8 were sent out si the aiftease of
«lMi^to^ «Mtil«l7 Who- pddV4lflrft ^^MJJieJpfaMs ;
giiii li lt» "die <«blaiAte'w«|ft ^«iai>tjii«h«f>iiiK^
dMMseA fey: 1MB*' l!^ilBttd6n^%bir^<i«(«ivM^<»
fmnt df kod«n iitt bMib>of tti«iAh(taiMll«i;<iiift
^tfttdilisiii'of • cMbndfBg ^hetikM^eiii of the^ ealMBf
igii4i6^4^ Sfttatanlc «& Fleitda. ■ Mi»»' thl^
AiJuidiA itlw toiro ef < DsHen. • in <A»viaafym^
' a[<«6Uridflnble- nuaritOT of ^protestaaito, tfiivMi imi
StttsbottTg in OeramAy ^yidigbM pcftcitMiiiiv
ihii to Geoij^a, and founded the tewn ef Ebflii*'
ftt^ &n the Savtmnah, sfacteen ieagi^'flem ^
xnouth. The edoay, however, in its infiaicy* In?
gdhdied itndtar ditteultiet both phytical and ttottl,
Ifew4nfe proceedhig 'Btam- the «iiniita, 'ii4ifidk!iNiF
fnatiy ajgamst any eomiderable a^MAcM: «a.Wii*
tiMtien by Sun^ietti^ and the latter aMWPfinar
ik».MbtM of iiie gomnnneBt, mA ^bt^yrm
tkoti d 1^ 'goyemon* The wh^ pvtre»«wiil
Crested in a ^w pi^prieton, wiw ^Mitcted' itkli
t^olattona as placed the colonisti ins stMl^
alteelute servtede t while tt^ itUakuiA fSom
tijffem t^vvni. of the privileges gViBtdd- to >4fc«
m^Mioumig - cotonies, m pattaoalur -''th»->.:^Mk
^ertiibn of dtevea and of nim« iblthft^MiMiy-Gtai
^mtaed» iimt -trwhi betaaae lesa epppjUwhinrrem
flie^iik90ntttitrtt«iBe to Mah ahaigfait^ tfeoitiD^M
pfitextmtoi, tsoM ifeMWMsaiy toiMih ttariftioi
pfietajy govemiritfBft, aad pat the ooioi^Mv^tfa^
ittig^iha<i|g^nffjthfit?Swti<hwii 'v u^tcurqoq 91U

•gnir'Dliot ••>•' i • .r.pWbOtB^^ (•'• ■■ '■•'.' i •' nnol

«iitr(brtNigi«%^Mleii4ed |p ^Hiclgpde «K tbi«

iNitMHitoipi. < TMH dMWtry vtiv « <w»'te««
i,kB»liiM!ii uhtn'iKd, ^iMo^i«^ by Jum fftMcriitft
iMii •« Ml% bttt' «M i««#Mte(l '4iilU i l«(Myt
ldi«lft4lit<iWiwlk liMga»t».4lwii<ad'» «««ll4«li%
thiitJHl> Jtom.'niuxit itM^ w4r* driven 4be £lA««ir
int jrotr hgr tl^ Spaaiardi, who ftu«d Ite
wib^ «f . to eoteipritnig ft nd^boor. ' - ^
Jdiaw SpUttrd* fonnecl their d^kf-eiUbUihiiwnt
<fci<>iA>gnrtin», but their piegfe^ wa»«xtce«iil^
4oy»/TUiilil<wM sot until 1696 tbajt V^nfine^
WkTbaodtck ■% tke peace of 1769 4)e pft^iofA
iatidC«daA;t#rGrMil Bntun* in eKc}»«!iget iSli
HMrHftwnph; «t which tine il9 popidatijim¥M
#4)^. QQO.ftMQM, who quitted the «okm^ m^
IgtiittlvtQr Ctthiu Unghuid divided the teolitoiqi
iBtff.t«<^ ptoviiutett OMiied East and West .F^
«il»,o:«afll Mpfwated by the ApalSfChicola,, $t«
flMttmtinn ftlmniniic the ctf«tal of t^,.f9flB«ie{b
MiAvAtoaMcda «f the laitter. r 7b« fic!}t-JS|#Al|
tli»nitfi..iieiifi'fri»cipaUy ^iis>>nBdiv1 . <ailBBpgt)>: 44¥|

wMmi §nbk • <te.' C«n)liaw . «ndf : :%ai!0^i . :#it4
the palliation wa <:iMltm0fii:il9>AA ^iifim.c.^
.z*/::a',:i Greeki

ChMlv^XMtt the Mi^em In 17^ pfc^. fl^«n-

bull* a caondGB^tieyfiVimlm M ^^mti ^fm
ceiving that this pseople ^9fJ^d; ,g\^ym^^f*»

4»4»ilMrk{4hQ«iirt#9diii^ Mil t^uolNNf'-MP

AmMEib.'VlMra dv^^ rec«ived soKMagst; 4^
«aj0q6»4icf»ft of hm^ .. Witilk. the ex<x#ti«a#tlr
tint wxbBMisy ftom. .€lpaiige./ofi..«lia)atak nhnpi
4HnjMioff «l»^t oiii» 4i|«rt«r o£ tbcir.iUipl^
<||ihi>ttmH* wa> •itcMNsAilt and th»<iw«kt<hi^jri

jitid.iiwb<«i,.iBhto in U^^ ]wtfa'Floiidtt^raf(|f|[*
.dllceil>4Qr. tfa» SfianianW llnd.e«lfiiiidMOo4i)«iP
•!» tha pm«t <rf" l7tt* • •• ^ •; ''-/ing'

* ■

• — - ., g

^^' - ■ ■ LOmsiAKA/ ' ■■ ■'". ••''■♦"<*

• Molte co«it» ^ Ike cowitiyt al pMMi» AMI
•IfctiaWiwii, me» <oonftidered by «h« (S|i«tlu0d^^
fMt ()f Iknd%btit ware 9ea«c«j^ ItnMlMk l&4lMHIf ,
•AMI Itfvwaft tw4 mtSt* 1600 thM tbe 'FMakiiWt<»i
•^m<niititm'»t^mmtf'^ tb« iMKans-^fartMlMiMg
'JMb€aaiidi^4iKaiiifl'a0|iiaiM«^iliii fMtoiMHlM

• V In

WS^ ia^ 'of eflMb^HiiiBi^ a i ceio*!^^' tile bvak*

drae-^eir* add ifo^ tWi pit^ Mjpaifod n

KMdb;Viffli€te»;li^^ uiidttMi:«f

mk kifverhttveni, said rahted a tewfolkrutt*, b» t^

^WbA^iibei^i^a^ aad fopebed tiM ealaMlsbi

Hj^'ttP'Fott 2iOi&, at the jucoiioti «f the lifi»

4<wH^ 'fttm'vlm&cefaeproc^ed^ doiMEi''th« uwnf

flP^^aaotA to- its - nKmlb. \V%eaf tfetandoig' 4*

9KttK9a'l» t;tootmce ia» dooovoy^ file gditrfn»

«»eiit acecntted hjm'fbar «nd vessels, iritfa Mi

j^jjriwm, compofledafaoMi^rs, mecliaaies, pritatt^

^ttid voaMyr qfihettmrti with irfiom he sailed frotfi

'^RodieBeiB 1684» but steertag toaftrtO'lh^

'weitvacd, passed' Ae* nDuths efthe KiouiMipi «■!

<i&iiiife^€ke'IandoifSt.Benttrd'aB«x. Ilereadi»>

'^fSbi tMBg between La Sffle tad «he tSbitf.

%ttAderof the ships, the latter deterthio^ id«C*

-^Mitei and ibe c^onists- who £Bose to M^4iid

ftmatlf, to ibe'mndMr of 170^ wer6 knded;> 4iM

Sblle emfiioyed sevien^ osenths in. enminiag tbe

thma which ftil mio the bay, Bome cf which In

siqiposed JDigbt .be brancfaea of the Miariisaipi}

hot being disappoutted in theief. hope* be de«

tnnuned to peneixate ioto.the intedoc, in scandi

fWMA ifl^Aats rtnineg o€ St Baited . and waaen«

«ga||l0t(iif ihis pitfBuit, whan in 1687 fasKinBiTaek

l—rfiimi4by^aome <tf lii» own^p^apia. : > i; ,•

i«y4W 4atth df «luir chibf dNttto^inf ' all !«*<

SMHteato-zaHMM^' jm- lhIle>irat^'.soBao woe Air;

ntiwini^ k^iJdidMB^ >i<ifti» ABay^antai tha .Jfaadf

«£ the SpaiMtei '.ftiiBi^d <lwi-ldnyni»t)iBMiriJMt

f^^ of

they .had fori3eie(i^ massao^ nil thoKs «tlMi|r Ibvni'
ip it \ 80 lihat ais; ia^vkliuib Mlly^ . tiC the: 17^^
Reaped to the country of the'ifliiuiub ftt^^hanor
found thdr vfzy to Caoada. • .* : >

'After this unfortunate attempt^ iM'MUuip^r
was neglected till l69^ whei^ Ybeibille, a FvMHtt »
i^val '(^cer» recalled the attenlJDn ^ hia|^tm*»-
snent towards it, and waa bimadf tent out miAi^
two vessels^ and a few cQ&oittitS| widi wbom-'ltt i
first aiicendtad the river, and eataUffihedia port^
at the Natches ; - then ^gaio deacendoig, 'be fteeift
the remainder of the pegyle at BHoad, on A«r ntH .
cdast of the river's mouth* Two feavs -aftetv '
firiesh oolbnii^ Mriving, the port )(if fiSkni^w^w-'
riBandpnod on apcoant of its steriUtgr, and tie-eat*^ s
bl|shn\c;nt fixed at Eort Daiq>hm» llearftitt^flMuAi^K
of the Mobile. ' ; -m .-

lie death of TberviUe in V7QS, again tMMft^'i
tbe total n^^ct of the infbul colony, 4Biili'^dl0-^
greater number of the people al>agdciia<h^i|i;^-^
twenty-eight familief only reaciabwig.a a^riafeb'^
offOiiseiy in 1719| when Cxoaet, a.private^mei-
dian^ received a grant of tibe vast aovntty \ HtCii^
tered Igr the Missisaipi, and wihiahaft.^he'Mpll^^
ditioo of YberviUe Jkad ncaived:tbe asnw ^i^3l

Loumam^ . , • • ;? m-. *j wua

lilie avidity of Croaet iCMsk^ tiae laaaiei>aff i^ >
aB liii} schemes, a 1717 hescdd faia gntit4Dll#d^
M^9S«m Gompanyf ^Cbe xcidbotid ^ IdwifM^ob
poi^ bymeana^^^ to psy sdi^V^

m "^ fiikuiae^ vaiMlJttlgMr^^

ponibly

r

ifutintk Aicttn 0tf^e' nsme time ntide in the pub-
Ue^:peil4itMre$ iNit lieiiig ol%ed ^o ^o find
mgBi^.tad mfttM of cdhtinuing to supply the^
enormpus extntvjptgance of a ficentioos couitp he
^If^.'iiMdM the ntfstwnty of having recoune to alio*
thmrtsohene ) and iSie Misamipi opportunely of**
SvmA'. itidf for liie purpose. Joan Fonoe da'
heom^ inlii^'viiit to Am^cai tiot Auiing the niL '
ue^cm ipriag he sought for, indemmfied hi^o*/
setf iior the Asappointmentt by the pretended dis«
etHMj of ywihaiitribte sunes of the predpus^^
iQlrtiiia^ which he named the mines of StBarbej '^
b|^;wi8^' leaving their ntuation undetermined^ .
ilMf ware aought for m various positions v^thput. '
suetffw by die S^Mmnirds for thhty years after^ ;
sudvUcaegeneniUy foigotten, ivhen Law reyived
tbp remefflbrance of them, and persuaded tbo;
pflHrilfSfff f nmoe> that they were rediscovered iti
Littiiiaim ; and in order to give authenticity '' to
th^ aasMkiMv nuners were sent out to cpmrnence
w«iBQgif and trpofa to protect them.

JSimi «4brvefG«ice tbat tiiie strat^ggem produced^
tpuWjy 4b»9wple of France of all classes, was '
^n^^p^Mtonishing, and the Mississipi beqaniie {he '
|c%|t oenter of the viewi^ the hi^s, and tlie de- .
^res of seven-eights of the nation. A fpmpany^ '
calftd^.tht Western Company, was chartered, a&4
Mit»<itihad^ existed a year, the shares ' hiad f
dpiil^.thar enginsl valu*. The (ihiefpersqtts^ ^
ofAitkxi^g^sm niitits of land to tW |^

^uliiv.'i of.

dragoons; Other cdomsts^d^Mb^ WCtMsefttiun^
Sf^iiiisimS^ mA CfetttUfey, wc^ Mmhkak^iClia

S^^Mi dB*mvii; -where littOsatids -4fi4bMi#
fidMiei oTImnger and diti^, ilttifflg<feAf($«lf9
vnt ^iS'^port ^nas re&iriecL Al^ litogdi'ttd'Mil^
sttiVfl^^OkMlonea tH» gAit« -dP^iiiif >«oM|ii&

Myed'thfr dty <tf*J^ewOriean8. • • ' •''- '•' ' **»
'^ ^'-j^opU oT'f^dce had by «i{» ^li^ a^mH^
fl^i^ie»gol»eit Hi'efimVtH^- ^9^ie»orSt. ittJIft
W«Hi'*cA>1^^^'be adbibWlMged' tiod;«!KMiMl9
JBtiMm^ifh fh(;m ranisft^dairfliefliAaiottt <tMflna
«*featei'''Ehd.vtei7 htaie <»P«fe' !rff8aiiii«^i
ii)k^nteb^-4na- it- w^ only-in: tlie-^ilsMli
MliM-^ «%Mu6If iha^' ftesh' cbltfnistft ttotttd 'M
Ibtikfr' • jftecordingfy, sereral 8hi^4bs(ii!fe of Mmi
itttd^i^MstreuteffSvere^sentottt; mi^lSte ')hiai»i'V»
^iMhg^ VFifencli^^rar; beoitittf bOoek<liroi«dir
and good motKei^ ttrtKe^ony.* * * • • " >'^

Population or richer was ' very sRrw tirf^tef <lprtitti*
^oq^oP'Hhe company,- wln«H Uate^iiaMw;
ivfte«4{ Uabqdtti6d4ts cfiarter to tli« ^HfktH'iK^
im mmacite dt tife'colinjr th» dii9arM «i«rfllf

'Wk^jiMi '■' •"' •'• ■ " •■■ • '•■•'••''••" H-v .-hiflf"
' ^ ^d(tei''<«e ibyal' ^eniinditi&e'cdiMy,4IMld

Colonists: iir 1769:-(w]leil^it^)ea8 cede^i t^rSj^i^
MSmg^ i5urf ^^WHBf* tmSvalf w^vi 'w^Mmc^ nr
'*^v* indigcv

4pi»iiW«ne>1Vqirtb.in|ii«.u> ;;./... <.r ni !/. ...r^
4|»«9|ol4rr.,^MIlllifmt avt:ikii«UllM» in. 19^

tetMnni Mbii rwiw fw wii fii«?i_ ■■iriiWriiif tin

^^rm of aQy but Spflnii>;»^>ai1fciH|[<l|tf<^
of the colony. This prohibitiQD, t<)gether lyith
«||wr aoto^ ojipressioii^ {produced a rising of ^e
flcAMistSk who obliged UUoa to quit the cplon^
fft.tlM» same time that they sent deputies to FxauQ^
1» temotmiXBU against the cession. These refjre?
amtatioiia were, however, of no avail, and Spaix)
iMUt 9nt OreiUy to assume the government, vl^q
jl^v^g received a force of 3,000 men at Cifb^f
anifie^fit New Orleans in I769, and immediiateljf
jQip^: twelve of the principal colonists^ whp ha^
1mm inylr^niental in sending away Ulloa, to be
executed for disobedience to the orders of the
£|MMMlh:gQVe?nment, although they bad tal^en. no
49tg$gBnWtf, whatever, to that nation. . .
tGCl^Jidgrj i3)e restrictive colonial regt^^tiops^ qT
l^»i(ii IiOMisiiuia languished in a state approachkig
^ miieiy, until 1778, when ite coipsftwcja vf^
laid open to all the subjects of Spain, j^v^j w^n
4hirlF?«i^b West India Mand^ WF® Fpn^ttes^ to
Ifixuftft jtp timber and prc^riaa^a.W

ni iamsfimoKowtwna^l^ fSf^n^-

I .

gtwB <ti fntpmtyf wfae&iil 18Q8» IViMS>(lwPhf
lireviottify sold tiie province to tltt UoileA flltlMS^
obliged Sptin to cede it to l^rt end eAar tridef
e nonintl pfMttdboi put it lAto the heodi ef
^^f^ Stfttes* ^kft this ce9iioo» the pdoptstioQ
t7^5QO tifaititi ud I7fl97 Mgfoet» Tbe
iHffMff rf tile €oieti|r jTBinwited tit fioftott) dotteie
per emkiUDt wlule^e rwrtlptf ef 'die cuifcnii*hdiiei^
•tNevadeetti^ the ontf leieinw eCtM poopwM^

\

J

« -f

c i

« 9*

. 4

•iT •

r ft-1 •.« ii. .•'I

]|0{iUl 4- '• .. . ". .'^ .. 'J .. \ /

^".tjjiltfo STATES OI.AJVfERIciA. /

»^% ft • ; • '^ • » * ■•■.'•••,♦ c

"*iWfc territory of the TJnitea AnaerJcan "Stated
ly&tt^nced at the "RiVer St Croix, in kfitucle''45^i
fHe-'AtlAitli^ ttaifitipie ^tes are, ;'\ * ^ * ^ ' ' ;'

Maine^ New York,

^ |.New Hampsbirpf New Jersey, Yirgioiai
-fii J Massachusets, Delaware, North Carolina,
^ I Rhode Island, Maryland^ South Carolina^
I IConnecticut Georgia.

The Atlantic region of the United States pre-
sents two grand fornfi^tions, the granitic, and the
vandy ; the first extends from thp Rjver St Croix
to Long Island, in whiph space the coast i^ com^
posed of elevated granitic masses, with rwaft con-
i^ected with t}ie continent.* Froqi LoQg Island
to the south, the coast is invariably low, nearly
level with the water, and entirely composed of
aea^sand, which e;(tends a considerid>le way inlandt
and 18 covered with pine and other resinous tre^..t
The whde of this extent is also lined with qfmd«*
kimkt and low islandsy between whiph afid tb^

voi^ TVp L continent

• Hbeycnianls ofe^peCodiftlieMlycxccytiosto tht gnuiitic t^r*

I

■Wflcin^ beias<tfctiycoBH>OHd<rficiiMiJ, bwmghtliythtgnlfatiWBn.

SiFVMCt.

continent is an interior nav|Ra^on for ^mfJl s,
almost without' intermission from

• • 'extending

Chesapeak to the promontory of Florida,^ an^
doubling this point to the Mississipi^ or even to
Vera Cruz, ^ . . jr,<

jTimM ^ The next general feature in the Atlantic re«
~* 0ion, is the great number of its rivers, whjca
fiave their sources in the ridges of mountains,
that lay parallel to the coast at tlie distance'*^^
itfty to .250 miles. These rivers* ^re distinguisn-
ed in'om those of eveiy other great" region of the
globe by the direction of their .courses, fqr in*
J ^ stead of following the vallfes between the moling
tains," they cross the ktter at ri^ht angles, fiijd-
niig^ their way to the sea* through narrow chasips;
afler pas^ng through which, and surmounting
^ b^ ol* ^r«t»i<^ l^hat servea as a l^se^ to ^i^
l%^oti, bjp fklh tiere or fees high^ they cross v^
their ceursi*' t^ the sea a flat alfcmon plain > Avfer^-
they espaiKl^ irlte^ sheets of* waf ei-, giving to* tKc?
CMst, partieuferly towards the south,' the aspect
of a 60iU(imi€d eham of liakes, within a cfiaitt oP
i39Mdi». ^ t^ coasts' of Carolina, Georgia,
and flofida, Ae 'isftind* liave been- evide»61y
fiklned by an irruption of the sea, f&eir aiicietrfr
umen^ to^ the 'contine«* being proved By^ tt^ip
thinks o^ ti^B of the same sp^ciesr as tftww* mt^
tifiieit Odi t)^ kt^ ftrnid bnried iW ^e j^^a
wheb properly drauied, these islands af'e ffetmg
eminently fit for tji^, jgi;odjLictiqn of ii)j|Jia?..^Uji
cbttoB* IClbeuz iMUikeHai qb. ^sAmsx coasts are ppofr
poSM (rf^a fine hcaft sailRf, wftfdx resists {heaii

tacka

t}N^^'^li''J^'iil OF AMERICA. \vt

ace Ikfesied by rsitUeaoakes and ' other sei^ni^
The ^^.^If^l^oQDs zmd mtcehes within theo^t^
yqfWjpedt wi^ rnHim jftuiii% as salicbr, barilla, &c»
XM chtoaala into t^a laipoons are named Sounds.
.un'ace futf of fiib^ oUefly mullet, whiting, ^oidm
&^ nyky slup jacks, sea trout, bass, 2cc. 0)^a>
clasna, arab% apdl ' prawns, are equilly abu&#

3^'

IW hajB of the . United States being separated Mwiim^
l^bm each other by narrow strips of land,, by "^
euttiiig thnoAl^h thtei 4a interior navigation may
W formed^ at. inconsiderable expense, from Bosr
fbia to Geoigia« The first of these canals would
\m fiom the harbour of Boston to that of Rhod^
]bland, a dist^^aoe of twenty-siy miles ; the second
fepm tbe Bapton Biver to the Delaware, twenty^
juglit nrilea ; the third from the Delaware to l4o
CfattajTflat, twenty- two mi&a ; and the fourth from
Ihe Chesapeak to Albemarle Sound, ako twentpr*
two miles. Supposing this navigation to be comt
|iBl;ed» ^. veaadl fcom Boston passing tfaraugh thQ
caoal to Rhode Island Bay, and from thence
tiixoi^ Xong Island hound and the harbour of
i^em Yprkf. would reach Bnmswick, m th$
]ffisrjj^ and from thaace through the second
«fl»al to Tif»te«i> on the ])elawai:et wftich she
woJili descend to Newcastle ; fi*oia hence th^
li»Kd canal would be cpt to theBlk River, which
^i&a into tha ChasiapeaL Descending thia bay
^'' * 1-2 and

MtmiAW

148* * MAUiriME GfiOGRAPHY. *' *

and ascending Eirs^abetli Uiver, ''the. vessel would*
pass through ' the fourth canal ' into Albemarle
Sound, and by Pamlico, Core, and Bogue Sounds^
site woijld arrive at Swainsborougfa, iit North Ca*^
rolina. Prom hence an inland navigation con*
"timies, bu£ with a diminished depth, through
Stumpy and Toomer Sounds ; and by cutting two'
narrow necks, both hot exceeding three miles,
the vessel 1 would arrive in Cape Fear River, and
thence, by a short run along shore, she would
reach the chain of lagoons, which lin6 the Caro**
Una, Gorgian,' and Tlorida shores already no-
ticed.

Hie navigation afforded, or whi(ih may be
opened by the rivers of America, is not of lessf
consequence* Five of the , Atlantic rivers ap*
proach the St. Laurence and the lakes of Canada,*
>nz. the Penobscot, the Kenebeck, the Connie*
ticut, Hudson's River, and the Tioga branch of
the SUsquehannah. In the three first ' or New
England Rivers, no other meliorations have been
yet made than some short canals to avoid tlie falls
of the Connecticut

The Hudson affords a tide navigation for vessels
of eighty tons to Albany, l60 miles above TSfew
York. Nine miles above Albany the river divides
intx) two branches, that retaining the name of
Hudson taking a direction to the north, and the
Mohawk to the west ; the fitst approaches Lake'
Champlain, and the second by a canal of one mile,
and a half to Wbod^s Creek communicated with
Lake Oneida, and this lake witli Lake OhtarI61)j^

Oswego

Vsmp STATJ(0 OF AXERICA. l^^

Qiyfego JRiyer.. From this riyer. there, is a com* ^J^*-
mun jcatipp by. die Seneka into lakes Cayuga, Sene-' "^ '
ksL^ and Canacja^ue. Several larg^ boats are em-
pldye4 ^9 this navigation, and a schooner of sixty
tons IS in constant activity on lake Senekfu*
^ .;The .Susquehannah is the largest river of the
Atlantic, region of the United States : it is navi^!^
gable with the tide to its falls, near Havre de
Grace. By the Tiqga and other confluent river^
oa the east it approaches lake Seneka, there
being only a.short jK>r/iJ|g'e, or land carriage, anc)
the Seneka communicates nearly with Idke On-r
tario by the . river Genessee. By ^e Juniata^
an4 other ti;ibutary rivers on the west, the Sus:
l^uehaimaji : aj^proaches the. Alleghany,^ one of
the grand branches of the Ohio, which is itself a
gr^nd branch of the MississipL

It.liasbeen projected to unite the waters of the'
Atlantic with, those of t^e Gulf of Mexico, by
lock, ; canals. ^ across the mountains, joining the
Potomaq with the Monongahela, the James with
the Kanhaway, and the Santee with the Tenessee.
The difficulties and consequent expenses of the
complete execution of these projects are, however,
very great

'Xhfi Potomac, which has its source in the AU
\ L 3 leghany

'^'^ A MdAdetMe oommevciAl infeiPeoune'tt ptetwi inbiSsts between'
Nrir .Ydtk «b4 New Orleaas by. aootlier. route. ' Th^ mecqMw^ize ascend tbt
Hudson aud Mpfaawk to lake Oneida, from whence they descend by the river
dM^egb itito \sk€ Ontario ; they then hits (MiTeyed by land carriage alon^
t^V99ks< oC "tlba Niagara to lake Erie, a»d Avm th(» lake by another Jaad
tmxIminZQXhit Allegh^y and Ohio.

^' jtaqytiff^ it^df inlo: thb> CipMipflUi: li^ ftitteuilKitf'
seven siiles wide, and nanoufklg^lfe firet-f^cottbctft
,elie mile at Wariniigtoih - Ttodbflfa^iAiiiteyiaiK
jur» difnioishing from stmm Ath&uA'M AWuunA
?to#m ftiiiCHM at Se. 6eof^e, Artff'«t-*Al<Mc«MUi»
,jiifl tlffee at K^riiin^toii^ * The iiaiyijga^cm^n^ tiwb
l^rtt^ dty i^uniiflpedtHH ln!id 4^' opMi i*ttt«Mi»
«diis, the river never ifeevfig. 'iA ifeil&^^ltom
Wariiiii^tott, ^oe fargr foeft Mnts nfi^ia 'the #riii>
^e of the rivfer^ aiid tlie ctHmneb •ci MdkwlB
are obstructed b^ wnd-iiMkB, «ad mte -Miy^ip^lMh
'tkabte trf iangtoatei nUok can aMaodJ^tathe^fi^
Ife jRiJb/ iisc miles Aom WaaWa|mt i hei* *<iNf
^Mterinto H^Mtal two ttileB^tliid^ Wf 4a«g^ 'M4
«b»9v ibe AHb «ga&i tinier «hel4u«i» ^iifii4i^^
awenS "to the GramA 9Ms^ ^tven ctfftiB Ik^ghwh
TKe^ leo^h of' these fkVUf ih a ttfte aM* « ^|««rftEtf>
•and"^l3fa petpendictila# 4lesJbetife -4mreiitj^4iiE>4KNllb}
,^y are avoided' by^*4ca]iaU ani'diiovie^lMpMli^
tii^ iM taiiim{NMled by aiiy '(olMMMtiMi'Vb gilwiiHi
land, 'iiear 400 mHeB frona WMUagMI^ dHcCft
Ae Tivef Is agatti cfOssed by ftik, «AHMi%tis>4|^
lehded' to asirmd by a imA by -»Meiby :>Fi<fh(||iPi
exctptiesi of about fifty miles of laedriciMricigBc^
tiavigatiott ifllbe opeofed t04te ^BWir^£.3k^MH^
:i^ the rivers Cheat, Mehiongahela, Ohio, anci
Mississipi, and also, with the exception of a few
castyiog |)laoe8, with lakes Skie, Muren^ Mit^Hi^

IS the second river pf Americail!Ea^rti%4'is'8<^i(^^

lkiiihe>aidf 4or K«iBtt^ ia latitodE 19^^

if|jiwiHfgi3Miiite^-A^wriiid ilanda. Two t>f ^
.«iiMHlit4ff0<d%1lt4biriM^ Md the deepe*
^liiy i|>ir4eaiib dt* iWWIlfeto IKIeWftet ; ad flnt,
■Mkjfcl4i>Tte -4tfWin^, "WlMitMi river is swoBen,^
^PllMl# 4iif 4to tirfft '4Mly 'dm ifiOMd i6 IStftt
CUearii. :i|teiih^ IMtese chaimebr aebo dterieft^
iBNrfli^) faMMg ha4' it is i»id/det>th fat v&^

^ 1<^ iMigoeg fawfr tkte aea tto ri^
vjMb iaague^'ifeMifeif * w "tiMtiiy 4» !faMy !bf!li<M«

wviNHidity viniitii6' MMm awii^iftwiB aanniMi

<i>wir4fca' ii^jima »(i* lifaiA«4 #e 41f6 .riglR;

■# lliMdMi 4hA iniMii (A«fie4ltft flie ffiti:*

iiimifclttt><N)x ^mrt St Lde?»> » ani^. .

'iMVff fr'4¥fr^(.A^ rirer is twaed hj tU ivfUii^'of tbe snovA ip. the

B«itb, aod it is higlicst in April and May,wh«D the stream runS^igbt or aine

Kitei an hour io the narrow reaches, and three miles in the widsit* Th«

(m^tM 4imMt^i$iif&k!a»t m tMnMM, ti^toi the wrenl IsjKaroa

jmep^blft. Tlie ot^ranea of level at New OrteftBS \9 fl^Mn^ sixteen

S'4-' ( f ♦

-The Oliio^s^eod4rftnaifh« vfmmmmihkif4Ai^
AiiegMuiy/ztdge;. and i^((ifMA g£ fke^M^u^^
ixtd Mooongabirta itiserib :who»e^tiobk)nwatiPit^

Fort; Jei^f ton,.f in 37^^. nft^r a^ tOrttfmiB fGMirtfefiii
iMir^,000 miles, iliMii^gHoutwhiob it.id mtvigiiile^
ei^cept ia ^amtoer at the rapidi \ of- JLoiaisiHtt^
MUtted by< a bed of calcareous, rosks^ "whi^h .£904
nierly retpined the^ waters in an immense lake» the
i>ed of /wfakh. is still, easily to be^traced* ^Tko
CNiio^ receives many considerable rivdrs^vas. tha
Idaskingham, the $ciotO| South Miami', and, Wia^
Imi6)i on tlieright» and the Kanhaway, KeiitMkey,
Cumbeijland, and Tenessee on^the left.
.; AtKttsburg on ^the Ohio, 2,i80milesfTp*i*Ndw
'PrleaiiBj vessels of 350 to dOQ. tons ate buiit,.and
$^t ^,m .the .spring, loaded with .flour . ,to . the. poftli
ef the United States in the Atlantic* . The m^
ghtipn)uptuards from New Orleans.to Pittsl)ui;g:ls
iftily prac^ti^le by boat^, on account . of . the eiir-
vent. r, They,. use sails,, oars, poles^ and^-sre, abb
'tracifidit where the banks .admit, of it« / A l<Mk]ed
l>pat takes iforty^five ,to fifty days in a^ndsn^^ib
'Mew Orlquis^to Pittsburg, and , twetity^ejqght dijtjfa
in'^retiHtitBg ). but alight canoe* may accomj^Mi
; ibe ' passageMOp. in twent^ . to twenty^e, days» , tiMl
;t!Aitdown in fifteen to tweQ^. •

Ibe descending navigation from Httobmg to

'i/M •»

^ :^ 9Ki8fdls»^RUe]to«i«flMiWaicaiAedbyta«^ i

-It. t, tvP"*^ ^ *'>*■* ♦• i ,^

«%midMlMI» irtiiah :bttiflg tioabte, to f etum d^aio^
thetttMin^.aK .braheixvup «t New Odemv dnd^
tiiek condiiCtors. M&vki for. the j&J;laatic pcirti^
I^Mft wlrnied diayiietiira by land to Ktt^urg^ \
.'.Jliifoiildbewsy to ooimMl thawfttora cf th»
Ohio witb those cf lake £rie» by joiDSBg. the Gay^
iiga, vliichiaUs ioto the lake* wftli MuskiiighiuP) '
a.'tffibcitary oi the Ohto> these riVer» appcoachtog
etfdi othec withm aiK nuleis; also by the uMe^it. of
the Sandusky afid SeiotOi th^ fy^mw\^iwtkiMg
4&.tl» lake^.and the latter in the^ Olitoi. 'T^
Koftbem i^iami, which also empties itseJf into tk9
lake, may be. easily united to the Sputhern Miafni^
#njtx>.tbe Wabash, >oth confluents of tine Qbio.
; :Jt.is also:easily possible to form, a navigation
#Qia .the Illinois to lake Michigan, by a aia^
^Mplfih^m the farmer river to the Cbikaoo* whiph
JSg^ii^ikudMl^^f.oT by.uniting the Fox river^
.l^ch; alaq empties it^^ into the lake^ with the
<£|^9$<VD^Qgf whose confluence with the Missjy»8if«
.i9^)ii\l%^tud9 40^ k A canal of twO: milep w<H^ld
^flfffi^^ ^fi eomiPHnication. , But the^simgl^t
<>apmioiuucatioR between the lakes of, Caoadf^: and
ilQidC; of Mexico is by the small li^e C^taufi^gue,
hMK tbfi S»£i»of the lake Erie, and only feight mi|#s
diat^ty from which; issi^s the Conowango,:one of
^-j^j^i^fitiesrof the A^^ navigable in all its

The other principal navigable communications
lliat magrbe dfecied awi ilw union <rf*the Tenessee
with the Tombigbeei <me of the branchcfs of the

Mobile ;

jwwaW Mobflc^ ttnd'fth liitter rivet with'tiie'-Ait&ffMAii
'^■^' MnehwotM obviate ihetedioitt atid<dittcl]M'Mfl4l

ffltaoaoMiad tke •peninsula of MoricUu " >■>> ni
.< '^i^eeastg of «heNew England SiMM>>'U4'^
general low, a»d in taatky pkc6s Mftdy «tfid>llll%3(
iMft tlie ridges cfiri^tHA billtf jtreseeaiffibiil Umisau
M^^ <Fhe distnet^ IiCaiiib^ imluiled in- the gomit»
*^ inent 9i ^MMsftciiU80ii> (is neputtted. ftvn ;tlte'|M^
viode «f ^w ^ninswidc l»y %be ri^«r StvOioikji
Mfd'tftttttkls on the soo^ to BiscmnfHi livMb fltt
tMNtt afc'WwlMrViitfftr liw llie {^e^ttfcamky «€ rtlA
- «Ml^tkllt<cbV«M the rfMre» and f«r liraviitt difiiide,
i«>ili<H<toB- floD^'eastttm iiaysis Unity iMt*j ' '
^ ' mte ]lllM%al bays of t^is district ai«,.i^iMMWIL
qiilid^ JWt^y noticed } Maehias, on wiiMb ll^'i
•Hl«lt%<%o*« of the eatne name'; I^MibiMt^
mmny* vHke&miAf^, ii$th 'WHtty isjkttds,- the4ai«gtll

|{IP#1nch, 'fltmiuA -L6if^ Wwid, ifc tif^MNi •Mites4(M|[
iMt^tfgH, ^gmfeo#iiimt#iiMM ^idi«%aitih<MMif

tife%u} iiilft«lh» <ei»wtn ^ fmo^scttt tM' €M«la<4
ilMt 'Atf 'ii^ HftHT ^uobscot) whiob fiSlk iHmcf"^
9lif,'*Wi^^mllk^ of4li»^iBe>watet>, «» e«ig0lP^4l
thriv4ll|^**?n. ' uoi

'' ''iBikJ(HptWlt-^»»r'ft»ftfc at jfe'ttittath lhe^0oSlm*
Wmmdf Wi^ctmit, aAd i« navi^le twefftt^flm
8^dahot:k Bh^ =t<ecieives the ^n6i4«^l«-: itm
K;erih(Ate^k, fttt^iUCftr ¥eafc<afr»f U WliWi'foliy
miles. At the head of the tide water h Jliini
*4B;iftWi«h»g40Wh; -rniioO

fihnifjg' «isf^ie*e^»int-i^ -firff ' ISirg(l6«<W(5giJtei' «»
'^ intersperse^

ttWir^hsef iown of the didtricU is <m a ptfint of lud "^
in the bay, with aime/porti^ at ^wboite ankislice is ^
li0M4Ia^a(u The popoliAln^ in 1805, was ^iODOu
]K#f#<H:^ is a ibciviqg 45wn ofi thia Sioy.
t: jg«o0 iUv6r 'ia awiigslUe far fehips to its falH aiil
4n^ from the 3e». flKidefitod^ oa this triver, eiKi > r
|Kiito,agpeattqii«N^y cfJiiinbflr. YoricIWBfaa4
mmi^ 4)600 ^BbabitAita^ «k is iitwted on Yafk
^T^r« ^iiavigaUe for vessels of ^0 AcHM aw

. ; iEihB. atttle «f Ne^ £[aiDpatiire has jiut .aixJeigwai j<b» jr««^
of coasts 'vn ythich ikMt are ^eiimral ^eoneafot^&An^
JBgfrpata^ bot the only hartjoiir far ifaSpa^ tlw): of
Rarataipia, »at the uktranaa of the armor 4>S tiip
aaaaeiMDie, iRibiise^cuineiit is so r£q[)idAliatk vmm
Hmsaes. In tbe mouth #f the barbanr daN^wcwr
lfe<4siaiid, two Jeaguaa dn oircoit, with a ti|^
}mm^* .PoRTaMH>UTH, the diiaf tontti'^of the'-ataftit -
Imnittife south ah«e» two osilas froaails emtutu^i
|a IMftithad 7,00» inhabitaate ; it is daftuwlari
% fttfitadbL In 1790 Piacatai^iia liuAum had
l^iity^ttve^ jfessds lAioMe 100 toDaaoUL fifty omAoi

. .(Vhe attte of MAasACHUssn is ana of ibip ili^st MMmammm.
€09tMiiercial and flourishing^ tba Union : itspitafr*
^ifeik jNitts ve, iNevAerryr -at the moiilAi of Meo-y-
HM^Jijvai^ ^irfikii ihas a g^aatrttadaaotii the W
)Mlii«% en 1^90 eni^yiag l^B^OOO tois<a(f shippipg.
GUMramaaent tBogatos are built Jkan. PJbiad blapd
^^ salPV ^ Vript* ibitt Merryasak. River to
IfMPiPlH tMWR sepacatad ir^ tba wa»by a ipoas

row

«

.va«*^w«a, row. channel,, fordablep some places afcloTSi yr$4^p^^
The island is composed of saud-hillsy pi:Qdui9h^g^
the bushes that bear the fruit called beach piuo^ >
On the north end are two hghtrhduaas, to ^^t^,
out Newberry harbour, Ipswich, on a broad river^ .
is a poor place. Salem has 10^000 inhabitantis^ axul,
a large trade to the West Indies ; it is also a great .
sliip-building place. It is between two rivers, ,
fbrihipg two portSj named the winter^ and summer
harbours. ^ - r

Boston, the chielf town of the state, and th€s
fourth of tiie United States, is built onapeninsul^
in Massachusets Bay. Its road, called Nimtaskqtyi^
IB sheltered by ten or twelve islands, and to^y^
rocks above water, leaving only one channel for;
ships, 120 yards wide. The road can hold 600
ships, and is protected by a citadel named Fort^
William, on an island. Th^ harbour is lined by a ^
niagnificent quay arid magazines, into which slupif^
discharge their cargoes from their holds by cranes^
The town, built at the mouth of the river Chatlei^
is composed of brick and wooden painted houses .
and in 1810 contained 33,000 inhabitants. The ,
river is only navigable for boats seven miles. ,• •

Plymouth is a town of three or 4,000 inhabitants^ ^
with a lai'ge but shallow port* . ,. ,

The peninsula of Cape Cod id the southeirn Ji-, ,
mit of Massachusets Bay (of which Cape ^i^^^^t^rj
the north point). . The peninsula is in the fihape:,p^j
a bent arm, the concavity on the north. , It is en-
, tirely composed of sand hills^ which . are constantly
sliifting, and which naturally produce ,.oflly.

dwarf.

UNITED STATES OT AMEKtCA. 1^

dw^, pitich/ pine and whirtle-berry bushes ; ' but ^fiM«j*j*'«,
vheat and lye are cultivated in small quantities*
On-Hbe peninsuik are many clear fresh-water
ponds^ abounding in fish. * The population is said'
to W near ' 2d,(XX), all fishermen.' Though this
tract of land seems to have been originally formed'
by the accumulation g£ sea sand, at present the sea'
evidently wears' it away, and of an island whicV
existed covered with wood a century ago, there
only remaijo^ a large rock, which has settled down
as the earth has been washed awiiy. The isthmus^
of the peninsula, at the place called Province
TdwA, is only three miles wide, between Barn-'
staple. Bay on the north and Province Town har-
bour on the south.

Nantucket Island, south of Cape Cod, is I6\*^'
add *sandy, without a single free, though It was
formerly well wooded. Its oiily town, named
Sfaelbn/ne, has 5,000 inhabitants, who, as well
9S the whole of the islanders, subsist by fishing;
aa<i particularly by the whale fishery to the Grand
Ocean. A shoai runs out from the island to sea
fifteen leagues.

Martha's Vineyard, ten leagues west of Nan-
tucket, is' seven leagues long and one broad.
On the north it is hilly and rocky ; its harbou/
is forme'd by the little fertile island Chabaqui-
dick. Edgerton, the chief place, is oh this har-
b6un The whole population is about 4,000,' who
subsist by agriculture and raising cattle. ' '

^RnoDE IstAND State compreliends a small ex. ^•^•/•^•''rf
tetit of the main land, and several islands in the

large

139 vAsmao fuaxuuaiit»

ff«^ large Bay of Kaitag:ftaset« lUi b^ ire^ei
sfivecai. rivers^ of \rhich.the most conidnrab^
1ji0 Shs^id'ence and Taunton ; Ae first is mmgk^
ble for sdiips of 900 tons to Pnmdence, itim
mStes £mn the bay ; iBa ris6 4f tidte in then' if<i
H^onr is but three feet. The iovta^ of VnoivmEaMx
i$ onbotb sides of the iiver ^ in 1805» tibe p6p)^«M
tttiV?ii.\m 8^000. In I7ai> it had 19» tkieiidH^
Vessels of ll>i{)3 toas. Bristol and Tiverfidi^
itnt tfie Ttonton, are flourisbing little ftowna; and
0n the shores of the bay are laltle Cosipi9%
^frinccn, Warwick, East and W^st Greenwic&i
New Kingston, and other rising towns of %Obii
ih'SiOd& inhabitants.

' ' The principal islands of the state are ItnitMi
fiifcAN^, thirteen miles long an4 fi>ar bfoaiL ]ll^-
liire the revolution it was called tfat £dm c# AJii^
kc% but dvring the v^r, aB its am^mMitsfiHHS^
tedr ite \ast orchards wei!e ' d)ss|roi^. At hti^
8ent Sto chief riches ate in the great headdbiaf i4^py
iatih, dXiA horses^ it feeds. Nel^^fiori^ Ae tlfmi
ttMm of tile iakmd, containsd (iBfii^ 7^0 inMii
bitants, and is beautifully situated dm a alpmcuiak
a^dir secure harbour, which never freezes^ I^adKets
smI fironi this port ta New Yoik and other pfacoi
eFfte Uwted States.

CacbQUifcut filan4 west df KTiodie 'Ish^d, W
ibi nriles long and one broai ; on Hs sduth eifdf
ta a: }i^t-hoa». Jamestown is tlie chief ]pV^
Block Island, Mitmefases '6£ the liidians, h wrtk'
kagueiS^W. of Newport* Niew Sboreliani is ifci'

t^iy^^mp^ paid i9'aDlial?ite4 by cod'fish^rs^ tht
"&y,ctf KaiT atx>i2ndiDg iatbese fi^«

^ 'The State pfConmBCTiCBv has ninety miie$^ of
8^ coast l)etw6e& tiia. Pwliflttik River on the
jQorthj and Byroia itimem ^m 4tQ* south* Several
cqjDsideraldev riiwia W^^ tilMiMlvefi on thia
coa^ 9i^^ J[b» ISkmnmi ^kbia navigable £mt^
j^n'indes tpi tb^.towttof l^omrich, situated at
the for^, where lfa# river ilvidea into tw#
Krancheau Coone^cut Rivep is of contiderdbl^
•ize, but itftiKliAh' it iWut by a sand bar, wii^
tea feet low vmO^ tAioll depth cdntinues to Miih
^toHr thirty-six milea ; above this town the navk
gation ]A impeded by shoal^ with but six feet^
and the rise of tide here ia only eight incfaes:
l|afall vessels aseend to Hartlbrd, fifty mifes from
the bar V and with die^ exception of three carry^
log places, m all fifteen miles, the rivepis navigated
i^ flat JboBta 200 miles*

jyipt Rftr I^oiiaatoaiii' is navigable £oc simdl
feoeis tQ Derby, twejLvis nfes. above tlie^ bar ol
diel&.jMt its aMnti.; M)om Btrby the who^
^olimei of tba oiatar pracipitatee ItMlf' dewn n
catayad siDct}^ £p9k. p^qiendicalai;; mA 1^ ^e«
"mde, '

. CmiiiaBlicuiL hasa^gnat wanAsv of Utfie* foH
"^09^ the whofa aoaat preflMHani^ 4, qalcrk^ sm^
ffin^i o# haahouas^ '£b«' aaoaiu fttqiieoted mm
£a fgikmi^7 Nf«r Iwoml^jii^ oia tile wocW iltor^

of th6 Thames, near its Aoiitii,.c#ntHin^tfl79*>
AJbOO ifih^itoats; ita harbour is* tiic bfM of tlie
i|tj^e. faeiiig ibur milbs long and one broad; withr

five

cmMriicm.

10D HAWnUtM SECNnUPKT. '

five to six fathoms depth } a ligkt-house is ^aced
at its entraace^ and it is ctefended by forts oft
each side of the riven Norwich, fourteen miles
above New London, is a trading and manufactun^
ing tot^n of (1794) S,QOO inhabitants. . i
H^ddam, Middleton^ and Hartford, are tha
chief towns of Connecticut Bivcr; thetwolattei
h^ve about 900 houses each (1794); in 1805^
H^tford had ^,000 inhabitants.

Newhaven is situated at the head of a har^
bomr four miles long, with an entrance of half a
mile in breadth; the depth is 6i;1y fifteen feet low
nv^ater and sixteen at high. The town in 1805
had 5,000 inhabitants. Its trade is considerable
with the West India Islands, j^raford, at the
mouth of the Housatonic, and Fairfield on. Ship
Harbour, are the towns next in consideration.
jr«»r«r*. The State of New York extends from the
River Byrom, on the north, to the entrance of
the Hudson; * on the south, only a few miles ;
but to' this state also belongs Long Island, sepa^v
r&lted from the main by Long. Island Sound, firom
three to twenty*five miles broad and 140 'miles
long, aflK>rding a safe inland navigation along the
coast of Connecticut. Near the west end of the
sound is the strait between'the island and main,
called Hell-gate, firom its whiripools, ' caiLsed by
tbe tides rushing through tlie narrow winding,
chaimely ovet a rocky bottom ; the depth is, how*
ever, sliflKdent for ships.

Hie navigation of the Hudson, one of the most
VBtfid Md finest rivers of the United States, has

been

1

VJfajSb STATG3 Of AH£R1QA. l6l

^e^n already noticed^ The Bfiy. of New York J9 ifm rmh
entered between the* .west eod of lK>i]g laland
and the east rend of Statan Idaiid» .tlie cbaanel
bemg two miles widcv and ciosaed bj a bar with
but twenty-two ieei.. depth at low wat&r, and
twentj^four feet at high. The diatanc^ from th^
Narrower to New York is ten milei^ and firom Sandy
Hook^ the extremity of a peninsula* on the
Jersey shore, on which is a light*hoi}se» twenty-
five miles.

Long Island is 140 miles long and twelye broad
The south coast is low and flat» with saody plaina
and salt meadows. This side is lined by a bank
of sand and stone, eighty roods broad> forming a
long lagoon within it two to three mUes widc^
whidi was formerly a fresh water lake, but at
present there are many breaches in the bank, ad-
mitting vesseb of sixty tons into the lagoon ;
forty or fifty of which are sometimes seen here
loading oy^ers, clams, and fish, particularly bass^
which are so abundant, that thirty waggon loads
have been caught in one draught. , ,

The north side of the island, opposite th^ iQaiq^
is billy, with a clay soil. In the middle of the
kind IB a. ba^en heath, overgrpwn with sbruj^
oak|,and pines, and abounding with deer and gr^us^^
fi>r whose preservation laws have been enacted*
Near the east end of the island, in a sandy beach

VOL. IV. . H b^lf

• la 1777, tiiesealiiiotetlMNighlbelitiivu pmiiMll,

and made it vi island.

1 ^

jta» nrc. W^« ibiie iR-otti the sea, the ^hoitf deeleebii vim
^hflfe' was dug tip meat jean sinee;
' Itie iakaAA k wdl'vnrt^red by numeroos rivw
tet8$ afid n^ly in the eeatce jsakkesmfl*
Jbttg, whoiS^e tvtttferg rise for several yeai^ gtaioi
iAf, tb a cert^ height, and then h& qoiekly to
^(<if lowest \evd : this phenomenon Has not bedH
sdcfoimteia fbr.

• Ute inhabitarits of Long Island, abodt4(^000|
are disseminated in many small towns and v9llig«8t
^e)r' chief fiidtfstrial punniits are therfeariiig of
iAtdfSt md the whale fishiesy in ibe nei^bocnin^
(teas,' the "pio&act of whkh, upwards of 1,000 bt^rdk
ttf'Otl, and titelf cattle atnd provisions, ttre eip-
jpkted to the West Ihdies.

Staten Island, alto in the state of New Ycals,
ik feigdte^n milte long and six broad $ ih gMtNl
it fa hflly and rugged, iHdx abcAit 4^000 ^Ik^
Uviatk.

1^^ York, the second city of lire Utilt<A
■i^mkd ifi population and commet*ee, fi tilttiMd
op the south point of a tongue of land, iniKdiltofl
f»y fihaitiflcitd cat, and at the confla^nee^oP'the
Hu^n and East Rivers, 'the fomser wasktng (ft
, <#tlfe ^ea sihA the iMter on the east. f^Mhii-
Vtf^ have d^th "Sit vessels of «00 toi^s 't*i^
Iklw&ys aflbftt $ buttb^ Ebst River U tiMgi'fct-
indiM, trtXh its freeyug liiter tiiah Uie finiMli.
The quarter of the Wwn on this last li^r^^tlie
best built, the houses being of stone or %tiek^
the sfrcjetS Inde^ with {boinmB^ tM fegukily
lighted. The quarief next the East JBLiyer is

chiefly

and is dirty and, c4;9J^;fled», ^^ro. ^i^e ma^y c^pj^^^
«| /Whtfj^k yew^ V?^ tp ip^ »xyi unlp^ bift:w)|ich
•!» ,4Mi.t)i9di^$.tp be a ceme pf tlye grgat p^^^
iMiil^hinSflft ^ the ttwn^ .The jpiopuj^on pf ^^Q^wj
;K(m4(J¥^ tiirfal^ in, the ahprt sjp^gice of t^Qti^
fmth % 17^ thfB number of ^i^s bei^ bii^
«8,000j in 1796, 40,000 J in ISOe/fip/^qJ^^^.a^^
m 1^10. ; 96^000. The pi4>lic buHdiafi^ ^r^ |;^n*
tgMMe plac^. of worship of all ^cte;.. ^,cu«tof%
bouM; >MHirtpfjustice» &c« The coinm^rpe. ^
iiew Ydrk is principally to th^ West , Indif ik-
IVMbi whither it sends a great g^a^tity of provi-
4mub{ iind receives in return colonial pr^ducet The
.flhipping belonging to the ^rt;ate ip.l791vaniouptQ4
.to< 4I7>QOO tons, besides about 40^(X)Q fi>i;^n.jtons
'^WSShf^ in its trade. A great nuipher of iner-
j^timt fWfsek are built here.

TTie town of Hudson is 130 miles above Ne^r
fS^itk% oa a heautifvil and elevated situa^on ^ and
iHwty miles farther is .Albany, a flourishing ipw
fofiAOQO inbabitonl^. . ^

^ iNsw.JwABV State is bounded on ^b^ eat^ b^ ihm j^k^,
ifJietiRiveff Hodaon and the Ocean ; and on tlj^
'WntiBk.^y the Delaw^et From ^^ Riv^r M^u^^i^-
;iftuipd,.w latitude 4Q^> to Cape li([ay, lihe cpaft
.js> Hoed by aandy banks, gmer;^y diy,. at t^he.di?-
ftMlw.#f .four or five miles from the shoi;^ withfi
.itlliiqh amaU vessds navigate. . Thjs who)e ojf ti>fs
. 4MMt iq>peefis.tQ be>a 4q[>Qsit pf . the , sea^. . tliQ,^^
/being a )\ght sand^ and at the jc^st^t^^ of^phU^
».! -. m 2 miles

164 MAKIflMfi GEOGRAPtlt.

K0pjtm9. xnQes from the sea, in digging to the depth of fifty
feec through the same soil, a salt marsh is found. '

The rivers are numerous, but not large. Thte
Hackinsak and Faissaik fall iiito Newark Bay } the
first is navigable fifteen miles, the second ten tnileSi
to where it forms a cataract of its whole volbttie,
seventy feet perpendicular. The Rariton RiVer
&1is into the bay south of Staten Island, forming
at its mouth the fin^ harbour of Amboy. It is
navigable sixteen miles; and it is in contempla-
tion to unite it by intermediate rivers and cal^als
to the Delaware. Milieus River is navigable
twenty miles for vessels of sixty tons. Many of
tile odier rivers and creeks that fall into the sea,
flowing through a flat country, are navigable to
their sources by small craft ; such are Great and
Little Egg harbour Rivers, Matticur, iShark, &c.

The principal port towns of New Jereey are,
Newark, on the Passaik, seven miles from New
York, a handsome little town of wooden hous^
and 2,000 inhabitants (1806). Elizabeth Towii,
pleasantly situated on a bay, fifteen miles from
New York, contains (1794) 150 houses. Perth
Amboy, on a neck of land between Earitbn
River and Newark Bay, has one of the best har-
bours of the United States, having capacity for
SOO ships : the town consists of only sixty house^r.
New Brunswick, five leagues above Amboyi is
built on the bank of the river at the foot of a hill :
it had, in 1806, 4,000 inhabitants* Some sm^ ve$-
iels belong to it. • . -.f' i

Btttitn]^^

UKIT^ STATES OF AMERICA. ^6^^

^ . .Purlingtou and Trenton, on the Delaware, are «•
t9i^ of the largest towns of New Jersey, of which
^Isfi^ Tren(ton,is the chief town. The vicinity of
Pl^iladelphia is injurious to their trade.
, . TTie Delaware Bay is entered between Cape
May; on the north, and Hinlopen, or James,, on
the 60uth, distant from each other six leagues.
Within them the bay widens to ten league?, and
^g^ contrai:t8, until at JBombay Hook, seven
leagqes from the capes,' it is two leagues wide,
9Qd here the River Delaware is considered ^9
commencing. At Reedy Island, twenty miles
9bove the Hook, the breadth of the river is tliree
gtiiles, at Philadelphia one mile, and at Trento^
fifty to sixtjr fathoms. In general the shores of
tbp bay are low, and covered with wood, with
^ome marshes.

,^Philad;blphia, the first city of the United
i^tates, T^itk respect to population and commerce,
is situated on the left bank of the Delaware, forty
le^j^^u^ frpm the sea. Vessels of 500 tons ascend
ta it; and lay alongside the numerous jetties of
wood run out into the river. The streets are all
4l^wp from a common centre, and are from 100
to X&) feet wide. The houses, mostly of brick^
ape t)^ee stories high, with a garden to each.
The population has increased ftom 4S,0Q0 in
1790* to 111,000 in 1810.

The Scl^uylkil River falls into the Delaware, six
Boil^ A^f^w Philadelphia ; , its course is ISO miles^
gf which it is navigable ninety, to . th^ town of

166 MARITIME GEOGRAPHt, *

,^ The . State of Delaware extencfe on xne
]^r0 of the b^y of tbe same name, and also 6ti tifj
Atlantic from Cape Hinlopeh, to tbe latil

^ In ascending the Delaware the towns m^tlt ixk
succession are, Lewes» a few miles above Ca|)€l
Hinlopen, on a creek which has only watet foi
small craft. It has 150 houses. •

Dover, the chief town of the state, is 'dso
on a creek corhmuoicating with the Delaware,
In 179* it contained 100 houses, chiefly of fari6k«
Newcastle, on the Delaware, thirty^five mlle»
below Philadelphia, was founded by the Sw6de&[
itt 1672, by the name of New Stockholm, Which
was cljjpged by the Dutch to New Amst^ddm!
It contains 3,000 inhabitants. Wilmington, l£«f
largest town of the state, having 6,000 inhabitanM,^
(1806) is on the Delaware ten miles above VTAw-
castle. There is no town on the Atlantic coast <iif
t|iisstate»
AfofyteML The State of Maiitlakd extends oft th^'

lantic coast of the peninsula of the Ch^sapeak tb
its southern extremity at Cape Chadeb, kttA
f oundiug this cape along the western shore of the
peninsula to the junction of the SufTquehailhsA^
and from this river along the east sbor6 of t!Bi^
0iesapeak to the P3tomac. - • .» av

The Atlantic coast of the peninsula is linea by
sandy islands, forming inlets, or sounds. '* '^^''^^
,. The Che,?apeak is a vast estuwy, ^BO^A^efe^'^i
Ipt^g^, i^ncj e](ghteen "miles widfe;^ 5t Is 'tetffiS^
^e^een Cape Charles on the north, 'ai£l^6ii]^

Henry

> s «

UN^^SD flTATfifi OF AMXRfCA. \fi7

09 tt)e 90|ithy twelve miles fropa each oilier* ^tnif^
,tl^ ej^^nce is a sand \>^ltf leaving ottly a
fl^Ofji^ dyiQi^Ql on the side pf Cape Charles^ but on;
the 9ide g^ Cape ' Henry the psC^sage is "fit fbi"
i^f ^9Kglstf^ , ships. The bay has many i^^ds^;
at^f^da in crab3 and fish, and is celebrated * for
^ ^^^ pf wild di|cks» called canvas-back^.

Ascending the bay along the east shore/ many
mffl Jtpwitf are wet with^ but none of any note.
Op t;he yeat shore the principal places are An-
K4UPPI4IS, the qapital of the state at the tfnfiuth
qf the Biver Severn. It is a place of littie coo-^
Vdei^tjon* . having, but (1S05) S,500 iobabttants*
r 3M«Ti|fiORB, the fifth commercial town of the
IJpited States, and the foi^rth in size. Its popn-
I^Aipu in 1810, 46,000. It is situated round a
T^h of .t)|e Fatapsco River, ip which the depth
i^^t»Ht j^ye or six feet Large vessels, therefore,
^^Qhliged to lay at Pells Point, a kind pf pyiiu
tp|>, sepajrated from the city by a creek, wher^
vp qm^y^i at which ve^els of 600 tons lay load|^
Jh^ stifs^ta ar^ at right angles, of good ^ridth,
find payed. Th^ houses chiefly of brick.
^ . ^H^e trade . of Maryland centers ,in Baltimore,
^|9|B.y7l|^qc9 :ar^ exported ^,000 h(^;sh6ads of
tntiaccp^ bfi^M^ large qtutnt^ties .of com, pro**
iriW)lP8» . and lupib^.

rdT^ ^Italte of Virginia extends froopr the r*rgM*.
Cairi^]i^ jui^^ on the Atlantic, rotqid (Cape
jC^h^if^ if^ the Chesf^peak, an^ adong its west
jBJ^f^,jiij^ }^ 3?otpmac Eiver, whi^h jsep^tea,
ft^^ljt, ^^|iMi4, ;, pn ^ ?ea cdast theisin^ Jp

I

J

nrgiMU^ ri6t more tfcan twdve fefet above tlife !l*vc! df tfcW^'
jjfea, and intersected by nuhierous salt creetoi and'
rivers, ■terminating in swamps. ' V : :o7i

' The wh(^ territory of Virginia to the foot ot^
the mountains, 150 to 200 miles from the saB,''iir
eVMently of marine alluvicin formation, • and ap*
pears to have be6n formed at different perioilsv
Near York Town the banks of the rivelr first pf^fent
a stratum of sand, clay, and small shells, five
feet thick, over which is a horizontal layer, of
small white shells, co(5kles, clams, &c. anaftch-or
two thick; then a stratum similar to tbefiht,
eighteen inches ; third and fourth, a layer of sheila
and another of earth j fifth, a layer of white sh^b
and sand, of three feet ; sixth, a body of oyster
shells, six feet thiiik, covered with earth to the^
surface, which is forty feet above the sea. *

t'The same appearances are observed on James's
River,' 100 miles from the sea : here the banks>dM
iHled with sharks' teeth, petrified bones of'&hv
and of land animieds, kc. Even among the Allege
hany mountains there is a tract of 40,000 adfes.
gurrounded by ' hills, covered wi^ oyster ; itn«k
cockle shells to 'a considerable depth. •' ' .-* i
On the ehdsapeak shore of 'the state mtoy
eonsiderablie rivers empty themseltes^j -W'**
James's, fonned of many lesser rivers, '^ empfiM
itself Judt within Cape Henry. HatApton Road^
Ht its n^outh, is a good ailchorage in summ^^'^M^
Jtbove this' the river is hivigable for'ffl^siwlsi ta
^rties Tb^n } above which is a bar, ^HWUh^^to*-
fifteetffi^t. Vessels of 250 tons go: up t^^Wifi

* wick}

in^^ntiKXieof iif5 to a mile Jbdow RjiidbiiKmd.. At f'^v"''
tbifr last t(OW^ the Jiavigation . is atqpped b)rfaU9»
which descend eighty Jfeet ia a space jo£ aij: nylea;
above these the navigation is resumed ;«ritfa cwf>es
and kUkaux, to within ten miles, of the Bhie
Ifottiftti^ns. The. confluent rivers of Jamesfs ^xt^
afai> iBavigable to a considerable distance* . The>
Elisabeth^ the lowest of the tributary rivers> hm
mf^teen feet to Norfolk ; its entrance 13 covcureci
by Craney Island. Nansemond River ia. naviji^
ble fox vessels of 100 tons to Sufiblk, .aQ4-lQr;
ti»>s0 of twenty^five tons to Milners. Pagan Cr^ek
baa eight or ten feet to Smithfielid« Chicli^;
bominy is crossed by a bar at its mouth wjitb tweive
feet high V water, above the bar it is n^yigable
twelve, miles for vessels of ten feet» aod tbirty^twd
. saiLes for those of six tons. ..; ^ ,

• . .York River» at York Tqiv9> forms the b^stifiu:-
boui^f this sikate for the largest vessels^; .th# deptl^^
tWfiaty^ive miles above Yoi;k,. is four fEftbon^ ^anf],
at tb0 ^confluence of the Pam.unk^,afid Maltapq^j
Qmbose united streams form York -Riv^i^ t^e d^^
i^ tiiree fathoms. Both vtbeae riviers ;iie. Tf^yi^lPi
by «mall craft to thefiuxt of the Sluj»,,Ai4gje^ a
e. IbeE^^abannock has four ^M^OH^tQj^^
H^le and two.fatfaoma to lSfe^i(^'j^]^,

.f'Xbe mni^igfttiim of tiie Bot^mae

I T^JCbe praioipal t0Mms;9f Virginia fie^es^ble, to
mmgMVi^ a^f , NoRiai^ ,the mo^t^ f^u^ifcv^

imm off il^'^tat^^ t\^ wmxth q£ M^^iHii^y^

' •• ;. ' * ' It

- ■ • •

t. •*

" *' *' ■ ' .". .-^ . ..

It Jim t^OQO iababituto (180^) : its ^tifSfft^B ,if^
diiefly tobaccc^ wheat, and IndiMXconit bl^;^^
nmrlc. nitdi* tar« iiia8t84 DlaiduL 8ta¥68 and liUDber*
flkmi'^'WiUaiuiul%&c* "...

HamptoDj at die mouth of Jaxoes's Riv^^ jtwi
4nly tUity houses* Richmqno» oq this revert ^^
Aefoot of the fiills, is the capital of the sta|^ im^,
llM 6»000 inhabitants (1805> Yor^, at th^ iQouth
of ^6 river oi' the sam^ name, lias 1»000 inhabU
tftnto* Oloster^ on the opposite aide of the. river^
hta not above a dozen houses.

■

' Urbannn and Frederickdiiurgh, oo the Kajpjpfr:
baaoock, have each about 2,000 inhafaitaots*

^ The diifericC of Columbia consists of aportip^^
of 4be states of Virginia and- Maryiaod, on hp^
^pylesof the Potoosac, induded within a iTcywi f^
tan miles round the city of WASHmotON* . T^^
embryo capitd <^ the AngkvAmericaD /empire is»
skoatedoo a point of land at the ^onniiiepoe.of tJ||ft
eastoini and Western' branches of ike Hotpmftfw
HQ ; mifea from 'the Chesapeak. The gFouinl
Aaiked ontifor tK(B city hasfouiteen mileaof ci£oiH||)
Aeatvaets'we alt to run north andaouth and oa^l^
atid*weiit.; their breadtkcr ninety to llQ^t . Tb«t
poblkediioeSi^ destroyed by the finglish in }fi;ji4^
]ibriMtfiMio4 *lbr the ^cesses of. the Ameii^wfi
tMr(>ps, conwated of the capitol, on aiLaleV9tipiyt»Ml
tbfti^t«e;^theOityiv tteqpidaoeirf*tl)p.|i;(f^
Mfmmdfd by » gsrden of 100 acres, anda^l»|gfft
pitHb4iofe(^ qiie fifliBg ^4if the iipmemf^,#i|ij^
ia;iiij|iv:fi^iiho«^veffi ^losip. on v«9y«sh^p^
1796 4he popdlation was^;0Q0j and j^^^lg^
^hu> 1800

l%bO %l b'ecime the seat of gov^mment^" Qo WO^ f'^'^i^
iHsoLd not iheteBseA. '' .

'^ASexitndrfa, tett^ m3<^ t>dow Ws^ngtoti, dii:
the right bank of the Potomac, nmote pofniloM
^ka the ca]^tal, having, in 1810, 8,ff00 itlhabi-
tattiU. George* Town is alao in the t&tiMtf 4€-
Coltunbia^ tln^ee mfles above Waslnngton. ' :

' )f OB^TR Cakolika extends from Cumf uck ittlMj^
ill about 36°8(y to SS** SC/ The wlvoi* of thin
fltate, sixty otifes from the sea, h a perfect levrt'
in which marine productions are ftmnd at tbe deplk
cif twenty feet from the surface. Th^ coadt^it
Uaed hy islands a/nd sand bailees, formhig ^ftouiHte^
or lagoons, within them, but gencfraHy too shallow
to udmit vt»9els of any burden, Brunswick b^hig
thfe ooiy harbour of the state Mpable of feoeiviMig
lliose of si^een feet In pix>lon^ng ih& com^
ftbnl north to south the points w^thy of mentioiL
$a^ Aibemaiie Sound, sixty miles long and' e^kfe
WW^If^ broad ; Pamlico Sound, a great ltau/^<imt
X<X> miles long and ten to twenty broad^ tlve baitt
IHM separates it from the sea is a mile wide^ m\d
li^iSfpoeed of sea sand covered with smitt trees amft
Ifcranes ; 'ther^; are several breaks in i% df «whidi
tlktC tifl^ed Oferecok inlet is the only one^hdt ladn
jAft^^els^ls of b'uiiden, and this ^"^ cra^sM %^'
ASf^a^h&i^d'dlindbar wHht>u€ fourteen fei^t4fl^
^Ht^UttA the ^ise of fide is biit dgbtfe^^lklobM/
96^^^di^ are ne^es^rfr. Betii^eiiti 'AHimH^
^£HAiiifScftf Souiias, i« Ik lai^e-^^kentqilftlli^&af
J5fcim#?W9i^ 4ttdrfy**dnver(§flg inW' rich^

^^ Cape

Hmh

17^ MARITIME OEOqRAPBT*

Cape Hatteras, C^pe Look-outt and Cap^ i^ear*
are three prominent points on this coast* Gap^
Hatteras is the salient point o^ the sand-hajqk thMt
encloses Pamlico Sound ; off the cape is a clus^
of shoals, et the distance of five league^^ wMh
channels within them. I^ bad weather, the caqh
bined forces of the; gulf stream and the wjipds^
produce the most tremendous breakers on. these
shoals^ but in fair weather they may be t^ilqd
pver by vessels of eight or nine feet. Their ^eat
ward or exterior edge, goes off perpendicUl^^,
f^om ten fathon>s to no soundings, and by a com-
parison of the old and modem charts they seem to
have greatly decrefksed. A. little north of Cape
Hatteras with the yrind offshore, a boat may Imut
and procure fresh water by digging a foot o^.twot
deep«in the sand of the beach*

C^ape Look-out is the south extremity of a saini
bank enclosing Core Sound : near it was formerly;
a good harbour, but which has been entirely fiUed
^jp with sand since 1777- ....

Cape Fe^r is the S.E. point of an island ;. on It-
is a light-house, and a dangerous shoal, called the
Frying-pan, runs off to the south six miles* .

This state has a great many rivers but they j^re
all barred^ and seldom admit vessels of abov^
c^yen feet : they axe also subject to inundf^on^
aj%f^ raios. The islands that line the shore and tbi?.
fOijinds within, prevent the tides &qnx being;. pePi.
<:j^tible in the mouths of the rivers. Tke j^lpf^itoket .
w^d} fallsiinto ^ibemarle Sound, is only nayjg^,..
bie tw shallojMS sixty miles, where it is obstructed

by

UNITKII STATES OP AMERICA. 173

hy Ms. The PkmKco or Tar, is navigable fot ^^^^
ressels of nine feet forty miles to the town of
Washington, and fifty miles farther for flat boats.
The. Neus also falls into Pamlico Sounds and is
navigable for small ships twelve miles above New->
bem/ for flat boats fifty miles, and for small boats
120O miles. Cape Fear or Clarendon E^ver, emp->
ties itself within Cape Fear Island ; it is navigable
for sea vessels to Wilmington, and for boats to
FayetteVille, ninety miles further, afibrding the
best navigation in North Carolina.

The chief towns of the state are Edenton on .
the north shore of Albemarle Sound, containing
(I794) 150 wood houses. Washington on the
Pamlico, ninety miles from the sea, exports
tobacco, beef, pork, corn, wood, pitch, tar, kcp
by about 130 annual vessels. Newbem, at the
confluence of the Trent and Neus, is the largest
town of the state, in 179^ having 400 houses ali
<}f wood.

Wilmington on the CUurendon, thirty miles from
file sea^ has 2,000 inhabitants (1800) : it has consi-
detable trade, but is unhealthy from being sur*
rounded by sand hills and swamps.

Sovrti CaHoIiIka extends on the south to the
River Savannah which separates it from Georgia^
The whole state, eighty miles from the sea, is level
aiH idmost without a stone, the ascent in this
diststace being 190 feet. Here commences a coun-
try composed of little sand hills, like the waves
of the sea arrestee! in their motion. Its coast is

lineil

tioD withia th^m for coastvii > bat it hsi», rnH^ tftp^
harboufB f(Mr v^Bsels of any d^e, m. Cba^i^tpjpn
te^Port Royal) and t)ie latter bavingno: i;iv«^
neap it ia of little utility to comni^rcd* r^ e,i>

, ^Tbe state has four large riveis aad niftny histifg^
OBe^ ^but all generally cross^ by bar!l» ' ^^^^^
Pedee falls into Winya Bay» whose bar admits ovlf,
IneMeb of eleven leet The Santee the lai|^
il^ver of the state empties -itself fcuther Mutii*

Thet^hief town& ar e Georgetown, iat the^jii^ck.
ilBa of the Pedee add several other rivets twelves
Bofles above* Winya Bay.

CRAEiiESTOWN, the Sixth commercial cat^ .^
tike Udited States, is situated on a point( of IfiOi^i
9t the oonAuence of the Ashley and Cooper iivei%.
which fkU into a sound or inlet within SattivaA^
island, the entrance of which is crossed by ^^)^
tintt admits only vessels of 400 tons, who cagiclugg
' alongside the wooden jetties, run out from tl^^
town. A'shley's River is navigable for vessels of
djO'tons twenty ^ iniles above the town aQd'ifor
boarts forty, Cooper^s is navigable a lesa distaifcfi
foff ships, but a greater for boats. : mM

Chariestow^ is well built, with wide acid stf9%^|
9tteets; In 1803 the peculation was M^OOOtrof
yhom 9J090 free people of. colour and slaves f ^ i^
18iO>' ^^ population had in<7eaeed io^StSOg^
Slthobgh 1|ie ravages of the yellow fyftf h$ff «w%
yiedi off great Aumber^ annuaUy foe soiriey own
past Sullivan's Island, which enjoys the iMUfl^
r • of

ISH^' dbe^ it «tittead twem;f intaeB inland.
"^ 7be i^ireigt^ «tid Coasting tAule of ChArlestmM
sitb t^erjr c(Ai§tderaM6» it being the cfaief depot^^f
tiie produce of this state. The exports are rioei
SuBS^y iJdbbcieo, M% bd«f, porlt, ootton» ^h^
f&tf tunber and IhAdAk^f, luttai atoMs, ginsengs

Ute-l^tafe of Oborgu e3CtMd» £pom th«» S«^ ^^^
vi^nah t4 the river St Mary : the whole of tfera
coost^toi^e distance of My mden ftoMi ttoe^aea^
ledembles South Carolina, having bOtther fatt
nor stone. Th6 coast is 6i^ IHtie tbcto^of tber.
'^^toHates &rth6r norths lined m^ iilaikls^ cw^t-
€d Urith trecis, ^ii^es, oilk, biekery^ live oah, and
leaA'kA^etAsff. The iidets of these >isiatids iferft
satt send capacious harbours, conmn^iciildlig with
l$il9r offier i the (principal are WassilW Sonnd^ (k^
fSB^W S<Mh&i 9t. Catherines SftAtHl, «af»«tl0.
Attafiintfia or Little St. Sim^n, Jekyl^ CixnAehuiA^

'^^^^QTb^'bhitf mers Me <%e Savannah, croiMed 1^
B'^mt, ^hStk sixteen feet at half «ide. Xy^T^m
Uand, Which forhis the sOiith shore Of fhfe ofi^
- tnilHse,' is » figfai-hduse^ entity ^e^t high. ' '
^ l^ife jA^ittaha, at St. George, k <llie htfgeit
l^^^l^'-^6 fttale^ ahd :|i(U^ hito the ^tkiti«te%y
4(^^^ dfduihs} the ndr«tetMnMt hetlMre«tt SAIj^
mA W^UIi^ii find ^e flottlh< hmtiKb, %hiisii 4tf
IMPtiuieiNr aliddeep6st> is t&MXc^h'St.' Sitntoi^

■'to n,i

178 MARITIME GEOGEAI^H Y«

* The chief towns of Georgia are Savannah/ thc{
former capital,* on a sandy bluff on the soutli
. bank of the river of the same nanie» seventeen
miles from its mouth ; it has about y^OOO in*
habitants.

Sunbury, on the river Medway, which falls into
St. Catherine's Sound, is a pleasant town, accessi-
ble to vessels of twelve feet.

Bnmswicky at the mouth of Turtle River, in
St. Simon's Sound, has a safe harbour, the bar
haxing depth for the largest ships ; the town is
in its infancy.

Frederica, on the west shore of St. Simon's
Island, has a safe harbour for the largest vessels;
the town consists of but a few houses. It had a
legular fortress of bricks built by the English, but
now in ruins.

The commerce of the British American colo-
nies, previous to their independence^ was con-
fined to the mother country, from whence they
were supplied with all the manufactured objects
of domestic consumption, in exchange for their
agricultural produce, and the timber of their - fo-
rests. In 1774> this commerce did not exceed in
exports, and imports fourteen millions of Ame-
. rican dollars ; but from the epoch of indqpen-
deuce, it has had almost a constantly progressive
increase, in 1784 being thirty millions, and in
1794 sixty*seven millions. Since this period, the

Americans^

• The present capital Is Augusta, on the sanie rirer, 100 miles
the

UNITED STATES OP AMEEICA. , 177

Americans, by their netrtrality, raised their com-
inerce to an enormous height, as under theit flag
only could the whole continent t>f Europe be
supplied with colonial prodtice, hencfe in 1804,
the foreign trade of America wa6 143 millions of
dollars, and in 1806, 211 millions. Frdm this time
the decrees of Buonaparte, and the c'ountfer de-
crees of QrfeSt Britain, kept th(B American trade
in a state of vacillation, until calculating upon
the accomplishment of the universal monarchy
aimed at by the Gbrsican usurper, the Presiderit of
the Utiled Statei declared war against England.

The United States being yet in the infancy Of
manufactures, the only objects of external cotn-
merce afforded by their territory, are derived
from the soil and the fisheries ; the northern states
offering com, timber, potash, Salt |irovisiODS, atld
salt fish ; the middle states, corn, timber, tobsld-
co, and provisions; ftrtd the sOuthfefn stclt&i^, Iri-
digo, rice, cotton, tar, pitch, and tur|)entih^, and
provisions to thfe '^est Indies,

The imports bf the United States stre fine linenfe
and woollens, sifts, hardware, glass ftnd barth(?n-
Wahe, wines, brandy, tea, cochineal, and other
colonial produce. Of these objects, about one
half are re-exported with considerable profit. The
Imlance of tf adfe with all the nations of Europe,
except England, is generally in favour of Ame-
rica, but this collective favourable balance is al-
most entirely absorbed by the counterbalance with
England, which exceeds twenty millions of dollars

VOL. IV. N annually,

Conii

«b»m«fc*. annually^ and which is paid by Bills of Eicdiali||^
chiefly from Holland, France, and Spain, in which
countries the Americans have a large fkvourahl^
balance, not only by the excess of expc^rts t0
tiiese countries, but also by the profits of the
carrying trade estimated at ten millions of doUarSi
On the whole, according to M. de Beaujour,
the net prdits of the foreign and external com*
m^rce, and navigation of the United States ci
twenty-five millions of dollars.

On an average of ten years, 1796-^1805, the
cMimerce of the United States gives of export^
sixty-eight millions, and of imports seventy*-fi?e
miUions. Of the former, wheat, flower, salt beef
and pork, and other provisions, for seventeen friii<^
Bans ; timber, potash, and other produce oititm
woods, six millions ; produce of the fisheries^ tkret
millions j* and manufactured objects two mfflionsj
the remaining twenty-nine millions consisted of im<»
ports re-exported*

Of the sixty-eight millions of exports, twcttifcy*^
Ibur mittions were to British dominions,^ twelve
to France, nine to Holland, seven to Speoak, four
to Russia and Germany, three to Italy, twdi to
Fbrt^;al, one to India and China, and six to vui*
otfft ^places^ < )k[ir

Of die seventy-five millions of imports, Snglkdd

"• I » » ■ • I ' -m ' I V - » , >j T V 1 1 'i y I *

• ». tf. To the BrltUh Iskmds, sixteen milUoni ; U BriiMUNMliiliMi
^s^.gOfiRMioni wiUeBriU^h \f«8| IndieSi six niiUionv aadafaalfi
SNcTto the £a8l ludicv. half » million.

'.• '• ••-•!< ft

t^bieedpimnk)MgaTetiirty.sixmilUan«,* ]^raac^ <a?mm<rrt.
eighty rfiusaia and GeriDaiiy seven, * Holland six,
fipun firev Italy two, Portugal one, India, and
Gbitm w^> and all other parts c^ the world four* '
The iaforts from England are woeUen^, cot*
tfsmtf hardware, and earthenware; from Fnuc»p
TmmB^ brandies, silksy and other. ijBtshionahlo
cd(fi9tliaigf firom Holland, Russia, and Germahyi
opcdage^ linens, glass, and gin $ from Portugal,
Spain, and Italy, wines, olive oi], and fruits }
from iBdia, piece goods, pepper, and spices ; from
Ghtina, teas and nankeens ; and from the West In^
6m oolonies, rum, sugar, and coffee.
. The Americans excel in ship building, and new
ihqis form a considerable branch of their export
trade. > The vessels of Baltimore, New York, and
IHiiiladelphia, are most esteemed as fast sailers |
but th0se of the southern states, buih of the
timbei^ ot the Ckrolinas, are the. most durable^
The annual average tonnage built throughout the
Unbed States » 100,000 tons.
. The foretgflt trade of the United States, when
aftits JMS^t^ employed near one million and 9
balf tons of shippings and 100,000 seam^< Tho
riiaer and coasting trade^ less wifcgect to variation^
employs 900,000 tons, and 20,000 seamen j^
M4tk«l^^es 60 to 80,000 tons» and 8 to
giQPO fishermen. The produce of the salt and
firesh water fisheries is valued at seven to eight mil*

littuh of dollars*
' -^ N ft Amongst

* I. e, FWmb the Brlttoh U]$ad$, twwty-teren mlUioni} (nm Brittah
North AmuiOkt hslf a mUUon; from tlie Bil^Uh Wetc iudiu, kns mil^
lioM and • half I and aom tht Sast Indies^ foiir

Ccmmerct,

999 .' UAwmM% eaooftAPBT.

Amongst the branches of the fishery is that
c^ the whale, principally confiaed to the New
England States* where it is of ancient date^
having been carried on in the Gulfs of Florida
and St. Laurence before 1763. At the present
time the vessels of these states sail round Cape
Horn» and take the whale* in the sea of New
Holland. They also visit the north-west coast
gf America for furs, which they dispose of at
Canton.

^ The only commercial treaties between Ame-
rica and foreign nations are with France and
England ; that witli the former was conduded
in n&f^ Its principal clauses relate to the im-
portation of whale oil and bone, and the pror
duce of the fisheries and soil of America into
FrajDtce on more favouraUe terms than from
^ther nations. In their commercial relations
^ith fkigbind, America complains of the re^
iitrictions proceedii^ irom the navigation act;
but in this respect she is upon the same foot*
iiig as olher nations, and has, consequently, no
veal ground fer complaint. The great subject
^ discontent on the side of Amerie^ hM been
the searching of her ships, and the impress-
ijfient of seamen from .them, under what she
styles, the pretence of their being !l^tish sub^
jects. This subject^ however, which w^ one
of the ostensible causes of the war declared by
America against England, has been left exactly
m the same state, not even being mentioned in the
treaty bf peace just concluded.

UKITBD STAn* OV AXaMTA.

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182

• r. /'■ J-. 1

' •• I 'A

MARITIME 0£06]^APliT.

"% « *

Tablis IL^^Average Exports of three Years^

Home iProduce.

Afillians,

Vegetable food .... 13

Animal food ...»,• 4f

Fish S

Cotton 7

Tobacco ...••.... 6
Timber, pearl-acshes,

and naval stores • 4§

Sundries S

39*

To what Places exported.

To England and her T
colonies./. • . • • • • SO'^

France ^ 5 '

Spain • . • • 4

Portugfd 2

Holland 3

Hanse Towns • • . * 1

Denmark 1

Sweden, Prussia,

Russia 1§

All other parts . • . • 2

39i

To Europe 23 millions.

West-Indies and foreign

America • . . 15

To Asia, ice* ..•••...,. 1^

39*

1/

mm

Foreign lAfirobandize.

Manufactures • • • • 10

Coffee 7

Sugar 6

Cotton ••..«• » • • • 1

To wliat^Places exportei}^..

To Holland

France 7i

Spain andhercolonieii 3^
Hanse Towns . ... 13

Carried over, . S4f \ Carried over J. 20^

UKITED ST4TES OF AlCERfCA.

Foreign Merchandize.

Brought over . . S4.

Tea 1

Vllne9 1

Red pepper 1

Btaekditto 1

Spirita 0§

Indigo 0^

29

18?.

To what Places exported.

mutiny

Brought over. . .20|
England and her co*
lonies. • 8|

Italy •..,;. ..,4.. 1

Portugal Of

Denmark 1^

Sweden, Prussia, and

Russia 0^

All other parts • . . • l\

29

To Europe ... ••..•... 21 millionst
To the West-Indies and

America 7

To Asia, &c 1

29

T*ABLS IIL — Average Imports ^ ibree YearSf

1802-S-4.

MWiont.

Manufactures .... 99^

Coffee 8

Sugar and molasses 9

l^fpints • 6

Wines 3

Tea

I^emp »«

• ^

Carried oven ^ 69

I MUilotu.

From England and

her colonies • • » S6
From Hidland,

France, Spain,

and Italy 25|;

From Russia, Prus*

sia, and Germany 7

Carried over. . 68^

C9Mmtre»»

• ' m'

IM:

C^mmtrce,

Brought over • . 69
Nails, lead, steel, and

coals , Oi

SaH .• G|

Black and red pepper 1

Cotton 0|

Indigo • . • 0^

Cacao 0^

' Malt liquor and

Cheese . 150,000
B9ots and

shoes .•100,000
Sundries and frac-.

tions 2

Oi

4

751

Brought over. . 68^
From Portugal .... 1
From China — . .. 5
From all other parts 1

15

RECAPrrULATION.

MilUofu.

MilUofM,

H^qUjbIX expoxts of

home produce . . 39§
Total foreign ditto 29

Total of export? . . 68^

Total iniporta 'firon
Great Britain ... 36

From other parts of
the world 9SH

75i

Balance a^nst Aot^erica ^| millions of dq^&rs.
Tills unfavou]:ail;>l9 baUnc^ is however only affi^
rent, the profits of freight ijot only covering iiL ,
but giving a clear bajance to the United States, o^

five millions.

Tabl£

UNimi NATBS OP AMBUCA.

IM

Table IV. — Ejcpjorts qfeach Slate of the Umon

in 180^.

(FractiQM q{ i>0*0 omitted.)

New Hampshire

Rhode Island . .
Connecticut • • •
New York . • . .
New Jersey ....
Fensylvania. . . .

Delaware

Maryland*

Columbia

Virginia

North Carolina .
South Carolina .

Georgia

Louisiana

Home
Prodncc.

Foreim

Merchandize.

890,000 220,000

Masaachusetg . . 5,70O,00d 13,788,000 19,438,006

• • • •

1,065,000
1,353,000
8,098,000

20,000
4,365,000

78,000
3,408,000
1,135,000
4,946,000
767,000
5,958,000
2,351,000
2,500,000

1,506,000
90,000

Total.

610,000

2,571,000
1,443,000

15,384,000 23,482,000

20,000

14,365,000

360,000

10,000,000
280,000
7,451,00010,859,000

188,000

661,000

12,000

3,109,000

44,000

1,320,000
5,607,000
779,00a
9,067,000
2,395,00©

500,000 3,000,000

42,334,000151,183,000195,315,000

The United States possess all the materials for
the construction and equipment of a navy, their
forests affording a profusion of timber and masts,
pitch and tar, and their territory affording copper,
iron and lead ; they are still, however, dependant
on the north of Europe for a considerable portion
of cordage.

In

jRTMf*

186 MARinifE <iK001UPHY.

In 1807 the government vessels were,
5 frigates of 44 guns.^ Manned by 7>^3j^ nien.

4 ditto 36

6 ditto S2
8

5 sloops of 18
2 brigs of 18
5schoonersof 14 to 12.

7 gallies*

and the annual expense
15236,000 ducats,
ditto 26 to20« ^ At the close of 1814 the

Americans launched
their first two-decker»
rated 74gun8but cailry-
J ing 90. *

J

» •

f

( 187 )

EAST FLORIDA. '

The province of East Florida is separated
fiom Georgia by the river St. Mary, and inoludea
ihe peninsula and tract of coast on the gulf of
Mexico to the river Apalachicola. The eastern, or
Atlantic coast, of the peninsula, is lined bj
islands, forming an interior navigation through
lagoons or inlets. The principal rivers on this
coast are the St. Juan and Indian ; the former
rises in a swamp in the heart of the peninsula,
and pursues a northern course in a broad naviga»
ble stream, expanding into lakes, of which Lake
Geoige is fifteen miles broad and fifteen to twenty
ieetdeep, with many beautiful islands, covered
with orange, palm, and magnolia trees. Near
Long Lake, which communicates with the St.
Juan by a creek, is a warm mineral spring of
great volume ; the St. Juan is crossed by a bar at
its mouth with fifteen feet.

Indian or Hillsborough River runs from north
to sooth parallel to the coast { its mouth is crossed
by a bar with but five feet.

St. Augustine, the chief town of East Flo«
rida, is on the main opposite the north end of
Anastasia Island. It consists of four streets, in-
tersecting each other at right angles ; is fortified

by

188 MARITYHE 6C0GBAPHT*

by bastions, encompassed by a ditch and wall^
and defended by the castle of St. John, mounting
fifty guns. The entrance to the harbour is cros-
sed by a bar, with only five feet at low water and
ten at high.. St.^ Anastasia Island is six leagues
long, and affords good building stone, which is
act to be had on the main.

From Cape Florida^ near the S.£. extaremtty of
ihff peniofiilara great belt of keys and reefs curves
ixnind the promooitory into the gulf of Mexico*,
bearing the general name of the Martyrs^ or Fl^
19^ Keys; the numerous channels or inlets be*
tmem them are only fit for small craft. Almost &Ul
theae keys are covejced with the mangrove, and
fireqiiettted b^ turtle ; all of them have received
mameft fsom the £nglibh« when in possession of
Florida.. The only fiorther notice they deserve ]fl»
that on the north eoA of Old Matacomhe^ an iskt.
fom vnies k^gaiid twa bfoad» is a harbour for
vcMtk of seven or eight feet» vhere fteA water
iM^ be procured ftrom a natural welU in a rock
four fiiet de^. On Key Htieao^ or West, whidt
Is^fievait miltea I019, is also a good harbour^ with
fojuc ilithoms.^ »t the weak end» and at tbe S.W«
several wells of tolerable water. The dry tortu^
gaa. (turtle) are. a eluater o£ keys^ fonsniag the
western extreme of th£ Fkmda keys.

Funta Blanco, or Cape SaUe, is the S« W. poinfb
o( tbe peninsula ^ Florida,, doubling which we
enter tiie gulf ot Mexica

«»

r

( 189 )

GULF OF MEXICO.

The Gulf of Mexico i« entered between the
peninsula of Yucatan and the inland of Cuba, and
its egress is between Cuba and the promontory of
Florida ; its lengtii east ^nd west is 1»000 tai\t%
and its greatest breadth north and soudi 7^0
miles* On the east it is bounded by the low and
sandy shores of the peninsula of Florida, ih>m
whence, the north shore particularly, between
the Mobile and Rio del Norte, is composed of
marshes. Tlie west coast, or that of Mexico, is
lined by lagoons and islands, with few interrals,
to the peninsula of Yucatan, which latter is com<*
posed entirely of the alluvion of the sea, and sur-
rounded by coral reefs and bays.

The Gulf of Mexico is remarked by seamen
for its thunder squalls, tornadoes, water*spouts^
and long calms, aH concomitants of a hot and
moist air. These pha^nometia ate ascribed to tlte
trade wind, which, constantly rushing into the
gulf* from the Atlantic, and being there imprison*
ed as it were by the sorrxmnding lands, cduses op«*
posite currenta of air, particularly near the shores ;
thus in the southern part of the gulf the prevail^
ing winds are from S.K and £• in summer, and
in winter fiom N.E. with heavy storms from the
north'West^ the winds, as in all other casein,
blowing t6wards the region most heated by the
presence of the sun. For the same reason, the
prevailing winds in the gulf west of the peninsula
'^' ' ^ of

wo MAEITWS GnEO<»lAFHT.

of Florida are from the N. W. and W., the hmted
atmosphere of the sandy shore of the peninsula
drawing the current of air towards it. The pro^
QPK>ntory of Florida is also noted for the tornadoes
experienced near it from May to August, and
which come from the S.W. or S.S.W. The KW.
winds blowing from the lofty mountains of New
Mexico, bring with them an extraordinary degsree
of cold^ which causes the thermometer at the Ha>>
vannah to &il at times to the freezing point ia
winter, and at Vera Cruz to sixty degrees*

In addition to the general notice of the current
c£ the Gulf of Mexico in the Introductioiii l^e
following observations are offered.

I. The mass of water that flows into the gpdf
from the Atlantic raises the level of the former
considerably above that of the Pacific, on the op<^
posite side of the isthmus of Panama.

Q. In the gulf (more properly the channel) of
Horida the velocity of the stream is five miles an
hour^

3* After quitting the channel of Florida the
Atfieam has hollowed itself out a very deep chatii*
Hifi at. the bottom of the oceaii> there being no-
iouqc^ngs across it

4s. The .stream runs parallel to the cpost of
America, at the distance of twenty leagues, until
it strikes against the salient shoals off Cape Ha1>
tarafe^. which turn it off a point and a half of the
eMi|MLS8, and it is said to wear away th6t faoid o£

. 6^ Erdm Cape Hattacas the stream again 4ake»

adirec*

d dk^tiotk parallel to the ccMt, to Nkntucket
Maatid, increasing its breadth aad decreasing its:
veleaijf until at this iidand it forais a sort of
eddjr^ and its depositions have coreated the shorit^
dff it aa weH as the penimuia of Ci^ Cod«

« 6. The banks of Newfoundland fdso appear td
be formed by the combined depostfeions of ther
golf stream and polar current, and there is reason
tm mxfpb^ that the Great Bank is constant! j in«*^
creasing at its southern extremity, the anoient
deep chssmel of the stream extending to the north
of the present.

7« At each edge of the gulf stream, d counter
current is experienced, which on the side cf the
cdOEtiDent, in conjunction with the streams of the
liven, cause the muddy deposit ^ong the coast
technica% named ^* the soundii^'^

8. In S. W. winds the surface of the gulf stream
is smooth, the waves and the current being in
unison, but N.K winds for a contrary reason
create a hollow sea dangerous to undecked vessels.

The tides in tlie Gulf of Mexico are so inoon*
indeisable, as to be scarcely distinguished from the
oocamonal elevations caused by the strong currents
and winds. On the southern shore of the gulf
the peiqwndlcuUKr rise is but twelve to fourteen
ihcfaes. ; .

11

-;.kiB the itest coast of the peninsula of Florida i»
tow^ saAdy^ and lined by a reef. The Gulf of P<mbc&
de Leon (Chatham Bay of the English) is limited
b0B>Cape:j&idbfeon the south and Punta Largo on

o J' /* the

/

19S MAMTIME OBOdRAI'HT.

tb^ nbrtli ! the Kcumoktidn of mnd ik now no
great that e^ht leagues off shore the depth Is dnfy
fbut fttbomB.

Cerswecos (Chaiidtte Hatbour of the English)

is an exteilsive inlet with tnany islands btfore it^

^rtfiitig several ehannels, in the deepest of which^

niftned Boca Qrmde, the depth is f^eeh fe^

The itilet receives the rivdf CalOd^.

Pdm Sdund^ >vithin Palm and Clanl Islands, k
only tiavigable by long boats* Espiritn Satito
Bay is aconsid^raUfe gidf witha channel in twetity
feet deep.

St. Martin's Keys are the southernmost of a
ehain o( islands that line the coast to the river Su
Juan« This part of the coast is so lAiodl^ that a
tanoe cah scarcely approach it. The river Apa-
lacha falls into a bay of the same name^ at th<
fi>rt 6f St. Mark-

WEST FLORIDA.

The coast from the Apalacha to Pensacolik is
tolerably fit for cultivation ; but from this last place
to the Mobile it is sandy arid barren, producing
only dwarf pines and cedars. Thd river Apafa-
chicola, OT Chattahoche, falls into St. George's
Sound within the island of this name, which is twa
leagues j&om the main and four leagues long but
very narrow.

The Bay or lagoon of St. Joseph is enclosed
on the south by the curving peninsula of which
Cape St« Blaize is the extreme point.

W£6T . FLOEID A« 1 93

St. Rose I&Und, twenty miles long but very naf-
row» has plenty of fresh water : ijts west end forms
the east side of the entrance to Pensacola Bay. •

Santa Maria Galvez, or Peosacob Bay, ia a large
inlet entirely land locked, the entrance two tniles
wide with sixteen to twenty-four ieet depth an()f
within thirty to thirty-five feet, according as the
water is elevate^ or depressed by the strength of
the winds* Several rivers fall into this inlet, of
which the largest is the Shambe, and is navigable
for sloops a few miles, and for canoes a consider*
able distance.

The town of Pensacola, the capital of the
province, is on a plain on tl^e west side of the bay,
aiyi is defended by a fort on a sand hill, close under
which all vessels must pass to the town.

While Florida was a.n English possession, Fensa^
cola carried on a considerable trade ; but under the^
restrictive system and indolence of the Spaniards,
it has fallen into insignificance and poverty, the
only branch of industry attended to, because it
xequirea little labour, being the rearing of cattle.
The sole trade is to New Orleans, and does not
occupy above four or five schooners of ten to
twenty-five tons, which keep along shore to the
mouth of the Mobile, where they enter the sounds
between the islands and the main to Lake Pont-
chartrain : from this lake they enter the river St.
John, which communicates by a short canal with
New Orleans. The length of this internal naviga-
tion is but fifty leagues, and it is usually accom-
plished in two days, while the out^ passage to

VOL. IV. o New

194 MARirmE GEOCnTAPHTr

New Orleans by the mouths of the Mississipi, is
ninety leagues, and from the strong adverse Ciu*-
rent and prevailing winds from the west is often
lengthened to forty days.

The climate of Pensacola is so healthy that
^invalids are sent hither from Louisiana.

The river Alabama, or Mobile, falls into a large
gulf, whose entrance is between a long peninsufe
on the east and Isle Dauphin on the west. The
town of Mobile, at the mouth of the river, is buitk
on the side of a hill.

The coast west of Mobile Bay is liried by lt)W
sandy islands covered with cypress trees, their
names in succession are Isle Dauphin whferte the
French formed their first settlements, Masseo^
Horn, Dog, Vaisseau, from having a harbour for
vessels of burden. Cat, &c. Farther west a great
number of alluvion islands front the entrancfe of
Lake Ponlehartrain and the Bay of St. Esprit. The
channels between these islands have in general but
ten lo twelve feet, and the depth of Lake Font-
chartrain decreases annually, so that' it is ^ro5aUe
a few years will convert it into a marsh, as well aa
Lakes Maurepas and Borgne, tfie former cottimuiir-
eating with the Mississipi by Iberville River, which
is quite dry in summer, its bed being twdve fefet
above the lowest level of the Missis^ipi ;* but m
spring, w^hen the river rises, it discharges a part of
its waters by the Iberville into takfe Pbrttchartriim.
Biloxi, oil the itiain land within 'Vaisfseaiix Islitad^
was one of fiid first establishments of the French,
in Louisiana*

( 195 ) *"

LOUISIANA.

Hie country of Louisiana is separated from
Flofida, by Lakes Pontchartrain and Maui*epas»
and by the river Iberville to the Mississipi Itj
would bowevef appear that the United States
ckim die territory between the Mobile apd Missis-
sippi, as within the natural limits of Louisiana.
Chi. the west the limits are also a subject of dis-
pute, Spain confining them to the River Mexican
Ba and the Americans extending them to the Rio
Brava del Norte.

Having already described the Mississipi and its
navigation in detail, we have here only to observe
that from the Fort of Balize, on one of the allu-
vion islands at its mouth, where pilots are taken
for the river, the banks for fifteen leagues are low
snd swampy, covered with . reeds and mangroves,
and incapable of improvement, or of being in-
habited. The first establishment is at Plaque-
mine on the right bank, ten leagues above Balize,
where is a brick fort, and on the opposite side
anotfaer named Fort Bourbon, whose fires cross,
the former mounts twenty-four large cannon.
After passing these forts the banks of the river
grofw more elevated, and the aquatic plants are
l^adually replaced by brushwood and trees. Five
lea^piea above Plaquemine, the first cultivation is
net' with, in small scattered fields on the banks of
tine river, which are higher than the land within
them i being raised by the depositions of the river

oS in

196 MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.

in its rises. This elevated bank or ridge is not above
a mile wide, beyond which the whole country i»
a vast marsh covered with cypress trees.

New OfiLEANs is situated on the leilbaok of
the Mississipi thirty-five leagues above Balize» and
on an island formed by the main river on the west
and south, by the River IbwviUe and Lakes Pont-
char train and Maurepas on the north, and by the
Lake Borgne and St. Esprit on the east. The
island is sixty leagues long, and two to fifteen
broad, but tlie only portion of it susceptible of
cultivation is the elevated bank of the river whicb
is here about four miles broad. At th^ town the
river is 1000 yards wide and fort^ fatlioina deeps
and the bank so steep that the shipjs lay a plank to
the shore.

Tbe town is composed of some neat brick houses
and miserable wooden ones. The forager, but of
one story/ are built on pilef;, the proximity of the
water to tlie surface not admitting of su2ikfounda->
tions ; tlie streets are in fact lower than the base
of the river ia the riae, and are only kept from
inundation by the greater height of the bank,
through wliich however the water filtrates^ and
a canal is cut in the middle of every street to
receive it. These canals all unite» and deliver the
water they receive into a navigable canal cut from
the tawn to the creek of St. John, which com-
municates with Lake FontcHartrain, The town
consists of thi*ee streets parallel with the river 600
fathoms long, intersected at right angles by others
300 fathoms long, the'marshea preventing their

greater

LOUISIANA. 197

greater extension backwards : all the streets are
sixty feet wide, with raised footways of timber at
each side five feet wide* The public buildings are
the town house, church, military and civil hospi-
tals, barracks, and playhouse. The population
in 1801, was estimated at 10,000, viz. 4,000
whites, 250 free people of colour and the remain-
der slaves.

Before the cession of Louisiana to the United
States, the balance of commerce was considerably
against it, and was paid in j^pecie sent from Mexico.
In 1801, the exports from New Orleans were

DoUan.

Cotton, two millions of pounds, worth 500,000

Sugar and fir|rrop, four do, 300,000

Indigo, tobacco, &c 200,000

1,000,000

The coast west of the Mississipi to the limits of
the territory, is composed of low alluvion islands,
without any settlements.

0 8

C 198 )

WEST INDIA ISLANDS.

The West India Islands form an irregular
chain between the peninsula of Florida and the
north-east extremity of South America, inclosing
the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. By the
French geographers they are divided into the
Great and Little Antilles^* and the latter are also
distinguished by the denomination of Windward
Islands, fisks au Vent J ^ in respect to their Great
Antilles, or Cuba, 4St. Domingo, Jamaica, and
Porto Rico.

By the English, the Little Antilles of the French
are called the Caribbee Islands, and are distin-
guished, not very correctly, into Windward and-
Leeward ; the former comprising all those between
Grenada and Martinique inclusive, and the Lee-
ward Islands including all those from Dominica
inclusive to Porto Rico.

The

« The origin of this name is thas explained by Mr. Plnkertoft, rot. -III.
p. 4. ** TUfi mathematicians of the middle ages holding the a^cessifg^ of
a southern continent, also wpposcd the etiatence of lands in the hemis-
phere between Europe and Asia, to balance these comments, and^ aecor-
dingly, imaginary lands were laid down at random, west of the Cauariefty
to whidi was gireu the name of Anti^Iniulay or AntinstUa^ fiignifyixig
islands opposite the continent; thus in the chart of Andrew Bianea,.1434»
the Ywla ds AntUUdf and JMamw Satanath^ or Sotan's ^winhaad^
are ^laosd west of the Canaries,

^V£ST INIIIA ISLANDS. 199

Tbe Leeward Islands of the Spaniards (Soto^
ventoj are those off the coast of Terra Firma,
west of Trinidad. The Bahama Islands form a
distinct archipelago, north of Cuba. The Virgin
Islands, bet;ween Porto Rico ^nd th^ Caribbees, are
. included in the political ' division of Leeward
Islands.

In general the West India IsUnds are elevated,
and the larger ones, particularly St. Domingo and
Jamaica, present mountains whose summits are
visible thirty leagues.

With respect to the climate, ihe temperature
differs little throughout the year ; nevertlieless,
the variations follow the course of the seasons as
in Europe, July and August being the hottest
months, when the maximum of the thermometer
exposed to the sun, and with a clear sky, is 145°,
and in the shade (on shore) 87^, but at sea only^
83^. The mouthy of December and January are
the coldest, wh^ju the lowest state of the thermo-
meter is 7^°*

The year may be divided into four seasons,, the
first commencing with the vernal or moderate
rains in April and May, w^hich usually l^st six
"Weeks; the second season includes June, July,
and August, and is hot and diy ; the third, Sep-
tember, October, and November, or the hurricane
and rainy months; and the fourth, December,
January, Fe)?ruary, and March, which are the
most serene and coolest months.

The West India Islands are subject to frequent
earthquakes, which probably proceed frwi the

o 1$ weakened

^K) MikRITIME OEOGRAFHT.

weakened operation of subterranean fires, by which
it appears these islands were originally produced,
there being evident vestiges of volcanoes in the
whole of the Caribbees, except Barbadoes, which,
however, has other unequivocal indications of be-^
ing also produced by a convulsion of nature.

These islands, on their first discovery, were
found inhabited by two race's, materially differing
from each other. The Caribbs occupied the chain
of lesser islands, to which geographers have at-
tached their n^me, and are by some thought to
have come from Florida, while others, with more
probability, consider them as a colony from the
country of Guiana, where their race is still found.
The description of this people has a singular re-
semblance to that of the New Zealanders, being
like these latter a robust, fierce, and warlike race
of cannibals, sacrificing and devouring their pri-
soners taken in battle, painting their faces and
bodies, and tracing white and black circles round
the eyes, raising cicatrices on the cheeks, pierc-
ing the cartilage of the nose, and thrusting fish
bones and parrots' feathers through it, wearing
necklaces of the teeth of their enemies slain in
battle, admitting a plurality of women, but who
were condemned to every species of drudgery, at
the same time that their tyrants were so jealous of
themi Aat according to a French writer, the bare
suspicion of infidelity was enough to induce tfiem,
without any formality, to beat their brains out ;
and, adds iHs writer, with the levity rather than
the gaUantry of his. countrymen, " Cela est un

peu'

WESt TKDtA ISt;AKt>fi. 201

feu satavage d la vhite^ mats (fest unfrein biefi
jproprej pour reterur lesfefnme^ dans kur devoir.**
The women were abo precluded from eating with
the iBeD. '

The government of the Caribbs was patriar-
chal, the young men paying deference to the
opinion of the elders ; and the war chiefe were
chosen s6lely for their courage, which was pfevi^
€nisly proved by their inflicting on themselves
the greatest torments. Their arms were bows and
arrows, and clubs.

The aboriginal inhabitants of the greater West
India Islands, Cuba, St. Domingo, Jamaica, and
Porto Rico, were a mild, and comparatively with
the Caribbs, a cultivated people ; these two
races bearing nearly the same relations to each
other as the New Zealanders and Society Islan-
ders. Like these latter, the West Indians were
deKcately formed, indolent, and licentious in the
intercourse of the sexes. Their chief amusement
was dancing, and their arietos, or public entertain-
ments of this nature, had a great similitude to the
Otaheitean heeva^ while others of their dances
were extremely indecent. The governments
were hereditary absolute monarchies, with a
class of subordinate chiefs, bound to certain war-
like services. This race seems to be identified
with the Arro^auks, a people of Guiana, between
whom and the Caribbs of the same country there
always existed the most inveterate animosity.

The quadrupeds found in the West India Is»
lands, on their discovery, amounted only to eight

species.

90i

MARITIME .OSOGRAPHT.

i^eciesy all of the smaller kinds, and these were
not even common to all the islands. Ist, The cary,
or agouti, (musagtUi), an animal between the rabbit
and rat, which is now only found in the moun^
tains of the larger islands ; 2d. the pecary, or musk
hog, (sustqjacu), was only found in the Caribbee
Islands, but has been exterminated ; ^. the arma-
dilla ; 4. the opossum ; 5. the racoon ; 6. the
musk rat (pUofis); 7« the alco, or native dog,
which did not bark ; 8. the . monkey of various
small species, but which in many of tlie lesser
islands has become extinct.

Amongst the birds was the beautiful flamingo,
which the senseless principle of indiscriminate de^
struction that has hitherto marked European dis«
covery, has entirely exterminated in most of the
islands.

The serpents of the West India Islands are
generally thought to be not venemous ; but the
rivers are infested by the alligator.

( «» )

COLONIZATION

OP THE

WEST INDIA ISLANDS.

The island named by the Spaniards HisPANiotA^
or Little Spain, and St. Domingo, and by the
aborigines Hayti,* received the first European
qolony in America. In 14.93, Columbus was led
to this island by learning from the natives of some
of the lesser ones first discovered, that the gcdd
ornaments they wore were procured from n
larger island, the direction of which they pointed
put, and he accordingly shaped his course for it ;
and landing on the north side, entered into a
friendly exchange with the Indians of beads,
knives, &c. for gold dust and provisions ; and with
their assistance constructed a little fort, named
Nativity, in which he left thirty-nine Spaniards.
The following year he returned to the island with
1,500 colonists, composed of soldiers, artificers,
and monks ; but found that the Spaniards he had
left behind had been all massacred, and the fort

destroyed

* t. f* Mountainous : they also called it Q^U^ito^ or tbe Greai
Coiutry.

g04 MARITIME GBOGKAPHT*

destroyed by the irritated and injured natives*
Columbus, however, wisely smothering his anger,
proceeded quietly to found his colony by the con-
stuction of a fort, named Isabella, on the coast,
and another named St. Thomas, in the mountains
of the interior, in the torrents of which the In-
dians collected gold dust. The search for this
metal occupying all the thoughts of the colonists,
they neglected to provide. for their subsistence by
cultivation, and the provisions brought from Spain
being exhausted, they became entirely dependent
on the Indians ; but the latter having no super-
fluity, were unable to answer these demands with-
out starving themselves ; in order to avoid which,
and to revenge the aggressions of the Spaniards,
they determined to get rid of them by open hos-
tilities : but naked savages, with no other wea-
pons than bows, arrows, and spears, were littlfe
capable of opposing disciplined Europeans possess-
ed of fire-arms } and though more than thre^-
fourths of the Spaniards had been already car-
ried oif by disease, the remainder were sufficient
to give a complete defeat to an army of 100,000
Indians ; and in order to punish those who escaped
from the battle, for this rebellious attempt, as
the Spaniards thought proper to call it, every
* Indian, above twelve years old, was subjected to
pay a tribute in cotton or gold dust. The in-
dustry the payment of this tax required, was so
contrary to the habitual indolence of the Indians,
and to their principles of liberty, that it became
insupportable; but as they had learned by ex-
perience

perience that they were unequal to <^oae the
Spaniards by force, they determined on obliging
' them to quit the island by famine, and for th;s
purpose they refrained from cultivating the
ground* dug up the roots of the manioc, and re-^
tired to the mountains, where vast numbers of
them perished of famine, while the Spoois^rds
penetrated their retreats with dogs trained to the
purpose, and hunted and massacred them with**
out mercy ; so that of a million of inhabitants,
which the island was supposed to contain on the
arrival of the Spaniards, the one-third were de-*
stroyed in less than four years. The remainder^
to preserve their existence, returned to the plains,
and became the labourers, or lather the 8lay.es of
the Spaniards.

The emigration of voluntary settlers from the
mother country being yexy trifling, Columbus
pressed to people the colony with crUninalyt
whose o&nces were not thought worthy, of death,
and the goals of Spain were accordingly emptied
upon the New World. From such subjects little
good was to be expected ; the habits of idle^
Hess and vice were too firmly engrafted, to be
dhanged by their new situation, and their xmm^
hers rendermg them too powerful to be kept in
subjection by coercive means, it was found ne*
cessary to have recourse to palliatives, several
4if wlvch were tried without success. At last, in
1499> in order to conciliate these vagabonds, it
was determined to accompany every grant of land

with

with a certain number of native Inili^s^ ai
labomers. This flagitious measure did not, how-*
ever, reconcile the turbulent colonists to the
government of Columbus, and in IdOO, in con^
sequence of their intrigues, he ivas seized, and
sent to Spain in chains ; and though, on his arri^
vat, his innocence was publicly acknowledged^
he WAS not restored to the command of the
colony*

The mines, which when first discovereii' vre^
tolerably rich, decreased so rapidly, tliat the
crown Was obliged, successively, to reduce the
^are it retained of the produce, from one half^
to one-third, and one-fifth ; and, finally, the dis^
covery of the richer mines of Mexico, caused
those of Hispaniola to be entirely abandoned.
Not only the cultivation of the soil, but also the
working of the mines, devolved entirely on the
wretched Indians, whose physical strength being
totally inadequate to such unaccustomed labour^
with the addition of their moral sufierings, rapidly
carried them o% and at last entirely exterminated
the race.

The abandonment of the mines caused a const-
dend)le part of the Spaniards of Hispaniola ta
desert the island, and seek a shorter road to fbr-
tune on the continent, and the few who remained
were obliged to resort to cultivation for the means
of subsistence; but as Europeans were supposed
to be incapable of labouring the earth in this
equinoctial climate, and A& the native Indians

were

WtST INlilA ISLANDS. 20^

ffetb ^xfAnct, it became necessary to seek slaves in
some other quarter, and the west coast of 'Africa
presented a tbcc, which, according to the libellers
of Almighty ^^isrdom and goodness, were fitted by
liatore for slavery only. The introduction rf ne**
groes did not, however, give any considerable Im*
]>ulsion to the prosperity of the colony, and its
decline was accelerated by the depredations of
the Buccaneers, a confederation of chiefly French ,
and English freebooters, who long infested the
West-Indian seas, and committed the taost daring
and incessant depredations on the Spaniards.

The origin of these celebrated associations is
traced to about the year 1625, when the French
and English, being driven from the island of St^
Christopher, determined to fix themselves on the
north coast of Hispaniola, then almost depopu-
lated by the emigration of the Spaniards to the
continent ; they therefore drove off the few Spa-
niards they found on the Kttle islaild of Tortuga^
and fixed there their head-quarters.

At first they subsisted by hunting the wild cat-
tle on the neighbouring coasts of Hispaniola, the
hides of which they sold to such vessels as ap-
)rroached the island, in exchange for cloathing,
liquors, arms and ammunition. Tlieir food con-
sisted chiefly oi the meat of these cattle, eaten
fresh or smoked, according to the method of the
native Indians, in places called by these latter
Buccans, whence the name of Buccaneers, by
which they are generally known in English his-
tory. The French denominatioo of FUbustiers,

is

1$ 9 eorrqption of Fr0aboet&^ by whioh Hie Bag*
H^h als6 desigHated them.

At length the m\d cattle becoming scarce, tb^
Bticcaneers were necessitated to seek other meam
of Subsistence, and the steadiest of them applied
ttiemselves to agriculture, while those of a restlesB
disposition associated themselves with the pirates
of aU nations, and under the name of Bro^ter^ 4^
tke- Coosty which they assumed, formed the most
desperate band of lawless plunderers that ever
infested the ocean.

Their first Excursions were made in open b(}ai(%
containing twenty to thirty men, in which they
boarded ^the largest merchant vessels, and usu^y
carried them by their desperate courage. Though
tliey often made no distinction of nations, the
Spanish vessels, as being by far the richest, were
most particularly the object of their pursuit.

While acting contrary to every law, human or
divine, and given up to the grossest- debauchery^
the Buccaneers, pretending to consider the plun-
dering the Spaniards as a meritorious act, and as
a proper retdlicition i^r their ciiielty to -the native
Indians, never failed to implore the divine assists
ance in their expeditions, aud to return thaolqi
ibr their successes.

Their regulations for the divisioQ of pUmder
were religiously observed, and if any individiil^
was found to have concealed any pai^t^ hewaa
without pity turned ashore on soo^ dftsevt i^skod«
A fund was also established ^ the assistanoer of
their sick and wQundedt -• . '

W£ST »]>IA ISlAKlM. §09

Rroin*^nusy oia the seas aloae, the Baccaneers'
extended theif depredations to the continent, and,
foffliiag themselves into large bodies, {Sundered
tibe greatest towns of the Spaniards in the* New
World, and on the riiore» of both the ocefns,
Maraycaba, Carnpeacby, Vera Cruz, Porto Bello^
and Carthagena, as well as Guayaquil, Pftnamap.
&c. being pillaged by them*

This confederation continued until 1690, When
die war between England and France caused a
separation of the Buccaneers of the two nations,
and England being at the same time in alliance
with Spain, found it necessaiy to repress the
piracy of her subjects against ' that nation in * the
West^Indian seas. The French Buccaneers conti-
nued their career a few years longer, but the
peace ef Ryswick in 1697 restoring the friendly
relatione (^ France and Spain, they had no longer
a field to exercise in, and in a yery few years the
name of Buceaneer was no longer heard.

The Buccaneers did not, however, enjoy the
quiet possesnon of the island of Tortugas, for
tbe Spaniards^ in their turn, watching an x)pportu^
nily when the . greater part of these freebooters
were absent, fell on the few that remained, whom •
titey massacred, and regained possession of the
iabnd ; but in 1638 the Buccaneers again retook
and fortiied it

Tbo Snglish and French now quairrelling, and
tlM IbM)^ lieing the weaker, were obliged to quit
die island, which between this period and 165^
three times regained and lost by the Spa«

VWL. TV. T niards.

ni^dsi; Jp tbQ ]at;ter ye^m: tbe Frenolf.gpt ar%ii
C9Ptiiagion its.^d then 6v%t begim to&kthemK
se^ve^ ^P^i.tbe nieighbouriiig coa9t of the Greitii;...
Is]^nd».in spite of the opposit^pn of . the 9p^fst
nia^; and i^ 1665 Franpe, wlii^h had hitbe^a. .
either paid no- attention .to ti^e projects of h«ir .
subJ9€t» on this ialand^, or disavowed them,. no)w.
^hen they began to acquire consistence;, i^kno.w-
ledged their enterprises, and sent out d'^^a^.as
their, governor, who by his vise ;g4ittinistc^ti|Ki
reduced a band of lawles^is pirates to coxnpf^rativa
ofder ajnd subordination. t .

But as the French adventurers were witl^out*
women, the colony must hfive soon JtaUento pjle* .
ces, hs^ not the government at hoipe endeavoured
to provide the colonists with wiv^,^ by ofiecing
very high rewards to poor ^oung women of good
character ^ and by tliis means 100 girls were in*
duced to transport themselves, and were on their
arrival in. the colony soUl to the highest bidders*.
The liberal offers of government not being, how-
ever, sufficient to induce any considerable njumber
of modest women thus to sell them^^lves^ recourse.
was liad to women of the town, who hired, or
rather bound themselves, to cohabit for t^iree
years, with the person to whom they: s}ioul4 be
allotted. The confusion caused iu tbe colony by
these abandoned creatures, made it miqsjqsaqr tto
proWbit their further exportation, and mai>y.af»
the. colonists were in consequepce obliged tO/^^utt
the i^landf for want of Qompanions.

Nevertheless, under these unfavourable circum*^

staucei^

WEST ttTDIA ISLANliS. " ^1

stances, and subject as tliey were to the open bc*-^
tilitiesand treadiery of liie Spailiards, th^ Frenc^h
continued to encrease, tihtil the accession' of Pht«
lip V. to the crown of Spain (I7OI), ^eAthe*
intisTests of the two nations being united at home,
their subjects were forbidden to molest each other
abroad, and the French remained in quiet posses-
sion of the east end of the island, though their
limits were not agreed on until 1776.

* The progress of the French was so rapid, that
in 1790 the population amounted to 81,000
whites, 24,000 free people of colour, and 480,000
slaves, ♦ and the annual export of produce ex-^
ceeded fbur millions and a half sterling (value in
the island). The spirit of revolution in the colo-
ny Was coeval with that in the mother country,
and in I791 an insurrection of the negroes de-
luged the northern part of the colony with the
blood of the whites. The wavering conduct of the
first national assembly with respect to the emanci-
pation of the slaves, and the decree of the legis-
lative-assembly, placing the free people of colour
on a political equality with the whites, only in-
creased the fiame of insurrection, and in June
179s a body of negroes entered Cape Fran^ais,
massacred the whites without distinction of age
or sex, and reduced the town to ashes.

The Royalist party amongst the whites now
aoficftetf'-the English to take' possession of the
eHkiAyi* and a force was sent from Jamaica for this

p 2 ' ' purpose,'

• £4«iradi'9 History of tbe West-Indiet } other acoouBtt make the po]ni-
tekm at the Revolatkm vear 700|000.

pfup^se^ which succeeded in gettii^ pooeMJoa «f
fCMoe of the principal places $ bjut thom^ tb^
British twppfi were reinforced with an intention of
prosecuting the w^r with v^oui^ l^e tfrnblevinnr-
tality among th/em^ combined wi^ other :]<eafiansr
caused the it^fXki to be evaawted in 179f^ al|erftt
bad been th^ grave of the flower of tl^e BpAil^
armyr

On the callii^ in of the English t)ie r^vok*
tionary commissioners, who ha4 been aent i^m
France to organize the colony, but who bad com-
pletely disorgamzed it, concluded their ado^nis*
tration by the most desperate measure^ that cpuld
have entered into the heads of frantic republicans!
that of declaring the general freedom of the
slaves, under the idea of their joining the^n in the
defence of the colony against the English*, The
sole effect of this decJaiiation was, however, caus«
ing vast numbers of tha slayer to quit theii: m^
ters and 2;etire to the mountains, where they plifHi-
ned the means of their future independencQ,
which they declared formally in 1801.

In 1802, France being delivered from the^waf
with England, turned her vie^s to the recweQT; <xf
the colony, and for tbi^ puijiose .2Q,0Q9 ve^era^
ypldie^ were s^t out, under the coi^maiid f^ J^
Clerc, Buon^arte's brother*in*law» But the .^^f
tern^vat;!!^. pp^ociple on, which the . v^. ^aj^ cpn-
d\icted against the . negroes, had no o|hfl[$ e^^
than to giye a desperate en|Brgy to t^eir ffiiii^^iuKRVt
at Uie sfune time that the yellow fever carried ofi'
the French as it had done the English i an^ final*

Xy^ "die Mtirvbnng V9*t(^ of their atuiy lieingW
siegfed iti Cupe Fi-an^afls, wad fbtced to agree to
ifefiiciMt^tfae islafid jbut the negroes, sriinotmtsiig
tiicfr iilt€iition of sinking their skips wilh red hot
IliM!, ttef ii^^« ol^ed to ckdtii the protectidik
of the UngKsh sqiimlron cruising off the pott, to
Itfhott they surrendered as prisoners of war, and
were conveyed to Jamaica. In November 180d
At ilegroes again proclaimed their independence^
A&d thb^irst of January 1804 the ancient name of
BmH wdls restored to the Island. Dessafines, a
m^'geiieral. was declared governor fot m^
ibdd sA September of the same year assumed the
title ^ Eiffperbr of Hdnfti ; he however fell in a
con^^tracy, and the island has since been con«
▼ulsed by the contests of Christophe and Petion,
^e two lading negro chiefk The fermer, having
taken die title of Henry I., King of Hayti, keeps
possession of the north part <^ Hie island, and
makes Cape Fran^ais his royal residence ; while
Petion, under the more modest name of Presi^
dent, governs the southern part, and has his head^
quarters at Port au Prince. Both these chieft
^eeni determined to defend fheir liberties against
^y^ attempt of the French to regain a footing in
the isldnd ; and it would appear that their procla^'
mations on this^ subject are not empty boastings^
tiie armies of Hayfi being represented as name*
rouSi well arttied, hvA perfectly discipHned, and
ihe foHificationi^, particulaily in the mountains^
as impregnabk, and well suppBed with every
dHB^ necesiuu^ to^earty resistance to extremity/

F 8 With

214 MARITIME G£X)GiUPlfT«

' With respect to the moral and social staie d(
the Haitians, they are described as having no
form of religious worship, and as admitting md
encouraging a plurality of wives. The edurt of
Henry I. is a burlesque imitation of the d-devant
court of St Cloud, the negro king being sur-
rounded by bis Grand Chamberlainy his Marshal of
ffie Palace f Ministers of the Interior and Eateriar^-
grand croix of the legion of honour, dukes;
counts, and barons, &c. &c. Sumptuousness in!
dress is carried to excess by the negro nobles anii
gentry. The problem, however, still remainsr td
be solved, whether the African race is by nature
capable of forming a stable cmlized community/
or whether, according to Mr. Edwards, tiie Hay-
tiatis '' will become savages in the midst of so*
ciety ; without peace, seburity, agriculture, o^
property, ignorant, of the duties of life, and unac-
quainted with all the soft and endearing relations
which render it desirable ; averse to labour,'
though frequently perishing of want, suspicious'
of each other, and towards the rest of mankind
revengeful and faithless, remorseless and bloody-*-
minded; pretending to be free while groamh)^
under the capricious despotism of their chiefs, and
feeling all the miseries of servitude without' the
benefits of subordination.^'
. Undfer the prohibitory colonial system of SpaiUj
the Spanish part of St. Domingo remained la'^tf
kind of stationaiy torpidity, there "not being eveA
a' prictiCdble road in this part of the island. BdT
population, in 1800, wto' estimated at 100,000

whites

"IfEST mot A . ISJ^Alf 9#. ^is

^itosand^freepeofite of colour and only 15,000
^veSf. The«proiduqe vas inconsiderable, there
^)^g but twenty-four sugar-works, still fe\yer of
^fl^e. imd cocoa plantations, none of indigo, and
the other agricultural objects were rice and wheat
£[>r the consumption of the inhabitants and 9om^
tobacco* ' The breeding of cattle^ requiring little
lahourr was more suitable to the Spanish indolence,
and hence the French part of the island was sup-
I^ed with them from the Spanish. By the treaty
f^ 3aale9 Sfiain ceded her portion of the island to
Fnoice, but it was taken from these latter by the
fingUsh m 1809f and restored to Spain by the
timtPf of Paris 1814.

Pqrto Rico, discovered by Columbus in 14^3,
and thus named from the gold ornaments observed
amongst the natives, first received a colony of -
SfKWiiards from Hispaniola in 1509» and by the
s^une Hagitious conduct, the natives were quickly
eKteminated J but the colonists being continually
disturbed by the invasions of the Caribbs of fht
neighbouring islands, the island remained in a
state of ins^nificance* In 1595^ Sir Francia.
Dcajke took sad plundered St. John's, the chief
tovfn } and three years after, tbe^ Earl of Cum-
b^land invaded the island and carried, off a great
booty. In 1606 the Dutch got possession of the
idimdf and in 161S St. John's wa9 takfea by the
English . It has since been invaded /at various
tvnes by, tb&Fxench and Ei^ljish, the last of which
i«U7d7f whw the English made a fonnidabie
, . » ...... ».p,-4 ' • '^ ' . • . itttack;

• *4 t I

f^tftc^tm St. John's, but imf8 eU^adtOM^eoAwfe
vithaut Jisoomplishing ilhmr purjpoae. - •^

Cuba, discovered in 149^j received a Spanish
establishment in 1511, atid the consequent exter*
mination of the natives followed by th^ir condem-
nation to the mines^ aided by the small pox, a new
disease whidi they also received from the Spani*
aids. The rfiined being found of liiktle valuer ^
island would probably have been abandoned, bai
not its position ip the direct route to Mexito, thea
just conquered by Cortess^ and its excellent pott
of the Havannah, given it ^ oonsiderable hfoU
inoportanee. This port was . accoo^dingly £[ttti-
fied, but the progress of improvment was m
slow, that in 173«^» it was thought proper t^ ^Eioit
the monopoly of its commerce to w endraw
company, whose government Was esteblinhed «t
the Havannah, and who had merely afitftergr.Jri;
Guliz i but the mail-admiiiirtratiw of this bod^
produce4 its total bapkruptcy, and ii» ITfifi^ iim
commerce was made free to all the* eHJgecto;nof
S^n.

. Tk^ litti« island of Cama0VA ym discovend

apd 4espii^ed by Columbus in 1498; lNtl.;tfa&fi|tfi^

iuard% 99m ^txie »fW» ieamtng th«i:th6 banlttnia

ij^, xicifii^y^^ «)H>uttd€id in pearly UmisteA totr^oia

W>Q>. wAg«ffe it *b« mm» of I^ qf Eetirls. -Eba

wi^ty. yf kin wloktik tbe^kiery waacanwd otki^hmf^

;€yif& 3Qoi|}«xto«te4 the banks^ and m 10^ tbe<.tta.

:l¥Mii¥m(vit^dQ{|^^f^ tbfct ^MMsuaam^ whidi

:^fi^£!^ith»< iim}ft;«w«^e af dcbefc.liiitiiel)i^iiiis

^.m r^eo^ily esbwited^ . NevMthekM :l2fa>s

latter

ivMT QmiA toMtom SIT

vent other natums hqm taking pcMpssioaof it.

BRITISH ISLANDS.

1 1

The civil and religioiis disaensions which tocie
England to pieces, and at hnt braugbt* Charles
L to the bk>ck» gave rise - to the ^rst British
eotafclishmentB in the West Indies. A number
ndf pctBons of moderate princi{^ ilnd peaceftd
lii^poaitiaoB^ ^wg from Ae* horrors of a sangni-
nary civil war, sought refuge in thes6 islands/ and
tile tranquillity they aA>rdedthein increased emi-
gratmiBy so ^at while tibe mother country was
wasting the blood of her children at home, others
«f llMn were founding the great fabric of her
fiilnre greatness. .

Dulii^ the infimcy of the British ocdonies, their

temmerce was under no restraint, and they might

asport llieir productions whither they thought ' fit,

Of dispose of tibem to all those indi&r^otly idio

came to their pofts to seek fbr them ; but the

-Clbtch being then the naval carriers of Eurtope,

tedceff by ftr the greater part, so that the mother

eotntry ben^ted very Uttle by their possesshm

ioiitil l6f 1, when the fiunous Navigation Act wto

-pasiQdi if^ch duit the ports of tiie colonies' to all

-fimfigtit' fligs, and oW^ed the cdoHists to ex)>brt

: Aohr prariooUoBs dittdt to the'* mother country, in

^Brilnh. ships only. This • regnhMdon s«iD exi^t^ jki

^fidl ftac^wiik'thecniieptiloiiof niM'ai^ Aekises,

•- . which

whkh. are allowed to be sent to Amerioa'm ex*
change for objectB necessary, to the islAnddy as oom,
provisions, stores, and lumber 4 but ^this trade is
likewise confined to. British vessels navigated : ac(>
cording to law, though this restriction has faeeii
relaxed during the late wars, neutials ^ii^ al*
lowed to carry iton«

The sti4>le production <^ the West India Islands
are sugar, tum^ coffee, and cotton, besides which
they export pimento, cacao, indigo, itamadnds,
ginger, castor. oil, tortoise-^shell,. arxow roi^ md
various woods, as mahogany, logwood, fiistii^ and
lignum vitse. >

The governments of the British islands; are
called ro^/govemmeBls^ consisting iof a goveMior
j^f^inted by the crown» a council, and' l^jab^
tive house of assembly chosen jby the coiooiste
from amongst themselves* The BritishLeewaid
Canbbees are included in one govammentt and
the governor, who has>the title of C^^itain Gaieial
of the Leeward Caribheet^ resides at . Ant%UB»^
The common law of Sngiaiod is that of the colo^
mss with respect to the white jfopuktios, but the
slaves are governed by colonial Jaws, enacted l^^
tfaelegiiiaiiwe assembliesi the lif^ of the eitve
%hme beifig protected by |)acticular.slbitute$(:enrj
aitted in Gsent Brstain.

. SarbapojIs wjSLS disf^pvered fay the Jforti^^iieac^
in itheir return from Brisil and received the first
British colony in the West Indies, James Town
being fbunded by them in .1624 or 5. At thSs
period it did;nQt uppoar to have ever had any in*

habitants.

lMd>ilaiit8^ iwrf* did it afford either \tegetables. or
smmeis tt^ the sustenance of Hian. The island
being granted by Charles L to the Earl of Carlisle^
that nobleman, in l6S9t sent out a number of
colonists at his own expense^ who being in general
indoBtrious, and possessed of some capital, the
island was soon cleared and brought into cultiva*
tion ; and so rapid was the progress of population,
in consequence of the emigrations from England,
caused by the civil war, that in 1650 the island
oontaroed the astonishing number of JfO,000
whttesi and a number of Indians and ne^o slaves

St. Christopher was discovered and thus
nasned by Columbus afler his patron saints It< was
iiccapied jointly by the French and, Englii^ in
l62fi ; but tlinee years after, both were diq^iossessed
by the Spaniards. These latter neglectiog it,
ibe former returned, and continued to possess it
in 4^qoal portion? until 1666^ when .the war in
]Eanq[>e caused hostilities between the two pepple
oa ibt i^nid^ which ended in the expulsion of the
French in 170S» and by tlie treaty of Utrecht it
traft secured to England* In 1782 it was taken
by iht Fteadhf but restored in 178S.

Ibe *littl& island Ncvis was discovered by ^ Co-^
lumbos, trho is said to b&ve given it tin* nam^
from the erroneous opinion that its : summit was;
gisvetei with siiow.^ A pait of ^e English ^-

. X • Kl' l|

• Thii idea probably proceeded, .from. trA^^f 9tn^^ti whiclixniy at thatf
<lSmeiav^S8lUNll!itnBitscrattr; ^ ■•: "^

i I . .' f • . ' ." ' i 'j

> 1

9S0 UKVXXia GSBOfiRAMUr.

vto from St Kitts by tbe Spaniardfd in 10C8,
took refuge at this idland, and formed the flMt
establislunent. In 1706 it fell into ihe haiidti of
tbe French, but was restored by the treaty of
Utrecht; it was also taken by the French in
1782, but restored in 1783.
MoKTSERRAT was first^settled by iiie Engtish in

1632. *

Antigua was discovered byCoIumbns> and named
after the church of Santa Maria de Anitgoa^ at Se-
ville. It was then uninhabited, doubtless from it^
total want of fresh water. A few French iamilied
driven from St Kitts, in 1628, were its first Euro-
p^an inhabitants, but again abandoned it. When
the English first occupied it is not exactly knoi^,
but about thirty families were established on it in
1640. In 1666 it was included in a grant of se-
veral islands from Charles II. to Lord Willoughby,
who sent out a coisiderable nulnber of colonists.
In 1680 it reverted to the crown.

Anouilla was first occupied ^by the EngKdi in
1650.

Grenada, on its discovery by Colnmbtts^ was
thickly inhabited by Caribbs, who contii!iued un-*
disturbed till 1650, when a party of French, from
Martinique, invaded it ; and the Indians, defend-
ing their rights, werq, by a course of atrodtiea
unequalled even by the Spaniards, almost totaHy
t^erminated. The progress of their destroyers
was not however rapid, from the dissensions among
themselves, their number in I7OO being but 950,

with

fn;fl|T mpu islands. S31

flitli 500 fSAves. From this period the island im-
ftpveA rapidly^, hy the assistance it r^dved from
IfartiQiqiie ; <aiid was in a floarishing sl^te when
capturedy in 1769i by the English, to whom it was
i^dfid.by the peace of 1768. In 1779 it was
taken by the Ffench, but restored in 1789.

'SOs^^ Dutch ibund the Island of Tobago unm-
habited when they first formed aa establishment
oni'it in I6d2; but, being driven off by the Spa-
i»cirds, the island was neglected till 1654, when
tiberftcmer people formed a second establishment
on it; but were again di^ssessed by theEng*
liah m 1666, who, in theif turn, lost it to ^ance,
liff whom it was restored to Holland, but Bgairt
taken in I678 by the French,, when tiie fortifica*
tions were destroyed^ and the island entirely neg-
lected, until England claiming it fiiom the right of
]^ar occupancy, took possession of it in 1761^
fgad was confirmed in it by the peace of 1763. In
178I it was taken by the French, and ceded to
them IQ 178St but again captured by the British
in 1793. Aboui l64& the Dutch first formed
10 tstakiKsbment on the Island of Tortola, but
wwe -dttv^n off by the English in I666. A few
ISof^b fiimilies thrai settled on iti, but it was
diftsw^^ ot BO little consequence by themoUteri
OKVatiBji' that until 1748. it had received nc^
g^jHamambi mxd it was only in 1773 that
tWr^iigfai Islands, possessed by. Great Bri-
ta}% iKoeivod the same constitution as the other

i^]b»ltds*.. ! ; ; I .

.The

2CS MAUTAIB OimmAVRY.

The Baoilica IsLANBs, disiODvered 'by CokimbiCs^ '
in 1492, wev^ thdught no other wmys woftk^df
notice . by the iSpftniiards^ than as -l^y ifibrd^
Indians to work ^6 imnes of Higpaniola, ^nd ije« -
CMdingly the unhappy natives were all conveyiwl i
to that island in 1507^ and the iirchipelago >ra^
nmtned uninhabited till 167£» wbeti Mme £og]»h
formed a (settlement on the Island of Pixividente^-
from which they were diriveh seven years ifter by '
the Spaniards, but returned in 1690, and' weM
again dispossessed in 17O6 by the S^^aniards ' and^ *
French united, but who formed no establishment*

la 1714f some Spanish vessels^ richly laden, be^^^
ing wrecked on the florida reefs, the »Spaniards
sent many vessels to attempt to fish up the trta**
sui!9« So rich a prize tempted some of the in^-
bitants of Jamaica to endeavour at sharing in it ;
but this the Spaniards refusing to permit, one *
Jennings had recourse to force, to suj^rt what
he called a natural right; but afraid of the conse-
quences in thus violating the peace which existed
between the two nations, he united with a number
of other desperate adventurers, and becamie a
Iprofessed pirate, making the Bahama Isl&nds fair
rendezvous^ The depredations committed by these
banidSy not only on foreign vessels, but alfdo oi>
i4PigK3h, obliged the British government, in Vf*l9i'
to send out a force to reduce them, as well as- to
establish a colony on the Island of Providence.' ^

Some of the pirates refusing the amnesty oflfer*
ed them, retired from the island to pursue their

depredationai

vmn ^nmur^ i^uonm^^ 9S9'

4ipi^«lkia»'m totber .ptfts, whilife tothen inc»c(l6-
Tflt^d IkMfMelyei^with the new colonists. i

i Mket Eoi^MXid and Fraatie bad long dispotedy «
witb tespeot to tfaepotsessiooof St ^^inoekt > sad -
IIl9)ifKiCi&»* 'it was agreed by the treaty of Aixk^.
C3iapette,'iii'1746> that ^ese islands, together with
Tobago and St. Lucta, sboidd remain neutral, a»d
theCtfibba'be left in unmolested possession *aft
tbem. « This treaty of neutrality was, howevet,^
satisfactory to neither of the European powers ;
aitd at'thei peace of I768 the Islands of Dominica,
St^ Viacent, and Tobago, were assigned to Great
Britain, and St. Lucia to Fianoie ; the Caribbs not
b^tog mentioned inthis division of the spoiL Thesa
peei^e wereindeed reduced to aoaiserable remxAnt }
of the Red Caribbs, or aborigines, not more than 100
fainities remaining in I768, to whom the English
aai^ned a portion of the mountainous tract of
St^ Vincent Besides these Red Caribbs there was
on. the kAf^d a tribe named Black Caribbs^ the
progeny of the cargo of a slave ^ip wrecked on
. the Isle Bequis^ in 167^» and who, by marmgb
with Caribb women, and by the accession of run^f
away negroes from the.odier islands, bad gffsdHy {
multiplied ; their number, in 17^8^ heingiupwatdd ^
<£.2,000. They at first refused, to ^aoknoHrlAlg^i
the authority of the 'British gdvernment, but alte^ ^
some Jir^es had been lost in a contest with* them; ^
a trea^ was (jondttded in 177(^ by whid> ii pbr- *

t •

f i . )jj,**.-'#

* Thus named b]r Columbus from being discovered tbe first on St. Vio-
Mit^ D9f, and the second on a Sunday.

tiM tf the isbnd mm dkilted to t^i^m^ $iid tfaef
submitted to the xv^gidiiltciiM eaaetod* They oo<h-
tiDhiedpeaoeaUe unta the begieaiogoftbe f Miph
feTolotton, whcm tbw ttuMent ^ifft bimiasip
icnrtht and their epeidy fiivoimng the Finpoeh»
obliged the govenunent to %ct hostylely i^paont
llMnt and finaUy, on their, sul^ctioa in 1797j t<r
Q:qid them the iafamd^ and tcaiifport them to R*^
tut Idand, in the Bay of Honduna. In 177& Do-
minica was taken by tbe Frenchand St. VtnGent^s
ibe fottomng year; bdt both were restored ia
,1788.

Jamaica * was diKOvered by Columbua.ln l^lftK
and received a. Spanish colony from Hispanioia in
150^; but the same system of tyranny 9gmmt
the native Indians soon extermii^ted the race,
and the consequoit wai^t of hands caaaed a& the
establisfaments to be abandoned^ except St. Jago
de la Vega, where, in 165^, the ivhole population
ef tfa^e island, amounting to 1,500 Spaniards and
as many slaves, was collected,
r In that year the Ei^lisb, under Penn and Ye^
nables, after their badly conducted and unaiccess*
ful attack on ,St. Domingo, attempted to retrieve
their credit by the conquest of Jamaica. Hiey ac-
eordingly attacked St. Jago, which they easfly got
possession of, and with it the whole island*, the
Spamards retiring to Cuba, and though theiy; re-
turned and made an atten^t to regain the isbnd^
it was without success ; and England h^ since
retained her conquest undisturbed.

The

^ * Thit name is Indian, tlgnifying '' abouiding ia springs/'

foldiers of tke parliamentaiy anay» vAi^ we» ISjlf
IpvecT by I;9QQ royalifta on the defltraetioit ^ their
faity« ytital the rastor^tioa thu^ govenuMnt^
the idand way entirely mflitaiy» Iml at that peiio4
it reti^tved « seyal gov^raqiOii^

On the «]iv6«4ei^ c^ the iakmd to tib^Englithi
IP 16^ the |iegraa)«^efioFtfaieS|Wii^^
fled tft the iMMmt&uun aed £mK thaw aprii^g t^
r4ce »Qce kQ<ywii by the oante of JUT^rttofi^ whqia
depred^iepsoR the Britiah plaatetioofl^ and* mart
4»f of the whites' that fell iq their w^y» obligf 4
thje government sevenil tio^a to act cffeuivel^
mtmnlk tiieiPt until they weve at lei^h forced to
sue £|F peaoe» aisid im 1788 & tvef^ty was conoliide4
mth theWt by whioh theit freedom ^ipas aneiiredj
fuid lki5Qft acre9 of land grsmted them. Tb#jf
CH>nliiiiied tolertibly peaceable until 17959 "wkm
two ef ih#if peopfo having been flogged for th^
by vptenee ci ^l pourt injustice at Montego^Bay^i
tlie whole tribe of Trelawney Town^ one of their
princi^ YiUAt^% K09e» i||id attempting to gnn the
9li^ve% theidend wavld probably have ei^perienoed
fll the hoin*<^ Qf Sit. DemingOt had it pot beea
fM the prompt and deeisive measiifes of Lord
l^e^i^y; the goyeraor. A9 it waa^ the flaroon^
tboog^ npt ezoe^ng a few hi|ndred% cominenoed
boi||ilitieS| with a kind of frantic desperation
against some thousand regular troops and white
niiitia, and several detachments of these troops
idling into their ambushes were cut ofi^ whfle
every white persoHy without distinction of iige oi^

VOL. IV. Q seXy

8€6 ItAKlTIME

«eie, thhi fell in tbdr way was masfiacred in the.
ihost ferocious mannen

A more vigorous system of hostilities, - how<»
ever, having been entered upon, the Maroons were
hemmed in in the mountains, which, though afibrd«
ing impregnable positions, are entirely without
itver or spring ; and after the water left by the
rains in the hdUowa of the rocks was exhausted)
their only resource was in the leaves of the wild
pf ne,^ but this resource was also soon exhausted )
and at the same time a singular auxiliary force ar^
rived in fhe island to act in concert witli the
troops ; this consisted of about 100 dogs from tiie
Island of Cubl^ whefe they are used to hunt the
wild bullocks, and which it was thought might be
used with success against the Maroens in driving
tllem from their retreads inaccessible to any human
being but themselves. The panic that the accounts
of the appearance and force of these animals struck
into the Maroons, together wrlh their deplorable
state, brought them to oilers submission, and &
negociatiott was entered into, promising thieitt their
fives and liberties on certain conditions ;4Mit such
was their infktuation that few of tiiem accepteit
the terms, and consequently both troops and dogs
were ordered to advance against them* The dogs
were, however, kept in the rear, with the tnten^

■ Hotit^

• A pJaal (liat opmtnpnly take* root in the fpreat fof ki of the hranch^
of the wild cotton tree ; by the conformation of its leaves it catches and
rctsiiwthe fain wittH-, each leaf reiembllAK a a|to«t, and foHi&Mg at ita*MiSi^
a ik«ii»ralrc%*rToir> whiah.coAtaina ataamt a guart 9iff^ .wat^jr*. ^ ;

tt*fet 1OT>TA INLAKDIS. 2^7

ticm 'of bang techigbt into acticm cmty in ease of
absolute necessity; This necessity fortunately did
not occur, for the Maroons, now abandoning all
hope^ submitted on no other condition than spar-
ing their lives.

The government of the island, on the final sup*
pression of the insurrection, came to a resolution
tikBt ilie Maroon^ who had not siarrenderied on tile
terms of the first negotiation, were not entiiled to
the benefits then ofl^red them; but that they
sbould be shipped from the island to some country
where they 'WGvAd enjoy fireedom^ but frcfm whence
it woidd be out of their po^r td return to the
island. In consequence of this resolution, in 179A»
^00 of them were conveyed to Nova Sccftia, where
they weiB granted lands, and attempts made to
cMivert them Irom their African superstitions and
idolatry to Christianity.

Trinidad was discovered by Colnmbus in 1498,
but was neglected till 1586^ when a Spanish esta-
blishment was formed on it, more, it appears, for
the puipose of preventing dther nations from oo-
cxipying it, than with the intention of efficiently
colonising it; and, in fact, the progress was so
tfiSkigf t^t independent of the officers and monks;
the population in 1766 did not exceed 1,600 per^
SOM, existing in a state of wretched 'poverty, their
iole dcciipation being rearing cattle, which they
4lii^sed of by coiltrabai!Kl to tl>e English, French,
nd other l^nds. Since that period* the progress
hks been moretapid, chiefly from the influx of in-«
solvent debeors'from the ol^er islands. The island

a 2 was

S88 mBIffMZ ^p^pGf APQT.

wfis caofiripi^ \>y the treaty of Amieo^*

/^

XRENCH ISLANDS.

The first e:speditum9 of the Fi^nch to ^e We$t
|B(}ies i^rere for the aoAe pnnrpoM of c^ptunog
tfifi vesvdb of t^« JSpani^itds. TiM»ir rendef irous,
when 19 want of W4tor )9r r^akfift wi^ !^e Islflod
of ^ €|irirtq4i|er, o« ufk^f^ they formoii » aNBaU
Mtab^Btweiit m jL^5 ; aR4 tbeir cl»i«f irt; the Mma
4ipi9 rcieeived a grant of thjU jialaiid fflow the
erown^ ^frith i^e^i^issjan t^ €^eja4 U^ estiMMb*
jaentis to $Ji the other ifl9fi4» b^ Wg^t tbxnk pi^
|ier, on the condiiitiiip of j^yipg to g^en^naent the
it^xfi^n^ of aU the prpducti^s expprted fjr^m th»
new settlements to France.

In 1^636 a company was created to coloniae the
jslavds, with cert^n privileges for tif^enty years i
Imt the Duteh supplying the cirionists with Etarof-
p^m mecchaiidise at a mnch cheaper rate tibao iht
cooipanyi a contraband tra^e was ihfi cansequ^no^
which dq^ving this cocoipany of the profits of tfa#
copMaerce, i|t was ob%ed to resign its charter to
ft new association in 164^ which beisg eqnaUy uo^
saccessful, S(Ad Its privil^e^ h^w/een 1&I9 ami
1651 to private persons^ aqid the islsaads wei« sow
held as fiefs <tf the crowp» with aln^qst soverie^
authority to the proprietors. This modnd iftate .fif
the coloniM way npt»hp^eye9'j i^oqe ^^mtsigff^ *^
tbeqiather fpwitry IjliMi the f«nncr noe c^esclu*

live

#Bllt INDIA I^ANDA ^ tf^

^ve editt^tiies^ the Dutch aSil cm^vivAAg to re-
ceive the greater part of the produce, in return for
pro^sibnd and other merchandise. A>t length, in
1664^, the go^dnHnetit repui^ha^d- t!ie Whole of
lihe islands from the proprietors for 84tT,000 Uvres^
Mkd' grstnted the monopoly of t^eir oomideree to a
company^ which already possessed that of Africai;
Cayenne, and North America* The encourage-
'Ittetft granted to this coxUpw^y was insufficient to
ensure success ; Knd, in 1674, its alFsHr^ being iti
ftftar disorder, the^ ot*oWil paid its'debts^ reintbursed
the capital' to the holders df shares^ and taking the
fldmini^ts^tion of the e<^onied into i^ dVrn hands^
laid open the trade to M the subjectis of Frsuice^
but excluded foreigners ; and shorty aA^r the im-
|)ortati(m of the produce was confined to a few
ports of the mother country. Thefite HestraintSf
together with a tax of 100 poun^ of raw.sugai^
lor every individual of both sexes in the ii^ands,
whether A*ee or not, and high duties on the e^
l^oftation of the prodoctions, pf evented' the im«
prevement of the islands until 171^7> vhen more
Kberal regulations were adopted, which* m<n»
bought ihem into si very flourishing state*

GcjADALOtJPB, discovered by Columbus, ami
flius named from the resemblance of Hs mountains*
to those of the same name in Spain, was first occu«
pied by 500. French £rom Dieppe in 163S : bu&
their preparations having been badly made, in two
months after their arrival they found themselves
totally destitute of provisions j while the Caribbs,
of tte ifiland, un^le or unwiUing to SMpply themi

Q 3- retired

-SSO fUVLlTtiK GEOGRAPilY*

retired to the mountains, or fled to the nei^bovtfr-
ing islands, from whence they sallied forth and
committed depredations on the colonists, a great
number of whom were also carried off by famine*
and the remainder lingered out a miserable exist-
ence until 1640, whea s^ peace was made with the
Caribbs.

The incursions of the Buccaneers, as well as in«
testine divisions, bowev^ kept the island in a state
of poverty 'y and, in I7OO, its population was only
3,8^ whites, 325 C^lribbs and free people of co*
colour, and 6,7^ slaves. Its improvement t\ras
yery slow until 17^9, when it was captured by the
English ; but restored to France in 1763, iQ a
state of much greater prosperity than when it fell
into their handsi. In 1794 the English ^g^in topk
it, but evacuted it the same year ; and in 1810 it
again surrendered to the British arms.

A few French families from St. Christopher's
formed an establishment on Martikique in 1636,
and were at first amicably received by the Caribbs ;
but their increasing numbers and daily encroach-
ments, soon forced the Indians to hostilities, which
finally terminated in the destruction of the greatest
part of them, and the abandonment of the island
by the remainder in 1658. Though more rapid in
its improvement than Guadaloupe, it counted^ in
1700, but 6,597 whites, 507 ff^ people of colour^
and 14,000 slaves.

After the peace of Utretcht the island bec6m-
ing the entrepot of the productions of the ottler
French islands, from whence they were shipped for

France^

VEST 1MDU JftLAMMS. fiSl

Ft^nce, it3 proflperity rapidly increased, so that^
an Vjati,' the number of slaves was 72,000. In
1756 it ymi^ taken by the English, but restored in
1763* In 1794 it was again captured by the £ng*
hsbf/hui restored at the peace of Amiens; and
again surrendered to the British forces in 1810.

A small party of English first occupied St*
. Luci^ in 1639; and the island being uninhabited,
continued undisturbed for eighteen months, when
ut English vessel having carried off some Caribbs
iirom Dominica, the natives of that island united
miAth those of St. Vincent and Martinique, and
ftUing on the defenceless colonists of St. Lucie,
massacred all those they encotmtered, a few only
escaping from the island, which remained unoc-
cupied till I66O ; when forty French families settled
on it, but had little improved it, when, in 1664, it
was taken by the English, who however aban-
doned it two years after, and the French return-
ed, but were again driven out by their rivals in
1684.

FroflU this period the island was only visited by
the inhabitants of Martinique to cut wood and
build canoes, until after the peace of Utretcht,
when the French monarch granted it to the
Marshal d'Estr^s, who sent out some colonists and
troops. The British government, however, now
claimed the island by right of prior occupancy ;
while thci French founded their claim on long
continued possession : the latter, howe\'er, direct-
ad the island to be put in the same state as pre-
iFious ta the grant The English continuing their

Q 4 claim,

\

f89 uhMtmtz 0soGRftMf •

pbdm, m 17^0 the king gnntsd 4^ itlitftd 1» ^
' Duke of Montague, who tent dut penonft to taJw
posseflskm ; but the Fren<^ remeokratang iti th^U*
turn, it was agreed, in 178 U th»t ux^til aiinal aN
twigemeat could take pkee, the islaiid should hl^
evactiated by both nations, but thsA bodi fiho^ld
have liberty to viait it for wood and water* Thia
conv#ntiol»v^d not, however, faandei the FrenDh*
from occupying it in 1744; to whidi Englaiid
laade no of^oeition. In 1760 the island ^vat
taken by thia Bnglisfa, but restored the. foUowing
year ; again taken in 177^ but restored in 178i i
in 1794 it again was taken by the English, bttt
retaken by die^French the next year; and. the
year foUowing (1796) it again surrendeted to the
English^ was restored to France by the treaty of
Annensi, but again taken in 1808.

D£S£AD4, pT DfisjftADA, discovered and thna
named by Columbus» was first occupied by tiife
French, but in what year is unknown* Tliia nai*
tion also first occupied Maeiegalante (thut
named after his ship by Columbus) in 1648, and
obliged the Caribbs to quit it, It has several
times been taken by the English^ but restored oa
peace. •

The Saints were first occiqpied by the Fn»ch ia
161&

V

DUTCH ISLANDS.

The possessions of Holland in the West Indian
archipelago^ though of very little consideration aa

agricultural

■

agriciiltilrtl ^(dlimies, WM^e, fi-dtn pecaliir drdihi^
stanccflr already noticed, of the great^it coniiiieri *
cial cotiBaqiiMtice to the United Prcmnces.*

C#EA90A was tidcen -by the Dutch ffom- the" '.
fipattiantetel684w
. &t. St^sTAtiA was first occupied by some Kencli
rtfii^eeB from St. Christopher's fh 1629, but "wbA >
abandoned by them shortly after. The precis^
yeiibd idf its occupation by the Dutch is un-
loMWBy but they were in possession of it iti l6d9f
when the Et^lish drbve them dut, but who in {heir
ti^ gave way to the French, by whom the island
WW irwtoted to Holland.

The litde kiand of Saba received a Dutch co-
lony from St Eustatia.

The Dutch also possessed (conjointly with the
French) the Island of St. Martin, on which they
both first landed in 1638, but were dispossessed by
the S^niards, who abandoning the island in I6489
it Was r0»occupied by t^e Dutch and Frehch^

I

DANISH ISLANDS*

The Danish West India Islands are St. Thomas/
St. John and St. Croix.

St. Thomas was first occupied by the Dane^ ih
107I> ftod being one of the rendezvous of the Buc*
caneers, it rajndly improved by the sale of their
plmnderj and atterwsurds, being declared a fred

pSit,

^Vol.l. page 446.

port, H dmred with th^ Dvyt^bJabiicte iQ.the profit
' <£ the transit trade.

St. ^hn's W4S fir$t settled by the J>iiies in

•1721; and, in 1733, the Dfwudi West India Com-

• * pany purchased St. Cboix from . the Fr^ch ipr

J60>000 rix-doUars. This. latter island had been

., ^ taken from the Sf^niard^ by the French in 1651,

but was aiw)st entirely neglected. \

\ The Dane^, conjointly with the English^ have

the liberty of cutting iR^ood on the Isle of CralM»

daiaied by the Spaniards as an appendage to Porto

Rico. .

^ The only possession of Sweden in the West In^
dies is the Idand of St^ B^jixhoiiEmsWi ceded to
it by France in 1786* •

BAHAMA ISLANDS.

We shall commence our topographical notice of
the West India Islands with the Bahamas, which
naturally attach themselves to the American con-
tinent by the neighbouring peninsula of Florida,
from which they are separated by the Gulf of
Fforida, also called the Bahama Channel. These
islands are scattered over two coral and sandy
bank^ reamed the Great and Little Bahama Banks,
be^jideis. others beyond the limits of these Jbanks,
out of soundings in the Atlantic Their direction is
Jike.,^|pQ$t fill the coral-formed archipelagos, from
j!^.W. to S.E., extending from the Square Hand-
tcrcHief Shoal on tjie Sa^it to t;hc Maranilla Keys

on

WEST INmA IflLAKIMU fSS

i^ fbe N.W.I orbetwi^q IhelatiUufes of 91^ aod
^^ N. This position renders their ditxiate tem-
perate, the northern ones-beuig refreshed it winter
by cool breezes. from the N.W. Aind W. out of the
Crulf of Mexico, while the southei:n ones enjoy
the constant trade wind of the Atlantic* At New
Providence thp extremes of the? ^ei mometer are
90° and 609. . v ' '

The whole of the Bahamas are low, £at, and
covered' with broken porous rocks ; the qcmI g^cie-
fally light and sandy, but producii^ abundance of
small tr^es,* and with spots-of good soil,ifit foe th^
cultivation of cotton and rearing of cattle* Th^y
are veiy scantily supplied with fresh water, and
only by ppol^ formed ii) the rains, or from wells
dug in the sand, into which the sea w^ter filters.
The wild hog and agouti are found in the woods.

The commercial objects are cottoq, pimento ^d
salt, the latter chiefly taken off by the Americans
of the United States^ The official value of the
import? from these islands to England, and of the
exports to th$m, was/

(mportfl, Expoitft.

1809 £133,515.., £504^,567 ,

1810 108,485 481,372

The exported productions of the islands were,

^ Cottaii. Pimeiitt*

1809 1,139,793 lbs. 1,528 Uja

1810. 1,848,828 2,22/

ConsldpraUe

9^ Mahogany, Knziletto, lig&mn vitv, fattie, wild cinnamon, pimento,
j«lk>w tftwiden, s^llnwood^ pipes, oedaorSt 6it.

Considerable quantities of sugar und eofB^^^ iht
pfroduce of the foreign coIoAies, were also iiiftport-
ed thfifhgh the Bahaimas into England. The isK
lands have four fegal pcnts df entry, vit. Ne^Prd*
tidence, Exnma, Cakos, atid Turks Islands.
Tbe toial) Baihama cralt are 6<n|y}oyed drdgghig

- (cftrtyitig) betweert the islands, in catching ttti*tie
and fishf which are extremely abundant, and M
iMking Out in the Gulf of Florida fof wrecks, for
y/Aiich purpoee they are licefised 1^ the . govetnet
df th^ Bahamas, and a salvage is allowed theni#
By libeir exertions many lives and much property
tfre saved in this dangerous channel.

The total population o( the islands in 1803 was
%9^ whiter, and 11,39«$ free people of colour a^

' akves. The expense of the civil govefrnmrent itt
ISH w« J£S,S00.

The islands worthy a particular mentiMi are the
ibllowing : Abaco; one of the largest and novtheri^
nitbt ; ndw trninhabited, it having been abandof^ed*
by the few settlers it possessed since 1788* Thd

' Great Bahama Island, also on the little bank west
of Abaco, is of considerable size, but uninhabited.
Andrps, or Holy Ghost Islands, a great semicir-
cular group, extending forty leagues, at the north
extremity of the great bank. In the interior of
the Gneat Andros is a pond of fresh water, comr
mufiicdting with the sea by a boat channel. ' The
island has &te, if any, inhabitants, the reefs that
smtdand it rendering the access difficult.

Blemthera Island, one of the largest, is of veiy
irregular shape, forming a cresceat, the concavity

to

to tbe WQ9t{ it is on t)ie eaatedge of the gir«4(jt
hwBk$ lU Q»$tern shore being waslied by the |>lii9
and fathomle)$3 ocean, while on the west is* th^
whit^ shadow and m^ooth w^ter of the bank. The
force of the Atlantic W4ye8 has pierced a xftagni-*
ficent arch through the rock of the i^land^ whic)i
19 the greiitest oujrio^ty of the archipel^gOt On
ihe w^st fide are the settlementa of Wrecl^ Soun4
cani^iniqg a few whites and 40Qn?groe8; 9^
G^v^mofn HarboBTj at the N.W. extremity 19
^S^q^nnh We}ls» with )20 iph»bit4nt«. . Harbgw
M%ni 19 close to the north end of iEle^thpr^ a?)4
has 1^ settleinent of SQO whites ftqd 9Q0 slav^ m
a village beautifully situated on- the south side of
^« i^lAQd ^cing Eleuthera, i^nd which is estis^m-
ed th« qgtpeit h^aUhy s|¥>t of the West-Indie9«

}i^w Providence Island, nearly in the centre of
^he great banl£» is twenty^ve miles long apd nin^
l^rpdd* The harbour of Nassau is on the nort))^
«^de of the island and is sheltered on the Uiprtb by
Hog Island : it is fit for vesnels of thirteen feet«
The ^Q\irn of Nassau is tb^ seat of goveimment of
the Bahamas^ and one of the best laid out towns
«f the West-Indies, the streetft being wide an4
«iry, «ad the . houses well huUt* The trade . oC
Nassau is ytry considerable, one hundred Englif b»
wd an equal number of Americans and ${]Aniai:d3c
of Cuba visiting it annually. The English, with-
lumber firom British America and British max^i^
&ctures from Europe j the Americana with lup»r
ber and provisions; and the iS^niards witkdoHan^
The first take off the cotton and dye woods cf th«

ifflandy

}

islattly and the Sftailisb tiatity j ilie Mcotid^cAlt
and wfBck goods ; and the third Biitidh lAtiiltl-
facforeii»

1ri)e papulation of New Providcncet in ISOS*
was 1, 76d whites, 817 free people of colotir, aiid
%513. slaves. . • '

Exama, g^reat aiid little» 4»n the great bank, ift
I80S had 140 whites and 1000 blacks } they hav6
o port of entry, and make nfuch salt Long
Ktend, or Yuma, at the S.E. extremity of the
gfe^lt bank, ii fifty miles long but very narrow ; in
1805 it had 2,500 inhabitants. On the east side
i!^ Great Harbour, from whence itq salt is ex«
pMted.

Oiumahani js chiefly worthy of notice from the
supposition of its being the first land made by Co*
tdmbusy and named by him St. Salvador. By the
Er^lfsh it is called Cat Island ; it is sixty miles
kmg, but very narro^i^. The east sidfe is lined by
a reef on which the whole waters of the Atlantic
burst and render it inaccessible ; but on the S. W«
is good anchorage in Port Howe. In 1797 the
islMid ftad 6^7. persons. Riim Key has some in^
habitacite. Crooked Idands are four or five on ar
distiBet reef or bank ; the lai^st, nimed Acklitt'a^
Key, i^^ikty miles long and one to sevea brotui,
mid . North Crodced Island twenly^ mil^ Idng and
two to atx broad. On diis latter is thef settlement
of Fht'B Town, a port of entry Where the maib
betwteiett London and the Bahamas are dropg^
aad tid^en up« The pbpuiation in i^S was fept^
whites aaoai 9^9 negrcif.s.

Itre

WEST IH0IA tftLA>¥t>9; i^BQ

'The Heneaguas are tro iatands^: the largest is »$um^
fbrtj-five miles long and nhieteen broad, and Has
extensive salt pans, but few inhabitants, being a&r«.
Ttmnded by dangers.

The Caicos, tn4go Caucases, are four or five
•klaiids on a bank : the Great Caicos is sixty mileb .
long and two to . three broad. There are several
.good hacbonrs for small vessels among the keyti
and reefs arotrod tbem : that of St. George is a
port of ^try and fit tor vessels of fouilieen feet. .
In 180d, the population waa forty whites ^id
1,200 slaves^

Tnrk^s Islands, the southernmost of the Ba-
hanlas, lay on a detached reef j their inhabitants are
principally temporary, being Bermudians who come
here to collect salt, of which 7 or 8000 tons are
exported annually. On Grand Key, the largest of
these islands, is a port of entry.

immati

CUBA.

CiTBA, the most considerable of the West-India
Islands, is 9S5 leagues long, east and west) and
ferty*five to fourteen leagues broad. It is traversed
longimdiinally by a chain of high niount»ns which
give rise to 158 rivers and rivulets full of fish, but
none of them navigi^le* The mountains are
bodied with forests of mahogany, cedar, ebony,
and mtOiiy other trees, and have miiles 4f g(dd,
copper^ iron, loadstone, rode erystsal, &c. Tkert
are many watlfn and medicinal springs ; and Ae <cli-

mate

240 &UUTIMC 6£0QRAt«n

^ ipate 18 healthy, being refreshed by constant
breezes* It baa eleven large bays and many good
\port8.

Under the Spanish colonial regulations lids fine
island languished^ but has been latterly much im-
proved by the influx of French refugees from Sl
'Oorxdngih who have not only greatly increased the
papulation but also the staple produce of 9^^
vhicbt in 1790, was but 100,000 arohas, in l«Mb
^0,Q00» and m 1810, 800,000.— -The po{mlatio»
wa3in»

Whites. FVee people of colour. Slant.

1774- ..'. 121,800. .• . 5,500.... 44,aJ^
1804 254,000 9,000. . . • 108,000

' The trade of the Havannah with the mother
CQuntry excepted, the commerce of Cuba is 9j^
most solely contraband, with Jamaica and the Ba-
hamas, where, the dollars of Mexico are given for

British merchandise.

If

The Havannah, fcHinerly ^called Port Carenas,
the chief place of the island, is the entrepot be*
tween Spain and Mexico. Its port is capable of
containing lOOQ stiips in perfect shelter; the
d^tb generally six fathoms. The entrance is by
a psssage ope mile and a half loi^, and very nam
roWf and three large ships have be^n sunk la it to
' ren4er it more difficult* It is defended bye the
Morro Castle on the east» and by the fort of Puat^
op tHe west The Morro is situated on an el^var
tipn» that renders it impossible to cannonade it
. from shipping ; it consist^ of two bastions towards
the ssa ai|d two towards the laad» with a covered

way

wa^ .and deep, ditch. cut in the rock, And can c^.
bripg many guns to bear qu the entrance of the
harbour. Funta fort is situated on a low pointy
and forms a square, with casemates^ and a ditch
cut in the rock. The otlier fortifications are nu-

«

meroufi ^d f^itni^able*

The city ia on the west side of the port, and
on an .island,, formed \)y two branches of the river

l^gida.
Tlie annual fleet, in peace, sails from the H^^^

vannah for Old Spain in September, and besides

merchandize, it usually conveys thirty millions of

piastres in coil). A packet sails from Cqrunna to

the Havannahrand Porto Rico every month* : ^

St. Yago de Cuba, on the south coast, near the
east end,; was the ancient <;apital, and still retains
that nominal ^honour, . tiiough since the cotnmerce
of the island has centered in the ^ Havannah, it
has been forsaken and neglected, . at present con*
>1aiiitng but a few^inhabitants, the prc^rietors of:
BeighbDorii^ estates. It has a good port, der
-fimded by a £astle> named the Morro.
' The principal bays of Cuba visited by shippings
are, Nuevitas, : within Saviqal Key, which is seven
leagues IcHig, and covers the bay, the entrance for
l|vge vessels being on the east. YiUa del Prin-
.cipe is an insignijSicant village at the mouth of a
nret in jthis bay. .

St. Juan de los Rem^dios is a good harbour
within islands, having three channels in. Matan-
zaa bay is full of islands, and behind it rises a
gireat sugar-loaf hill, named the Pan de Matan-

VOL. IV. R »fls»

4

<^ ssas. St. Carlos, in this bay, is a poor place, but
defended by a good castle. These three harbours
are on the north coast* Batabana is a large bay on
ili^ muih ^oast.

The principal lieadtands of the island- ans. Capo
Maize, the east point ; Gape Antonia, the «w6St'}'
C^ Vefe Criuj oti the sovtb, west of which i^ a
grtet ^ulf> fiHed with hmucnerable black rocks^ ^
close together, that nothing larger'than ar lon^
boat can pass between them. Cdunbus gave
them the ftame of Jardine de b Reyna (Qitraiv'^
Gsirda^). Among the great number of other
febnds that surround Cuba, the Isle 0f Pines and
ihe Caymans are alone of any size : the first lays
o6r Batabana bay, at si5c leagues dsrtance ; . SK k£
uninhabited, but has good ancboragey and fresli
^ater in a bay on the west. The Caymans (aHI^'
gators) are three is^uds west ci Cape Vera Chjm:
Tht nearest being twenty-three leagues' firooa tb*^
^pe, is named Cbyman-back } Hhe little Cayniaa i*
IS league eenA a hrif west of thte latter, and tke^
great Cayman ^een lei^es farther. . The iMXer
isakneinbabttedyby abont 1M> whites, jaidtbbb^^
descended from the Buccaneers^ and who ebj^yr
high liealth, these Mands being very salufadoiis.
Tlieir chief business is fishing f<^ turde^ t(^x/pflky
Port 'Rbytd in Jamaica. The island has nd' p<Mrtr
but a tolerable road on the west. There ai^ nttta^r
liS^DgeiB rottid these islands. ^ ^

* tt* «

■ST,'

ST. DOMINGO.

St. DoMiKoo is the s^oQd of ih6 Wastjndjik
isbtfids in si2e» being 160 lenguo^ long, and twen-
ty medium breddtb. It it tr^vers^d by two great
cbaip3 q£ mountains from ea^t to we^t^ "^imii
bigfaeat elevatioas are 6,000 feet, «n4 whi<;h ar^
covfgred with forests of mahogany, BrOi^il woodjt
oak# walmjLt, gayac, maple, iron woodi pine, oe-
dar» ebony, &c. The island has mines oi^ goJld^
silvier, copper, quicksilver, iron, and lead, pre«-
cions stones and crystal.

The rivers are extremely numerous, but Qone
of tbem are practicable even for boats in the dry
season, while in the rains they, oflei^ rise twepty^
five feet perpendicular, and spread destructioQ iifi
the pbinSi Eleven leagues e^t of iPort aa Prioc^
18 a salt lake, named HenriqueUe, tw^nty-twQ
leagues in circuit} its water is de?p, cl?ar» an4
bitter, an4 it abounds in alUgators and tpi*toises of
a laige siee; in it is an island, two leagvi^s lojtg^
i^ounding with wild goats, apd wi4h a.spmm^^

£reah water*

Stt Domingo is the most fruitful of thQ West
India islands, affordil^ excellent p$u;tures, which^
nourish va^t herds of cattle, equal in every respect
to tboac of £urop«, AU tl>e natural advantages

g£ the island are, how^v^, moire tb&o counter-
balanced by the extreme insalubrity of the cli-
mate, pvticjularly towards the west, arising frpm
the great beat apd moisture, and wbicb :6rom tbs

E S earliest

04 mBITIJICB

k D^go. eadiest settlement has rendered it the grave of
Europeans.

The French possessed the western part of the
island, from the river Massacre on the north coast
and from the river Nejrya on the south. The
West end of the island forms a deep gulf between
two peninsulas. At the extremity of the nordi-
ernmost, which is rocky and barren, are the har-
bour and town of St. Nicholas, the former capable
of receiving the largest fleets land-locked. The
town is on the south shore, at the entrance of a
ravine, down which rushes a stream of water run-
ning through the town.

■ Leogane is a good town, surrounded by a wall
with ten bastions ; it is situated half a league from
the sea, near a lake, which renders it very un-
healthy. Sit. Marks also, in the western gulf, is
a well built town, but being surrounded by hills
ancT close to swamps, is one of the most deadly
places of the island.

' Port au Prince, at the head of the gulf, was th^
seat of the French government : the road for large
ships is* within a group named Prince's Islands,
which, together with the island Gonaives, in the
gulf, intercept the sea breeze from the town, and
render it excessively hot, while the neighbouring
inangrove swamps exTiale putrid miasoiat ^

* Le Grand aiid le PlJtit Goive were two smalf
settlements, on the south shores of the g\x\{^ witH
each an excellent port.

* Jereinie, on the south shore of the golf, is si-
tuated oh the side of a hill, at the nlbiith ^f a

brook^

bro<^y and is considered one of the healthiest stikmiMg^:
spots of the island.

The extremity of the southern peninsula forms
two points, the noithem named Cape Donna Ma*
rie, and the southern Cape Tiburon (shark).

St Louis is an inconsiderable village on the
south coast, near the west end, with a harbour for
ships of the line.

On the nortli coast the prindpal places of the
French were Fort de Paix.

Cape Francois, before its destruction by the
Negroes, « was the handsomest town of the island )
it is situated on a promontory at the extremity of
a plain, four miles broad to the foot of the moun«
tains : it contained 8,000 whites. Its harbour is
within several reefs, that break the force of the sea.
. Fort Dauphin, or Bayalia, on Manchanel Bay,
is the last place of the French, their limits being
Massacre river, a little east of this port.

The places deserving^notice on the Spanish part
.of the island are on the north coasts Spanish
Town, at the mouth of the river St. Yago, muck
irequented by American Vessels during the war, *
to ship the produce of the French part of the
island, under cover of its being !^andsh.

Fort St. Yago is a regularly built town of stone
and brick, on an elevation on the bank of the
Yaqui. Samana bay, on the N. £. side of the
island, is formed by the peninsula of Samana on
the north ; it has some good ports, and its en-
trance being narrowed by rocks, it may be easily
fortified.

R 3 St

£46 MAHITIUE t^fiOGRAFRT.

A. Mi<iif«. St Domingo, on the south coast, the chief placfe
of the Spaniards, is built on a ^ocky point at the
moulii of 4lie rii^er Ozama j the streets are at r^ht
angles, N. and S. and £• and W. and have footwaj^
of brick. The greatest part of the town is built
of a marble found in the neighbourhood, and in
the st^e of ilie ancient houses of Spain and Italy ;
the more modern houses are of clay, which ac-
ipzires 1^ hardness of stone, or of wood thatched
with palm tree leaves. The ruins of a house of
fceWA stone, ei^ected by Diego Columbus, the son
0f Chri96o|>lier, are stiU seen ; but so little vene-
ta^on have the Spaniards for it, that the lower
rtage IS used as a cow-house. The cathedral is «
tioble gothic building, erected between 1512 and
36A0 ; it contained the ashes of Columbus until
i7d6» when they were removed. The reckoned
popoladon of .^e town is only 20,000, but it is
probably double that number.

The fortifications ia*e numerous and well placed,
and the town is surrounded by a thick wall. The
fanrbour is at the moi;ith of the river, and vessels
entering must pass within hail of a foil on each
(Side* The bay before the port is filled with, reefs,
on which the sea breaks furiously.

Tlie least point of the ishtnd is C^>e Engano.
The isknds near St. Domingo are, Tortugas, or
Turde Is]land, opposite Port au Paix, on the N. W.
nod «yf die island, already noticed as the grand
lendezvnus of thf Buccaneers ; it is ^ight leagues
loc^ mdtym and a half broad, with a good har-
bour on the south. The two Gonaives are in the

gulf

WS8T INDIA I8LAKDS* ftift

r %t the west end of the island \ th$ largest 13 a.

in leagues long, east and west, find two bro^d^
Ib^iren, and uninhabited.

Saona island, five miles from tb? S.£. end of
St. Potningo, is seven leagues long and four broad;
thf channel between it and the main if only fit for
'small i^rafl.

PORTO RICO.

The fbrm of Poeto Rico is that of an oblong
aquarci its greatest length being fprty^ne leagues
east and west, and breadth fifteen leagues north
and south* A chain of mountains runs throuj^
its whole length, with some branches diverging to
the north and south, and extending to the coasts.
Hie whole of these mountains are covered with
vioodf and in their intervals are fertile vallies and
plains, watered by more than fifty rivers and ri*
ruletj;, in whose sands gold dust is founds and
four of the fortper are navigable two leagues from
their mouth. The highest summits of the moun-
tains are called the Peaks of Layoonita, which
are oSb^n covered with snowt and are seen far
at sea.

The north coast is generally lined by a coral
reef under water, at ^ little distance from the
shore. The east coast is indented with many
bays, formed by the continual action of the waves.
A chain of about fifly small islands, extending
twelve leagues in length, lay off the N.E, coast,

B 4 and

BDIto'-Ai<t.*

it44 MARITIME CXOGRAPHf.

Ana serve ^reixtfezvous forsmuggleri^tlmtiGanntll:
be i^roacbed by large' vessels^

The population of the island is estimateii ^
about 130,000 individuals, composed of EnropBasi
and Creole whites, who, taken collectively, dd
not exceed 15,000 of unmixed blood, 103,^00
Creoles of mixed blood and free people of colouf,
and 17,500 slaves.

The wild animals are hogs, dogs, rats, all of
which w€fre originally brought to the island by
European vessels. ; '

The productions of the island are very trifling
in comparison with its extent and natural fertility^
and may be estimated at 4,500 quintals of sugar,
2,000 quintals of cotton, and 20,000 quintals of
coffee ; the other vegetJible productions are rice,
Indian corn, and tobacco. A great part of the
island is under pasture, and a vast number of cat-
tle are reared to supply the English West Indies
and America.

Before 1778 the commerce of Porto Rico with

>

Spain was inconsiderable, and confined to some
coffee and hides, not exceeding in value 5&5,000-;
and though to these articles have since been added
sugar, cotton, gayac, and fruit, the whole amount
jof exports to Spain is. still infinitely below what it
must be if a free trade were permitted. On the
contrary, the Spanish vessels are only allowed to
visit St. John's, and the whole trade of the rest
^of the i^and is in tlie hands of foreign smugglers
firomJatiiaica, St» Croix, and St. Thomas.
' The revenue raised in the island is but «?SO,000

' ' sterling.

■

Iterltag^ whfle ^e eacpmsw are i^^OOD, of n^Kkh
ii?58»000fbrthe imUtaiy eiatablishiKidnti c&o«i0tili||
of a regiment of regular infantry from Eurbpe,
and 2000 island militia. ^100^000 id received ift
dollars anaually from Mexico^ andl ^e aarpiut^
after paying the deficit of the revenue, is applied
to general public purposes.

St. Juande Porto Rico, ^e capital of the island;
is situated on the north coast on the west point of
an islot, joined to the main by a bridge. It con-
tains six straight streets from north to south, in-
tersected by six others at right angles. The houses
of the first class are of stone, large and open, but
wretchedly furnished. The public buildings are
a cathedral and other churches, two convents of
monks, one of nuns, and a general hospital. The
fortifications are numerous and strong.

The harbour or road is three miles long and
one and ^ quarter broad, and capable of contain-
ing d to 400 vessels ; its depth is from two to se-
ven fathoms. The channel is winding and intri-
cate, and is buoyed off j two islots, Cabarita and
-Cabras, and many rocks level with the water, ren-
der it still more dangerous, and make a pilot ne-
'oessary. AH vessels entering are obliged to pass
'within gun-shot of the Morro, from whence diej
are hailed.

The other points of the island worthy of no-
tice are tlie river Gurabo at the west end, noticed
lor llie death of Salcedo drowned in it by the In^
dians. in Idll, in order to discover whether or not
the Spaniards were immortal.

The

pap ^i^ofE.wQfBAr^*

Thd B»y of Qu»moib mK ^ Qa^^.sm^M 9f^
exf^Uent port with a narrow ejQtr ance.

Near the village of Cao(no» op the cojasiderable
river of the same name, and on the $outh coa8t»
19 a warm $plphureou3 Bpxing whose tempej^ture

The Rio Lovisa is oxjte of the largest rivers o^
the island, having fourteen leagues course, and is
navigable for larg^ boats.

, The principal capes of the island are, Puntia
Borriquen, the N« VV. point, surrounded by ree& ;
Cape Roxo, the S. W. point ; Cape St John, the
N.E. point ; Cape de Malapasqua, or St Francis^
the S.£« point.

The small islands dependant on Corto Rico are
Biequ^ or Crab Island, five leagues from Cape
Pinera, the east point of the island } it is sevsb
leaguea long and two leagues wide* and coveiied
with wood The English attempted to settle on
this island towards the close of the seventeenth
century, but were attacked by the Spaniards, who
murdered all the men, and carried the women and
children to F6rto Rico* The Danes also attempt-
ed aa establidhment in 1717, and the En^ish a
second tkne in the same year, foot they were both
striven cfff by the Spaniards. The i^nd haa since
remained uninhabited, but is frequented botii by
'the '£^^h JUfid Danes to out wood«

The Tropin: Keys are a cluster of small islands
jonrth €€ l^eque, named frobi the nuwber of tro*
foc'l^d^ that frequent them. Great Passage
island, seven miles north of Bi^ue i off ita N*£*

end

ynsT iNBu iSLAvak^ ^

end are XitlSe Passage bland, and West Sey. 8ef«
pent, or Green Isknd, six miles from the east
side of Pbrtb Rico, is one league long^ low' and
covered with "wood.

"the channel that sepomtes Porto Rico from St.
Domingo is^ceen lei^es broad, nearly in the miid-
die, and on liie south are the islands Mona and Mo*
tuca,orLittleMona, the diannd between whieD and
Porto Rico is called the Mona Passage : it is ^ight
ieagues wide. Mona Island is three leagues in
circumference and has plenty of iresh water.

JAMAICA.

Jamaica, the most considerable as well as by
far the most valuable of tlie British West-India
Islands, is separated from the west end of St.
Domingo, by the channel called by English sea-
men the Windward P&ssage.* The island is 150
miles long and forty broody containing 4,080,000
acres ; of which,

690,000 acres are under sugar canes, and wood

for the use of the sugar-works.

700,000 in pasture.

S50,000 all other species of agriculture.

1,740,000, leaving upwards of {;wo millions of

acres

/.

m Hie Wiodwaxd PtsiQge^ontiimu be tirrtn Cuba |nd $t.Domi]ypt» «nl
thnragli ttt Bahamn« by the Crooked Island Passage into the Atteutic.
Oood sfiiiiiig ships only attempt this fiassage from KxagHon^ in taiH^pftm
#f clie cBfioulif of beatiogMUad the eagi end of Jattt4i«a. The tovaxm
18 through the gulf of Florida. *

itajj^t. acres oTunprcH^ctivi labd, of which hot abovo
a quarter is ftnprovable^ the greater part of the
interior of the island being inaccessible moun-
fain, . .

• An elevated ridge» called the Blue Mountains,
ixins through the island longitudinally, and i&
covered with vast forests of mahogany, lignum
vita^, iron wood, log-wood, braziiletto, and many
other heavy and close grained species, fit for caM<*
net works. On the ncHth, at a small distance
from -the sea, the land rises in^small round topped
hills, feathered with spontaneous groves of pi-
mento, under whose shade is a beautiful turfy
carpet. This side of the island is also finely
yratered, every valley having its rivulet and every
bill its cascade, many of which tumble from over-
hanging cliffs into the sea. In the back ground a
vast amphitheatre of forest presents itself, melt*
ing gradually into the distant Blue Mountains;
whose heads are lost in the clouds. On the south
coast the picture is more sublime, but less plead-
ing: The mountains approaching the sea in stupeir-
dous ridges, first present to the navigator a scene
of magnificent savageness ; but on nearing the
land the picture softens, cultivated spots being
perceived on the sides of the hills, and at last the
-vast savannahs, covered with sugar canes, stretch-
ing from the sea to the foot of the mountains,
offer the pleasing indication of human industry.

The island has upwards of a hundred rivers^
rising in the mountains and running with torrent
ranidity to the sea on both sides of the island.

ThJa

¥bia rapidity, as v^^l as^ the detractions fixnn
rocks, renders' them nnnavigable l^'^any thing- but
canoes. The deepest is Black River on the sonth
coasts which flows gently through a considerable'
tract oflefv6l country, amd is navigdde by flatbMts
thirty miles. Theiftlatid has also some c medictnal
qavingi^ warm, sulphureous, and chalybeate.

Many appeamnces of metals are observed inthr
idand, bat the industry of the English coloMtft
kas « always been moi*e wisely employ^ <iii iht
certain profits of agriculture than^in the lottery of
mines. * .

*The oJimate of Jamaica, even on the coasts, is
iemperate, the medium heat at Kingston. througk-
out the year bemg 80? .and the least' 70^. . In as^
cending .towards the mountains; the temperature
€]uickly alters with the elevatibH eigiit mi]es iftoiA
Kingston,, the ma^mum is but . 70"^; at fonrteefi
miiles Where the elevation is . 4s200 feet, the geneu
ral ratige is fifty-five to Gftxty'five,'and the ihioi^nuxn
fh winter. 44^. On • the - highest - summit, . dalted
Blue Mountain Peak, 74S1 feet above' ^the sea,
the range -in the summer is from 47^ at sunrise, to
58.^ at noon, and the Ininimum in winter is 42^.
* Besides the staple qxports of Jamaica, consisting
of sugar, ip^igo, cqffee and cotton, the. cultivate^
vegetables are maize, Guinea corn, and calavapces,
for the food of the negroes ; and almost all * the
kitchen vegetables of Europe, besides m^ny indi-
genous ones, as the sweet potatoe, yam, edioe
root, callaloo (a kind oiP' spinach, and thGrtfonsf-
jffionest substitute for g-rifd^;?.^), cassava, blcery,&'i5|.'
^*' Few

#

J

Brw of tfaRB iipthttn EurcpMn Auits Kbitvt, but
tbe iadigtmoiA ones we numeroua and delictcMtt}
the principal are> tbe ptrntain^ cocoMtuit, gnaw;
aaiif*sop» flweet>8ap» papaw^ custard apple^ joaash
ttlee apple, avocado pear» alar a^e, cafthcllr apple,
gcanadiUa, prickly pear, pine apple, &ic Tte
orange, Hme, lemon, mango, attd grape have faeteUr^
Baturalised, as well as the cionamon tree^ of which
there are now considerable plantations 13k^
korned cattle, sheep and hogs f£ ihe idand ai«
abundant and their flesh estceUent*

Progressive population of Jatn^ca :

1670.,.. 7,500 00. $,000

1734.... 7,64*....« «0 8flU46

1746. . . . 10,000. 00 11«,4«^

1768.... 17,947... oa 176^1*

1775.... 18,500 8,700. 190,914

1787.... 80,000 lOiOOO S50,0Q0

1805.... — -- 380,000

tlie official value of the imports fhMn Jamaica
into England, and exports to the island :

Importt. Exporti.

1809 . . . ; • . . • i:4>068,897 i:s,033,Jte4

1810 ^,308,837 . •# 2,S08a79

The principal objects of export from the island
were.

Coffee. Sugar. Rum. Pimento ' Cottoou

joil. aot. ftttti. t^« Urn*

W»..9iAAM-- 1.104,612. .3,470,350. . 2^19,367. . 1,886,748
1810.. 252.^808. . 1^611,422. .3^428,452. .2^372,964. . 1,798,172

la

«

1807^ when the^txpbrts vere^oarnenriiat idfe* ^'.
tiot 'to the above ywsu the number t>f vesselt tlvt
cleared out from tbe idand was^

Eor Grwt B^itaia. fm, * 69,471. . 7,74«

Eerlreksd 10.. 1>251.. Q%

¥kw British A/merioA 66.. 6,133., 449

For .tbe United Stales 133.. IS^Oll.. 403

Fcr the Foreign West In4i«s. %».. 1«903.. 1^
l^Afiacn.. 1.. 109.. a

Total 474. . 85,888. . 9,344

The rereniie of the i^nd is abeut jCl3tf»000,
\lfk capitation tax on the free pec^e^ a tax oli
negrdies, and a duty on rum»

Jlonaica is divided into tbree oouttties, tiz^

lifiddlesex ... 8 parishes. . 1 town. . . 13 villages.

SuiTey 7 2 ....... . 8 . . . . ! /.

Cdrnwan ....£•.....••. 8 6 # • • • • .'.

- The capital of the island is St. Jago de la Vfgi^
CMT Spanish Town, on the River Cobre, sjx miles
from the south coast, and in the county at Mid*
dlesex. ^ It contains about 5,000 inhahitaiits, and
IS ti^ residence of the governor, whose palace is
a oi^gnificent building.

The two towns \i the county of Sqrrey are
Kingstoii ^and Port Royal. Tlie latter is sitcctted
on a narrow sandy peninsula tliat sep9i;ates : JR^
Royal Bay from Kingston Harbour. In 1(^92 ibp
town contained 2,000 houses, when an eartli^ake
swallowed nine-tenths of it, covering the houses with

seven

seven »fiift cms vateta It was 'immediitety T^AfnHt,
Ami ten yeamafter was destroyed by fire; aod faR-«
ing again rebuiltt was a third time destroyed . by »
lEumcaneiO'l?^^ This succession of calamities
caused the inhabitants to remove to Kingston^ ^o
"Ate west side of the harbour, five miles from tPort
Royal ( and here the chief goverafnent offltn
hav^ been built^ but the royal naval arsenal* for
careening aad refiUdng ships, is at Port Royal*
• The town of Kingston eontains about 1,700
well built houses r the harbour can hold 1,00C>
i^hips, and those of 200 lay at the quays. Both
the harbour and bay are protected by string fgrti*
^tion^ which place them beyond ail possible in«
suit from an enemy.

The towns of the oounty of Cornwall are. Sa-
vannah le Mar, which being destroyed by tlie hur-
ncane of I76O, now contains but sixty to seventy
houses: it is at the S.W. end of the island.
Montego Bay Town, on the north coast, contains
iK{5 houses : seventy large ships and eighty lessor
vesseb load here annually. Falmouth, the .third
town, is also on the north coast, on the south side
of Martha Brea Harbour ; including' the vOlagea
of Martha Brea and the Rock the number of
houses is 250. Thirty large ships, besides smaft
tesselSi load here tor England.

The villages of Jamaica are generally small
^anfl^ts on the bays, where the produce is shipped
^ the droggers to be convey^ to the ports of dear-
'aiice^

Tlie few other places worthy of mention ar^

Lucea

Ihsrr ifmiA tslikm.' S57

lAictX Iiarb6ur, <m the north coast ; Stte-fields "^<^^
Bay, dn the south coast, three' leagues east of Sa*
Vamiah !e Mar, the usual rendezvous of the home«^
ward bound convoys ; and Carlisle Bay, also on
the south coast.

The chief headlands of the island are Point
M orant, more generally known to seamen by the
name of the East End of Jamaica, and famous
among them for its thunder and lightning squalls.
Negril by North, and Negril by South, are two
promontories at the west end of the island.

The islands deserving mention near Jamaica are i

the' Pedea Keys and Portland Rock, on a large
* bank south of the island, and Morant Keys, eight
leagues S.E. of Morant Point.

VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Hie Virgin Islands are a group consisting' of
six principal islands, and numerous islets and
rocks, laying between Porto Rico and the Leewatd
Caribbees. TTieir name was given to them by the
Spaniards from the 11,000 virgins of the legend in
the Romish ritual. They are divided between the
£nglish, Spaniards^^nd Danes.

St. Thomas, the N.W. of the Virgin Islands, is
ten miles long east and west, and five miles broad.
It is traversed by a chain of hills running
through it from east to west, with branches dtverg-
mg to the north and south. The destruction of
l!he \t^oods, which entirely covered these hillsi has

Vol. rv. s dried

£S£. 4pe4 .HP ^ the twmmg ^cciijM, sfii t^4lte jji^M^
is s^t t^nes badly watered, and of^n aulg^t (q ea^
treme drought, and the towa depem}? pia cauir
W^ter jporeserved in cisterns^

The island has forty sugar and thirtf-finir pott(>9
plantations, which give an annual pro4uce of l,4Qi^
hogsheads of sugar, 450 hogsheads of rum^ ^^
60^000 to 70,000 pouods of cotton } b^d^ it
rears a considerable number of cattle*

The population of the bland in 1797 ¥W 7^
whites, 239 free people of colour, and 4,769 s^veSf
The whites are composed of Danes, Eogliisfa^
French^ Dutch, Germans and Jews, who have all
their respective places of worship.^

The town is on the south east sid?* formii]^
one long street of 300 to 400 indifferently built
houses* The harbour is secure from the hurri-
canes, and capable of holding 150 sail ^ it is pro-
tected by St Christopher's Fort and several bat-
teries on eminences* The military force is usually
100 European troops of the line, and 360 colonial
militia.

The other anchorages of the island^ on the soutli
aide, are Jerve Bay, east of the town ; Gr^ri and
^ Musquitto Bay, west of the town* On the wes^
side, proceeding from the south, are Bush, Bour^
deaiix and Tallard Bay ; on the north west^ Carets
Bay I , on the north east. East End Bay.

Tile islands dependant on St Thomas are Greeii
Island, on the N.E. ; Bras Island, on the noftth {
Great and Little St James, on the east; Buck
Idandt Water Island, Little Saba, FUt Island, Sa^

vannah.

"vUkOkh or Oreen Island, Birds Key^^ ishi the j^S?.
Hoyor Garvel itf St Thomas^ a high tWc-headed ~
fMk, dfl the toudl«

St« JoitH^S) the next considerable islatid, sotitli
east of St. Thomas, from vhich it is separated by
St. James Passage, is thirteen miles long and six
broad*

Uris island has twenty-two sugar works^ fbrtyi^
four cotton plantations, producing 800 hogsheads
of sugar, 800 hogsheads of rum, 8,500 pounds of*
eotton, and some cofiee ; it besides rears cattle*
lis population has decreased since 177^«

1776. 1789. 179:^.

Whites 110. ... 1&7.... 103

Free people of colour .. .0. ••• 20.... 15
Slaves 2,324. . . . 2,200. . . . 1,922

2,434 2,387 2,040

Hie chief place of the island is the castle, on thQ
south east, on a promontory forming two fine
coves, which are defended by a fort on the north
point of the entrance, and another on Duck Is^
land close to the south point.
* The' smaS islands dependant oh St. John's are
JLavango and the Corn Islands, on the north westi
between it and St. Thomas, and Witch Island, the
western of the chain of islands and rpcks enclosing
Sir Francis Drake's Bay, on the south. Birds
Key,' Round Island, or Frenchman's Key, a high
itotk, jfour miles and a half south of the soutE point
of St« John% axe also in its dependance.

« 8 2 TORTOLA

^60 MARITIME GEOGRAPHY*

"u^. ToRtoLA is north east of St. John*B» and sepa*
^ rated from it by the King's Channel. It is twelve
miles long and four broad. It. is badly watered^
and considered unhealthy* but is fruitful. .

Its population was,

Whites. FrM people of oolow. Slares.

1789 It200 180 pfiOO

1805 1,300 2«0 9,000

The oflScial value of its imports / and exports
were,

Imports. Xzpdm

i 809 jCS3,399 ^9,fm

1810. 61,520 6,6l«

The principal exports from the island were.

Sugar. Rum. Cotton.

1809 9,257. 16,862 158,1©/

1810 31,562 7,711. -v -250,797

The town is on the south east, at the head of
the only good road in the island, which is called
the Bay. In 1802 it was declared a free port

The small islands dependant on Tortola are the
Thatch Islands and Frenchman's Key, between it
and St. John's ; Jost Van Dyke's and Little Van*
dyke's Islands, on the N.W. ; Guana Island and
Beef Island^ on the N.E.

Virgin Gorba, also called Spanish Town, ia
«ast of Tortola, from which it is separated by Sit
Francis Drake's Channel. It is* eighteen miles
long, and of very irregular shape, indented by deep
bays, forming two peninsidas*

Thft

ttlmdu

• WE8T INDIA ISLANDS. 261

Th^ lessef islands subject to Vkgin Gorda are j^^
on tlie west, between it and Tortolaj Commandls,
Scrabb, Dogs Island and Keys; on the north^
Musquitto, Nicker, Prickly Pear; on the south
iwrest, the Fallen City or Old Jernsalem,* Ginger
Island, Cooper's Island, Salt Island, Deadman's
Cbest, Peter's Island, Normand's Island, and the
English Keys.

The clear space between St John's on the west,
Tortola on the north. Virgin Gorda and the Fallen
Gity on the east, and Normand's, St. Peter's, Salt,
ktkd Oooper's Island on the south, is named Sir
Francis Drake's Bay. It* forms an excellant an-
chorage, completely landlocked, with from ten to
twenty-five fathoms.

AvEGADA, or the Drowned Island, is north of
Virgin Gorda and dependant on- it. • It is almost
entirely covered by the sea at high tides, and pro-
duces only the mangrove. It isalso entirely sur-
rounded by a dangerous reef, except at its west
extremity, named Freebooter's Point, from its be-
ing formerly the rendezvous of the Buccaneers.

Santa Cruz, or St. Croix, is the southernmost of
ihe Virgin Islands, being four leagues and a half
south of St. John's. It is six leagues long, and two
and a half .broad } containing 51,900 square acres*
In general it is level, and indifferently watered by
HReen Very small rivulets, which are dry a part of

s 3 the

# a cMn of broken U^m> aifd ro^, .cxtandlag tontH frqm the. west
folnt of Virgin Gorda : tliey are covered with stoiiis UuS Acarce rec|«iii9
tUj dreniiig to be employed ii bailding.

$6S MABItlME OEOOBAPHTt

^ the yeaft It lutB no timber, but it fraitflil, and
^^ almost entirely cultivated. It is divided inta:eigl)t
quarters, and has 845 plantations, of whicb. 15iQ
iu« under sugar-cane, and the remainder ynder
cotton* The annual produce is estimated at about
fourteen millions of pounds of siigar, one milUo«f4f
gallons of ruiPt and 1S,600 p^aun^s of ccitUttk
Coffee, indigo and cotton do not thrive in conse»
quence of the dryness of the soil, but a considera*
ble quantity of cattle are reared.

St. Croix was taken from the i^aniards. by t1i«
^ench in 1651, but again almost deserted by tfaeiQ
fbr St Domingo in 1699« In 1733 Denmailf puiv
chased it from France for 160,000 rii^-doUars,
The population is increasing ;

177S. 1789. MS|7.

Whites 2,971.. 1,952.. «,«3»

Free people of colour • . . 155. . 953. . 1,66A
Slaves 22,244. . 22,472. . 25,45C

24,670 25,377 29,349

The revenues amount to about 280,000 rix*doL
lars, of Tirhich the expenses consume two->thirds»
Besides 200 troops of the line the island can raisfi
about 400 colonial militia.

Christianstadt, the chief place, is on the we^^
side of the island, contains 5,000 inhabtta^ts* ThQ
hai'bour is of difficult access, and shoal in sevcnl
l^es ; it is defended by the f9rt of Frederic|i
Sophia, on an islet north of the town, and Lon^ii
Au^ta, OB- a neck of land; unifier tbe gma^ of
batti

*
txribof wUch te^eb inUst pitts to the anchdiraga f^
^e^gwriMh Abm net exceed 100 io&q. "^

Fraderiekgtadt^ cm the S.W.> ha$ l,/>00 inhabit
laotBy a fort, and one hundred sc^diers. Its roa^
iyo^eO) i^nd ^dMn visited by foreign vessds^
Ikiidcia these pla6e8> the island has fifteeo bj^yf

liEGVTARD CARIBBEES.

•'' iBbxawRo^ or Hat Island^ the north western of
tha If^eward Caribbees, is three leagues in circuity
low, 4at^ and uninbahited, and covered chiefly
^tfa mangrove* Its shares are so bold, as to bis
^pfHToachahle by a ship within a cable's length.

AvouQiLii) : or Shake Island, is six leagues lon^
rfitad ;two hcOadj low and level, and inhabited bf
tk feir faau&BS, whose dhief employments are rew*
ing cattle and collecting salt It litis a tolerable
Mad on the ke side* Front its N«£. point a redf
jtens out five leagues, joining Prickly Pear ]abii4^
Jbestdea which other islets lay round AnguilUu .

9^ Martin is five leagued long, east and wes^
.and l^ree broad- Though the soil is stony, lighl^
Modk badly watered, it is tolerably , fertile, prob-
:ducing the best tobacco of the Carifobees : in il^
MMMb ia the candle tre^ whQ3e splinters lighted
^ve a fragrant Bmell, and several trees, afibrding
j^bmsi ! The- north side, was occiqned by the
iRrcnch aiMl the bw& by th6 Ddtch^ theforifaer^
ilditttit thirty yqw^ sincc^ weoe ^OO'whitte fkmiliea

a 4 and

9^ MAUTIM£ OBOORAraT^'

ci^a^^ " and lOtOOO daves ; the Dutch only sixty &mi2ie&
"^ and 200 slaves. The chief place of the latter\ii
on the N. W; side, and is named ike Harbour ; it
is defended by a small fort

On tlie S.£. side are three salt ponds, aifordtn^
a considerable quantity of this object for oom»
merce. The small islands attached to St Marfeoi
are, Middleburg Key, close to the north pointy
and the four Mangrove Keys on the East

St. Bartholomew is five leagues long, E.S«E«
and W.N. W« and two broad ; it has no water but
from the rains, abounds in lignum vitas, isMn
^od, and other trees; is surrounded by reeft, but
has a good, harbour* A great portion of its iBhairi<»
tants are the descendants of Irish Boman Ca»
tholics. \

Saba is a great rock, four leagues in circuit
without any road for ships, and with but one land*
ing place, at a creek on the south side ; it has a
few families of Dutch and their slaves.

From this island a bank extends to the south
twenty*three leagues, and two leagues broad, with
seven to twenty fathoms; at its south extremity is
Aves or Bird's Island, a high rock, frequented by
sea birds.

' St. Eustatia is a vast round pyramidal moun^
tain, ten leagues in circuit without running wa-
ter; its population, is 5,000 whites and 15,0dd
negroes, .
\ St* Chkistopher,' or, as it is mor^ usually call*
ed by the English, St. Kim, hy the Garibbs waa
fuuped LianringOp or the fertile j it is nineteen

' miles

mn ncDiA iMiAimr. M^

loitg and eight broad, conti^iiig^ 4d,7S0
acTM^of land. The interior i» comppsted of rug-
ged and barren mountains, the highest, named
Mount Misery, being an extinct volcano; with a
great crater, whose bottom is a level of fifty acrfes,
af ' i^hich seven are covered with a lake and Ihe
mst^vdith grass and trees, amongst which latter is
tlwtnountain cabbage. Streams of hot water, im<^"
pr^nated with sulphur, issue from the fissures in

tbecrater.

»

The soil -in the vallies is extremely fertile, being
a decoinposed pumice-stone mixed with pure loam
over a stratum of gravel, nor is clay found, «<*«
oept St considerable height on the mountains.

The island is divided into nine parishes, con-
taining four towns and vill^es. Basse Terre, th€i
chief place, is on the west side of the island^
and contains 800 houses. The other places are,
Safuly-Point Town, at the N.W. point of the island,
the second port of entry j Old road j and Deep or
Dieppe bay.

The population of the island was,

Whitei. Free people of colour. SIwos, -

1787 1,912 .... 1,908 ■ 20,435

1805 1,800.... 198 26,0OO

Tl^e value of the imports from the island and
exports to it, ^

• • • • IinpoTti. GxpOfW. ' '

1809> . . . ... MQ6,064f,u * . . . >i£ld3^45

^., IjBlftiv. .. . , 253,611 ^K. ... .i : 89^62/1

Ctri^bttf,

/

^^SRt The principal imparto iraicw.

Coffin. Sugar. Rubl CoKok.'

1809. . .433. . . . 166,053. . . . 343,075. . . . li2,'3*7
1810. . •136. . . • 167^43. . • . 220,886 , • . 26,855

Nbvis is aeparated from the S*£. end <£ ^
Sjtts b^ a flAndt» caUed the Narrows, three lofltt
broad* It is a great mountain, eight miles Imlg
and Ave broad, with a border of low land a . ijsiie
and a half in breadth, well watered aod iertiiicw
b the eentre of the summit of the idoimtaili ia
an ancient .crater, and sidi^ur is frequently iwinA
m the fissures <^ the soil.

The islaAd forms five parishes : the oid^y town ia
Charlotte, at the S»W« end, but it has two other
ahipimg i^es, . at Indian Castle and Neur Castlei
The population was,

Wbitei* Fret pMide of colour. Slavcf.

1787 •... 1,514 .... 140 .... 8,420
1805 1,800 150 8,000

The imports to England and expoits IbMH^
thence were.

Imports. Exports.

1809 Jf89,062 £90,5QQ

1810 126,443 ll,:/64

The principal imports from the island werc^ . «

Coffee. Sogsr. Rma. Cation.

ewt. ^ cwt, gnUt, ua: ^

1809. ... — . . . . 68,720. . . . 52,478. . . . 17,463
1810. .. . 18 ... . 87,»92 67,010. . , . Il,l60

Thee i^aod has na European r^uUur ttoopst

but

but the white inhamMite form mil cggrtwdt Jiii-
litt8«'

Barbuda, four leagues and a half lon^ and two
JQlroad: it is the property of the Codtingtcm fa-
mily, who possess on it about 1,500 negroes, un-
dter the superiuten^anoe of two^ or th»e wbkes,
to breed sheep and raise vegetables foe the othas
iflJands*

y ANTTOUA'is nearly round, and about tvfOitj
kagqes in circuiit : it is flat, and totally without
aither stream or spring, the inhabitanfts. depending
entirely oa* the raim water preserved, in ciaterna.
The island contains six parishes^ ^ith each ' its
towjn or village. St John's, th^ chief place on the
$,.W. is the wual residence of the governor of tha
X^eeward Islands : it ia situated at: the head/ of «
hm^ ajad narrow harbour, whose entranee iff oros*
sed by a bar, witli only fourteen feet. The o^hes
4x)wns are, Parham. on the north, Faknoulii, WiU
loughby on the south, and James FOfrt ; the two
llrst are ports of entry. At English Harbour, on
the apu<^,. is a royal> naval depot, where' tfhips of
war cf^een. '.

The population, in 1 774, was 2,890 whites. and
57,8d8 slaves; in 1800 the latter had increased to
60,000. ^

The imports from the island to England, and

the exports from the latter^ were,

• ^' . » . ,

Im^tU, ■ Exports.

-'' 1S09. ^198,121 :...,. ^16,000' •

:t810 285,458 182,S9«' "

The

■"' 'i.

^68 MABimac oboqrapbt.

tSSL The principal imports were»

OoflTee. Sogw. Hum. Coltoa.

ewt, ewt, gaih, /&«•

1809. . . 309. . . . 106,1«). • • . 143,«^. • . ; 1 12,016
1810... 40. ... 188,799. .. , 77,09a.... S9i8»0

The miHtary estabKshment of the island is two
regiments of regular infantry, and two of islandf
militia.

. ITiere are many rocky islets round Antigua, of
which no use is made. The Redondo is a great
rock, three leagues in circuit, steep to and with
good landing, but uninhabited : some bankis north
and west of it abound in fish.

MoNTSER&AT is three leagues long and two
broad, containing 30,000 acres, o€ which two
thirds' are mountainous and barren, the remaiiider
is under sugar, cotton, and pasture. The town is
on the S.W. side, and it has also three roads for
diips, Plymouth, Old Harbour, and Kers Bay.

The population was,

Whites. Free people of colour. Slares:

1787 . • . . 1,300 .... 260 ... . 10,000
1805 1,000 250.... 9,500

The official value of the impprts from theislaOii
into England, and exports to the island, were,. .

Imports. Exports^. ,

1809 ...... i:85,407 i:iO,460

1810 62,462 16,816

Th^ principal imports of the island produce
were,

Sugar.

r^

I9im INDIA isLAims. 969 .

Sugar* Rum. Cottoo.

1809. . . . 21,917 .... 5i;i82 . • . . 29,455
. 1810. . . . 41,112 .... 48,880 . . • • 48;S13

GuADALouFB is properly two islands separated
by a small strait or arm of the sea, called the Salt
%ivex, two leagues long and only fifteen to fhrty
fathoms wide, vessels of forty to fifty tons can
pass through it, and the inhabitants cross it in a
ferry boat.

. The westernmost island is elevien leagues long
north and south, and six leagues broad. It ha^
mountains of such elevation that the cold is con*
siderable on their summits : many of them are ex-
tinct volcanoes, and among them • in the middle
region, is a track called the S^isffriere^ or <9o^
terrOj which emits smoke. This <liviston of the
islapd has not less than fifty rivers, which empty
themselves into the sea, and innumerable rivulets
descending from the mountains and fertilizing the
vallies. Hie west side of the idbtnd is named
Basse Terre, and the East Cabes Terre.

The second island lies to the N.E. of the first,
and is named Grand Terre, it is twelve leagues
long, W.N.W. and E.S.E., and four leagues broad j
it has not a single running stream, the inhabitants
depending on their cisterns fpr water saved in the
rains, and the cattle on the swamps. *

The population was,—

t

Whites

• t

t

"^ ' Whites...., 18,361 13»466

Free people of colour. . 1,S8« 3,04*

Slaves.... 85,397 85»46l

99,970 I9h9nr

Hie migttr of this island is considered mMtdh
to that of Martinique, but its coffee supaior to
that ci St. Domingo. - ^

The exports in I788, including the prodtice cff
Ifiariegaiaste, the &uates, and Deseada, were to
Franoe,— «

Raw$u^;u 11,194 480,000

Clayed. 64,366 8,715,000 .

He^ , 76,511 3,154,000

Coflfee 37,300 4, 103,000 .

Cotton,. 7,411 1,484,000

Indiga... 7 6,000 »

Sundries .-« 188,000 .*

Exported by foreigners — 1,599,000

Value of imports from France. . 5^362/300
Bj foreilgners. 3,424,000

8,786,000

,Xbe chief.place of the S.W. istafid is B«»e
Tarre on the lee: side.

The principal place of the N.E. island! or
Grmd Terre, is Port k Pitre on the S-W.

There are some inaignifik^ant islets round Gua-
• daloupe;

^slwpe; the most considerable are two named j^st
FeUt Tdrre, 8.E. of the east point of "die Gratut
Terre.

DxsEADA, two leagues distant frocn the east
powt 0f Guadaloupe^ is four leagues long and
two krDai, with a sandy soil, producing only a
little cc^fee and cotton. In 1788 k* eoiiteined
913 whites, thirty-three people of coiour» and
6l9ahives.

. Th0.$Am7B8 igre six rocky islets^ throe Iragues
south east of the south point of BMse. Terte
(Gnadaloupe,) Xh^ N.£. is catted the Upper
S^jmty and is fow siifes in circumfeyenoe* The
S«W. or LoweT Saint» is three miles in circum-
ference, and hB» two good landing-places at
greeks, and a village with a neat church* Be*
tw^en these two is a tbirc^ a great rock.

They form among them a secure harbour, but
tnth Httle depth. They are subject to Guada*
loupe, and were inhabited in I788 by 419 whites^
twenty free people of colour, and 865 slaves^
Their produce is just sufficient cotton and coffee
to enable the inhabitants ta support then^selves.

MAaiEGAi^NTs is four leagues long, north and
south, and three leagues broad } though it has se-
veral rivulets and ponds, they sometimes dry and
leave it without water. Tlie east side is. lined by
rocks, which are resprted to by innumers^ble tro-
pic birds. The west coast is level and clean,

Thejpopulation in I788 was 1,989 whites, «26
frtee people of colour^ and 10,1^1 slaves.

It

It produces about WOO hc^aheads o£sug»v
and a contiderable quantity of tobacco. I

In 1788, Mariegalante and the French part of
St Martin's exported to France, —

Sugfcr 4,78*,(»alb&i !

Coflfee 636,000

Cotton • • 230,000

Ckxato 55,000

Indigo.. 30,000

Besides considerable quantities of all these ar-
ticles taken off by foreigners.

The principal place is Santa Anna.

Dominica is twenty-nine miles long and ^r-^
teen broad, containing 186,436 acres, of which
however a considerable portion is high and rugged
hills, and the soil of the vallies being generally
light and stony, is more calculated to the raising
coffee than sugar. Several of the mountains are
unextinguished volcanoes, which frequently di^
charge burning sulphur, and from which issue hot
springs ; the island has thirty rivers, and a great
number of rivulets. In the mountain woods are
innumerable swarms of bees, which lodge in the
trees, and produce great quantities of honey and
wax ; these insects are of the European sp^ciies^
and must have been transported to the island^ tlt6
native West-Indian bee being of a much smaller
species, without sting, and ddfktent m its matb-
ners.

The island is divided into ten paiishes, Char«.
lotte Town, Roseau of the Frendi, the chief

placfe

WIST INDIA ISLANOS. 878

jpibjcf is oni^ point of Und between two bays on
the St W. aide of the idand. It has 500 houses,
JPortsmputhy w Prince Rupert's bay, on the N.W^
side of the island, is the only other tqwn»
The popubtion was as follows, —

WMtM. Ytet p^ple of colour. Slacvcs.

1787. -t.--- 1»«36 445 .14,967

1805. 1,594, 2,822 22,083

The imports from the island to England, and
the exports from the latter were,

ImporU* Exports.

1809. jCS15,584 i:i6l,«91

1810. 282,002 39,686

The principal imports were,

CUhe. Si§ir. Rttm. Cotton.

I8O9 . . 3,254. . . . 41,990. . . . 56,356. . . . 75,425

J810.... 27,185 .... 61,522..,. . 39,397 59,742

The position of Dominica renders it of great
consequence to England in war with France, for 9
squadron stationed at Prince Rupert's Bay may ef-
fectually cut off the communication between Mar^*
jtini^ue and Guadaloupe.

•p>

WINDWARD CARlBBl^fiS.

Martinique, or Mabtinico, is thirty-six miles
long, and seventeen broad. The south coast pre-
sents high and steep mountains, without wood.
Irr^ular ramifications of the^e mountains cross
the general chain, and projecting into tfie sea,
form bays, called by the French Culs de Sac. "
Tlie north and south-east sides are lined with
y^L. iv^ T rocky

974 HAftnma €fi06BAPHr#

^l!SS!! rodcy ifllete ; but the sauth«w66t is cleuk It im
40 livers, some of which are navigable a good way »
and never run dry ; but* on the contrary, in the
rainy season, often overflow, and do considerable
damage.

A few fiunilies of Caribbs still exist on this
island, but seclude themselves in the woods, hav^
ing little communication with the whites or ne^^
groes.

The population was,

J 779- I7a6,

Whites 11,619 10,603

Free people of colour 2,892 4,851

Slaves 71,268 73,416 .

85,775 88,871

The coffee of this islaud is considered the best
of the West India growth, being the produce of
plants originally introduced from Arabia in 17^6.
The sugar is inferior to that of St. Domingo.

The exports to France in 17 88 were

Quintals. Francs.

Raw sugar 18,795 686,000

Clayed 137,94^ 8,027,000

Head 1 19,453 . 3,049,000

Coffee 68,161 8,315,000

Cotton 11,550 2,555,000

Indigo. 10 10,000

Sundries 675,000

Produce taken off by foreigners 7,717,000

The imports from France were. . 15,133)000

By foreigners 9,198,000

. . Fort

WEST INDIA ISLANDS* ftJ5

Fort Royali the chief place, is on the middle of SSSS!*
the west side, on a narrowmeck of land, project- "*"
iag out from the bottom of a deep bay.

This neck, which bends round in, the form of
a man^s arm, tc^ether with another, called Monk's
Island, forms a safe harbour, the entrance of which
is protected bj forts on each point, whose fires
cross* The harbour is also commanded by Fort
Bourbon^ on a hill, behind the town. The situa^
tion is unhealthy, being surrounded by marshes.

St. Pierre, • seven leagues N. W. of Port Royal,
is the second place of the island : its road is open^
and consequently unsafe in the hurricane months ;
and besides ships are obliged to anchor a consider*
able distance from the town. The latter is built
on a narrow strip of low land, which forms the
beach ; the hills rising so close behind it, as nearly
to overhang the houses. It contains three streets,
parallel to the beach,' and some transverse ones;
but these latter are so steep as not to admit car*
riages. The bills are furrowed by deep ravines,
through which descend little torrents, the waters
of which are conducted through the streets, and
both keep them clean and refresh the atmosphere,
which would otherwise be intensely hot, from the
sea breeze being interrupted by the hills. The
houses are plain, built of stone, atid' with one or
two stories. The population is about 30,000.

Trinity Bay, on the west side of the island, has
safe anchorage in the hurncane months. It has
a flourishing town.

T £ Robert's

Sljd MARITIME OBOaBAPHT.

^SHuSSl! Kobert^s Bay, on the east, ia a good port, for Aied
"^ by two islands.

Off the N.W. point is a large rock, called the
Pearl j and off the S. W. f mile, another, called
the Diamond (Devil Island, or Isle de Barque of
' the French), which has the shape of a sugar-loaf,
with the top broken off^ and has only a bqai's
passage between it and the main. This rock is
600 feet high, and one mile in circumference. The
south, soutli-west, and east sides are inaccessible,
rising perpendicularly from the sea ; and the west
side, where is the only landing, is lined by breaks
ers. It was taken possession of by the English
in 1804, while blockading Martinique ^ and, with
immense labour, three batteries, mounting twenty-
four pounders, were constructed on it, to command
the whole bay^

St. I atcie, or St. Lucia, is eight leagues long and
four leagues broad. The interior is very moun«
tatnous, two points of which are called the pin
heads. The island in genei^ is fertile and well
watered.

The peculation was

1777. 1788.

Whites,... 2,300 2,159

Free people of colour . ♦ 1,050 1,588
Slaves 16,000 17,221

19,350 20,968
The exports in I787 were, to France

Quintals.

Raw sugar 16^660

aayed

Win imtA f sLAKDSi 277

Qay^d 33,340 "^^^

CaflEee 15,600

CottOD £,000*

Cacao 953

Indigo 250

Totai value ^r millions of franca, besides sun*
dxj small pRKlnctiotis, and what was smu^ied out
of the island.

Le Caxenage, the chief place of the island^ is
about tibe middle of th^ west side. Nature has
here formed a i^Miciotts and secure harbour, in
which thirty sail (^ the line may lay in perfect
safety during the hurricane months^ and the largest
ships may heave down by the shore. The entrance
is so narrow, that but one ship can enter at a time,
and the wind blowing constantly out, she must be
towed or warped in.

St. Vincent is twenty-three miles long, and
eighteen broad, containing 84,000 acnes, of which
nearly one half consist of mountains incapable of
improvement. The island is sufficiently Watered
by twenty small rivers, turning sugar-mills.

The island is divided into five parishes, with one
town, named Kingston, on the S.W., and three in-
significant villages. The population, in 1787f Was
1450 whites and 11,853 negroes. In the same
year the exports of the island sold for j£l86,450
in England. T^hcy were composed 6( coffee 68*
cwt, cotton 761,880 lbs., sugar 65,000. cwt*, mm
88,060 gallons, and cocoa 143 cM*
the peace establishment of the island k a regi-

t3 ment

278 MAAITlMfi OEOGRAPHT.

ment of regular infantry, and a company of ar^il-
lery, besides a Negro * corps, raised in llie island,
and a militia of two regiments, serving without
pay. The governor's salary is ^2,000.

Grenada is twenty-seven miles long and fifteen
broad : its surface is broken and hilly ; but it is gene-»
rally fertile, and has twenty-six rivers, emptying
themselves into the sea, all capable of turning sogor
mills ; besides many rivulets, issuing fnom* a lake
on the summit of a hilL

The population of this island, including the Gre-
nadines under its jurisdiction, was •

Yean. Whites. Free People SliMt.

of Colour.

1777. 1300 35,000

1787 99S 1125 S3,926

1805 1100 800 20,000

The ojQficial values of the imports from the Island
to £ngland, and the exports from the latter, were

1809 Imports £439,^3 Expoipts ^£189,800

1810 — 388,936 — 173,366

The principal imports were

CoiEee. Sugar. Ram. Oottna.

act. cut. gttlU. lit.

1809 2892 210,037 642,310 1,155,000

1810 1193 215,262 546,825 588,362

Grenada is divided into six parishes, and has
one. town and several villages. The formQr,.nam^d
George Town, Fort Royal of the French, is on ^
spacious bay on the west or lee side of the island^
and possesses one of the best harbour? of the Wekt
Iii4ies». named the Carenage^ in which ships lay

land-

'

Iffid^kKJEed in dejBp witer, close to the wharfs.
The town is haadsomely built of brick, and di-
lided'iato two {wrts, by an elevated ridge nin-
ning through the nepk of land on which it is built ;
one part caiUed the Bay Town» and the other the
Carenage. . On thd>;{ioint of the neck of land is
an old stoue fort, built by the first French settlers^
and capable of holding a regiment. The town and
pmt is also defended by several modern works.
George. Town was declared a free port, in 17^9.

GtenviUe Bay Town is the other port of entiy
of the island, having a separate custom-bouse
establishment. The villages are generally on the
flipping bays round tfie island.

The Grenadines^ or Grenadillas, are a chain of
small islands and rocks between St. Vincent's and
Grenada, and whose, jurisdiction is divided be-
tween these islands. Those belonging to St. Yin-
cent's are Young's Island ;. Bejquia or Crab Island^
SrjOU acres, has! an excellent port, named Admi*
ralty Bay; Maillereau, Balieseau, Canneo|van^
1777^1*^9 Musquito, 1203 acres ; Maycro, Union,
9150 acres ; Frigate Islapd, aitd little .IVIartinique.

The islands in the government of Grenada are
Cariacoa, seven leagues in circuit, forming a
parish, with a town, n^med Hillsborough ; Kound
Island, the Diamond, andLiCvora* These islands
are without running water. Bequia and Cariacoa
afibrd some sugar, and the others a little cotton*

Barbaoo^s lies considerably to the east of the
general chain of the Caribbees. Its length is only

t4 twenty.

^80 uAMtaa GsoeBA^&f •

aHmSi twenty-one n^es north and south, and its Weadth
fourteen miles, cotitaining 106,470 square acres^ -
f This island rises gradually ftom the sea to an
elevation in the centre^ which scarce deserves the
liame of hill. With the exception of a few ra-
vines, it is every where capaUe of cultivation.
Hie soil is a thin layer of earth coverhig a cal*
careous rock, and is so exhausted by eultivationt
that it is only by force of manure that sugar
(which is its chief production) is raised^ This
manure is principally the sea weeds fiirowii up mi
the beaches*

The island has few streams that deserve the
name even of rivulets, but is watered by i^rii^^
which, however, occasionally dry up.

The population of this island has greatly de^
creased within the last century* In I676, i/k^
years only after its receiving an English coloBy,
it contained thd extraordinary population of 50,000
whiter and 100,000 slaves. Its later popdiri«m
has been,

WliltcB. Free p^ple of colour} fitares;.

• 1786.. ». 16,1071... «38.... 62,115

i80d..<. 15,000. ...»» 19a... 60^000

In 1737 ^^^ produce of the island sold for half
iL million sterling in England. The official value
of the imports from and exports to the island in

r

ImportB, Exports.

I8O9 ^450,000 i:288,000 '

1810 271,000. 311„000

The

wist INDIA lUbAHMk dftl

^e ^ncipal olgecto of import from the islittid

cto/. cwi, galh. ibi,

1809 3,471. - . 159,717. » .19.964. . . 1,360,000

1810.... 308. .. 181,440. . . 7,909. .. 1,454,000

IHie isUobi iri divided into eleven parisliesy con-*
taining four towns, viz. Brid^towo, Ost^st's oc
Chaj^stown^ St. James's, and .Speight's town*
Bridgetown, the capital, is at the moutli of a little
rivulet that falls into Carlisle bay, on the S«W.
side of the island.

Speight's town, on the N4W., is defended by
three forts. Besides these towns tiiere are villages
at Consett's point, the east point of the island,
an4 at St. Andrew's and St Joseph's.

The sabuy of thQ governor of Barfaadoes is

ToBAOo is twenty-seven leagues distant from
Grenada, and seventeen leagues from Trinidad.
It is eleven leagues long, N.E* and S.Wr, and
three leagues broad. Its surface is less irregular'
than in most of the other islands, and the accli-
vities less abrupt The soil is in general light
and sandy, but fertile, and sufficiently watered by
qprings* Nearly in the centre of the ialaxid is a
hill, whose reddish black colour denotes th^' axH
cient existence of a volcano. Its vicinity to the
continent secures it from the devastation of hur-
ricanes. The climate is also more temperate than
that o^ mosVof the other islands* The principal

place

IRa4pcr4

^1^;^ I^ace is at Man of War's bay» on the N.£«

of the island ; the best harbour in the West In*
dies, having depth for the largest ships close to
the shore.
The population of th^ island was,

1777. 1788. 1806,

Whites 400 1,400.... 90O

Free people of colour — .... 1,050. . . . ^00
Slaves 8,000 10,539 . . . 14,88^

8,400 12,989 16,483
The productions in

1777. 1788.

Quintals. Francs. QuinUls. Francs..

Sugar 20.000 800,000 .... 20,250 754,000

Cotton 8,000. 1,200,000.... 12,320 2,464,06O

Indigo 120 96,000.... 45/ 42,000

^efiee, and sundries 159 2i,000

Carried off by foreigners — . 402^000

2,096,000 3»69 1,000

The official valine, of the imports from and ex*
ports to the island,

r Imports. - Exports.

1809 jf226,8fi4 ,£70,585

1810 201,169 ...... 70,787

Principal exports to England of the island pro*
duce.

Sugar. R«in. Cotton.,

cwt, galls, Mit. ' ^

1809. . . . 130,12i2 525,52^ . . . . 48,791

1^10. . . . 12*,208 .... 337,488 .... 11,818

Little

« • J

WEST IKDIA I81AKBS. 283

Litde Tobago Island is a great rock, two miles
Imig attd one broad, near the N.E. end of To^
bago.

LEEWARD ISLANDS OF THE SPANIARDS.

The Spaniarde give the name of Leeward Islands
to those laying off the coast of Terra Firma» be-
cause they are left to leewa.rd in their voyages
from Europe to St. Domingo, .Cuba, and Mexico.

Trinidad, one of the finest of the West India
islands, is eighty miles long and sixty bro^ ; it is
separated from the north-east point of Ten-a Firma
by the gulf of Paris, a beautiful basin, having
good anchorage over a muddy bottom throughout.
In liie northern entrance are three isUnds, form-
ing four channels, called the Dragon's Mouths.
Hie western, named Boca Grande, is the largest,
being six miles wide, but has a dangerous sunken
rock in it; The second, or Ship Channel, Boca
de NaviSf is seldom used, except for egress. The
third, or Egg Passage, Boca de HtdvoSy is most
commonly used by ships entering the gulf from
the north, but requires a strong wind to overcome
the current The fourth, next to Trinidad, is
called the Monkey's Passage, Boca de Monos; it
is only lit for small vessels, being very narrow,
and having a rock in the middle, on which the
sea breaks with great fury.
I. The southern entrance of the gulf is called the
Serpent's Mouth (Boca de SierpeJ^ and is eleven
' leagues

iM ufAfiiTiMK o£06mArarr«

Awr ^^f^f^^ wide; in it is an ttland named SoUbdb hy
the Spaniards^ and Devil's Island by the EngHsh*
Vessels never attempt an egress from the gulf by
this channel, the current from the Orinoco set-
ting through it so strong as to render it impracti-i
cable.

Besides the gulf in general, which forms a vast
hjarboco*, the island Chica-Chiccana, the western-
most of those in the Dragon's Mouths, has a pbrt
lit :far the largest fleets. The road of Chagua^
pania (vu^o Shagaramns), on the coast of IViiii-
dad, is a bad anchorage, from the violence of the
currents.

The gulf of Paria is so abundant in fidi, that
it would be possible to establish a fishery here ca-
pable of supplying the whole West India i^nds ;
it has ^80 plenty of d\ell fish, particularly oysters,
together with Ictosters, crabs, and prawns.

The interior of the island of Trinidad is chiefly
occupied by ibur groups of mountains,- which,
with some diverging branches, fwin a third of the
island. These ihountains give rise to numerous ri-
vulets, several of which uniting, form rivers that
flow to tlie sea, on both sides of the island ; the'
most considerable is the Coroni, on the south, na^
vigable for flat boats to the foot of the hills. It
is remarked that all the rivers on the east side are
tinged of a yellow colour.

The island contains large quarries erf limestone,
approaching to marble, and clays for brick and
potteiy^ Its greatest ctiriosit}* is a lake of Wine-
ral pitch, of 150 acres, whifeh answers every pur*

pose

pose of vegetidile pitch* The mountains are co- SSSt
vered wifh foresta of mahogany, cedar and other
large trees fit for naval construetion, be^dea maoy
kinds of cabinet woods* The cinnamon, clave,
and other East-In^ia vegetables, have been intro*
duced and promise to succeed. The woods abound
in deer, wild hogs, and other animals, and among
the birds is the wild turkey. The extensive sa^
vannahs pasture large herds of cattle«

Trinidad lies beyond the limit of the hurrir
canes^ and its climate is generally considered equal
in salubrity to any other of the West India islands.
.The rainy season is from May to October.

According to official statements the populatioa
IB 180fi was, whites ^361, free people of colour
3,87^t and slaves 199109* An attempt was made
to estabfish a colony of Chinese in this island, but
&iled, as it would appear, from these people having
none of tfiair countr3rwomen with them, and the
other races, white or black, refusing to intermarry
with them ; hence most of them again quitted the
adand.

Tlie official value of the imports to England
and exports to the island was,

Importi. Esportfl.

1809 i:328,522. ..... ^577,190

1810 aOl^OOO, 357,078

The principal objects exported from the island
were.

Coffee. Sugar, Kum. . Cottoo.

ewf, cwt, gfUU, ibi.

1809. . . . Sk696. . W7,86d. . . 908,677- • 1,171,506
1810. ... 2>7i3. . 166^627. . . 87,741. . 883,384* .

La

2$6 MABirillS GEO0BAPHT.

Luk Maegajietta is distant from the main \saBi
eighteen or twenty miles ; it is tfairty-eigfat- miles
long and of irregular breadth, from twenty-foor to
seven miles. The soil is a barren sand over coral
rock, little capable of cultivation, and it has no
fresh water ; hence its sole value is as a military
post, being naturally strong and commanding the
diannel to the Spanish settlements on the main*
The population is 5,500 whites, 2,000 Indians^
and 6,500 slaves. Besides the cultivation of a lit-
tle cotton, the principal industrial pursuit is the
fishery between the island and main, which em*
ploys the Indians for three months of the yeaf.
The fish salted are sold (m the continent, and sent
to the West*Indian islands. The chief place is
Assumption, nearly in the middle of the island.
The three harbours are Pampator on the east^
where are the chief fortifications ; Fuebla de la
Mar, also on the east ; and Puebla de la Norte on
the north ; at each of these ports lis a village.

In the channel between Margaretta and the main
are the islands Coche and Cabagua, the .ktter
sterile and without wood or water ; it had former-
ly a pearl fishery but which has been abandoned*
The Te^gos, Cola and Frayles, or Friars, are
groups of rocks between Orenada and Margaretta.
Blanca Island is barren and uninhabited, eleven
leagues north of Margaretta ; east of it are the
Seyen Brother Keys.

Salt Tortugas or Turtle Island, sixt^n leagues
we^t pfMargaretta, is ten leagues in ciFcmn&recic^.
On the N.£* is a tolerable harbour>' and on the

west.

wwt» a good road with fresh #ater ; it is uninhar i2?/J(iS:
bited, but resorted to betw^een May and August,
hy vessels for salt which is formed by the sun in
a large natural pond on the east end.

Obchijlla is north, eighteen leagues from Cape
Cedera on the main. It is eight leagues long
N.W. and S.E., and is formed by several low
islets, separated by narrow and shoal channels,
so as to appear one island. The north side is
foul, but the south so bold, that a ship may lay
alongside die rocks. It has ne fresh water and
is uninhabited* West, ten leagues from OrchiHa,
is Rocca, a small island with several rocks, ex-
tending east and west five leagues, and north
and south three deagnies. The north rock has a
high white elevation on the west end. There is a
stream of fresh water on its south side, but it is
impr^nated with some aluminous mineral.

The other rocks are all low, and none of them
are inhabited.

The Avea, or Birds' islands, are seven leagues
west of Rocca, and thirty-two leagues north of
I^a Guyra on the main ; they consist of two
lai^erand three lesser islets.

Bonaire is eleven leagues long N.W. and S.E*
and five to eight miles broad. It has some salt
mines and pastures for cattle belonging to Cura9oa.
The road is on the west within the island Little
Bonaire*

CirRA90A is sixteen leagues north of Cape St.
Boman in V^aieauela j it is fifteen I^sigiies long
and six leagues broad, generally barren, and with'-

out

mrdl$hndi.

ASS M^kWIME aaWKMWY.

out running water;, yet the inde&tigabl^ in*
dustry of the Dutch has brought it to produce
tobacco and sugar. It also affi>rds a large quantity
of salt; but its prosperity is principally derived
from a contraband trade with the Spaniards, this
island being heretofore the rendezvous of all na«
tions during war»

The Dutch ships from Europe touch here for
intelligence and pilots, and then proceed to the
Spanish main to carry on a forced trade, which
they are enabled to do, being stout ships well
mj^nned and armed, so as to bid defianw to the
Guarda Costas,

There are large magazines of all the manu*
lactures of Europe and India ; and the Dutch
West India, which is also the African Company,
annually imported three or four carges of slaves^

The Spaniards come hither in small vessds and
purchase the best of the n^oes, together with
great quantities of goods, for which they pay in
gold and silver, cacao, bark, vanilla, cochineal,
kc.

Fort Amsterdam, the chief pllure of the island,
is one of the handsomest towns of the West Im
^s ; it is situated on St Anne^s bay, which forms
a road to the. harbour, the entrance of which latii
ter is only sixty idioms wide, and strongly &rti*t
fied*

Little Cui*a9oa is an islet off the S.E* poin(k.of
th^ Great.

Aruba is a small uninhahHod island affiMrdug

only wood.

New

C «9 ■ )

l..;!.'

« • •

,'! '. .. »•" I

•

1

« 1 • t

• -

•

•
«

<

The region of North'' ArtieHca, to-M^hich <hV'
Spaniards have given the naiiie of 'New Sixain,
Is washed hj hoth oceans. ^ Its poh'tidal divisions
on the coast of the 6utf iil* Mexico *e Mexico*
proper/ extending from '{he litnits^ of Lotrisian^ to
the prpvinee of ' Hdndoras '; subdivided mtp the
IntenSmcies of SaA Lufi^ du Pbtosi, 'Vera Cruz, and
Merida, or Yucatan; '

} o .

Prom the limfts' ' df Louisiana ;tO Vera Craz|
thefe is not a single pott fit for a vessd of any
burden, the coast being Kned by. dry banks df
sand, Di^ich increase aiintially and contract th^
fimits of the gulf The diannels or in W between
these banks into tlxe chain of lagoons between^
theria ^nd the ^ore, are* crossed by bars with
seldom moi-e than a foot to eigtite^n inches water.'
NumeroQs rivers einpty themselves into these li^
gootts; bui ihe vicinity of the hills ta the $ea allowing

voi*. ir. > ' x^ • < them

J"#. . •»'i"r »*

* Twcot)-a& y«ar< tfaipsed ih>m the. first wyige of Colambiu iMiibre
the TtCEDOQi^d eiidtenofe otf the' cd^tated empires of Mexico aftd Peru iiad
tilt Sppnidr^B, and their' tttemiHi tt ooloiutatioA were ttiircotv-
io. S^. OoAingo »n4 Cuba. In 1519 lienian Cortex, ^ith eleven
nwll Tetflelt and 61/'ftieii, quitted St. Doiniugo for tlie cboqu'r.st' of Mex-
lee ; lidiA B91 it waa tcdtoa|ffiihed.hy tha r«lactlott of theisaiiluil, said
kf tteSpanUi Uatotiana t<r have omtaised 140,000 houaea, with an imr
aoBKAnmber of temples, of which that o^ the god of war was the mo|i
aaaBvliocM, aMi nnxk tke Spaiia^di' wiib astonlahatent*

A

SdO MAftrnKHB lyfeOGRAPtnr.

diem very ^rt cocb^ses, their vioiuiiie of wAtd^ U
small^ though towards their motiths the^ fij^ri^
into shallow lakes. The two most tonsiderable
rivers are the Cldiomdot wiMh^ fitlls into theCi^
goon of St Bernard, and has a course ^ 4(90
leagues; and the Rio Brava dd Norte, or Rk)
Grande> whose lei^^ 10 5^2 leagues : tboth^ iiow^
ever, run through an uncultivated andalmost utfl
inludi)ited country. On the south, the eYify ; rtveiH
of any utility to navigation, are the GuaSOcuaTctf
and die ^varedo, both S.1S. of Vera Crii^, i»%id^
j^cditate the. communication between the ^uITof
Mexico aii4 the towns of Guattmala on the Padm.
The only places capable of receiving even smaU
crafts are -Setta la Marinat cm^the \iw or lagoon of
$t Ander ; an^ Tampico, situated on, a neck of
land between Tampico and Tamiagua lagoons }
YiiJa Ric^, de Almeria is a small town on a ri¥er«
Vera Ca^^ is Atus^ljB^ op;a sanely and barred
plaiuy ii| the ndghbouj^pgd c^ ]f>fectibu3 marshes*
Its fortifications are a wall si^ii feejb high and three
broadt flaxiked with six small square tpwecs, the
port is besides protected by two battel^} tl^
streets axe wide and payed with, pebbles i the houses
are of coral stone, withj wooden projecting bal-
conies, many of them in ruins. The population
is 7.000. amongst v/'hoA are many rich inerchatitd.
The port is intricate, vad exposed to tfieiiertherl^
winds, which in winter blow with the force of
the hurricane, and aftea drive sh^i on shore 9
there is room for 100 vessels in four to tenfkthoms.
Opposite the town> at 400 fiidioois distance^ is ao

isiet^

9(Qi4ntiiig 30OpieGe> of.c8^oa.

V(ff(*f GmpiiM^* fawwckd on tb«. «wit by Him
ftmtiftU. c£ Yucatan. The cooiilexabie. mpft
Qim4iii» ^illa iota tbeJbftj. b^r tw> *n)((Wtths «ffakMh
lug iiunkHlDA Ti^iMOP. Th« werteoH.cw T«^«mc9
liimib»„ii^ tii!0. milM wide* but » c^qsged bty » bat
]|i^t«l% twelve i«et,v4ter, within ^^uQl^fixc
dl^ kiguw* ti)« (l(m>tlM.ai« thr^e to fivefat)uunfu
i9<iA/B mi^jriMatfDt it carries «o great « vohanf^f
vaiirvto the .aea. u to iirrshen it outside the bar«
"nA^btnwofTibMci^mtbeiilKnd. i» npftU* bH^

;. T«nniiwi Liifooo»j«r tb« l4)ce of Tido^ ii} Hm
8,fi. ei^ttcnutgr of tb^ IBay of Campeachy { bteforo!
ifeaf»4he iahadi QmC IViitt*, and Port Royal^aQ!
]o«r*4iul geaacaUy B«am|>y» t

The Ixuika of the rivers ot credcs, c<»niniliii>
oatiag witib <^ Terminoa Lagooa, are covered witb
k|g«ood.taafe9*

St. Waauaaeo de Ganqpeachy is the only town of
«ay coavdcratioB on the west coast of YupirtMu
|t es«taaas 6iC)00 inhabitants^ and, hfis » §094 ppil^
4fl£sv4*d bf a fort

.Qatlieno^ ooaat of Yucaitwi, between Point
]K|sdns» the N.W. point, and Cape Catocb^ tlpr^
i^:90 aettl«p«Bt» and the coast is lined with reefs.
^vmttom loidt^Mrt iMoses are seen qn the sbore»
in swhioh Ipdiaiui ma QontJnuaDy on d^ wattdi
fiWralHiiS4 . •Qina of- these .Jtquaes are buUit (^ wopdt

. > , -t <•. .. , ■ iiM* wd

' iThe Bi^T -of HmrsuKAs i»thafegiitf 0if fitaiCft'

riUbeaa S^ between tbe piiaiiigigia iof YucMM HSB^

Cape Hooduras* The English xteim die^.nfhtrT«f

cutting logwood on the coasts of ^ thi»-gal^^AiMi#

€!af»e Oiatoche, on on island -at tliei*N«E;p0i«lf^0f

Yiicstan, to (die Eiver St# j«3n inl«?y vhkdi^M^

seveial finies occasioned disputei^ with theflpaiMP

government The first adveaOureffs. in tlw iitllb

nesB were ^i^ons ' of desperate fiM1»ai0».andidaft^

radiers, who fled from the W^est^* India i I^aodhi ^

and whoi dnriag -the seaBeor ef hafiMivitjriinraboit^'

pursued the business of piracy. In 17^ tfavi

Spaniianls destroyed ihteir- Mtabi»iuMnts,<iaid^ pufer

to death ajl the persons they ftnind in tbtta ; iMi

Another settlement^hehi^ fbnaedl, Spain atilast/was*

prevailed on to tolerate it within certaib Imub^aad

with tbe sfctpulittion of biulding ao iarbi. (Ihe

femier are» by treaty pf l7d8, the distiicfc betansn^

the Rio Hondo and the River Ballize^ or IWdiis oil

thte Engtish, the course pf the^ >rivers being iiiie

feed boundaries : this district is a great jdain &Sk

ef k&es andawamps.. The River fiaUuse iiasa.-

course of 300 miles ; and at itsmoathis thegeaiidr

establishment of theEngliafa* composed of i^ooflen

djwellia^. * y.m-

. €ojEuaiel Isl»hd^ ontihe east coast ^YncBfeaD^i

i^ three leagues off shore^ fourtei^n leagues ismgramk-

two kroad^ ^ It is oovered^ with timber^ coooawiit

aT|d banana tiees^; und & inhabited :bf ^HSfmltLH

dianfs, of winee ancest0rs4t was a sacijsd: place of

' pilgrunage^

y^Qltige; Itrtis cd^lSrated n the Mrtorjr of
Kew. Spain as the first spot vhere mass was said
V> wmnk itk f the ^si/e of Cortee ; and at the same
tim^4bftt..the Pagan idbk were desti^o^ed,. the cnoM
ivs; 'curectod^ and * the island received 1^ name of
l^tiiQruz. . ?

TO Ambers^is Key is a sandy island, twenty lea^^tf
}iS0gmd one to five, broad, laying pamllel/totiie
WuAm At Ifae distance of thcee miies«' Th^ natib^
etanHrkingleis a goett reef, with many keys, twelve
leagues east of the north end of Amiiei^s Island;
jTuisacffLKey, off the River Ballize, at twelve
leagiaes distance, is fifteen leagues long, but vety
narrow. It is entirely of sand, with patches of
Wiood^ • and bare intervals^ causing it to make like
mcmy. idadds.

. Tfae.tmLy Spanisb ]dace of any consideration on
the east shore * of the Yucatan peninsula is Sala^
inanca de Bacalor» a small well built town and fort;
attosted among unhealthy marshes formed by » the
BioHondo.

^ The coest of Honduras extends from the Gtdf
of ; Anatic to Cape Honduras, whene commences
tke^Mosipiito shore. The only place of ^ny con*-
siakndum' on the coast of Hondwas is San Fer«*
naodo de Qmoa^ a large Spanish fbit en a con-
venient bay ; a fine riirer runs close to it, bnt it is
tbeim^ost^nnheaMiy :pirt ef tiie coast from the stag*
naak^wafcers.

; JTrtixillo, a town a mile from the sea, between
4w0!rrrtfs abdittdfao^ in fish/ Its port is safe, and
tifee naost IHequented of the coast of Ijbnduras.

(I • y 3 Jlattan

« V

t^ MARFTOfB OEOCI^PHT. ,

Rattai^ Isknd, thirteen feaguts West vt' 6*flt
Honduras, is eleven leagues long eaist and vett!,^
and three broad. On its soiith side is l&e h^
liour of Poit Royftl, a vadt basin cit^able of hoUC
ing 500 sail, but with so narrow an entrance, nA
to admit but one ship at a time. The isljudd flf*
lords white oak Md pine* fit for Mial| ma^ as
well as cocoa-nuts in abundance. It is ateb fre«
guented by vast numbers of green turtle mA by
th^ manati, in both which i^nimals the Bay of
Honduras seems to be the most abundant r^(m
of the globe. The climate of Rattan Isbnd ih
esteemed particularly healthy^

That part of the coast of New Spain froitr Capd
Honduras to the River St« Jma^ is named the
Mosquito Shore, and the Indians who faifaabit
it» the Mosquito Inditos,* Mvbm implacable en«
mity to the Spaniards has prevented the latter
from attempting any establishments on l^e coast,
In 1670 these Indians claiMed the protection aiid
acknowledged the sovereignty of the King ^
England, but it was not until 17^ that lie Sng«
lish ibcmed a settlement at Hack River, thirty
leoi^es east of Cape Honduras; atotiier netar
Cape Gracios i Dios) smd a thud at BlueiekHt
Bay* In 1741t ^ civil government wad festftbiidied,
forts built, and garrisoned with Qritisdi tr6opB. ' 1^
^e peace of 1763, the troc^ aoid dvii officefa

• Near Ca^tjraciog a Dfos is a'tribeoFnegy^eSi tAmkd' Sfthnkoot, pro-
tally the deioeDdaata of Africaa Neisn>«^ ^bimliig tii^ cvco of ^ ^liYOt-
«hip ivtfck«tl <m tWs coast.

• • »* t ^^

' S 1

ctf coaat was withm the- Hmits of the clause 1*0^
«fMtlflg dM ]iailf6S6eti<Hi ^ forts, Imt the govern-
VfifAjt SkdMMhg the' iristeke, and finding these
d^ttlamebts itd/ in the limits, ih 177^ dieestablish^
mAtM mw^ fisbced on their former footing, but
Mfgaki irithdiMm in 1788.

. Hm Mo^quitd Indians are chiefly occupied idl
0«liV|g^ p^cularlyin striking the monati, an^
iaking tortle ; which latter they supply to thie
fUMil iiiiB9«ls <^om Jamaica. This nation was foc^
ineriy v^ty nlimerotis, but has been greatly thin*
lied by the smaU-pos» the number of fighting
torn kwi% estimated at from 7 to 10,000. The
wliok Moisqucto shore, from Cape Oracios k Dies
Its iS.l^ pointy to the south, is lined by k^s and

' ; T|ie gdvemment of Costa Rica itr Washed by
both ^dfetttee On €ke north it is bounded by
the Lsdbe Mtearagna, ICO miles long ind forty-one
Wida, with a great depth, and several islands. It
et^pties jtsett* into the Caribbean Sea by the
%w&[ St. Juan or Dd Desagwdero, whose course
n tweitty leagues, and itsnavi^tion fit for small
crafty thou^ the^ current is so strong, that boats
ar^ nine days ascending ity and but thirty-six
Jtours ia tll» des0ei^t.^> At its issue from the lake
IS' th^ cwftle of N.' S. de la Ob/nception, mount*
|Bg,thii^y-scr gutiii^'with a garrison of ^00 'men,
k being»o|^n4dered'<tfn««f'th!6 bulwarks between
the S{»inMi>^QSse6skms oH i^e two sea^
The ptMtec»U4if VitAAQbA tl, like 4k^

V 4 Rica,

iif notice on the Cnxibibi^am\Bmk:y v j- i^nk- aoamiov
boTbetprdviiKift of Pikiuna. woisjvtetrdw^ iitiifiuii
^bftt . aepMPtea . tbe^ ti7i» OceMK Mfdvimifalft 2Smti^

Iwdd 4xf Hw^Qgo B^y$ « in cthe.iCviiUNMmrScttfr
to the mouth of the Riwr.SajwUDt imtlieCibdfi
(if jPdMfO^n isjoitly tiiFeaty iajle9«: ilib^ CorAtk
)0M» or Ch^n of Andds^ continaes ite.ciniEaB fivklK^
Anith : Amerioa through the: paiui8idBu-tf*4(N;. rB.^
The provinces of Veiiagua aodPaiiMM ..fmacte^
BidevedpoUtkalfy in thp kimgclQip of Terri^ JFirtiuu
Porto Bei^lo, in the province pf Panama,' from
being o;ie of the most celebrated cities oESpamik
Ainericay has since the dispontmuMiGie <^ th? gait*
leans dwindled tqtQta^insigmlcattcq. .]^i9.placcd
on the declivity of a mountain surrounding th^
port 4n4 consists of^bout 130 bo«seSi chiefly^ of
woo|iy or the l^asenjent pf st(yie» forn^iiB^ poe Icr^
stxeet The port, discov^re^by CoHM>Qs id JL^i^^'
19 entered by a channel witiipnly iA: ifeet, wate%:
ifi(hich was formerly defended by three ca9tle8^.
djestrpy^ by the Eoglishvu&der.yemoain X7^;
I^W. 0^ the city is the ^oVe of La Caldera^ she^^;
t^ed Iroro. . all wind*. , , TM climate of Poito'
Beilo is eminently ijiihealthy, beip^ surspUud^
bj^i 1^%. bill?, thut cause a. « tQtal jtfgpatioii H
air» and at the same tin|0 pfdduce deluges
a^^ f remieni^t(s tfauadqr 9qd lightning.: Oile
tbe^nmoiu)t«]A»/ rwi«^ m

^Imilai' phenomenon tO' th^t^ iberTM^ at ' dib
Pape of Good 8(pB*itfr,to^ being. ow«fd(W

^. '

.v«

< « A

rnWH..^^'' iff

^uiSnte: modi -^vUob 'Mfimmdv the towtiyr and
. gtoMfy '^additaitB unhealthhie^ abottttd in^tigkiB^
^vi&ich efteii ^lesctiid into the ttnMs/ txid tdffif^
#ff»die.naaiftli they meet, a&d evenaltiiiieB hi»i
tttOAi biitigt. . Snakes an also very numesoii^'
atidi'tfae toads are a perfect plagiie> the' streets
skAct mubeaig covered with them so thick that
i^ 3s afaMstdrnpossible to walk without taMdio^an^
«ndi>ejiig hstl^D by Idieni^ i

SOUTH AMl^ICA.

* iAlkie dancwn from Pdrto Bello in the Carib-
1)eaii Sea, to Panama, on the Pacific Ocean, ii
^neraDy considered the boundary between Noam

and South America.

•

' ■ The 'kingdom of Terra Firma, or Castile del
0RO, extends from the province of Ver^q^na bii
tiie west to the River St. Juan, which separates'
it Itom thfe province of Carthagcna on tiie e^t ;
besi^i^!^ Hhe provinces of Veragna and' Panalna;
it cbrnprite^ tfiose of Terra Rrma proper, ^nfl of

• / * * , I • ' » . I . • • ' ; » • ' ■ ' 'j

'ifiVVfiftp^tiefi of,Oaq(cii alRftdipf na tpl^ was orqli^yi ^j $p»iiv .
viitD die binning of ^e eighteenth century^ when in order to prevent
tA ciMMltMk of «^'aritt41i> » kKton of M<Mk4 mAfwA^''^4amt^
^jtdiiflf^ ^«|fttilk,tlny ppUi^^ed ^(o, of lit or iU4« yiJtW^n ^fy^r.
In 1780 only three or four remained ; and the military force in' the pro. ^
fteoettd^^dditf'LMioiaierftitofoar'taian^iit. ' ' >' :^:

. Thd<ud9^pUoe^ofaQ7coii88qi^^ mtiie^^
vince of Terra Firma is Nbmbre da Dio^^ awndl
fawn 00 A bay, a^ea to the eiurt; soveii leaf^es
cast of Porto Bella. It ia little viaifibd exceitt b^
accaaiooal snugglers.

Poet Scrivaa^ ten leagueB fiuther emt, is. a
tolerable harbour, bat with adangeroas entrance^'
and bad landing, the shore being flat aadmuddy* .
. Cape St Blas^ or Saaaballat Pointy is tha vefijfc
point of the Gulf of Mandinga, cf^ Danieii. Off
it, at the distance of fomr miles^ ata fiombaUail
Islands, said to be 400 in number, all sandy and
low, but co\'ered with trees, and affording nume-
rous good anchorages, formerly much frequented
by the Buccaneers to pocure' water, which is.
fpmhd on most of thenit and greeu turtlej, /which
^e extremely abundant.

Irb^ Isle of Pines, near this coast, is low, two
leagues long, covered with wild fruit tr6e:^j par^
ticularly cocoa-nuts, and has abundance of |;^od
water, and a port for small vessels. It was oe^
cupied by ^e Scotch when tliey attempted m
1700 to form the settlement of New Edinburgh
on the main land within it^ but. from which tliey
were driven by the Spaniards*

Santa Maria de Darien, nominally the . chi^
pkce of the province, is a miserable hamlet on the
west shore> near the head of the gulf.
-, The New Kingdom of Grakapa occupies all
tiie north coaat of South America, from the pro**
iflnjde of Darien oh the west trt tfie River Oto-
noco^ including the aaarltime govemoients of Caf'^

thagens.

the government of Cirthagena comttiences oa
iSife west at the river St. Juan, which is imvigd^Ie
ttd abMnds in alligaton. The CMst is iti geiMi^
i^Iow, swampy, and sandy. The Bkety of Moros^^
ifaS&o^ on the west coast, is wide, but entJi^Iy
0pem St. Yago de Tolu, is an ineignMcant ioWn
M the east shore of the bay, from whence the
medkiinal balsam has its name, its territory abounds
&)g in the trees that afiford it.

CartiIa6£Ha, the principal city of the new Vng^
fk)m of Granada, is situated on a sandy island
Jiiiti^ to the main by two artificial causeways
tfevanty yafds wide, llie city is well built and
jTegularly fortified, the houses chiefly of stone, tihe
itKefo wide and well paved, the inhabitant!
^5,000. The climate is excessively hot, and un»
healthy to strangers, and lite town has no fresh
water but what is preserved in cisfcems from the
fains, which are continual in the months from
May to November, with heavy stotms. The port^
which is one of the best of these coasts, is formed
hy three islands. The Boca Chica, is the en-
trance for large ships, and is so narrow, that btrt
cne ship can enter at a time. The Boca Grande
is a mile wide, but has only twdt^ ftet depth.-

Corthagena is the depot of all thb |^ro4ilctions df

the

' *« tbc^cM^. HoOtfffHM ike ^Mi 'Of OaHea mi Jf ancaMfo, li' «0M If

f ^e T^ngliAli The SpoMUh Main, which ie afio 8Qmet|i]|€S ea^t^ofled t<^ t|Le
WM^ ct)adt as far 91 tlhifdatt klanll. ' '• , v •

1

uieyare sliipped £ar Europe. There ib .a^prq^fj^liM^
M^rl dshery in the vicinity. ^.. :

: 3cMpba or Tumba Bay, north of Cartiia^#in% JM9^
excellent port within the four Arena^X^aA^lOXtt
lands } the channels hetween which areaU^s^. .j
' The.goverpmentof Santa. Marxa extwd^i);^^
llie Great River Magdalena, on the west». tQ Ifaff
pulf of Marocaibo. The above river haa ^ 90i|G|ih
of 300 leagues, ahnost directly fram south . jl»,
north ; and is navigable 160 leaguep to the4(>im
of jFionda. It^ banks are covered with inpim^l^
Crests, the retreat of tigers and of savage IndiMift
Tlie river is dso greatly infested by ^U^ators, j^t
abounds in fish. The produce, of tbe^interi^r ist
conveyed down it by flat boats. At its mouth its
alluvion hsMS formed the Isle Verd. It disembogues
ivith such velocity that it does not mix with the
sea water for twenty leagues.
. Santa MartSy the chief place of the govemnicii^
is a poor place, of generally straw*thatched homes (l
but with a port fit for a^^large fleet, (t is*«iir^
rounded by vast mountains, whose sfUQiqits, tlK^e
leagues from the town, are sometiipes covered withr
snow; )ienpe it is less hot and more l^ealthy .tlsin
Carthagen^: besides^ it is abundantly . suppU^
with exceQent water by the Biyer Gajyra, wljjcbk .
passes close to it^ : . i . , -^ *

N^^^ Senora de Remedioti^ the pnly pU^r f^sk .
town pf t)iis province, is at the mout^ of a rivQn.:
It is entirely gotie to ruin, since the aband9iun^t >
of t^epmT fishery, whic^ formerly gave it s6mfi

consequence*

AMM^^^Ie; ^ It is, neverthele^ Menited hy thtt
K^gfilfar^'daMle of St George ; But^vhat gived it
most importance is a miraculous image of At
'Vli^;' *wblch, whefterver the city was attacked by
A^lBocedsieefs; turned her back upon it, and Hex
Ace'tomtrdd the mountain ; the truth ci which
^fliMtk; says Aleedo, is justly authenticated by ihe •
lM^lkq>' oP Santa Marts. This must be allowed to
WsfB IMetk rather an extraordinary method- of^
^AMkimg the Virgin^s protection.
. ' * ^Olipt deiai Vela is a long high prcmxontory^ jgia^
€A'td*tKe main by low land. Portete and B^hia,
ifitodi^ between it and the Gulf of Maracaibo^
liMne/no setttemtnts ; but are sometimes visited by
' Ae EngUsh to purchase pearls from the

'^.j^ %

C.Mr >ri.'^

CARACCAS.

1%e GapCadil*genera1sbip of the Cabaccas com^
» the provinces of Maracaibo, Venezaelay Cu* .
mana, and Spanish Guiana.

tides' on the coast of Caraccas are very in-
rable.

' Hie Gulf cf Maracaibo penetrates into the pro*
vln^e. of Venezuela seventy leagues, and commu^
uicaies by a' strait, three leagues wide, with the
Xiake of Maracaibo, which if ^y leagues lopg
aAii^tfiiirty broad ; and is navigable for the largest
ahips. * <I1ite ii^atets df dte lake are pe^ctly fresli| ^
e^^pl t&ifebng'tiotherly Winds, butfhey hav^^il
. "'V * nabseous

tat UAVWm Qgofiumr*

WB^'Sfb of lim Cmla^Hm Sie^ lyiliMH^e da fl»^

Oq tb^iNX «boK <tf the hke arc^jMoy pilia^
nmiQeail pitcht the esbalatioM A'ojiir vAttdfeMKli^
ft coHttBt state of ignitidti, «t nigikfc ijjltuwirtufrat
ftblaiifh Tmd fltoie, ivbidi» awving to gtirtaf lii<f
fiahermeQ^ has got the nane of tlttilaiUhocrihfli^
MaeacaibOi The banks of the lake are til geMNJl
torren and unhealthy, a&d henre the Ji^mtm tfmm
fitrred iOMfltnioting theit divieUings oa floiHbag
stages in the lake ; thegreatntttther^f ^riuch^ofai'
peatsd hfi the Spaoiardf la thdr fitst TiailaL4tiotUi
coaM> eauKd tibem to give it thei awne of .Vom^
zuela«-:oii Little Vfeaioe*. At present Jiufc Haat of
those floating villages remain ; and their iiihabi«
tants subsist solely on fish and wild ducks, witb
which the lake abounds. '

The west bank of the lake being fertile some
S^Mmiavds have tiiere ibrmed pfatirtatiftMof caoto %
the ^utband east banks are entirefy ooveced witia
wood and uninhabited. ' . . '

The tewn. of Maracaifao is on the west shoce of
the strait into the lake. Its houses are SBoatLy '//£,
stiOQe, thatched witk reeds ; and in 1804» it coiu
tained S5»000 xnhabitanftB. It has tfacee forts, woilii
a gatiifloit' of ^0 men« besides a lai^ auiitnu
The elknatei is extremely hot, but is ncit fonnduiii^
healthy; ^The poxjtiscapadoas.aiid secute; a^A
from the abiintou;eof riufvJIkBbee in theoeigiift
bourfaood a number of vessels are boSt here^ ;Tka

water

1 1(SW «IUHMHIU Ml

wmP •f)'lh# Idee Mtiq^' diMgreeadbb Jind^

DtKy uaid.i^ the people of condition.

Hm prnmoe of "I^hbIsosla lies between dMio
«f MfMatotfatf nd Cimmna. Thiseountry was AeA
tiMUby tlitt Spaniards in 1697. Inrt their thougbtt
lm^9 «KlMfcijr4«nied to tbe search ibrabntt, th^r
img^ectid. ^ teore oortain means of endcfan^
tk«iiel9iv^ bf cn^ivating the soil ^ and ht vaa oat
mtil the. Dutch got possession of Cttxa^iaa^ ift
IS9^ ^nt thea» cetooists began to rsiaecacao^ ftr
Kvinchithesr vfimnd * xeedj market in exchange ibv
SitfepMtt goedsi at the Dutch ishmd^ and hither
they have always continued to send it, in qme
of .kho ^aO^erity of the prohifaitions«

Thfi ptoimtfta of Paragoanu forms the east side
eC the dilf #f -MaiacaftN^ and is joined to tbe
Biein 1^ rni isthmus two leagues broad« The p&i
ismda is twenty leagues long* and is inhabitetl by
{o<tians and a few whites, who breed cattlo» which
the/ ikspoaf of at Cura^oa*

( Conot on. the isthmua, is at the asouth ef a salt
tkveiSf on a bari*<^ sandy spot. It contains 10^000
aahahi*ante» who subsist by the expoat of cattle
and skins t<> Cura9aa« aiid the contraband import
ef manu^ictuFed gpods in retmn«

; Hie B^ver Guignes» sixteea leagues oast of
Cora^ ia naiyiipdbte six |ea^;uesi but. is little i&6»
^iRnted. Tocuyo River is navigable forty leagues^
and considerable quantities of timber are floated
down it * , . )

«

Porto

YiQce peifecdy^ sbdtered &wm imtii ^^riadtf<4tt'
which direction it is foctttd bjr a jumlriitfiilM'
peninsda^ aod on the other side is wtiM«Aed^l^
UghfaiUs. SfaipB of the iMgwt AM liy akagnde^
u haadwma quay. Hie town, wfaidi eoMrifiitf
7,500 inhabitants, ig unfaeakfay^ fitom ite coaina^
meat of the air asd^tbe vidnity of maiabai* VtB
^aiktioQS of the thearmoDieler are 90^ and^^JI^^;
The fortificatkins are a stmng Ibrt, on an iriiniiia
the N«£., and some other works, on a Mil om|<^
manding the town. Thegarrtfon consqis o#<tiao
companies of : r^nlarst and the inhabitants ;taMl«
peee a militia of SpOOO.

Hie trade of Venezuela centers 4n #art#€lt^
bdk) i bnt thoc^, in 1796» it was allowed catdiseet
tcadewith Spain, litde adTuitage waa taken of4U^
permisaioa^ and its chief truisaotions wecsr^efb
smuggling nature with Cura^oa and; Jaiahtaw/
which, together with the coasting trade,' bectif^ied
fifty to sixty vessels; while* the trade IfitirBuaflpe
nevser exceeded three or ibura yea^. '^^Belwwci
Porto CabeUo and la Guaira are a nugiber ntf
fiirts with sflfialL gbrrisens^ intended to pi^ent
smoggHng ; the largest is one of eight guns/f«b
OcttBUffe Bay, wfaoch is wtill shdteved. » Vr r

La Guaira, though the waiist pc^rt oteith^cabel^
is the ttostM&eftteatod ; it k entidslT'ezpaied to

* Literally Hairport, aliiidiag so its lecority, irhidk h fiicb, that, accord-
ing to the triirial expression, a vessel may ride fay s M^. ^ * "

<if ^JiffiiiBi I H^)i .mamAt mod ttiimuiHtamik are

lil^ldrittRiitttidD^'iribch riaesisor dme .bdluidyH
vthitt'tte/kuiMntfiftmuttSiof ^IOGk^fi^ fq^

^[M9ifti}f roll itfu the stftetr and ilo.«ini]ob dwingfr
^Sllb flitiiitdim also rondars t^ beat iwttew bf
.#wefl|6riiii» fi%m the taountam
^ifti^idlM 'tM0thi riMig tO'9aPf and iihe launsMt*
tSMithft' Ane "irary in^Mikhy. The .pfapiikoiopg' m^

fKt df Leon d^ Caraccas^ thet chief toBti^iAlt
«qpMM|fMttai6hi^/'aM ii tha primipal aalrie{iat

' Betn^eeA La &uftif a ind Ckpe €ode».aM aMa»«.

^eatitid'ftirtiufkigllideai^ on tliair

liiiiUi. ' The oMf fiiort is Jddpef Bay;-^' Cafit
•fNtD^; by'i^Mi tbe MhtkitsktM axport thuti r

i^ '^li^fUvar'Taj^ ootisider^bie of thjg

^CMstiii^pfties 'itself Msi of Cape Cod^a* It is
iWUfif0le fbr* vesB A of middling tM^r Md sofegeat

''tO'imiUhMoM.'' '

r'iMiirlgua Lake is a circular lagoon, of Mrtiar
'ftRj, 'iHkw jetttrance is at thneB-OMtsadbjrssand

^nk, but Mthin is deep water/ It aibtfMds in

fy^^iiirt^isfnjfeste^i^by'alligatorsi -
'}^ *'1Bbe ^pro^iiii^ of CuMima etletkk<^ai ^tfae
iBiver Unafe to the Orinoco, it is a continued
VOL. IV. , , X sierra,

• Both the citiet^T CSittccas and La Giuu'ra were sOmoit totally Matrox-
dl.lOr * tntibte tirU^uakt in IS12.

, *

smjl wbere thejr w«. va^ bmpen an4^.^4<^(jyinra

n^Uual 8BU^--|p9iB, <^ which 4he most ce}j$br^|^ ;«)llt
those of Aa^ ^nd the Gtdf of TiAfA^ .^J^ Bfj^^^
H : UMdUin ciiriog feh, with wii^ ;1hi\,fJ9ij^^
dramicU^vas yeilc as in alMitt-fish of iMl^.f^p^^
Th^/tbre^ riven of aay cofiaeqiieoce ^:/,^tCff^s
m/^i the .4C^:^aena aii4 Guaiapiche. i, '^^a j^?
^ce faa» .several good portay. end it»f/;;Q^|t|c,ji^^
ttldom viAted by stonos*^ . ■.,,. : ., ^ ;>.^ .^f,
^-^ CiHQfuvi was firet attempted ^J)e ^^gy^fl^^^i

cfples wry di&reot from . thode of th^ ^29!Rli/i^J^
^Mexico and Peru-~thoae of justly tkod^^fi^^f^^
ratieni/bttt Ibe: SOQ hiiflhaiHlwiflift and.- ailifioera
4^t' were pfei^uJed fin tp^ feUojip^ hii^ ^£rp{||^ j^
£lpdin» were sopa tj2p&«jd by. d^feascj^ ^^fltiS^IMW^
the hosrtJKttes of the Indian^ jwd /oj^lig^^ ^tJM^
xelmqiiifih tbi^ iidea. Some sti^iigg^i]^ ;Spi|gbj:|^
aftid^wards ii^^ themsolyea^pi^this POfst|,l)|j|{jj^

til the mj^.e «if the eijght^nl^, ^^r^^^^^y^ttlt^jiM^
vJQce was almost entirely neglected ^jf .tl)p^,|Q(j|^Def
«w»*ry. . - .; . .. ., . . • ,. /, .,,., ,,^^'

. The lomin^tsi are about I4>fi00^.i^ ;j/i^^^ opjfi^
half are whites^ The •chief in^pi^ri^ jp^i:^];^^)^,
this district is th^i rearing of ca^|lg| igui ,^^
plying, the .fiftVia&xiah and o^ier is^d^ witl^j^^
aodtsakedhef^ 3TW$ cq?fiV*Ha|Wils9 aj^ea^/^^
ghugi trade with Trin^ad, Hither i^^ isj.^,|p^
^)Q,000 dollars are sent annually f^r. the j)urc;|faa^

The

^^te?tSfelft)f Cornea is fameA by ihe law'pe*
loiS^bfCoi^diAnyaoii the easst, and on the
«|^'W^1)i^ itaain^ i^ siimmnded by fat^ moiXR'?
ttSfis* -Itttmsin S-E^ ten leagues, and is fliree to
fSm fe^ues broad^ with a depth tif eight to ten
fithoms. The dty of Santa Ines de Gtnmina i^
cfik jAe south shore of the gulf» on the Rivir Mani
saiiarc^s or Ctimana^ which admits only boats, ves^
sclsbefng obliged to anchor a league ^est of Qie
zi^'s inottth; The town being' well- built dn^»
dry 9ofl is healthy, though the heat h great, ^cr
tK^rinometer rising to 95^. The frequency o€
€9litMt|Uakes has caused the houses to be si& built
Ibw/aiMt* generally of wood* The population it
«*,<100.

Th^ jyriucipal fbrtiiScatiori is a strong fortf on
an eittibenc^, with a garrison of from 1,000 to
i;ilOO regulars, militia, and negroes*
/ The river Cariaco falls into the head of the
gul6 Aid on it is tbe city of Cariaco, *6r St FhiHp
dfe'AiittitriB, containing 6,000 to 7^000 inhabitants-
It exports a considerable quantity of cotton. '

' The GKiarapicfae is a considerable rirer, ea^pty-
ing itself into the Gtdf of Paria with ^eat Velo-'
dfy; iwelve leagues north of the Grand lilanamo
ntoifth of the Orrnocb/

"'The Orinoco is the third river of America j its
s^lo^itrieiy though not ascertained^ i^ probably in the
^miijgvaaa, iti the pYo'vfhde'^ if Ouiana. Itii
iiktifed by the Indians /ftfrmota, which has been
c*Hipd to' mmo, Orenoque, Oroortoko, by
the Spaniards, French and English^ Tlie coursef

•"-^ x2 of

of this greflft riv^r is sibguku-ty toHboctt^To^^
r perfect iptm/ untfl it empties itsdf;inki ifiw^en
' bj tt):y mouthi, traversmg a t/^£ftx of swainpy w>
lands df ^xtjr leagaes in extent fo wards thB soa/

An adnuaJ rise and inundation of the Orinoco
takes place in April; and fhe waters return to the^
. bed* in October, and are at the lowest ih !F^f dary<f
At'St. Thomas, ninety leagues irom the^sea^r tfaa
difference between the highest and lowest level
of the river is ninety &et i the volustie c€ waiter
it carries: to die sea renders the latter, fitish thirty^
bsBgaes-fipm the coast.

: The Orinoco aboonds with &h, ami Wiethe
Minaiit but is . likewise infested with idSigator3 of
an enormous size. The quartatinajas and \}St'<XLpa
are atophifaious animals of this river eatcq by the
Iridiand ;* and the Urver is a small quadruped found
in the river, with a pouch resembling tlf^t of fhi
opossum'* ' . ' t 'i*

. Seveil only of the fifty mouths of the ' Orinoco
are practicabld by any kihd of vessels,^ and^6f these

. ^ • '*«-'|etr0lt

• * TM first oflihe naTifable men As isHht Gfand MttMmor )he le^nd^
ih^<XMXctPadeni^k$, tbr<»ie9ga^ sotfth of Dfvirt bU(od^'M tbe m^
tranctof tb^Gulf of P^ria, it is only fit for long bcwU; tiie.rhird mpixtih*.
t^Amed Cnpura^ is ecrdi Teases south ot Padernalts, is also oaly fit %f
boats; thtB fourth, named Macaret, is six. Icagwes sovtb df dpum^; aiid4»
B^gabk Ir.saiali.cnlt; Markaas,tht^li^i$ twcl?c k«i;iie%KjWitll|i^.lbe
founby 1)ut between tbem arc many mouths haTigahle when ihe rinsr ni
high; tfie sikth mouth, iA eighteen lemnie9«0Qt1i of Marinaa^, awl if qari*
gaUc-ibr imallnflMBla; th^ scveiitll, naBie4 tbm^Gtaml AfoMt^ )b «i|ia
leay^es south of the sixths its breadth Is eight leagues iJetween the htsadt
COngrejos on (be N.W., and* Point Berima on the S.E^V'bnt t^e wrlgnbiy
c^^midllAttit above thtee aOta* and ii ciMd bjfi a bbr wltli-aefftitcei^
feet at low water ; the approach to this entrance is dangerous itom ths
abtoaifl nmning off seven leagues front ClRigF^oa'lalaint aad Umleagneb
Irom^ Point Barima. ' -

r . mxiAMA^ ... 900

tmA but one .admits vesaek ef ^ny iue.. Tlui
tid^ ;i0,pien:eptiUe toiSt Thomas^ where the breailth
oftlie..iiKerJa£bur iiiilesy.aiid.ite di^pth sixty^v^
CMihajus; 100 leagues d»>ve St Thomai the breadth
linear three milesu .

, Xhfi.towii of St. Thomas exports a great spm*
her qi.Mm a&d muka to the West India ishinds.
In. I3fi3> thirty amali vessels were employed iu
this tiivic t» Tiinida4.

4 « ^

I

G^ltlANA.

- • • » i'

^ The iregion i)ai{igd GuiANA extends from th$^
south r)xmiQh of the prinpQo ^ th^ riter Ama-
^om». The nuQiej^^ya riveiFswbM^.einpty them-
selves ^b theae coas(;s carry vijjti them vaf^t guan^
titles of mud, yfi^k ^eji^ /deposited m tbfi shores,
form ia . border. «f ]:ow |frfiwd, hetVPW .Wgto and
low,i/^rii^^5, ^ftVRfed with n^ngrpvp* When
^ ln^ ft)Wftj .this^ I^dfir has ^veral feet wati^r
oygp it^and (a^bep.il ebbs it presepts an inaPC6ssi<»
faJe HMid-baDl^. ; . ; *

Ben^d ^ ^pxder f^ WM|provpS| »t 4pr 5Q0
pac^s, ' cpfnaa^epoe low, Je^l^ swampy s2^^nQahs»>
^^WSn^hf.^f^ rain% . aM wMch ve priolpjog^d ja
tlie d^ij^^H of the ogast wijtfi $ dtpth wore or
l9l?.9Wsid^rabj[fe iPfiPXdiBg iP.tfce 4tetf« of Uift
t|1IMiifltaiwv: Tl^ wM^ pn ^1 th^ «<»4st())i bi^ok>
ig^. :^ J]jQr^ ar§pi^jth«p jBP^!^ two,r%my wd tm
<teB^fflg» l» 1^4 ]?«^i} the jQonner in DeMMiber»
i»my^, fUj^^ f^ruwy, and «ga$ii in itmej. JiOy,

X 3 and.

910 MARITUB «a»GRAFHT.

^dAugmt. • Tine land wimte pparaii^Aiyiitgltfidfci
montbs and ate.'unheaMijrL - !» the'drynertepiito
air is refreshed by regidar duHmal BeeufMfeestbm s» f I
' Goiaiift if diuided geogtapbitatty tttto Spwliili,
Dutch, FreBcb» and Portogutae^ diftretotorfiflt^
tton% ha;:idmg been occit{ued by thdse' aatlfii^.
Spanish G01ANA extends oo the tx»st fima^^
Orinoco tx> the river Peuinanm a dtttaacaloC-thir-
ty leagues. There is no European estaUaikm»ift0n
the ooast, it being inhabited by Garibb laaOma,
tnvel^#ate ettMaka of the ^masards, in, ubidi
they are sa{)ported by tl)e Dutch. j.uj

DoTOH Guiana extends from the Potuparog ^
^e Maroai; or Maronin^, thou^ the first toit
does not seem to be mod respeotod by the fifil-
hndersy i»ho have encfoached on the Spanishi^ro-
vince) having fenned a settlement at MMdca
Creek fifteen leagues -west of Poumwon*^ ^e
French wve the first Europeans irho attempted a
settlement tdo this coaist in about 1630 or 401* but
dMy iftgain abaildoned it on aecoont bf liMvMP-f
heditfainea9 of the dimate^ In 1650 tfae%]^|g}«Bh
prcgected a colony on it, andis^ld0Jk:j^ciijniler
i99i$ granted for that purpose by Qierli^ll. cvi^t
the ' some tiii^e the Jeiwa, drivea out i)f Bi^#
^ughi «refuge here, and •their deMe<i4M|tfTllow
ijhfmithe ha}f of the whole populalioDe, ; lnit^§07s
'db^ iettlemMta wect captared by rth»n|J|fM,
44il# the Bngliah got poaaession ^'^iiem^^^
««*^ the peace each mfiioii agtoed^ ti^ hft^f ta
f2tti«(M8&'^ in 19^1,*^!^^ grtfygPho

W«^'Baadtfencciete.^atHtitey;rfr^ i^ikm^y^^

-^BJ^&jk'-pAvitBear^ Ihit reoeMng ^o roccourstbe
'AiitUii ^ere^ in thcfir tarn obliged to ceda jto a
French ^oiKeette^ and by the peace of 1793 these
'0ikme8 xetunned to IfoUaiid. In the war of the
^ftenJctb Ttsrdqtien (1796) they wenc^tuaeA, to*
^^tthec with Suiinam « 1799, by fhe Eagljsfa, ^^
'^toeedJbyttiiepeaee of Amimi^ imwI again taken
ixitiiklBit&istmt by the Eo^th by wb«ip they ase

.<r^iikiiidh-*fiaiaiiB ia- dirided into three., j^vera*

ntt^HtSr-'l- EsBB^iiboand Deoienurai fiL:Bert>ice,

and d« Surinam :: each named from theNO^asidara^

N[>te riotr that rmnthiot^ it The Esse^iibo

-»Kitt fiMi lake Parana, has a coune pf 900

iiiflea» uid enaftiea itadkf by ibar noutha> ;P9Qlti<*

-Cttite-mAy by email craft} baigea aKen^ it> ai^

< libsfB nadgation. ^ Before the river ad(e a Aumbei; of

^ iSmHe^ititsLndn. Fort Island, fifteen kaguea up the

- ^«^ ' ia tiie chief place, but the fort ia in mins^

^ '^ Thfe liuer l>emerara ia two mSea wide at its

• 'KldilHi, but is crossed by a mud-bank wiUi eigiit

'■ bt:;fAeihit How water, and digMeen at liigli;

7^^lh||^ Atpable' ef passing over tbfs bar may ascepd

^ ^e H^ Add miles, i^aebroeck;. the* ebiff place

J^flf^fliji^^dternment, ia on' the left bank of. tie. xi-

^'^•er,^«ilfe iftfli^ ^nd a half from ihe^fort eja.tjie

T^^'T]bank that defeiids the cntfude/ .: 'fher^o-

'f%(dl?iofl^brthe tttwfria 1,500 wkitfia^: 3,000^ 4fec

<^^I^^^>olOQr, and '5,000 aliiMetL ISi^affther

^^tc^lMif ^(f'3rtit6ig« a^ Kiflgston^qcoiLtigHiNftto

o<{k^e^ ttt'c the : MtrKiJce bi:\he river; -fwirrBiie w

^^^?^^^lita^ :fiiiaim9i|»iirg,

^rilrtrl X 4 and

1

01# HAKITIMS $S)^AAPHY.

Mi^liiBgi Town »rf jon or near the i^Mk^pfflif
ri«r)''^ • -. • ' - ^, '

^fhd ^^I[^att0ti of ibe government i^EsgaqiiibO
imd D^merar^ 19 3,6qo whites «n<i 4Q«000 slaves*
About fif ly shi^ £n»n HoMand ImM- iNinw)ly-At
StaeUoAck, besides j^O sqeiaU vesseib.

The official value of imports to Jglqgf 4nd and
eiporta thaace was>

1809 w£510,87l ,» ....... i;i27».99«

1810 ......... 778.40i. ♦ iH6j88

The chief exports from the cofony were,

Cofiee. Sagar. Rum. Cottoa.

1«09 .'. . ; «4.,5«8; . 156,481. .318,8^0. • 4,01«,«57
ISld ... 45,480. . 150,6m. . 98,44^. . 7,S8M(Ri

. ,The river Berbice emptiea itself by. two mou^hs^
surrounding an alluvian island named Crab Island
from the number .pf land crab$ op> it A W . of .
sand five miles without theriver^ prevents vess^
of, more than fourteen feet from, entering it» atld
hgnqe it is little frc/iuented. . .

New Api?t«;rdaip, the chief town, is near the
tm\^ c^ the riye^ ma is , intersected by cfin^ .
\vl^(^. ii^ifig acc^ssil)l« to t^e tide^ foave.oc^ thu
il^ elects of stagnation. Xh« ^oy^tpsawthQuan
a^ puUiP building^ ax^ of bri<;k ai^d. haod^liiqfv
The i^ptji»pce of tbe river is pyotectpdiby.tjiicfj^ ;
f<W|^' ,or, tj^teriesi but they^arepf Uttj^. va^Ofi
Berbiee mus^ifoio its sif^ijiatioj),^ aJwiPjr|i foUMfitiWi'

• ■•

ho ' ♦ '^^

^ew Xmsterdaixv )8 Bfvigftliie for edioanan
t^ifljr milefy and ^ iiAvjgab}e comiqiiiiicatida
mi^l^t ]i)e ^silj.efibct^d frotn it to the Surinwu

; TJ)« importi and exports wwe,

ftupoitt. ' ■ tx|Nirtt.

J^aOJ) •••,,..•* ^193,663 ^4ft66a

1810 ,...,•.... . •. 191,566 s.... 51,785

Tbe principal exports from tiie island were.

Cotton. Sugar. ' I^nm. Cotton. ^

0Pt^ €mt^ talk* Jh*.

1809...- 17,665.... 7*760. • aO,S55. . 1,874,19*
1810 . . • 28,588. . . • S,8«7. . . . 6,193- . 1,656,057

Surinam river ha^ a course of 250 miles t its
mouth is four miles broad, with a depth of six-
teen tQ eighteen feet at low water, and twenty-
^ht to thirty at high. These depths continuefoi
tan mika, where i% i^ croosed by a bar with twdvtf
to twenty feet, acc<>rding to the tide ; and here it
divides into $^etai branches^ all navigable by small
ccift far into the country.

, Parimaribo, the.cjilf f place, is on theleft bank
of the rivcar, six teague^ £rotti the sea; and is ii
veiy neat ttMn^ l^e houses chidly of brick bese^
ment«{tbf briok^(b^ng brovglit.fiiom flolfand)
gjod jraparsfify^ttir^ Qf:!ftood witb sHingle coveriiigJ
Tl»«p»tt)>er ol hotiesds abbot l,4a6. Thi streets
aie shaded ky:iWX^gfii 'lemm, ' ihaiddocic, and
t»^iDll<Xf^ ;'*^[]|ko water ortbetiver and #ells
haag. jkfii^i^, 4h6 mhite - ihbabatahtfc hse^ 'ohlj*-
tiad preserved in cistesns ftom l!)e t^ihs. ^ [ ' ' ^
• l^apptoftdbi to the t^wo 'by'^&'yit^ri^ile-

^ii 4^ L- fended

1

the fofUM» of lAimtaidm ii tiie itoa|<e<«»fidM(f^
Ue!; it^ i* ^ig^t fliiks ibQVt ti&e tivQir'A:if^ta^.
Thecilailel ef Zetlitfidiais bdow the iMirOy^yiti
whkh it ia^qpar^fefsd .^y mi egplmaifc}*;: i^pv^tMts
the abifpmgf which by iaa fine reach oftimtismtia
miie wtde» «9d'£apabl6 of holdtag ^ne faimimrhMl.
The other rivers . of Surinam ^ ok* any notew ^^gft
the Sumi|P^. ccosaed by a bar with ,thiB|wt/atliMi&
^be Maxowinej. which empties its^ b^ :inMy
moutha among alluvion ialandfi j above the i^antla
its mouth is three leagues wide» and it ia «avigiMe
. i%,leagiAefl» to which 4iBtanee the depth- iirlfour
to siis: ^thorns*

. Fjusvcb. Guiava occupies 160 leagues of coast
from the^ Maroni on the north to the Caf«pi(»m on
the south; this latter, which- fallsihto the Ama*
apn in 6^ 90' north latitade, being agreed on as the
linut by France and Portugal in 1801.

The French first established themselves 'on this

coast in 1625, and gave it the name of e^tmbcHal

France ; but in 16M they again abandoned their

opiy establishment at Cayenne, and the Dutch

amght to fix themselves on it, but the Frencii re*

tumio|gin^.l664v dnms themout^ and' thoiigb <}ie

t,48lf(|id .waf^c^gaiA-t^l&eia^ b^r the Dotch m' iGTfi^tfaey

IliBre ^b^e4it» reiilfin» it ^(^&ik»9mg yetx* v

: it i^lWi ^ colony: «as oai^nredt^ tbe)liBg«

^1|i^yi9d Pofftugoese fbrees combined, but restored

by the recent ti:eaty of peace. '^^

^.Tbewb^le «o|Mrt. ai fireixdi OuiUMkis }ined-by

f^^'': drowned

•ter^thmiMfte ^cif tto uameMcts livei^ and 4fae
liln^tk>ft ixf^flucbtoiilsogen^ imrpeded t)y
^Itfd^eft «f Irodk; Hie rains whidi prevail from Jh-
^taMU^' ltd July, ibrm stagnant ponds and marshes*
^llaitif tMd^» die climate extremely unhealthy. The
cle^ritiats'sire veiy atroi^ and irregular akn^ this

«ttBSti- •

' ^^e celeiiy of Cayenne has never been of atfjr
/edWideraUe advltnti^ to France, as ^lii appear
• fifom the firilowiog statements of its populMion

atid 6xporfs.
'"'' 'Popcd&tien of the colony, exdnsive of Csyenite

Island* 'J '

1775. 1788. 1798.

• Whites ....•1,300 ..•1,307.. .a,«00*

: ilroepeople of cdour 8941

.. SlaveB.. S^OOa *. 10,748 ^ r

tm^mt^mamr^

9,300 12,449
.Iq.177^ Cfyepne Island cont^ped only ninety
^yijite famjJJjpSfc 1$!^ CaxiU)s, and 1>^ slav99t.

' So^ar, Coffin. Cacao. CottQn. Rocou* Woq^l. HVta«
' ^ quhu: qkint. quM. fuint, quint, quvni,^ Nd?

y ''l^k>rAy jiB^^ worthy ci* mention tt^rth'fef

C^em^; is SSbamari, a mnir^h pbk^ 't<Sf^

rf!^^ii^iTpS(a^y ^fifteen 6r* ^ik&fyai^} the

v:l fc'*f;:! -f .u.v...r5 fixiptm ftautai;;:* /'^r^'- i)flT?

916 MAUITIM]^ i^S^RAPHY.

Island lies in tl»e mputh of the C^^^^I^ij^fi^ foron
ing two bmncbes^ Tk& nof^ibj^^ifmf)^ . ^.^i^^4
Cayenne Eiver^ has ^ut thirteen feet sc^ mud }
the southern brao^h is caUe4 ^ ^^Iiuri* Tkn
id^d is six:teen U^gv^ in apwtx fuid is eji,^
tji^mely unhealthy $ for th^ wl^ri^ beipg . 1(>?f^
than the shores, the rain water stagnates ajp4
fotixis putrid fiD&ri^es. T^ tQWQ is b^ilt i;)^ the
N«W* p<>int of the islftnd* and i^ » wretd^ pl^P^
tbe ^treetft steep and nvrrov.and pi^veid.wi^ sjbyv^
stones.

. Among tte nutnprous i^cU;.off C?iyeiifl(e, the
only ones deserving mention are the Two Cov^
staUeB, or Gunners, barrw conical rocks whitened
iVftkUirds' dung. The' ,Malingns. Islandfit three
leagues S.E. of Cayenne, .aoB almost loacceniiale ;
on one of them is an Jlo^tal for lepers, . liiis ma*
lady being very common* at Cayenne,

South of Cayenne Ihfe principal rivers are the
Apprbuak, which has ' tweilv^ ' feet 'depth at its
entrance ; the Oyapofe, Whfeht clii^^^es itself
west of Cape Orange 'j the' CasSpotahr; doan^
wine, &c.

. PbBTUGUFSE Guiana occupies the left bank of the

Amazons.

' » ' ... ,^ -

The AikTAZONSi MARANAV9 or Oa£LJi;iA^^A^ is not
only the largest river bf America, but of {He*
WYH-Id. Its source, though not absolutely ascer-
tained, must be within two or three degree's-

' of

bf the PMifIc Dciean, in dbout the btitilcb
tO^, ' atidv it^ course. i& nearly due west acrM9
the continent, emptying itself under the eqtta*
tor. It is navigable nearly its whole length,
though it has many "banks of sand, some of
which are thirty to forty leagues long- Thirty-
five leagues from the sea, at the confluence of the
$ingu, its banks are oi|t of sight of each other,
and at Obidos', 150 leagues from the sea, the
breadth is 1,000 fathoms. Tlie tide is'percep-
fible 200 leagues. Though the declivity of its
bed from Qbidos to the sea is only four feet,
the imftierise body of anterior water gives it such
avast impetus, that it loishes into the sea witli
imazing velocity, freshening the latter eighty
leagues from the shore. This rapidity also occa-^
sions a bore, named pororoca by the Indians, far
surpassing ' thdse of the rivers of Hindosian.
This phenomenou always occurs two d^ys before
and after the fujji and change of thq. mpon j
when, at the commencement of the flood,' ' the
sea rushes "^ into the river,' .fbrniinsr thrpe. or four
Successive waves that l^reak mountains higTi.oj^
the bar, and raise"" the tide within to its*' greatest
elevation in one or two minutes. It is said that
the elevation pf these ridges of water ip not.tess

_ • • • * *

than fiOO feet*i :,^:.^,^ .x '

' The two farincipal mouth* of the riv^r ^ri
iCfiarated by tiie swampy alluvion islaiHi^C«]»ianik«
besides which, ' ^kny similar islands are fprmed by

The only places in PcMtitguese Guiana -of which

9|8l MABITIMB KontAPBT.

r * •;

1 '
> ^

« .^

. A

t»

- BRASIL* ♦ - . ^='. V .7

. - - *..,

IThe great re^on of South Ao^ricfiiiii^^
Brasil extenils from the Amazons io. the Bio
Oraiide de St. Pedro.* The N.E. extr^ou^ wm
discovered by Vincent Pin9on, in the s^vice 5^
Spain, who landed in 1500 at th^ C^pflb ^hi<^:
he named Consolation^ but wliich the Portuguese
changed to St Augustine. This country being;
\rithir^ the Portuguese line of demarcation, was
taken possession of by this natiou the year of
its discovery ; and in 1502| Cabral, on his course,
to India fell in with the coast near Porto Seguro,
and also took possession of it for his king. In
1^04, Americus Vespucius waS sent out to e>(*
amine the country/ and bringing to Porti^ggl ^ .
cargo of Brasil wood,, it' turned out so profitable^ .
that many expeditions of the same kind followed^ «

and,

^'Affcrmahy disputes respecting the limits of i^rasiT (in tliC 8do^^,«
tb^fi iMvi filed iuTHi^lUo Ctoide de St. Pedro ; \ah to 1^, the Par;"*
toguese crocsed tiiif r\:nt zaoM^xm^Mifiit^BKif^
iNUiky vbich nearly prodaced a war in Europe '^tween the two uationsy
aai'li^tilities were commenced la America, the Spanianb taking titi
island of St. Catherine. By treaty in 1777, the limlu were, hDW«rer«
finally jiettied^ theHfo Grande still remainlqgibe'botBiteyy Vot^Stft atrf.-
fatipn.Vas exdhiairely acomi to P^rtiigal< FfW tUi fiver thartcfflaJMf^'

'•. t .

o|^cvBlA^ ^ich: entictily fiuperseded the wort
holy ones rcopfeired on it by Pinion and Oabral.
Tbe first colonists were twenty-four men left ber
jfadad by Cahral in a smidl fort he constructed, to
;whom were added some agents of the merchants
who entered into the trade of wood; and finally
Portugal^ who had hitherto transported her crinm
Tiil»i6 AfiicsLi now sent them to America.
. ^It wais not, how^verj until thirty years after
.tBj^ ydyage of Ye^dus that the mother country
cMimencedthe efiicient colonization of Bcasil;
afid for €his purpose it was divided into fourteen
c&ptainsh^Sy each of which was granted to some
ndbie Portuguese who.possesssed the taeansoFcarv
r^ng the plans into execution. The fiirst of thiesr
captainships that received; Europeafii settlers was
iSi. Vicente, and here the first sugar^ncanes were
intit^ced from Madeira, and the fir^t cattle fhim
Pbrtugi^ The progress of colonization was so
rafiid, that it was soon found necessary to give
the c«^ny a new form of government^ and aci*
<sMdingly* the grants to the eaptaifis, who Ksid ""ler
-nftklfy abused their unlimited power, werj^ re*-
voked, and the crown appointed a govemor-gche^
ral for the whole colony* About the ssun^^. titoo^
the Jesuits ^ent some of their brethrm ta leonver^
the Pagan and savage nativeB.^ , ' \[\ .

« • < '

^ Uyrtr toaii craHt tfaf rfUMan of tltese mistfoam-icSy the epithet ff Utfj^ /

Applied tbao to the Brasil ludiaut. . 4d. da ill* ^
Hsm •fll>e«-'^MiMrttt of nature/^ the 'Vot'^^

^ttamitra.aA 1^5^, the l^femrfratt^hij^erf^t^^
iu'eiltabftihmi^fit ai Rio de .fflneirdi tWIfiSiHWfe

^tHtligU^Teftisfini^, hSstiMties m the colrfey Ifi^

interest: Thfe "En'^HlSh also; 6ii iR^ isiJl^efefiWUBf
P6it%al to ' Spate,' carried iheit 3^>redatftftif ^
the co2«t of Brasfl ; tftit Spain ^nd a Tntkrlt'TTtdre
formidable enemy in the DutcTi, who in 16^88 6a^
tared -the city of San Salvador, b«t Vferi? a^a!n
nAMged to relinquish it In I6d9> however; th^
Returned with a strong force and iliade IBeiiis^Pihis
aaidterB of six of the pt-ovince^ frota Seara^ to 98K
^ippe^ and uneure ilpdn tihe point 'of cbngtfi^i^
4lte 'Iriiete colony, /«^en tltd separatioii 'df PWVf-
^akiihsM '%ftih caused a pacification' in iKitfojie.
.^Efae ^Dii«di, luowjever, infused to restdre st>miS*8f
4h«e pmvin<?iE», and delayed ey^ciiathig blheri*'^
uditbe Pofttt^ese n^t being pr^red ttr«co^

h(BDana» the captor not scnipling thus to bestow his fi^ngH^r.ar VfgKm
' <AX Mr-'pre^iitttf^ "iras telebratcrt as a Joyfut everit, fofit "b^i^ tBT J^lm

it grew to a certain a^^e, a&d was thoi|ght tp t>e^ J^'^f^^.^P^MfWil^
viWI»kkIrt'«nider(WreefVtlit'iicare3t khisnioji (o'tlie moO^ dfialSlg

it^tratdiev, 4i9dtbBr 4tst aiouchfti l)eit% siven to the to(nlterh>faii/ltB»-
^Ve should deny Uie po€sihUitx pf.ti^ ^^^'^^^^f^^^^fMpl^ ■»-
'We, vfai h Wot oorroboratea by tlie' assertion of tne niis^ionanp^ t^mt
ifl^Vavivm^ Jiir0lMi>utetulienioBS.of 1^ {)fitkeiF(^ mSiL

iiirt^ their qiptiYC ,,h\i^»hand3 to escm»e, 9nd;fiqB)^tiin<t%^i|^^|^|Kf»

ivlillli others took drugs to procure abortion,^ and thi^ ura tlyuisaivys
y^ Ifttror if ndorftiaitg a child for slaugliter ^ o^hber were OOn lUflftt

llptJ^iem b^rfivee^ pieleoded to ac^piksce iq this
j!ftbf/atk^' untfl the Dutch, duped ioto fiecorityy
^withdtiew the greater .part of their troops, to save
^^ifgeoBe, and left the colony defenceless, of whiq^
.the-Portugmese taking advantage, secretly sent oiit
. a large force, and made themselves masters af all
.the strong posts, except Recifife, in which thty
. blocked up the Dutch, Thoi^h the court of Porta-
g^ disavowed the conduct of its officers, a Wfur
was the consequence, which was conducted so
badly by the Dutch, that it terminated in their
entire evacuation of the colony, and the relin-
^shment of all claims, in con8ide];ation of abottt
jB850,000 sterling paid by Portugal. Since this
period (1661) the Portuguese have enjoyed the
undistarbed possession of the colony, with the ex-
ception of some disputes with Spain, respecting the
Iknits*

Each of the fourteen captainries of Brasil. is
under the government of a commander, who is
aufcgect to the general orders of the viceroy ; but
aiao receives orders direct from Emrope. The c^)-
^tnmries from north to south are Para, Mailanhao,
.Seara^ Rio Ghrande, Paraiba, Tanmricm £!ersaiB«
bttco, Sergippedel Rey, Bahia, Ilbeos, Porto S^«
goro, Espiritu Santo, Rio de Janeiro^ San Vic^nie
anddd Rey.

Ttom the Amazons to Pemambuco the coast i^

lined by a reef three leagues oS shore, forming^' a

tarritf to the encroachment of the l^ea on the A^atn

jlgn^t and through which are the entrances; toi the

diflferenir poRs of the coast. A nucftbet ^of fi^feb

▼ox.. IV. X . emp^

$tfl^ ilARITIMJS ^^HQORAPHT.

overflpw in the rainy reaspn* but .run dfy>iffi<$ft(l9ir
W?^ r f ?E*tth^r souths tt^e only iiav%al^le;riv^f}^be<-
^i^eii .S'erOAmbuiC^ a.p4. RiQ de Janeiro fo:^ tt^ S^
l^^^is and Rio Grande de Forto Segporo; ao4£:9i(i|L
|lio pTaneiro to tbe Rio Grande de St, Pe4^>,4}^
(^oftst w tQtaHy devoid of rivers. , . . ^

J^h0 island Don Johannes or Mars^goij ,pnr(}%
southern shore, at the mouth of the Ama^^m^ tbf
gfiaqd be £Uich of this river passing it oq the nffisMi^
and on the south it has the branch named th^.Gjrff^
Para or Tocatines. In ascending this la^l^ riy^ a
number, of fertile and populous islands are ffi&U
belonging to Portuguese noblemen, to vihoax tiip^
give the tide of baron. , . ^\

The city of Nostra Senora de Belem» or GraQ^d
Para, is on the riglit bank of the river^ . at th^.fCwon-
fluence of the Muja, which forms the. port, l^jiff
strength and irregularity of the tides amoj^ thp
islands render the access difficult. The d^ptjb^ jit^
the port is four to six fathoms } but it r$ipi41)r^ (%
minishes by the mud deposited iq it. The city.9^
Belem is the chief place of thecaptjiipry of^Pfi^
and has 10,000 inhabitants. , ,, ,,(,-

^ 'The island of Maranham, in the gr^at golpk^f
the same name, is twenty-«ix leagues in turcui^
^xtremely fertile, and has 25,000 inhabitant^ <^^«
city of St. Loui£^ founded by tt\e Prenchiii>. iSf^
if o\\ the. south side of the. island, and contw^
^0,000 inliabitants. It is the se^t jpf gpy^ri^^;
<)f tb^, thrive norther^ provin9e$» and Uie c^i^e

^ ' ' \^,

^^ ^^

.f

flHSr-'g»i5imerce wffli 'iRnrope; rAssels df bixrdeii
iHabift vtiituring tip to Para. ' ^ . v. .. -

•^^^Tte river Paranaibo separates thd dipt^titiei
df M^rar/h^o and Seara : this latter contains biit
fO;6b(y Inhabitants, and its ehiefplace, of the
i!ithe"name, or San Joseph de Riba Mar, is an in-
significant town, on a hill ; itii port' only fit for
iriiall ' craft, and the military force not exceeding

^' <3^reat Salinas bdy ind rivfei' are named frbm the
qtiantfty of salt made upon them.
*- iJkpe St. Roque is the N. E. point of Brasil.
•^'''Itie only place of any consideration in the cap-
ficbry' of Rio Grande, is Natal, on the Rio
Grande, three leagues from its mouth, which id
aeffended by the castle of Three Kings.

The riter Paraiba separates the captainrie^ of
Ri<j Grande and Paraiba : at its mouth is the island
San Antonio) arid eight leagues up it the town of
Pkraiba; the chief place Of the governihent, haririg
*600 inhabitants. It exports to Portugal, sugai*;
a;^e^t0^6ods, and drugs, by seven or eight ships of
fSty tons. ^ The entrance of the river is a league
wide, and is defended by a fort od each shdrft
'^*nit5 j>ro\^ince of Taraarica has only ^even leagued
d^^ast, 'and'but 1000 inhabitants.* Nbstra Senora
ii tCptic;^i9ao, the principal place, is a town of^
<6u 'fitilifltes, Situated on a hill in the island of Ta-'
dSiWfc^AV whifch is separated from the main by a
i^6W6h2Lnne\ on the south, forming a good por^
/(fr %^ps; -"The iSlind is eight leagues Ibrfg; fe^^'
tilfil^^and well watered,

T 3 Fernambucd,

^Mr MARITIME jQSQpRAFHT.

plaee of the capitainrie of the same name^ j^. ^i |^e
^treqie ea;^ point pC Brasil ^ its h9rb9ur. 19 ynt^n
tjbtereef that.Iincia the shore» and the .^trs^^ 9 i^^
^f^i^Jeggj^es no^th of the city* It is buUt o^ api|
^yatipn. Ifi 17aiJt had 1^000 inhabitants*. /i>^*
si^ tbi9 ganfisQU of 800 or 9Q0.

j Ttj^otl^r.^wns of this province are Sednban^^
on t^e nver of the same name« Alago98 del Nofjt?^
3^11; Ant«^ de Rio Grande^ Abgoas de ^idi^
syid Penada, on the St. Francis* which limits the,
capta^ry on the south. North of the Su Francia
af e the lakes Lagta de Sal and North I^ke* coin^
municatiiig with each otlier, and with the sea,, , b^jf.
a channel that admits only boats. The North LaW
is three leagues long and half a league broad :
the southern seven leagues long and two broad.

; The captainry of Sergippe has no port for ves*
sels of any size. The chief place is Sergippe del
^ey^ or St> Christopher, on the river Vazabo^s*
five miles from its mouth, and on an eminence* It }^
defen4ed by a ^^rt^ and contains about 5()0 hoii^s*^
The Rio Real separates Sergippe from Bab ia.,,

. , Babi» de Todos Santos, or Bay of All Sainj^,, j^
a g/^^t basing thirty-six miles in circumferi^ijipi^
wififi jmai^< islands, of which that named Tapai^ca
l}e3;,l|^ofei,t^e {entrance, forming two cht^i^p^l^
th^.iefi^t^ff)) beii^ a league wid^^ with twehre pok

Tht Kane o( Olind^ i« said t^ l^e derived trom ilic first excUAiatioiif|f ui^
iltecovefers, '^ 6 qot tfnda sittiatam para Be fftndarlmma Tills ♦•» ••O'ibw
Itm n attMltDn for fouadini^ a town !"",

r

^eii^^lfeiur fktboihs ; biit tltc westehi Is i^dftig
rfAd narrow. ' * •' •'

" fhe dty of San Salvador, the chief placie of thy
province, and &e second of BrasU, is bttilt bn'a'
rocky eminence 600 feet high, on flie east 'shbl^^
of the bay, a league ^tbin Cape Salvador, the'eaJt'
•point of the entrance. The streets, thbu^ Wide,
ai'e' 50 steep, as generally to preclude the u8e*^of
CarriJ^ge's. ' The number of private houses is i^bbcit
«,000, mostly of stone, and massively buflt. ; THe
religious buildings are of course numerotte afrtd^
rich, particularly the cathedral, dedicated to Sin
Salvador. The population (1801) is estimated alt*^
SO^OOO whites and 70,000 Indians and Negroes.
The natural strength of the position is aided by
istrong fortifications, and the garrison usually con-
tjists of 5,000 regular troops, besides a large
white and blac]k militia. Many ships of war and
merchant vessels are built here.
' ' Serinhaem river separates the provinces of Bahia
and liheos : the chief place of the latter is St/
George, in a pleasant valley, on the river of the
same name, which is crossed by a bar, And pro-
•fecfted by forts. The population in 177^ '♦^as
^fiCfd, df ^hich not above 1,200 Were whitfeii. '
^ The Aio Grande de Porto Seguro se^ahitdk thd"
pfoVlriees of Hheos and Seguro. Itis navig^l6 a
d6bfiidbrable distance, and forms an eicdellent har^
bH^iA its mouth. Its situation is denoted by four
hi^TOck!^ resembling the Nee^eA of th« Iskf of
Wight. 'The port is formed by a te^ige o^ rpcksi ,

T 8 monkif^

SS5 MARnvki^^fSoGUApntf

rimriirig^tatiU to'th^^sRc^e; ftiottf Tdfpoiiit nfiffl*
tnaifilgnd/foriiiitigatiahimlmdl^ i milBM llsngtiu
q6ite di'j'^taiyv wdtfeh Half a league .xiisbaK*
?fbrfi'th'e mf^mlty of die tnole fiffe thb TOCkiidt
ready noticed ; the channel between themp'bdflg
grossed ty ia bar,%rth but twelve feet atloW yaBAer^
The port is lined by a fine sandy beach. Thenh^
tuilt on the sunixnit of a hill, is a mean pla<H of
Bofi hntk houses, plaistered, with bat twd diuix)li«|.
At the fobt of the hill, on the bank of tHe ritwrjriB
^n Indian village, the chief employmentiof'iwBose
inhabitants is fishing for a species 6f stloBonlaifteng
the kbroUqs reefs, which lay off this- port,* vind
Which is salted for the Bahia market ]p^}nitD
'5ixty small vessels are employed in this, fiflherj^
4ahd remain out from a month to six weeks^ uptil
Ihey af e full, The other commerce of this pOiti^
■ iiisignificant, • / . /. r

South of Porto Seguro are the establtshmei^'cif
Belmont and Santa Cruz. The harbour of the tat-
ter is only»fit for vessels of twelve feet j bitf^r
joining it is the Coroe Vermeil, a pof t /oop Id*
largest ships. To the south of Rio desllVatreg^ttk
coast is mountainous, lined witi\ reels, ^!idii|dl4»
bited by unconqUered IndiaW) as far^ ffidftOBsk-
yjng towii of VjUa Prado, The town of CletoraHM
js iix 'miles up 'a river, whose pucrvrtfa* is totted isj

\n bar thdt exdudes all but smsiU craft^ilMiMli

•* . -

'•' ft Af^9^ld&fe«

• The AbroUok Bank extends a great dTstimc^ from tbe coAst, ti^tf lifpin
to l^e formed of severe extensive patches or banks, ttfttTilMef («0lri l^lMv^
Ihem. The dangerous part of them extends along the coast M?eral leegutt
to the oordi aod south of the latitude 18«.

and tlirwing place than Forto S^giirx^
•gfmiiug/cansidgrafcto quantities ,<)if icgf^si^vfi) ^i^
-ioith • and* soutii, and buiidiiig. . smaU ^^?^ip$

rin ;, »

<r^ tSti.' Matthew is the last place in i;he provixice of

JP!Clit4»'SkgQ£0« ' ' ' ..y^;

':< » T^ ^obLj place of tmy consideration ia U^e.prcf^

4mlceiof)^piinta S^nto bears the name of th^t ^o,^

arineeJ ' Itis^a Imall town, with a good pprt ^ . /'^

r>^o(rapei»Erio JA'S conspicuous promontory, u|si|^^f

jmiifovfay tflUps bound to Rio Janeiro.

hi\St: Ado's bay ia six leagues north of Cape Fno«;

cKin/ ite: nortdi side are the three islands of St An^f

,i^9erittttg' a barbour between them, but which is

ICBfo^ ta the southerly winds that blow in strong

igutak > These islands lay off the river Macalnej^

two leagues ; they have plenty of wood but i^^

^««ter» \ Besides the river Macal, the river St John

•loi )flte norths and Una on the south, ffdl.into

-tike ibtfys off the south point of which is Anchpr

iUaiid, ^&om whence to Cape Frio the co^at \n

^adnwitih tflands^ and north of the Cape two

-iMigqtoaJs the .entrance of the lAkelraruam^

-fi^iOffiC^^tFrio^ one mil^ is Double X^laf^^ ^

aoMnod'ilom its two hills. The .pasaagis between

^ iaadr^llier Gaf»e seems to be safe,. Th^ Cape is

ilMjI^faxvittfvegttlar^ widi .several n^oyntait^ behi{id

tjl^iii» which are many vertical whitish spots. Seven

Je^gffji^ .^pg^fc, pf C^ Frio is the entrance of the

■fakafSaspjagenm*- '

'•■'••"■ '■■ ■ yi • ' ■• Rio

^ MARITIMIUIISfMRAraT*

iKrith two rocky islets two leagues eaftbif^.ijt;^ mdt
fqi^if ff^]%^;<f^,:9lieti^:k^2mf Island, f^m.^edgtees
flpm^ ^ofj^^ta. i^riiz fort The entPanoeoM fiti6$
}sfPii9S^i;i hyi f» r^^^Me. iireik in tke.Uodi ^betiseeiil
t^p^!peQ>eiidb;u)ar axMi naked mQUBitaiii3Ha£^BMi
ni^ ; i^^t lOp the 1^ is imulatc^* voA bas tke lO&d
9ci |j[)nn pf a 3ugar loaf, the peak of wtiidlL isififiDi
feet abQve the sea; that on therigbtaaatinduikv/
ta^ aUached to the coast, which rtnM to.itbe mustkif
h^g^t as the former> but with a geatle Mo^tt- !»[
t^ (siiuDjpit. A small island lies ill tl^e. eiijW»ffca£
and ;^irrows the channel to three cpiADteinii'oCiC
mikt. When through this narrow ontcanoet abe«iiH£
tifiil basin opens of at l^ast 100 milea in cdreuiBM-
%enc^ bet^g thirty miles de^ and ten to.fiikiso
t€^ V^de, with seveiral amaU» but /exubcmnflg^/
fertile islands/ covered with , the aaggfc . hmatib^)
tcei^ afvd #l)mb9» The shares of the kuin miSn
geg^rai abruptly fo hills of .ita>dei»|« . Ittigttt^o
behif^d . whicb^L »v^ oth^r ridge^; ' iQOMMing»a
in^^.^ey^ti^.tUlr. ^heir . «Ui«i»it9 Me hiW; M A^:

^"^l^rf .* isji;i^gp<Hi h^ 9^)paae^ thatjtbitytrt-htfmiJ
^3g,f9fi%^M?*)fftppwated frpm;thj^.»*;3byiaiMteoi
rc^^ank^.,t)iQii^s#9Mpa(4s.jQ£ wUfibba^ilytapitj

^ofKifsfiCis^ .\hf .«ntrftQfiedgro^itiiioiimM>tKttM0^

.ill//

ShMA^aw-iiift to tiK «ttgi» kM^ irtft^ijvfifir^to
t^n'ft&tftoml water oni ft t^tvArdi the aasH^ > Whfie' ^
fiB iti^'tMfrewlgr *e foek» ar^ alM>^ l^fater/
JMh ivilifan and ^thoixbihn bar tte iilepa is ^i^:"
tB&a Stthomk • - ^^

y Ml parts of tha part afiard Toixb&^iA IM-
mmt mammmfkefiis, and with the j^MaM^t ^fed^^^
tit^'^adcMa and €gre8e, by meiite of %fie seii itetff'
lavKJb bxMSDM» which are regttlat. Wil!k&i Ihelhkr:'
boiirdt i$ cjQsOidty calm from midn^ht tSi atm-mt^ '
hAMi^a land wiftd springs up and btts till nbon^
]|4i|dir6}ups miUt take advantage of to* ran ottt^
Wbaa tUswind dies away^ a cahn succeeds'anif ^
laafcs.ti)t>two o'clock^ when the sea breeze ads in^
aMhbtiitgs ki the ships which are in the offing; '
"Sm' saa tM'eeee drives a great quantity of watet
nta'tteiport, which, when the breeze ceasev
rairiiea out again witii great rapidity, setting right *
OD JBaoia Ous poart, which is steep to, so that
wifliifittle wsndy* dups are i^en obliged to anchor
tkmmA beaig driven against it.

aTke eatrtHice of the port is defended by the fiat
a£flaiila Craa; The height of the guns above thd
a^iii4:wanty*fiMir to thirty feet, and it has twefity^
tWb nn Ites souths tiwty^hrae oo the wdst, atul
tigie same number oo the north. It is situated our
tbvteoireit part of a rock, separated JSmn'the ih^
rodk^ onrfhe east side of ihe-eatiMioe, Aterndtyno^ '
iitm^^by a ohasm ten to tw^ve feef wide'} ft is '
aUbktfimtml 1^ ^batteries M Hhe^ ae^KviVof m
artanaiMkf^Mloehiiig aaaltf! Ohtiidiilitaid^)''

iwdiei^ntrance of the harbour, is Fort St Lucia,

with

8M MABima^MtdRAPHT.

mA twJtf^ffti 8«teeiif9Uiii//«h<iMJfil#
that of Santa Croz. i-'^ffw

« Tbe dtj..«)£ St Sfabattiati, Tiow3tlie^<»pi<it>or
Brasil^c la situated! on. liie west' atde isf/li»p«it^
fbnr miles within tiie sogar loaf, on a^ -s^aateitreA
galas ^lomontory, three sides of which Itfse wadnA
by tlie water, and Ihe fourth, or west^ isabelteMli
by high mountains, covered with wood, ^iHJMf
dkise behind it. The north and south angles -^
Ihe promontory are elevated rocks; the JfeMMt
forms in two summits, on one of which i#(|i>fer*
tieis, and on the other a fortified BenedietffiM»'t<tt^
vettt ; and on the southern angle is the jMciOfi
eonvent, also fortified. The town ey tenditifp 4M4
tween these two rocks occupies the east side of^liH
|»nmohtory. Separated from the norA angle dT
the promontory, by a narrow but de€|> lehaniieK^'ll
the island Cobras (Serpent Island), on ^ndkidi-'aM
the principal fortifications, consisting of a^iiare
oitadd on the side next the town, where cke^lflfltf
is eighty feet high, and on which sida^9» al^A^
naval arsenal, where the largest sAiips^ beat e43wn
hy the shocei The island • descends towasdtf tk*
«astk on which side it is defended by a imM^^Ai
tome places not above eight feet Mgh^ and withMft
aiditdi; fTke )vhole works on thisi«liind mMM
Hattf^sisL guns, of which twenty face the S;B^'<Mii|-
manding the urasl anchorage« «)<).' i.^^uio .
r^^ fhp laMing place, at the town iaiiM: H int <fmtjr
of granite, in^bteh jibrms one 'side >of ai 'S<}iiahV)iii
4)ieioentr9 of which i9iii£bu|ittfini<th8liuppfi^th6

a. *

A. 'I'

\

water* • j 'p.*- ■.• *..t-

lo Okii^ aomtittliSof a. bdll^ dbse^ belMnd tbejfeoivn,
)$iA r«iefVDir^)|»^ifrtiiflh Aenivateri of .several ^ni^
J9i€iDadAic(^. by canals cif stonet vwuked- ^wath
biMk. V and £i<im thb Tetefirour . it ; i» eondnoted: tfi
^m ^tmtnA)y' an aqueduct, built on tuior tierB of
fl^i^, t^ioh ;c40Bse8.a deep yaUey bfitwew tlitf
|iili$KEid'toi¥i^.qCi which it 19 one of the pnncipftl

.•irSopie .pftib^ 8tseets are very wide, and pavfid
on^^a^ (W)e wstfa fakx^cs. of granite. The .hotiaos
M^mgeoera) w«U built, of two stories, with priM
J9f|tiQ0 hal^^ea from the iqiper one^ andcovedrod
pit^ tile^* The windows are furnished witb jm*
lO'Uii^^ inabead of glass. The ground floor. uaiMiljf
inenrea as a aaagaaine^ shop, woodhouse^ or apart^
§mnU ior the negroes.

fj The 4pcyidation of the city before the arrival a£
tha.£oyal Family was about 3,000 whites, and
4«00p>people of colour and negroes.
^v .'.Ptovisioils are abundant and extremely chtBfi
itAtBiwde Janeiro ;' the beef, however^ is very ifA
^i^Keutp but :the poric is exoeUent MratUffkiM
fmMleeLy:t(obep«OQuredat any price. . FishifodiaiNl
Inoda: <lf. domeatic poultry . -are plenty landtebflap^
fiMticttUrfy turkies, aiyi tiie.lacge spmies jo£4f!itiV
caHed the Muscovy dmki tha biMd;istj^?i)efiUoati(
1«M^ 4h» £wt% -espwially;.oaa9gp9. istMki gmpesi^

e(\fShe(f^^i9£tBiQ Janrin) ia lieadthjv tfam^
*|l»v«fimmer (November to January) the beat is

oflem

oftta; great ; tile ti^UKWtof^t&t^ fhen ^ttyh^^^tk^

. 'lile €rrlmde» soixdi of lUo de Jaaeim ^ttMb
leagues, has a good harbour for ships of iMirdmf*
The chflanel is bounded by the iskmd M^inmliaya
on the igast ; and on tihe west side of thiS'«ditnd'£
a good watering place,
i The province of San Vicente has no portl or

place ci consequence on the coast. • • ^M

fhe southern province of Brasil is delReyi
Hid most noted place within its jurisdiction li
tiie Isle of St. Catharine, celebrated by &e 'nfjhv
V^tors of all nations as one of the most beatarttfifl'
a^ fettitle spots of the globe ; the hills, &e val«
Ifes and the plait^s being cloathed with orangc^j
lem<m and other fruit trees, and the ground do^
v^red wilii "flowers and odoriferous heibs. IH'
cbttnterbalance these advantages, however, 'ttl^'
dfmate is said to be unhealtiiy. The fslaad i^
grfeatly infested by snakes, and the w^ter ISy-
al%ators. Provisions, though abundant, 4t>e^tabi*
very cheap, a large hog or buttock costing -teft
dollars, a Ibwl or duck half a dollar, a turkey
three quartei^s of a dollar, a thousand leifiotiB'Ifr
dcSlars&Ad^eihair, 1141b. of riee 'five dollars, ll^tb.
of^Wh^Mtwb dolhffs,' dSIb. of cofiee two doIl3rft,ib«i ^
bAlltesrbf tintt half a d<dlar. . ^dt^^

iThe "Otit^^sf WdMrA Senom I>sstem> k<^ f3r«'i
na»fot^s«( fiM afi the diamiA that s^rafae^uflNfl
isft^d from the main, and which is but two hun«
dred fathoms wide. The port is good, being shel-^
tered by some islands ; the fc^mcations are of little

consideration.

dx thousand Portuguese, and £biir > thouflaad aggo^
ilftveii!f tibe-iaflitaiy force onoi^diouflted Deg^ilirsy
iiiid>tliilee< tbttiaand mflhifu . i

i . N)9Ctb*6list winds are the mmt preTatliiig 4ieDdL
Srttt^iitiod tide comes fiom (be north and the rise
is three feet.

^..ThoHioGhrande do St Pecbo forms a good
port^ but of difficult access from shii^g.swKU
h^vflf^ rand from a bar with but ten foet^ at low
fiatftf*) on which the sea breaks Tiolently in bad^
W#i%th^r» After passing the bar^ the great l|i0oo»
of iBh^! is entered widi deep water* The townr
iafr^tiMted among sand-hills, and is defended hyt
ipimy fortes some of them on islands ; and a UMrge
gamaon is kept here, it being the principal fron^
tier fortress (k Brasil. The vast flocks of wUd
caltie that over-run the plains of this province are
killed for their hides and taUow» 300,000 of the
former being exported annually, as well as herna
and heme hair, to Rio Janeiro } a hundred coasts
ing vessels are thus employed.

Lake Merin or Meni is a great aalt iagopn ^Mftn
nHinicating with that of Fitos. i

'Hie'trade between ftrasil and Ppeto^gpt) k €gMh^
ftied^ to the ports of Grand Pav% FeiXMi«bil«a)i
Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. The general .resudla^
hn/^ been given iA the aoeount ^ .thec(W»n!ierQ€Pf
BeMuffal ;* it is tbeMfore only aecfwary ta «%^

-ni.'* •• '■ * - ••' •••

• ' ' ' . . • V.

Janeiro, "feid&e^ taibw^ and the pMctawiietalBior/

/ *. \

^ ' BtTENOS AYRES. ^ ^ 'fonnq

^ HHtiBi S]^aaish Ticerayalty of Bubnqsi AiEuft
^ffime&teHi on the owth at the. liimtB of, Bflasilii
M^fh^MAMh its extent is undefined^ tibe SqMBin^
ekitfaitig the whole of the region of i Batagttnti^
mhUtt ther oth^ nations of £uro^ seemrtoHcmo
tfider^this region as dtill unoccupied, and 'Jjianfiis
liieyiiisuidly. lioiit the Spanish province Jto Ihedax
tiAode^ 38^ near Cape St. Andre. Thi& r^g^
^0^6 fimt discovered by the Spaniard de Si^ia^iik
1616^ who sailed up the great river,ta vhjojiijJNl
gave hiB. name ; and in 1^20, SebBatian;/Oaba^
then in the service of Spain, also viaited Mm
river add ^ave it the name of La Plata, firom i the
silver objects seen with the natives, which BfiMjpfffi
Glided tihat of Salis. Cabot built a foot on . tib%
mw Satxsana, one ,of its tributaiies, juid ionlSSA
Boenps Ayxe» was founded, but wae again ahn»j
dotted fforr CoQce^tioo, on the idea .of the gobt
:ddlKd8> being m the .Vidnity of this latter p but this
<fi$dd^K>f ascending the riveix cauaed . CoiDcei^^
tiM^^^be dbapdened in ita turo, and in ISH,* ihm
clifaMi^^elairned to Buenos Ayres. Ill :ta66la

' • A fri^t ihtA hai the aromatic qualitief «f the aul

J?^aaigiiaf)r>.and formed iotothe govenaoeiKt of. Ri«

ik^Ja Plate j and in 1777 it vkU etcieted into,.*

YifitBUOfrnky^ bf.the name of Bqcopkxi Ayres. . . . ;.

. The Rio de la Plata is farmed by the junction

of a number of great rivers^ of which the two

principal are the Paraguay and Parana. The Pa^

raguay is in fitct the grand stream, though th«

Ituna hasoisarped the pre-eminence ; thelfotttler

iiliiM from a onall lake in about latitude l&^r va^

ptoiMB 8 oanrse nearly aouth to its junetion witb^

t)»>PSeuana in 27§. This latter. river» thooghiito

eonrse ts con^pBralively trifling, gives its name dor

limit ^mbined waters from the junction to whcir*

ib'faUs into the great estuary named Rio. de Jur

Wata^ tweMy .leagues above Buenos Ayres and

javentjMfiire leagues from the sea. The great riviei>

GF^i^afv wfasdi. has. its source in the chain: of

mountains that horder the. Atlantic, in about 9!7%

wiaoi debouches at the head of the estuary.

p*11m Parana, -after its junction with the Pn-

ngiiay, i overflows every year in June, on a

giiaater scale than any of the rivers of the old:

d^iDtment, covering whole provinces with its, wan

ten^ii^ Thenavigation is unimpeded to AssumpfeiQOl

cliutbe. Paraguay four hundred leagues from .thfti

m^ iT4e Plata is fifty leagues wide at its entraaitftf

htjtsMcn/Oape ..Sta. Maria ^on the JiQrth,HaiHl:!Qaptfj

Sliuiitttlldny in the jonlii } the toowttry^ifpr a<greatf

liBteat tfirom the banks of the river,iii8 CQiV9Mtd>

«f ' Jbvel plains with few streams of water.

. The navigation of the Plata is dangerous from

islands

• f thiBdifli n*vtii f Ivt^ln And alia. Soam. Ite- JMimii

Mf^Vf**. fP^^se: wipds fa^^ xigtife JntO: altiAlb^

^.porte 0a tbe pv^ii JiHOil^ and cemkr thwi^ amR^

j^ «paa£&* Tbe wnds also g^eatiy alSnt di^ me

tiw^»^9giixt(iei»£ee^ ^viute with ]iortlieri|[>'/9^^
it does not exceed four feet.. a .-> oi

. .. ,|a «90)Ung 19 the Plata alopg the xiosth «#««»
the first object noticed is Lobos (Sea^wdwiy) inlflM^
tlNroe kngiK^ &W« of C^ Sta. M«ria» ffitfiif^
a |afe ;€haiioel b^wseen them. AMdoiia4% i^^^^
^!hf^ f<itfi9€Kl hy.a neck, of laod^ bill; eaptsad^^to'
1^ S«W. vinda. The isle Goretta, M the biy,
ia stiDngly fortilied with &ur hatteoes mouqitjpg
tveoty-four poundei-Si. which coaunaod the ifih^le
ha(y and the ship channel on the easlv he^Sffii
the. island and neck of land« The pqpiiJi|tibf];Qf
lyis^donado is two thousand $ it was fouzuiedt' in

* Mo^te Video^ founded in 1724i is tm^^m^
;laEi9Me5 from Cape Sta. Maria, iabuiitiOYi a|pnpi-

. $ulil ^tropgly fortifbed both towa]4s>thet^9i^i'Wd
; l^tf!^ with a strong citadel The tffsfR;i ^i^^f^s^^
. «pin#^ and has fifteen tp.tweiity. t})piy{flv4f Jp)ii^
[,^ffi[^, '/The pprt is extensive, b»t opeii, Jftfj^
/louUi9rly:^inds; when these wia43! hl9^i i^tj^ijig
.^tihe 4qF^ 13 eig^eeo feet at low I'^^t'f ,«]»^JSSth
' ])ar^% %^wl* wly eleven feet^ . so ,^J)#^. i||*
;. ^ft)fw .yef!i{^K<^abov/e ninex^r jteii i^.. QOfHie
^ *w«j>;ii4^;0f tj)e ha(bpnr is iJs^ lifllifiroi© ¥?b#Rfl»jit
, derivea its name, and ^n which is a ^|^|rJb»ose.

The

iftm^j^t^niiis ^ibfy'^ ^iSiMan^' aifmm

to the Havaoindu'' ' '- Mir Jr>! -^^ •' -f-^ iJtfi.ff».y ;■,■.

'• iHEM*oft AUxm, 'ottOMStfttldkE^MlHf 4iiJQD9lilb,

"iil^ IMJgtMs: irom Cape St^ Antontb» vbeie'the
• yiVe^ si seven leagues -iri4e ^ U^ ll4tf M fiart; fibSfs
nftehigdliilged to anchor -at three Icngiaea'JlMABce
' «id dKiSuogb'theii' >b«fgoe9 ini»tf B|htei%$' Hho- tcah
^'Vtifrbti^the tdiMi M^hi^ inltef thtbcigh erdr^k.
■ -The town is boilt on a peninsula, the streets ytiSa,
''^m}Mvtsia only one sto!^ f/i^ a garden to «acb.
The population is' fMoXigif «stitAAted, ih>fn 95 kk
^«0tOOO by Helms, to 75,00&hj fSifUotab Pbphani.
-'flite Tiuthher <^ European' ^aniai^^ ' lB»w«v^,
fc«o liot 'excfeed SOW. Sitae©- thfe- trad^' of Afc
-^9|;HAU!ffli'c^nl<^ iH^ libieMeed*flt>m tte a^K^irtit
'^t^thdilts, that of Bt(en<M 'A>t^ 'has* teth'^oon-
®^ettJ)le. . ' The expprts Wft; y/theict' and jifcrMsd
^«^td%heSpdBnh"^e8t-Iifdi(IM)d'B![<st9ih' "IV>
^iSufe^,' gdia; • 'rflverr hld6*,V\i!lbW,'iWig«r;*'1fl-
*'^&iii^^y^t l^baceo, coiton, bee»^-wax &n^ dmgs.
'''Bii^iWjlytes & the 4^ ^of A great part of the
' ' l^sMttdi df 6liiU; 9em aiid ^ioti: Oli* lout^ to
■<-"«i^/W. ' •■ •' '•' " « •• ''■ ■ ' •'■'■"ihe

I .

I

the pio vihcflP^ <Ji6 gnnd oen& is.|MsiiDfnied iff
cafteftcro»tfi|»fliitei cilkdFMii|iM,'tx>Mendte
at>|ll0&Mo£tlie ADdte8»Miem<mtk; fmm M%ti^
dea liie amnftyiM are crosied by mvles^td^St^
Jlgo in Chiiit mi from St Jaga to Valpams^m
carts, ifteeadaTB. Thisrottte is; however^, only
pMtttsMHe in aitminert the Andes being covered
with snow fbt a great part of the year. /'
' Hie cmnmeiee lof Bitenoct Ayres has incre^ed
inprqK>rtion to the freedom, diat tias bd^Qi.ai^-
corded it. Between 1714 and 17^9* during^.the .
petiod of galleons^ the avmige.. annua) ^sport

wiis ...• .-....;... 2,l«5,00(l doU.

From 1748 to 1778f the period of .'

register ships :... 4,360,479; '

Erom 1785 to 1794, fiee trade.:* 6,686,00Q^ .

The detail of the commejrq^ of 1796 19 a^^
ibllowsC'

Sld|^ entered tiDiii Shlpeseiledlbr'

Cadiz 35« • • • #« • • • ... ^6

Barcelona»^ Malaga and .

Al&quea .• 22. •...•.,. 10 '

.Conmna • 9. .••• U

Vigo.... 1 .

Cy^o.. ....... ....... 1 * ...■■.' '

Havanwh. .,. , «.. ...... . . > ;; 1* '^ J

•-'; ^

Jb

7*7 . - - .'M ■•?.•.=

•*' -«

I^roditta

«4 (

^ t . ft. V.

Sihrjjr.,,,.,,:>".«^56,000

V •'-vf.

3fe'

» ' ' «

>. ••

^''

5,057,000

Szpoitt of Frodnot*. ^

874,000 OX hides,

44,0iD0 horse hide<
240,000 fine skiQs,
43^,066 bulls hotiis, .

*^1 arobas Vigottia wool,*
'291 — woolof theGuanaco, ; ; ,
• 9,549 dressed hides, .

SSSdozen prepared sheep skins, ■ ...

6,128 quintals of beef,

Sw arobas 6f horse hair,
3,000 quintals of copper, . .

40 quintals df tin,
47,000 arobas of soap and tallow.
In 1803, the exports of Buenos Ayres hs\d itit
creased to twelve millions of dollars, of which
four millions in produce and eight iu gold apd
silver.

In June 1806, an EngKsh force from the' Qzpe
of Good Hope, entered the Plata and took pos-
session of Buenos Ayres ; the manner of its bang
iqgain lost id too well, known to require our enter*
ing int6 the particulars. ' Since then, a harrassing
but indecisive civil war has existed between thi^
people of Buenos A}nres and Monte Video, the
latter adheHng to the mother country, while the
*- z 2 former

♦.

j^ HAXemm INIfMAPRY.

xecently -sncoeeded im guakigposseswon of Mtnite

'VldAO-i^ ■•' • ' ' ■ ' '•.' ' ';' ' . i.'!'o

it do^ riot apgeax th«t Sfic^ W Attjr «aldbibfi>
'awhU ^ tie- iDctTi^tie Coast sdUtk ttf ille moiiihrdr
RiodelaPlabu ' ^ •

«• /-

PATAGONIir. /^ .^)i

.. • * >

*Pie regioQ at the extremity of South Affffomm
Q^med Patagonia, and by, tl^ Spa«M:dsi MaiIbx^
K«A)fiCA» appears, as we have alresdj tMttd, to be
considered by ^pain as of right helon^t^fr to faov
while the other nations of Europe ^m to cawider
the ]ion<<yccupaacy as a ba( to 'tbift^ .dUtfB^ anA
tiherefore look upon this region as qpelk Jko jSbeii
enteiprizes. Upon £his idea.th^ Eogjl^ n/M^
siraced an establishment at . F^ttjandAS.Itlaifcdi^
which nearly produced a War with. Sp^* ^

The. regicqi of Patagonia is inh^hit^

hitVQber of ^vag^ tribes, of whioh ijiaitt

I'ebuels seetp to be the celebrated Vt^t9^fm^:Bf
European voyagers, who have magnded i]mq
^tp giants. J It isi however, certaiiv Ijtuff /if ^
nc^ they exceed ;)U oi^^s in 6tatui:«^ i^

and the tallest seven &et orifi^^^^ mh^ *^9i:^i^i^lpii

f?FP««t in tb9 marag^flifi^t <^ihevn«bi*L,t^^
^ying ^«eB intrcjchic^. byj J^ , ^%w«f^^s^.^

. t X The

■ T
•It I .

r.'.f,, ~*

ttmtb'Bsaxi 9, stiB^d ndmiitt^tl|M«'<if-'1}{^ a(it^
capes. The principal bays are, St. MathiaSi,
Stitkd on 'the'sdiitftbjr tlK prainsula Off -St
ioMpb. Fort ISt Aittonio ii «t the Itead of Utit

D9IJV , . . t., », .

inie golf <if St George i» the nest cimddeN
ablft bay ta the woth, to nvkieh tuote^ Pott
De«ii«« / • >

Port St* Jnliaii is daicribed as «»rrMiided by ar
f« of It snf^urocri nilfoM soil; abimiMmiif
Bklt sbfaM^ and destiinte «f tree, slirdb, bib
Abrii walar, «od irequeaited only '^by seili' aii4
aeaibodt"

i Hw >oalehBtted Skrdt of Magellan separatei
Bitagwta fifom the Terra del Fuego, its entrance
hettig hetmmk Virgin^ €arpe, on the nottb, (a
ataqp ndbite difl^ teaettibliBg^ our South SoreU^d,)
mIkAiAOape JBipidta Santo, (Queen Gfaarlott^
Island of the old £i^^liiih diartB,) en the' souths
^iijtd ImgMB dirtant &om each other. Though
ftttstnut posaesKi many harbours atflbrding wood|
tnatM^ teaiAbf .the heavy gafea of yfiad ihsA
jpomfcail in h^ and the strength of the cnnents^
have Milled it to be entirdff abandoned^ as a
amda lictvMii the two ceeum^ shipa itndipg h
bait fliOK <e^ditrdus and sirfer to dotdble Cape
fidtaitf . the nav%atioa yoodA iHiidit formerly the
ti^ma^Mif^^eaimmfiM Aot» ndfy, vtotB^ dffieuk or
<Biigiimifr<liaa thilfi rMttd Oe* C»pe of Ckmt
Hb|ie,^ L MtaMe% iiiikub - ate the most |imailing:
in tlw stiaiC) viijb tbe^eurretit tt^
^ ^:' a 3 the

the OdHiribSsilJIrty feet; ' ' -' - »• ^ •■'>'«

\ J. . .. ' .1 • " i*

j;.

"Acliofainig to the Spanish charts, the ^MittMiy
oFTxW m FtTEGO constBts of' 4efiv^^iMi8i^
3epl&'aU^ by navigable chfumeb ; >ut ^'^ tt^
dhe of whieh any thing is accurately ki6ii^»^ti
^at-^df St. Sebastian, whose direcfiiki^s %cfst^^^
^est. . The whote of this lanif prcfiKenliitlle'ltodtt
dcea^ jappteararice of craggy moufiUBJiSy '<aljf)^
patently dooined to an eteitial .wnjter. ^^ 96tt
science had nearly lost one of its ntfble^'^o*
tectors ta Sir Joseph Banks, who^ - wfth ^his
companion Dr* Solander^ nearly met' a ter-
rible' death fiom the inten^ty of the cdd. Many
of the mountains are volcanoes, which vmnit
flames and pumice stone, the latter of which* Ja
often found floating on the sea. -

Amidst this general scene of descdatioh 4r«|
however, found vallies with verdure^ «hd the
trees oh the sides of the hills. pfovie, thut or-
ganized existence is not quite extiQ^t.'^7lie MU
tives pf this region appear 'to resMhU^ Ihe^'B^
i^uimaux at the opposite esctremity 6£ Jtiiir^tim^
tineht, [being of low stdture, with faoToac! Iht^^fiBces
and cheeks, and flat noses, Thefr cWathlft^^is
composed of the sidns of ^eals ; and thtcir^df#el-
lings are n^sei^able conical huts«r If iidthabStiiiAy
cannibals^ it would appear tliat tKfe ealftg htfii^
flesh has no borror for them, fot of ^etijbeksti kii

the

• * •:

#( f^Wtof . L'Hemiitea idiiip killoA by t^^ ^y^
men seen to. devour two. Theirs 90iniDoi3L^J^O944
like that - of Ite New Holfamders^ is the sEeH jbH
tbejr oAect on tliebea^es.

* The iaiaad named Staten Lak0 by the Dutch
>)ise9¥«reci, is aepanvted fiom Terra del Fivsga
|iDf,^l|Mitla'Mjaire, which is about five leaj^
lOifig ^aduMdy the same breadths Th^ tides
Mt '^^hrough this. channel with great rapidi^^ but
ithsA no. dsagors. On both shores are 9ome good
jpertSy wluftie wood, water, fish, seals, and sea \fitd$
jsmj be prociued in abundance. The best of therfb
|MirtB is that of Good Success, on the Terra del

;C«]gs;ifosv..is a point of .land at the south
ecgikeioily of an island forming one qf a group,
caUod HtirBUt's Idands.

'/.The. Fauu.anx>. Islands have received , various

nafliw from ^ the navigators who have visited them*

The most ancient seem to be those of Sebaldes

JWert,; aod the New Island of St Louis. They

are . n)sp syiqplposed to be the Pepys Land of

Condey. (15ft4f,) and^in 1594 Sir Eichard Haw-

Iws yarned them Virginia and Maiden Land, in

iHuiour gi Queen Elizabeth.. In 16S9. Captain

StroQ|ggave the name of Falkland Channel to die

^tioait*. between the two largest islailds, and this

.nMoe. has been extended, to. ^he' whole gffoupby

^MfJSif^h. In 1706, they fwere.vijs^ted by some

^2«w4i''ftom'St. .Malfl^ wl\ence the name of

JiSf9l§fdm!i mA^ Mabdnas^ given, the^; by the

JSigw^ . mdr. .Spwifmls*. , In .17^i . Roggewein

h * z4 . named

m

di*ir. ocmip9^TU ' M^MMilM, ^nfiMvMwai lUittMi
jbr fib ii^aere. of dfatotery, ^^t«d fcy^imati of
ikiiiUencis;iktod imfifwd sttys «t Jl.' M«li^^«kAiift

eighty Acadiaai» obliged to qiiit'.4i»fe'ttiikAiQ^JMft
^ ButMHtter^te fibglaod.; Wodd^iMDf ftaMttiied
#bitt the BtTBit «f MagaUan to^^oonilziit* 4Mfc^
Vtig^ rftnd ft "feif of cby wm 6i£otodr MJIo^fMUi
gndof were iown md fimiid to suecttd} ami «»
doubt >^as entertained of the multipdintiio •'<£
dU;^. fHiis eourt of S^«|;ei, howewq: iilwiil%
'iheiiABtnds, the Frrach eattfaiiihane&ty afitteikted
existed two years and aqlount^ to.«lfi) kidii
Yiduals, was WithdnMn, fi^n utiuiiduig :titm jom-
peases of the ^culators. In 1764 tha/JEq^ifafi
also tbdk fiosseesion of these islaads^ and Ruined
a^aeiftlemeiit at Port CBgaaonk, whidi «ka:sQQi|.
tinittd it .the risk of a* war satii i774»^ifaUki
being &and totally useless, the islands wlBra ahaa^
dened to Spain, wfao^webQUeve has made no uaa
of thein, ^although,, according to Alocdo, sIm
^flibds €^t4et9 ^itbclr*' - ' •. .. •: \'ri;i:n
^gf^^^sl»tttll'fate lOtWeagaiadiatoptftaawtteiMaBt
id$f9tiU%^r^ tiet^eea tlie iatitadesv€[i4^ and m^
ISi^viVtt^ iit%«iii«e coaiidimaflairianda^^^ ia^
ilfeAms^toAf^ klMa/tatt ti^diil^ blad^«idd«liUtee»
^AM^tal^bg ibtrtaa^ Aoitti >ana^firrii»d ttaitnattie
tt^untaipDs, with no other vagatajkipa idbaa haath

and

Atttirkw^ iiho the iattw. . SeiiU and /0m ^ii:c^

dwe^BftiioiaiaUe. ^

The:few:advaatiqges of these laLands 4tm thejf

<ate md bmUby; the Timadig mteo, which an
ahundent,- ao^nfir firiseziaig, a«id the toaw only
iayiqg en the tmmmta ttf thehilfe £w two numtbe.
'Xim^ theidattde have ao woed, tfaere hi no
«nM ef*fiieli the peat afltediiig it in abuiidaiioe;
sad beflidei, ki^t ^aotities. of drift wood. d»
hrou^to tiM caaita^ n^qpaaed fitaa the Strgitof
iUgflaa'

li^SFhe iakfi.ef Diege Bannita aae a gMopjof
-goeat barren ^mcks, tteii leagues aoailb of Cape
J Mcan^ The chaanel between is perfectly 9£^

?»

'* ■■ »'i •• . ; ■ .. ...S

• ■ 4

Having deuUed Oy Herti^ >apdi siriinding the
'dQBSl of'AaMieai we^<^t«ii»ftt1iie:Cb9sb
«ihk flbttM of GoqIl; « tbe«€Wif of rhrhrtiwiiw

^fiMoiatioiw llnllMtr aortki ilidMlf* bf% «Plii%

('". ■"••;•••. thftt

tfiat! the (4wo^e3fitrlw(litt9i( of 'thfe awtimajiiian
justly dmoy Mdt bwien.^ pMaii^ tbe4»itraDM
of^fao Skrait of M^gelliui/ of wbiob Gipe J?iU<irr{i4
the sooth pMnt* Md Ca^e Vietaqr (b^ «iK9(y|i,^f|f9
find a cottit lined with ithnin 'gimupe^ votfx.ri^
itieraus arohipdago«» oil rodty^ and * in^oipilq)^^fji
the iMit conskkraUe «re the Madre da £>fWk wid
Oamponat 4ietwMn wUeh it the entrano^^i^
Gulf of the Hdy Trinity, in whieh ia ike fgop/i
port of St. Barbatt.

The Gulf of 'Bcoas is between Canyanji I4w4
oiv the ^ouUi, aad.the.peoiiisuU of TreiMpnto^
en the north.^. Kear theiBlaiid:iif Ayaa(a««>Aa
4^^. 4al\, the Wager one of Adttical AMoq'a eqi^
dxDwvma run. in tkose to prbnent her Spni^^fjdff/^
- The Gulf of Gboinof is between tins ptniiMiri^
of Tna Mantes and the Gre^t Isle of .OulOfi. Vm
ittain landis here brotoi, riifQ^ and appareit^
unsusceptiUe of cultivation. The Anna .^Htk
harbour, named irfker one of Anao&'s victii^l^
isf,a secure port for the largest shipa. . . . i .

^ • «> ••• ^^•A

*.

PftOVlSrCB OP OHILOB.

■ m

sea coast from Point 0|iitoQ«^ « on the.coi|tiiy^ra^
fShdae isUn4 in 49"* -1^;

# • • >i ••

• Cni^ DesoUtioQ vf Greenland.

"^ mie-Mindfi of thift archipelaga ara npwardii of
jM hundred im numbeF, bM ti)«' iketil Isle of
€hiIoe k dl^ne of any coiiif44lra)>le ftise; and twatity!
inify are ikihalnt«tllie wbDle atppear to have been
formed by eovivtilMM of nature, wiiich havd
brd^en t^GmftiMmt to piacei, being g^ieraily
flagged fliasieg of roek> ttfpmMi b^rnaiTowond
deep ^hantidby the navigation of which w no*
lierad dangjerous by sanken rodkM and viaUmM
currents. Most of the islands rise perpendfcularly
from the vmter^ and are so rocky that the pro-
jKUtion of soil eapiftble c^cutttvation is vety small)
and this littiey wring to the unfavourable climate,*
but stiil mMe to the idleness of the inhabitantB
aioul ^eir very impetfect agricnlture, is not culti*
vated to the gieatest advantage. Hence the
^fiantkies raised of wheat, oats, French beans, and
potlitqer, which ooitttitiite the permanent. vegetaUa
food, are sot sufficient for the' consumption,
r The only cokivated fruits, ar^ several varietitts
of the affile, and strawberries. Hie mpst commos
tceea'and with which the hills are* in general co*
veve^ are the cedar, oak, widnut, plumb, cypress^
cinnamon, laureli orai^, the pebi^ zenui^ meter ^
and TneU. A kind of rattan grows spontaneously,
of-whidh tiie; natives make their cordage> and
ntfhich *is'tiIso ernidoyed iti Voofiag thdr hoWia-
iions. The archipelago has • neither -beast of
*prey nor venomous reptiie& - *
' Thedimate is humid and gtormy| but not un-
•''>.. •« *healii^.

• The heavy rains in antumn render it necessa^ to cut the corn before
;t isVipe, and dry it in the sun or by the Are.

permkr thp enoMf to la^" on th«r*8il9pttd|.^^HA1JN»
season is esi^remely ii^ :irith At«ugi;tgpilit;4rfMft

trary are accom|NUued with &tr weather, ^rlliii
tmv^m is JL short stone fiiMia.)dii^>eiit. . .{Ihe
Aurora Australis is ocoasKHiaBy seen ihmu ^ jfjbi;
midsumm/er the heat is -great. hi)t tb^ JWMlekisfMk
iDoderated by sea Creeses which Umr fntty Mgiir
larly fiom teu to three o'irloclu . ) ^u;^

' The population of the proviuoe doet^nofc esfpn^^;
1S»000 Creole Spaniards* And 11|U)0 Imiiniwr, ,<|j<n
tributed in three towns and fifty*QM yJUiigeSp.iiM?'
of ^e latter containii^ more.tiiasi txrentywiiv^^
iniUea» and many only four or five. Ther<(!k*eol«
SIpaniards and Uie Indians form the eoly tppa
dassesy there being no mixedbreed* Tin fimun
are ignorant» lazy^ and wtetdicdly pooi;, jmt'SO
proudy that though very few are aUe tsi pitrchMis
dioes and stodungSf th^ consider Uie Indians,
with the utmost contempt* and instead -of eadj^^
vouiing to mdiorate their sitttatioii. hy .their -^isn;
sistadce,.dMy preifer oultwating with ih^* ^fnH:
Kahdis a:Spot of ground, haodf toiffiident'to^f^q^
their .fimulie& Tbt Indians are.e92aUy;idlep,A(w^^
without; any haughtiness. TheiiL gcevtest ^.}r^B^

dott ttoi,ezceed.a smaflplantatimy HmtyJtQ ff^l^^i
sheepi mid as, njany hofp. , The »an> tesid^j^lMJirj
agricultural labour* andtibe^proeum^^pe^MH^^
tepay &e& tribute^ , are^ ee^|4oyed d» Jshv^f rltlM^
11^ ^i^m tbe^ greatest part of 4;faeif 4vly

,.i

^

«ltal^i9QttifI^i»1tbe'ehuux!ls'of the i^iid, idpiu;'
mii^fiihat^Mtk^imt^aits, apd their bUjbber is
mn^^neA'kUb^ iM. The vbrnen's ettfploym^tq^'
aai>]iiaflgiig^ mute and cosaa^ liniiu'and woollen,

^ tlhd «s^dMib»rt the prDviade are. Brat, timber^
iidd-cMc%!teedar|»lsDka, in wUch die Indiam pa^^
HMft ^tfhtte of fotu^ phals a head. These W
iMri%^(toMitd<frma the confcmeni, tt the footoi^^
the CoidiiieieBf afad aa they are split instead of
M»jg^vtamMi a vast waste, of tiimbei; must take
plUSerlso^'pftyeitm the £0 ta 60,000 which are sent.
to'Sima^annualljr^ they are obliged to be fpur
t'rira^ftiigl seven to ten incfaea broad, and half ip
inch tiiick. Some walnut wood for ships^ planks .
and boAls* bars, is also i^nttoXima./ The second ^
ol^edf ^ afxpcart is cured faaita^ the srchipeUgo
sldovntidngit, hogs. The< whole trade occupies
otHtytttfCe at Ibui; siiiall- veteek, wfa|ch arrive once
ayt^ from t^ima, at San Carlos, and on.;their
•itivtfafitir tsfaeld, at which the Indiana barter
iMx ttetchan^ttis for ihb otgects they waoit, for
tlMare h no inoney in circubtTon except whait la
pUdifsHhe-Mcen of govemmentand thd regular ^
tnk)p& ' These htter consist of only £fiy-threii ,
dr^goM^ flfty-tiiree in&atry. and thirty-tiu^^e ar-.
taito^, Mafiotiea in the forts of St^ CaHoa, Chaca^s
Q8biia>, and Aqui. A militia of t!he Spanish
W^Atiatt,'iiBQuntttigtoI5fi9 individuals, com^'^
l*ftis'tteaitaKd<brc6ofthepr6vince: * v' .,,

rhrt gtteat Isle of Chiloe is about forty iadgyes^^ *
IcM^^N/MIll i^ «k^d ihimten^^liirtefen'kague^^
•» broad.

S50 MARimfE'^VHiblQuniY.

^iibjjriht Boca de ChlM;^ o» iits^iMiiliP^^
duly: mef tetgne md« at its eMraftct.^ Oii?til«^
seiUhisthBiitheGiilfiifCbdtiOB, aiid«W«lMi^MMg''
between it mkI die main, it forma seveniA gisMA^ ^^

The west cowtof the isbiid ja stMighti bil<^|
no.indenkakion of any consequence^ atid'Mi^a'A^^
laaigBificant rivets. The east coast ithiili AiuAk'
the contment Js aaora irregular, taiid'^ffbariy ilMlf^-
middle forms a deep gulf. The iilMi4'MmtaM6*
two tomos and thtrty-eigfat villages, prhMjl^i^ty ^mi
tbe north and east sidfes,. thisre being* bat mtie"^-
1)^ on the^ west *coast; atfd the inte^iiir & io'
jMOuatainous and bartaa^ tintt it'ia entirely utiiii^
hidbhed. ' •."•?

Uatil 1768, the Port of Chacao on ihe NE. end
of Ike jdand^ was the principal pbc^ ' but tilif dif>^
fictdty^ of the nav^tion to it. caused it to be de-
sated for the port of St; Carltis, on the Batria'de
Efi)Ge> on tlie NW. end, the access to which is
safic^imd it is now the -otdy. port visfitedby lile
annual ressels froin Fieim. ^ The' 1% ^ SUbh
iCailos is the chief pkce, and cMitafnii about t#&
hundred wooden houses of the S^^midf^ lurifl
some Indlaa huts, scattered Hdtb(Ni€ regularifyl
Hie town named 'St; Antdnia dfe*>Cha<!M, iidm^
gOBsists only of the church, a; iniissiottary houses
and some Indian huts. '.
' Castro, on the east sldeof the idand^haa a good
port, but from the xlifficult napvigation is nevi^
visited*

. The other islands al-e insignificant With respect

to

1 u:tltHmtKt<n': Tr;..r 90/1

^aifr^:i^ . the Qr«A IOmbiL

Ncfpe 6f the others are moM tliw. iMm me tai
tbw^ UM0iMi tm :c!i^^ ;0f thevilages

'on,lJ>fqeidkmdfa^'11uii of €i}|mc^ thut mofeoetii
n^i^le/ eoQBiitiiigtef.tiimftty btmviiAiifles,; ioku

lim^itSS^ Mem o£ Aehao h» cigtatocn ;it«Mr
Iwiiflftb ^SfNTOMrds. AU.1iiecihar9^aDe<ofr9t3i
)e|itCfm$P4iM9ce< . '•

..Tbwe'ftrethtee vilb^ges on the jofeain^.tMi l«:G0^

nkasuspihvoA t)ie..N. 'riiete of tbe-BocadeGbilotv

wiiifih IbcEeeriythiid ^^gooAfxt, imt aa novieo

"fiUttkupi 9b to aimit eolgr crhmb. j 2« MeQlliii».«ii

^ arat^of (316. sea^ called the Bocade MetieiHif;

north ,o£the^i^ooa 40. lOhilDeL It has a .ft>tt with

icm% gunii .'ikiiAeaii atnw houses, - and a.-cfaoroh of

«tiJie.8aaBe mateoid* S. Asdliero, . on the nonih

isbojcQ.^ thoiBteadeChiioe^. and nearly suflroanft*

ad by .wetifV, oootaiilA eo& hoiittea» ef wood aad

-wtiMWi^btlkm^ickjUge only inhabited. for ashofit

itineat Easter, and at the Feast of St Jamel[^;th]b

.peMienoCtheJadNNisv: During^thenstof theyear

. bpti^ S^otadsi and Indians hve ta.- their disbkig

bMfh^.: :X)m chmrehi of AstiUeso, ^though of tywd^

.Ja^i^ hendieiiitilt o£ the province. i . ; rj

The Jkin^dom of Chili extends from the Aici^y^^v
iago of Chiloe' to the desert of Atac^nnv^. or jj^i

latitiiLli;

lAtitdife ^l"" to US'", htmibgmmmwi

the AndM and die w^ w ,iriMi^ itente tajji^ti

febgttes'broiid. : > - , -^ •

This <Kmiitry'wa»«vfe^iMtni b^^
the cofiipainon of K»ut(V iflwr Jfce liiiayiWi adT
Perui and in IMl SflktifOv. lilt^ltat c^
fiMindcid. The Spttnntrdk, imiimiv 'tew'
been able to ccmq[aer the/whole .effftiairegicaip'ib^
iSiough the attempt faaa JMt^oMmtMte hitwi wmd
treasure than alltherestof Ammoa^sandthejrfami
flhiffl^ been oUiged to Iww thfiAdioiui/iai fios-
scAsion of aH the tract fron rtke 'Bio6K> riv^rto tfiie
soutb, with the euepium of tbeifi(hieA'iif Aim-
Tia, Bythe'reooit revoltttibroGbffi 4ur«iiii^
iliYowti off the doimnioii of th^'*modler joauntrys^
and IB' now goVerned by Ciedke ani^stestee.

The rtvnletGrtwhich'dfesoeitd intaitSm Andesran
through ine vaUies» ite iibkHx thb:blifn«te HlfmbUji
liiMt c£ Spain, and whei^'ate'ptodttced tfao £ndts
of Europe, as we^ as 06 the ti^nob . TltehiHs aie
covered' with the finest timbiT;tifew;«ai'are<iiA»-
bit^ b^'deer and victmas. The,.mext abooiid
with trout and edsk ' Ksh is ab^tsktteatieljr^dMsq-
ibust on the coast, diecooiaiottestkiadBb^figieoo-
Ipers^ soles, cod, smaller biot more delioiDQS.#an
that of Newfoundland. Tunny ^Mi alio Mrmirpo-
Xiodicallj. Ambergris is frequently found on the
shores. The wind Is geneiaUy fiom tlie S. W.
while the sun is in the southern tropic, and ia odd
and dry. The north and nortii*west wind^ whtdi
pfevail in the opposite sealioii; bfing heat ^and
jrain.

The

and Coquimbo. To Peru are ea|M)r^i9d l^Q.jto*

'* vqiiifiteb ^f telbw,^ jeik^ be^ win^ £ai$in^ al-
: /jvoiidk attii walnuto $ hetipt, . h^r^es^ . tunber^ apd
T ia«ie^c^p^« 'Xhe iipports aj^ cloths^ 8Ug^,..Qa«!
1 c^i^ Jiee^and wit Valdivia Jiaviqg laqth^ig, to
: tapmtp ' WW fomeriy ^mAj visited by. tvq. shijpa a .
1 ^M^ ene^frpm Va)patmiao» with pravi3icxpaf9]:4;f^
^fpariiioo,. mid the cih^v. from Callaq, wi^b tiii^^my
bff tbe iwopd^ It has lattesly been decided a &^e
i pott. Tfae^traide wHh Peru is in iaviour ^.Chiiip ^d
*; • eioflf ya tii¥CDEity tothirty ships of 500. to 600 tqq^.
. Qhili'ivf 4s long 4eb$rred all direct comm uuicatipu
ivith.OUl.'Spain» theRegister ships being obligied to
^ preteed to Peril, &om whence Chili prociuvil the
>. itfanufiK;tiure«> of fiuix^ ; latterly she h|t» recei;7ed
; jtfamnadinBet.f):ain Spain, and gives in return silv^,
- .Gc^per,. \Qgoiiia wool, land tanned leather.
. ' ' Tiie ltop0gf apby of ' the coasts of Chili is lijttle in-
f teeettiog^ k hating but few |M>rts, and still: fei^er
-.ilwlins; (Bal#m^ or Valdivia, on the .Mapc^cba,
. iAilfiiBjrbiid 40,000 inhabitants. Its bay 19 xf^
r'/fllieltered;t>y two points of* land, ^and the river ad-
.<>^pitft9MMd^.of4^urden. ». /*

Of't rM^a^I^jand is h^K three- ^^r four lefig}^
.7lQ%g,(>r{»n^-)hh%bited by Indians^ .^o cu|^vi|te
I>t^whfjEt|y7{i)d{w:€^A, and fniita l^vapie l^/fi^
ri-4beltpf!eidjen (he M^ by the isl^ndiof SU ^i^}fi
F ihntt«Bi4p^;ttf thf^iiartb aiul .i^uth-^^eat : ,^q

Bio-bio River, one of the most considerab|e*^f
• . f vo£,iv. 2 A ^ Chili,

Chfli, h9A mmral Sypwkb ^vtfi.m, ii»,}m^ ttf
keep, liie Indiana in cbeck } ibi biiM^ lilHWlA^
vkb cedaz for building*

Tbe city of CMc§ftipifB. kimsxiy iJki^nfiltfX of
Chilis founded by Valdivia, in 1550^ is « omw
place, but with a good port, witbin ml idland,
forming twcx chaxmels, both s^e«

Valparaizo (the Valley of Paradiie) i9. a^ tgmn oC
low houses, built thus on aocQimt of tke fr^quftotib
easthquakes. Its bay is s^ in 8ui»ai^, ¥[hftii^of}ti»7
etlymnd^prev^li but in winter (^ noi3di^r]()r«iiBodbi
blow into it, bemg open &om N.N.W« tQ.NJil«£>^
The anchoca^ for ships ia ja ten on tw^eMii^onsk
one quarter of a mile from .the«town} buAwndl
vessels make fiust to rings, &Ked ip^ f^fifk i9iam to
the 'Shore, M^eie there ia ei|^t ^sybhQiAfl.dl^ptb^ ItA
only trade is with Lima. ..

The port of Quintero is s^lteted: on, tb» 9QSt^
but open to the .nocth.

Coquimbo la Seoena, in :a,b»yi^tiM v^y» fftBf.
miles firom .the sea» is inhabited by ^j^jit: 4^0
Spanish families, Its stiteets ai;e. d);^>y^ ; if^. JlJgMl
lines, and the, housei^ sepaxBted: by Iw^ garji^^^^*
In the vicinity is a rickcaf^i; min^ tbc^ pfX)4¥Cf|
of which, as well a? wioe» qU^ ^de^i &W* f^S^^^^WK^
to Lima by about five ships, a^^w, . Tbftl?#y of
Goqviimbo is sheltered; ou ih^ soiUJi^ by. tl^ !^«ia«
ro^ or Bird Islands* thrcQ or four in qugib^,^!)^^
tween wluoh and the.poinb of tiie niain i# ^.$a^
channel for ships. Another igroiip of' roigl^y^ i^ifUMib
seven or eight leagues K\|& o|* C9iW9^ %Sft.
also called Faxacos*

C^Tres Mo»tei i» the estf eii^ of gbttte Mgii
iMinittDSy ternmiatiiig on! the coMt kft thMe" fawD^
WKkaw Salada Bay is expoMd te the ittwtbt Md'
k^ odlr vkited by edtaters fixr Bohu *

^IkU.

Dtlring Ab Qperatiens egMMt the Ifexieem^.
the Spaniards learned the existence of ^e empiro
ef TsBV ; and the fame of its wealth rousing their
ttilquettched cupiditjt three private individtudt*
vkh no other resources than theic own meam^
conuntoced its conquest in 1530. The chief of
this teidttvinate was Francis Pizarro, the seoond Al«
iMgrOy and the third was a priest named Lacques*
The forces they were able to raise for the conquest
t£ this populous empire amounted to no more than
thirty-siac cavalry and 144 infantry ; but^ unlike the
MexicaBSy the Peruvians were a timid and un'>
"W^like race^ which together with their civil dis«
flensionsy made them an easy conquest, and in ten
^ears their country was divided between the foU
lowers of Pi»uTO* In 1543, the first Spanish vioe^
fey appeared in Peru.

Hie kiegdom of Peru has for limits on the south
ft desert tract which sepaf ates it from Chili, and
<m the north the river Guayaquil id the boundairy.
The name of Peru is said to be eitiier from -Bm^
cmeof its rivters, or Pebif one of its psomontories^ A
ri4ge of hills Unes ihe coast at the'distaiice oif twenty
five to thirty leagues, whose ramifications stretch

Sa2 , quite

^56 MARITIME O&OGRAPHT.

quite to the sea, fonning between, generally stenle
valUes and plains, except where they are fertUizedby
rivers, which are however few and inconsiderable.
On the coast, between 5^ and 15° S. rain is almost
unknown, but there are frequent dense fogs and
heavy dews, which, together with the rivulets that
descend through the ravines, named qtcebradas^
nourish vegetation* Thunder and storms are near-
ly as seldom experienced as rain, add the winds
blow constantly from the south.

The whole coast of Peru has not a single har-
bour in the strict sense of the word, the anchorage
being all in bays or roads more or less open and
insecure.

The southern province of Atacama has no other
establishment than some Indian villages of fisher-
men, who take the species of cod called ioUa^ and
salt it for the markets of the interior. The prin-
cipal of these fishing stations are Atacama and
Copija, the latter, containing fifty Indian &miliesy
is on the most barren part of the coast, but is the
nearest place of embarkation to Fotosi.

The Loa river, the most considerable of the
coast, separates the provinces of Atacama and
Arica. This latter province is mountainous ; its
only river of any consideration is the Locumba,
which, after forming a lake, issues from it with a
rapid stream. Pica bay, sixleagues north of Iquaina
island, is an open road, but with good anchorage,
near a little river. Tarapaca is five leagues far*
ther north, and before it is Pavilion Island, named

from

PERU. 857

from its resemblance to a tent ; on the main within
;t is a rivulet where ships may water.

Arica, the chief establishment of the provincey
is in a pleasant valley, and was formerly a consi-
derable place, but was ruined by an earthquake in
1605, and sacked^ by the English Buccaneers in
1680, since when it has been neglected. Its port
or road is visited by coasters. Quiaca road is
ten leagues ooith of Aripa. Ylo or Hilo is a road
fit only for small vessels.

The province of Arequipo has but one indifferent
port and two creeks for boats ; the former at the
mouth of Tamba River is named Port of Yerba-
Buena, (fine grass) this river running through a
pleasant valley. Chili River issues from a cavity
in a great rock. The province exports some wine.

The province of Camana has only some fishing
establishments, viz. Quilca, on a creek with an
island before it ; the volcano of. Arequipo bears
N.E. from it. Camana, the chief place, is a Spanish
establishment on the Majes, two leagues from the
sea, and beautifully situated ; it has 1,500 inhabi-
tants. Ocona, a fishing village at the mouth of a
river of the same name.

Yea province has the road of Masca, with good
anchorage, but neither wood or water. St. Gero-
nymo d' Yea, the principal place, has 6,000 inhabi-
tants ; it has some glass manufactures, and exports
wine to Callao and Panama* The coast of this pro«»
vince is very barren. Palfa is an insignificant road
before the mouth of the Rio Grande, and Quemada,
though a good anchorage, is difficult of access with

2 A 3 the

$5i VARITIMC dIKOGRAFHr.

the preiraiiing winds, and, beisided, it af&rdd isei(3i6#
wood nor water. N.W. of the road is Lobos Idaad^
with anchorage under its lee. Pisca Bay is the
best soad in this province, being sheltered from
the prerailing south winds by the Island BalTotta^
The insignificant town of Pisca is half a mile fh)i]|k
the beach.

The province of Canete has no port, and only
some Indian fishing villages*

Callao, the port of Lima, is at the mouth of the
river' of this latter i it is built on a low flat point
j^nd, is strongly fortified, and its road, which
is the best of Peru, is protected by several batte^
ries. The frequency of earthquakes, and rain being
unknown, have caused the houses to be built of the
slightest materials. The earthquake of 17*^9 which
destroyed three-fourths of Lima, was still more fatal
atCallao ; of a population of 8,000, one man alone
being left alive. The road of Callao affords goo4
anchorage all over it, and is sheltered by many
desert islands.

Arnedo, or Chan9ay, one of the largest coast
towns of Peru, is situated in a fine valley a league
and a half north of the river Passamayo ; it coa-
. tains 300 houses of brick and reeds, and exports
ccMH and cattle. Huaura, on a tolerably large
Tjver^ has ^0 houses ; off it are many desert islatids^*
the resort of innumerable sea-birds, Whose dung
iis sought for as a manure. There are also many
natural salt pans on this part of the coast, Whr6fa
jgive name to Salinas road, tolerably ^sibeltered, but
affi>nling neither wood nor water. - ' . «

The

ill* p¥6vkiet of Santa has ttie tc^ ;of Barah-
ca, of mty houses, at the mouth of a river'; in the
vicinity, and a league from the sea, on a hill, are
the ruins of a Peniviisin fortification, xx)nsisting of
art oblong square, enclosed by three mud walls
within each other, the outer walls bdtig 300 yards
long and 200 broad.

The port of Santa is on the river of the s^me
namei which empties itself by five mouths, all of
sufficient depth to admit sea-vessels ; the current
runs but four miles an hour. The village of Santa
Maria de Padilla, at the moutli of the river, hasnol
above fifty families of Indians and Mulattoes ; it
is hevertheless the chief place of the province.
It was silckerd in 1685 by the English Bu^ckneers.
The proviilce of Truxillo is one of the most fer-
tile of Peru, Its chief town, of the same name, is
built oa a sandy Soil half a league from the shore.
lb houses of brick have but one story fn conse*
quenc6 of the earthquakes, but are well built, "t^il^
porticoes and balconies ; its populatioh id 10,000,
The road ii called the bay of Cruinchacb, and U
known by being under the highest peaks of the
ridge of mountains that lines the coast. The riteff
^ocho empties itself a league from the town.

In the province of SAna, the only places of any
<»>n3ideration are the Bays of Malebrigo arid Che-,
reppe, both tiposed to the prevailing S,W, winds.
St. Jago de IVliraflbres, or Sava, the chief place, is
at the mouth of a little river, and is only infaaBited
by a few beggarly nobles, having been deserted
since it was almost ruined in 17^8 by an inunda**

e A 4 tfob^

99^ UAninuj^ obogeafht*

tion, ^\^<!h>the mhabttants considered ^as m-jiid^
ment for having sold the bones of one of* their
archbishops to the monks of Lima !

The isles of Lobos de Mar, or Batievento (wind-
ward sea wolves) are two great rocks, separated by
a boat channel, frequented by seals, sixteen leagues
from the main. Between them, is a little road where
a ship may refit. Lobos <de Terre, or Sotovento,
(leeward) is near the main, and two leagues in cir-
cuit

The province of Piura is the nortliernmost of
I^eru. Its principal places are Sechura, a league
from the sea, consisting of 200 houses of reeds,
inhabited solely by Indian fishermen. The Bay
of Sechura runs in eleven leagues, and is limited
cm the south by Cape Aguja, or Needle Cape.

Faita is the best road of this province, and here
■ships from the north bound to Callao usually touch
to land their passengers, who prefer the journey
by land to the tedious passage by sea-, in conse-
quence of the constant southerly winds. The
town of Paita is built on a barren sand, without fresh
water, which is brought from Colan on the north.
It has a small castle on an elevation : it was burned
by Anson in 1741.

'Near Amostape, on this coast, is a well of mine-
ral pitch.

The Gulf of Guayaquil is the only considerable
indentation on the west coast of America from
the Archipelago of Chiloe. Its south limit is Cape
Blanco, and its^north point St. Helena, distant
from ieach other forty-five leagues,
The commerce of Peru has greatly increased

since

t1ie<9unp<'^*sion of th9 gaUeans ;diira)g whose
.^(zwteiice the trade was carried on by. a few great
capitalists, who regulated the markets at pteaaure.
Under the system of free trade with Old Spain,
commerce being divided into a number of small
branches, employs a greater number of merchants,
and though the profits are not so exorbitant as for-
merly, they are more widely disseminated.

Of the productions of Peru Proper, besides the
precious metals, the exports are sugar, Vigonia
wod, Peruvian bark ; besides which, it re-exports
die objects procured from Chili, and from the
north. The trade with Chili and the Archipelago
of Chiloe has been already noticed. To the ports
of Guayaquil and Panama, Peru exports the wines,
leather,' and brandy of Chili ; and imports cacao,
co£Ebe, and other produce.

Tlie ports of Realexo, Sansonate, and Guati* *
mala, are the only ones of Mexico visited by the
trading vessels of Peru. The imports are cacao^
cochineal, indigo, pimento, &c.

The following are the general results, in pias-
tres, of the trade of Peru, exclusive of Europe, in
1790.

Imports from. Exports to. Balance ag^Mt

Peru.

Chiloe 30,000 51,«00 21,200

Chili 458,817 629,800 171,483

&^S!i!mi } l^S'^9^- • • • 284,460. . . . 156,165
Itpnat^ } ^ ' • • ^«*'«^- • • • 96.150

644,962 1,089,960 345,998

This

0ft MARKciyn W^Mnn

tbMt compensated by the tmde- by land with
Btt^iQfi Ayres, to which th^ exports TrDBi P^ru Are

«^0d4|980 litres.

lu^ the imports only ^4^790

1470)190 fayourabte bala&cet

The port of Cailao ss the gran4 emporium of
the tnide of Peru, and almost the only one that
has any merchant vessels, the tonnage in 17S0
being l6|37^ } of which eight galleons of frota
J^800 to 750 tons each, in all 7,450 totts ; t^lve
government packets of 400 to 125 tons, in ^
Sf025 i eleven merchant ships of 650 tb 300, ih all
5,000 tons J small crafl, 900 tons^ Vessels ar^
sailed at a cheap rate in Peru, but natal science
is at a very low ebbj deriving no assistance fiom
astronomy.

The fishery on the coast of Peru is solely car^^
ried on by the Indi^ns^ who having neither in-^
dustryi boats, or nets to carry it to any extebt,
it is cpnseqnently Confined to what can be taken
close to the shore, and chiefly with hook and
line. The two species most commonly cured witl^
SB^t for internal consumption are the toUo, a speciea
of sma^i cod, and the mantOy or ^loak fish.

I 1

, * THE KINQDOM OF N£W GRANADA.

On the side of the Grand Ocean, the kingdont
of Quito^ the province of Popayim^ and others.

are

^'imr MAi^A6&« * dim

ftfe Inclucifed m the N^w Kitigd^m of •Gitttt^lcla,
|;he Hi vei- Tumbez being the boundary bet^ivteell
Pcta ancl Quito,

Guayaquil Rivef is formed by several stt^ami
from the Andes^ and is navigable twetity^igM
leagues to Caracol, where it forms a large island }
but being incumbered by shifting banks, it re«
quires a pilot, and vessels of burden usually leave
their guns at the isle of Puna, before its mouth;
Its banks are generally covered with mangrovet
The city of St. Jago de Guayaquil is built en*
tirely of wood^ and has 32,000 inhabitants } its
streets are fflthy and swarming with reptiles. It
has a building place where Utie of battfe shipfiT
have been constructed, timber abounding in th*
neighbourhood. It is protected by two insignifi-
cant forts. Its principal export is cacao, c^
which it sends 600,000 fanegas to Lima aiifd*
Panama, Plata Island is four leagues S.S.W. of
Cape St. Lorenzo ; it is jfive miles long, is inac-
cessible on the west, but on the east has a good
road and fresh water. Here Sir Francis Drake
divided the dollars taken from the Spaniards, and
hence it received the name of Plata.

Tacamas Bay has good anchorage withiii a
fock, and fresh water. St Matt^o, on a rivef,.
has a tolerable pott, and is visited by coasters fbr*
cacao. Mira River empties itself by nine mouths^
north of the island of Tamaco, which latter is
one mile andf a liiOf off ^ote, swrounded by
ialcftfl^ amd foirmiBg a ^^por^onthe east 'ftnr
wi^U vessels^

The

864 MARITIME OEOORAPHT.

J 'The Bay of Chocho, in the province of Popiu
{(igai is only remarkabie for having a comtnimica-
tion by water with the Caribbean Sea. The Ri-
\^ St Juan, » which falls into the bay, has its
source in the same ravine as the Atrato, which
iebouches in the Gulf of Darien ; and in 1788 the
Spanish curate, of the parish employed his parish-
ioners to unite these two fivers by a small canal,
$Q tbal;, in the rainy season, canoes loaded with
pacao pass from sea to sea, the distance being se-
venty-five leagues.

Malpelo Island is a high barren rock, visible
twenty leagues, surrounded by islets ; the whole
occupying a space of eight or nine miles north
and south.

. Gorgona Island, two leagues long and one wide,
is , surrounded by other islands. The currents on
this part of the coast run with great violence,
giving name to Cape Corientes. From this cape
to Port Quemada, a distance of thirty leagues,
there is neither port nor river, and the shore is
lined with islands and rocks.

The Gulf of Panama is limited by Point Fran-
cisco Solano on the east, and Point Mala on the
west. On the east shore is the Bay of St. Mi-
guel, which receives the River St. Mary, one of
the healthiest positions in the gulf. Panama is
a,n irregular built town at the foot of a high hill,
with some poor fortifications. The port is formed
by some islands two leagues and a half from the
town. The principal island in the gulf is Tobago,
six leagues south of the city, four miles long and

two

ItfiW 6BAKADA» '- 86^

•

two broad, mountainous, Irat covered \^h fittit
trees, and weU watered. On the S.E. is a good
harbour. The Pearl Islands are a cluster of lo^
woody islands, with many good anchorages, for-
merly the rendezvous of the Buccaneers, and
named from the productive pearl banks round
them.

The tides in the gulf are said to ebb and iSow
«very three hours, and to rise very high.

NEW SPAIN.. . « .

The provinces of Veragua and Costa Rica ou
the Pacific, have few establishments. Off the
former are the islands of Quibo and Quicaras.
The first is a beautiful island of moderate elevation,
covered with cedar and chesnut trees, well wa-
tered, and extremely fertile. It has deer, mon-
keys, and other animals. On the N.E. a rivulet
forms a picturesque cascade, forty yards broad
and 150 feet fall. It has a port named Bueno
Canal, six miles long with five fathoms depth,
and the rise of tide is twelve feet. Quicaras, S. W.
of Quibo, are two islands, the largest six or seven
miles long ; they afford cocoa-nuts. Many other
islands lay along shore to the north ; that named
Mentuoso is covered with cocoa-palms, and is five
miles in circuit ; its shores are in general rock}',
but on the S.E. is a sandy cove where boats may
land easily.

The Gulf of Nicoya, or Salines, is in the pro-
vince of Costa Rica ; in it are many islands and

banks

liuil:^ on "wkich fine peark ai0 ifebed* 1^<I^ yt'
tbe ^ntrftnce of the G(q>ar8e> hiMi- a g^KK^' peat, aq4
gionyehips are buitt bere»

The Gulf of PafMigajo, ift the proriface 0f Ni^
Ctf^goa^ ia iiader the. volcaaa of BMabackeo, taeitf
tbe cfty of Orimftda» on the Lak0 ll^iearaguA^; the-
Volcano is cleft from top to bottom. St* Juw^ dt*
|ili^r(i^a is* ac porii 0!» <^e g^

RealeJQ is a am^i t&wn surrouiided by a dite&'$
an island before it forms two passages to its poi%
the S.£« being the broadest^ but obstructed by
shoals ; that on the N. W. is free from danger^
and hasr four fathoms depth at low water* The
town m on the east bank of a river, three leagoW
above the island, and ten leagues N.W* of New
Leon, with which it almost communicates- by •
creek. Real^o exports pitch, tar,^ and corda^
and builds vessels* The volcano named Del Vgd
lays N.E. of the town*

Several parts of the coasts of New Spain zM
Subject to violent storms* On the coasts of
Nicaragua and Guatimala, S*W. gales are freqaeM
m August and September } they ajre accompanied
by thunder and excessive rains^ and hence ard
named taplo^ aguas^ These sune gales blowing ia
^uiy and August on tibe coast of Mexico^ readef
the ports of Acpulco and St. Bias of dangetovp
ftCeess. Qa diese coasts* in the iine season from
October to May, strong, gales from N^E* and
N.N.E* are common, accompanied with clear dry
1veather«

Mx the province of Guatimal^^ is St< SalvadfMr^

a towa

rslm^^ ^^ ^7 of Saa^Qn^te^ or TtimdiBdi )m
% $«iyyi est^Ui^^nt. T})te city of St« Jugo ti|ft.
Guatimala ia built at the foot of a volcano^ YiJufk
htoi^^Mi^ iyii 1^ be several ticaea d^alroyod >y
^rthquala^ ij^Q la^t ef whi^h in 177^ t^l^y ask»
lafcitopj IJ^ Tt^ River Vacca» nma through; it :
^ Q9I40 <^ ite ^rritory i& qekbxBfy^^ mA itibfr
sides exports cochineal.

' TM^ f f QViAQe c^ Oajc£i^* succeeds ta Qumi*
i|iig^» J^t 14 (Kie of tUe moRt healthy w^ itftf
Vt^f^ t^9«l^ <^ Ne^ Spaia. Its soutb^m ^Mt
W \pisbiied by tbe Gulf of TeUw«U«pep, saiofld
jG|99b. ».towa CQinpo^ed of thr^e In^Sm vttlnges^ <»
^cweiit; c^QA^ed by ^. bar.

Iji M«iucQ Frqpa:, the chief places are Aca^
Wl'OQp ^kbraA?d daring the epoch q[ the gal^
leons. It is now a wretched place inhabited by 4
dDsm Spam^k, and about forty families of Chi-
Vi^if^ miliittos» and negroes. It is defended by
t^.otftle^of St. Diego, c^ a point of land, noounft^
isi0 several! twenty-four pounders. Its port ia iiia
oiAgr QW tbat deserves the name of harbouc aa
IAhl coast, being a beautiful basin ten miles, long^
and three broads surrounded by yolcaiua movatm
taitifl, and having the appearance of being formed
by an earthquake. An island before it forms two
flannels* The high shores preventing the cirou^^

Igtiocv
' ' ' ' *

♦ TTiU province is considered as the most southerly of the viccroyalty of
fitm. Sfudn, on the Grand Ocean ; the province of Guatimala, inclvdhig
Vcragna and Costa Rica, being governed by a captaln-genttil, svitiject,
bowerer, in certain respects, to the viceroy of New Spain^

S6$ MARITIME OEO«&APHY.

lation of tbe air, render it very unhealtby. The
chief 'trade is still with Manilla by the annual gal-
leot^, of which we have already given a detailed
account.*

Between Acapulco and Cape Corientes there is
no port or establishment worthy of notiee.

The River Zacatulo, which bounds the mtea*
dancy of Mexico on the north, is of considerable
size.

• The only place of any note in the intendancy
of Guadalaxara is St Bias, at the mouth of the
St. Jago, a large river affording an extended inhtid
navigation, but its naouth crossed by a bar with
twelve feet only at high water ^rings. At St.
Bias is the principal administration of marine of
the vice-royalty of New Spain, on the Grand
Ocean. A battery of fifteen guns defends tite
port.

- North of St. Bias are the Three Maria Islands.
Hie middle, named St. George, is nine miles long,
and has good anchorage on the east ; St. Joha*fl»
the northernmost, is thirteen miles long. These
islands are elevated, covered with wood, partieii*
lariy lignum-vita3. Between them and the maai
are some small islands named Isabellas.

The Gulf of California, Sea of Cortes, or
Vermilion Sea, formed by the peninsula of Call-

fomia^

* Vol. III. page 496,

maw snuH* Jfl9

hmu^mk the west^and the contiiiaQt oo theeut» is
dOO leagues long and fifty tb twenty broad. Hie
only knowledge w« have of it isy tlot the east coast
is lined by dioals, and is high and broken to the
iM^ude <7i^« The only places on this coast
(the Intendance of Sonoro) are the port ef 6ia«
eivms^ at the mouth of the considerable BiTer
Mayo ; and that of Guayma ut the mouth of the
YeqiiK This last port is surrounded by elevated
hills, and before the entrance is Pelican Islandt
wlii<Ai is left on the right hand in entering. Ships
aoehbr in five &thoms. The small Spanish vii«
lage is ten imles up the river.

The Colorado* a considerable river, fidls into
the head of the Gulf of California.

The peninsula of Catifonsia, or Old CALkFOtt«
niA, is SOO leagues long and from ten to forty
broad. It is traversed longitudinally by a ridge
cf mountaiBs* some of which ^pear to be yolca*
aic, aad have an elevation of S^OOO feet. Th^se
mosstains are in general stony» but abound with
wild aniiiab of the deer, and other qpecies. The
mM ia 4he lower ground is sandy and barren^ be*
tngveiy scantily watered and rain very unfrequenti
The coasts are abundant in fisb, and whales of the
spennaceti kind frequently chase vast shoals of
pilcfaards on the shore. The most beautiful sheila
are wasdied iq> on the west coasts and it has also
siany rich pearl banks, the fishing of which was
ftnnerly a soorce of lichesy but from the avidity
and h»A management of the Spaniardsy Indians

vol- iv» . S B can

«70 31 ARITIWB feBO<AAPBY. '

€an no idnger be found to' Mi: ' l%e ^nMirt^
a fine water and size, but ilishaped^ ' ^ '^ * ^

^ Cape St. Lucai*, the south point of the'^ettki^
sula, isa lofty promontory, termihailling the/Sib^
ra thai runs through it» and may be seen fiwefity
leagues. \ ' ^

On the east coast, the only Spani^ eatajpAUi*
ments are the presidios* of Loretto/ Satitii Aadb,
and St. Joseph. On the west coast th6ie' i^ y^
no European settlement.

The province of New CacifoioiU eitends
from the Bay of Todos Santos in 89? Of to- Qape
Mendocino. The coasts appear to be fertile, wd
well watered^ with a temperate climate^ b«t'Stil^
ject to fogs. Vines and olives are c^tivated tti
the ktitude 97^. The Spaniards first begto «d
form settlements on this coast in 1763,- but thcftr
sjTstem of colonization being confined t6 pi^eadM
ing the gospel to the Indians, this extensive t&i
gion has hitherto been of no other valu^^ ijb&ti
providing for ,a few lazy Monks, whose mpml&i
tions are scarcely more reasonable than tke pa^
ganism of the Indians, and have not the ^dabie
excuse of untaught savageness. In the year l90Sl
the nussions and presidios amounted io ^eight^SIV
in the following successioQ from aoutH'to^no^ty^
San Louis Rey, 600 Indians; SaAjMilSf ^9^9
Indians ; San Gabriel, l»O0a Indiaae j 9mf0^
aando^ 600 Indians; San BiieiiavMituitH i<W9
Inc&ms; ISanta Baibara, 1,190 Iiid*ani ^ ' CdHtc

\.i ■ %}^»*

• An tfUUiihi&eAt of a'few soi<fi^9 and tirce or to liodK^^^^

warn »Am. 874

^BfAm hPOO, Indum^i Sfam JUw Olwiho^ 700
Iiuliaas; San Migja^l, 6OO Indiana; Soledai^
^0 In^ana j San Antonio^ I>050 Indiana ; Saa
Carloa de Monterey, the capital of CaUfornia;
&fi Joan ' Batista, . 960 Indians ; Santa Cruz»
4i0 Indians ; Santa Qara, I9SOO Indians ; San
Jo9C^ 690 Indians ; San Francisco, 6^0 Indians.

The iQtai number' of whites and mulattoes in
^ese e^i^iteeii estaUishments does not exceed
1,800.

Tbe bay of.Maoterey, the best on this* coast, is
very indifiereot « it is limited by Point Pioos (fir
trQe)..on the south, and Point .Anno Nueva on
the Qocth, .distant seven leagues. The whole bay
18 bof^jlered by a sandy beach, but is entirely ex-
po8e«^ exceptround Poiiit Pinos, where is a cove,
in which' a few sljips may lay, with the two. points
of , the bi^ 'interlocking to .within, three-quarters
of a pdin^ and this cove is, properly, the famous
port sjf Monterey* * The river of this name is
9n i|iMgiufi69&t stream, four leagues . N«£. of
the C0nre« - . .

The Jl^endio of St« Carlos is two lei^es from
Cape. ^¥»p on. a sandy plain, $t the edge of a
n[iacph:|. it compdaes an area of 300 yards by
l^;^,pu^er9M0i)ed.by:a mud- wall, against theia-
9do,9f ir)M?l) .^ b(iiUiog9 are cvrecced. Of thes^
tlM:emieriHVf4.iiOP«;is \he best, and consists of
Sismpr li^kMmfi^ floQi^ with plspka,

bHb9^t|isMbgi^;i0ltj[)e wipd(QW9. . There 19 but
npOiWffcPPCg to the presidio for horses and car-
dage||^|^. f^ passengers are admitted by se«
II . *^ ^gg Vera!

the two CaHfiuaias. l^e garriann <«)«Miata «f
100 regular troops, who, together with the aaU-
uQaaddB,' jre the ^ttSy wtjife InhaMtMiti.

fira IVstuaacOr. the northem eataUiihment of
die SjpaiiiardB^ is aa excellent part» cntesed he^
tmeefi tf^rn^ h)m pohUs^ wUkm yihkk itAofSltkdM
iBtoaiiiislelMali, withttai^Mibow&r .^Qbitptbm

SBiaUer Aw tiiat of Honteie^* thnaMfllfiijria
i7d$ l^WIg onfy two thfee^ttiideni i^afld^idft
gttrrian m lieat^wyt aad thktyf&ire «itf»k {{S3m
fknec mimmoBme^ oi ikk'tpretiis^ asntii iMiAmm
nade Jittlc |«9BO6«0 m inispdiioiiig 4lhe> w^^
anokongst their proselyte IacUaci3» the iwdfi^grdP
coane ^iknicet Muff Ar th^r ckidiai^ iHliflg iii&
ex tmt fff 4lmr nwinfiic^uniig andaBtocy^^ S^^^<\ •
Feur leagues noodi 4if £kiift SfmVcmtcm^bM4ia!i
Tsmci^ Ih9ikp% Baayi i<yp«n t« tlM •&^f»i}tli>&^
tot afipfiding^^odamiiQisage on ^^l^^jiwiiMftidMt^s^
The bay r^^pevres a .^ver^ bM:')«)i«0«!tiKiii^
cxosaedtoy 4ker,.ri»jAib a: 9i|f^>ikb»t^|iiw^^

$ t, j: promontoxyy

*lillNIVIVUi JEUMwnft 978

'tin th« isle «iif Wight TwcnQr Heif^te' ftrliiet
^Mttlrig'Fkrtrrriiiidad^ an: d^ <il>^'lfttt Which

'i«iiftiv«i H' ihler llMit tnsjr 4>^ ente^'V 1^>^">%
'MdWotfdo&d'^itateriuvibaiidant. OpkBfaiBCo^
jiafttoi-aqpe Ovford kf VAnaMven'is ttlH* poinl*

;:.ri :■',"» . ' * -'!i \ :> • v ,.■-... , :

<LTh«^NMta»'tF£ttCoii3t itf A»ni€A may be
jiiiiiiilimA m CMioieMliig at : Cafft Ori^Md 01
BUoao; ubd^ Mtrad* to tlie kgr Ca|ie; This va0|
extent of cotet was almost entirely ttnknonm to
lini|p0 uiriGl' th» tkiidr voj^^ €oiQk» since
uriilm il hjtt. bem nimiCelvy esytwed tOr the pe«
B&ttulii of T Ahikai bytheSpaaJmA ^m thaaoiitf%
k^tba BttssiMd m tHe Mrth» hf the fin^ish aa4
AniiviaaA nairigatovsy ivjio have^ wntiid k. for ibrs^
Md ftttdly by Ca)itaiiv Yamouven^ ia^ aenceh of
a passage int<> tlie Atkntic. The nsttk of these
iwaaMb»' Jimp ieeir te^ pfove^ that thcr mountains
ifq^a^doie to tin^ sea^ that theie is tio rivei
etf y«^ tutiminUeiite ecacepb the Colu^ifaiayr and
tfcrti'«aii<fa&«titraaK>e of the* Gtitf o^ Georgia,
^mm^himkmiy'MkMmlk^ aoftd the coast

is. fM from iahuMli:; but ftoM'that^g^^ the
jlmulka^ ttj^^^ of

iriatRhpiHaib*^ COHM^ feroflajg i^M»fcai arehipe^
;-(iotnoaj i 8b 3 lagos.

«

bgoa^ ^wMiin wfaiiidi the /continent is p^etrated bjr
Huiumer4ble iidets, endii^ geaerally in small
stoeams of ftesh wa^er. . «

' The subdivisional denomioations of this le^mt
l^vea by^the English navigators w&ai to be ge-
neially^ adopted into, recent n^ps. Tbey are
Neoi':Attkmi bjr.wbjdi Drake desi^nat^d all the
<]oast exaisyined by him,, from tbe bay that beara
his nam^ to beyond Cape Blanco, and which
namt^ is now extended to the Coluqnbia riven
From this river the foUowii^ names were given
by Captain Vancpuyer : Nw Oeqrg^, to Jervia
'Canal } New Hanover, from this canal, to 551^ ;
New QotfWaU, to S^^ \ and New Norfolk, to
Befaring's B&y. From this latter, to ihe Frozien
Oeean, is iaow nsually denominated ■ Bussian
jhttertctid

The north-west coast of America is inhabited
by savages, who subsist by hunting and fishing.
Those of the south and north appear to be dif-
ferent races, the latter resembling the Esquimaux,
which, in fact seems to be the aboriginal race of
Hiis -oontinentii between the latitude of 60® and
the Frozen Ocean.

* The natives of Nootka Sound, as described by
.6ook, are generally below the middle size, but
fyH and plump, though not. muscular 4 thefkoe
nhmd and fiiU i nose round at the point, wilii
^wtde'.nostrils ;- eyes small and black. In general
: Ihey are without beards, -bqt thifi is not from tha
ndtoid ^want of tbem, bat from plucking,. then&
pi}t, for some of the old m^a have long ones^ as

well

KORTR-WSST AMERICA. SJS

well as bushy mustachios. The hair oi the head
19 long/ black/ and thick. Their comi^exiony
when cleaned of grease and dirt, is nterty as lyy
as that of Europeans. The general cast' of theif
countenances is without expression, dall, and
phlegmatic^ Thehr language is miither harsh oof
gutteral, farther than proceedli fh»ii' their pro<»
bouncing the K and H too fiirdbly \ mnnj of the
words, however, have a terminating sound or syl»
lable, which no combination of our letters caa
give exactly, but which, according to Captain
Cook, hzfhi^ comes nearest to.

The only appearance of religious idea observed
amongst them is, their having in their houseir some
rude images, or rather trunks of trees, with a head
carved on them, and tiie arms and hands cut in
'their sides. From their bringing the skuUs and
various parts inhuman bodies half-roasted for sate^
it appears too probable that they are eaambal&

Their, music, which has considerable siodcdatieQ^
is of &e grave or pathetic kind, and theii: soiigfe
slow arid solemn. The only musical intftnimentii
.seen by Cafltain Cook were a rattle like thst of
claldten^ and a whistle an inch long, with but one
hole.

' They covet their bodies with red paint, and their
faces with black, white, and red. Their ears are
perforated both on the lobe and outer edge ; and
in these they wear bits of bone, quills, small shells,
1>its of copper or leather tassels. The cartilage of
the nose is al&o bored, and a cord drawn through
'it. lliey wear bracelets of white beads, shells, lea*
'^ -^ ' ' - ' 2B4 ther

91$ MAMomm <imMimnn

of imiKiHffawjMai idhmI their kgy«fh«i« iiiiad
cks. €h «anH iMi}«rtfwa». they put 4di ■nat^iwn
|«l•lwMttlffAlM^•Al<o£|Qsit^■l8«ad<biadk. '^^' .(t<
TbtfebooonMon rtinin.iiii ftuQM jnoMeittw^^iibidlr
piin>|i uwtiir .t^le(i ann<luMl over the ri^ishoob
4«r«rf0»dhMg bdaw idue kneM, asd ftttco^ stMwA
tilt iMMt'trsdi •ffMkk Onittr this it iworartitQiinl

JA-jdMlHEiddlr toi<r«etii)& tht iiekid» 1^ld Doniivnll
tibt li^pft^pai of the Jwdgr aU fonoc^^tti ^mwaieA
On their heads they we»r a c^ oi ftie,itit>iiigi
Ihtptil lift» » ftwiieNpat^ tnil femiMiid nftdtfflhe
^hMi.i{iikhi».Blaiig». Over this gMMMi4Filat%iwMli^
k «Mm«*i» both stRM^ the (B«nibiqtttBtly,thfiav
ibtttlBiyt.tf iMtfs* vdvwk «Hrse»iittcntKandi<J4
iMBQPveaAiwr tfatf oairer ikem ihtwddtn DiMiTit
fEOMMiDBt. .Xhtar htir is oammcmfy vuimiaim^
or niiwfriti, idi«« they wear »(^ e^» tiioiijunt^
bariA Qii.tht omni of the hetiU - n' io h -It
. I3Mgr(iiveiiviUi«g». the hoHita.liaiqEVliiMi
.trillt nqgidariljs* tad oflastaiotedr ^ imaif haaadl
idaaiEt rtedng on the odget of.etdkotlaa^ij«4
JM^ntrt by "wythies oC pNebaek.. .Tba ^ei^^iB^
cnbor aiqipmls are aleQder poles oniti^d^i toi^iitb
jA^'fkaAaitmthoiikd^ »mk inthiaridt apiftiMrier
pQles placed sl«ftifl|^ Dm hisqi^ti.af «ll»riMiM
iiD£. thane MatatioatiaiMieB. ileA mtdnh^MMk t
Jittkt} nMM^.yKthat tte:r>af hiw.aLi>ktiawl.j>aq fttia
jaahawdgfipltth hid gnsfanafei. teas *Brihaia<»«tA»
•t«^faHiiBib««nMUb> ibpMrtli iffcifidpatwrftiiglgtA.
jut^^e %ht and air. The door k ft hekin the

side,

9n

fiuuttfe «»i^i!ttteidgtiiia><faoipgi^v^« iiiitl>lll>

aa^cs findb dMiiidd^>aar thsttfenj^ flMjl^4w>i«lMli(
|i»edfto iiif fuMhim wife j^^mibbrimseidtiMiifis;
do8e to tt^e side; in anfat ci (iMM(|aiitilinM^1l^
> >iriiit hwrtii riiwd finroit aii iixBhefl^;piiA>«M«Mll
with«»iijT»iriaeh Ike fei^«etiii»fiiMiii(iittlt«il

||» ^HBiiCi^'MdflMre tke «ra >• |ilicei«»'<tt«itiil«
flanvni thcfouke MMfct tiiwi^4i|»«wPiii|

tvndtMHi" , -a 'I'.'ilfi nO

: Thfc<yiiter»«niiih<i.of »iMWfe<Balbd«»#
tBBirfiit iim»oamaMMigAcaf s|wwdddiesiiAk6i|
liaa^^lK. iqa»rfe as oUoag pott* ar bodHM^ii
|Ml4At««tKr, ntttad wooden iM»iH» and >€■(%: aid
tfotriil'/ d«nMr< wciideB trawglM^ wfaidi! :a«ne>iat
lialBfatHii iifiilriiiii liMketfl (mT twids. MMlhiiBifTf

^^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^ ^^W^^^^^^^W H^^^V^^W^M^^^V ^^^^^^■^'^^^^■P ^^Wl^ ^^^^» ^^V^^ ^^B^^^^F ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^Mt^^" ^^^^*

Ittittfi^ /llM^aMtHMMkd£tbcirlKniM8'ttli«9fOi4
UMtio£ hq^Mie^ for «bey cIck* and avoka l||u#
JahfiSn i^hnttk «itA tha iatBrtiagn and other- ffid|
%aj0^tlv«i"nin'<^«*ddltk. and a«rai ipiniiiindb
laadtaaaim.iDCrittMfalaataidk. ./ .-/q

iI>Slp9cNafetaplsyiaeatt.of thanett ataWiinj^

-rUthiagc The. women make the flasMk piiwiMli^

"daibilUtiihjiand'baltect. shaft flib, ■ ■■■■' 1

A>fnifey4ML<hBflaAaaAiit<tf:tha ilarjpiiiiiiaiii

ria^piUfiaiii lihralb ftam dmaifagrputtinypyMih
(inlB>a»ihadmi antk' WBlfaift aad dMhpngtm/ifail
(hhmJiifilliBrflii iiiilllii ii I iBi|(ii Ikp cafticdhntpM*

9f9 uAMrraa

potte, aad other sea whnala, is used in great qium*
tifiesy ^tber alone or as sauce to their other foo<L

. Ab the wptlag produces v^etables they become
ioocessively a part of their food, eating several roots
m their raw state, and without even shaking off
the soil that adheres to them*

iXhe^ weapons are bpws and arrows, slii^s,
spears, short clubs of bone, and a small stone axc^
something resembling the tomahawk*

Their manufacturing and mechanic arts are
SMre. advanced than. might be expected &om the
lUttle progress of civilization in other respects.
The cloth for their^ garments is made of the
iMrk of the pine-tree, beaten into a bempy sub^ .
•tance. The progress of weaving it, after it ia
thus {^^pared, is spreading it on a horizontal sdcfe^
which is fiistened to two upright ones, makii^ m
)AoA; of frame, before which the woman sits on her
Imeea and knots the substance across with small
plaited4hread8. Their woollen garments, though
probably manufactured in the «ame manner, have
the tesOttUanee of being wove, and have dt&rent
degrees of fineness to that of the finest blankets*;
33ie materials seem to be the fur of the fox and
kmwn lynx. Tliey also w<»k difierent ^ures into
4iMirdoths«

The carving which covers all their wooden im«
liknenta and utendls, shews also considerable in*
^mmtf^ Thek masks are very exact resemblances
tf tbe^iiaiAls they are intended to represent ; and
IJiejwkQieprocess of their wh^le-fishing is some»
timeji painted iq colours on their caps*

Their

KOBTR-WXST AMERICA; , 579

Their canoes are formed of a aing^e tree j the
hrgest forty feet by seven broa3» and three deepy
and will carry twenty persons ; Mm tlie middle
jl^owards each end they decreftse in breadth, ibsi
<tem terminating in a perpendtcular, but the pcow
projects forward and curves'upwards. They h$pn
iko seats, are very light, and isufficienily stiiFin the
banner they are worked^ which is by padtUe%
^having no sails) five feet long, with an oblong oval
blade.

Their hunting and fishing implements are iieatl|r
finished, and are nets, hooks and lines, harpoons^
gigs, and an instrument shaped like an oar, the
. edges of the blade being stuck fnll of sharp teeth
of bone two inches long. The use of it is t9 stick
it into the middle of the shoab of* sardines and
herrings, when each tooth brings up a fish. Theif
hooks, are of bone and wood. The harpoon isvauu
posed of a piece of bone cut into barbs, in wfaidi
is fixed an oval sheH of the muscl^. This is loose*
ly fixed to a staff twelve td fiHeen feet long; and
a line of two or three feet is attached to both. The
haipoon separates from the staff when it is studc into
the animal, and the shaft remains as a buoy on the
Water. . Their lines are of leather thongs and the
sinews of animals, or of the same substance as dieir
garments.

When first visited by Captain Cobk they were
^ot'ant of fire-arms, but were in possession of
iron took, which they probably rec6ived<rom some
traders *to the East^ who themselves received them
from Hudson^s Bay or Canada.

The

S89 ujoamn

■«

The ntthwi pf Eppcb JWi^ipiff .ilfctwijb md
Cck>r9 Iniielv di^ in loaio pMrticiApffi t fei
thote of Nqotika. The^ only; pmiit th^ fiu»^
IDieir 4^esfl^ wUch is the saoiefoir bqth 9nm$
ii k close frock, of skins, msiduag aitfljr M
ttie anclei with a hole in tfae.nppv 9«l..<9
•dftiit the Head» aqd dcev€8 iSmfc ifncli toithtf
"tniiiB; over this, in bad wn^u ifkeif wmt
ittother frodc of fhe ioteitinei of Hm vtek,
ifbich draws tight round the neck andwuak%.a^
Ittk'ho water can ester it. Tbejp hsfve ahoatJwid
of gloires\or mlttensii Hiade of the akin of thu bevSi^
fdt^sl Many of both sexea ham the mier lif
Uk hocizonti&lly, a Uttke bdow the swidMi^^aiii
ikSi incision is often two inchei* lengi awias
fembles a second month, through wfaiek ^K^toli^w
h sometioies potmded. in it tfaagr stKki^iiai
pen of solkl shell or bone,, cbaimdied o^^tbo
Mg^ to receire die e^^es of the si|&. OAcBf
bave pnly the lip peiforated wt(& savvnliiHitiulL
ftofes, in each of which is stack a shdL r -

Their baidars are tji twosvrtSt* one VJitlXk tnd

^ • •

Covered, the other large and open-j the Jtatteri fintt
contain twenty persons, and ta formed <^f%fi«priiig
of slender riba'covered with skiaa of f^als. i,.tBM
small ones are nearly simflar to 1^ o$^fffi^^ijiiiti^
Esquimaux. Their we^ons and fiafciingi iw|tg;|s
neks are also similar to those of t^Wii^jW«|Aen
1tti^lii2ve a kind oi armouf ojrjacV^t.fMdtnif.
so^n 'piec€^ of wood, sew:^ii tog^jth^ if^ ^»i
^tiews of animals^ ytbkh are a».pKaliita'aa^^fflhy/

/Li'-'

•

)ndm fiaUffm^in^e iK><^eiti»g fox ao arrow 4|i

* iChrn^ ^eo^te tre more deanlr ]H>tIi ia tib^
^mnojift ^ lleeding llhaH jthe jNbgtka In£jp6|
4beie iMgiun^ is ald0 enfare\y di£flh^ien^ and Urn J^
AMfl» Af fmrniiUDetation to unaccuaioiai^ ^'QS^^ r
r/'Jnto MidtitaMlsr i^rere foudd amongst them VW^
IbM^i^db^Cook.

3lli(& kitisJbitaTtts of Kodiak aiid the cWo ngf ^
aridUds^ ejrtettding to tiie penimdla i)f Alaak^^Mt
Mvmitefy deseribed by the' Russian voya^v^^r^
^HMtt hMtMiSom are ptady under.groundr Uie &e!>
fhoe in the middle^ and directly ot^ it ahok.^
tot 4tlt tb^ aaioak^ and benches aU round to mit
•ad lia on. To each habitation is attach«d m
WMU a|Mftlnent, where they take vapour b^th^
kgr tbro^iitg water on red hot stooei,*

Tbair ^diMS MoooisiMs of a frock of bird skkis^ tb^
fcaifaMg sMitdines outside and sometimes iil dosQ
panthloona of leather^ boots of the windpipe.^
the sea lion, And the soles of its hide*.
. flbifi^ arms ane hows and arrows^ darts and
spears pointed with stone, and often poisoned with
%. jtagottioa of abonite» which gires a deadly
iMittid* <- lilii^ sole emploj^^ are fishing, and
iMOtitf ^ ^aiippiiihibbs axliinals, and a^cting birds'|
flgm. IH'^^irfiaidtf io the west tbe seal huntbg^
^3sm%\\<i\\ til t^brtott^/tad t^wjia^^^
JlMti^f IDiiriij^'tti^ summer the)r aW gather pei>^^
ri€54 iteff liy^iriiW ikodc of tbfc'\sarana x^Joi^
^piiliiift. t /^^ season is over ^

yriiteMbery when they itturn to tiieir habitationa

on

8^ UAMTtUE <«l06iUB9T.

6n Kodiak ; and the month of Novembers pvmA
in making visits and rejoidng. Dancing, wA^
kifid (^masquerades, are their duof anmsemeirts j
the former consigts in twirling tapidlyrouttflU "mA
n knife or cane in one hand and a tattle in tiie
other; sometimes in mask, at others with their
&ces ridiculously painted^ Hie dance* ^f the
women consists in hopping backward and fovwni^
en oiie* leg, .and holding a blown bladder in th^
hand, which they throw to the women they chuM
t» take their places whrai tired.

The first ceremony to a visitor is^iie fvesenthig
him with a cnp of water, after which dttfere^l
kmds of provisions, each as whale and sea lion'a
iesh, fratt, berriiss preserved in oil, the ssarann
root boiled in oil, &c» are set before htm, and ilt i%
consid^d a wairt of politeness not to devonr tfal
whole ; but if the visitor cannot acoomplisb' it be
must take the remainder with him when he nthtB^
.1¥faile at this repast a vapour bath is prepared, tQ
which, when, over, he is conducted^ and at At
same time presented with a vessel of seals' oil -fiir
drink.

They belkve in a Sapreme Being, and in beoe^
ficent and mdeikent spirits^ ta the l^^ter of wdKim
they sometimes oflfer human sacrifices, whan shiwfc'
are always the victims. When a chief dins be Mr
diKmbowelled, stuffed with m08s» and ialieiied^ Ilia
iamnrite davea massacred^ and buried iWitiiblliBi^
te^eifaer with hie arrbwB and some promtpnii ano^
.Po^igamy Is practised to an uidamted ^esM^^x.
aodith? Duly marriaga oeMBieay iscAe ciaidlirtingu

thn

r

V0RTR-W18T ahkmca; 588

the jMDrtieff to la Tapour bath by the parents of th«
lemale, where they are left, together. In case of
barrenness, or even of change of inGliiiation» the
husband usually allows the wife to chuse another
partner. The most prolific woman is the most
hcmoured ; and they are so tbnd of tibeir children
that they often breed their boys widi the ^fej
minacy of gtils, tiiat they may escape the dangers
/of hunting and war } in thrae cases they wear tte
female habit, are employed in female occupations;^
and senre the unnatural pleasures of the men*

War* amongst the difierent tribes ia perpetual ;
Ae prisoners are made sUves, the men being em-
ployed in labour, and the women sold backwards
and ferwaids for beads and other trifles, as 'eaprio*
«r inelhuktion suggest, and are very cruefly trwted»
Orphan ctrildren also become the slaves of those
who chuse to bring Aem up. . ^

The greatest man is himmost successfid in wsr»
and the second the most expert hunter; for the
fetmer acquirea booty and prisonera, and the latter
is enrkhed by the produce of the chaoe.
. Previous to the arrival of the Russians, earii
MOsideraUe family had a baidar cajpaUe of bild-
ji^'fert^' to fifty persons ; but the RuasiaaB pur*
irfWNUl cthem al^ • and confined them to the posses*
aioaoftwiall ones for two or three peraona^
^ACFUteiHasaians have introduced, or rather femd
jMttheia» habte of industry with which tfae}rweffei
/bnneilycjuiiaoqamnlsd, partaoubrjy intfa^ cdlett».'
j9^qpnnnsionsi£M;iwiiit€n They seem te.be; te- |
^Sneilari^telhslveatraMaiiqpQBn^ OB.tfafmvl>y:tfafaii:L

0M HAttTiMx crsootuQrtm

aew8ift9ten» aoA sodie liftve cfwhtmlMUftMrfi
Mi4 s Eassiw offictf, m 1795, vas liiiaQrMPAi m
IMMive womaii» bjr vbom ke itsd ae ii i nl i MltiM
tlie Riifiiiatts have aim fStaUUttd asclMbMttft
native diUdren are tatight to read aai mjite liie

On tfieilrst arrhral citht SbamMm, the tefim
o^^poaed tkeir cstabliabfneiit, imt 4iefiM»ier ftMil%
auTpriaed Aeir womett, while coilbetit^*' ilfklieai
aeiatd and kept them as hostages, Ibr litefc<lwte>
ance of the mea; llie wives were - -sAehHwii
excteoged fiir die daiaghters of tfie cMe6; 'iMte
179S^ eObtiibems ftnales were detahfcd^ift '«M
ftusstan quarters, but were alk>w€9d*ti» viitt "^lel^
fifieads accaskxialiy.

The BmiSaiis in 1788 had e|ght eitahiishaMnia
on <3ie coast "between the latitades 48^ and ^99^
composed of sixteen to twenty femdles eadi;'ftn»
ingin the wiude 4GSt Russians and MO stBjaoteA

I * .

Itt 1790, the Runun estaUkhment at Kottdt
WW composed <^ fifty individuals, MuMfajK
five homes, besides magaxiacs, woflfihopiv f^c.
They had two ei^ity ton galliots, moarit«A Mdl
cannoM, and employisd 600 bajikn-s^ eaUi iMM^
ned hj tvo or three MiCives, uoi diviiMh into
three divisioas» eaeh under tfie <dtra»tio#<4^4
aiq^ Biastaa. TheBualiosbadsMMrWithair
«h«s with dien, had adliwated «iUM(g«(i«flA
potatoes, and woe pMpaiii^ to try<ihim^an»
eataUiahaieBts they were tlMK fiifirtHig to OlUL't
ink* ^ they had lour «i^ aad twelve foiO/ a*

tbat

^;^,,qg(l|:J^14!i^ :SQf9^ the natiyes with tofcafio^
4l«p4s»l.4jlpe9,^fmd umiJgqbq dqtlifl!» in xetiirn ^
j^ {MDRftrttMy pracuretn BrovUioKiis i^id- ,ae^ dkim
are omudered as general ptofft^^ ^.the.. lat^
JfaWMg^St^ely. eoQiky^d ux the cpBSfinf^Ui f tid

^^jlSifv Ruasiaiis of the establi3hipe2>t,fl||e|^ia, itf0
ju^GfiiQetof,^ company, firrai whom t^i^ l^i^^M^^
^{PPQhase.all. the articles they wigat, aft^.fn ex-
^Q(c|((it|nt.nte ; and as they aire not aUoMK;ed .tp col-
ifirt inrs on their own account, -akhwgh their
fpagesiare nominally very high, their aitnation is by
no means lucrative.

«....Zlie ifaifid wyage of Captain Cook gave the
4i^ ;idea of the profits that might be derived from
iLtn|ie'£pr fUrs to the N.W. coast of Aj»eriica ;
l^-.thfit nasvigator a||>rehending. iJus cpf^t. to
be too remote from Great Britain to i;^er aoy
fPRGU^tipn. from thence, sufficiwtly beneficial to
lAdnffe pdvate adventurers to engajge^in it, hence
A^ ^ti attempts were made from China and the
^^IWltHivdies } and die first vessel thjus employed .
iVSMt Mlg of only sixty ton$, sent from Canton
imnlTIM*' ' Thia .entn^^iM proving extremely pip-
|ol)M%( th^ fur iinde hoeamfe a t^mpor^ r^g^
giidjltlhrMift !l7i8^ wd.l74il9t six ve^sffls.wf^^
fMBfimifl^fs^ an4/(W

iaib

)Mf|k <# tile com and at Cbtnai sMtoe p>o<if<iy
a large cargo of furs» iMbile otiiesg fimad Ihe aa-
tireft exhai^ted by praoeding. veaals ^ and again
fhd prked- g^atly varying at Canton^ accoMiiBg:
1M tl^ plenty or scarcky at the .moncBt^ freaa
4tArt^ Uh lOO ddiars for uptime sea atter dua.^
K jlbatakin^cllectad by the Buaaaaaa.are aeoata
i)kQt8k/' and from thence tiitoi^h .flttmta. bgr
lakulfth and Irkootik ta Kaaefatay whe» ibay are
|i»!dwaed by tile (Dhineae.

fo' the year 178$ the Spaniards fifst bista ta
eoltect Ma otter akias at thak aettkaseato of
JMatatefcyand San Fraodsco, wbadi they aent ta
J^Bfuito 4 froaa iirtiaice they woe conaeyad ,by
the galleon to Manilla, and thence to Chaba» Ba-
tades se& otter skhia, the nerdi-weit coast aftrds
beaver, marthi, zibellme, river otter, emuM^
&aces red and blacky wolves, grey,. Tvbite^ and
jed, < volf deer, sqanm^, marmotte^ bdai^ modON
taitt sheep^ racoon, moose deer, stag, and taroaDa
lynx*

The best articles toe barter wrih the Indianaave

<* The sea otter is the most valuable of amphibious aBimal8» from t^
beautiful fur with which it is cloathcd. The greatest lengfft is five ftet.
Wl«ii yonugy tli« ftv H cdane and «f m vAu^ Ittt the fidrit Ji mm
e^Hftl to that of a sucking pig. The for on those anri?ed,«C natod^te
black with a few white hairs, thick, soft, and two inches lougTSdun-
Jike that of otber animall, stieks o«t ftom tb^ bodyi t%i»aRidiitf sieM»
to be pecttiiar to the N.W. coast of AmMic{^ HtfVeBii thiB- lntitm|fg(yf ^ y
and 60f , and to the Aleutian Islands, and the opposite coast of Asia. Th»
unmereifol war that has been waged against them since the arrival ^ Ui*
Topcana 09 these ooaats, has ift^^i dtioiiy sM Iheir wnnbetP ft^fft^ «6f|M
of America and on' the islands, and has Untire'y extirpated them (lom
-Kamtschatka.

glass biflltfsj kM otlMf infles*

tirfi*

FVom Ca^ Blaiicato the Btn^ C()limb% tf)«
6oa«e k nodefstely elevdited' unI^ iiroU cknthid
irithtimter. llteCoiunliiftitikcf antoa^* ifiiot
tbegTMtMt^ rivtr iiuitfaUB jatatha Grand Omi^
from C$spe Horn. to the NbrtbGape^ ItB iMUlii
between |)oitit Adibn and • Cape Diia|^iiittnoii|
n ftttr iirifetiwide,' but is canfBseA by ai bar, wMi
:fear ftthons at bigh watef. Atlq^ wMer tbwA
ii^ bM (xne mrnem cbmmel tbrfogk the bar^ aod
irhen die tides, vbich are -very rtrctogi ife ^
poseKk bf Ae wind» Uie sea brealii'<iii the bar qtjkm
across^

Ttie Colombia is fimoed hf two riv*f»« One^
iBrhich hm pfio|»erly this name^ m caHed by tfatf
natives TMaoUhe^Tesie^ and flows from porth to
s^atb, ireceiving several streams SuM the western
side of the chain of Stony Mountains. The second
is Miffiied the Qreat River ^ and has its source in
iMs cham ^ it first flows ^est and tfiea N.W. till
it unites \titb the Columbia. Towards the sea
Ibt imited waters serpentize tfaroni^ a ehaooel
fro<ft* three td one mile and a quarts in bfesid^
the tatter about 100 milea from its moulfliy the
dfeCMtfe ascended by Captain Vancouter^s oi&»
*cer9| to which distance it has depth ibr. vessels a#
400 \(fM, liMQgh if has many nilands atid banks,

S c 2 and

«td iti ittoatii hemg iiil«d>wlih nktofiBf^^xih ni
ttiely exposod) is a gmt obttoclt to its «|tilil^ Ifiir

The following are the pafdtteritnMgMt^cmKt*
muHioaitioiqi {Aat mmy be ex^outed'bcbiEeeit. Ihe
tw^iie^mtiby thieC«kiialriaj '. !•' F^i^inHadaotifg
Bk^^iltjothe (l!hiiiidii&^ whioh^is itfaaugbliilitf

imad^ttmskttkB laki BfuSAm^ Mthkth /sedoLicn i^kk
Atkapeacoa ftivefviirfioseaoiiMedfisiiliiQbppisite
gifcf a£ Ae ^ny tidgeto dMt* o£ fhe CfM^
ami ky th^ clreta Nthon, and Se^^eftii .mJiM&'ikh
8tte-ft«{tt lake 'Wioipeg $ tin* Uttep" iD^wingi^
i|iverff Steikadmwaft and Asm vtbfmMum^

approach close to diose of sevemlof 'the^^niiiwtit^
mtrs of CMbMobia. Q* By the Missouffi vitiil: Ihe
Atbntic and Gulf of Mexiba The aeweflflr t^
the Missouri are only separated from thM0i)f ^
Onmd -!Rher and other tribiitaries.of tl^ejpqtuffy
bia bythfrsomrnks lof the Stoay^ MountaiAa. ^^ h: t
* Betwfsen jdie Cotmnbia and Gulf pf Ge^iigi^t;^^
onfy pwt is Gi^s Hdfbour» m^ ^ fo:^cei\v»^,

* Vaneoiifer and Quadra I^od is tbai ^MflbMA**
in^st of tibe dtainthait limsthe •oeMyi^ litij^ M]^
mted from ithe ooatiaent by , tbiC Gvif.fi^ Q(M«gUi^'
ifehase south entrance it probably th6 celebrated
Strait oS John de Fuca, of which Cape Flattery,
of rCook^' ia tba south pcantc Qa .iha. masittiooaat
of 'ffaeMiiid are several gotfd *ydM»r di^ygid:

l^'lbe.^4xaiteDi4 :svcb, .^]»^]^ttttj]()4.i^^
9W»h»Yj 'eiayottim (f^rt^O^al^panf^^e'CNd^

;> • IP - • - , >

.#. '

hMeAXo^kk* (BortrLtteftf9Ddftfie^flp»iaid%
and Kin^' Oeorge tfaeTMsd^stSoun^ iifC^dk)/
formed by an island s^arated from the- iplwt ]»•
hiid -bjr n nairow rtndt '..'-.% j:Jr

Hie: enlrmce 18 between twD radty^^otoi'leur
miles asAodei; whhin wUdi tW^Qitod'^fenmA^
hitgB baiiii ronniilg four league? to &e iiortli^ oti
elMive ofsevend braaches and tedeka rtomida<ka
bead. Itbas abo seversd idmds'iJHhanip ^t^^
gitfod ports. The shM^s are generalty »«Be^Mli
ee^ekd with vaHous species ef Ae pihe^li ina
o^t in afew spMsl where thentlkkdtkodk^^mit
Komerotts rivulets of exc^lbnt water eeoiptfthtm^
selvet' into the coves. .= c -f -

Tht^ tdiflsate of the Sbund is template, the
^ittoftteter in April rising to 60"^ n theda^
and iblKng only to 48"^ in the night. N.W.-
winds ttsoally bring fair weather, and 'S.W.- raiA:
¥1sh is abundant, the most common specitsr htm
rfa^ pilchards, afid bream, the stulpiB, fiost
Mf, a small qpecies of ccfd, a variety oflbefaafce,
the elephant fish, rays, and sharks ; the idiell flih
arewibs, ste-ears, wiles, cooktes, limpits, cAmkt,
inkM and jlMimr. Hie reptiiea are brown and
nol:.v«DcMous smJies, and wMer litaids; The
••'■»•'■ ■ • % c $ • 'fasad

- T«iMiMiite^ to M4St t4y%en tlw BitNe fv«t«M YkiMdlMiflMi<k4ibJ&
telpedto Nooika. ^

aUm« ciimiit, gooieberry, rttpborj, mi ro«e bntkci ; 8traw)ierr|
s/'ivfld leek, wttcr-cresscs, and abaadMce of ladroaeda.

eigles^ h(wkfi» hedeou^^ ljbeGMB4iMD tbiuabiJ^qgfs^
birds} theaquatic^ quebrant«b|ftew^i gH^^^

«^eBt of 3H3«e»s is Pa* 44. 4^^ ^Mf^iftftjIoi'.iP^M*
Ikiscovoyt ^<i Ihe aou^ st^^^ Xfif the .(^lUf f^re »
iwoiber of islaacU^, ia g^n^rgljl^ f^M^ and.tsf^^
rep than iJ)e inaii^ ^aod, wl^a^h ipr. thpr xqof^ $iiurt

ming abniptly fropi the shores s^nd. vafuttopr^atf
^pofa tbe a^lted snows tMmbling ^owu (j^ 4|#ps<^
The pri^toiyfti groups jof isiaods betw^j^ 1^^
iqyl Alaslf^ ^e Qiieea C^rlpt^te'^ Jslaqd^ :q£ <j^
8i4^fab}p /^i^e* sq[iaratf^ Qx)m JtbejeoQtia$]|t . bjf ;»
(gulf eigblieea league wid^ « "^M^ i^ivad jri^ Iram
^ sea. to high j^ountaias ia the cei^tr^ iJie ^WR^
miM^.of Jvhich. are^aloiie p^e4f- tb^ f^d^ J^^Wg
4X)y4vect wiith {>i)ies^i .bpfches^- wiilpw^.^M^ k^^^^

^p»thif(Mt fiaiqe^j .Cope ,#ector^ . ^^ ^ ^^b«9>>
^IPI^ntly .«jfBtf d. by d^gtein JQ|iiw»,j., Witwi fl^vf it
fb^^^ame of Queen Gbacl<^te, and to tbe saulh
l^diM^Dajfie St James. On tbe w^st coast are
'iBMSfyjgitf^^ by lib^ lttr..4»si)isf»i,4bis

tlie Pflice, flf 'W'^'s 1^»nd^ are -'a g^oiip; 9a«

par^te4

9B9^

mmds »\MM6e9 tttetii, ;hiifiilg ekfTO. §O0d..fa«»*

mt^io£ liMQmmtfies£MtMAomoiA4^' .-* \^ v.<
King jC^rge tbe Thiod'a Jbchipela^osuoeeads

this iQiig i^hpin t^siyniiiiiti^. JPort^sBtiikfli aMr thf
:i^m|t)i cnii.of il^e .aivibi|)i^i^4 is ^^^idd isnifeiur^

« i(l d^itk^ (CbuM^alpupi^ , «tf the ^ptf^mxiii^ wA
!Nf^iilk ^ieundj pf D^xpn)^ M4>we &W4 poiiilr. is
.Gfl^ (k4 i&ig^no, of the Sf^nwBA^ and iCafie
Jfidgewm)^. ff G^oJk v the valcaaio mouotoin xai
4he west i8i4^ pf .the Muod is ntmed.'by the former
Mmrnt Sl. Ja!QiK^4» ^nd by th^. tetter Meant
Edgecumbe* The high mountains :tbat rsiuTOiuid
^kieppupt j»re topped <wiib e|ar»sl tf)tmfl' but tkeir
nujjps.ase vmod^* Thp Ausai^ns ha^e bere.asAtM
<ieme0t^ffiaaaAd >(ew ,i\^aQgf^ lusir nflnoh isa
JbA sulphwr^HSiSpring*

. ISmm Cfffw Spund jof Cmk (tiaa stttk .en-
«E»]ifli^.i9£fAhe )gul£ tli^ ^sepwEaNa Kin^ Greocgefa
JUlwdi iriott. th^ main) the. coeat is dSae! foosa
^vdaod^. wd tJia feet .^f its loftorintoMnilisiis mm
washed l^ >th^ jsm^. 4^QWng :the .jsast aM«M
.awMmta< ^le li^e J4wpt Sau^ Wtatiier .of CkMd^
(I4,89^i;^liWf^tl^MAint Qf.Bib«iiig^

.<17^S6Ai6^^» itilieJksitterj^eipgiiiMil^ f<tity iaivaw
4t^.sept» «pd »As .^»out ^Q ikegma inkmd. bi: a

^iMQfii^«b^««fmin^ i

.. 'i, 1 . 8 c 4 Tschugat*

992 MAEmlnr ^QisMIUfMr-

Cook) rand in ieirenietsi^eillllie^^

godd hmfeoura;' There' ^are ^scbtf iAflflh ^beW«

the sound, dT'w&icli Mbntsign^ <9MMlJUl3of.'<li6

natives) is the mesl ^diOAde^

leagues long imd; feforbrdad/ It 1tl^e^vel»dfiMA

latge pines, smaH aldeni, raiibexty alsd tftbw iftwhn>

Ginseng and snake >oot are alsb ftaUd heff&^f f' "^^^ *

Cook's Inlet, (^Kena^ki^ of the 'BiXi^^Hk
formed by a peninsula on the east, and mA§ 4ii
forty leagues to the N.E., with a breadth • c^f^y
leagdes to fonr, and depth of fotty to stevMi
fathoms : it terminates in a nrisl! Ton - of ftl»h
water. On the west shore is a voloano; 'l!1ie
tide m the entrance runs lour mites an hour, mH
rises e^ht ftet

IVom Cook's Inlet the coast is liijed with
idands to the peninsula of Alaska, tK6 fnrlnbipal
Af whidi, and only one demanding notEm, is
JKikhidk (Kodiak and Kadiak of Buropeans^ i»
which die Russians have their prineipai ettiMidi-
ment& It is separated from the coolhiitit 4^
a chaoHel five miles broad. The west coast is
snountainous, but it is covered with pines of ^ a
laige size, small willows, poplars, birches, and a
variety of berry bushes, as rasberries, gooseber-
ries, &c. The SQsaiaiis^ have attempted the cul*
tivation of kitchen vegetables with indi£^nt
fiuccess, the cloudjf' and rainy weather- Whieh'^-
bi^es ahndst the whdle yeabr, bei^ m^vtmnbl^
to hortictfltute. - Honed icattl^, gd^, ^ItlM^ aiid
l^^s,- and cats, bavt^ afeb beea itooduced'^4te
'--'-^''' RussiauB.

r

niBfrxr iSflMl^ <W(t, th»rM»^lM>iii^j».|C;ig>e Xiip
1%.' Qb^4M¥9t^fMkl» iAtitt^y o^Cbmiatskoy^

;Sf»ii«l(jr (ISur^e ^ntir} The , ^nn^ ^ .St. .F«4

a gen«vpl liavmdi^ ^uicb, wad nuijgi^m^./^U^
«lepoii^«|'9U.die-i^CDUa6te(l,> to bttvhjq^ii^^r

OlCQt^ - ' I .

I -

Thf • iriafidn ivest of Kikhtsh. ^iie^ 4»4m^ tm%
iiMMfte^ f09k» of gnmitr^ the ^unprmomcakbf
flamed ^ w^iicfa ve doubt ;iot om? reader»> will
thank u» A>r pacing theto. Such are Sckfn^wtchf
^4M^4*4*Ut^ .9a*Mi^ Th^aeidancb

are visited by the natives of Kikhtak, to bwit
seals atid collect sea birdie' qggs^ - ^ ^ (

The pemOBuIa of Alaska^ jfrom the a^oouQts of
the yjlfhlsk netivei^ would appear to be nwfy^ an
ifllandf for A^ say, that they d«aw. their .oanpes
acroei a Aairtow neck- of land into a iake, and
that from ttiis> .latter^ a river flows into Bristol
Bay. The .penijiaola is eonposed of several -voU
CMOS in a statfrof eroptinu

./ r.

AlfiUTIAN ISLAl^S.

♦»»t • »•• . ... .. ,

.>A:«iagul«ifyx«gvlAr-dircuUr cbiun .of gnioitig
of.AlwJkift IcwarcU . Capw ,,liMfHchnfMn» w. the

f4iuniiili.,(9f.>4bat. Mm^. h^yiffg .fH^.^^ 9Pr

pearance

90i MAiwnift vsoemoLx.

peanuice of being (lie tmMJkitmf sky-ffBrntic
ridge o£ bilK that om» uttited t]ielir«^o»|Mi^irt0,
aadi»4ucfa we vmy bei-aUMr^Ao^.^Mtt^^^'^w
hscken into iahadsp by m' suddw wiifliM of <tbe
Frozen Oceaii» thatattdie same tmB.bmUt tbmugh
the isthmus thet* jamed lhe«Mro icoafttieatm* aad
fcxxned Bluing's. Btait^ This* 0h0l» hw tb#
general fiame <»f AuiutuN IsvAxoSi -frxMHi.aMQe
tribes of. its inhabiAadate^ who Mme tbeotoolves
Aleuts. The Russians divide them into jdie ]Sni
JDdand^ tbe islands .^nd^^dn^i^ «adlbe^4?s^
pinpec The prindpal of die €baj*>are UnKSMilCt
separated irom the pimnontocy i<»£.;Ali»ka by a
iMurro V alrait : it has three, coitsail vbleanw of
great he^ht Cook . found the , tide. roioAiqg
eigfai: joailes an hour between. ^thic i^bnd and
Oonalashka.

OonabBrfifca» prottpuoced bx li)e natives Na-
gim-aiaska* .and saoied bf the^Rmwab Tddlien
Sapomknoh ii the most considersMe <m4 best
knowaiof ihe Fox Islands* . It. is. .ftevQiity'i^GMir
miles: loag aad twenty bro^d Thi».vhi9l<e islsad
is coaopoaed.af.asoiiateini^ MomffAid which are
extinct volcanos, and. Bfbofie;'^)linmito preseot a
totally naked rock. The i^nd has several fresh,
water lakes, and numerous rivulets abounding in
salmon. The caasts are indented by deep bays,
penetrating so far into the land, as in some in*
staaees nearly to unite, and djaridiii;' tfas: island
into se^^val pettffifliilas. - > . Mu. i:i

The southeca coast is bounflad bf kif^uSKkp-
tHiSb ; the aortbfiii«fte.ialnKelemted^mi]du

places

a» mell m th# 4k<!livitie$ t)f aooke of! liiainiJMMitmDa
lau^C'wayi^ {wo^ee i graces nod ' other |^ahta»
^OQg wbiptir ai^e dmvi wiltQMrs'.^md alder^ tiie
epHobkm augUfliffoU^i^ wbote jlteow iure Ihcee
feethi^«; tile ^rbtfba^ the leaves of ; vdhidi v^%
powi^j^ dui^ticj. audi liie berries. u$9£l in djfaig«
Tbpe .;ire al#0 i^becOM of ii 'Very large size, but
vr^te^ aod inaipifl* Xhe^ilpiiimid' sai^ana roots
serve foe io^^^ The- otket^ oomnuin plants are
those usually found m cold, ix)0ist» atul terrea
couutries, suq]» 09 wild atigelice, ecuryy^grasG^
cresses, wdd s^i^va, &c« t

!{Jhe oni^r .qfis4rupeds .>afe liferent ^ admired
fbx^ jpad £91^, iHlpich iHifiQW m the earth. The
seals, a^ad^ea attars w^i^ formeiiy reported jkatiib
i^lan^L have: ^Isgiost ea^r^y abacndoned it,! for ^
less Jfrequented poieSf Tb« only land bird iimt
deserves ot^^ jsr th^.^vpodcoc]^ The eea:Jbii3db
ax^ those. QWiffu^ ^ the Jiprthenii seas* . : /

1^ cpflWMil) ^ arfw cod, loaoh^ laj^ imd
fasU^fitt. flffWidtr^ &a. The - sheU fbh^ cinh%
pearl oyster, ^^nd muscle, ooddAv ^(^^

/She south side 4^ t4ie islawl is alone iuhabited^
9iul the dMT^Rgs pf the natives ..are. ail on the
s^«s .of th^ b9j^« Of tii^e liabitatksis they
^^ couDt ^rtaoB, each composed, of tim ot
t)^^ honrels, c^\^jurt»^ filimod of drift vood
aiHi 9)ud4 lilie laitgestafthaiii beiog genenlly
^ iS^i iQiig «»di QightMU bw4d» The. AaK>Qi Am
viilf^ k^^ &a groiind, aad tlie

f9nlFf8«fidrifivood>/(iovaMd withnoss and gpaas;

The

3d6 BiAUTISCE OMORABHT.

The light is admitted thjpi^^nQaUtfi^)^!^^ m
the Tooff yihkh ^so serve for'(^>fini;JbeiaMBtit
and descent beii;!g by notched ^^bv^/ rAbrae
seven ifeet within the outer waU-^^idQS/iuDe Amtti
all round, which^ while tb^ pArUy-«iq)|ip|*i Ehe -
roof, serve as partitioos ior the dwdUslBiplacecof
each family,; for ^ several &t9ilie«* iwWly eeciip;
one habitation* The spaces •eiHJk)8^.b3^tliQ6t&
partitions are covered wth matu to sIiNip) antt.fit
on. Every female of a lami^ oceupies it..diitinc6
divisioTi of these apaitaoenfi^.

The center of the habitation seifvei aa a-giinerid
receptacle of the dirt, and each- aparlteeofc haa
its reservoir to receive the urinev 'Wldch ttey
use in dyin^ and to wash lie gieaas off iheb
bands* They procure iire bystnking two ffints
over the down of birds, sprinkled with ai^pirar,
and light and heat their habitataoos with traia
oil^ in stone lamps, moss eterving as widEs. - ' V-

Their furniture consists of copper and* kon
pots which they get from the Russiansi . and iii
which they boil the flesh of sea aflimals a«d fi^ ;.
except the cod, whidi they eat xaw^to ptoveni^ aa
they say, a disease produced by wormsicgntamad.
in that fish* Thehr water thi^ preserve in^ vats
of split plank, and their dry pveyistoas^iJi'baBketa^
or sacks of matting. Th^ fM>o)s are koSi&ak aouib*
axes^ which they proouxe Jrom-'ifae RussiasBa^ *
Their weapons are darts ^and* spa^N^pf rvarioosL
sizes, and pointed with l^va.pr b^ie;. as.^ihejrraxv
intended to be used agiainst difK^entr^aniablbr
birds. They are throwa by imtfw ^ » piece

of

0f bwi4, tiue'^&dt! linf ^ t^Tcmj^i. one 6nd qf
idirdbi is filUpcfd ikiitd a handle,' sind in £he' otiier h
fiami^a bdne Kke a fiaO, on M^htoh the dart is

Tbe eDtwtrabtiAg ttveir Uudars h the most, te-
dious mtipbijraient of tlie ttien, ft sometunes re-*
^pmixfgt ytax tir collect drift wood proper for
their ki^td, wUeh is the principal part, and
usuidlfo^irists of' three pieces scarfed together,
the ^Khofe length ^bout twentjr-oile^feet To
this keel they affix with ^ires of t^rhaleSone^ ^ibs
of .vUitw and alder branches, the distance asun*
deii i£ the upper extremities not being above
eighteen inches, and the whole is covered in with
another irame^ or khid of deck, which binds the
baidtir tog«ther» and in which there is only left
one: iftiiaote holes, in which the rowers sit Both
the ^bottom awl top are covered with the skins
of sea anitnals ^. and when complete, the whole
does noti we^ above thirty pounds. The pad*
dl^es.have s diotelJike blade at each end, and
the lo^mr paddUa at each side alternately. They
movir witii^gteat velocity, overtaking, it is said^^
a vessel graig twelve knots. If a baidar upsets,
f fafir qpenoBS in her we inevitably drowned, unless
aoMHet'baidar cotMs to their assistance. Although
etaneaariy expert in the maaagement of these
boid^r^aiM ccoijtiitualiy on the water, the Aleutians
wQoisaid i to %e unacquainted with llie art ot
swimpyAg, aor do they ever bathe. '

icSaianmtiiMa'^f the^Foif Islands ate'o^'tlid''
naiaUi^ viste^ wMi ' a broh/v^ eontpSe^ion, rotrnd "

visage,

39S KAtnTMK oEoemAmr^

yrnag^ miaD nose, Mark eves, loog^ IhAMni
coone hair, and Kttle or no hestis on the cinT,
bot thidi^ mustachios*

The dreflB of the men and women dBtSa %Mf
fittle^ and is rery neaHjr the aune a9'Aat ^ihe
natives of the neighbotirfaig couttnetA ; Ae men
wearily a gannent resembling a waggMer^aftodi
with a high round coflar, the whole of deer or
hirds^ skins, neatly ornamented with goats^ hiir,
and bordered with a strip of seal akin, and a
pantaloon of white skin. When Aey go on the
water they draw over this conraKm dress another
of the entrails of animals sewed together, and
then also put on trowsers and boots, made of the
skin of the sea Hob's neck, together with a kind of
wooden helmet, ornamented with the hair of iht
sea lion, beads, &c«

The dress of the women, thongh nearly st>
milar in shape, is much more ornamented tiuUI
that of the men, being trimmed with beads and
coral, birds' beaks, &c. Their stomachers are made
of the skin of a bird's neck, stretched and pre*^
pared for the purpose, and higMy embroidered
with goats, deer, and horse hair.

The men leave their faces as natm« made.iheflfi»
bttt the women ornament, or rather dis%ure themi
in several mannets; of which one is tatowing
in Une^ from the nostrils to the ears, and from
the lip to the chin. They pierce the cartiiege of
the nose, and wear in it loi^ pendants of amber^
coral, and enamel : the latter of which they re-
ceive front the. Bussians, and tixe amber frotn the

inhabitants

khalriMiitft of the 'ContkiGfit. Hieyabo pkm
two bolleB %B ike l0mmt lip» id 'wbAch they wear kng
thin boiiM i andr round the edges of timr ears
thay.ftc oemtnliMte . of bkie and white enameL
The wotieti weac no covetti^ on the feet or h^ad«

The ocQi^tiona of the female* are prindpaUy
makfi^ m0tki atcki^ and baskets, of long grass
dxiedt which are most delkatel j pkuted > and in
B0wing their ganaoents^ indiich is done with the
fibres of animals' ainewsy the needle being the
bones of fislu> :

The occupations of the BKn are fishfutig and
hunting amphibious animals, which latter, begins
towards the end of October, and 'kats all November.
Thejr hosit in parties^ and eadi leceives a share iSrf*
the produoe^ according to his success or desterity.

The favorite food of these.pebple is the flesh of
lea animab^ and when this is all consumed, thej
sidMst on shell lisfa^ toots, and sea wxR*t. Their
winter prariaiinis conisist of dried salmon, cod^
wad boilibnt,. and roots and berries, which they
colLnet in tlie automo.

The Alentianr are governed by chiefs, called
dagoks^ and the rest of the natives are named
ahf)^^ or vassals.

' Tber.inetivttfl lof Oonalaslilui, add the islaodi
babitoatty Jfrc^uented .by the Russians, havifr bgr
tin iBtcrcantse became nusrh more csrilized then
tiba ofebee islaoderav -Sittne c^^theesi speak goodt
RtiMien, and maDy ctf them httve. been biptieed^l^
bttt thb et»matiy is .4most aU they lwow*4i^
the Christian. reliC^on^ for they have as y«t r^f:

ceived

'1

400 MAUnMJS OBOGEAPBIr.

cmred no ousskiiuuries^ and Buisiaa bimtert Mte
iittle calculated to iiistmct th0flii» either by prasqpc
or exsMfHe. The Aleutian females^ afao^ cAsa
sntemarry with the Ruasiattiy aid dHsir cKsptrng
have perfectly European ocmp\aim» and fen-
ture^ and red hair.

In the islands not frequented by the Buwan^
the natives are still entirely savages; acknow^
lodging an osinipot^it and ben^ent beings in--
deed, but paying him no kind of worshipt under the
idea, that he knows what is good for them better
than themselves, and will grant it without their
request.

Misfortunes and diseases they consider as the
effect of malevolent spirits, and on these occasions
havie recourse to their shamans ot priests, to ckoc-
else the evil one, by singing, or beating on adrum.
B^Iygamy is general, and there are no marriage
ceremonies. The wives are purchased from their
parents, and if the husband is dissatisfied with iue
partner, he can send her away, but has no right tA
demand his presents back. But ii^ on the <rtlifir
hand, the woman refusef to live with him, haiseiv
titled to the return of all the articles given for her»

No man is allowed to sell his wift without iuir
own consent, but he can transfix her to another*
dHier for a specified time, or m AKo, whidi ia
iMt unfrequent. It never happens tiiat a woman
gTsn^ her favours to another, widiOQt the copstot
id her husband, these kind of trsnsAn bdn^
mere matters of profit Aa in this system of man*
ne^s, l^e man eanqot always claim the childcKi a»

hia

ALl^l^tlAH tSLAKiM. 401

town, 86 his pomer 6n thtm k much mare linited
^n iSkstt of the mother^ of even than tiaatof the
unUe hythB inother'^ %i6e. ' The * children . of one
illther, by dfiflPefefA mothef^t are not considered as
brothers and sist^m, and are pertnitted to many ;
but the case is reversed with respect to tbow
't>ne mother and different fkthers* The
lA<m of property on the death of the father is tb-
gtiloted by the refations, who uauadly leave Jtbe
greatest port tor the iv^idowsand childiaeB, aadtake
the reM to tbetdselves.

* It is said that, formerly, it was. the ciistom to

bury one of his servants with a chief, but this aacrv

iice is not now practised, his baidars» darts, and

Other weapons only being put into the gsave. The

•orpse is-embowelied and stu&d with h^.; and

thos^ •f mean persons are put into the grouad or

"cavity of a rock without any ceremony ; but the

rit^ ^a^e laid itt wooden sepulchres, into which some

eardi is first shaken, over . whidi are laid grass,

mats, and skhis,^ and on these die body is pre-*

served' in the position in which they usually sit in

the baidar, by leather tt)pi^« Another mat is

thcH' laid' over, and oovtf ed with* another Uyer

Cff' eaitbij ' If the >^ives have an afiection. for

hflsii 4Ai»y Ymt the heir off the crown of the bsad^

and mourU' fimshim for ^several di^s-: and aeoi^f

tinms^aibttiuen: is oaitied so far, as to keep th<s

tiP$p9(iniih4k'Qjmt, until tilie putrefaction rend^sijt

l|idMir4t4et> f - Xha vM^m^n alsa preserve >tl)e bodip

e&Afa^fduliJfeB iu vtliis manner, until ^ajpo^t^*

«>Q(if8 into %the^ .world to supply its fh^^^ aod

'VOL. IV. 2 D the

402 UAMttua Btoonatm.

the coffins in which they are ki^pt ue otnameiited
with beaks of birds, bead3» &c.

With respect to the capadttes of the Aleutians^
they are represented by tfa^ Rtias^an voyagers a3
jposaessing considerable talents and. a quick cam«
prehension, learning with facility Co play at card*
and even chess. Among tbendselves th^yare
peaceful and quiet, hospitable to strangers^ . free
from the vice of thieving, but indolent wd un«
gratefuL Their principal characteristic seecis to
be the total absence of passion or any veheaieat
eikiotion, their countenances . never indicating
either vexation, melancholy, or joy, on any occa*
sion whatever.

' Their amusements are confined to a kiod a£
maaquerade dances, performed by men. wo-ien.
and children, to the .sound of a dnun^ which i»
their only musical instrument .

The population of this, airchipelago was, . when
iSrst discovered;, cooaiderable^' but is now seduced
to a very insignificant remnant, not exee^diiis
1,100 males, including children, in the whdb
chain.

The other islands worthy of mention, aire Um«
nak, separated from OonaUuska by a strait two
miles wide ; its S.E. side presents lofty v<^amo
mountains covered with snow. Amochta is abo a
volcano*

Among the Andreofiski Island^ which form tbo
middle of the chain, the pxincqwJ are Tanaga, on
which is a stupendous mafisi of volcanic mountains
emiting smoke. The eaat of the island is ieyel^

and

»ORTlt-WEST AMERICA. 40S '

and has many fresh vrsLtei lakes. Kanaga island
has a hot sulphurous spring, issuing from the foot
of an extinct volcano. Gorelloi is also a vast vol-
CMo» Attigatka, or Amtshatka, b twenty leagues
long, barren and dreary.

The group of Aleuts Proper, is the westem-
moBt of the chain ; Buldyr, Agatton, and Atton,
are the principal, and are all great masses of
rocky mountains.

In Behriidg's Basin are a ftw scattered islands
resemblkig Uiose of tlie Aleotian chain, being
mountainous and volcanic ; their names are St.
George, St. Paul, Transfiguration, Gore's Island^
of Cock'y St. Mathras, of the Russians, abounds
with foxies» It. is without trees, but the vallies
produce grass and small plants.

North of the peninsula of Alaska is the Bristol
Bay, of Cook; Kanischatzka^ of the Kussians,
wfaith receives Bristol River, according to disco^
veries of tine Russians, issuing from a large lake.
Cope Newenham is the north point of the bay,
from whence the coast lays north, and is lined
with shoals to Cape Stevens. Norton Sound, of
Cdok, Ko&inegack, of the natives, is a deep inlet,
but withoat ixiy good harbour $ tlie night tides
were observed to rise two fe^t, but those of the
dAy were scarcely perceptible. Cape Prince of
Wales, Kygmilf of the natives, is the west point
of America ; on its south is a deep bay, which ac-
cording to the account of the natives receives a
large riven Cape Mulgrave and Cape Lisbura
nicceed to Cape Prince of Wales ; and, finally»>

2d 2 the

r

404 MARItlAfE GEOGRAPHY*

the Icy Cape, of Cook, is still the boundary of otif
knowledge of the American continent. From thi«
cape to the point arrived at by M'Kenzie, the dis-
tance is S5 degrees of longitude, which on the
parallel of 70^> makes 240 leagues.

Near the west coast of America some scattered
islands are claimed by the Spaniards : the most
celebrated and southernmost are Juan Fernandez
and Massafuero ; the former is described in Anson's
Voyage with nearly as great exaggeration as Tinian.
By tlie Spaniards it is named Tierra, but was over*
lodced by them, and was a rendezvous of the Bac->
cancers until I766 of 1767* when it received a
Spanish establishment. It is twelve leagues in
circuit, and presents an agreeable appearance of
verdant hills and vallies. In addition to the. goats
left on the island by the first Spanish discover*
ers, and which multiplied and grew wild, thiey
have since introduced horned cattle and sbe^
They have also introduced the fraits and vegeta<-
Wes of Chili.

Tlie town or village is on the N.£. on the Great
or Cumberland Bay, which is sheltered from E«
to N.W- by W., but in which the depth is forty
fathoms half a cable's length off shore. In 1792
the village consisted of forty houses, pleasantly
situated in a fine valley, betweeto two lofty U31&
The defences were a battery of loose stones, breaM
high, mounting five gunSy within the West point
of the bay, ilvhich it commands ; and on the .l^H
of the town another battery of masonfy, with twa

. . faces.

I

NORTH-WEST AMERICA. 405

faces^ one commanding* the village and the other
the anchorage, and fourteen embrasares in each, but
having only six guns mounted. The military force
at this time consisted only of six soldiers and forty
militia.

Besides the town, there are several habitations
scattered over the island.

On the west side there is neither anchorage nor
landing place, the cliffs rising perpendicularly from
the sea.

We need scarcely tell our readers that Juan
Eemandez is supposed to be the island of Robin-
son Crusoe, whose story is generally thought
to be founded on that of Alexander Selkirk^
a seaman, lefl on this island by a Buccaneer
ship.

Massafuera forms a triangle of seven or eight
leagues in circumference ; it is very mountainous,
aad geheraliy covered with wood, and well water-
ed. It has also anchorage all round, but no shel-
ter, the shores being composed of large rocks, on
which the surf breaks with such violence, parti-
cularly on the north and east sides, that landing
and watering are difficult. The east side has the
most pleasant appearance, having many verdant
valliesi, with each its rivulet, and some cascades
falling into jAe sea. On this side is a small bay,
called Enderby's Cove, where landing is safe with
the wind from S.W. to W.N.W. but the S.E.
blows right in. This is also the only spot of the
island where a boat can be hauled on shore with-
pot risk. As the island is.uninhabited^ the only

2 D 3 refresh?

406 MARITIME GEOGRAPHY*

«

refreshment it affords are wild goats, fish, and
sea birds. The shores are covered with seals.

The isles of St. Ambrose and St. Felix, 200
leagues from the coast of Chili, are each five or
six miles in circuit, and one league and a half
from each other. St. Ambrose is a broken rock,
with no other soil than a thin layer of sand, pro-
ducing only a plant resembling the nettle,
without fresh water, and beaten by. a surf that
renders landing difficult. Volcanic appearances
are observed oh it. St. Felix is entirely inacces-
sible. The only animals %xe seals and sea bird^t
Latitude of St. Ambrose 2G^ IJ S. 79^ 9f W.

Clipperton Island is a great rock in 10^ 27^ N.
109'' 18' W.

Cocos Island is about twelve miles in circuiti
elevated and of a broken appearance, but en^
tirely covered with wood ; the cocoa-palm being
predominant, has given its name to the island*
The cotton tree is also found here, and the maa«i
grove covers the shores. Many streams of water
fall in cascades over precipices into the sea. Fish is
in great abundance as well as the land crab. The
rise of tide is sixteen to eighteen feet, and the
ebb runs four or five miles an hour to the cast.

On the north end is Wafer Harbour, nearly
land locked, and which receives a fin^ stream issu?
ing from a lake a mile from the shore and running
through a pleasant vall^, Lat. 5° 27' N, 87^
48' W.

The Galapagos Islands are a group of thirteen
or fourteen, 120 l^agu^ distant irom tlie coast of

Quito*

r

f

NORTfl-WEST AMERICA. 407

Quito* Nine of them are of considerable size,
the largest, named by the English Albemarle Island,
being twenty leagues long and fifteen broad. They
are generally well wooded and have a good soil, but
are- nearly devoid of fresh water, the greatest quan-
tity being on the isiland named James, and is not
more than sufficient to supply the wants of a single
ship. The principal tree is the prickly pear,
which grows to the height of fifty feet and three
feet girth. In the sands of the island are found
small topazes, and volcanic appearances are ob-
served. The climate is considered fine. Among
the birds are great numbers of teal.

Opposite th6 coast of Mexico are some islands to
which Captain Colnett gave the general name of
Hevillagigedo, after a viceroy of Mexico j their
names are Santa Rosa, Soccoro, St. Berto, and
Rocca Partida.

Soccoro, the most <^onsiderable, is ninety leagues
* W.S. W. of Cape Corientes j it is eight leagues long
and three broad, forming a vast mountain, visi-
ble thirty leagues. No running water was found
on it, but it abounds in antiscorbutic plants, par-
ticularly the prickly pear, which Captain Colnett
recommends to be bruised and applied to the parts
*flected by the scurvy. Lat. 18"* 48' N. 110''
l(y W.
Tlje other islands have nothing worthy of notice.

«D 4

( 408 )

ISLANDS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN,

The F£RRi£ Islands are a cluster of twenty-two,
bety^een the latitudes 61° 15', and Gi"" 21' N,,
one hundred and twenty-seven leagues from the
coast of Norway, {ind sixty-seven leagues from the
Zetland Islest They occupy a space of sixty-sevea
miles north and south, and forty-five miles east
and west. Tl^eir name is thought to be derived
either from Jeer, a slieep, and cp, an island, froift
the number of t|ie$e ^nimab found on them by
the first settlers, and which had been introduced
by the Norwegian pirates, who first discovered the
islands and made them their rendezvous ; or from
^fier^ feathers, the feathers of sea birds forming s^
staple article of their riches ; or finally from Jiar^
for distfint, as relative to their position ^ith respect
to Norway,

* These islands are all vast mountains of rock»
generally rising in conical or angular summits of
an^ to two thousand feet elevation, and the cpasto
presenting perpendicular rocky clifis of two to
tl)ree hundred feet height. The gran4 formation
is trap, with feUspar^ gUmmer, and .grains of
:fi€oUte: the only volcanic appearances are ia
l^asaltic columns, which cover coosiderabfe spaces,
]^j[anv cpsififsed heaps of loose stones^ and vas|

ISLANDS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. 409

masses of rock, scattered on the sides of the hills,
aeem to .denote some great convulsion, by which "^
also it would appear that many of the islands have
been torn to pieces. The shores offer numerous
deep caverns, the resort of seals. The mountains
are only separated by very narrow glens, through
which run rivulets and brooks, many of whick
form cascades,, and are useful in turning corn
mills. There are also some fresh water lakes, in
which are trout and eels ; and some warm springs.
The quantity of arable land is very smsdl, the
soil over the bed of rock being in general not
more than a foot or two deep. Barley and ryei
are the only cultivated grains, and carrots and
potatoes the only vegetables. The islands have
no trees, though from the veins of soil they pos-
sess, and from the trunks of juniper trees found
in the soil, it would appear that they were not
formerly without wood. Copper ore has been
feund, with particles of gold, but too poor to pay
the expense of working. .

The climate, though very foggy, is not un-
healthy. The summers are generally wet; the
inters stormy but not cold, the lakes or brook»
seldom freezing to any thickness, but snow falls
in vast quantity. The aurora borejilis is common
in winter, and is even seen sonietimes in August.
The shores are tremendously beaten by the At*
bintic waves, and the currents rush through the
pounds and straits with great violence, forming
yrhirlpools almost equal to those of the coast of
pjonif ay, one of which has the name of Maelstrom.

The

410 MARITIME GEOGRAPIIT.

The islands are deeply indented by inlets form*
ing eight good harbours in winter, and they have
besides many roads named summer harbours.

The wild animals are only rats and mice ; the
domestic ones horned cattle, sheep, horses, and a
few hogs, dogs, and cats. The amphibious animals
are the walrus^ and several species of the seal.
Among the aquatic birds are many kinds of ducks,
particularly the eider ; the auk, tJie puffin, penguin,
diver, fulmer, sheer^watei, gannet, gulls, petrel, &c.
The only land birds of any consideratipn are the
quail and wild pigeon. Domestic fowls are com*'
mon, but there are no turkies*

The population in 1782 was 4409 souls. The
principal industrial pursuits are, cutting turf* for
fuel, agriculture, rearing cattle and sheep, mannfac-'
turhig the wool of the latter into coarse cloths or
knit jackets and stockings, to dye which they make
use of lichens, with which the islands abound*
They are also employed in catching sea birds both
for their flesh and feathers, the former formiiig a
good portion of their food, fireshor dried ; and in
hunting the seal for its skin and oil. The fishery^
which was formerly considerable, is now reduced
to barely sufficient for the consumption of the in-
habitants, the fish having forsaken these coasts;
the principal kinds are hoUibut, cod, haddock,
and sey (gadus virensj. Shoals of small whale% of
100 to 1000, arrive periodically, and a great num-
ber are killed for their oil as well as for food. The
nett revenue from the islands paid to Denmark, is

817«

ISLANDS IN THE ATX«ANTIC OCEAN. 41 1

3172 rixdoUars, For the commerce^ eee viA. u
poge 365.

The seventeen inhabited islands are :

1. Fugtge (Bird Island), north-eastern, is eight
qi}les in circuit, has some spots of ground pro*
4ucing corn, and two villages*

Q. Swinoe (Hog Island), . larger than Fuglce, is
composed of two hiljs, and nearly divided bj a
great bay on the east, and another on the w^t ;
one village.

3. Videroe, three leagues long and one broad ;
on the east side is a cavern penetrating quite
through the island, three hundred feet long, and
by which a boat may pass as under the arch of a
bridge ; two villages.

4f. Bordoe is four leagues long and three broad,
is intersected by two inlets dividing it into four
peninsulas; it has a good winter port named
Klaksund, on the north-west, and seven villages.

5. Kunce, eight miles long and two broad, is
onie steep conical hill ; three villages*

6. Kelsoe^ nine miles long, and one broad } four
villages.

7. OstQro^, twenty miles long and ten broad,
has the highest hills among the group, la indented
by five sounds, and has the good winter harbour
of Kongshaven on the south-west ; it has two small
fresh-water lakes and many basaltic columns. It
contains seven churches and twenty villages or
farms. Two singular rocking stones are seen
in the . sea qi^ar the islamdt Their length is
twenty-four feet and breadth eighteen, even

when

41^ ItARITlME OEOORAPHV. '

whenthe^a is perfectly calm, they have a sensi*
ble vibratory motion, and in storms move hack-
wards and forwaVds several inches with a creaking
noise : this effect is probably produced by their
remaining suspended on the summits of other
rocks after the clay on which they formerly rested
had been washed away.

8. StromoB, the largest of the islands, is twenty-
seven miles long and seven broad. It has one
town and twenty villages and farms. The former,
named Thorshaven, is the only one of the islands,
and is on the south-east side of the island. It is
the seat t)f government and the centre of trade.
It consists of one hundred wooden houses, with
the same number of families, of whdm one half
are fishermen, servants, or paupers. There is a
latin school, and a wooden church covered with
slate. Tlie defences are a small fort, and garrison
of thirty-six men.' At Kirkeboe, a village on the
south end of the island, is the only stone church ;
and here was the ancient seat of the popish
bishops. Westmanhamen, on the west side of the
island, is the best harbour of the group.

9. Nolsoe (Needle Island) has its name from a
perforated hill resembling th^ eye of a needle. It
is five miles and a half long and one mile broad,
contains copper ore mixed with gold, one vil-
lage.

10, — 11. Hestoe, and Kolter, are little islands,
with a single farm each.
J2. Vaagoe, has two lakes of fresh water, one of

wbicli

r

ISLAK2>8 IK THE ATX«AKTIC OCSAN. 41f

^hich is three miles long and half a mil? broad ;
they abound iu large trout } three villages*

IS. Mygenoesy the western island, is small and
of difficult access, so that it is only visited twice
a year by the clergyman; one village* West
of this island ia a great rock of basaltic colunms,
the only resort amongst the islands of the Soland
goose. It pastures sheep and oxen, whose flesh is
the most esteemed of the islands.

14. Sandoe, is thirteen miles long and one mile
and a half broad i it has three lidces, and five vil-
lages. It is one of the most fertile, producing ex*
cellent potatoes.

15. Skuoe^ a small island, is celebrated in the
annals of the islands for containing the tomb of
their hero Sigismund Bristesen.

z 16. The QreBt Dimon is almost entirely inac-
cessible, and its inhabitants <^ one family, having
no place.to haul up a boat, have no communieafion
with tbe other islands, unless when the. {^ople of
the latter visit them ; and the clergyman who visits
the island only every summer, is obl^ed to be
hoisted up by a rope. This island, as well as it£r
neighbour the LitUe Dimon, is the grand resort of
soa fowls*

17^ Suderoe, the sputhernmost of the group> is
seventeen miles long and five miles broad ; has siiA
churches and ten villages* It lias many spaces
covered with basaltic columns. This island hasT-
two good winter harbours.

.Thp. Mgi^t is, a fceat lump of rock south of Su-

derce^

414 MAftlTlMB &SOClBiAPttf.

deM^ siirrounded by mnken rocks, amoiig whicli
the curFento are violent and dangerous*

m» m

ttBIACHSD ftOCKS^ ISLAKDS, AND SHOALS, lit

THE NOBrrH-ATLAWriC.

Rockal, N. W. c^ Ir6laii4 resembls a hajcock,
lat. 57? 39' J kmg. i3° 3(y W.

Uon^s Bank, 56^ 40' ; 17'' 45' W.

A&m's Rock, 55^ 15' 5 11° 15 W.

Sl Paul de Finedo, or St Pedio, a^ fatap of
ru^Q4 looifSf mtHaaat, verdure, and wlntelied by
birds' dung, without either good anchocage or
landing, lat. 0° 65 \ W. ; 29^ 14' W.

A ledge of rocks sometimes nujrtakea for the
Bermudai l»t 32^ 85' j 57"" 38'.

The BfiftMUDAS Idadds were iirst didocMered hy
John BermiAlad, a Spaniard, in 1557, but were
neglected until 1609, when Sir George Sommerd
was wrecked on them, whence they are sometimes^
called the Sommer or Summer Islands* Th^y con^
aist of four principal islands, occupying a ^ace of
seven leagues from east to west, and three it<
bt'eadth, ccmtaining about 20,000 acres of knd ;
they are surrounded by ree&, which make them of
dangerous approach, particularly on the N.W.
where the ree& run off some leagues.

The climate is that of perpetual qpring, but hur^
ricanes are also frequently experienced^ whence
Shakspeare gives them the title of the << wxed.*^

The

lStAKD» IH Tti£ ATLANTIC OCEA^. 415

Tlie soil is not fertile, but is covered with ce-
dar trees, proper for the construction of sloops of
war ; the only cakivation is a small quantity of
cotton, the inhabitants chiefly gaining a livelihood
by the sea, and particular!/ by going to Turk*
islands, Bahamas, to collect salt. The main
Island is thirty-six miles long, and one to two broad^,
shaped like a fish-hook.

On St. George's Island is the chief settle-
ment, containing 500 houses built of a soft stone,
which is sawed like timber, but when washed with
lime becomes hard. These stones are sent to the
West Indies for filtering water. The harbour of
St. George can only receive twenty-gun ships ; the
rise of tide is six feet*

St. Da-vid's Island supplies vSt. George with pro-
visions. The fourth island of any size is named
Somerset, besides which, there are reckoned near
400 spots of sand and rocks. .

;Murray*s Anchorage, though exposed from N.E.
to N. W. is the only port that admits a line-of-battle
8hip through a dangerous and narrow channel in
the reef. Ships of war are watered from a cistern
which receives the rain water in Tobacco Bay.

A considerable number of sloops and schooners
are built here of the cedar of the islands, and em-
ployed in the trade between the West Indies and
Kortb America. The population is about 5,000
vhites, and nearly the same number of blacks.

The custom-house returns of imports from this
island to England, and exports, were, —

Imports*

'416 ' MAftltfME GfiOfiRAMt; •

-1 - •• ' Imports.' £390^41;.. Y .7

1809 i:u,648 i;34^279. \

^ 1810 1,137. ••... 36,61^ , _

Th^ only export of the islaod produce is co^n ;
in 180% £1,656 lbs* r and in 1810, 9,000 lbs. . ^
.. The government is similar to tbe West.Ipj^^
Islands. ' ^ . ^i

AZORES.

> *

The Azores, or Western Islands, are nine in
number, and derive the former general name froni
thenumber of falcons observed on them by the
fii'st discoverers. Tliey are situated between the
latitude Sd"" 30' and 37.^ 0' N., and long. 25^ 0^
lind 31° SO' W. and distant 257 leagues from
Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. These islands rise
from the ocean in rugged precipices, which appa-
rently owe their origin to volcanic eruptions. Tlie
acclivities, in proportion to their distance from the
sea, increase in magnitude and elevation, and in
many instances rise in enormous piles, covered
ifrith naked cliffs, except where tlie sides are' spa.-
ringly shagged with stunted trees and brushwood.

Their climate is temperate and health jj, ^ though
storms and heavy rains are frequent ; but it never
freezes ; and the summit of Pico alone retains tne
snow in winter. In the vallies and plains the maxi-
mum. of the thermometer is 80°. and the mihi-'

muH) 50^,

The general prodiictions of the islands ire coN
fee, tobacco, com, \^e, fruits, and most European

vegetables.

IftLANDa IK. tHB 'ATLAKtlC. OCEAN. ^^

T^fetftUeft. The woods and high lands abocmd in
birds of vatious kinds^ and die coasts are vnSH sup-
plied with fish. Tbej have no venomous reptila).

These islands were discovered b^ the Port^*
guese in .1431, in which year Gonzales Velho
Cabral visited St. Mary'S' and fonned a colony on
it the next year. The other islands were discovered
successively till 1450. They are governed by a
commandant-general, whose office lasts^but three
years, and whose seat of government is at Angnu
Each island is subordinately governed by aca^'Am
mor^ and a judge. The clergy have at their head
the Bishop of Angra, the only one in the islands.

St Michael and Tercera possess the principal-
cmnmerce of the islands, eighty to a hundred vessels
aaifing from them annually to Lisbon and Madeira
with com. St. George and Gtratiosa also export*
some cheese and butter ; and most of the islands
a&rd wine to English and North American vessels.
Hie imports are manufactures from Great Britain
to the value of «£dO,OOa From the United States,
rice, pitch, tar, lumber, staves, iron, fish, and East
India goods, in return for wine. A vessel also oc-
casionally takes a cargo of wine to Russia, and
brings back flax and iron.

CoRvo, the N.W. and smallest, being four
leagues in curcuit, has its name from the number
of crows observed on it by the first discoverers. It
produces some wheat but no wine, and its only ex-
port is small quantities of salt pork. Many of the
IpMgnqphers of the sixteenth century drew their
▼OL. IV. $i B first

tiJMi^^^ DO ¥«nMkn h^?eu {

/ jfLQSPci^ aotOMQed fir^n i^ dk>uxidiQgii^floprejc|{
wh#a (%ci>v^dt es]¥>cto aooie ^rl^pat md . salt ,.
|)i|^l(^ hs^iV? iwine^ It is thirty inUea lopg ndnui^^
Wf>^ f itbe sH^f place ia Santas i)ni2«,r . - m '
\FATA4»vtt^^ the plant .a^^i^^,,^^

^owiQg on it.1^^ abiuulane^ is^i^D^^ag^

Wj^^andt fqu)^ leagues lw»d; it is. mqiuif^ftv^^
^nctnj^af; the centre k a vQlcfi«o«. T)^jjffT^<^^)L

in»7 find good flhelter> and ^nialL veflaQl^.c(mr
4W^^^ lioye dovQ here:. Theiie ia.» 9ai^e
cm reach point of the bay^ united by.it i^n^fw/^O^j^
boitli c^ which command thctnoad and toim4 i^Jiifir
garriflOD^ ia 177^» oanaiated of a hundred oef^ ... f^

. The iahmd doea sot in realitj produce, :i^^i
enQughibr its crtn consumptbn* bnt th&;w9|9>j^^
I^co being brought to Vflla deiHorta to^M'^-
ported. leoeives (he name 0i ^ipi Kuie% . ., .^ ^r^.

. Thia. idand wis given by idphooooy ^^i^j
I^ortiigal to his sister the Ducbesa of.Biicgi^f^iljw^
^ihq^ in 146^ tcansfi^red it ta Job. YMJf^j^ifpff^
and Martin Behem» who.ficat €olooi;{edijt jn^^^^
few &.^u]ie9 from the Lorn C;GmhtrIeSfr.;iyJtv^
t|be;ol4 charts^ the whotogro^ r^c<^yf4|ti?ffp^^

o^^j^e $!lVfnisk Ishittds.. . ...;..,. ;],.. ^nl^.arr

, ^ic^i^distart from the^ S^E; ,^ck ^f »F««^it^
^?»e*^'> we ,vaai a»ufltain,:^y^ffi#^,^^

rugged, and it terminates in a small co{y^<^^J|f(^^

gular^

Ito elevation is 9,700 jrards. It pmdWcb no <iob,
biid IfifoiA'sixtfefen' td «4>t)00" pipei of wine an-
mitilly'^ irtost of ^hii6h is exported'to tHe West In-''
Aefi knd' Nbrth America. In 177^ %e pipe iioW^
ibr 4 to dS* Vifla de Liigunais the principal place^
atkd dn the'N.£. sid^ is the town df St.' Seba^fian.

* »F. GEbkofi, N.E. of Fayai; i* high, t6ii feague^'
l^g and two broad, produces a go6d deal '6f corn'
and some wine, and has very large cedar trees. '*/'

"^iSrjurionA, I^f.E. of St Oeorgef, tett ftriles lon^ arid
eight broad, also prckiiicing com and wine. Vi^a
de'l^itya chief place; ' >

" TtiiacfiRAy so called fh>fn being the third island
in' byder c^ discovery by the Portnguese^ is the
second largest ofthe group, being sixteen leagues in
circuit; Its principal prbdttetiMi is wheat, of which
it i^oi^ a considerable quantity to Lisbon/ besides
abbut ten to 1^,000 boxes of oranges and leinons.

Onibe S.B. is the towt of Angra, the residence^
of the Governor and Bishop of the Azores ; it is
limit on a bay formed by two promontories pro-
Jeittng^nto the sea, like the horns of ahalfimoon^ on
ciii^bf Which is k icastle whose fires cross, and on the
a/eHkAi ^omohfoty are t#o hills caHed the Branl9»
^ieh daiise it t6 make like an islahd, coming f^om
sek^'ttk bay is open from south to east l^ the
ii<»th, and is an unsafe anchorage. The town
ctyAt^d' iO;d0O' Inhabitants 'in 177^. IVrc^m
Wk^^^et iaWnsl' 'viz, St. Sebastian and Vma'

SNtj^r^ latter; u«uat« on a fine bay.lias ^iOOD^
ilAhMtanti:' --•''-•-•

<■"•'•■•• fi B 9 St.

4S0 MABinifE GEooEAranr.

^"Sr. MicbarU eighteen leagues loti^, and twa
to five leagues broad, though covered with tnotih-
tnm, is JDtie of the most fertile, of the group,
fMiudng cAiefly wheat and flax. It has a vol-,
eai^oiattd m^ny nrineral springs. . It exports a
eonsiderdble quantity of wheat to ^Lisbon and
Madeira, besides about 80,000 boxes of oraiig^
Aud'lemoiis. It is the property of a Pbrtuguesc
nobleman, h^^whom it is said to afford 40,0(K>
•ftffiadoes ^ n^rt.

Funta^delGada^ on the S.E., is the chief town,
containing 12,000 inhabitants. It is built on the.
shore of a cove, behind which rise conical bills.
It is protected by the castle of St. Bias, the prin-
cipal fortification of the island, whic|i mounts:
twenty-four old iron gUns. The other towns are
Valla Franca, on the north, and Ribeira Grande,
also on' the north, with 10,000 inhabitants. Its.
road is yesy bad, being filled with shoals, but east
of it is the little secure port of Formosa. The
military force of the, island is SOO regulars, and*
five ot 6,000 peasant militia.

St. Mary, the S.E# island, is twelve miles in

■ • •

eircumference. It is so surrounded with rods
as- to be nearly inaccessible. It produces a cdn*
aiderable quantity of wheat. ' ' "^

- The Formtgas, or Ants, a ledge of roclcs,^JS.E.
I^ik-flflteen leagues from Punta del Gada, lifi St*
MiehaePs, so named from the continual ttiotipn 6t
the'tite r6Uiid them, which pr6daces extbmi^ mi^ .
titters. One mile N.W. is ah(>ther' dHr^r "<^f

t J * ' K l^ *•* •»'Wi»

isLANDa nr the. axx«akxic ocean. HM

rock0» aiid a third eight leaguea furthst vMsfet-
ward* . ....

The population of . the Azores is varioualy
fistimated. In 1778» the Due de Chatelet gayt
it S3 follows : Corvo, 500 ; Hores, 2,^500 } JFayal^
4,000 i Yk%9S,000;. St. Geoige, 50)000; Qra-
tiosa, 4,000; St Michael, 40,000; St, Mat/,
6,000. In 1775, Capt Cook gave the population
of Terceira 20,000. Recent accounts, however,
make the population of St. Miqhael 80,000, aM
the total population of the islands S10»000*

1*^

MADEIRAS.

Tlie Madeira islands are two in number, MaT-
deira Proper, and Porto Santo. They are situated
between lat. 32° 22' and 38° lO' N. and Ion.
17° SO'' and 16° 20' W. and 150 leagues from
Cme Blanco in Africa.

Madeira is sixty miles long and twenty broad,
containing 407 sqijare miles or 260,480 squaiie
acre& It is one immense mountain, at the sum-
nut of which \s an excavation,, suiqposed to be the
crater of an ancient volcano, but which is now
covered with grass. The quantity of lava and
o^^r ^olc^nic matters found on the island are,
hfifWfyeVf a sufficient proof of the former existence
<)f ^ub^^ei^i^ean fires,

^r 1t)i^f,yarip^$ branches of .this great mou&taiti

^es^pa^tej^hyiiarxv)w.glens, the-skl^ pfwhiefa

^ ' 4^9 i^f f y thinly covered with soil, but are never-

2e3 thel

neai: i^ges and hamlets, and all possei^ riiP<i)et^
-«tf ftee wjBfct. 1 - ; • • . .1 > ; T.

, Tti^ dimtite is miil and teipperate', tM v^tiltlf
iecoil^metided fa> piilmoiMtfy ^(i^ts. .-. Tifi»> ^•
£fmii eldvdiaonr, iicme^er, aSbhl 'evfe?3r Vafittiy

.^r^d ttttie. to the tdoAetitk te^U 4f ididdte
^litrope. Bt' J«Daaiy-dM ronHteitH»f-titt-4lodV
lain ifftnidly coVerisd snthsnow, ifUieabSmii^
the theitqiottieter is atsixfy-ibur. Ihe-mlifiUttaifi'li
ftot Idvef th^ fifty-five ; the maxiiunm ^eiccpt
with a SlG. ivind, whe* it irises at times to ninety:
ifive") does not exceed seVenty-six.

The riches of S^adeira consist solely in Hi
.Vhteyardst ^hidi are enclosed with iied|^ ' ^fii6
.»pitdd Jr pear, wSd rose liusfaes, myrtle, mAftUkti^
^rdtiate* The i^hite gripe is th^ m^t gieiiatt%
.cultivatedy but. there is also a reld gnpe^vAMi
gives a white wine, called baUardo^ and ikmtiMt
|v)iit<! gnipe M^itch "produces a reddisk "ffte, *c4t.
led tinto^ knbwti in the English jnarh&t iyithfc
name .6f London partieulat:. -'' ^

The quantity of wine produced niiMMl^v^
estimated art an average of 25,<k)0 pipeis,'! 'd^ 190
gttUonsfeach, of which 1^,000 atte ^eitpoi^t^^iDik.
to Bng&nd 4,500 1 to tfie Easi 'In«iiM 9^ek)Ql«>^
the West Indies 8,000: to tb& fSM^6Mti«i|itie*
^2,000. Tht remaining 10,OdO {rf}^^«M«iii^
% the ialattd« About 500 pipfes o# a s^MbM^'iDtte,
tailed malmaey, is ^bo'tnade. The price of witte
on the. id|giBil has Meen gnHtotfly teoretsifig fcnr

several

WiMXM IKXiqC ATUmiP OCBAN. M^

j£4f5. iln the farmer jiear a pipe a£pBfmp^
.t fTho^peg^wUe productioDs of ^p isUD^dt.J)^

il«9fk/tfQt ; Igtft tbe .wiwle itrodiuie, qf ti|^^,|;iw^
does aot exceed tim>». . mun^ .^yjuwunp^jjffft, .^^
j^tefiflJuenfQF iieing made 19 fimn the AajfeHf^fttd
ii»iif>ind:Soo^ Amenau .Ssigfix sme. in-.^ls^
fiHi<iiwM4 oMi.thfeiilmd, in»ii.«hpi^iil;]»«8;&ii|L
imiliwlJp AflMcica. . Thfa.islaod.illftoiproducea^.
itmtkf ^#«M» «a4 athcr gum?^ t«9e<j||er. ^b^.ltiu^
«iiMliM«QBt eedav, &«. . Die; gardens tap^uoe Aiq^
4f'>tli)^;:Siur<^ui fruitSy as well as some of ii^

4ilipks^4iKMi a» tliB.piaalaia, giMMa*, J«V -

Comaion domestic animal* aoe iq sufficji^
ajbgfftonffejt biiA the «Dly .%tild anivwd is .th^ fab<
|pf4 imd ,tba only septile . the liz«rd* Tbe <?W^<^
«^«1;fn!q9g^tl|ei»Qga.intp. t^ie woods to> 4e^ tl)^
,|p(yboH99 pof^j^vcfd-^ haif-wild bi^eed* vhicht ^m
)n9i(«A JfBit¥ -d(i^ ..i . • !..;>-.,• '.-r

,^mimh?. f "The. fl^t«(y%)?e w i7»Q,.fiflnfjiftgfl

, — *

yp& It^O'sn&ntxy of tbe line, 1^ umuy^^^^Otd
Qp^obri mQitia, >Qlofithal» arm^d; ^»A*emmicif
uid 1(^000 irr^iukr miiitis. ^ ^Ebe kliad tt><4i-
rvided into two captaineriefl, named^H^ldMbrJMii
•iluiliQfaal.: ' . . • 'f 1 ...

The Edgliah have tventy dbmvieceiid fbomii^
IVt- Madelra»<wbog07eimio^ forms ^fbo Biitith '&c«
^twy, aad who almoit mGOiopolize the tradia'af lie
Minfkd.'^ Th€i expc^tt, bendei 'wine^* aw tnaigmft*
Milt, oomiBtiog ' c^ some wood, mastie^ and
<MlMt 'gii«», hoorey, wax, and ordiiUaf. 3Qie
H^ote value of expOrCB is estimated at'^d^OO^Ofif^
#f whidi England and her colonies take £4aOfiQ(K
the United States «£9Q»00Q, and Foiti^ oniy
jei!O,O00.

' The imports are from England, manufiKstoKB
ibr £800,000 ; from the United States, .lamler,
csom, koifctv £100,000 i and ab«ut the aaiate
value* from Bortogal, the Brasils, ^vd Aaetoo^
so that the imjknlis and exports ha)aime*<«aGk
Itther. ..'.;•

The revencie consists of one^tenth of thaipffo*
duce of the vineyards, aiid a dutjF Qfrrten<'per
cent on imports, and eleven per cent, on exportsi
prdducing together about '«£100,060, the iaatiuai
^penses being about j6?70,OOOj[ ^^nettirevmiu^
eonseejaently remams to the crown 4if>i£M,Q0^
but soiiie years this sum is said'^tio bd^fednceft^te
orie^hirdi - : . - i -^ o^^* m

' FiiiSchUl, tHe^mlytown of thb iriahd^.is bkn8te4
on'the^sbuth ^^oast, Mn a farge opedoKay, which

it' to 'i^eii^oc^ affotda^ct^vMiM^ •- '^oinl: ia

* 1 ^ *' * extremely

ISLANJM' m < nr£ AftAKltC OCEAK. «Aff

'^^ULiihHi^^' dang^ous in the idnter; 'when lieaVy
t^iytni'tem tlie S.Wi are coininon. Hie bekrh is
'4tt>il^d8e4'«f^iAnge burnt stones, Toundeii by^ the
-Wstkmol^ tbe 863, and has often a stirf on it tiiiat
renders landing impossible, yet itis thenosfc^a^^
noemblapavt^cff tibe ^and. ; ./ :

* : . Thai toWneetitends three^qnavtard of a mfle isAoi^
*4te beadi^ and about'half amSeitiland^ {jl^'Stoeelii
aira Moraow and crooked, pafved» witb •tb^ i^nefc (frdiak
ttbe fa^eadi, or with large maases of f ugjged Jbva^
'diaagrefltble to the feet. Several somU i^tteaftoa
^lesceniiiAg ftam the mountains run throi^ Hie
itoam kite the bay, but as the inhdbitantoridbirdw
«U their ordure into them, they add little to the
cleanliness of the streets. The population is fifom
tweilrelo 15,000^

• iteidial is defended by four forts, tiz. 1. Sh
JvgOs at the east extremity of the bay, immedt^
afeely under a steep hill ; 9. St. Lorenzo, in which
JB the government'house ; 9. Peak Gastle^ on a
hill N. W. of the town, half a mile from the shoret
and of difficult access on the south, but command-
ed by another hill ; this is, however, the chi^
fcMTtifieation, the walls being very high, but with*
out s ditch, and not mounting above twelve guns;
4^ ijie Loo Rock, on which is a fort with nume*
imi8 eannoe^ en barbette^ and surrounded by a
weak pairapeL This rock, the name of which is
property Uheo, the Inland, is distant from a socky
point ic^ tbeiny IfiO fathoms, and this nanow
ehanuelia 768 &tfaoms deep ; the small craft b^loi^
mg to the idand^ w winter lay under this rock, wit^

a rope

\i4 ymm^ ti)e/|)Mpl» iqliifc thttk ami. ItaM

i|lfitoW9 is,»-Y<MJk we:.)^un^red|»e«ft'lfMi9acM|[
tbfee. «A»U : favtiioaft and A iradkniti inmrnkit
tim S9a* 'wsahed by tl|B vfavw. %X)k .- bewA;* it
aj^ 0^el^ by^«. ]»iiiitiftw '9i§il:mtkl/C9imm

tb« |uff,.«s»ft ii* J' • . .: . ii :".ii'jj.iai

. 64«icle». jfiwoMl • tihte only rlaoding p|MCAi<iliAi

on the N.W^ atbodi of wllich mdrII (SfUftlloail.
wiiie.^

The chief headlands of the island are F<Mnt
Lorenzo, N.E.; off it are several rocks above ymf
ter ; - Point Farga, S.W. ; Fo^nt de SoJ^ three
l^ijgUl^,^ a half west of Funeha^n 99Kved^fsm
it8,h¥Jqg painted with l^antifMl iiMnboi^ .im9$4»
t^r^^ gales and stormy weather : it . is ^ mt^vj
pefpendicuiar. cliff. ....,...,.»

, FoftTo Sawto, the lesser of die Mjtdfi^.isl9i;4fW
^jq^ in /jeverai peaked .hi)Jlp, andis fi|);e^i},n)i)|^JiA
qrcuit> its distance from M^ulevais (aurtj^im ifs^g^
^X On the S.W. is a bay sheit^ji; ,%)rp ,^
wipds but $.W. to W^ «n4 withini^i^^^a^jjip^
^9(dce4 Water is procuj^ pt t^,islj)^, iflft^
J^ 4ifficu!ty .than at Madeir^i, ^,{Vff)(^piwi)l#n
^?9*yr.. ^<V»Jat«»» :^ '^ ^9P0- ,: I* e j^fljit^^oti^
r^ons* bloo4, honey, wa^, aij^^^ .. ,ubn>:«9b

ir.ii, ' Madeira.

isLAKwr m «B Eifjcraw ocean* iffy

iiHiGapt'Ofti(>89itlllMtdt near the nftiddle, on^irtlitb
ji^bot .«fght ftl^bomi. There an» vteo di»i;<4ifaatw
abk betweeii tiie'diftrMt lafenAitofilh^ Detertma; '
? The SAx.9^GE8«fe s gMup cf roeky 'iskuads bA^

HMfte^Jtieas tit -eaA eoA. It a Jkbcrnt oM lAlHe
in drctugofereance. Tfae S.W. r^dcft an <!«lted 4hS
fBingCMd Lifitle Pkton^ iM am time leagaetfli^
ilttttfroBi IsleX^MAde, imt a ^oclc^iRQilc^ calM
^ liedge, •uiutes them. . t

■ ; '

CANARIES.

- ' *rbe <3AjfAftt IrfftnAi are eleven in nunibfe?;
m^eti'bf HMdi ortdy are of any size. The dhriatb
•« te«A|;perate- and hedhfay, Jbttt d^e^ 3n the kli^.
-tfiit islands acc<vding to l^eir elevaZton an9 trititf>
li^itli fes^ct to the pirevtiifing ^nftde, *whicl
north and N.E. The rains somethncs hegiii
«cfthu%l» tfie eit& '<0f NtMsttibier, faftrt generally later,
iMll1a«t'tiil Mareh. This teason is calted wmtei'
l^ik^kaiakri, Mthotigfc It Very seldom *freeze^
lUiiS'gk^ otify ftOlit 'Ml Xhe motmf»ins : oh 'llr^
Wtt dft'ferierifl^ft tem^sum^kwea frothNov^'
B@t% Hfhiid. The rains often canke gr^at daiiri^^'
descending ht'ibi'^tits^dfni Ih^ hiduhtainsr^efy
4^' w1b£-ffietij 'il'V«oT»Meiam pii^ 6P {he H^^e.

^tep mik^tiik ayv^' iifteir sio^s. -^ iftma^kMi,

"•'^^'^^'^ without

1

4SS MARITIMfi GSOORAPHT«

Viiliout these rains, the islands would be totally
itfenie, ftr few of them have any constant streams.
Jki the ]dams» the maximum of the thermometer
is gpenetraUy 80"^, and the minimum 60^. The
general productions of the island are barley, rye^
laoidifin cdm, potatoes, calavances, peas, for the
INmsumption of the inhabitants ; lupins, pea^
lentiisy beans, and a Kttle oats, for the cattle.
The Iroits are figs, olives, dates, and grkpes. In
the gardens, oranges, lemons, peaches, almond^
bananas, papas, apples, pears, cherries, prunes,
graces, apricf^s, and pomegranates. The cottoa
trees of the islands are superb, but neglected by
the inhabitants. The sugar-cane also thrives ex-
ceedingly, but is little attended to, and the prc^
duce is consumed in the islands. The culinary
vegetables cultivated are sweet potatoes!; yams»
cauliflowers, onions, of which a quantity is ex-
ported to America, calabashes, watQr melons,
.^pinach, strawberries, lettuces, chicoiy, ra-
dishes, turnips, beet^root, carrots, cresses, pim-
perndla, artichokes, pimentaj absynth, parsley,
wdceleiy.

The wild animals found on the islands are deer
oif different species, hares, rabbits, rats and mice,
wild goats and cats ; formerly they had \^ild'asse$
1^4 dogs, but their races are extintt. Hie ^d^'
iqeBtic animala ate horses, asses, mule^ oxen/
h9g9» sheep, goats, dogs, and cats.

The birds amount to sixty-four species, amongst
which w3^ the pheasant, bustard, wopdcocky sfiii^Q,.
red legged partri^^j {lufti^ pig90i^ dov^

\.» h

k

ISLANDS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. . 4^

* The fishery on the coasts of t^ .islaQfls is Hbjr
no means productive. In spring, howem» inaokU
arel arrive in large shoals, when a poyfitabde fiah^ijr
is carried on.

The Canaries were first occupied by Europeaiiil
in 1402, when John Bethincourt, a Norman^
made himself master of Lancerote, and the othe^
islands were successively conquered from the n£>
tives, Teneriffe being the last, which was stdbrdund
in 1496« i

The population of the islands seems to increase
in the usual proportion of civilized peo]^e, as the
following table shews.

1678 ........ 105,637

1745 136,19«

1768 156,000

1794 174,000*

The islands are governed by a commandant-
general,who usually resides at Sta. Cruz, Tenerifi^
He is judge in ail military afikirs, but an appeal
lies from his decision to Madrid ; his salary is
9,000 piastres. T*he chief officers under him are
ap auditor, a king's lieutenant, a town major, and
commissary of waip. Civil justice is administered
by the alcadea of the Cantons, with an af^eal txr
tl^e superior audience at the Grand Canary. Tht
ai^^ixs of religion are directed by a Imhop, who

also

«

tat the fet uppean the most correct. In 1803,St Vlaccint citlmatfl liici^, .
«t ooly l$7,^0 tlie ^6|fiilMlOfi of each jMaad.fvlU be tend Ift ibe>ar-^
ttato deiarlptkm

1

idw «l»a<» 411' AM' ^IflttdyWb^'^'iiti' office 6f

i^edfat^ d«peqdeht ifn' the pfVkh<!» of AfnU: .
losML ThocKr '^ 4!>aii^ Tenerrfib; and V^SHiii,
am n^uted tafii' doaaSim j thtf pcopetty jbtWH
0tlte«8 ha»b«ea^olkttM^. - : ^^ ^

i >tEb6rp«i<st of pM^oi» it) fiti -the • idl«ridt( < ifi-'if6'^
gpfeMdtania(iiU>fl^<H)nMffiiMibiiei«5 the ibUoiMfb^

.if'*
<}Jj\^4)il,pfirbpttWi S !^po^k..4»erIh.va)A

Vjeni^eUi. 0 7i Salteod. ..vftl^'

&^> I . . . . 0 8 Salt hoffrttgs, 4forO If

Cbeese^luHneriiUKNiQ: ^i. Applet , . . . per lb. 0 1

BuW IS. Oranges, 5 for .. 0 Of

Hfun ,.»... r ... O 6 Beef & mutton d| to4|

Salt beef 0 3^

^s. '[(lie dpidT fo^ of tbe comimm ck8S'»p(rtatoe&
and o^er vefetaU^«» and salt fbdi; the^pirodude
^ the folMry carded oti by tiie GanariiSns <m the
i)ffQ6i1;e ^oa^ts of Africa^ TbiB fishery t^ttojrV
t^)nttriy«&wto thkty hrigimtiii^ of about- tikiriijf
totto^adi) chiefly ftofn th& Oraod Canat^/'^M!^-
Viake^seii^n' ^r e^t tri|Mi^ a *3rtat, each ' itip ptit^
dpsng.lS-to^QQQlh^ <)£ iiA^ which ai: «}x ^bil^i
t^; tJie.J^ Gyf^jot. aciii»&ata to- 1^«8(^ piditMikl'
Toithe constittit use of this fish, Which it hkistj^
cosed, is asciibedthe cntaneoos disorder td'whffih'
the Cwfttiriflfis w^'irtihjfycfcr <* '^^ '^'^'^ ^^^^^^ t<^w,Hn
' "Ilte^^in^tKTtM.of the! idaiidS f<^ i:a^y&efc^

i M^-K?^

iqf<^ lgt;p Wjiaerof wh jcfa it iS'C^imiited llMHt about
40p06o pQi^ li^ire xnade aimufl%, t^t it* S)0^00&:
fij^ in the tdtod of Tf^Qefifl^, itnd* an equal,
quantky fa the other jshtncb coliectively : of thift^
q^^Ultity» S0,000 are usiudly exported, either in ,
its original state, or made intd braiidy« ' This-
wiiie^^nameditt the islands Yidoniat is dry taiid
atifosig, but much, inferioi; to the wiOje of MadehSi, ^
and its price is also much less, i being ifi-lT?^'
jCl2, and in 180*, ^20 the pipe. A very rich
wine was formerly made here, called l^Hib French '
TfiM de Malvoiiie, (corrupted by the English 1o'
Malittsey), from Kapbli de Malvasia, a tot^A of
tbe Morea, cdebrated for its foscious wines. There
is little or none of tliis wine flow Miikie. '1%e
tomdy is chiefly exported to the Spanish We^«
JbdieB ; it takes Are pipes of wine to make one of
brandy.

^ The island of TenerifTe possesses the pvindipat
cpmmesce of the Canaries, and its ports ard «1*
mpst the only ones frequented by foreign vessels,
t^, English^ American, French, Danes, Ham^
biugjers, and Dutch ; but the English possess by
f^ir^^e greatest share of the trade, and have the
n^9^ eji^tensive commercial connections in the ia-*
laftd. England sends to the island woollen and
CQttop mafuifa^tu/jes, h$^rdware, hats, leather; soap
ajp4.9|indlef ; j^ranc% cd0iblots» law&s,. s^ksy and.
spqif )^ ,/Wine ; tto Nortib of Europe^ ircm, her^;
rings, and fish oil -, the United States^ wheat,/
w;a3^ S9,lt beej^ apd sta^i^ -Th<^. impor^-from

Spain

49t iTAftrmkfi of:boHiMnr«

Spain K€ confined to some voolleft k«Hl^ *liai«
and olive oil. . / .. *tj.i

Ohrchilla, used in dying vi61et; is etilledSeS^ii
the rocks, particularly of Teneriflfe; itiwtt €tki6cAj
a considerable branch of export, and is cdlticted
on-'m^cbnnt of the king, who pays abotit *ven
piastres and a half the 100 tvn. ^and fortnetlfite-
sold'it for eij^ty-^lght, when peeled and dried.
Bat the EiigKsh, who chiefly made use of it; Hav-
ing found cheaper substitutes, its price has* cfe-
creased the half.

The other exports are a sm^ll quantity of ^%s»
raisins, oranges, and calavances, some silk A6ck-
ings atid gloves manufactured at Tenerifii^ #oda
from Fortaventura and Lancerota, a little cottdn,
sugar; honey, and wax.

The islands of Teneriffe, Palma, and the Grand
Canary are the only ones permitted to trade direct
with the American colonies.

In 1788, the exports to these colonies were
Produce of the islands. . . . ^23,805 '
Foreign merchandize 14,200 '

88,OO0-*^-^ •

NNH#;:v'; ;

Returns . . » ^,$00 .^l

• J * ^*

The net revenue derived from, the i^t^au^
tlie crown^ (after paying all expenses) d^^ffpt^^^-
cecd aqQiQOO* ,- ^- ;. ,^: , ^.^-^^^

«iMHiMM«M^i*

iSLil^fW IK. THE AtUaStXK OCCAV. t'^?^

jk ,^jinmnkf tW;£iBt of the Caoariea ip conpe-

queiice» though not in size, is nearly of a trian-

;^|^.sha|^t being. seventy miles long N.N.E* and

: sSuSL W« and twenty-two broad £. and W.| contaiii-

;^4fig IMO Square miles, or 98^>600. acres« Its name

. i», a. corruption of the word ihenar^^ which* in the

. fai>g>^y t)f the ancient natives of the island, sig-

lUfied white mountain, from its peak being capped

;with snow the greatest part of the year, and for

jk^e same reason it received the name of Nivaria

^om the ancients.

. The climate of Tenerifife is healthy ; on the east
fide land and sea breezes are tolerably regular;
but on the south-west side, calms and light south-
west winds are frequent.

The south-west side of the island is in general
barren and thinly inhabited, while the north and
east coasts are fertile and well peopled. The soil
of the whole island is entirely composed of vol*
canic substances, in laige masses at scchia, in the
interstices of which grow tufts of aromatic and
milky plants of the genera of cactus^ euphorbia^ &c«
The whole island is furrowed with ravines called
bamncQB^ which, in the rains, become the channels
of torrents^ and form numerous picturesque cas-
cades. Near the middle of the island is the cele«
brated peak, anciently called the Peak of Teyde^
Ijut which name B almost' out of ^ise. It rises in
1^ shi^K)f A <sUgar4oaf, from a base of five
leagues in droumference to the height :of betwi^ien
13 and li,Q90 &et, iand may be $eea forty*three
^ voL^ nr. % ^ leagues

4>S4i MAftnmcs cmsBinnv

leagues at sea. The summit of the pnk is ii
volcano, which generally emits smokei . but has.
not erupted since I7O6 ; but the Mount Cajionv
one of the inferior p^aks which surround the main
one, threw out flames in 1798.

The' Dutch formerly drew thehr first meridian
throiigh the peak, it being then supposed the
highest elevation of the globe.

Besides the vegetable productions common to.
all the islandsi Teneriffe produces the tcee that
gives the gum-dragon, and the mountains are co^
vered with 3 species of pine, cypress, cedar^ and
Uurels. The only wild animals are deer and goats*

The population of the island, according to Lord
Macartney, was in 1790> 100,000; but a later
writer makes it only 67,S99 in ISOS^ eiLclusive of
S^OOO monks«

Laguna, the chief town^ properly St» Christ
topher de Laguna, is on the east side of the
island, and four miles from the sea. It is situated
near a small lake, from whicli it receives itsname^
but which becomes a marsh in the dry fec^n.
Though the situation of Laguna is low with te^
spect to the surrouoMiijBg mountain3> it js so ffiod^
elevated above the sea as to render the ciivsttW;
extremely difierent from that of the coast Tb#
Plain of Laguna is the most fertile aad best ptk^ ,
tivated tract of the islands The population n
^000 ; and here most of iim landed f^Hjpri^tgff^ ,
and persons of tndq>en(leiit fortUM vem^. .' \

Santa Cru£s, the injost coflsidesftMe towh^ t^

. 0 . • «

18LA1IDS 11} TUB ATlANtid bCSAlf^ 4S$

iifland, and the residence of the governor, is si^
tiiated on the east side, five leagues from L^gona^
It & bu3t on a sand j track of land, at the foot 6fi
a chain of mountains extending from N.E. tb S.W*
It contains four principal streets, large, desfn, i^nd.
strait, frotn north to south, and ten lesser oned
cutting them at fight an/ries, with ^ or 900 houses^
ino&tty of istone, whitewashed, and two stories high}
the #indows fmnislied with jealousies, instead of
gl&ss. The population is estimated ttt 8,000^ ex<*
elusive of the garrison and clergy; the former
cbnsSsting of a regiment of the line of ^00 inen«
and a company of artillery c^ 100 men, are dis^
tributed in thirteen forts and batteries, which form
a chain the whole length of the bay, withih gun-
shot of each other. The principal of these woiic^
is Fort St. Fhilip on the south, and Passo Alto oa
tbe tfOrth, which is situated at the foot of a mpun-^
taitt that in some places overhangs it ; beyond it
td the south, is a deep ravine running inland^
whicH serves as a natural foss£, and must render
the approach of an enemy very difficulty if not
iittpbssiblie.

Ttie bay is sheltered by the land, from N-N.E. td
W.W. W., but with the wind from the ibutt it is by
1)6 iheans a secure anchorage ; and beisides, the
bottdmf is generally rocky ; so that it is iicce^ary
to'bdtfy up the cables, to prevent theif Tieing cut.
IjflSWfir^dtend'er landibg more easy, a tnolfe ?irf
been construe tecf from a projecting roct;^ pbiAt,
AT ^' an|f!ft * of VMch if e steps to as^nd ty*

« y » This

>^ •' • :

4S^ , )f AHITili^. C}ifiefn^n%^

^This m^Ie is ^leftnded by. a battery of six hearf
guns on its extreioityt ^hich commands tfie ^i^vile
bay^^ad the water foir sbippipg is cpnvoyed to k
by pipes. ,

.N. SLde Candelaria, four leagues sovitb i^f.^Sabta
Cruz^ on a sandy bay^ is a considerable viHagetiBr
)}abited chie0y by £shennen* *

. Guixnor, a large village, two l8agues,aad;aJMtf
south of Candelaria, and ors^ league from d|e a^
, Val da St Andr^^ a sn^all tillage <of: 4QS( in-
babitants. . . . , .. . ^

. Qrotavoy thp third town of the island, ia fiii^ate4
pn the north coast^ .one league from the ^ea ( }ta
poptdi^ioa is about ^,000, chiefly landed 'pia^
prietors^ the country round it is fei^tile ai^ pdl
watered. . ' i.

,The port of Orotavo, prop^ly Pu^ta 4f^i U
ipruz, or de li^ Paz> is, next to Saotfi Qwh. tbp
most commevcial place of the island^ and cpata^w^
5,(>00 inhabitants. The road is entirely^op^ to
the north and north-west ; and as the fi^rmec-^
the most common wind, it throws a heafy siiell.jffi
tliat renders landing very difficult and disagf eea}#ft
and the only method of embarkmg (b^ pipfgri^
wine is ,by rafting. tbem 9$ , Jjb.iane^rl^ife^f^
tolerably safe road, £rom M^ t^Oc|;ober|j|()^iu
the other months, \?ben BqKth.\f?8t wip4fo ^f%sm
unfreqwejft it is e^^^fp^Xy^ d^pgerpufp j ai^ cghli)^
first appearance of their coming on, ships, $^4jjgi

put,tO^?r.> -•. / If-/'..' .^r^^-rj vol

. lARanvd%^orS^J^4sJl|i..J^^

ISLAXM 1W THfi ATLANTIC bCEAN. fe^

tttiftfiSnitig ls5pd ifiliabitants. ' Here was fofmei4y
innAeHkh ^niou» Malmsey wine.* ^ ' ';' '^-^
:> Realejdi one leaglie north of Orotavoris afiHugfi
on the slope of a hiH, amidst vineyards. ' "^ ^-^

•f Tacairont^, a considerable village, confeiriing
SfiOO itihabitants- ^

* Tliganana, a village on the northV situated
tsmkttg the" most productive Tcitchen ganfens of
4^ isliind r 700 inhabitants. * '- * *'"

Oarra(ihftco» in the seventeenth century was the
^mcipal port of the island ; but in I706 an erup-
tiOtt of the volcano Entirely filled up' the port! 4vith
fluid lava, and obliged the merchants to' removd
i9i>^Orlrtavb and Santa Cruz-^ at jnesen^, ttie ViU
lfl|;e'btdt on Ae'site ^hfere the sht|)s fbfmeflji^
anchioired, (Contains l>60d inhabitants. ' ' ' ' .; ^
<^ Sti Jagd is situatM oti <tiW summiV of higH
fliouQtiuns that line the •ooaSt/' ^nd ^ift^ th^ 'ihosC
«iMSfciM^>i^Ican&-piurt^^<^ r '

; -'file MQth-^est <ioasti as vi& have^ before bb^
Mr^red,^ tbef>most'barren of tlte island^-l^e lav^
finm die Peak having sdie^ihgly n«>i»t gifetieiraUy
4fihetrted ^km course to this side, tfhd formed a
Mialh'of^eep^mountaiAs, lisihg abruptly fbbin tM
0eartblliefaeSgiitofha}fahiiteperp«^ '

' Abdewtk* 18 a small yiiiBge coiit^^t^ '890 ^inha^
hitmt4 cm a bay'tfetted by th6 'siMit ef aft biT the
idfltnd, to eonVey away the produce^ which is sbglar
Mtia^t^ /••''' " '•■ '1') •":•''•./">. > '' ' •' c« r
..I^Christiicmw, sofl^ a MnaH

Iwy^'inMtoiliy'tllfev^^ •'^' U^'.^''

;^ Vltfi OftAKD Canary, twelve leagues south-east

2f 8 of

4S$ ^Aif^jsa^ axMRArati;

of Teneti^ is Nearly toxtnA^ being ^iH tW^^H^
leagues long and eleven broad j H^ ft lite IksK
watered and mo^t fertile of the iilandsi p rodttQog
more corn than necessary for its consumptionsiQid
some vane, but which is said to be inie^riOf to tfx^
of Tetieriffe, and is principal^ converted itlti6
hrandy ; it also afiqj^ds sooie silk, »nd calavaiioe^p
which are imported to Cadiz, s^gar of a^ excdUkaiik
quality, honey, wax, wool, cottot^ and ^ great tleA
of salt. Its population is estigiated at 40,0Q(ki ^

In 1776f the military force o;i this island Was
1,6m persons^ distribute^ i^ eleven fyfts and
redoubts. *•'

Psdf^as, tbe chief^lace of t^ia islaad, ii aMwiMii
pjk the Borth-east side } its road i$ shelteOHit'flMiJU
the northeast by the north-east point of ^«fdfiA4^
which n^is out in a peqtnsula): fomif ^tdd^bas
several d^sfurt rocks off it.

Ferbo, Feju or Hi&RRO, the S«W. ^HimCMth
]iQ9y if nx leagues long, and three leageni iMsid %
1^ c^msts 2ff^ formedi of high cHSk and $tto.tllleibi&i»
is^M sH*^ vc^Qic ; it has no running «to!0iim, tndittet
f^w fj^ii^gSk B)09t of ^hich also fail in.iaMllti(ttl^^^II«
BTocIm^ i^ conf^bed to a ;nMsU quaii%r oP^taStii %
consickpT^Ufi.^^ntitjr of Dndkd^

i27bi«fa(4n^ ;9Ri((^ inti> braady; Tha litM^Wi^e
dflsr,^ /«dr)Qgged partridg^efei, imt^f tx^^^Hii^

The chief exertions of the inhabi
iimoi«n& ^a^MMtt 4000, (fate tinted €E»iMi^'^tt
rearing of cattle, g^jamamay oDP^ihliaiftifr'Ufcw

1 1 •

ISLANDS. IK TS9s AXI'AVXilll .QPEAN. 43$

iliw4i wbepee it bw.rejoeiv«^ tli« niuat of Black
Ifilwd from the people of the others.
. .Louis XIILi in order to creatoji regular uni-
tomkitj. in the French <;harts» cUrect^d that the
^jc9t n^eridian should be drawn through this islaucli
and seifeisd nations of Bluropo adopted it, com-
jputing it from Vaiverde^ the d4ei {Hac^ o^i^ljr in
iftarqratret which ia 17^ 45^ W. of L(^4on* M
Qo^fo, or the Gulf; om the eaMt aide^ is the prini
a^ village.

; GoMSBA is five leagues dlsti^nt from tbp SLW,>

^ coast of Teneri^ } it ta six leagues long, and. its

medium breadth three leagues ; it is mountainous^

hut with fine valHestt well w»»ded» %nd producing

dwyit calamnces^ and wine» \mt not sufficient for ita

c(NNinmpt^n« Ita population 7sQQP*

^ Balnas, the cjiief plMe, 19 on the east sidf^

fllturiledoB abajTy sheltered from t^e N*&1^ agro-

jfKfting point, and into which fall several rivn^ts.

Pai«a» the N. W. of the Caoariesi is ^i^t leagues

..1^>P8» ^^ ^v iMgues hfoad, is very mountainous

.si$d^woadffthe interior having many extensive

wloandes. It ia mAy cultivated near tlie coast, a^d

ytodjiaes the best wine of th? islands, a great

^pufiitity of aingionda^ some 9igar and silk, §nd

, C^n to sg:ve its inhabitants half the year. It has

,4»Q.si41d animals. XkxpviMm^OOO.

This island is said to he more fiut>ject to wester-
.Jlg^mij^md ;iiiinajth«|l Vty of ^ others. Santa
^Sfr^ tt^^ ^faief. phice^ i« near.thjei piddle of the

.. |. 2p4 Eamel

L_..

Ave to two leagues \mm^ ionm^ *m9 lWWnW?W

f It;hafc.m>rwidi»tSsi jmd but ^r«|^i bu^A^
^iradteuii 0iQtei.<x)i7i dhfl^n jtieciew^ for 4lSi,$MH

sumfifcibn^iiiiiktif c)dtftoB,iiiMi^ mm^^^m^immi

Tbe^cbibffkimiftit ^dT the IflbvUtimt^ is^ co^pQ^
and bumti^ the aoda, vrhieh eoireM 4t$ besi^hq^r
Population SO,OQO«

Laer^Gttra^ named after its .diacoxr^^r* - is. ^V^-
leagues li*^ and four leagues broad; Tbe tmn^
MFhich ibnnerij^' oeYei^ the eumtnits xif thakiQl^.
havibg been entktfy cut down, haa abMaiffftmiyi*
derived the ialand of water, tb<re baii^^.hiiMmr
niniiing ^dng on tt^ whidi is on tbe north apde^

^ Hie iKN^h coast presenlis very .bigb aad atecp-
c1ftffi(i^ bordeitng tke sea. .,..'.• ^^

Tbe V€f|€ftable iMK)diidioiis of ike. islaqd^. libtta .
t)i0 seasons are favourable aa fio raiq, ai^ more tltif^
sufficient for its consumption, and it also produQia.
some wine, which is mostly ooofwted ivU^k/mcil^'
for tbe American market. Ilie popideliQn l^Him,
islattdi and the smalt island neair it, Jagftbt^lUftljrt^.

On the &£. side of the>'isUAd H» jCHra^gMd
pi)tl& witiwi reefs^called Poerto^de MMa^aq^ Pw^ftM
Cavallos. Thefcnrmw, wbjchidthe'TiMtbenh.ia.11^^
sheltered from the N.E. and the reefs breaking off
the swell, the water is perfecdy smooth, and h&ct^
vessels in want of refitting usually put in. It has

two

isLAKM^m^ imif AtDftiin» ike am. 44#

t«f^<n«teft«efy btM^etoiirliM^ ^eeiiiiliie^iMMrtb mw Va^
only fourteen feet, at high i«ater» and the aoqfth
9(ti^ciife<ftft few 5 the «feptb>i«ififaiaiaitweiitepL4UMen
«^1^'IMl^irlli*4Ctitet»'lii€«^ ~^i.V'v; ../'*'..
. Puerto Gaimttoe k Me miki:^tDMh^f{!PlMrt4r
Naosi ii;is^nMdoti the.M.S^l90«'8maH>^lA^^
jdttt^ to tli^ tttit b^ n biMlgcr^^OQike'istaMltev
tbe rtdtt^^a ^aillt i «&• tbe^S. W.^ it itibDundcM^ ^
tecV^ i^etmaiagisBAcM tike «bem Initfie^imd^

within the depth is seventeen fecC' * t:'^ - -{^j'
' l^he^ staNlft'betweeii LaAcer^ta^ioid Socteivntura
ia eaUed the Bmi^o' Chdnoc^ iar ifbmjk 4$ itlia
Ute'lifiiltos/ two leagoes loog- efnd half i a- league
failMid^'divMlaiig'the cbannd ittto twopMaifai. Him
toUirewi^LpbOi and- ISevrtuventura js two mflea «^ft
with4««'fiHi|0flW'.Watef aikigo04fio<^i«^ Tha
cbaaiiel ^latirteiL it ,and Lgoeiewia is: fam oiSeia
3iide, with tea &dM>ma. Off tiienarth end.of
hchoB wa lasge ^eef,; on whidb the se* bcaal^t vidf
leMtLy. This i4t|ld haa neitbet trees nm^Mtt

;j.

- ;09MilMA • ill 4lhb'kague-«io0b itiT- J^mctroMi ithe
tiuftuA beMwiftjf^miing tlie«)Mi)»apr. of .EI' Riaij
ha idMththo 4ipth ii rtfc i||>d geygififtdKwac iCJiitt
tJioMk-is five mites Ipng, and we mile .broadU ]■- ■

. tSiMitu Ctan^fAtm^ N;W. (of Gta£ioBm «ad
JOeliadiM^ iKiiMi IMA 1M> £M«h. wster, .are .<tt«ll

. t. .. .- 'I I mi'i II ■

■ t

n

4l# - .' ' «4tMMtt: OlBHUlMri

.a

■ J' •» ■. .•'••■ «^ . » ?..«•
CAPE VERD ISLANDS.

• " ' . , •.,1.'^- » i)-' 1 ^ ..

The Cape ▼»!» frtAtidsi »»i ift>iiit, iMM^ tlM

besides kletsaad rodu. Theit dlMittfiSs'lielted
not lieaRliy,atid the soil fodtyonitarftltojN llKfti
produce conakts of rice, Indfeq ebnv a IMIe slttiK
eotton and indigo^ wMi moH^NIIe trjptoil ft&h
HieireKtMifts are milei, goatddmir 8»l4 wid-iiiiS^
der. The popnMo»4i^090. . ^ . i v. iul il

8r. Aotthokt, ther N.W.of the groopi ta»«JMfaft-
«d hi& 7>409 ftet Ugh, tba«i8 <>ee» thkiy4i4(iB>,
and'geMfaEy ooirered witbsMMr.' 0» Hm^mAIi
tide is a g^oil YMd, wkeM^'f^Mh' waiNfr^UMMMk
BUr^ b^ pMdooed. TheitthlMtAiltiiflfa^nM'tfMMH
a i^wiiimdfed falM.iiegTOe8^ TiMr eWrfiywdMi
'tions ase sone otfttoiii indigei miA dM^|tiB'ii4ffMM>

-9l. VAraSMT, ive Utagiteft sMrillHBittt i|tfMit.iAA-
thotiy, is uninhabited, but kh» v«e^ ik'mmt^iA.
"Mild g«atR, with a good road dMi)* 'Bort*Grtpi»»
on the north, and anchorage all round itt ' 'Viftv;
' 8*. lAietA, time leagues ftortt^St* 'VlhoM>*p^iianr«
ing* three o^ <bikt> ihidlcy inlM»%lllt#M*'
MisiltT^IEbm ii^ae» k)^ asotttitfll^Mis^
babitedv On the' snuftb-eitBt i» ft g«Mf «)Mid«iiMrfa
^iM simU'kAands cdlwl'lteintfindlWftiiiiiMBii
8t NioBOLAs, ftM iMigwis •birilh-eAMnidf tft.

Jpuda, is the most agfee^d «fliiegitity<>iil*rM
the residence of the bishop. On tbe south Ultoire
several anchorages. '" ■ •.•'•'*^h

t

iM8Mich<n«fe i^^sevon fiilhofw clofte to ihedhcqw^
ia dioiui gnottod^ hut onk, Uiune or ten i^ittHnM i

$«^;M^ )irvij^in(t«clo the boats .«^4IM9(lr

h fynoB iA'two 4tigh h^ m^HfmfV'kvrfm w4 i#

.diacRfQ* though its bott<Kn »jnMlk]l4 htiiweifciA
«ll»ii»klli«lBeA B»4 1«h«t). OR\thib^MilMMftJ|ce
<ftii»«tli«v biQ».wt)^ iiidiiifeiHiaiui»i;iigfii:ipi^.f^

BttmniffA ■skflh* ill: ••dvBBil hfoh .MMuatiiiift
which the Bast India ship Hartwell was wxndOlfU

Jj^ii^ilia^ tPalfafcBQaft'Weit, hffi'^gMdk in-

fkMHfft i^Mli^ mthe itod, ISSh ymtM bot/t feheljIjMkh.
^Vitlvovift. . £M«iigtf«i»:ilaiil* <to.thi).iMiH^.hi»

'' M« jr. . ■ . ■ I

• Bftiorii, fiauff iaagtiet in ciocuil* tft,bt9h> hqi-oiBVi
dbjM meet, firiiil|fui <if the group. It afibrds aeU*

petr^

1

444 * vifs^imftrajba^tLijmr^^

fktxtf imii;aMoa(b in ineta})tc ^cf^- puticalitf iy
qoppfir. It bas nuK^r vitnolj^ 4^J00|f •: PjMrto
I'uTBO, on iha eaat^ is a^goodJiubQtfv^ntllit'iW'!*
tow eirtiamee tbftt ioU^ tbipi' tof wifiMWlb * ' .Pkif
•rto^EVviim on. t^ 9oiidir«d duetto A^ Pkig^;
en tJiei93$8tyamal80:g«odhai^ . Walir «|4 n^;
firfdif^e^ we {noMrodi heit !iiQ^ tfoiie ftrfltty
thtMi 'At 8t» Jagpt . . '• - -. ■ o Mt!

£^«D» M St PbihTi fifteai t^i«B long* staMd
firoBS ito r6UjBimH wltiiA canCiiiiidly im(H>kes> 'toid'

It has wrumiing water, and but a feiTHtt^aiMf
and ii6|^ iohabitafltc^ ulio faiie>teg0tabltPi* dbd

#aar|»oats add cattle. ' <^.l . .. .; , ^^^^ 'j

' St. Jaoo^ or YAobf the 'pribc}fal.<rf'»|ii6/Gi{Mfi
Verd idattds^ both in aim aad p6pid4ioiH49 ibM^
miles long aodtwM^lsimid^ It ism>niiiKMffltia»l
^ncl geneittUy biumii) bbti^mtiiikrtileipiolfe iMttdi
il^rdl6kici» ajbiittdanee^of^y^gafeabkis^iad fttiita. : • -n

doea SOI iiour eootaia ixiojre thaa hfii 0 dmmi.
iaintlMi^ »-" .•^<

- Prnt^Pfiirya, atarlbeiiuddla^tbaaa^
is (me of the best- roads aqbqg tha gJWp^ibtitg*
iNH^ctlf sa£^ accept ftom tb^ videilo of Au^^
the b^ifinii^ of Noiwnkberr whMi softbeHf t winJUr
^metimas blow with gveat nolefica* » T^ bagr ii^
4hout one mile anda^hrif wid«>betweeA itbe^mnfali
aftid the same depths with fhem fourteeit to>
fathoms. Qn its west side is a smaU island
Quails,. Green or fVendi Idand, and off «lhe nMst
poifit of the bay, ro^md Tubevon point, is a lec^

of

ISLANDS IN ¥tHr ATLANtti^ dCEAN. 44^

oin>i^Kc*ft'nia«fti^otitotie.^^ '^8

biSt^J at tfte li«ia offfie bay, is i Bteop sni^ 6n
lAfith *ei* a generally A)me swf^Uut ncAWgW^t
tt to r«Mdea%ti<!hig diftcmk. ' 'W&t^^^ jprcicukdf
j&WA^iMtt-ifi the vtOley tk/ffidh'Jbtms tfa^tte^of
the bay, tmt is both bad ittifllii'smdl^ qikttity. ''''
Ibe fort k B<t9t on a (^ ^^%b^%^aW^e[
bay, and mounts only a few iron giiwi\ Wftfa a'ifii-'
senMe g^smf of half-ive^ stoldTers:^ t^ifidtvay
BetweenBe. Jiigo anld Bbnavis^'&^'^ie^'LetMi k^f
oSconAvk which €he La9y BUii^es»fibst Ii^an^an
1M* irreclked in 1807 J' great ibuhdahlie <Jf fiflfe are
Ibund-nearit' * ' *- i -.»..i n,-.- n v •

Mato is high, uneven, and hnmrt(irfky;^'tv?^cnly-*
mm- ik^iei in-drcait. It %as but a slngte spring lof
wate# Wear its center, which forriis a smatt stJrearfj.'
Il» iiMbftants are said to be 7^000 ftk three
towns. • i • ' V - .

The ndMb coast of this island fs Very rocky,' ari3
kilinefd'by a bank fhree miles distant frotn the
aiiMe that ^ neariy dries at lowwalef. -The only
good anchorage is in a bay on the south-west,
oeUgd fiftgfish Koad, on the shore of which is a
hBf^^tiaJSUtii lalt*pan, fivrmed by the saiidy beatih,'
Wtttih is'higher ttnii tihte ground belrifid' it. In high
spUM^ tbbsv ^1^ Water rising above the beath, I^Hsr
tte^j^, aiKl.th^ sonfbrms the salt withotit either
iMMPH^p^tpenst. 'The salt is coil\'^d•to'^ffie'
k•ll•W oil asses.^^ - ■ '"•
li3Ufc»h "i.* i;^:.. '. -' ' ■ •• ' • ' ' - '■ "*

..1#3aV/ ',';} 't< /•■-•- /• '*' ■* ■■■■ / ' '..>,.*./

Li'

f^-

»— N

44/^ MAWma 6CD6RAFIIT«

St Ro^He» (BrasU,) it tm tniles long iuid three
hro^d. It riaes to a high fockj. pytamidical
fetki kiming tb the &st. Die idtbre is troif&j
roeky, ttbd the surf so. high lint it at'times pre*
veats iMidiftg, The best anchorage is on rAe nbrA
flidet mar which is a little iriand aflbrding wo6dL
It is defttfient ia watef^ ii4iich dmbst entirdy fi^
diiriag tlie dry season ; and vhde years jtass ^rSife
out a shower of rain. This drought . b trnfitVour^t
aUe to cultivation, ' though the sAil* is in other
respects pn^r for it. It is much frequeiiled by
turtle between December and ApriL

This island was discovered by Americus Ye^
pacius in 1502, but was neglected until 153S,. wlien
tbe fVenefay finditig it unocciipied, d^monsfriated
aff intendon of fbrming a setCleobent on it ; to fte^
V€M whteh tbe Portuguese sent hiiSier 6otn6 UuiUfll
from FemambucOy and built forts, and it has fSxkni
been ^ place of banishment for their ciifnifiab^
Besides the garrison, wh^ch is relieved every lak
xBoMhSi the only inhabitants are a few AiitB|;fett4
mustees atld slaves^ Tlie refreshments tile idaiHi'
sSMSf are bullocks, irfieep, poultry, and thxMi:
Be^tttt this island aiid the continent is a ^HA^^
gennis reef a little above water, on whMh tife
East "India ship Britannia, and Geoige IrMSpe^rf; ; '
were wrecked m 190&, latitiVle 9^ le! S., M^«'
tade-99^ 31' W. On the south-west or lee

I8LAKBS W T9B 'ATUOCnC. OCEAN. .^M7

is ^ saody beari^^ probabfy affi>f ding landiDg im
boats., llie cumnt mnB b^re two mites and a
half an hour to the west, and the tide rises six
f«et.

AscENSian was first neefi by Jaea Gallega M
1501^ and named Our Lady of Corc^^ob, but
reeeived its present name two years aftdr froHi M^
buquerqae, who touched at it in h» liray to liidkik
It is diree leagues long north and soirth, end two
leagues broad, finrmiHgin several peaked hilis^
and is a mere mass of volcanic matter, with tht
exception of a hill neaily in its middle, wMtfh is
composed of lunestone untouched by thie voieatw
&e. It is named by Che EngUsh Green Mountalii»
from ibe little verdure that clofhea it, and which is
chiefly wild pursiain, aSmort tihe only vegetable
found on tiie isUnd. The only soil is decomposed
lava and pumice-stone resembling bridi:dust^ The
iriand has no spring of water; for tbough th0
summit of tiie Or^en Mountain^ which is 2,400 feet
hi^y is oftto em^loped in clouds^ they seaictily
ever. condense into rain. The wild goats form^t^
found on the island (originally left by the Poftu*
guese) have become scarce and are vefy lefllL
Rats and m>ice however abound. Turtle comd
cfh shore to d^osit. their eggs in grieait iMiA%0m»*
m P^ruaijr, Mkith and Apiil^ wd BlSMi Hm^
only JnduiftttMHft t<> ships te tcmch act tills i4miL
The znchoikt^ isi^goo<^ ih^ smodCh/Sitndy bayyo*
• :^-i t • ' •: ^ ' ' . ,«bl*

^

/

<.

'44S MABXTIMB' OBOGRtfHy;

fewest side of ihe island ( tboiigfa tifesiiff is keiie
4it times sogreat as to prereat boots kusding.

St« Helena was discovered by Jaoa Nova Gal-
ley otl the festivat of St.^ Helena in 150U but
was neglected until 1651, wben the En^iak le*
quiring an. intermediate. pl^ce of renders voiis for
Itlieir India fleets, took possession of it, and re*
limned it nntil I67S, when the Dutch took it bj
surprise^ bat the English recovered it the following

It id i»wenty-seven miles in circumference^ coo*.
tAinis^ .30,800 acres. It is entirely composed ef
steep rocky precipices and high mountains, co*
irered with volcamc rubbish, biit endosing beau-
tifully romantic vallies. The highest elevation is*
the Peak of IHana, 2,692 feet above the sea.

JEts climate is dry and extremely healthy,
fr^e fbom any sudden changes of the
or of temperature, and continually refreshed byo
the trade wind. Thunder and lightning ape verjr?'
uncommon*

The windward side of the island has. boi peiH?
siftile;layiding, a violent surf constantly bxttakingDit^
it« \ On the lee, or S.K side, are smne^amaU b^^
^iflbriU^g. anchorage* The priadial. of uhessi.^
ImS. bei^re James's Valley, on^ nrfaidb..3s jMrnms
Tm^': th9 "Only collectioii .of hooaea .ma tfaap
tdand, and, of. which the reader; m$y&>tm ^mi^-i
itfih by conceiving an oval -hay,.sai:|mBded' hf

• aiakerf

4i»r< .1IJ1'

r

IS* l»i* dwpM'^vi^ be|wf^n.4h/ese^preq-
% are seen a few white and yellow washed
es, and a chusch resembling those of our
lish villages. Some cocoa-nut and other
interaiixed with the houses^ affonl a scanty
jre, which sii^^ulaiiy coHtcastsiiWitfi the ifed
lark grey rocks of the sutnmndiiig»h<Mghta».'
3sh piovjisions are. at all times atfarqei.sA^
)niely dear at this islfiiid : a turkey itiaiUally* is
for two guineas; a goose,, one; guiiida.;: ^
k, eight shillings ; afowU fiv^e to two pfailiti^
i sixpence ; hogs alive, one shilling the poiifkE^}
potatoes, eight shillings t!be bushel) cabbagj^s,
one skillp^^ • and sixpence ; limeS) one . penny-
each. As the isbind cannot maiotain a eufflcieDcyiOf
homed iuittle» a v^sssel is stationed here iox thei
purpose: of fetching them from the coast. of
Airica^^ufe even the supplies thus ofartaineiliariP f o-
inadequate to the demand, that the homeward-
bouttd JiaetfrAisuaUy exhaust the whole live stocks
of fixaiisland ; and thie garrison is ooly served with:-
fresk beef ^foa. the aaniversary of hja M^esty!ftr
birth, and on Christmas day. Their usual food* lie<^.
8tda%tlRir.^ratixiiis.of. salt provisioas^ is confined
torc^ilh^Aaadi idthfliagh . thei^ are sevraty apeciei^'
tflt^ MDodr^the isia^d, and all abondant^ - yet
thq^. Arav> einfUtenf ly . dear. Tlie booetta amLv
alfaiaiKhf 'and:>ar.Jiiad> of honfe mackerelt ax^.thi^;.
xseat eamamii n 'Bbe silbioom .has i«c«ivied :th#A
name nfioStyHeleiwhcef. :
AllbtlMi^qgelabkrof the English kitchen' gaM^
^fmnL. IV. S o dea

4W MARFTIMC OfiOOilAFHr.

den are produced here, together with some ef
the fruits both of Europe and the Tropics, but
all in too ^tmatl quantitj to supply the ^rnand.

The wild animals on the idand are goats and
rabbits ; and amongst the feathered tribe are the
red-legged partridge and common pheasant.

The population of the island in 1805^ v» 5M
white inhabitants ; SS9 free Macks ; 1,S31 slav^
exclusive of the military and civil estabfishments,
the former consisting of one regiment of infantry,
five companies of militia and a corps of artillery.

The East India Company are lords proprietors
of the soil, with powers of sovereignty and le-
gislation. The supreme executive power is vested
in the governor, and a council composed c£ tile
lieutenant-governor and the senior civil ser-
vants.

During war this rock is of the greatest im-
portance to England, affording a secure asylum
to the homeward-bound India fleets, wfaer^ they
wait the arrival of a convoy for England! As a
landing can only be eflfected on the lee side ^of
the island, every accessible spot on that sicfe is
protected by fortifications, and the strictest mi-
Htary discipline is enforced throughout the islaA'd.
The annual expenses of the island to the company
amount to from forty to ^50,000. iThe cfnfy re-
venue is in the quit rent and rents of land leased,
which amount to rfl,000 a year, and the profit
on the monopoly of arrack, which commonly pre*
duces jClO,000. The Company have here a store

hbuse,

-\

Islands iA fris irikvirib ofcEAN* ist

• • • _

Bouse, in which the inhabftants can |)r(icure all the
merchandize of England, Indisl, and China, ne*
cessary to them, at an advance of only tfeh per
cent, on the prime cost.

About 7,000 Jtcrfes of land are productive, aitdf
laid out in orchards and gsirdens, ihe innumerable
rats rendering it impossible to raisie g/aiii. ISTi^?
fruits are oranges, limes, figs, gfapes, guavas,
banansi^, peaches, pomegranates, citrbh^, watet
and musk melbns. There is but one appl^
orchard, Which aiKi^ds the proprifetor a: revfeiiire of
^500 a year. In the govemmeht gardfens are
a few cocoa palms, and pine apple plant^ : goose^
berries and currant bushes turn to evergreens,
and bear no fruit. The artlm esculenturn is cul-
tivated for the food of the slaves. The scarcity
of water is the principal impediment to the ex-
tension of a^griculture, but this might pl-oliably
be remedied by the planting timber tfees on the
. hilb, the summits of which, with the exception
of the Peak of Diana, are entirely naked, and
consequently do not condense the cl6tids, while
l)iatfa*s Peak is seldom a day in the winter seasdri
without several showers. 'I'he indlgertous trees
are generafly stunted, and the woorf light and
spongy: the tallow tree fe the most common.
The oak of Earop6 has been introduced with
success, and it is probable the teak of India would
also succeed. Fuize, the seeds of which were
brought by the English, is tolerably abundant, and
supplies the only fueL

«o 3 TRiNlfl'Aii'

452 UAWmUK GEOORAPHTr

TRimDAD Island is six miles in circuity high
and irregular^ generally barren, but with some
trees towards the south end. On the west side is
an immense perforated rock, and another of a
cylindrical form 850 feet high, called the Nine*
pin, or Monument. On the. S.E. side is a sugar-
loaf hill, 1,160 feet high, with trees on its sum**
mit, and on which, in heavy rains, a beautiful
cascade is formed. There are also .good runs of
water on the E. and S.W. sides falling over the
rocks, but difficult to be got ofl^ from the great
and coxustant surf. The idand has wild hogs* It
was formerly occupied by the Portuguese, but
again abandoned. 28^ 32' S. 29° 9^ W.

The Martin Vas Rocks are three high» barren,
and inaccessible islets, three miles in extent, and
eight leagues and a half from Trinidad.

The charts lay down several islands, rocks, and
shoals in the Adantic, which either have no ex-
istence, or at least, not near the situations ascribed.
Such are, -Rocks twenty-eight leagues N.W. by W*
of Porto Santo. The Porgas bank, between Cape
Verd islands and the main. The Bonetta shoal in
tiie same channel uncertain.

Ascension of the Portuguese, placed 100 leagues
west of Trinidadf is probably this latter ; an er«
ror of this distance in longitude, caused by the.
westerly current, being nothing improbable to the .
first Portuguese navigator who supposed he had
discovered this i^nd in 1501r*

* So late u 1776, it was not uncoms&on for ships l»euncl to India to Balser
the com of Brasil, when hf Ibeif reehoniog they wrre ten decrees •(
^i^gitttde east oi it.

ISLANDS IM THB ATLANTIC OCEAN. 4iS3^

&. Mathew, in latitude «^ S. and 9|^ W. has
probably no existence, though it is minutely de-
scribed by the Portuguese discoverer.

Saxembargh Island, with its remarkable peak,
though pretended to have been recently seen,
does not exist in the position assigned it, and pro-
bably navigators have be«n deceived by a fog
l^nk.

ISLANDS IN THE GREAT SOUTHERN OCEAN.

The three isles of Tiistran d' Acunha have their
nanie from the PbrtugUese Captain who first
dfacovared them. In 1767 a French navigator
gave the two smallest the names of Nightingale-
and Inaccessible.

Tbe largest island is nearly square, being about
mA miles each way. The whole ndrth coast is
fe^tted o^ rocky perpendicular predpioes 1«000
feet high, except in one spot, where is a aani^
beiich, with a Uctle verdant valley behind iU A
cascade falls on this beach over a rocky preci*
pice^ from which casks may be filled in a bo^.

Erom the strnmit of the precipices that form

thkcoait, a table land stretches to the middle of

»

the island, from which rises a conical peak, which
retauls 4hei .snow during winter, and may be seen
twenty-five leagues, its height being ^timated at
tight to 10,000 feet.

jT^S . On

454 ^Rff UIS qjEOOEAPH J.

Qn the ^ffp side the Und 4eacen4s vme ^^
4)ia}lY to the sea.

The inferior hill; and yallies are doathi^ vitfa
underwood, and on the sides of the superior bills
grpw mjddligg sized trees. I'he other vegetables
31^ vpid celery, purslain, cre^ses^ &c. : ^nd there
af^ sofpe ifil^ bogs arnd goats qv\ the island, 'flie
shores are frequented by seals of different specie^
^nd by penguins, albatrosses, and other oceanic
birds: and the sea around is covered with rock
weed. The tides are regular and rise eight to

vessel has latterly taken formal possession of this

Inaop^U^ I^an4 is fine n^les in drcwa*
fereiipe ; off its sputh point i<i a cl«t«(;^e4 rwk. It
ia a^fficieaffy high ixk be steeti tw«live to foivrteot
leagues.

l%htingalQ l^mA ilof ^a irrc^lar for«^ se*
vea at jeigbt mile^L.ia dtcmq^r^nce, with vme

rock^! iakis off itt toutb i^vsA^ IX v^9^ ^ wen
eijghtleagueSf

.Gough!& Isbuiid^ or Diegoi AlvaJ6$z« i9.9mal( («ot
so large As St.. Helena^) v^ bjgh i^d broken, %
few shrubs ace the only. Vi^etp^tiQ^i but it i^fus ^
veral runs of £fesh F^r» and landing: in, % Uktle
bay^ It baa been latterly much viaijted by Aqn^
rican vessek for seak, tb$fi^ animate beii^gfouiml
on it in vast numbers^ XfatjAude 4fi^ Id' & kwigi*

Bouvet's Island, the famous C<V>e> CironnjcttiJQa
nought for in vain by Capliain Cook, was redis*

po\ered

ISLANDS IN THS OBfJLT dCH/TasSH OCEAN. 46S

c^verd4 U2 1808 by Cajptain Lindsay, in An English
trading brjg» It is about five miles long east and
west* The west pointy or Cape Circumcision, i$
yery higjjL and steep, and covered with snow. The
f^st point is low. It was surrounded by floating
ice in October. latitude 64t'^ 15^ S. ; lot^tudd
6^ 14' E.

Fbutcji^ I^DWA&ns's Islands, discovered in 177d
l>y Monsiew Marion du Fresne, and named hf
Captain Cook i£tex hi^ M^esty's £wrth soq^
are pm} in number, ^ve leagAsies asunder |
tiie southernmost and largiest, is fi{leen leagues
m circuRiference, and the northernmost ninci
lei^es : towards the S»£. ihey are rathff low»
but evety where else faiUy, ai;^ e;icesswely baiv
fen# In the month of December;r^ the .midctte of
w«imftr» the sup^mitaof the hills were covered with
8now« There was no appearance of tree or shridbt
]wt the low land seemed to be covered with moa^
or. such grass as at Falkland's Islands ; nor did
tt^y appear to aiFord any sheltered anchorage^p
On the north side of each island is a detached
rock. South Island, 46^52' S,, 37?. 47' E.

^ARiiON, or DKsmiT I$L£s, are fpw in number,
discovered by Monsieur Marion in 1772- The
two easternrpost^are three degirees ea^t.ol the north-
western, 48^ 5' S., 58^ E.

Kii:#^t7£ii£;N's J/Avj^i discovered by l^erguele^i a
French navigator, in .177% but .ntore accuratdy
examined by Cook m 1776. Tbod island, or. perhaps
jproup of isUnf)9«i for it does aot appear, te^ be yt^

2 G 4 ascertained

4^ M-imrnvs ^soMiAPmr. -

i^ned wb^tber sei^eral deep bays are ndi4lie |M«
trances of chaaxielsi - lies between the latitude
48^ 40 'and 50^ & and between 68"" fOK and 70^
90^ :E. The name of the Island of Des<^tioD whiclr
G^tain Cook said it merited, is descriptive of
itdf st^riJity. It is hilly and rocky, generally pre<&
senting: steep cliffi^ >^'itb deep chasms towards the
sea, The rocks and bases of the hills are of a
deep blue very hard stone, mixed with quarts
und the only soil, even on the bills, is a mere bog^
^o that perhaps no place of the same extent hitiieiw
to discovered in either hemisphere affords so
scanty a harvest to the naturalist The whole
•umber of vegetables found on it amounts only
to sixteen varieties, including mosses; the prinw
atpal are, a small plant resembling saxifrage^
another like a small cabbage ma to seed, two
kmds of creases, and a coarse graas, which
cattle will eat There were no land animals^ seen
on it, but the beaches were coveared with smis,
particularly of the ursine species* The birds W€M^
4dso- entirely austral oceanic. Fish do not appear
abundant ; and the only shell-fish observed were
£mpits and muscles. There axe several good bays
fad roads round the island, latterly fviaited bjr
^li^g vessels. The tides are regular, aitti the^ rise
ciynsiderable.

* West and north-west of Kerguelen' s Land am
ybn^e scattered rocky islets*
.;i§^ralisland&and sboals are majtked inifae charta

t, '

ISLANDS m nNHs &ktA^ soefm^cs ocean. 4st

Hope^' ^hicb eertaitily have tt(y existence/ and
olbers wfakh are very doubtful : gach are the Tele*
maque Shoa!, 88^ ^O' ; 2S^ 02" E. 'uncertain }
llie Slot Van Gaulle Shoal prdbsibly exists^ but
Iks situation is unceitftin^ beti/c^en 36f ^ and 40^
S. ; solinditigB have been gdt in S?"" 20 ; S6^
54^ E. which is probably on a part of this bank«

The pretended Isles of Denia and Marseeven
have most probably no existmce, and nin%atora
who sopposed they had seen t^em were possibly^
deceived by ice islands, which ar6 vety common
inthiahititude(41^). »

The islands of St. PAtJii and Amstebbav-
lay in the track of ships b(^nd to India anil
China. They are seventeett leagues north and
south of each other. The northernmost, nam^
OTiginsilly St. Peter, is the Amsterdam of tha
Dutch, but the* English charts have generally
given that n^e to the southernmost. . l

The southern island is eight or ten miles long
and five<broad, moderately hi^^ and generally
coveired with a fertile soil calculated to pcodoce
tiie fruits and* vegetables of Europe. Tlie only
indigenous' vegetable^ are, however, grasses 'and
moss, without bush, or fruit-bearing plant of any
kind. On the ^ast side is a curious baan sfv
parently the crater of an ancient volcano, two or
three mifes in circint, defended frotn the sea by
n narrow low causeway 1,000 feet long, tni;rt)ich
0 a shaUow break 900 feet wide; forming a ckfto-
iid iMo thd basin, IfiitMigh which the tides run
in loid out three miles an hour with a rise and

faU

4SB MAsrraiE oemra^?.

fldl of nine feet ^ in the middle of the basin the
depth is twenty-nine fathoms. On the causeway
are several hot springs^ in which the thermometer
dsefi to ^04^ ; and oi whidi the wat^r if brackish
and chslyb^te. From each eqd ^ the causeway
the edges of the hma all round rise perpendicular-
ly to the height of 7P0 feet.

The island has several other old craters, and at
night flashes of fla»e aipe obBerved to burst from
the erevicn in th^ higher grounds,
> Fish is ^ctfemely abundant, particularly in the
basin ; the chief kinds are rock cod^ large perch
and bream ; cray fish ana also plenty. This island
is chiefly viaited fef the seals which oover the
ahores. Besides the* usual austral. pceanic birds a$
albatmsaes^ pen^Qs^ pistre], &f^ a sqaall duck ia
found here^ The only good anchwage is opposite
^ebnsin. Latitude 38° 4^ S^ 77"" «3' £•

The northern island is twelve miles in circuit,
Und^very high» witib a volcanic appearance and is
ifjaid to have abundance o£ iresb water, but no
anchorage.

New. or South Gsorgia Island was discovered
bf^'Ijk BxN^e in 167^, hut its ^tent was not as^
tertinned until 1776^ when Coo}( visited it It
lipesenta nothiog >ut mountains raising their
teada to the cloudy and surmounted by glaciers^
yfAi^ the Tallies are. covered with peq)etual «iow.
/The only vegetation ia a strong hladed grass in
•tulifl^ and some other- raiall phu)ts« The dung of
ainraBimaU supposed |a be a fox, was the only in-
>dicatiDn -of t^ . Qxifit^nce of quadf npef}^ and the

only

ISLANDS IN THE OtSAT flOOTSEBK OCEAN. 4^9

only land bird seen was the lark. The atmosphere ia
enveloped in constant mist» which together with
the numerous detached islets and rocks, renders
the navigation very perilous. Sandwich Bay, near
the middle of theland, iain 54S 4^ S., 9&'=' \9! W.
Sandwich Land, or the Southern Thule, is
if possible more dreary and desolate than even
Georgia, bdag a mass of bbck rocks covered with
ice and snow, ani whi(!lh prdbably will never bo
jeivisited by humav beiogs. It extends betwem
tiie latitude 57"" 10' and 5fi§? S., and betweea th«
Wngitudes S6f "^ and 27? ^ W.

# »

* ■

<••

• I

I (

I '

i

C 4«0 )

BRITISH ; ISLANDS.

Thi: Island (^ Greftt Britain is cilculated (fol-
l<iwu9g itf( indentationa) to have 800 leagues q£
^fm)^ apd.preaeats a very irregular out]ine»'fixya
}^ numerpus gulfs^ bays, and estuaries. As a ge-
neral feature it mqy be obscrvj^d, that the yr^t/exa
coasts are elevated, rising in some places to al-
pine hdghtSi and warning the navigator of his
approach at many leagues distance, while the face
of the land declines to the east and from the
North Foreland to Duncan's Bay Head presents a
comparatively level and low line, visible but at
the distance of a few leagues or even miles. Hie
south coast is also generally little elevated*

The idea that Great Britain was anciently joined
to the continent has been adopted by many
writers, and is principally founded on the simila-
rity of the strata that compose the clifis of Dover
and Calais, which are alike composed of chalk
and flints, and their length on both copBts the
saodi^* that is six miles. A narrow ridge of sand
and stones, ten miles long, called thp Jiip^raps^
extends between Folkstone and jpoulcgne, at the
diltiMdcq of ten miles firom the former^ ov^ whic^
there J4 but; £>mtem feet waiter at low qpi;iqg

s ««.

BRITI8B ISLAims. 461

tides ; and another bank, called the Varne, with
the same depth, lies about six miles from Dover.

The English channel, La Manche of the
French, Oceanus Britannicus^ is 276 miles ia
length from the Strait of Dover to the Land's
End, and its breadth between this latter point
and Ushant, called by seamen the Chops of the
Channel, is 100 miles** In general this gulf, or
internal sea, is without shoals or dangers except
near the shores. The depth in mid channel, ftottt
llie. Land's End to Dungeness, is ftom fifty^six to
eighteen fathoms.

The Strait of Dover (Pas de Calais <rf the
French) is where narrowest, between Dover and
Cape Griznes, eighteen miles and a half, and the
distance between Dover and Calais piers twenty*
three miles. The depth in the' middle of the Strait
is twenty-four to eighteen fathoms.

The tides on the coasts of the British Islands
are entirely conformable to the theory of siderial
attraction, though in some instances they oome
from directions that would seem to contradict this
theory.

The main or grand tide of flood coming from
the south, when it strikes against the Land's
End, is broken by this {H*omontory, and follows
the directibn of either coast ; that branch which'
runs up the English CSiannel increases it» velocity
on the coast of Englsmd as it proceeds, being in
qiring tides between the Land's End and Lizard
two miles aft hour ; from the Liiard to the Sddy^
stone two and a half ; from the Eddystone to the

Owers

4^ MAftlTIiflJfi GEOORAfHY.

Owers Sand three and three and a half ; from
the Ower's to Beachy Head four; and from
Beachy to Derigeness four and a half: the great-
er rise is thirty feet in common springs. On the
coasts of France the velocity and rise are much
greater, and the stream continues oh these coasts
through the Strait of Dover, s^nd along the coait
<rf Flanders, Holland, &c. quite to the entrance
of the Baltic. Oil the English shore, on the cofi-
tmry, the tide from the Ocean up Channel is met
by an opposite tide from the British at Noith Sea
at Dengeness.

S.W. winds considerably raise the Ifevel of the
English Channel and increase the telocity and du-
ration of the stream of flood. At the Laild^s End
this cause produces an effect of ten feet ifi the
rise and one hour iiif the duration, the current
caused by the wind overcoming the first of the
ebb.

The second branch of the ocean tide broken by
the Land*s End ascends the Irish Channel, filling
the Bristol Channel in its progress, where the*
confinement of the shores causes an accumtda-
tion* that gives a rise of forty-two ffeet in King
Road;, and produces a bore in the rivers. Hir-
ing fflled the Bristol Channel, the Aood coiitinue^
its course along the coast of England to Walney
Island, where it meets the stream that cotnist
round thte north coast of Ireland, and this o^bsi-
tion; while it neutralizes the current, causes an at-
etlmulation ita the Bay of Mbricambe, that rises the
spring} tides to six fathoms.

The

lliegraiid stream of the flood coming fronn
the south towards the British Isles is dirided by
the south-west end of Ireland at the Skellig Rocks^
in a sinnlsur manner to thai of the Land's Endi
one branch setting into the Irish Cbannd along
the south amd east coasts of Irehaid, while the
other, flowing ah>og the west coaet, and arrived
at its north extremity, turns in through the north
channel, where at the extremity of tiie Mull ct
Kintyre it flows six miles an hour. C<Hitin«ifig
its course to the south it meets the souther n flooA
already noticed at Feel on the west side of ther
Isle of Man ; here another division takes plftce,
one iM^nch running to the north-east round the
north end of the island, and the other to the S. W.
rounding the Calf of Man, and tiien turning to
the N.Ik, till a &w miles from Maughold's Head
it joins the first branch, and they flow together
into the Solwdy Frith.

The main branch of the tide that sets along tbcr
west coast of Ireland contimies its direction to the
north towards the south end of Iky Island, whMe
S.£. point divides it, one branch setting thtcMigh
the Sound of liay between thait i^aiid Md Jtf^
TBf and the other following the coasts* Af thc^
island to the west, rounds the Mull of Kinho^ fh«
S. W. point of the island, and then turns to- the
N.£. through the Gulf of Corryvrecken between
Jura and Scarba% In this strait it fotms a whki«
pool little infierior to the Maeistrem^ the velooHy
being fourteen or fifteen iMfles- an hour. The

whirlpool

4/64^ ICARITIMX OEOGKAftlT.

whirlpool is caused by a sunken rock of a corneal
shape, sixteen fathoms under water, as well as by
the stream that had set round the east side of Ilay^
and which running at the rate of eight miles an
hour and meeting the other running fourteen,
their opposition causes frightful breaking waves,
extremely dai^erous even to large vessels.

The general stream is again divided by the
southern isles of the Western Hebrides, each
btraach tdcing a direction along the opposite sides
of the phain, with no material deviation until the
western branch reaches the Sound of Harris,
through which the stream flows to the south ; the
main stream, however, continues its direction to
the north, and off the Butt of ^Lewis again unites
with the eastern stream, and flows towards C^>e
Wrath, and round this cape along the nortii coast
of Scotland and through the Fentland Frith with
the velocity of nine miles an hour, forming whirl*
pools and races. The stream runs regularly from.
Duncan's Bay Head to the south along the east
coast of Great Britain, filling up the great gulfs of
Murray, of Forth, of the Humber, and the Thames
in succession, and forcing its way through the Strait
of Dover, until it meets the channel tide at Den-
geness.

Thus it clearly appears that the tides deviate

no farther from the siderial theory, than as diey

are necessitated by the common laws of fluids to

follow the direction of the opposing coasts*

The cuirrats in the British Seas are by no means

well

\r6ir undeAtood, and' their effects are probfibly
often confounded with those of tides. We haf*re
before noticed that a gafietcA cmrrent sets from the
north arrd north-west hito the ' Bay of Bisca/^ and
it would 1e^ear» that when long cojStinaed west
and south-west winds have prevafled, the com*
bined accumulation of' water thereby caused in
this gulf; seeks an exit to Ae northrwest^ and
produces a strong current in that direction acrosa
the entrance of the English Channel, which may
be of very dangerous consequences to. ships run-
ning fbr the channel upon what is called th^.^pir*
way parallel (49^ SO') without allowing f^; the
effects of this current**

I* '

SOUTH COAST OF ENGLAND.

The county of ComwAU occuj[)ies the Western ccfmtou,
extremity of England, and terminates at the pro- ""
montory of the Land's End j the Bolerium of
Ptolemy, and the Penring huad^ " promontory of
blood,'* or Pemdtkf '^promontory to the lefV/* of
the Ancient Britons. It is a vast round cape form-
ing three points, the S.E. named ToUpeden Fen^
withf or the Hole in Penwith, from a cavern in the
cli£^ into which the waves rush with great noise,
^e N.E. point is Cape Cornwall, and the mid-
dle the Laud's End point j between them is the

VALf XV. 2 II ippen

• Rennel Phil. Tran.

466 MAUTtm OMOBAfHT^

^^m^'^ open bay of Whitesttnd. Roand thte promontory
txe several rocka above and under wMer, viz. the
Rundle Stone, on which fe a beacon of four cast
iron cylinder twelve fbet high, bolted to tfie
rock; and aurmoutited by a pole with a baaket. Thd
Wdf has alfio a beacon. The LotigshipB are
a ledge of black rockft, a league off dhore, witfi«
out any ship channel within ^em* They have a
fight hous6, erected in 1797 by a private indi-
iridual, who receiires a toil for its support from
afi ^ressda pa^tig round the Land^s lE^d.
On approaching the coast of Comwftli ftom
' tiie Atlantic, the voyager is by no means favourably
impressed with the appearance of the country^
the coasts being in general rocky, and almost en-
tirely without wood.

Between the Land's End and Lizard Point
is Mount's Bay, named from the Isle of St. Mi-
ehael's Mounts on the east shore, which is sur-
rounded by the sea at high water ; but ^en the
tide is out, a ridge of dry rocks 400 yards lon^
joins it to the main.

Thia islet is one of the most celebrated objects
of the coasts of England. It is a great conical
mass of granite, surrounded by craggy rocks,
with only a little heibage and some clumps of
firsl According to the popular tradition, which
is preserved in its Cornish name, signifying ^ Grey
Rock in the Wood," it was anciently situated in
a wood, and this belief is corroborated by the
remains of trees found buried in the soil, within
the present wash of the tide. It was known to

Ptolemy,

present name in the xf^ 9«pt^fy ^Ffim the pw-

^QOd^d iipp«n^iM of iSt Miflha«l tQ Minie hMmits
of tii9 vMNuii, «h«ff 4 phupQl «M t>iiilt pu it, ana
it 9«^fmA ad4»tioiMi fma^tytitkifvi^gJuim li-
r«A4}r » DotiMi pla{9 of pplgrmige iroira th^ fifth

c«iluf]r* i^dword the Cftnf9S49F i(Piw4»4 • Bof
nediotiiM mopwtffy on it, w bw^ ofUr miuiy r»>

VoliltiMi^ ») now ^ ptopm:f <^ Sir J(^ St.

AHbyQ* l^e inh»hit«ntfl of the mount «ra about
9/K>, 9II fiahfinnw. On the nostli fy4e 4ft;» jittt^
pier bnven for mail cnift.

XbA J4zard Podnt. which boiwdi Mount's Buy

on the east, is also the south point of £^tgi(HMi» wq4
die; tfteemty ^ » pemiiwla, tma^ . MtfHig,
on it are tVQ lights. It is eoivqposed of ae(p«Qtii)o
Md honibleodo, and ))f t^vpeo it and Midliop ia

the celebrated loop rock, a vast mass of st^^fitfi^
W/fd iDL the maqt|faetur« <^ f^cfUvLOf li^lf -a
letgpw from th« Lieard Point asf ^e ^itit^ gjut^
fOck« ^K>ve water.
Tim trading places of Mount's iB»y» ffl» Mm>9^

Hole, or Port Inis, a little haven viti^ .tyfl I^Oi? (
Donth of ii^ich ia St. Clenuefit's {ylfod* llpN-
x4LNDB(i.0. the heill of thp b^) is t^ fopst
westerly town of &igland, aod it, visits fMa\« 4^
xiotes, situated at the bea4 of Mowt's ^*y» P^
milefr from the Lan4'A Sni* It is k feofpor^
and one of the tin coinage tovM. Tl^e hpmp»
are manjr of diem good, asNl tho streets p»ved.
It has a pier hwfn, expatt* » £oaeideirabli» q/tmr
titjrofpikbttrds, xodisagnuui Vfnagjjljimg f^f^^

' 2h« It

CorwmaiU

468 HARITIMS OKOGRAPHT.

<^<2!!^ It has a daily communication with the Stitff
{slands by passage vessds.

Market Jew, or Marazion, within SL Michad^s
Mouaty is an ancient town, having its origin from
the resort of pilgrims to the Mount. The name of
Market Jew is thought to be from the Jews
formerly having im annual fair here, when they
were the only traders of England. Mansdoti
signifies " Sea Coast Market'^ The cessatiaii
of pilgrims and the vicinity of Penzance, haire
caused its decline^ It is built on the side and
at the foot of a hill, which shelters it from the
ccld north windsv It has 1,000 inhabitants and
ia GoipOTater >

Helstone, a corporate and borough town, is
situated at the junction of the little river Cober
with the Loer It has 2,284 inhalntants and smm
trade.

Rounding the promontory of the • lizard, the
first place of any consideration is Helfoid hai^
hour, at the mouth of the HeL The village eif
Helford, on the south shore of the harbour v$
inconsiderable.

Falmouth haven is a deep inlet, whose imtcvioei
is a league wide, between Pendennis F^iint on. ;^ie
west, and St. Anne's Point on the-east . Itdi*.
vides into several branches and creeks .Ifiie maitt.
one, named Carrick Boad, is a mile wit|^n th^
. entrance, and has eighteen fathoms depth, -i. : t h

Falmouth, the richest town of .C^fC^aUiri ii
built at the foot of an eminence, oa ^iiCfreek iv^^
receives large vessels to its ^^Mjf^ . ^Akef[9puktJoii

is

£)9G JLANX>« 469

18 S^SOOy exclusive of seafaring people, "its chief «2*««.
business is the pilchard fisher}% the produce of
ivhicfa it .exports direct to Spain, Portugal, and
Italy. It also derives considerable advantage
from being the station of the Lisbon, Corunn^^
and West India packets. ^ It lias a general cus-
tom-house for all the ports of Cornwall.

The entrance of Falmouth harbour is defended
by the castles of Fendennis and St Mawe. The
former is a long point of land on the west, 300
feet above the sea, mounts 100 pieces of cannon,
and is garrisoned by a company of invalids. St.
Mawe^s Castle, on the east shore, is inferior in
strength to Fendennis, and commanded by an
elevation. The corporate and borough town of
St* Mawe does not contain above twenty houses of
fisiiermen.

The other towns accessible to sea vessels through
Fahnouth hai^bour, are.Penrhyn, on the same creek
above Falmouth, a considerable corporate and
boroQgh town of 2,30Q ii;iliabitants ; opposite it is
tbe village of St. Gluvias. Xregoney, on the
Fal, 9 small borough towp, receives bo«its only.
Truro, the most thriving town of Cornwall, is
corporate and borough- It is built in a valley at
the confluence of the Ke^wyn and St. Alien
with the Fal, where the tide at high water form.?
a basin, two miles long, which receives vessiejs of
J 00 tpns with the tide. The population is 4,500*
Jts principal business is the exporting tin ^nd
copper, it being pnp of the tjln .coinage towns. It
has a theattjB and assembly rootps.

2hS The

47d MARITIME GfeOOkAFHT.

Thk JDeaclmah, or Dodtnan Point, is very Wghi
land, with the Yare and Winehead great rocks^
three miles N.K of it North of it is Polkerries
Bay, to ^vfaich succeeds Goran Haven, and Me-
vagisszey.

Rope Haven has a pier for fishing boats.
Portmear, or Chariestown, on the N.W. side of
Tr^waidreth Bay, in 1790, was only a hamlet of
nine houses, but by the exertion of the lord d
the manor, it has grown into a thriving town, and
a haven has been formed for vessels of 500 tons,
by excavating the soil inwards, a manner inuch
preferable to ntnnmg out works into the sea. A
dry repairing dock has also been cut out of the
rock. In 1802 the population was 282 soub.
I'he principal business is the pilchard fishery, and
the export of China stone, for the use of the
Sttiffordshire potteries.

Trewardreth, at the moutli of a creek, is a
small fishing village.

FowEY, oh the right bank of the river erf ihe
satne name, one mile and a half from its moudi,
N^here it is & quarter of a mile broad, is a corpo^
rate borough and tin coinage town. Its streete
txe generally so narrow as not to admit a carriage,
iiOT has it ady thing worthy of notice, ^xc^t its
V/hutchvr The ir^habitahts, who are about 1,200,
kre cbic/fly employed in the pilcliard fishery, 2,806
tibgsheiiuls of thdso fish being brought into the
^'crt Weiy season. The haven h defended by
V^o smsfl batteries, and by St. Catherine's Fott,
ou the summit of & pile of great rocks.

Polperron

/ •

AdperroQ is a fishiag village on a creek of car^.
Lftutach Bay. Looe» East and Wesii lure two
dirty, but opulent fishing towns, on the liver of
the same name. They communicate by a bridge
but have ilqiarate corporations^ and are both h^
roughs. East Looe is a labyrinth of narrow al-
leys, and haa not above 900 boufes^ and West
Xiooe is atitt leas. A small battery and brMk
work protect the port, whose entiance ia croaaed
by a bar, with but twelve feet at low water. 3. W.
of the river's mouth ia Looe, or St» Geoige's
Island^ a great rode frequented by sea biitds.

Port Wrinkle, in Whitsand JBay, west of the
Ramehaad, ia a small |^r for boats.

Pltmovth Sound ia a dee^ bay, aeparating the

oounties cf G)mwaU and Devoe, tfie Ramehead

being its west, and Stoke Poiat its «aat limit*

Hie sound ia exposed to the aoiilb and has several

dangeroua sunken rocks and reefa, one of which,

Jiacned the Tinker, haabeeo recently readared ef

lihe givatest service, for by raising it with atones

and rubbish above the sur&ee of the aea, it has

been converted into a break water, whieb greatly

lessens the swell in southerly galea» and mndera

tl^ anchorage within it comparalavely aale«.

'\ The *Edj>tston£ is a group taf giwiita i<fK^

'S. by W.' ten ntilea fi*oai the Ram^ead. The

J^^i^ith dfoove \^er is about 300 fathonw^ and

i^e tihicd of a snile ail roui^ ihe depth iathirbf

£iftoma^ A ligbt-faouae n^aa fimt ere^ted'iii^ti»reae

rjjclcs in 1696, ^^t witich being destnagpod by^e

iremendous stonn it6m ^fte/S* Ww in 1703^ W0ii^

2Bf 4 was

47^ MARITIME OEOGRAPHT.

ct^mwdi. was erecteAj which being partly of wood, thoogh
it resisted the fury of the ocean for forty-six years,
in 17^^ it was totally consumed by fire* The
present light^house was commenced in 17^7f ^^d
finished in 17^9» upon principles which seem to
identify it with the rock, and render it secure
against the utmost fury of the waves. The
height above the rock is ninety £set, and the
whole elevation above the sea 1^ feet

On the west shore of Plymouth Sound is Cslw^
sand Bay, sheltered from the S.W. by the pro-
jecting land of Penlee Point, one mile and a half
east of the Ramehead. Moorings are laid down
in the bay for King's ships, TYie vilhiges of
Cawsand and Kingsand, in the bay, are inhabited
by seafaring people. The former is in Cornwall
and the latter in Devon. In the latter county
is also the mountain peninsula of Mount £dge»
cumbe, the grounds and mimsion of which ane
conadered amongst the most beautiful in England.
Opposite this peninsula lies St. Nicholas, or
Drake's Island, named from Sir Francis Drake,
a native of I^ymouth. It is near Sr mile in circuity
surrounded by rocks, and well fortified, but de-
pendant on the main* land for water. The chan-
nel between it and Mount Edgecumbs is ludf a
mile wide, but so shoal as to admit only h6QJt8d >

Plymouth harbour consists of twa - brandies.
The fiist, at the mouth of Che Tanfar, isT^ttamed
'Mamoaze, arid the second^ at the^dioutfartof^ibe
(Piynv is oalied Catwater« Hamoanr is" the: sum
pt iMur's harbour, and is a reach of the riv^ois

four

EKGLANB* 478

four miled long and half a mile broad. On the
west, or Cornwall 8hore> are the viUages of
Milbrooky on a creek. St. Germain's, a borough
town of sixty houses, on tlie Lynher creek. Its
cathedral is the only object worthy notice. Salt-
ash, a corporate and borough town, chiefly in-
habited by iishermen. It is three miles above
Dock.

The town of Dock has its name from con-
taining the Grand Royal Naval Arsenal. It is.
on the left bank of the Tamar, at the lower part
of Hamoaze, and is a neat and very clean
fown, the streets being wide and strait, excel-
lently paved, and the houses handsome ; their
number is 9,400. The inhabitants are chiefly
persons employed in the business of the fleet*
The naval arsenal, though still in a state of inw
provement, is in every respect the iirst in the
world. The dry docks are excavated in the solid
rock, and lined with Portland stone. The for-
tifications are as strong as art can make them.

Stonehouse is *a village sq>arated from £)ock
by a little creek, and has the maxine barracks, a
very noble range of buildings.

The town of Plymouth is on the north shore
of the entrance of Catwater, and on a creek
named Sutton Pool, which, by means of a pier,
ibrfais> a sa^e haven for small vessels, rwko lay
cby afeo^side the qua3rs at low water. Plymoulli
i« peihaps the > moat detestable of all our seaport
tomnsv'tha streeiss being aarrow, crooked^ ? and
i|khy. > The Catwater has depth for th^ largest

shipsy

IVrws

I

474 XAKITIME CaEOOKAFHT.

fhipB^ but is ooiy vmd by merchant vfsseb .layky
iqi or ratting. The .popuIaticMi is 19>000, and
the chief trade is the export of pUdiards to the
Mediterranean, besides the business produced by
the royal shipping.

The Shagstone and Mewstone ve two great
rocks at^ the east entrance of Plymouth Sounds
named from the aquatic birds that make ihem
their retreat* The Mewstone alsd aJboimda with
jabbits* East of this islet is the entrance of the
Kttle river Yeahne» definided by a battery^ ami
with barracks on the high lands above it»

Kj^wzy Bay» west of the Boh Head> is entirely
epen* It receives the rivers Erme and Avon } th^
latter a rapid torrent sti earn, but both uadess to
Bovigation*

Salcembe is a masfcet town^ between the Bolt
Bead and Praul Point. Its havea» called the JS^^;
ia crossed by a bar with bnt eleven feet h^
water springs^ but within the depths are tbrae to
&'e &tboms at low water. It has a comiderable
trade* and builds merchant vessels of 300 tons.

Kingsbridge^ and Dodfarodc, are small towns at
the head of Salcombe Haven*

The shore between fioit Head and the Piaul
Pbint is flteep and rocky. Off the former Is^ a
second islet named Mewstone^ The next point
ik> the Pxaul is the Stert, the bay between them
belief called Start Bay ; on it are tiie vHV^ges nf
Star Cross and Street GM^. BetwepQ 1^ ^S^rt
«iid X>i^tq(mith is Sbptpn Lqp» a, ff«sh n^aterjalge
(Hv^nikUwg, parallel to t^sea^ ^om which i^ lib

separated

1M0LAKD* 47^1^

de^fir&ted by ii ^txip c^ Mndy land a quarter of a
k mile broad. It fbttnerly i^unded with pike^
perch, roach, and 6ds ; but some years sanoe al«
most all tfie fish were destroyed, and the lake
iiearly drained, by a break madi by the sea in the
bank. In winter the lake is covered with wild
ducks, teal, coots, and other birds.

Dartmouth is a corporate and borough town on
the Dart, which ibrms a good harbour for frigates^
being one mQe and a half broad within the en*
trance, narrowing to Dartmouth, vrhere it is two
hundred jztis ; the depth is five fathoms above the
town, and boats ascend to Totness, two leagues
furtiier. The fortiitcations are Kings^ear CaMie
on the east sho/e, and a blo<ik-house on the west.
The town is built on very irregular gri^uHfd, so
that the lower tier of houses eommuhicate with
the upper by flights of steps. It hte a lai^ shaito in
the Newfoundland cod, and home pilbhard ftlieriM»

East of Dartmouth, the coast of Devon forms a
great bay, boutided on the east by the peninsula
of Portland. We have no name ftwr ibis eurre, to
which the French give tfief name of the Bay of
Exeter. Near its west extremity iaTtmBAT, li-
toSted on the W6st by Berry Head, a steep lofty
promontory, and on the east by Bob's or Hope*s
NoSe. In Sailing into the bay ships may kebp so
close to the former as to receive a stohe thro^Wi
trdrtl'the eflgeofthe diff, which ^eems to ^^Atahg
tteir mas^-hdads.' Ofr *Bob*s Nose^ Jire fcur Irttjfa,
(billed "tl^e'l^ewsticme Shagstone,* Loadstetee, ateft
'l^kteher.' l^oAay has about twelve miles tsfcff-.

cuity

• •. »

47^ MARITIME GsoaRArar.

cuity and is the nsual rendezvous of the channel
fleet, affording perfect shelter in west winds. The
usual anchomge is off Brixham in the south part of
the bay, where the ships of war water by pipes at
a jetty head* The Torbay fishing bosats lay dry
within a pien

Near Brixham is Lay Well, noticed for conti-
nually ebbing and flowing five or six inches at in-
tervals of a few minutes ; the water is clear in sunu-
mer, turbid in winter, brackish and never &eezes*

Torquay is a pleasant watering village in a cove
two miles west of Bob's Nose* From this last
point to Teignmouth the shore is composed of
limestone dife with many caverns and fissures.

Teignmouth, at the entrance of the l^e river
Teign, is a fashionable sea hathing place^^ It has
also some trade, exporting clays for pottery, and
sending ships, to the Newfoundhmd fisheiy. Its
haven receives vessels of 400 tons with the tide.

The hamlet of Sheldon, under the point named
Ihe Ness, south of Teignmouth, is a summer re*
;sort of sea bathers.

Th^ Ex river is one of the most considerable of
Ihe south coast of England, haviqg ai course of
uxty miles, and spreading towards its mouth to a
liaain more than a niite wide. The lides run up to
Topsham« but its mouth is crossed by a bar with
4mly six feet at low water.

In ascending the river the fiiist place met is Ex*
mouth, a frequented sea bathing vill^e; Star
Cross, a village two miles higher; and the same
distance further Powderham Casjtlei the superb

seat

i^eat of the Lords Courteney^ n^^hich dates its foun* 0^*0^
dation from the reign of the Cokiqueror. Top-
sham IS one mile above Powderham, and three
miles further is Exetbr, on the left bank, an
ancient city and county of 17,000 inhabitants ; it
was the residence of the West Saxon kings, and
the walls of the city, built by Athelstan, still re-
main* Vessels of 150 tons ascend to it, and it has
a considerable foreign and coasting trade, its chief
exports being woollen manufactures and com ; it
also sends ships to the Newfoundland and Green-
land fisheries.

Sidmooth is a small neat market town at the
mouth of the Side, which was formeily a good
haven, but is now choaked up with pebbles and
sand. It has a considerable share in the coast
fishery, and is a fashionable bathing place. The
coait scenery from Sidmouth to Seaton is com*
posed of bold wooded rocks, with a margin of
sand and pebbles thrown up by the sea, and by
which the ancient port of Seaton has been filled
up, so as to receive only fishing boats, in conse-
quence c£ whidi it is reduced to a village. Ax-
mouth on the Ax, and Colyton on the Coly, are
insi|^ifl^ant fishing towns.

r

-THe fkst pfatce in Dorsetshire is Lyme Rtsot^
bualt in a* glen b^ween two stony hiHs^ and di-
videdinto tw<if ^aits by the little river JLyme:' ' lb
lisyven'ifi the best place d shelf eV bbtwedn^tt-

mouth

I

4179 HARir^HIS OIOGRAFHT.

moutih and Fordatid, aodji fi[>niifdbyainer» called

the CoblH which v«« formerly of loose rocks p£
00 each otheff bwt is now r^guliirly cony^xucl
witl% rtoiie and morUr« Seeides » great share
the piiduyrd &hery it haa a ^oastnug trade*
the reign of Edward J* I<^ne fi^ fun
four $Iupa and $ixty*twa piarismrs a^ the aicge of
CakiP* From its b«i^^ waa aew th^ coinmqQq^
ment of the actioa between the EnglisHi flei^t apd
Inviiicihie Anmiiia^

Charmouth ia a jdeaaant^ viilag? at. ^e Hfioi^ q(^
hill, past which runs the little river C)iar%

BuDvoETy on the Bride or Brit, a m^^ i^beve
its mouth, is a corporate and borough town o[
8SS houses chiefly of bricks aod d,00p iphabi^pts.
Itx ehsef business is the namifa^ture pf fishiflig
nets and lines and small cordages which it eiqppits
to America and the West Indieai* Iti^ iHMrboitr at
the mouth of the river receives vessels of i^O ton&
TJio shore in the vicinity abounds in iQopperaa
stones, comuaammoms^ and other fo9i»ls.

The Isle of PoavLAV n is at piseseot joimgd to
the main by a long ridge of pebMie9» railed tfatf
Cbe^il Bank, thrown up by the sea* Tb9 idaod
proper is a vast mass of ireestone, witl^ which the
handsomest public and private buildings in the
kingdom are paved, abou^ 9>000 tons being quar-..
ried and exported annually. The island is well
watered by running springs, and has sevim villages
or hamlets; Chesilton, the laigest, is on the north
side, and before it is Portland Castle, enacted hf
Henry VIIL, and commanding Portland or W^-

mouth

SKGLAIIIk 17^

mftiitfa Roid. The extremity of the ishnd ibniit
a nmnd proxnontory called the BiU^ on which are
tiro handsome light-hoUBes^ ao well arranged that
the lights ane visible almost ia the horizon. Near
them » a 4»ivem in the diffi^ perforated at te^
fifty feet square and twenty*one feet deep, ia
which boats sometimes take shelter. The Shambfes
are a dangerous ledge of rodcs two miles east <£
the Bill; and south of this hitter is that imitated
^>ace of the sea called the Mace <^ Pbrtkud,
caused' by the meeting of the tides from the coasti
of France and England, which produces dangerotii
bt^eoking waves.

The Chesil Bank is fburteen miles long 2mA
above a quarter of a mile broad ; the pebbles on
it are so loose that a horse sinks up to his knees ia
them ; they are of the same nature as the 2V»rtbnd
stone« The bay west of the bank is extremely
dangerous in south-west gales ; and vessels «m^
bayed ar^ recommended to try and work out;
keeping close to Portland island, where there is a
MrcMig outset that may help (Stem to weather tlie
Bill ; but when it is found tfiat shipwreck is in-
evitable, it is best to run on shore umler a press of
sail, and the crew should not quit the vessd until
two or three seas have struck her, by whidi she will
be hove op and settled in the beach, affording
them a greater facility of getting ashore under
her lee*

Vessels coming from the eastward and embayed
in Portland Road, perish witfiout remedy. The
Pottlandars are active in saving the crews of ves-
sels

4S0 if ARITIME GEOORAPHr.

sels wrecked, but at the same time they t>laiuk^
them with as little ceremony or remorse as a Moor
of the desert. These islanders have a custom si-
milar to bundSng^ the women nev^ accepting a
man as a husband until she finds herself pr^pant
by him» when she immediately informs her mother,
who teUs her husbaiul» and the latter lets the lover
know that it is time the marriage ceremony was
paformed ; and as the refusal du his part would
be attended by certain stoning to death by the
women, an instance of it so seldom occurs^ thai
in twenty years not one illegitimate child ia bom.
If pregnancy is not manifested in a ccnnpetent
time, the parties conclude that Providence lias pot
intended them for each other^ and they separate :
nor is this any bar to the woman's finding another
iover and eventual husband. .

Weymouth is a corporate and borough town of
$»6Q0 inhabitants, situated at the mouth of the
Wey, which forms a tide haven within a pier* It
is one of the most fashionable sea bathing places,
its bay having a fine pebbly beach. Its trade is
chiefly with Portugal and Nevefoundland. In the
twenty-first year of the reign of Edward I. Wey-
mouth furnished twenty ships and 264 marines at
the siege of Calais. Three forts, with two or three
small guns in each, defend the port. On a hi^
cliff a mUe from the town are the ruins of Sandi^
foot Castle, erected by Henry VIIL

Mdcombe R^is, <q[^site Weypoouth, a bridge
uniting them, is a distinct corporate town.

Lulworth Cove is a kind of natural basin en^

tered

BKGLAKD. 4iBl

iered througb a gap in the clifis, and is accessiible
to vessels of eighty tons ; the rocks round it rise to
a great height and are composed of calcareous
gritstone* West of the cove the sea has scooped
out vast dav^rhft into tit^hich the vfy,yes rush with
great liois^ while the rocks reeound with the
screams of the puffin and razor-bill that firequ^
them to breed.

St. Adhelm's Head (vulgarly St. Aldan) is a
bold cliff 440 feet high^ with the ruins o£ a. stone
diapel on the very edge of the precipice^ sup-
posed to have been erected for the purpose of re-
ligious ceremonies^ to invoke safety for navigators
passing this dangerous coast. Amongst recorded
shipwrecks, that of the Halsewell East Jndiaman
near this pointy in 178^9 is one of the most melan-
choly, 186 persons, among whom were many
young ladies, having perished.

St. Adhelm's Head> is the extremity of a high
peninsula, named Purbeck I^and, almost, eotirely
composed of pipe-clay, marble, and a hard stone,
used in flagging the streets of London. Swanage
and Studland Bays, on the east side of the penin-
sula, afford good anchorage. Swanage is a village
of a single street one mile long^ aiid from it the
.atone of the peninsula is chiefly shipped. Stud-
land is a village of fifty houses scattered on a
common ; near it i$ a singular great rock supposed
to weigh 400 tons raised on a mound of cky ; the
common people call it the DeviPs Night Cap, and
believe that Satan hurled it from the Isle of Wight,

VOL. IV. 8 1 with

4S& MARITinS GIOSRAPKT.

^^* vnth an mleiit to destroy Corft Casfie in tke mid-
die of Purbeck«

FoQLt a coi|>orjte ioym and county, is bulH On
a peniiisuia, on iSie norldi shore of a shaUoJW Ia-
goooy called Laxford Lake, ni^ich has twenty
leagues of 0hore "with many banks and islands ;
the principal of the latter, liamed Prawnsea, is one
mile and a half long, and three quarters of a fia%
broad ; in general its soil is sandy and overHiin
mth heath and iltrze. On it is a castellated imh-
fl|on, named Srownsea Castle, now a family rf»-
dence. The greatest depth in the lagoon is tcmt^
teen feet, and in certain parts of it the tide ebbs
and flows fbnr ttmes in twenty-four hours, vfhiA
seems to be caused by Brownsea Island, which ch*
«tructing the ebb in its exit, obliges it to flow back
i^id produces a second flood.

Pool is meanly built, but has a considerable fo*
reign trade, chiefly to Norway and South CardUna,
besides a large share ki the Newfoundland flshery^
and a productive oyster fishery in the lake which
aupplies London for two months of the year*
9S0 merchant vessels, or ^,OCX) tons, and l,dOO
iseamen beloi]^ to the pwt, cf whcHU 140 are em*
ployed in foreign trade.

Wareham, on the west shore of Laxibrd Lake, ia
«n aneient corporate and borough town of 1,100
inhabitoits ; it is surrounded by high waBa af
^eartbi the houses of brick and iJke streets wicbe.

ENGLAND. 48S

The first place in Hampshire Ib Christchurch «m«i;^«.
on the west shore of a large bay, between Hen-
gistbury or Christchurch Head on the west, and
Hurst Castle on the east. From the former poin$
a great bank stretches over towards the Isle rff
Wight, OH which there is but twelve feet, nor has
the bay depth for vessels elbove live feet and a half
drafl. The town of Christchurch, at the ccwa-
iluence of the Avon and Stour, has 1 ,400 inhabit
tatits ; near it are the ruins of an abbey and castle.
The chief business of the town is brewing and
the salmcto fishery in the rivew.

Hurst Castle, on the east point of the bay, n
buih at the extremity of a bank of pebbles and
gravel, thrown up by the sea, and which at high
water is not above 200 yards wide, but stretches
atrross to within three quarters of a mile of the
We of Wight, the channel between being called
the Needles, through which the tides run \vi4ii
great violence, and the depth is twfenty-eight fa*
thonis. Opposite this channel is a dangerous bank
of pebbles, called the Shingles, which shifte its
situation, sometimes approaching the Isle of
Wight, at others nearing the main ; it also varies
its elevation, at times appearing above the sur-
fkcc at low water, while at others it is consider-
sWy under vra,ter, Tliese variations ai'^ produced
by the waves in strong winds driving the pefbbles
from ^ide to side.

Hurst Castle was built by Henry VWI, and
was the last prison of Charles I. It is a circUlAt
tower ^rtb semicircular ^bastions; i)esides defend-

2i2 ing

4S4 MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.

jiinqNUre. jj^g ^j^g channel of the Needles, it has also al^t
to direct ships through this passage.

The Isle of Wight is included in the countj
of Hants, from which it is separated by a chan-
nel, from three quarters of a mile to seven wide.
It is twenty-one miles long and twelve broad^ con-
taining about 100,000 acres. Its fertility is sodi
that it produces more com annually than is suffi-
cient for its consumption for ten years. It is
intersected from east to west through its length by
a ridge of hills, of a calcareous chalky super stratum
over a base of schistus ; these downs pasture great
flocks of sheep. The shores of the island are in
general high, particularly in the south or sea
coast, where they fall into the sea in perpendicu*
lar broken cli£& ; this side is lined by scattec^
rocks close to the shore, the resort of innumerable
sea-birds, as puffins, razor-bills, willocks, guUs^
cormorants, &c. Many of the clijQb are cavernous,
and small cascades tumble over them into the sea*
The most remarkable of these cliffi^ a^e those
named Culver, at the east limit of Sandown bay :
their holes are the breeding places of vest q[|ianti*
ties of wild pigeons. At the west extremity ^ the
island are the Needle rocks, n^mied £rpin a* pomted
one 120 feet high which no longer, exists, l}»viiig
tumbled down.afid entirely disappeared abwt forty
yearsrinqe.

The island has^ several mipflfJilsi.f^iMiCjicularly

alum^

I

EMOLAND. 485

idmnf micaceous gand, which k exported for the ^'^''
glass manufactories of London and Bristol, cop-
peras stones, which also are sent to London where
the copper is extracted from them, pipe-cky, red
and yellow ochers ; small masses of native sulphur
are also found. Chalybeate, sulphureous gnd alu-
minous springs are also met with. Tlie island has
several rivers, of which the Medina is the most
considerable, fanning from north to south, and
almost dividing the island into tv/o «qua) parts.
The face of the country is various and beautifully
pictuapaque, and hence it is one of the favourite
^^T""'^^^ trhs of the inhabitants of the inland

j^ J abound in fish, and on the south shore

fr • J\^ ry large cray fish, crabs, and cockles.

^ considerable, consisting in the export

eep, and other provisions, and the
{ M ^nsumable goods. Cowes is the prin-

lum of commerce. The population of

J 22,097.

, the chief town, is on the river Me-

y in the centre of the island. In its

Carysbrook Castle, thought to hjjvebeen

built by the Britons, and repaired by

It was one of the prisons of Charlea

»n is a corporate and borough town,

iuced to ten cottages ; it has a harbour

high water can receive vessels of 500

rmouth, in Fresh Water Bay, is also a

own, with a castle mounting eight guns.

ist and west, at the mouth of the Me-

2i3 dina.

4S6 MARITIME G£0€'ltAPHY.

jTam^Mre. AiTidi IS a Considerable ptace^ and its road id-tbe
rendezvous of ifterchant ships waiting for convoy.
P^icket^ sail between it and Southampton and Lon-
don. . A castle mounting eight guns defends the
port.

Ride, opposite Portsmouth, is a straggling viU
lage, from wlience sliips are usually supplied widi
butter, milk, and TegetaWes. St. Heletis on the
Aorth*>east side of the island is a' village, in tbe
road before which men of war usually lay, to wait
for a fdr wind, or to reoeive their final orders.
Brading, at the east end of the i^knd, is a little
corporate town on a creeks forming a dry tide
haven capable of receiving vessels of 400 tons, in
which are taken great quantities of fiat fish, whit-
ings, and oysters. Sandown bay, on the east end,
is protected by a small fort

The coMt c£ Hampshire* from HuiTst Castle ta
Southampton, is lined by mud banks» ^htch dry
at law water aiKl^ axe fjneq;uetited by great flocks of
ducks arid >^dgeOns to feed on the sea-weed th^
covers them ; in winter these birds are killed io
great numbers by the fishermen of the neighbour*
ingvUlages.

The first place cast &i the castle i& K^y.Haven»
a little tide port ; to which succeeds I^^mingtoe,
a corporate^ and borough town on the little river
named Bolder Water. Vessels of 500 toiM formerly
went ulpto it, but the construction ef adain pre*
venting the stream from carrying out the amd,

the

the ^th hM decffeased utatil it can notr feceive ^'^^'^
odly vessels of 350 ionk* The population of the
town it 2^00, its dii^f business is the leaking of
salt from sea waten ^kfa ia e:Kparted both coaat*
wise and to America*

Le^ is a fishing hamlet» the maua) cros^ng
place to the Isle of Wight ; to it succeeds Bitck-
ler's Hard on the river Beaulieu or £x^ a popu-
lous village mhere is a buiUU^fg plaeei froo^
whence iHgates atie launch^ The village of
Beauiku is three lailes. above the Hai?d> and res^.
sets of fifty tons astead to it. Near it are the
beautiful roina of Beaulieu Abbey» a Cistercian
cottveut^ tn whidh Ferfcin Wsxbeck sought sane*
tuarjr ia 149d

Souftltampton Water is an iidi^t of the sea ten
miles long and one to two broad* The entrance,
is def6ttded by Catd^xl Caad^ d4^ tk^ wast point,
a smali feat erected by Heliry VIII« Ascending
dbilg; the west lAiore^ the plaoes in 8«ocessi<»i
stre Hylfbe, a bea^tiAil little hamlet, from
whence a fecry-tKNit orosses to Sputhampton*
Eling, where stoall vesa^ are biult for the navy.
On the east shore of the water are Bursleton or
Hamble on a creeh, jnear which are the voiaantic
gtmmds of Nettley Abb^> whosi^ mias are eon*
sidered amongst ihd «no^ pleasing objects of the
kind in £nglandr«

SoiTTHAMFroN h « town and contM^y i#«iiifted on a
ppitt of land at the couAuenceof tb«^ Te^t and
Ichin^ 4even milesr fro^k tjie entrance of* South-
smptdti Water* It eond^ns 7 or S>0UO inhabitants,

2 I 4 and

488 MARITIME GfiOSRAPHT.

Ba^turt. and ha« a large trade, chiefly to Portugal, fbr wins
and fruits, and to the Baltic for naval stores. It
is also allowed by act of Parliament, to export
6,000 tons of raw wool to Guernsey and Jersey,
which is returned to England chiefly in knit stockr
ings, caps, and jackets. The foreign trade em-
ploys about flfty vessels, that to Guernsey twenty
to thirty small craft of twenty-five to fifty tons ;
the town has besides about 100 coasters. Passage
vessels sail between this port, Cherbourg, die Isle
of Wight, and Portsmouth. It is also a fashion-
able summer retort for sea bathing. Above SouA-
ampton are the villages of Millbrook and Red
Bridge, where small king's vessels ai^ builb Be-
tween Southampton Water and Portsmouth is
Ticfafield Lake, where <:dnsiderable qnantitiea of
salt are made.

BcmTSMOUTH, ^bt second marine arsenal nf Eng-
land, is entered through the road named Spitbeod,-
between the Isle of Wight and the main, wfaidi is
perfectly secure in all winds ; and here is the grand
rendezvous of the fleet as well as of the tittde,
from 'all the ports to the ea^t waiting fbr^^onvogr
davm channel, so that it w^s not xiniroqueiit dh
th^ late war, - fbr 1,500 vessels tq sail At ione ^mo-
ment. The Mother Bank is a port of^the mad*
near the Isle of Wight, whcore J&Bt^Indiatftiea.
aAchor as n^U as sdiips of war uiid^t{icxrantine. >

- Portsmocrth Harbour is ^fimltoed'at tiw iMtithi of

tlie river, which is so narrdw t^iM;' bnCi one ahsp

can enter or go out at a time and only .Mtk a fair

wtndi; The tide towa^n for wv&i hours «nd ebbs

■ ' out

0Ut in fimr, by "which inpreased rapidity the chan«
nd is constantly scoured oiit, and the mud^orms a
hank beTore it, named the Spit, from ivhioh th»
road has its name.

On the east shore of the harbour are the towns
of Portsmouth and Portsea adjoining, and the
naval arsenal, of ifvhich no description can give a&
adequate idea. The machinery worked by steam
for the making of blocks and other purposes, is
perhaps the most perfect and curious thing of the
kind in the world, and the least number of men
em{doyed in the dock*yard, is said to be 2,000
in peace.

The fortificattcHis of Portsmouth and Portsea are
as stVMg as art can make them, and the ramparts
of the fbrmec planted with trees^ form a pleasant
walk. .

On the west shore of die harbour opponte Ports-
mouth ia.GhDepert, a.large town chiefly frequented
by merchant vessels, and from whence a packet
sails every week to Havre de Gr^e.

, On a peninsola west of Gosport, which forms
the west • side of the harbour's mouth, is Haslar
Naval Hospital, capable of receiving 2,000 pa-
tienlB. A little )jnest of it is Moidcton Fort, a
nkfxlem and jp^nlar fortification mounting thidy-*
t30ro faeiAiiyi gans, but of very little use ^where it is
placed^ The eatiai|iee of Portsmouth Harbour is
niore: eflhiiiitiiy degraded by a very strong block*
honie oortbei west ppinl; rad by the g^ns of Poits^
mMtli wosks. . ) • .
^d^iictxddngitiim barbcmr of .Portsmouth we meet

Porchester

490 iTARiTiirz OBoen APHT.

Boffdiester Castle, a very ancknt building on »
projectu^ point of land, wbich has latterly been
vtaed as a depot for prisoners of war. The viUage
of Forchester near it is a thriving place. On the
western bmncfa of the harbour is Farehaoiy a
town of 3,000 inhabitants^ which does a great
deal of bssinesB respecting the fleet.

A mile SDoih of the harbour's mouth is South
Sea Castloy first conaitructed in the reign of Henry
VIIL to defend the coast. Farther east is Lang«
stone Harbour, a large lagoon,, but crossed by a
faftf that admits only vessels of fi% tods. It is
formed between Portsea Island on the west, and
UayUag Island on the east. This latter contains
6,000 acres of sorface chiefly arable. The harbour
abounds in excdlent oysters. Cumberland Fort
on the west shore defends the entrance. £ms»
wMrth ia a thriving village on the border* of Sus-
sear, acressibie to smadl crafl tkroii^ Langston
ttd Chicheafeer harbours.

*<■

The county of Sussex is s^arated from Hsuiip-
shire by Chichester Harbour, which goes in h^*
tween HayHng Island (A the wdsl, and Sekey^
Thomey, aud Fflscgr Islands on the eaRst. 3els^
Islattd temnmtes to the souths m a fomt citUed
Seisey . Bill, off which aro maigr &tioal» abo^iiduig
in cockka. . Braoldesomie Bay ia jbe£bre tli# .efi«
titiftce of Oiicfaester hadboior ; Ttesmk of burden
cxtter this htter but cannot approach CniymiMiTBii
within two miles. This city has tlje^ pdfvilegqs of

a coObty

BTTOLilND. 4^1

a county and is situated on the Lavant^ \fhich
idmost surrounds it ; it contains 6i»700 inhabitants.
Fagham is a small tide haven^ to which succeeds
Bognor or Hothampton, a modern village, rising
into notice as a sea-bathing place. The Bognor
Rocks lay two miles off shore, ^vfest of the village.
Little Hampton at the mouth of the Arun, is also
% small seat-bathing place, its i4ver is celebrated
for its trout, eels and mullets ; small craft a^end
it to Arundel, four miles fi'om its mouth. Worth-
ing, from a poor fishing hamlet, by the resort of
dea-bathers, has become a thriving village, Wrth
^ the usual accommodations for amusement, as
iisserably and reading rooms, &c.

New SHOREftAM is a borough town of 80O in-
habitants on th^ Adur and Beading, which form a
tide haven with but three feet at low water knd
eighteen feet high water springs ; the entrance is
ilso obstructed by shifting sands. The cihief btisi*
ness^s ship building, vessels of TOO tons being
bailt here, h has a custom-house. A consider*
able pan of Old Shoreham has been washed away
by the dei> and it now contains not above twenty
hoisseiS.

BaiGHtON (properly BaKSHtELMSTOKE) is the
largest tdwA of Sussex, and the most fashionable
sea-Bathing place of England ; its resident popftla-
tiott is 1^,060, And it it thought that an eqifei! num-
ber of strangers visit it every s(^ason. It is situafted
at the bottom of a bay between Worthing VfAnt tod
Bi^athy Head. * It has nd port, but Vessdii unload
eloee to the shore, sheltered by a jetty constructed

to

493 MARITIME GEOeftAPHT.

to defend the town from the attacks of the sea»
\i7bich in 1699 in particular washed away 130-
Jiouses. At present the western waves wash up a
gi^at quantity of sand and graveL One hundred
boats are employed in the herring and mackerel
fisheries, which produce a profit of ^10,000 a
year» A packet sails every week to Dieppe.

New Haven, at the month of the Ouse,^ has a
small tide haven, and loaded boats ascend several
iniles above Lewes, which is seven miles from tlie
sea : th^ entrance is defended by a small fori. Sea?
ford h now an insignificant fishing village, but
99nds representatives to Parliament, and is one of
the cinque ports ; on the beach is a small fort, and
on a cliff west of the town is a signal post. East-
bourne is a s^a-bathing village in a valley surround-
ed by hills.

Beachy Head is a \Anft projecting point forming
the extrepiity pf the tract of elevated land called
the South Dpwns, on which vast flocks of aheep
9re pastured. Between it and Hastings are Eur
bourne and Pevensey ; jbhe latter ^t the mouth of
a rivulet, and near it are the ruins of a magnifi-
cent castle erected by the Saxon kings, covering
an area of seven acres. There are reasons to sup-
pose its having been formerly on an island* though
now two miles from the sea. Bplverhithe, Bex-
bill and Nuntide Haven, are east of Pevensey.
Nuntide is supposed to be the spojt where William
I. landed.

- Hastings, a corporate borough. ai\d cinque port
town, is built between two hills, its population is

3,000.

XKGLAND. 49s

3,000. Though its harbour is entirely filled up«
it has several coasters employed in bringing lime-
stone from Beachy Head, which after being burnt
is exported* -It has also a considerable share in
the herring and mackerel fisheries for the Londoa
market, builds boats, and is a sea-bathing place.
On a lofty rock west of the town are the ruins of
an ancient castle, and near them a fort of eleven
twelve-pounders*

Covers and Ecclesbourne, between Hastings and
Winchelsea, are sea-bathing villages. WinchelMap
a borough and cinque port town, is now one mile
and half from the sea, and reduced to a few
houses. The ruins of Winchelsea or Camber Cas-
tle one of those erected by Henry VHL are two
miles N.E. of the town.

Aye, a corporate and cinque port town, is situated
on the Rother, whose mouth being nearly choaked
up with sand, a new channel w cut for it in a
more direct line to the sea, and forms what is nam
called Rye New Harbour, which receives vesseb
of 300 tons to the quay of Rye two miles and a
' half from the ent:rance» . It exports some com
and malt and has a good share in the horriqgt
mackerel, and flat fisheries.

The Rother, which separates the coqnties of
Sussex and Kent, formerly emptied itself at the
town of Old Ropoiney, but in ^ great storm 49 tbe
reigti df £dward I. changed . its. course t^jB^^
Old Rotnney has nqj above, twenty houses, ,aqd

Appledore,

404 MARITIME GfiMRAPHY.

Appledore, i^hicfa was also accessible to sea vessel
by the Bother before the change, is reduced to
fiAy houses.

Bengeness, the S.E. point of Kent, is a low
loi^ point, with a ligbt^house 110 feet high, 4he
property of Mr. Coke of Norfolk, and whidi af-
fonis a revenue of £i£lO.

New Roinney is a corporate borough and cinque
port town of 500 inhabitants, at present, by the
xfftiiiDg of the sea, two miles and a half from the
jkhore* The \diole of the tfact between this town
and Hythe is a deposit of the sea named " Rom*
joey Mamsh ;^' it is preserved from the action of
the wavM by a great dyke called Dymcburch
Wall, three miles in length; the slope of Ihe
dyke towards the sea is strengthened by piles and
Aggots pegged down ; three sluices let off the
superabundant water, the level of the sea at low
msater being lower then that of the marsh. The
repairs of the dyke cost «£4,000 per annum, and
are defrayed by the owners of the ground. The
whole of ihis tract is a pa3ture for sheqp.

Hythe, a corporate and cinque port town, is
oear a nSe from the shore ; it has about SOO hou«
ses, and near it are several batteries and barracks.
Sandgate is a village at the foot of a hill, with a
castle mounting a few guns.

Folkstone, a cotporate town and member of
Dover, chiefly inhabited by fishermen, has a ha-
i^n formed recently by a pier of stones withont
oiortar, enclosing a basin of twenty-four acres.
*IVo h^ sail from hence to London eveiy week.

DovEii

Da^BtLf one of die most oelebfiited pert towns

of England, &Qm its skui^on with reqpect to

S^«iM», hM 7,dOO stationary ioiiabkants, but tb^

iaftpK 4»f strangers uMiifiy increasas tha ]Mipulaltfa

to idaBbla theft number ; it is a boreagh and oinqim

fiaat. 3?he hm^pa is fiirmad by a pier, and i$ 'kept

clear by the curaent ^ tSie yrfcble ri\ier Idle, whick

fidk tnta it; the dsfith at iiigii water aaaps is

Ssurtaen feet, and at springs eighteen to twenty

taetj » that it is capable of reeemng vessels ef

Jas tons, and 4be» is an iastance of a Dvtcii

teided Baat-XiKfisman of 800 tons being br/bvij^

4aAo it in distress. Fiye po6t-offiee padcets «»

inpt in constant employment here for Franoe, be-

«sdes about thirty passage vessels which pass bacb-

wds and forwards every tide ; tlie ran to Calais

^ritb a fair wind being not above three or foilr

liD»s» The pent is defended by two forts, as weU

as by Dover castle on a cliff east of the town.

I^ia eaatle presents a singular appearance, having

kfeen ooBStructed at various periods irom the time

«pf i^ Roman possession of the country almost to

the present time; it occupies an ai^a of thiri}^

Ave »cpe% and has aocommodation for 3,000 men.

INear the edge of the cliff is the celebmted bvass

eomiim cafled Qneen Elisabeth- s ** pocket pistol,^

iMving t)eeR presented to that princess by the

'States Oeneral <of Heiland ; it is twenty-^om' f^et

liaDg, and csri^ a 'twelve pound baU, but is M^

lipely'«se)ess^* South of Dover is an ofajeet mofe

WoF^y-ef notice, the cM so inimtl^My described

4y -^dcespeare.^

• Lrar.

49^ MARITUtt GKOORAFHT*

^ Between Dover and the Soitth Fonland ztS
Eastware and St. Margaiet; the latter ha» a^im
fyr fishing hoats^ aiid inits bmf are taiun ifuaA^
ties of small but very delicaite kibstea* HiiqiHi
of the shore is eoooposed ofsand doiviu^ eoEtaid^
Aom Bepemess to DeaU and a'^oactar of a..flMl»
in breadths The South Foreland' is a cli% ^^mat^
on whieh are two light4ioiise8tf Betweea itisod
Walmer are lihe bathing villages i^ OidSlaks and
. Kingsdown. Walmer Castle> a mile south of Daal)
is the residence of the lord warden of die oimpa
portS) and near it is a pleasant and genteel* vilfa^
Sandown Castle, between Walmer and Deai^ oea»
aists of a round tower with four eirctdar InaeMes
encircled by a ditch* Th^ castle, as weU aaJthosi
of Walmer and Deal, was constructed by Hensy
VIII* when he feared an invasion of the kinyiomj
in consequience of his disputes with the see-tf
Rome.

Deal is a corporate town of 5,000 idhaUtaiits,
on an open bay lined by a beach of pebbleSp an
fWhich there is often a violent surf C^poaiie H^
town four miles distant are the Goodwin 6aadi^
extending' parallel to the shore ten miles ) tb^mm
composed of a quicksand, and dry in aen^dnl piurts
at low water, when the sand ^beaofaes 430 ittoa^aiit
that it is impossible to penetrate at^ Imt^iiii^Ditili
tide again covers them, the sand loMeaiidtt Aimipi*
ner that a vessel striking on them ia imtant^iao
imbedded, as to render it impoastbieitOifgie her
ofl^ and in a few days she totally disJEipiiears luidflr
the sand« It was in omtemplalion to eoect A

light

,£N.aLANB* 497

• • •

light-hoiise on this sand, but after boring several ^

ftet^. no base. to. form a foundation being fqund^
the idea was abandoned, and a floating light wa$^
mopred in niw fpi.th^3 depth at the north east
extremity of the bank. Though this sand is oc-
casionally; ,^t^ to ships, it is of material utility in
shelterii^ the road between it and Deal called the
** Downs" from east winds, and rendering it to-
lerably secure, so that it is a grand rendezvous of
convoys, and a station of the royal North Sea
fleet in war. Vessels also stop in this road to dis*
charge or take pilots to and Ifrom the Thames, and
frequently for the purpose of procuring spirits^
tea, &c« which are smuggled on board by the Deal
boatmen, who procure tliem from France. A more
honourable source of the prosperity of Deal is ,
derived fi:om the assistance its boats and pilots
afford to ships in distress, the intrepidity of the
Deal men in these cases being unparalleled.

Sanowich on the Stour, six miles from its
mouth, is a borough and cinque port town of
6,000 inhabitants ; it is badly built, but receiving .
veasels of ten feet draft ; it has a ponsiderable
tradef chiefly in the export of malt to London*

. The Isle of Thanet is the north*east land of
Kent, and is separated from the main by the river
Stour, and a rivulet called the Sair, communicat-
ing with the Stour, and emptying itself near Re- ,
culver on the north- The valley through which
th^ Stour now runs was anciently a wide and navi-
gable channel, through which all vessels passed^,
from the Downs into the Thames. It is noticed

VOL. IV. 2 k by

498 MARITIME GSOORAPHir.

by Tacitus under the name of Pbriui RiOiipefUlllfi'
and described as having two entrances^ tiiil
on the south defended by the castle of RMii'*
j»ti77te (Rich borough), and on the notth'by M'
castle of RegnBhtm (Reculver). • Wherf^Bedi^'
wrote this channel, then named /f^aiUsttiSen, wA *
still ** three roods" broad, and in themtAdteol^
the sixteenUi century loaded vessds ^padsed
through it At present Richborough* Ctetle it
considerably inland, the sea having fbrmed nefif
lands on this side of the island, while eti ih^
north it constantly encroaches, and hais Washec)
away a part of Reculver castle. The shores of
the island ar6 in gcineral composed of dialk dtffi^ '
in 'which are found Comtta ammonis^ measuring
three feet in diameter.

Rams6AT£ is a flourishing town of 3,000 inba*
bitants ; its haven is formed foy two piers endM^^
ing a basin (^ forty-sbc acres, with fifteen feet
d^pth 'kt high water heaps, so that it receives ves-
sels of 500 tons* The piers aiie of Portland sfmi^
and the eastern one, after running out in a sttaS^it
line 800 feet, curves round, its whole length be-
ing 2,000 feet, and its breadth at top, indu^Bng
a parapet wall, twenty-six feet ; the westeni jviit
is 1,500 feet long, and the breadtii of tite ed^
trance 240 feet. Hiere being no natural batik "watn^
to scour out the port, this effect is produbed^by
means of sluices, which retain the tide waVeri '^is
whole being the most perfect example of ttie'^i^
mation of an artificial haven. Its tobd eiep^B^

amddtit^d

^' £KGLAK0. 499

to upwartfe df jr600,00tt' The preserva-
tion bf the harbbt^t'is provided' for hy a duty on all ^
ve^BStflsbetween twenty and 300 tons passing Beachy
Head of one penny per ton, and Sd, on every chal- '
dron of coals and ton of stone imported to Lon-
don. This harbour is of the most imminent utility
to commercei being so situated that vessels driven
from their anchors, in the Downs in gales of wind
can always run into it if the tide answers, and be
perfectly secure. It has also a dry dock for re-
pairing vessels that itiay h^ve suffered damage.
On the west ^ pier bead is alight-house, on which
thfe light is shewn when there is ten feet water on
the flood between the piers, and kept burning un-
til'th/sre id the same clepth on the ebb ; during the
day a flag is used to denote the jiepth. The port
ia protected by a cadtle.' It is a member of San d-
wi<ih, /tnd has some'trslde^ chiefly to th& Baltic, '
foi' iiaval stores. '4 ni •

Between Ramsgate atiB' the North Toreland are''
Dumpton Stairs, and Broad Stairs, . sea-bathing '
villages, with piers for boats. ' *

The North Foreland* supposed' to be the Can- '
Uim of Ptolemy, is the N.E. proniontoiy of Keht,
•nd the south point of the «*' Gulf of the Thames ;*'
it forois in thre6 pointii, nkmed Longnose or Fore-
Bessy the N.W., Whitenes^ the middle, near which
1A Kingflgate, a 'baching village on a break in the
cliffit md ^thfess on the S.£. On the latter is a
li^trhou8e> 86en\teil leagues, whicli as well as
that.o;^ the South Foreland belongs to Greenwich
Hospital ) the t6ll of them is 2d. per ton or na*

^ K 9 tional

500 MARITIME OBOOftAPHT.

^ tional veflsd$,i a«d 44* of foreigners. Betweett>
the North Foceland light and Kiogsgate we .tmo .
tumuU, thought to be the graves of the slain in a .
bloody battle fought here between the Dmrai and^
Saxons.

EASt COAST OF ENGLAND.

The East Coast of England properly commences
at the North Foreland, and the firstplace w^.of ,
it is Margate, a straggling town on a break in tl^e .
clifi&i chiefly noticed as a sea-bathing place;} it
has a little pier haven, and partly supplies London .
with fish, particularly skait, wraiths, small cod^
haddock, turbot, whiting, soles^ mackerel, her*
rings, lobsters and oysters. Eight passage-boats
or hoys constantly ply between this port and Lon-
don from the 4th of June to the middle of. Qcto-
. ber ; t}i^ passi^ge is from nine to twenly-four
hours. It is not unworthy of remark, that Mar?
gate lays so directly ejrposed to the north, that a .
vessel sailii^ from it on a N.|E. course would not
strike land .until she reached the coast of < Gref^«
land in latitude 75^, ^ distance of 1,380 milep.

Birchington is a pleasant village on an elevation.,
half a mile from the shore. Reculver is. ft little
village, near wliich are the ruins of the ancient ^
castle, and great numbers of Roman poins a^d
medals are dug, up in the vicinity*. Oq,^t|ie^n
Bay is a small bathing, village, y^hich jlsp i^^prts
corn to LoQdpn by two hoys of s^ty t9.9& ,^it^ .

. g . stable

BMOLAIO)* 501

ttaUf Street is a tmall populous vJUage, chiefly t^
iiihabibed by. cytHet dredgers, those ish beiiig seat
from hcflQCe to London, in which' basiiiess seventy
or eighty boats are empioyed« Jt is also< visited fay
eoUiers, who discharge their coals here for the
supply of Canterbury.

Faversham on the Swale is a town of four
streets, and a member of the port of Dover ; it
has three wharfs, at which vessels of eighty tons
disehkige and load. Its chi^f business is the ex«
port't^ com (40,000 quarters) to London, besides
hops, 'fruits, wool and oysters, and the import of
naval stores from the Baltic ; itifaasthhty coasters
of fr6m forty to 150 tons. It has a custom-house«
IMShon, west of Feversham, is celebrated for its
oyster ' fishery, which produces from three to
Jtif fOOO It year.

('/The IsLB OP Sheppi^y forms l)ie east side of the
entrance of the River Medway, and is separated
f^om the main by the channel caUed the Swale,
navigaUe by vessels of 300 tons ; it was anciently
the usual passage into the Thames by ships coming
round the North l^oreland, but has long been dis-
used ^jtcept by the coasters bound to the ports on
it. The passage to the island from the main is by
ferry-boats hauled across by cables, (the distance
behij^ 150 fathoms Sbeppey is eight miles long
and tiiree broad ; the north shore is composed of
day cliffi eighty feet high, which as they crumble
aWay bring to vieW a variety of fossil remains, as
the teeth ahd vertebra of fishes, grains of oats^
l^etrified wood,* &c. On the north*west point of
'\ '^' *'- 2 K 3 the

Kfta*

the ialail^ ibnnii^ tba entr^pc^ to the Me^NigHb

bitante. Here hi a fayal nw^l arseqaU c^tii^^j^if
tended for buUdii^ wd r^pniring frig^tefer; This
tcrvm was without frerii w^ter upti) 17l^l» ,jwh|^ «
well was dug to the vast depth of ^HS fe^ bei^
watef was^ nrrived ftt (the lapl^ 1^0 feet tl^coygh a
bed of tkatk)^'^ last the boring augur sunk. iib
and the M^ater rushed i^ with such velocity^ th^t
the worknKsQ. were W[ith. difficulty drawn i,yi^4<^
time to escape drowning. In six hours the wt^
rose 189 f^t, a«d in a few days was with^i dj^t
ftet of thetdp, Kfhere it remained stationary,. aff4
has ever since coiikinued.tQaflprd an i^mple suppl^«
A strong fortrt^^ at Sh^ejit^s defjends the luojoth
of the Medway. - Tb^ ifOad. <^$31fid the Norejs.op^
posite the north end of Sheppey Jcdand; i:(.i8 t^
niiual aniihanige. bf.ihips of wfurfvpni Chathiun^
Sheeraess -and f Woolwich waiting Jppr ^nal jKmifffi*
A floating ligbtiis inoored here« Qu^nborongfa
is a small borough- town two^ .mil^s and a lu^^qttth
of Sheemess.

The Medway rises in the, Wdds of Sqs^x, aiiid
runs east to Maidstone» thence to Cbi»tlw% W^
empties itsdf into the same gulf as the ,'J|iam^
at^eemess, from which to Chatjii^m,^ si^i^tf^
mitest and <lie largest'.shipsiasicffnditif)|^ju|bt^^
Barges of sixty torn ga \»^ to Mai^i^tope^ ^B^ U^
aerecafttoTunbridge. TkkW.riv^/oi;m^ly,at^^
od in Muogeon, but they*ai)e.iiow..rarely^ia^tiA^i

it faos^ however, ageio48«l«9oiMff^.5^s^fi^^«
iDfi^TBAii, the third nafal arsenal, of England^ is

alaige

a large jitiygglipg and ilVbuflt town ; its dockyards
4eiiiploy 3 to 4^000 men in war. It is wqK jG^Titified
Rochester,, a mile alK)Te CiiiUiiain,ris.ai|t^9i^ep)t
town with a magi^ificenl} catiiedraL .

The Th AMes rises qp the ^ttfines of GLpucestieir,

.then passes through. Oxford, Abingdon, ^aUii])g*

,ford, Reading, Marlow, Windsor, Kingston, ^

Richmond, to London, si^ty^twomil^belQjs^ wbicb,

and after a course of ^50 miles,. it« ^wptie^ iptp

a gulf by many channds betwisen S8^d V^vdc;,

one of which is worthy of partioiilfur mention from

the quantity of broken vessels of;.^Klh4n*w;Brp

;and even wbol^ jxm^ l?ro^gllt up: ftopk f^, in. the

oyster dredges, whence it ha» been, n^n^^ V <?4P

Sand.*' Some persons hwp supposed that it, wiyi

unciwitly an.i^lan^ oj^^,whicb yfasa.n^an.ufacture

of potter)^ hut. trf|4ition accoi^n^' Iprit l?yt thp

sinking of a vessel with a cargo of this j^ar^* ^

• The* Isle of Grain bounds the entrance of .the

Tliames on the south, being s^aiated ixaw; "the

main by a boat channel called the Sciag/ , TJie

island is composed of low tpar^. eipbanked firo^ s

, the sea^ The breadth of the river's m<3|Utb is h^

four miles; it is navigable for the.lATgesft $hip|s

to Dep^fbrd, fbr small Uigf\lb&^ ^ thi^. tower of

Lbndoi^ and for baiges to. Lechdale in O%fof4-

sKire, 230 miles from the sea. The tide flows up

to Richmond^ ten miles above London bridger

-; IPh^ ftffpt place t>n the KentUi bank o£ thetifer

f ^ Gra V£S£ND, a corporate town of several narrow

diiny^tt^ and 4^000 iidiabiftantSr afanotk flUtao-

^l^a^e^ iVi'^ shipping business, and particularly in

^' '■ • * 2 E i suppfying

Kemit

«>

5M KARII^^ 'Oft'<M»AFHT«

supplying liv^ slock and vegetables to outward^^
bound ships. It has twenty smacks Employed ia
the cod and haddock fishery in the British or
North Sea, aaid is the usual rendezvous of the
'Dutch turbot boc^ts, from whence they send theif
fish Ho Billingsgate, Passage boats stdl every tide
between Gravesend and London, the fare being
a shilling. There is also a ferry to Tilbury Fort
on the opposite side of the' river.* Gravesend is
considered the termination of the port <^ Londoii»
the conservancy of which is vested in the corpora*
tion of the city.
* Woolwich, eight mfles below London, is a naval
and military arsenal, and grand depot of the king^
iiom for wdnance. The naval yard' is under l&b
immediate superintendance of the navy'boaid^
imd employs 1,506 men in peace and^m S ta
4,000 in war.

Greenwich, four mfles fVom London, is noted
for its magni^cent hospital for disaUed' seameii of
the royal navy, and for its astronomical obser^
vatory, fVom which w^ reckon the longitudi^
Hie Thames is here 950 yards vide, and presents
beautiAil scenery.

Deftpord, one mile above Greenwich, is a
large and busy town of 18,000 inhabitants, at

w

f Inlfdfiy »pUviw98«dopt^for^rmiiiffai»amunicaU(mb^|iiPBeiitke
]two shores at these points, by an arched tunnel under tht hbd oi ttA
gimmes, and this stapendoxts work was oomiiM&ieed at the Cf&na^tti sllel
^t th^. water* 4oaii hfvftii to impedis ihe worbmeQi .a«4 ^ ^9Wb pWsM
. fht ito to be relinquished. The tunnel waa to have been coiwtaiiUy ligll^
f>f Uttips, and ta li«^ bet^i ca|i2rt)le of the painn^ '^*''^

i . . I

^ 4

tile month of dte little river Ravensboume. Tbere
• is af King's dock yard tinder the immeditte inspec-
tion of the Navy Office, Which employB 1,000 arti-
Hcers in peace and 1,500 in war. ' It bai^ besides
two large private ship-building yards, yrlkete ^evteh-
t^-fourgatf ships are somfetimesbuih; by (contract.

ii.f t,r y A

t

■ ■ I 11

' ' The Thatflfes separates the countiAlrbf 'Kent latfd
Essex*} tb6 point of the entrattte ^oh'ttte kitter
jshore is named Shoeberry'iNess, fbiif mfles north
pfSheerness. Ascending the river the plates in

'stoco^ssioh are Sonthend a bathing villstg^^ -'a^llitife
above Which a stone marks the^ Hmits of tiie ^iMi^
diction of the corporation of London, 'oti iXh

' mde. RayMgh an inbohslderabie viflage -inhabited
J)y oyster dredgers. Canvy isWrtd separsittsd from
the main by Hadley Bky, navigable only by stnal

'fcraft. ' ^' -' ' • ■ . '*''• '" " ' ''

TSbury'Fort, opposite Gttnresend,' fe it' re^utar
fbrtt^s built in the reign of Charles II^^'iblMend

'thte passage of the river; Griy-l^nrrAcki^Wim^^

Wwn on a creek of the lTiafoits,«*lkv%s^^ ttr

The Port ori^jmoN, Ifa'thfe*lefeaa^ilftf«i 6f
the term, extends!^ from*' tKt' Ndrth fbrtilsfha iiid
Slidebeny Ness to London- Bridge i' hiit'iW^po^t,
as far as it regards the Ididini^and discbargi^ t)f
i!ups;is confined to^tlie f^ach'of lh6;:rtVe*be<i^eh
'i>eptf6rd and the bridge, a distance Of ifMiP ^il^
4ha*»6ni 400 to* '500 Vafdi in brtailth : ' T^htfl space

~ ; .'II « ¥ . , *

». tietween lioi^ouae and-tibe bridge is natiied -the
'a^v. Pook

696 uAmpffiifff^JiAnri

iPoct, m/^cvn receive 800 vess^s l4^ff If^^ffttpflt
at low water; tho^e of light^t flrplb ^uear)^^ j^
. the bridge. The Thameai^ ia its. })a^^ ^TfH4S&
Xioiptd^o, is .to bq CQDsidQved ipprie ^th cespe;^ to
caauDj^rdal utility th^>b^ut)r, th^: latter Uayif^f
been entirely nerifioed ta the focp^p ai^yl vri^
the exoeptign of aome few spots^ as Somerset
Houfie» the Adelpbi, liie Temple, &c« the maga*
Tines eithf^^project into the river^ or it is lined hjf
dirty /poal iii^d timber wbac&t Jndeed^ th?re am-
not be a leas engaging coi^^iT^, than from .y^
eeptre of piackj'rjaifa ^^ridge^/when the 1^ ^s
^oi^t,},..the m^ddjf; Jktp /o^ lii^^
.WM ba^rgp? >afl4. rjtfts. of deal .tinjb^;, being,t^e
,prpivwent.fe*ture*> 4,;ffi^qxentj's .tho^Vght* ,U<J]f-
ev^JT^;frfiil^(^p,r^C#efit^ffl|^^ it > iij g^tm^-
^^ui^ ^thpr. 4:9iwflerce,^)Eng\and owes t>er hij
ffdfce in the^a^ale of natioi^ afid the p^infl f
satisfied 'with what the eye rejects* The wh
^being v^rj ina4eq^tf te to^ the increased cfm^f^p^
of Xi^nfloti,, various* docks have bc^n .wf t^ij^iew
iJ^^lpi^^m^*^ *o wc^ve. the di%f nt bi^ixes
of iht trade, and are the .most si4>erb works, of
the kind in the world. The first commenced was
a ilii^TJ8|Bt>^ canal thr<;if^ the Isle ,of Ufogj^ and
tfm d^ por^ sidei ef the canal, docks, wharfs, and
maga^inea, for the W^|t iWi^ trade.. They were
begun in l&OO. and coippleted in }S0^. llip
homeward-boun4 dock iSr ^600 feet long and 60p
broad, cf^iable of receiving 800 vessels, of SGp
tons and upwards. The outward4xMind d^ck.is
also Ss600 feet Icsig and 400 broad. Theycon^

munkate

<*l

municate by means of locks, but are separated and
surrounded by high walls. In 1802, an abt of
parliament passed incorporating a London Podk
CompJiny, and docks and warehouses were coil,
structed in the angle of the river below Wapping.
The length of the dock is 1,960 feet and the
breadth 690, containing twenty acres and ciqpable
of receiiring 2S0 vessels of SOO tons and upwards.
The warehouses for storing tobaeco and. wine,
cQver five acres^ and the whole is surrounded by a
wall.

. The Bast-Iiidia Dock act was passed in ^ 1808^
and t!he work eommenced in 1805. The dischargii^
dock is ;1»410 feet long and .960 wide, containing
eighteen acres and a half. The loading dock -is
780 feet long and 090 wide, iTCfqtainnig nine a<»i$s
atid a quarter. * They are entered from the river
by a basin of two acres and three quarters. The
enlirance lock is 210 feet loiig and tiie gates forty-
eight feet wide^ the depdi in ordinary ^rii^ tidea
M twenty-four ftet. 1 ' !
, The following is a statement of the foreign trade
of London in 179^ : —

«- ,.

» • •
• ■ •

7 .. •

HAKimiE ez&eaAFHT.

-1 ttll

Hi

lii I

111

!:|Siy

fit

III

.111

,1 mA'

IS S iilH

• IS

;^i.|)M°l.i III J- 1'

I "III 6 I *-» I

t!'s'

is ess l~l^,^.

i-iS-13 ^-:mS. «i I

III!

I l-l* » II I

li;

III

%m 1

11111 J 11 il

nil

I

S09

ill I" li

'T' r.- ■■
1 4 s

s

■ lll^-

lillllvllK.'^

I r sis.^i

PS

H * 1*11 i-.H*." 1 i I-- -I." ,''-1 1

I..'

.1 ;, i-:ii.frr

I s

! 3-' iSBss "-as

CO . . .

., I I f|l||i-ii| l3|i s| 1 «=

510 MARITIia eXOSftAPBf •

III 179tf the exports of LondooanMnted to
if 14,742»000 } the French rovohitioB redsced
fiiem in the feftewhig year to jeid»(W0^00O. Hw
effect WM however but temporaijt in 1706^ Av
exports being £l8M0fi(KK and the importi
^14,719)000. In this year S,007 British eh^s^
4pS6,84S tons, entered the port and ^iGj&teigaci
877»142 tons, besides (inclading repeated voyages)
11,176 coasters of 1,059,915 tons. 3)te rivernavi-

gatiott in the same year em{d(g^ die followii^

— -^

crait. ., ' i

1ti996 barges of S3 tons each, 400 <^ whidi

' were employed in the

deal, «nd the remain-
der in the cod trade.
40S lighters of 39 tons
SS8 punts of 20
&7 boats of 24
6 sloops of 27*

10 cutters of 7I chidly pleasure vessels
10 hoys of 53

&ld Total tonosge 110,1^.

1 1700, the number of trading vessds fbeloiig-
JO London, was 560 of 84,882 tons, and 10;06r
• In 1800, the number of vessels was ^,066^ *
tonnage 568,262, and the men 41,402 $ ef -
s numbers the East-India Conipany's fltiippfkig
122 Vessels, 10&041 tons, and 16,000 i^

SNGLANDU 511

From the entraiice of die Thames a considerable
extent of the coast of Essex is formed of marshy
iaknds, t^ which that named Foulness is the
largest* Aocheferd on a creek, named Broomhill
River, receives lighters ; its population is 1,£j88»
Bumham on'tiie Crouch is a village accessible to
small craft.

The Blackwater is a large estuary formed by the
confluence of the Chelmer and Pant. It receives
vesseb of 460 tons, and those of eight feet ascend
to Maldbn, a town of 9,500 inhabitants, at the con*
flnence of the rivers. The Isles of Osey and Ram*
sey in the Kackwater are covered with vast iSocks
of wild ducks in winter, which are shot in great
quantities for the London market.

Mersey Island, between the Blackwater and the
Cdne, is separated from the main land by a nar-
row creek called the Pylfleet, in which the most
esteemed oysters are taken* The island is entered
from the main by a bank dry at low, water,

Colchester, the principal town of Essex, is
on an eminence on the Colne, a league fWmi its
mouth; it has 11,500 inhabitants, and receives
vessda ef 800 tons with the tide, and large ves-
sds ascend to Wiveoboe where is a ship-building
esfabtiahment from whence frigates have been
li^unched.

C<dcheste;r W9i» a Roman station and quantities
of Roman coins are dug up in it; near it are the,
ruins of a castle built by William I.

The Stour separates the counties of Essex andT
Suffolk, and is navigable with the tide to Maning-

tree,

^ I J

ftljl UAJurrum qeogeapbt^

tre^ a small irr^;iilar tovni. On the Bonlk poiot
of the entiv^ce of the river is Haewicb with a
harbour capable of receiving 500 vessds } its chi^
business is ship buildings two dechets bring hitSt
here for the navy. It also employs 9,006 tons waA
500 men in the Nwth Sea fishery, and is the port
of communication with Holland and Germany^
packets sailing regularly to Uelvoetduys and the
Elbe. It is also a frequented aea-hathing place. Hie
entrance of the Stour is defended by Landgoard
Fort on the opposite point of the river to Har-.
wich and distant two miles and a half from it, but
commanding the channel which is close under the
fi)rt» a great bank running from the south shore.
This fortress^ built in the reign of James L» is on
a point of land insulated at high W9ter> by an
expanse of water nearly a mile broad i it is in the
county of Essex.

The coast of, Suffolk is in general formed of low
cliffs of sand and loarn^ upon which the sea easily .
acts» and carries away a part of theni every year^
so that the encroachment aince the epoch of the .
Doomsday Book is found to be in ^ ^ctfne. places^ \
one mile> one furlongs and nineteen perches. The .
greatest effects have been between the Deben and
Southwold. Ipswich, on the Orwell, is the chief «
town of the county, and is built on the side of a
hill ; its population between I3r and 14,000 tn^*,
h^^itants. Small ships ascend to the town, but
vessels of burde;i lay at Downham Reaph, thxsee *

miles

WMtLAMD. - $1^

Int; the ttdcfitts tnntA Sent. Ifturkh hwtw6
ih^ bttMiiny ttaWwhawnifc FtaiUgo boMi Ail
«vffy tide between it and Ifeffwieh. l%e jifitlOH
f«l> tcad&'it in <!oni and suit ta Ldddon.' ■ The
Gnti^ is AMI of tii» iMtt piotaretque Ai%n of
SaC^Hod«nd kM mmj beautiftd mMb <m' itt balikij^
Felurtow it m agr«MMe viH^ge Moiii o|!«tl«
«oit4i» of the D6ta(m^ i4iich-4brms the ikMhtfreif
4f WolMlMdBe tlMt eeiBOivM Mtitdl sb^8'«»< iU
fMp. Hohefy village. M sMne 4iitaM» jMkM^
gi»M4Mne to«l»y)llliitih'ta«rdhone<»f HiUfrbieat
vmi» o» ihif etMMt» being sh^heMid b^ tbe^ pMjfect'
ianpoint of Odbvd NeM M the mMn, ^ ifhicftf

«l»^1R>«lii^llB.

^Shiftimt Ald»ftU» ilit»H«laely Bay, lf<nrof
certiiiBnibk <im httt «f tttde^other ase thien HfE
fiifdiog » pieaiant iMvigstioii b^ |fliea6ftre- liootd^'
aad iatring » good oyster ileheiy. iTbe town of
Orfocd it on it at the conAttence of the Ore, andi
i»» diliiilild place' frotii its pdrt being <}hMited i^k
Near it are iha rtiiM of a cattle. Alilb<M*ough' watf
■HlWUlya cetoiiddraUll^ townv but the fiie()bent
iiiyi>mHiJ«l>og the seafhM^ iMa^hed atra^ a greaif ,
fflit «f>>it AA^r^uded it to an imigniAtentf'flithihg'
-riilrign y ihfi tdnat ff seihbidh^n has h6^i#ever
kikiMy csaoised- its imjyrovesient, and it haii a
gcMl hating and sphit fishery.* The ba^ is' de>-
IMUld by^ a< Mfllrtditt t^yftr. • North of • Ald-
iMMu^ite 'a-nfcK* or mtiMiiy bke ^lose to the sea.

fkwf((V fiswell, and "i/Hsmete Haven, succeed
to^Mboroii^b; and then Duhvieb, andentiy acton-

YOL. IV. 8 L siderable

6H tlARITmE GEOeRAFHt.

Bn0uif, fiidf rable commiercial city,* but now, a meati vit*
lage of 184 tnhabitontSj i^ituaJted 00 % oliifof cou^
frideral^le h^ht, which the sea. GantifiuaUy.imder-
mines, and washes away/

The River Blytbe falk into .Waldewwick Bay,-
and is nayi^»bl« to Heleswortbi a well built town
pf 1,.60Q inhabitants. Walderswick, now ap in*-
cpnaidexable fishing villa^^ was ancbntly a con-
Si^derable place, in 1451 having dijrteen vesseb

^ trading, to Iceland, Ferroe, and the QQrtha and

twentyrtwo fishing boats.

Southwold, on an eminence iiearly suocounded
by the Blythe» has 1,000 ii](ha(bitants ; its haven
is fphped by two piers> and fyigaJb^ are built bsie.
It is defended by two batteries on the.cliffi. Que.
a r^nlar fortificajCion ctiounting six- guns, ^d
th^ other two. It is a sea bathing placiei. Inthe
bay b^osre k, nanied Sokhay or $p¥$le Bayt
was foutght the bloody and drawn batt|e in 1672,
between the English and French coinbini^ jfieets
under. the Puke of York and Earl of.Saadwidi»
and the Dutcli fleet under^^l^ B^uy ter^ .

Eastern Bavent is the remains of a vilki^e neady-:
washed away by the ,sea» >^ich pi^. t}us .pa^ lU
the coast has made such. encro^chptoKi^^ that Uia
poiiit of, Easternness, fonnerJy the ea^t ppint of
England, has entirely disappeared.^^ Cpvehithea
wMlfis^«« village. ;. , i / , ..
. LowxsTQFf 9 or Lbqstoff, is a.i^ntJsome.toiiyi
on a clif!^ . now the ea^t point of.Engl^d* aad^

cpiiiiqaBd9)g

. ;

• I

* Tn 1347, it .^tu: ^\x ship:, ^uid iC2^KiAr:yiTS,lo the sJcgg of Calais.

commanding a grand view of the sea. Its haven »^
formed by two piers has fire fitthoms depth, and
Hear it are two lights to direct vessels clear of the
Yarmouth sands. The population is 2,400. It
is a frequented bathing place, and has a good
herring fishery. Opposite this town was fought
the naval battle between the English and Dutch, in
which the latter, commanded by Opdam, were to-
tally defeated.

Gorton, a sdiall village on a clifit

• The coast of Norifblk is in general Icfw, level, ff^^
and without indentations or promontories, Hun*
Stanton Cliff, or St. Edmund's Point,* being the
most considerable projection. The shore in gene-
ral presents sand-downs, with a low^ beach of peb-
bles and s^nd consolidated by the matted rootti
of sea reed grass, particularly the arunda arenariB
and arenaria peploides. The downs extend aU
OTfost without interruption from Caister, two miles
iiorth of Yarmouth, to Cromer Bay, where dom-
fhences what are called the Mud Clifl^, which
ferm the rest of the coast to 'Lynn Regis. Nu-
merous dangerous banks lie off thi§ coast far oat
St sea, particularly a large one parallel to the
shore opposite to Yarmouth. Near Thornham »
eonsiderabte track, now overflowed by the sea,

€ L 3^ appeara

r
\ * ' •

, .^, ffnpfifi £eom tb« anp^otltion that Kjog Eilinuw) U9 m^rt^fV iaB<Ifd hirrt
i» take poia«siiottaftli«kiBfdaaof£atfi Anflia,

516 MAEITpa CEOGftAPHT.

i^« BppeBis to h^ve been formerly a fovesU ^\xx^9Xicif
cf the trunks and soots of trees being fonnd in a
ifoaOs of black fibroiis decomposed wood. Thg
beach here is a, soft ooze. A great par^ of the
hundred of l^reebridge^ on the ^est, has been
gained from the sea by successive emjI^kiKient^^
the innermost of which is thought to have teei^
raised by the Romans.

The chief danger of the coast of Norfofl^ to
navigation is from liie confignratioq of the coast,
for vessels passing Flamborough Head to the south
if they meet with a hard gate between N.£. and
&E. get embayed in the dangerous gulf called
the Wa^y \(fhile those from the south with a gale
£rom the N.£. if they are unable to weather Win-
terton Ness, must go on shore. In seeking to
avoid the danger^ of this coast, ships have fre*
quentiiy been wrecked on that of Holland, and
particularly on the Hake Sands, misfortunea
lAuch probably have been generally caused by ig-
norance of the tides and currents.

YARMOtJTHi at the ^outh of the Yare, is a con*
siderable trading town of 15,0Q0 inhabitants.. Its
haven is formed by two piers» and is the seventh
artificial haven that has been formed here, and at
present it requires ao expestfe of two to JS^OOO i^
year to keep it from filHog up ^3i mud. It h«%-
a:handsome quay at ^hich vessels lay to discharge*
. Yarniouth I«» ihym eady times been a c<>i(^^
cial {dace ; in lS4f6 it bad forty-three ships and
1,075 mariners at the siege of Calais. In 1790 it
bad 1,100 registered Vessels, and at present haa^

• about

V

BK6LAMD*. tlf

' tbout 900 exduaive of fishing crafty* but the so- smi^tk.
perior size of the ships in some measure compen*- **"
sates the decrease in their number. Yarmouth
Roady within the long sand already noticed^ is
the usual rendezvoi^ of the colliers from the norths
and during the late wars it was one of the an*
chorages of the fleet of ships oi war employed in
this sea. The port is defended by three forts and
two batteries, andth^e are barracks for 1,000
nien on the beach. The rise of tide here is five
feet Boats ascend the Yare from Yarmouth to
Norwich ; and the Waveney is navigable for
barges from Yarmouth to Bungay Bridge, in Suf>
fqlk. The navigation to Yarmouth Road is pointed
<mt by two light-houses, one at Garlestone, on the
souths and the other on the north at Caisten

Wintertoa is a fishing village, east of which is
the point named Winterton Ness^ with many
dangerous shoals off it, on which account ther^
are three light-houses, the southern of which on
Haseborough, has two lights \ the middle one at .
Winterton Ness three; and that on Foulness
one*

Tbe places in succession from Winterton Ness
are Happisbuigh, or Hasdborough, J^^dilesleyi
Cromar, a fishing and market town on a cMSf hks
no haven* but colliers of seventy tons dischaig^
in its roa^ named JDetv?^ Tkroat^ famous for
its crabs. Cromar is also vishted by yea bathers.

2 J. 3 Nortb

, • See bone fiaherici«

51 8 MARITUllE GEOORAt^HY.

»

j^tt. North of Cromar are Beeston-Regisi Seriilg1uu)| f
Cley, and Blakeney, little fishing towns on the
same creek. Wells, a tolerable port, but difficult
of access, from shifting sands. It has some trade
vrith Holland in corn and malt, and a good oyster
fishery.

Holkam, Bumliam, and Brancaster Bays* are
open roads, with villages of the same names» on
creeks, accessible to coasters.

^unstanstone is a village west of St Edmund's
Piff, which is 100 feet high, and has a light-house
seen seven leagues.

The Wash, Metaris Mstuctrivm of Ptolemy, is
a great gulf filled with, dangerous quicksands and
receiving several rivers, the most considerable of
which is the Quse, remarkable for an occasional
bore in high equinoctial tides, called the Eager.
Its course is sixty miles, and it is navigable tweo*
ty-four miles above Lynn for barges, and for small
. boats to Bedford, forming a communication by its
tributary rivers and by canals into seven of the in^
)and counties.

Lynn Regis, the fifth commercial town of
England, is on the Ouze, ten miles from its mouth,
which is here nearly as wide as the Thames at
London Bridge. Four small rivers run through
and . intersect it, and are crossed by bridges ; it
is surrounded on tiie land side by an old wall and
wet ditch. Its havi^n can receive 300 sail. Its
population is 10,000. Its trade is considerable to
tlie Baltic, Norway^ Holland^ Spain, and Fortu*^

gaU

5SNGLANI). 519

j^iL It imports 100,000 chaldrons of coal*, and ^:^
2,000 pipes of wine.

• The Nene and Weiland Rivers also fall into the
Wash. By the former, barges ascend to Northamp-
ton, and by the latter to Spalding. The Nene
separattes Norfolk and Lincolnshire.

The greater part of the county of Lincoln, bor- ti««j«j*««.
dering on the sea, is composed of fens and marsh-
land,, which in their most ancient state appear to
have been covered with forests, the trunks of great
trees being found in tlie fens. At a subsequent
period it was covered by the sea, from which it
has been gradually recovered.* In the summer
these fens present the rich appearance of luxuriant
verdure and innumerable cattle and sheep grazing,
but in winter they are in great part covered with
a sheet of water, and the resort of vast flocks of
wild aquatic birds, as geese, ducks, widgeons,
teals, and othere of the duck species; grebes,
godwity wimbrels, coots, ruffs, reeves, &c. Tlie'

2 L 4 ducks

• On tbe coaAt of Lincoln are many banks, called clay-hut«, which dry
Bit km water, the principal are off Aldethorpe and Mapletiiorpe ; they are
composed of root;}, trunks, branches^ and leares ot trccn and shrubs, in-
termixed with leaves of aqoaric plants. The kinds of wood are birch, fir,
and oak. Tlie opinion generally adopted and confirmed by the tradition
among the luliabitants is, that an iuvii^ion of the sea, anterior to historical
records, had submerged a tract of wood land; and after a lapse of time
again retreated. Having covered the tjrees with rond and sand, which be-'
came pasture land* A second iovsAion of the sea is supj)09cd to have
washed away this covering of mud,, and to have cxpuscd the origiual
upees*

596 UJLBTTVm 0£9«|tAFHT.

Ancki ftie tnHsen m 4kc^s% and 8up(dgr tbe toadoy
market, upwards of 10(^000 birds h^mg sent tl^
tberajmoaUy. llie seasoB £»r taking tbem ia fram
October to February^ and it is focbiddcp* by Act
of Fktrliaoient, to take thepa &om tbe ficst of
June to the first of October, uader peoalty of fivf
shillings for every bird. Great flocks of geeta
are also bred in the fens, and afford a, profitjable
branch of commerce, as well ia* their, carcaaes . as
their quills and feathers. .
Tbe fens are intersected by ditcher, csiLtted
- dtoves^ which separate the properties, atid whichi
communicate with larger canals, called ^kes and
drains^ some of which are navigable by baiges*
All the fen^ands being beiow th^ high wat^r n^ark
of the coasts, when the drains are filled by tbe
rains, Ifhe sluice-gates no longer carry olPthewa*
ter to the sea, while the sea water oozing through
the under stratum of sea 6and» assists in fiooding
the couitry. In dry summers, on the contrary^
this tract suffers from the want of fresh water, there
being no rivers and very few springs.

Boston, on the Witham, five miles from ita
mouth, has 6,000. inhabitants. The riva b^vin^
been recently deepened and the b&rl^9ur ipiprovedt
vess^ of ten adf *eleven feel ascend to * Ht^ . town^
and load com for London, It ^o communicatea
with Lincoln by ai canal. ^ * «

Wainfleet is a market town of .500 inl^abitattts^
on a creek through which the River Limb flows
into Boston Deep. A portion of the waters which
formerly emptied themselves by this river having

been

Men cMduded iota tbe Witkaao, in fte ptooeis
of drainiiig the fens, the port of Wainfleet liai
•liflered a preportiofiate i^i^iiry, tliough small cnft
Mia visit itt chiefly for shelter*

Sk^ness is still a poor fishing village^ as it waa
^hen Lelaiid wrote, vho thus describes iU ^* Skeg-
ikesse sometune a great haven town» was once
wailid, hsiving a castle ^ the old town dean con*
iumed and eatei by the sea. For old Skegnessa

$9 #

\

IS now boildid a poor new thingJ

Saltfleett dr St Peter's^ on a ci«ek, is a village
ef aao inbaUtatits | and Tetney, also on a creek;
lias 4Mk Vessels from sea «iter this credc, and
by a canal ascend to Louth, bringing timber^
doals, groceries, lie. and takb^ off corn and
weoL

The l^uMSHsa, ^hn of Ptolemy» is a great es*
fioary wllieh receives aknoet the whole of th^
frateft of Ycttkdiire, by the river Ouse, and ^
eonsiderable portion of those of the southern mid*
Ijind counties, by the Trent At the confluence
of these rivers it is a mile \ftide and- increases in
breadth towards the sea, into which it empties it*
ieM between iJrimsby on the. south* and Spurn
Head on &e north.

£nteru% the Humber along the south shore^
die first place is Humbersfeon, on a creek one mile
and ahidf from the sea; Cleathorpe, south of a
ftaat named Cleaness, a fishing village and water-
ing

. . ^ ttl9. y^ ^l« I«9S^f

5fi«

Maritime gsogaaphy.

x^""^^^' tftg pbfcre« Great GftiSi»y, an ancient boroi^,'
market, and port towii,^ fiad greatly declined by
the choaking up of its port 9 but this having been
latterly improved, and a dock built, it has again
began to revive.

Baiton, a market town of 1,700 inhabitants;
was of some consideration before the fbundatioa
of- Hull,t which has attracted its trade, . though
some corn is > still exported to London. It also
derives consid^abie advantage from being the
usual crossing place of the liumber to Hull, well
furnished passage-boats crossing every tide.

Ferraby and Whaltonare village of 300 to 400
inhabitants. .

The Trbnt rises in Staffi>id8hire, and by means
of its tributary rivers and canals affords a commu-
nication, with several of the inlafld counties.

Vessels of 150 tons ascend the Trent to Grains-
borough, and export its com to London; it hat
also ^ome trade to the Baltic

r^rkthire.

The S.£. part of the coast of Yorkshire is
named Holderness. ^Entering the Humber at the
Spurnhead, we find that the sea has grealJy re-
treated, and thereby formed considerable tracts of
new land V that named Sunk Island bqjan to rise
above the water in the reign of Charles I., and a«
it increased it was embanked iri, andirow contains

4,500

* It supplied eleven ships md 170 Aariners to tbe siege of Calais,
t Fnniisbed fire ships and ninet jH>Qe men to the sJege of CaUtls.

4^500 acres of pasture land, and has a church ^^';;;;y'
built on it ; 500 acres are also left dry at low wa^'
ter, and may be recovered by embankment.

On the eastern sea-shore of Holderness the sea
has on the contrary greatly encrpached» and wash*
ed away several towns and villages, particularly
the famous sea-port of Ravenspur, whose site is
even unknown. The last great catastrophe was
in the reign of Edward III. when tlie sea rush*
ed towards the shore with terrible fury,
and the Humber swelled to an extraordinaiy
height.

Patrlngton, on a creek a mile from the Humber,
is a considerable village, and receives small craft.

Hedon, farther west, is a market town of 1,000
inhabitants, which formerly had a harbour, but
the retreat of th? sea leaving it dry, n canal for
small craft has been cut from the Humber to
within a quarter of a mile of the town. Paul
is a village two miles and a half from Hedon, and
on the bank of the Humber ; it has considerable
building establishments, and seventy-four gun ships
have been built here.

Kingston upon Hull, generally simply called
HuLi#| has the privileges oila county, and is one of
the most populous and commercial towns of Eng-
landy contcdning 42,000 stationary inhabitants.
.Here are two wet docks, one covering ten acres of
ground, and the other seven acres, with spacious
quays for landing cargoes, besides several dry
docks and building places. The sea trade of Hull

. may

5fi MARrmiX GCOGftAPHV.

^'"i^* may be estimated by the amount of cimtmxA cd^
lected at different periods.

1700 ^26,287

1778 ...: 7^8,229

1785 91,366

1792 199,988

1806 350,000

^ I8O7 300,000

1810 ,.290,000 '

It is howerer to be observed, that considerable
aOowance must be made for the inoreased war du«>
ties of late years, which will much diminish the
Cfpparent increase of tlade. *The reduction of the
customs in the laat y6ars proceeded from the Bal*
tic being closed^ a considwable branch of the
Hull trade being to that sea* Hull has also a
great trade with the inland counties by canals.^
The Greenland fishery employs thirty to forty
ships a year, by which are imported from four to
5>000 tons of whale and seal oil, besides seal skinsf.
and sea unicorn's teeth*

' Hull hasa corporation styled the Trinity Hoiise»
authorized to make bye-laws for the government
of the seamen of the port, and to examine and
Ecenee pilots* Every seaman sailing out of this
port pays 6d. per month to this corporation, and
from this fund many disabled seamen and their
families aie supported*

North

«

• The total nine o^ the objcet;s oi'cDmiiierce trcMght lal»«d carried o«t
•If tttHumber it estizaated at fifkeea mtUlooe it^rliBg.

North f*ertafcy, opposite South Ifecraby, ia '•Jjf^
tilicolo ; thi3 i$ a pleasant village near tha

On the fast coaafc of Hohlenieas, north of the
Spumhead are Kilnsea ; Horpsea, half a mile froni
the shore, has 700 inhabitants ; dose to it on the
l^est is Hornsea Meer, 'with one exception the
Qfily fresh water lake^in Yorkshire ; it is tmo milea
long and three quarters of a mile broacL Skipsea
is.alsQ a viUage half a mile fioom the sea.

. J^ridliagton Quay is a small genteel sea badnng
towHf cm a fine hsy, sheltered by Elamborougb
Uetd ou the nortlu while the SmilUe Bank bveaka
^ fury of the aea on die east j the north end of
this, baok approaches to within a mile of flamho*
roi^h Head, and the depths over it are twelve to
twenty feet Bridlington Quay is a haven formed
by two pier^ and is scoured out by a consideraUe
stream of water that falls into it } it dries at low .
watec* but at hjif^ water springs the depdi ts fii^
teen to eighteen feet ; it is defended by^ two bat«
tvies^ whose firea ecoss and enfilade it T)tia
pla^e ia 009. of the great rendfieEvoQs<^ thexoU
liers in foul winds or bad weather. Bridlington t^
a^ CQiuidfxable m^ket ft^wai a. mile inland fhsm'the

^ay*

. inamborough. Hood is. a .wst ppmiontoxy f<?rai*
19^ a triangle^ the base of whidi is^crossed by aa^
am^eot ditch ^f gceat bueadth aad depth, ^qppa*
rently int^nd^ to insulate the pcnmontary) md v
whioh tenditton aseribes to the Dahes. The pro«
nontoiy towards the se»piesfata.c]iAljQO iolJ^

yards

SS6 MARrrms c^oGRAFHr.

y^-e. yards liigfa» composed of mouldering lime stcae
as ivhite as. miikt and the bottom worn into vast
caverns, one of which is named the Dove Cot,
fi:om the wild pigeons that breed in it : another,
caUed the Kirk Uol^ is entered on the north aide
of the promontory, and is said to penetrate nearly
through it ; Roi^n Lyth's Hole, a third cavern,
has a perpendicular opening inland. Many va^
ipasses of separated Tock lie round the promonto-
ry, and, as well as the cliffs, are resorted to hj
mnumerable aea birds to breed. Near the ex-
tremity of the priunontory are two ligh<>-hoQfies.*
flamborou^ is a brge &hiDg village in a hollow
on the south side of the promontory, a mile and
a half west of tlie new lighthouse; it has 700
iohebitantSa

Filey, a fishing village and sea-bathing place of
SOO inhabitants on a spacious bay, which is shd-
tered on the noith by a rocky ledge, exteiiiling
one mile and a half from the shore, and quite dry
at low water, on which the sea breaks w^ great
fury in bad weatiier. On the beach of the bay
are picked up cornelians^ and ^sometimes morsels
of ambei:*

ScAaiKiBMioH, a handsome borough « town, is
situated in the recess cf a beautiful bay, and on a
vocky cUff runng perpendicularly from the water.
its luiren^ vfaidi iS'the only cme fit for large ships
between: the Humber iand the Tyne, is formed by
turn pieia. l!be old one 1,200 feet long ; and the
new one» which is oonstructed of vast blocks of
stone weJighing thirtjr tons, is siKfy 1^ broad at

the

• ekglasd; • 507

tile base, and sixty-ttfai^e ieet at the curvature; VunMr^.
3Rrliere the fbrbe of the sea is greatest ; the breadth
at top is forty^two feet, and the height forty feet«
As there is no back \^ter to scour it out, the sand
JTom the sea that subsides in it in summer would
soon fill it upv was the effect not counteracted by
the agitation of the water* in mnter, which agSAtk
disfaurbing this sand from the bottom^ it mifloes with
the water^i and i^ carried out byi the tide; Thu
depth at the pier head is twenty to twenty-four feet
at high • water springs, and at iow wstec but tfareo
to four feeti. . The repairs, of 'the piei*s are provid-
ed for by/a doty on.coala escpcsrted froml^ewcastlo
and Sundeifland* Theve is a hospital for seamen'tf
widows, auppcHted by stoppages from the seamen'^
pay* Scarborough is much frequented for sea-
bathing and for its medicinal springs, which are
^alybeate. and salisie. Scari)orough Castle is on
a rocky dsff of SSO feet elevation, washed on threa
aides by tlie. sea, presenting to the north, east, and
south, an -inaccessible .face of rock. Within the
waUs is a gmas plain of nineteen acres, with a weU
of pus^e water* . This edifice was built in tho
reign of Stephen, and is now a vast ruin.

. Between Scarborough and Cleveland the coast
is'iconq^osed c^ daffi^: generally from sixty to
eii^ty '&et high, biit between iScarbonHigh and
liTlutby is Stpupbnoiw, a vast laasa of rode of 893
feet elevation. : The peaked. mouotaiii of llose^
bury Topping near this coast, sonnes atf a land« .
tau^k tO'team«p^' its beS^htSa 1,488 feet. . .
Robin Ho<xUN}r ifli a^riilqf vHloge siac^xuies S.E; .

vi of

5S8 MAuitlME* GSoisEAPinr.

r^Mre. 0f Vi^i^, and has its name from Ac tradftioil
that the &mou8 outiaw and hb equally ceiebnitedl
attendantt little John^ fret|tiented lihis piace.
The village is butk on the edge of a perpendi*
(B^ar cUff > the bfty is shoal and the sauls left diy
at low watera ^eafc way from the shore. The road
from Stoupbn>w to Eobin Hood is along thes^
sandfly and under or^er-^hanging cKA'; and l^&eit
ia necessar}' to he aware of the effects o£ the tides,
which flowtowanb the shore with gnuit rapidity
ooverii:^ the aaada kra short ^ace of time.

Wbitbt is situated* on the Eske, whidi dividea

it into nearly eqmd parts connected hy d di^w-

liridge, i^ch admits vessels of SDO tons. "Ihe

town is croudedly and irregularly built, tiie streets

nafrow, ili-paved and dirty, but many of tfaehousea

handsome* The cUmstey fitxivthe positron of Aa

moimtains, is almost aa cold and stormy as Orkn^;

and hence it is by no means a pleasant residence.

The outer harbour is formed hy no less than five*

piers, and, nevertheless, its water is considerahly

agitated in storms. The western ^er of square

atones is 590 yards long, and terminating in ar

drcular head, on which is a battery.' Above the*

bndge is aa inner harbour perfectly smooth, and

here are considerable ship-building establishaoents

col hot^ sides of the^riven The depth in tike outer

fabrbour is at neap tides twelve feet, at ccxfimaiV

springs eigbteao, aod at e(|uinoctial springs twen^

ty»three to twenty-four.

In 1774, l¥bttl>y had iSOvosels of eighty to&9'

Int

•• J« ,

Ii^ (iSm:9a0iJMmd9, audio 1708, ^^b^MfUmge ^

sends twelve to fourteeiv ships t(y 4:h|^ Ghneenland
fishery.

In the neighbourhood of Whitby are vast alum
works^ and in the aluminous rocks skeletons of
troiMiiB ailimals kavfe^been found; particularly one
of a crocodiled r.Gt^it nuthbers of comim tmnzO"
nis Aiie also Icmnd in these irocfes.

^imBwkk k a fishings village situated' on th^
side of a steep rUgged it>ck, three miles west of
t^ch is Sttiithes, afeo^ a fishing village^ in which
Gtjttttita CVifok, o4r '^teat circumnaviga|X)r, wad
bewid appreptice to a tradesman. The fishermeti
00 this jj^Qoe are the tlidst hardy and ' intf epid of
the coasts in wintet they go out to sea 4rt small
boat^' eidied cebks^j which hold iriree ikl^n 6ac|v»
but in summed they *iriii boats of ten*W twenty
fe^ns yniit five n^n, iii which they akUal(V rgfaiaiti*
at sea from Monday rtortiSng' to SatjiPdiy night;
and <M t^hii retiirn the fish is cut tip'&ild sklte^ by
the wo^menw ^ tn the herntig season ' t\fk village
sends ^fifteeti -fishing boat^ ib Yarmbutk '\ '

Red Car -is a fishing Vit%e 'aniS ^^^^^hin^
piace, south «f the motrth ^of the Tees. "
• TTie Tees sepaiiat^s the countlfe^'of York
aftd Durban^, it is onie ^the most rbihantic rivers
of i^and^ is navigable for sea vessels to Wa^sal
three miles above Yarm^ which lia&t is a market
tawn of iySOO inhabitants. It exports com, but- .

ter^ haq)s, aqdbacoQ» te London. Above Stock-

, ' ^_^ * *

ton It receives the Ure and Derwent, the former
. VOL. IV. S M ' navigable

?^ navigabU to Bippoij Old the ktt^ be-

- ' ' low Stockton the riy^r becomes veiy tortuous till i^
empties itself into a.b«y threi^ mi^s wide*

•«M»

'^^^ Stockton on the Tees has 4,000 inh^tants
and a considerable trade» having in 1795f forty*
seven vessels of 5,733 tons ; it builds ships of
burden, and manufactures sail-<:loth. In the Tees
is also a profitable salmon fishery.

The coast of Durham is>in general bound by
rocky cliffs worn into caverns > the most cornpi*
cuous of which are those named the Black Holes»
north of Hartlepool, which are supported b£
natural pillars, ana resemble the aisles,^ &c. of an-
cient cathedrals. Between Sunderland and the
Tyne, the rocks have been separated from Jhf^
shore^ 9fld that named Marstpn is near fifty yani^
distant, though the chasm was formerly crossed by
a plank. This rock is also perforated so that >
sailing boat can pass through it. It is tl^ tesfuri
of great flocks df sea-birds, whose dung c^ectodt
every fiflh or seventh year for manure^ produces
JflOO. Seaton is a pleasant fishing and ba,thiii^
village. Hartlepool is a fishing town of 1,000
inhabitants on a promontory, sheltering a ca^*
cious bay on the south, but the harbour be^%
unfit for vessels of any size, its trade is inomai*
derable, and the chief business is the fisher^r, It
is also visited hy sea-bathers.

^ ^ HawthMii

•>

Hawthorn is a village on a hill a mil^ from the
jea» and'Seaham a viUagife on the shore.

SuKDEfRLAND, otx the iigfat bank of the Ware^
18 composed of two towns united bj the increasing
buildings, and a third on the opposite side of
the river, the whole population amounting to
50,000. The haven is formed by a pier on the
south side of the river's mouthy and another on 1^
north : on the extremity of the latter is a lights
house. The depth at high water is sixteen feet^
and it is fit for vessels of 400 tons» which are loaded
with coals by keels, — oval-shaped covered barges^
with a large hatchway in the middle,' and without
sail or rudder ; they are all of the same size and
carry ten chaldrons or twenty«4is tons and a half*
The trade of Sunderland is very cpnsiderable, em*
ploying 5Q0 sea vessels : its chief business, is th«f
export of coals, to the amount of 8i50,000 chal-
drons, to London, France, Holland, and the Bal«
tic. tt be^des exports lime, glass, grind-stones,
and copperas.

The stupendous iron bridge over the Ware at.
Sunderland, is well worthy of notice.

The Tyne separates Duriiam and, Northumber-
land ; the tide ascends in it to Hedwin above
Newbume, and the rise is eighteen feet at its
mouth, and eleven feet and a half at Newcastle.
It had formerly a great salmon fishery, but the
locks that have been constructed io the river to
improve its navigation, now prevent the fish from
ascending, and consequently have nearly destroyed
the fishery.

SMf On

399, MARITIME /GBOOJItAPHT.

i>^4%^ : On jtfielftoutb bankjcrf' the Tyne da J&rtfrH
Shields, eq .^rbuiit .town. bM t^ 3eCi(^A.c^ ^
^uAtyi epntaimog 1^^090 Mhafa»ta»t8# j.its trttde,
including HoctbfilM^ is very can^draUesn the
^pott'Of gia89 and.telt.' MoA of the colliers. that
load friomN^woasde^ buik. Jit arid bdong i6
Shields, and the seamen of this pott afe the MoA
expert of the kingdtf^m* . Here was invented, awl
Srit brought intd mk the ^^ IJ& Boat^" 'by yrtiuk
between 17B9 and 1810, upwards of 900 persons
wets saved £rom vessels wrecked in the.inouth of
theTynbi.'. . . .♦ -, ," .'. .;

...Swatlwdl dnc'ibe Bterwent, ^amile above its. con*
iaeUce watb tlie Tyne^i is a smdil jtown deserving
notice^ far; its lacon i works, / the kiigest' anchors ai^
mooring xrhl^ins, JDoadesiall kinds > of iton utensili^
beSng madsi here iuui ^nt to Londpiii

«»• . •■,.. - J* •» , •» • ' I

'^^^''/tS?.**" NpRTlj[.SHiELMi. o^rtl>e, Northumberlund bunfc
— of the Tyne, contains 8,000 inhabitants* nine ipilef.
:|bav^ whicli;is.N^wcA(kti^, .a t<»Kn ^nd comaty of
30,000 inhabitjarita^ jt i$ th« SP9»d em^cffifm, of
the cpal trade,; the. greatest collieries j)^g .npar
the banks of' the Type, fir^o) ^ve to itfghteeii
miles above . Newcastle ; vessdBof ^00 toi^s Ipnik
at the qu}iy i^ Ibhe tow% which is/TPQiywdsioDg^
Besides coejs it . exports irpo, lea^t ^t| J^aiKm,
[fitter/ and a^lmonjof/ti^e Tynci taHpWi gfandr
stones, 'Bftd f)ayii)g«6tones«* l4^ ha^ laig^ m/f^pjijAc^

fares ^gla^fe.^: ^ . . : .

The corporation of the Trinity House cdP-Neir-
i:J ^^ n * castle

'. MfiWAao*. 118$

4Mltlf^;iiar the i^pnemotite of libs Hveif ^Tjnib^ to ^^^^^111^
kigk witer mark^on birth sid^aFof tiiie mer^lramitt
Month to fiedvdn $tt«aiQ abws Nfentonie. . ^
.' Ib^vilUige^iSTjpuiniottth^iBear the noirth {muM;
af th« fiviisr'9 nooth, k »fhihiMl^bW^8ea-b«fb^dl^
pkcft^ Jifetr it is €lil|Mtd 9^ coiiiminding d^
«atraiioe.Qf tha/miei^^ititid two fi^^ undtt

the Trinity House of Newcastle.
; HasdviFv 18 a firiiiiig. village, before WhicV is
fitfte Iflflnd fortniiig a Muatt havenribr thieifishifig
beate Seaton Sluiee is a little havracapttbte 6£
nceiirag tvelve or fourteen vessels of 900 torn-:
it is entered by Jon artifidd cC[iit through a free
ftoqe f oc)c of dOOfeet long) thirty broad, dmd fifty^
two deep. Blyth is « erniveniait havecr:&r smttll
pmR, but as well as> Hartley and Seatdn^ 'dviM ^
fiMrwat6iv> -^^ ' i •-^.:: ;.'

; Goquek* Island lies bef^ it tittle ri^P of the
aamename^ onin^ich is the villige of F^toivj
and to it success Alnotxioildi; a village oti aiiotiier
Bonttiritrerwfaei^e small oraft load corn, rifhe fuiiift
of J>)|»stanbopough Caatle are ncbrt passed, a^
llmi Bmnboroiigh' Castle, built on a basaltic rook
il£0 feetabove the sea, and inacce^ible* except on
the S.E. wbefi^ it is dtl^nded by a deep d«y ditda
Itodition aacniies its foundation to Idi^ ^irst
&aioDkMg0f<ti|e KkKtbunjbriatis 'm l^MS.' In
l9tBS;i it ctiMiie iiAo the^posMSSiOfV<if I^or^iCrewi^,
Bishpp <if Doihaitf ; wh^Oie^uttMhMl it^'With soiM
oib^ jittpifrty to trwtisesl^ fofith^pMposc) of asiil(f&
ipg filfi^r i&i distois^'i^ shipWKibkediiharin0rSi
Itti^ivsusiieeKif^this-beqitesti a^ edbst AMf ptfti4fte>i]^
jO ^u3 kept

fhfMi^ Js^ mt}m AMt Itk ttmay nig^ ^ ^ ^1^
*-^ iBQceof eight mSear (the exle&t^ttf the mflnOT)te
give notice to the cttMld of ships in distress or on
^lose: In the castb are kqpt oables, cocdi^
biocks, (scnmu, .Mchfirsy &c. for saving the car-
goes, or getting the diips o£& as wdl as apart*
ineato rea^ fianJfehell for the ^^ here is also
a life boat.

Tht Fam or Fern Uandaan two ctasDnr «f
foeky^riets^ ^opfKMite to Bomboroqgh Caslie. His
number above watv^ift:seflreiiteen $ th^ all aflbed
aooK grass to fwtiira.i^ &ir sheepi^ sea^^weed ftr
burning into kelp, sea4)i«is : &at]ief8^^ aiNl aeda^
which ate taken for .their oil and i^m$ Am/twt
re»ted&t«£l& TheneareifctotfaettiainBeatled
Howe^Islaod, and vastheTttreatof StCutlib^
dnrii^ the last two years of his life. On ^hia caK
n :BeaediA(iiie flaanaftevy was fbuvded thertttu^f
viUdi ve atiU seen. At the north end-is. argieat
idnna^ftafn the tqp to the Imum of therod^ aOIed
theCbnti, thnai^ wfakdi the seaHwateris AamI
upixi itoifBSS witb a boriible noise, to tiie hti|^t tf
sixty &et. There 'i» a Ugbi*hoose on this kteid
anda^wett of fine v>ter; withitt Fern Idaad tt%
eseek nasMd Ketti^ with ten lbefcdieptb«

Holy IskJ^otJtindk^ is tw<^ tailes£Maifte
mainland^ bat at low water diy quidbmids unite it
to the main; it oontains about l»000 acfies of lan4t
half of wbi^ is sandvb^s^ bni the itsst m a good
BOM wd.aff<^.^vW^fl^i^i,fl^
A «Ft »C j»n4.flff^)ai»ai#||f^^
.im^pf thi^ tides : tbis ip^ abokmds with rabbits.

On

f« f -» » ••»rf •,!•''» *

086

<I00 {MOjonB, wkh aimall kavm. On the .vMh ^'
end of the idaiid is a lighi^lMmBey and themias of
tlie cwtle aod eatkednl an il^ scmh tins haviag
keen the randenoe .of.a lii|l«p ivhoaateewas irab^
Itcrad to Dttiham*
. 3%eTiimdM|mlte»Bog^
. On itn wttthern hank k Twieed Maiith» apfest
aaa^ viUife ; eppeate to jvhiciir in. BawiiK?>» :a'fartii«
i0d Wmikilomg.% JKukgmd. i# dsiftiitrbetiMeii Stot*
Iwil andfine^tfid^ iwtiiritVM^atrlMtdecfamd -a
Aee aeetial tenrm Willi tttttenEteaf of 8^060 jicrai
if land round iVaoA k«ill retaiu aQeieo£ifi
MMMitt priyikgett It.haa .7»00D inhabslBBtit and
.is.a v«3f .c30M«Mreial fhaiu «ii(dojriag 4^000. tow
•f.flhin^ ^13^ thewpMk.of/iMQlt jsom (fiBMXD
J|iiwrt»r9> iiiea^^. beaiis» keu Ita diidfiMotpMilgris
Jhovever . den ved fron the mikmm fiibery in the
Jmfid, ivhieh raits ler ^16»00Q.* Tbehaifatiir

fcaadsoefie pier, leoettly ceestrneled. VeMda . ef
tbirtxlnna go e{i ibQ Hew Wateiford ais ttilet ahem
Mmmck. , Tbete are barracks ibr 600 ineDy asd
the town haa a awtitary.gOTemor, vihoae eslary is
^6*586. Passage vesids with good aoeflmeioda
t|mft(Ber«ick smacks) saiHefverjr iseek toioidon.

r'jidfliii rut'/; ?i- urpo.< $'-ji''4'' "'*''-' ^^^' - ^-'{I^Se

*^ • ScelwueiblieriM.

ii

itxif.

Xhs cfiiB flK- the Kiori. ^i s

fiaa) whidi arriTe in the flfOig

vmfedllicii MDQB^MpJt^iH Aft

takien for Scmd by tiM pMr

WM MMi nM WeOty IMC

. ufec ootf JjBubour MnwMB
Wotik 9 Symoitfli, a lide

tokjfre ftt SMie fiosi a «BitBin
Al*m orCoUMf>tiM»

SMBi to prewQt Aek vnlidkiB h^ lift
Coldi^ghuB Locll is«fi«ii

Tim lAHkum,

, OB an e!ciaence, s^ a
toirn widi a cai^'oD'a lecbre oTtkSs;

Itte a smafl pier havtfb ddfendfli l^r m

twdTc

9tlf

Alt cgppdit '«fc«ni» lu po|iiiktion u 4,00a .
•' f he lyie jbiver» the (Bdy^onecif aivf ceosideai^
tibft in tihBComiQ^ Mn|HM» ilt«lf beio^ir die village
«^L«mtD$ liM^^ tt iJDuattier al is-* toipid aJto^^
IbeiMltkig; ol^dM^ stiowiat tainsioaHeec ife at tiaies
i»'*t¥iit§kfm'- i»4iiM»«i»M« enltwat • . . .'.
J - ^Itemdkiir OtMie» MeinteB east of Nocth Ber*
^iU^t%4i<yt^ mt a took m^BKbaa^jmg tk». m^
lilHetiiMihetf^oti'tiiveettdat. ^

:Minli B«0Wiak>i» a aindttawn.^ TQ^niiefai*
fiMMs^ it hk>» pS« lisveii 4M leapbrtaOfWB. ■

MMBiy, whoNT «o(raMft>bet«reen the eoato .<|f
]iMldiii§tMi(-Mid .fiiiteM* in SiAshira is )8weil
miles broad. '-111^4' btOfUk'-dBBtataes t^pabAfi^
Qoeensfeny, where it is contracted by two pro-
montories to two miles. Above which it again
eBpmdfctD »ine(btHiniffinir>4ulf» \)it<^. mA iav>n-
limies tUadi^aiidihffi>]>->shvtmL)e«pie8. ,

'Wh tiie<A^ttie wweialMlendK ft^d r(^1fi»j«>prtl9
«f netieeii :<1^ 2abiT«C£M(lij(MNitbe.lflull»s)MRft
is ii^RMk' pfeign<i!biefcitliao»)Oiwi^|aij^(i)ag:tti» fea }
•n'tintritBtiK«Eb-«nd'(«i4bt brtfv <(f 'tli^yriflipiiii
is siA isbaadelmL c nitiB> ■ ntf^oaetperipj^- tiievrtrtiM
pciMvo£^iootlaBdti! it (tweeni :ii4i»:i{Wte'ti>ioligl(
tl»«R)k;>fironi.N.Wu.4ie,&^ Thk DO(^>«b(»
nsitit d^^gnssib mnaiwr i^iSolMMl geMfttani'k}!^
t«siDes,L(«iwb6. ]Kmngf;.iiii4.'feiiiifrena «|lM)dj4^M(
l«reliue^.i{^iie;Me of.iMisrvrkMir «he.|iM(ddl«lofrtiMl

»iMi» f iv-«liii»e.4iiitK iiicvi^foN^ ,j|fid. lts« 4^ Ij^blf
booter) llnch Gowry baa. the ruins of a c^tle;

and

^188 MABITtl;(iiHPMIII>

vid the riiins o£ B^'fyii v»*^^fieii-m:JMk'3UiiA0

near the Fife abwe of.tfatt Ffitlb. A.feli 8hMp.«»
pastured on this ssland ) it abounds with rabbiti^
has three good wells and a light-house. Tho
other islands have QPtlui|g^de$ervii^eietMi0ib ..

fiolh shores of the FriOl ef F^rlb. «er UnM^
dotted with towns and viUagcp« imqet^wlifteh %flMI»
sideralile fish^ is carrie4 on» aad ^riUoh espeit
salt and coalv. Those of the imiA.atKHro are iwt
Seaton, a dry tide baVKn ^vith.tKfllw fiwfc d^lb
in spring tides, ftesten. Pamw lianed. faoai its
aaltpanst lias alto a (tide ha^wftforsfridfccasftya^
Iflftl^oys tea boats m the. oyBti$r-fi$bc9ry.. It-ie^fiie
grand reodmrous , of SMdck pedlai9» who joeai
hen once a year to ensct . rcgnhtiam fir. Am
cooimumlty. Its population is %000. .

Mnselbuigb, at die month of the ISt&B river
Edc, has its name from the musde baritft befen
it Fine pear k ai^ often teind in these Jdu Ihe
tenn has^4,000 inhsdbilsn«s»^And a small Jiavttu
^ LdtTH, iltki port ct £dhdbiti^» is^twe- mflaa
diattRik from the dtf; but the kiereaee of honsea
has now nearly uaked them. Letth is on bodi
faiairiGs of the;litde river of the same-^niutte, wl^ise
moudi» mdosed by piers, fimna « drytid<h<wsnb
with seventeen ftek high water- «)psii^* ^4Phft
largest ships lay in the^ road on« iiiMexiMiia^llalf
florn the town peiAwti^eBcarb* 4iillfclVi^alal|j<it
tmde bath Jbiefya aari. ^^oa^t^iiBl^^f^il^^il^lly iiiitfr

London; it also sends ships to the Greenland
dkhexy. It has lff»00O inkabitimts.

Qneensferry,^ the uscud crossing place of the i^^iiw
'SHth of FoHfaf is*a conmderaUe village, with some
^ride^ and shfp-^buildtng yanis; Burrowstones8»
4»1^1heiiMa^ basin, of the-Frith, is a busy place,
htsAtig a conridembla herring fishery, a Uprge coal
ttsd^ and a trade to Ae Baltic Ite haven has
viztaen^. to- eighteen feet qpriog tides, and k
kept cleais 1^ a laifpe basin with four sluices^
ivhdch 4ure shut when the basin is full at high
water, and i^iened at low water, so^faattfaerush
of the streaais cacry omt the nuid.

- ThB places deservii^ notice x>n the North or m.
ti& sho(« oi dieFnth, are Crail» on an elevation »
it has some $hofQp$^ aiyl riioiit adozm herring
amaolit* JSikpatky, £aak aiMt Wiesl; AnstrUthtra^
are also fishing viUag«»r with aome sloop trade*
PitteQwean has a tid^ ba«ui, with eleven to twelve
ieotrt 8|iiHi09. ' It: eiQKirfxi g»»n# . saltp and eoahk
I^i«^ Ott ft coMider^le h^rw Dysart» a town ^
QMr^illiii^al atreet, iHaHdaanerchaiit fihq)S for the
IMl^c trad« ) r has laige nuiniifii«tories of m1
r KiilaMdy».ona.finooov% has^6CK^
^Mi4> s^i ^Tfaiglt^fta prinoipak ataeot be i»g mmtf
^kW^ftfii^ MfraiT' it han ilaar

■JtolMi mana&etnnes, and empbys 4>000 tona.of

shipping.

/y«.

540 MARITIMB OCMRAFHY.

riiqppiag. Kytghora, bppoaiie Leili^ »d ftrriiHgi
from it, is on a ctiff owitiHu;igitigitke;8ei ; ii«ipOi(
named Pettycur, is a fine basin at some distance to
the west, and is the usual crossing place to Lei^.

Burnt Ishnd' is - a- viUsf^' on a jM^riuida^ Arm-
ing an exceUeat haven df «Mf Bai^kf\^S£a^edSa
repairiiig or laying up shijis; jt baa imneJidr
and ship buildbg.- Stanfybiinr'fais -a piar jnroil
Inverkctflung is bh:<lie ritfaig ^ommI <>f a hy
aflbrding good anchdragd^ it' i# oste- of theiqia^
ntntine hariiours' for/ Sootlandf^ it exports eosb
and salt; as- do Terry Born /and Sl iPavid's
Tillages. • . • i /

St. Andrew's JBay is between f itifenessr oa "ih^
south, and Redhead < on the. norths sasmiaiffiA
distant Nearly midway is the dangerous Cape
or Bell Rock, which nearly dries at low water, and
on which a light^house has been recently built

Hie eity of 8tk AstMEOSw^a .is .^ tiie-aqotli lide
of Aa hsy on a mcky poinl^ nadi baa a.liaxM
§fnaei l^^a pier, bvttk 6n a qatocai ledgacf iros
slMie:.ruasitngiat<^l3ie;seiaj this JiHfd%ih semai <^
iotn ftet high watsr n*aps» aQdififtegnifeisialMii'i'
Aatqpringi. The popohidoQisJ^fflOO^

fiftt ud. West ii^ena.i|» i^hii^ im
aeihitn thesouth -shafe^e of St iAndraw^ Ay«^

The T^f yA^dtk eaadte a ^mMtu^^^f^
water 16 tke86aitliAnr.ai!9r..«dilrr ^var^^^^'^
]SStt«s^ froin> lSke\cK:k^iikB(MMmmammiBfSt^^^
Itself by 'ittlestiiiur>ii)aaied( tkb^lUtfa of^aj^^
witb ^flkig bsnfaa- iKessalsv of ^^^'^^^^^
VnrdM asettdth^aiaeiute jewtPi^tbiaifaiiC^

eiki. and idbttoiv '1^ |w»dO0e oC. ibe f£ay < fis^iery^
whidik^iMrtstiQiLjdSiOOfe ,:IQmn«i^vhadibniierfy
^ irtuftcle v^eaiS fishety ihcf- 6ome.. jreaiii produoed
^liM306| i bu]t itr.bi» JmMi. entirely eochauatod*
Perth has 15,1

•V f • • • • /

■^ 1 V *' ' I f

• '1

^THmwoif.iM'the noHh dr Aiogus 9hore of the jngu..
Tfi9r»:t9frdtT&^^nijfe3 fcom its moiitl;,. ^ere it is tw0
I»ile9 boiad^ tLa^ivimshing town of 96,000 into.
l»ijt«K(i»%; . lto^)le\K formed by a 'pier, dries uk low
tt^t; \»n mnfijocriteii fett at high Water iieapa»
and bu]!leen^at^spiiiigs,c{recetidng vessda of SCO
tooBK h$ ipi/isri%,vecy otmsldejiable wish the Bakic
sifiA EopdaiL;:rjit8 esporta ara^ sailcloth, leather^
cordage, liaeai^rhaekTSLxnt cMtL, saknon, aosd her«
rings ; and its imports of various objects are es-
timated at 80,000 tons* It also sends vessels to
the Greenland fishery. Passage vessels sail weekly
tlbnhi^pian:v^ Qn:(X^^ nprth jK>int of

- ;.ikl^r]ly:firthio Tj^r AibroMh, - bt tiie mo«th of the
Br&fbf^ ^as ft flw.itde i^wm farfrassdatof^OO

It es|)ort$. the Ihmi asd-mlcloth of il;s maau&ci-*
tones. HeTQMt tbb miosiof jacdebimted Banedico
tanentoimtti^ found^ditii ilTf&Populatioo 5)000.
»: Ff)wi tbe:mottth)9f thenSiyijafasyo&d Arbraafeh,
the coast is sandy: and lifloed with iY>elia« 'Hefe^e it
becofites frolA aiid^ preapitousi with laif» eawesns
' worn

1

549 . MARITUie 0MOEAFRT.

worn in the elift* ftedhead tenmoatesiOus trse^
rising in rod diA 900 feet kigh, mnd bounding
Lunan Bay on tlie Mutb» the riiores of whicb are
sandy, witii sunken rocb as &r as the North Esk
river. In this bay is good anchorage m sootheriy
winds. On Redhead are the rmns of a strong
castle said to hare been bnih in the twelfth or
thirteenth century. " *

MoNTROsa, the ch!^ town of the county, is a
neat and genteel place half a ittiie ic^m the numth'
of the South Esk, which at the town forms a basia
£50 yards broad, accessible to vessds of 400 tons.
The town is built on a point of land surrounded
on three «des by water. It contains 6 or 7,000
inhabitants, and exports chiefly sahnon of the
river and lobsters (60 to 70,000 a year) to Lon-
don. It has also a considerable coasting trade,
and some to the Baltic } and builds vessels.

^tm

KscaH is a village at the moudr of the Itortll'
E^, which separates Angus and Kincartiine shires^
to which succeeds Johnshaven; Oonrdon, ai^fidi-
ing village with a haven, propei^y the pert I)i^te^
verberie, two milea fiu1h» nortii at the mouth of
the Bervie, - which receives only fishing boats.
E^bt or tea sloops belong to tfaiap<nt. ^

Dunaottar Castle is on a high perpendicular
difl^ almost surrounded by the sea, and towards
the bnd defended by a deep ravine.

StMiehaMnr a fishing town of «twl!> streets^ ^ on .

the

1

ike Omie^ wtl|.a.gaod bavm foroied on the S.E.
t^y.a projecting rock, and op tlie N«£. by a pi^;
it dries at low water» but has nine or teq feet high
water neaps, and sixteen to seventen in the springs.
There is a good salmon fishery here.
^ pirdlen^ss^ a promontory eighty feet high, is the
teirmiqatioQ of a ridge of the Grampian hills. On
tEe shores near it beautiful Scotch pebbles and jas-
per are found, aqd moat of the hiUs are composed
Qtbftcciasx puddii^ stone.

.The coast of Aberdeen is in general bold and
»}cky, the cliffs presenting many caverns of un-
known extent... Aberdeen Bay. is limited by Cjir*
dleoess on the south ; it afifords good anchorage in
i>ff shore winds. The Dee is a rapid and consider-
able stream, descending from the Grampians : its
mouth inclosed by two piers,* forms the haven ci
Aberdeen, which is crossed by a bar with but two
feetet^low water, and twelve and* a half feet at
high,/ Vesftds . tliat can go over the bar lay
at It jiandsome.^uay.. AaKanEEV is a handtome
i»^<^36^0QO inhabitants wi^ a large foreign and
coasting tridet .exfMorting Unent. sa^t provisions^
thread vstodungs,. and paving ston^, to London.
It also* expoim to J«<OQdoxt the .produce of the

. «almon

• The North Pier Is 1,200 feet Lon|, and \min9Stu ia a rtiMul head
alzty feet diameter at the We, and thirty-^ht Ibet high; the whole built
•f hage iiiodci a€ ipMilt. Tiw itiaiiae it defrad^ hy twohstteiha ef
airil7»*9«aaderf.

Aberieti

$44 MARITIME GEOffRAPBY.

saLmon' ftrbeiries on the Dee aitd Eidh^ ?Aieh pM-
diK>e; from £3^00 to ^6,00aa }Aea9r« Aberiieett
is largely engaged in the herrii^ fisheryi imd Ufi(b
Uup9 to the Greenland fisheiy.^

Old Aberdeen^ ba the Don, a mile.nonh of the
o^w tqwn» ii alsioQt ynmd to it:|}y^> long village.
Small vessels, ^tev >^ the river'dtiiioutW > ^

' NewbQr6ugh4 on a fdtrk fonmng^^ good4iaveii,
vith tnredve feet depth high watepcommon^ tides)
close to it on the north' is \jdie river Ythaii,- in
which the tide flows up to the pleasant village of
Ellon. This river abe«ftds-with pearl muscles.

Slane's Castle, the seat of the £arl of Errol, is
built on a cliff overhanging the sea; near it is a
cavern named the Dr capping Caye> remiarkable ftx
the quick petrifaction of the water that drops Grtrm
%(» roof. The ward! of Crtiden is a Ashing village
aouth of Buch^nness^ near which k' z aitign-
Inx . natural curioflitjr called the BuUer of Bo-
cfaan; it is a circular basin surrounded by a ring
of ingbtful rocks,, in which on the side next the
sea the waves: have worn an/aitoli^d opefalfij^
tiiitoitgh which boats can pass into the basin, which
latter has. a depth of thirty fathoms ^ the aummit
of tb9 ring of rockfi is. ooverted • with- eailh and
grasfif» forming a narrow walk all roiMui.
. Peterhead^ a league north of. 9u(^a&ties8y has
a tide havea &nned by a pier» and sheltered hy
the little island Chalk Inch. It has some trade to
the Baltic, is engaged in the cod and herring
fisheries, and is visited for a mineral spring,

.Kinnaird ^ead is the south poiat of. the great

- •- gulf

SCOTtAKD; 4 545

gulf fonned on the N.E. coast of Scotland, ter-
minating in the Murray Frith. A league from the
head is Frazerborough, to which succeed Rose-
hearty and Aberdour, fishing villages with little
tide havens.

■dta

The coast of Banff county is in general very ^•
bold, presenting in many parts a front of perpen-
dicular rock 200 to 300 feet high. In the parish
of Guarie is a steep roc^, frequented by innume-
rable kittywakes, who arrive in spring to breed
and depart in the autumn. On the same coast is
a natural abyss called HelPs chimney ^ communi-
cating at its base with the sea, whose waves rush
into and force a column of water through it,
which breaks into vapour. A second cave is
pierced through a neck of land; and from an en-
trance through which a man can only creep opens
into a cavern 150 feet long, thirty broad, and
twenty high, supported by vast natural columns of
Tock. On this coast are many small fishing places,
banning with Gardenstone, to which succeeds
Macduff, a little town recently founded by the
Earl of Fife on the right bank of the Doveran,
which has the best haven of the Murray gulf. On
the opposite bank of the river is Banff on the
declivity of a hill, a genteel town, but with a bad
haven from shifting sand-banks. The Doveran is
useless to navigation, but has a salmon fishery that
rents for ^1,000. The other exports are ale, com,
thread, cotton and yarn stockings, by coasters.
VOL. IV. . 2 N Portsoy

546 lURITMK MbOMFirr.

jfcii#. Portsoy is a populous town on a point of land,
which forms a safe harbour for vessels of consider-
able size ; besides the produce of its fishery it esc*

V pbrts thread and fine linen to London.

The other places accessible to navigation are
Cullen^ which has only an open and dangerous
road. Port Nockie, and Buckie, which receive
small craft.

M^. TjjQ River Spey separates Banff and Murray
i^ires; its course is about ninety miles to the
Murray Frith, where it empties itself at Gair*
mouth, forming a good haven for small vessels*
Gkurmoutb is a neat tdwn of 700 inhabitants, and
has a good deal of buaness, chiefly from the great
quantity of timber floated down the Spey from the
forest of Strathspey. A number of vessels of 500
tons are built here of this timber ; and it has a good
salmon fishery, several sloops being employed in
conveying the fish to London^

On the coaat of Murray is a considerable tract
of sand downs, called the Maviston Sand-hills»
which, according to tradition, were formed by
the same inundation of the sea that produced the
Goodwin Sands. These downs are constantly in*
creasing towards the N.E., and within the last
century have entirely covered the fertile barony
of Culbin ; and the same cause has also neces-
sitated the removal of the town of Findhorsv
whose ancient site is now obliterated by sand hiUs;

On this coast are some fresh water lak^Sj, whiph

were

were apparently bays of the sea^ particularly Loch m^.
Spy nie, three miles long and one broad, now sepa-
rated from the sea by a fertile tract of land called
Ross Island ; toany beck of oyster *hdb toeibimd
on the banks of the lake considerably below the
level of the land. The lake abounds in perch
and pake> and is frequented by. swans. The Loch
of Cots is described as a bay in the thirteenth cen-
tury.

The Frith of Murray is entered betweett Buigh
Head in Murray, and Tarbet Ness in Bx)ss^ dis*
tant from each other five leagues ; it contracts
gradually to a strait between Fort George and
Fortrose, formed by two promontories, within
which it again widens to a lake nine miles long
and three broad ; at the upper end of which two
projecting points at Inverness contract it to a se*
cand strait, beyond which it again expands, and
forms a second lake nearly as large as the first, a^
the head of which the River Beauley empties it-
self. The River Ness, which issues from Loch
Ness, falls into the Frith at Inverness.

Lossie Mouth, at the entrance of the little ri-
ver Lossie, is the port of Elgin, and receives ves-
sels of eighty tons, by which it exports com to
Leith, &c.

Findhorn is a small town at the mouth of a
river, which is naVigaUe to within two Iniles of
Forres, five miles above Findhorn. In the river
is a good salmon fishery. In the bay of it'indhorn
is 1,000 acres of soil covered by the tide of flood,
which it is in contemplation to embank.

2 N 2 Nairne,

548 ^HAUTIlfE OEOGitAPHT.

Naibnj^ at the mouth of a river, is the ooly
port of the little counly of Naime y it is neat*
\y built, contains S,000 inhdutants, and exports
die produce of its salmon fishery. Its harbour is
convenient, and capable of great improvement

Fort George on the Inverness side of the strait
that communicates between the two inner lakes
of the Murray Frith, is a regular fortification, on
a promontory surrounded on three sides by the
sea, and covermg ten acres of ground, mounting
lOO cannon, chiefly forty*two pounders, and hav-
ing barracks for 6,000 men*

Inverness is a considerable town at the mouth of
Ness River, accessible to vessels of 500 tons at
all times; it exports salmon, herrings, cordage,
canvas, and sacken, chiefly to London. Popula-
tion ^700.

The Friths of Murray and Cromarty are. sepa-
rated by a peninsula named Black Isle (JSZoim^),
through which runs a ridge of hills . eovercid with
heath, declining to both gulfs% . TJte j>^ninsu)a is
twenty miles long and four brp44> ^he SQ^th shore
forming the county of JRoss, and t^e north.that of
Cromarty* Fortrojse au4 Beaulegr ve^ in, Ross-

ahire»

SCOTLAKP* 549

shiret on the Marray Friths the farmer opposite to
iFort George, has 1,S00 inhabitants*

n0$9m

Cromarty Frith is a deep inlet, called for excel*'
lence *^ the Harbour of- Safety ;'' it is entered be-
tween two high heads called the Sutors of Cro*
marty, a mile and a half distant from each other,
within which it expands to three miles for a length
of sixteen, and has good anchorage for the larg-
est ships in every part, so that it is oflen run into
for shelter in easterly winds* The south Sutor is
a bold promontory topped with pines, and com«'
manding a magnificent view* over the sea and over
Boss shire. Cromarty, on the south shore of the
strait, has 2^200 inhabitants and a commodious
quay, at which vessels of 400 tons lay ; it has lit-
tle other business than the fishery.

The Frith of Dornoch, or of Tain, is separate
ed from that of Cromarty by a peninsula of the
county of Ross, of which Tarbet Ness is the ex^
treme point. The efntrance of the Frith is five
leagues wide, decreasing gradually to Mickle Fer*
ry where it is two miles ) within this it again ex-
pands, and forms a good harbour for vessels of
considerable burden, though it is crossed by a bar
with but four feet at low water.

The south shore of the outer gulf is lined by a
bank called tb^ Gizzmg Briggs^ from the noise

S N S the

MM9,

550 MARITIME GEOGRAPHY*

tlie a^inf^es oa it j in it are sev^al breaks, ad«
mitting small ciarfl within it : but ^ this gulf re»
quires a pilot

Tain, on the south shore of the frith, has some
coasting trade j it is an old irregular built town,
with a &w new houses, and 2,300 inhabitants*

&rt*«««* On the north, or Sutherland shore pf the Frith
of Tain, is Dornoch, 4 town of 8,500 inhabit
tants, the principal one of Sutherland, and the
only one deserving mention. North of the en-
trance of Dornoch Frith are Fleet Lake, Dun-
robbin Castle, the seat of the Bads of Sutherland;
in good repair, and Brora Haven, ^t the mouth
of the little river of that name*

ctuknett. The county of Caithness occupies the N.E. C3t-
*^ tremity of Great Britain ; its east coast is bold
and rocky, forming many little coves into wfaieh
the flshiog boats nin, and to which the fishermen
descend i)rom the perpendicular cliffii by dange*
reus flights of st$ps cut in the xoc^* . To sectire
tMt boft($ from the sea they hoist th^m to fth
roc}csf» into which rings are fixed for the purpo^
abore the reach of the waves* At one of ^ebe
coves, named Faligoij a fine cascade falls oy^ the
cliflfe into the sea.
At the bases of th^ roqks are many sea-woin

caverp?, accessibly only io boats, and fi:equente4

by

iCOTLAKD.

byseals^ v^iich are killed for their oil and $kins.. oi^w
Many rockj pyramids also start up from the sea.^
The sea air prevents the growth of any kind of
trees on &is coast. It abounds in sea weed, which
is burnt into kelp.

Tlie principal places in Caithness, are DuBi*'
beath Castle and Wick, on the east coast ; the
latter is the county town with 4,000 inhabitants ::
its haven is natural and very indifferent. Staxigo^
one mile north of Wick, has a little drr tide haven.
Freswick Castle, on Sinclair Bay, north of Nosa
Head^ is strongly situated on a promontory.

Dungis, or Duncan's Bay Head, Berubium of
Ptolemy, is the N.E. point of Scotland ; it is a
rocky precipitous promontory, eaten into caverns
by the waves. The Stalks of Dungis Bay are
two isolated pyramids of freestone, the resort of
Sea birds, and the breeding place of eagles.

The north coast of Caithness, west of Dungis
Bay Head, forms a fine bay, with a white sandy
and shelly beach, near which was the celebrated
John CGrroat's house, noted as well for the tra-
dition respecting its erection, as for being the
northernmost habitation in Britain.

Thurso is on a spacious bay, limited by Cunnet
Head . {Occas Promonf) the north point of Eng-
land, on the easj, and by Welbrow Head on
the west, both of which shelter it from the fury
of the ;^aves and the stream of the tides. .Dan-
net Head is a broken rocky promontory, from
100 to 400 feet high, joined to the niain by an

2 N 4 isthmus.

552 . MAEITIHjB OSOOmAPHT.

isthmus, one mile and a half broad* It is one of
the few places of Britain frequented by puffins.

Thuilso, on the river of the same name, has
4,000 inhabitants x the river is navigable two nules.
for vessels of sixty tons, and its harbour is about
to be improved by Act of Parliament.

Thurso has eight vessels employed in coasting^
and several .fishing boats» It exports corn and
meal to the -amount of jf 12,000, and iish to a
greater amount, particularly salmon, which is so
abundant, that %5O0 were caught in one draft,
two miles above the town, in 1743. The annual
e:s(|>drt 18 estimated at 700 kits of boiled salmon,
250 barrels of pickled, besides 7,000 barrels of salt*
ed and . smoaked herrings.

skti«rr«iH(. The north coast of Sutherland is indented by
numerous bay s^ forming good roads for dipping.
The first is Port Skeriy, at the mouth of the Hol-
lod^e River, which separates this county from
Caithness. Five miles N.W. of it is Strathey
Head, a long promontory, sheltering a cove,
called Port Strathey, at the mouth of a river of
the same name. West of Strathey Head, the
River Naver, the most considerable of (he coun^,
fails into a fine bay, after a course of tweo^-eight
* miles. Torrysdale River empties itself at a vil-
lage of the same name, and has a^ good siimon
fisHery.. Tongue Bay, fartiier west;, is an inlet of
the' sea five mites deep, skirted with fiunt' boGses
and corn fields. Farther west the coaat is'^fai^h
and rocky, with many little coves, on one of
» which,

SCOTLAND. SS8

vhichy named VcHSgag, a quarry <xf gr^ slate in smhtHnd.
worked. There are here also many sea-wom
carems, supported by pillars, of which that
yarned the Great Cave of Frai^all runs in more
than half a mile, and is covered with stalactites of
different resplendant colours. There are some ,

islands here, of which the most wcnrtfay of notice
are. Saints, Seal, and Rabbit Isbnds, in the en-
trance of Tongue : the former presents a singular
appearance, produced by the spouting of the
waves of the sea through a natural tunnel. Ealan
na Roarif or Seal Island, is two miles in circuit
and inhabited by four families^ Rabbit Island
has its name from abounding in rabbits.

West of the Bay of Tongue is Loch Eribol,
a spacious inlet, on the west shore of which is
Port Ruspin, a small dry haven. Next in suc^
cession is Far-out Head, the point of a peninsula
between Loch Eribol and the Bay of Durness.

Cape Wrath, or Barvehead (Ebudium)^ the
N.W. point of Britain, is a desolate rocky head,
which apparently has its name from the furious
beating of the waves and the rushing of the
tide, which are increased by a rocky ledge
Ttinning off from the cape five or six miles, with
mxteen to twenty-four fathoms on it. Nine miles
: due north of the cape is a dangerous sunken
Todk.cbvei^d at hidi waters The Care of Sino^
n^ir ' the capc^ is seventy or eighty yar4s High,
<^aiiid extoilds backwards in a lake of which the
•neitent tt unknowUi

WEST

t554 MARITIME GBOORAPHY.

WEST C0A8T OlF ENGLAND.

Tlie coasts of Cornwall and Devon, from the
Land's End to the Bristol Channel, have no port
for a vessel above 400 tons, but there arc many *
good sandy bays to anchor in, in east and south
winds.

Pehdean and Trean are fishing villages, be-
tween the Land's End and St. Ives. This latter
is a corporate and borough town on a fine bay,
with a pier haven for small crafl, but which is
constantly encumbered by sands, driven in by
N«W. winds. Its chief exports are slates and
pilchards. Its population is 2,700.

The bay o£ St. Ives, with Mount's Bay, on the
south coast, peninsulates the extremity of Corn-
wall, the distance from the high water mark in
Heyl River on the former, to Marazion in
Mount's Bay, being but three miles. The mouth
of the Heyl fonnp a tide haven for vessels of 100
tons, and small craft ascend to the village o£
Lelont ; from this haven are exported consider-
able quantities of copper ore and limestone.

From St. Ives to Padstow, with a few inter-
ruptions, the shore is formed by sand banks,
elevated sixty yards above the sea, and covered
with a thin turf that pastures sheep. That this
was formerly a tract of cultivated land, is evident
from the vegetable mould under the superficial
covering of sea sand and shells, and in which
have been found the remains of fences and houses.
Tradition fixes the period of its b^ing overwhelm-
ed with sand in the sixteenth century.

Portreathy

ENGLAND* $55

Portreath, or Bassets Cove, and Tovan Cove, camMM
are fishing villages. From the pier haven of Port^
reath is exported copper ore to Swansea, Neath,
ice. i a small battery defends the port. St. Agnes^
4^so a village in the neighbourhood of tin mines,
bad formerly a haven, but its pier has been washed
away, and it is now filled up with sand. The shore
is here composed of immense rocks, one of which^
named St. Agnes beacon, is a hill 500 feet high«

Padstow, on the Camel or Alan, is chiefly
employed in the pilchard fishery, and in exporting
dates to London and Bristol. The river is dan-
gerous of access in bad weather, and can only
receive vessels of SOO tons with the tide ; 1,400
inhabitants.

Port Isaac, five miles from Padstow, affords re-
fuge to vessels of 200 tons at high water. In
case of urgent distress they may run on shore on
the sanda and save their crews. Portquean is
n small fishing village, five miles south of Tin-
tagai Head, a rocky peninsular cape, perpendi-
cular towards the sea, and barely accessible on
the land. side. On its summit are seen some
ruins^ which the legendary tradition says, are the
remains of a castle in which the British King
Arthnr was bom* Si. Gennis and Stratton are
littlo dry tide havens.

39ropta^F}e Bay ia five leagues wide^ betii^ee^
HafUu^. Point on the south and Bag Point on^
the north. S^tb^ of , .Hartland Point is the small

market

'

556 MARITIME GECknUPHT.

j^o» market town of Hartland, with a pier. Blagdon
pier haven is north of the point ; to v^hich sue*
ceeds Appledore, a village at the mouth of the
Towridge, and on the side of a hill.

Two miles above Appledwe is Biddeford,
a corporate town, xvitb considerable coasting trade,
exporting coals and culm, and oak bark to Ire*
land and Scotland. It has also a good herring
fishery, and sends ships to Newfoundland. 100
vessels, of twenty to 250 tons, belong to it ; and
ships of ^00 tons can ascend with the tide (the rise
being eighteen feet) to the town, which is lined
fay a convenient quay. Biddeford is in general
ttieanly built, of brick, timber, and clay, and the
bouses mostly thatched ; its population is 3,000.

Barnstaple, on the Taw, is a neat, genteel,
c<Nrporate town, with a considerable ti^ade, vetf-
sek of 200 tons ascending to it, the rise of tide oa
the bar being twenty-eight feet high water springs
and seventeen feet neaps. Popuktion 3,500.

; Clevely and Hole are fishing villages, with
piers for the boats.

TI>e Bristol Channel, which with more propriety
may be denominated a gulf, penetrates between the
eoasts of £ngland and Wales. Its entrance be*
tween Mort Point and Oxwich is seven ieagnes, and
its length to King Road twenty-onew

Lundy Island, at the entrance of the Bristol
Channel, and in the county of Devon, is five
miles long and two broad, and so* encircled by
a rocky shore a$ to be accessible only at one small
j^pot. Tiie east side is clean, with good anchor^

»g6, but the west is fouL It is inhabited by
one &mily, is well supplied with water from dpriDgs«
and abounds with rabbits* Rat Islet, on the souths
has its name from the great number of rats that
burrow on it.

Ilfracombet a neat built town of one principal
street a mile long, has a good harbour, partly
formed by a pier and partly by a natund oove sutr
rounded by craggy heights cloathed with wood $
vessels of 2S0 tons lay land locked, and it is much
frequented as a place of shelter by vessels that
cannot get into Barnstaple. It has a light>house^
a large share in the herring fishery, and is a sea
bathing place, having a fine pebbly beach. 1,80^
inhabitants.

Comb Martin, on a cove, is a little decayed
town beautifully situated. Linton and Linmouth,
on the little river Lin, are small straggling villages
celebrated for their oysters.

tm

Tlie county of Somerset presents a succession
of bays and rocky promontories, generally lined
by sand hanks, which by their increase now serve
to break the force of the waves, which anciently
washed over them, and occasionally inundated the
shores. The clHIs of the parish of Old Cleve,
west of Dun&teri abound with alabaster.

Porlock is a small, straggling, and ill-built
towii, on a bay three miles long, bounded on the
c^aak by ridges of lofty rocks pardy insulated at
high water^ ; cwerned at their bases, ind with

veifls

.ffM»rr«db

• •

85$ UARims OK06mArar«

ft

veins of ffletaL Three or four doops bdongiog
to Porlpck are etaployed in bringing coab and lime
from Wales. 600 inhabitants.
. Minehead has a commodious tide haven, but
its trade is greatly declined, and its herring fishery
has almost entirely ceased. The town is composed
of three parts at some distance from each other,
at the foot and on the declivity of a rocky hilL
1,000 inhabitants.

Dunster, a market town of two well built streets,
is a mile from the shore, and surrounded by hills
except towards the sea. It has one of the laigest
gothic churches in England, and a castle siuround-
ed by a noble park. 800 inhabitants.

Watchet, a town of 140 houses, in a fine valley,
has a pier haven for small craft, which export coal,
kelp, alabaster, and limestone.

The River Parret empties itself into Bridget
water Bay, and is remarkable for a bore, the ele-
vation of which is ten to twelve feet. The rise of
tide in the springs is six fathoms. This river is
navigaUe to Taunton and the Brent, which joins it
at its mouth to Glastonbury.

Bbidgewater, on the Parret, three leagues from
its mouth, is a corporate and borough town of
3,000 inhabitants. It has a commodious quay to
which vessels of 100 tons ascend.

Bristol, considered the third city of England
in commerce, is situated on several hills at the^
confluence of the Frome with the Avon, and eight
miles above the mouth of the latter at King*
road. Its population is estimated at 100,000 souls.
Vessels of ^ tons ascend to it with the tide.

Bristol

Bristol is one of the xpost ancient trading cities
of £ngland, being described by WiUiam of Malms-
bury in 1 I39t as a place much addicted to trade^
and full of ships from Ireland^ Norway, and every
part o£ Europe ; and in 1347 it may be 8Up«
posed to have been little inferior to London, . the
number of ships furnished by the -latter being
twenty-five and 662 men, and by the former
twenty*two ships and 608 men. The voyages of
Cabot, of Sir Hump«ey Gilbert, and many other%
also originated at Bristol.

The modem trade of this city is especially with
the West Indies and America, the Baltic, Spain
^nd Portugal, and with the West Coast of Africa^
and Ireland. The results of the trade for the year
1787 were as follows.

BritisK. . Forrigft.

Skipf, Tons. S/tipt, Tan*,

Entered inwards. . 4l6 .. 48,125 69 .. 11,112

Cleared outwards. 382 . . 46,729 66 . . 10,445 ,

In the same year the vessels belonging to the
port were.

Foreign Traden. _ Coasters. _ Fishing Veaselii.

Ships ^ Tans, Men. Vessels, Tons. Mm, Xo, Tons, Men.
328., 53,491.. 3,971.... 30.. 3,078.. 142.... 7.. 340., 30

The customs collected at Bristol exceed

j?300,000.

The inconvenience of the vessels laying on the
ground when the tide is out, first caused a wet
|)asin to be constructed for forty ships ; but a much
grander plan has been recently completed, that of

completely

slPMfirftC*

560 XA&JTIUe OEOdRAPHT.

completely damming the Avon across, and there*
by converting its bed into a vast basin two miles
and a half long, and covering eighty acres of
land, which is entered by gates, and in which
1)000 vessels may always lay afloat A new chan-
nel has been cut for the river. An iron bridge
of a single arch 200 feet high crosses the river,
tinder which the largest ships pass.

Fill is a large village at the mouth of the Avon
where vessels receive custom-house officers, and
where the Irish passage vessels usually land and em-
bark their passengers.

The Severn, the second river of England in
magnitude and utility, rises in Flinlimmon-Hill,
in Wales, runs past Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth,
Worcester,Tewksbury, and Gloucester^ and empties
itself into the Bristol Channel by a large estuary,
by the old writers called tlie Sea of Severn, at
Kingroad. Its channel is rendered difficult by
rocks, but loaded barges ascend it 160 miles.
It is subject to a bore here called Jrygre or eager^
three or four feet high. Its fish are salmon, lam-
prey, and chad.

In the entrance of the Severn are the Isles Flat-
holm and Steepholm ; the former is four or five
miles in circuit, with a tolerable soil, but unin-
habited except, by the person that has charge of a
lofty light-house on it.

Gloucester, on the Severn, thirty miles above
Kingroad, is a well built city of 8,000 inhabitanta*
It is built on an elevation, and has a considerabi*

trade^

tnde, vesadi of SCX> tonh ascmfajpid ki (Sw

The River Wye^ bne of ttic most picturesque
of England^ and dso the most tortuous, empties
itself on the north shore qf the Severn, separating
Gloucester and Monmouth shires. Near its
mouth is Chepstow, a flourishitig town of 2,000
inhabitants, with a considerable foreign and coast-
ing trade, exporting timber, corn, oak bar\ cider,
coals, grind and ti^Ustones. It ^so builds small
vessels.

Newport, on the Usk, two miles from its mouth,
is a narrow straggling toWn of 1,100 inhabitants.
It is thought to be built of the ruins of the an-
cient Caerleon. It has a large coasting trade, ex-
porting coals, cast and bar iron, &c In 179^^^
295 vessels of 12,000 tons and 930 men entered,
and 243 vessels of 11,000 tons and 1,000 men
cleared out The River Usk is a'beautiftil tor-
rent stream, navigable to Tredennoc Bridge, and
has a good salmcm fishery. '

Wt

SOUTH WALBS. = ' ' '

: . _ ♦ • . '-

Hie Raoiifey-si^Mnite* the touaHimiit Uaw^
nMQth md G^uiiac|^ «nipe^ng( -ttMtf at tin:
village of Runmejr, east of CanUlK 1h» coMto

VCTL. IT. 9o «f

>Uf«i

Ate MABfTOf S GBMSAFRT.

^'i'::::?*^ df QUiMrgrfn are citber wndgr levd bmcli wr
marie difis* Cardiff, at the mouth of the Tiff w
Tave, has 1»900 inhabitants ; it exports SO^OOO
boxes of tin plates to Bristol.
.. . . , The Tave, at it? maqtlj^ Qxpatw^ivto « laige
baaio* called Penoarth Harbour, but which ^% Um
urater i^ 9. sheet pf Qiiitd^ except ^ n^row chaimel
lAto the river, B^rry Island is separated from
the ms4n by ^ Psirrow strait, fordable at low
water wer a. bed o£ p^hWes.' Newton i3 a neat
vill^i^Q on a fine sandy beach, fr^quenti^d for sea
hathipg. Near it is a well thftt eUb^ a^id flpw§ in-
versely with the sea.

. &wANas^ Bay him hem compaf ^d, t^ tho^e who
haire aeen both, tp the.Bf^ ipf Napl^9> fpr pictu-
resque beauty. Ab^«vou> 9 s^i^ll town yrith a
tide haven, forwed. hy the mputli Qf the A^oa ;
and Neathf a town of %^0Q inhaUt^Q^i ^^ m %
river of il;^ ivuoesi have aon^e. coaytin^ trade, exr
portii^ copper jrpm Wiqorks in the iieighbaurhoed%
Neath has the ruins pf 1^ abbe^r and c^stlgt

SwAHsjii^ on the Tawy» a corporate, and bo*
rough town of 6,000 inhabitants^ 13. tole«:ahiy .well
though irregularly built. Its chief trade is tAe ex-
port of coals ; and packets sail regulariy between
it and Dublin, Waterford, Cork, and Ilfracomb.
It builds shipfi^ and h^ ^SP^ varies. Near it i»
a mineral (vitriolic) spring, and it is visited for

tm \»iking^ 1(9 Wf WMWit fiM^ i^.npw

I

k

West of Swansea is the MumUe^s Head, east crM«jn«
of which are the vast ruins of Ostermouth Castle;
a gothic construction on a cliflT. Ostermouth is a
fishing village i and on Mumble's Head is a light-
house. Caswell Bay, west of the head, presents
beautiful sceneiy, to which succeed Oxwich Bay,
Port Inon^ and Worms Head.

Caermarthen Bay, between the counties of Gla- .o<«^*«.
morgan and Pembroke, is limited on the east by
Worms Head, and on the west by St. Gowan's
Head ; the former a high promontory with chalky
spots. On the east shore of the bay is Llanelly,
a small irregular town inhabited by miners and
sailors. It has a good port for vessels of ten feet,
formed by an inlet of the sea, called Biirry River,
and is the port of entry of Kidwelly and Caer-
marthen. . Its exports are pit coal and tinned iron
plates. Population 3,000.

Kidwelly is a neat regular built town on the
Gwandraeth, which forms a little haven, but nearly
choaked with sand. It exports cpjJ of the. neigh-
bouring collieries, which is brought to the town by
a canal. 1,400 inhabitants.

Caermarthen, on the Towy, seven miles from
its mouth, is a genteel thriving town of between
0ve and 6,000 inhabitants. The river is crossed
by a1)ar, but vessels of 250 tons ascend to the
bridge of the town. Its chief exports are tin plated
and cast iron.

S o 2 Laufaarne

664i MARITIME GEOGRAPHT.

Lauhame is a village on a creek.

• •

4

•r '• '.^

rtmi^i^. TI)e eoa8t9. of Pembroke are in ^tsribbul fc^y
iwith s(e^ .cliffi^ and indentied fajr ai nittiA^ tf
bays.. Tepbjb tlie moat eastern 4ila<»t i^sStiaSei
oii«i irregaiar penittauh rising in rug^^aii pMfr'
picQs» on jthe wert side of CaermaitlMix Bsyu*- il^^
was reduced to 4& poor fishii^ town mftll aMe
years agob wben .tlie capricious resort of Mtafie^i^*
bathers brought it into notice^ and it ia &<^a
fashionable aua^mer's residence. Ite tri^^btf
been grefttly increased in the export of coafs w
culoii which are : abtpped at Sanders£30t» i^ree^
miles to tb? wesL In 1808^ 589 cciiien^'dl
45,000 tons cleared out. It has atso laiga he/^h^'
trawl, and oyster Series,; thirty to 4O,O00^di^^
latter being taken daily and sent to Bsut^'wf
Liverpool, as is also the produce of the trairl ^'
ery, which occupies fifteen smacks of thirty '^ttos
each from April to October* The uAdMti^f^'
the road is Weltered by the jfeninsula on ih&^^
bat is espoaed. to S.E. and £. The bai^n ^ibhN^
by a pier» and it haa Mgqoiqmy. Po|K]3i(ttfeM^^
Close to th<$ peninmia of Tenby, ' on tlH'so^'
is St Catherii^'a J9laa4 aaasaxif .tngg^C^^'^
and three miles farther is. Caljiy Jdand» -^V^*^^^^
mansion of its propdetor. St» HM^sM^'^f^V
is separaited from Caldj or ihe ,w«t by^^ |?**^

chasm. Its only inhabitants aie'raftbfts tl ^^^^

the rains of a chttpeL • : -• - V-^ ■ -^'^ ' '' _

Broad

SOUTH WAL£S« S6S

*

Broad Haven, or Stackpole Creek/ b a league ^^^^t.
east of St Gowan's Head^ and is a ^ea bathiag
place.

MiLFDBD Havek is the most capacious harbour
of Grei^ ftitain» b^ng ten miles lonf^ arid <me- to
two breads a«d having Are. bays, tM tttvka, and
thirteen anchoring places lar Jai|fe ships.- It is
entered between Nangle Head-on 4h« east, and
Stfe Ann^ Foudt <m the west, diMafir \wo miles.
On the former is a faamlet» and the rtiins of a ess*
tie and nunnery ; and on the latter t wt> f i j^thouses
apd A jbI«ckbotise« The tide rises in the harboirr
thirty^aU feet in springs, and twenty^x in neaps.
Xhe naitoral defects of this ha?Mff are the danger*
0US rocka.near the entrance, and' the being obliged
t» wait fer an easteriy wind to get oi^ Psk*
BBOXHi the chief town of the eonntyy is on a creek
of tihe south shore, cootains 2,000 Inhabitanfe^ but
is declii^ngt it was anciently walkd, - has a castle^
and custofv-house for Milferd Havelk

£[uberiMN[ie, en the north shoife;' is a village,
frosn^ whioh tbe packets usually takis their depar-
ture for W^teslbrd. MtLfoi^ akd on thetiolrth
shor^ has been built sinoe 17dOi^ It is ^ttiited
on^ a^beautiful point of land, siopifi^ gently to the
water, wtoph aliuortsuirottfids it' 'Its -streets are
regularly laid.out^ eastismd $MSt, norlh alid south.
It ha§;a king^s dodc*yard, and a e^verity*fbtor gun
ebip iias been^^uflt here* It liae also an astrono-
xiiic9l obsenvatoiy. Severd vessels are employed
froim ^this portm the southern whale &hery, cUd^
ly by a colony of quakers, emigrsnta from N^

^o3 tucket

\

306 MARITXMS . GBOOIUPHT.

^'^^^ tucket IftUuid, Two battedes of ar^en gu&t each

defeiKl the port

Haverford West is a borough town of d^OOO
iobidiHtoiUq, f» tl]^ navigaUerivtcCleddwi which
&}!» ioto tbenotth side, of Milfbrd Haven.

^cookwiy &G4upQtorj|, aed Gcassholm Islandafa^
eff Milfoxd Haven, and have many groupi q£
rocks round them.

St. Sajpe's Bay; is formed between twapenlnso-
laa at the.w^t exttenuty of Pembrokeshif e ; tta&
ford& sheltered anchora^ in all wiftds» but fimn
west to S«W. According, to tradition^ tibia bay waa
anciently a level pbin, inui)dated by the aea. St
Bnd/»f,w the. aoutb shorie, and St«. D«vid% on
Ib^ north, are insignificant viUagea ; .the Jattet^
once a ^eucishing city^ has now but iJSOO iRha«
faitanta* It is two mil^ from the ahore. }t faaa
the ruins of a vast castle.

Scdva, or Scdiiicb, abo on the north ahore of*
St. Bride's Bay, is a new and very agireeaUe town
built akice X800» on n iSk^ trout streajn. Its ha-
ven is good, but in the entrance is a pyramidical
rocki leaving a channel on each side. Twenty
to thirty coasters, of twenty to Q50 toBS belong
to iU Rnd export torn to Bristol* Port Qash,
a rivulet three miles. we^fc ^i'Solva,. receives aaift
of seven feet at high wiater ,

HaoAsey Island* one mile fcom St. David's HeadL
the weat. point of .P^nbroke^hire^ is three mites
long.and om broad.. It oses at each extremity
to a high htU» . iorut hasiH cowidecable quantity of
arable and pasture land^ and isiweititetefed^fiTe

of its ^damB tumiiig m^4 It h tbe resoriof
s^A hiatds tod of the pBteginllHe falcon ; aiiA it it
said, the rats have almost overpowered, the rahr
bits that fonli^rljr ab^ulvded on it It has bUI; a
single fkfv^lMuu€f crelttoatedfor its cheese. Off
the east «de or^ tim rodty idets lepaorted &om k
by A greatdiasm. . * . -

Itie Btdiop andideflra aife seven dangatna
rcNoks otititde <if Han^ey IriaBdv they ore viiit^
to eDU0ct.8M birds* tgga wfareh in sentto BriMd
to fine wiM^ Th& Smalls^ aeron leagitee irotpei <be
coast of Pembroke, are twenty rocks, occupying a
space of two miles long and one mile broad. On
them is a light or lanthom erected on eight pillars.
The Hatl atfd Bkrefc mn x, iTtiat^ da£ .|X)dQu'six
Atika IVoAi the Smalls^ *.

> i^^i.

Ab«Mhy Bay is o« ifa? Iiocth wtihroi 8tt S>a»jd&
Hehd, to 5iv9iich.'3DSoeefls I^eRVtuol^ - enM «f
Stmrtkl^ Head, it ia. otv/a fin bsif k tkennmA
of ttM Gwtdnti^ ^hibh fbnas a gasA p«rt und^
6tf»«tdl by tands, fbr vcamIi •^^tsii^^liM^ ^^
bay istht^e tniled ki extetft, <wkl|«d«|^ of fim^
twidv« fathottS} M»td'ai<ft tiAtd/6ottDift< ',116
to«m xiMtaUis 0,€dO 1«hib{taMss ^S> ^H fif^ Mil-
n«&ee, idd il €stean«d^OMi.()f «b^ ICMsf faetMQr
sfioto of Gh«ftt IdMttiiii^ ' Its t»it^«ift^(}y» %wevty-
thi«e vejj^«k of twenfty to 4iirty «dnis knAtW4ittf-
fivd.of My to «iie htRiA^dL TlKei^Hitai^oMi,
^16,000 quflvten; Iratter/, l/)00 <»8k$<Qf Mv«ftty.
foor Ibs.«iek'; ahd ali(ift«< itawemW ■me -Atb

n^ritMf)^ (UMt Miifold, to Z«elMMk - It <fbp^<s
■'..'. 2 o 4 seventeen

.«}

568 MABiTOf s «iomumnr«

seventefn boats in the^ltemi^Mitty; liasbeiadet
a prodoMive fiAeiyof 'fatbot, johli dotf^ laid mI»
sidn, in the ffh^. " ' • •**».:'^.i

' Newporti a «Mm of l,i0O4i)bAimt8^/at Ae
mouth oF the ICbvOtt, "mU^ ^f«Ul^into a^^fide hqr:;
a bank Of iBidd raodrtrs ti)e^ faMen^acoessUejoolgr
at high water. The depdu an'thifteaa ftet high
water springs^ * and -^sevbii or eight SoA it^ps.
ISglwys Dinaa, is « Ibfaiiig viibge on /the west
diore of 'Newport bejr ; isnd Axither e»t is^Pemqf
iqSet^ aitoa#diiiigtiUage4]n'Aiieildber*bagr¥ :'

^mmm

*. im^

Thfi great golf between St Davithi Head .and
the peniimda ofGsceniai<ron,ia taUed^duBifiaw
B^. Both tiaditbii and pfaaent appeamaon.lead
t» 'Ae oertaiotjr «f its temng^ beiut'fiMiDed b]f an
imiptioA of the aea, mbixk ^at^nd dii ^vtfle
■Ydley that fonperiy oeoqned Iti- ^aee^ Ammag
•odier iadicaitions are severd ledgaa of sock, ^aOed
Sami at isaiuewayi, nionti^ out firem the-jhoce ;
ihty VB iQ <u<}oeiaia«» 1, Caddgap's Qauaewi^,
jMtf a mUe ftim St. Ikavk^s Head, akretehing^nt
Ottt ftile and th>ee.<iiiaiten, l^St 'Dkvid^tCamb^
.'tnfi near the moatlir of the 'Ardi rwetfttawoet
M tj^wttat Hi a ttijle* 8. Su Cymfdyiifa Gbnaivij
mgt GNaltoi^' sttetehes of mfmtiaSiibi, raiid.«t its
OJetteaoity is ^(nety toAy grotm^ otia«iihich,ittadi.
titm; aiyi atood a palace of the Welch princes.
4^ 0oht%Caiisewi^neapAiMi%aM^ jtfManokiet^

tm» out one idil« and a liiOi; :,sf; Sam iM^. or

3t, {^atru^*^

St. 'Patrickfs C^memvy. ;* tlus is by fw tibe most
^onsUacable^' extending ftom within, a sale of the
point df'Mochras, south oi Harlech^ twen^-two
iii3estntQdMiJ0a»..ia il^^petpentkie^ne. It is a
stupendoua luH of. xoqgh stcxpes^ Jtwenty-four fe^
btoadt and «t the outer end it forms ^ round hea4
in whadi aae sixteea gc»^tonps, one four yards
in diamefeec JNi. W^^of WM^ck Apotber eaasem^
ceiled &ura.y- Svleh^. cune off, >nd is tiioi^tjCf
join the pneeecinig^ : Qpiniciw.we divided iphj^i
reqieet to theie;6#P Jpvn^ ^M^KesypfM^g them
a work of art intended to secure the land they for*
merly inclosed fronuthe attacks of the sea, wh&
others believe them to be the bases of a riclge of
natund. rocks i^mr,wHiol^:^^j§pa»t|^tltf9'*of
anil vas jwaahed away in th$ gr^t ijcrmtttfe ^t
is tmditionalfy sui^posed to have t^efi.^plape^^
£K)a ' The tvxoks'.of ^arge tfe&^. fyxmA i^^ a tr^ql;
of hard:}o<hii:^'C08i9ideffab)i^:di^t9n(^ £rQS&..t^e

The.rirer.Tsefi^ Tivi«^)ptfjit^:i\f^fok^iMwl
Cardiganshire} fi>or/mUe9£ro» itesn^vthJsrC^^-
MQAif, a req^e^tiyUe towA^ /dT^OQQ inb4ritent«»
though ita atreets 4<e geneHJIX-: ^rr^w* Vessels
aficetid to ifB.qwiyvaQd ithi^ a coiiaid«rabIf^ feriMe
-with Iielandt tndAa good aeimon flsheiy. Itjias
'2de registered vesftela^of 15 t<> 9d2 tons (IDiOQO
totis>) and l;0£H>»e«m<m Ofi^the river's mA is
»: little . vAtnd^ "fiast of CardJgjtiT , are Pepnar,
: . / .: i Abeip<}rth,

^ • •

^ V^TPMic ^Bef A9(t'4? Stint ^nmiMd H ^ itee fr (Kff^^B^ini>u«lge
. to .^nd ^oat Ireland ; wiihiii« cable's length of iU.edge thp i^ompas^ i^etdio
' )oosc5 Us polarity and taxuM qpite twmil

i^9^if .Ne^ .Quay ^ yilkig^i viUi a mined
pitr» 4^b6()iitwitb apleiUa|it;^liille;jtQwa.«t.the cnn-
fluefM)e of the Rheiddal with th|3.Y«tirith. It has
lattei;]y iiaproved frooi thfi resortiDtf iiea faatheiB;
its . haven receives y esselai of twelve £»!:» there
beuigffi^wtetn feet in. the if^rings. over the bar.
Its ^pc^ are oak timber, and bark, Jead and
copper pre, icon^comi butter,. ftlai6s» and al& Its
registered vessels are 210» between 18. and 27D
tons (8,lfl0.tons,) and 769 seapicsu . It, has a cu^
tomhouse and an old cai^e. ..Pc^pfulatian 1^80U •
Broth or Boctb, five Aiiles south of Aberystvitli,
formerly a Roman station, has now . but a single
cottage on the beach, resorted to by^smugglcn^ .«

■ ■ ■ t. '■

•■•»••

NORTH WALES.

The Bovey or Dyffi separates Cardigan and
Merioneth shires, and forms a good haven to
Aberdovey, in which vessels, of nine feet may li|y
afloat at all times close to the town, or lay agrotiad
on a fine sand out of the stream , of the tide wiudi
.runs, out four miles an hour \ the rise, is thirteen
feet ^rings, and t^n feet neaps.

Towyn is a ^ent?el town of 0,000 inhabitants,

' finely situatedi and visited for sea bathing, Abtf-
maw or Barniouth^ at the mouth of the Afaw.or

,^A(on, is, an 111 built town of 1,^ ibbab^'tprnts,
situsfted on the dope of a rocky prectpic^e, to thjtt
thfl houses are placed in eight tiers ftbfrve, Cfoe

; DiiQthf f- Jt is. nevertheless fre<|^nied as i^.^^£^
place*^ A small hlaad before ihe rivef^ Moufh

forma

totwom the llayiiay tfbifA is crcrfftfed fay alitt Aot
<miy adratevteselsrdf ei^ht or zuHe ffatt.At Ugh
imter4 It exports (Wfc0»' faafley^ butter^ dbits^
fMdi batk» and :imbtr» beaides flaomilk &tr jt;40»0CK)^
aodwMrt^dstadriiigpifin'^lO^OOa .

Harlech, the county town, is a misenUe cri«
lection of fK>9r cOttsgte,«.i7eBi«dutble only for its
cistie on a ro€k omofhtaet^ng tbe sea^ and Wbidi
is going fittfc to dedty atohongh. k stili has a cod-
staMe. . Mocm^ a UttkT. careek^ in. fine wtotfaei
raMivflS vmsels dr«s sSmI sei^cn £Bof«

Trteth Baoh> andiTraeth Mawr, are two inlets
qC the 8ea» having toe entrance^ add eacdi reeeiv^
mg a litlle rirer ; the gfieatest part of thetadry at
hrw.mtat add becx)ttie qiudksiind8« . Tva tilousand
acarea of hnd hme beea kttdriy. rocovered &019
that of Traetfa. Mawr by emhankiilg, and an al^
tempt is iiov ittddng. Ibo j-ecover the whole by Jt
dyke acmsii its entrance, near' a mile in length*
On this inlet is Ibe village of Penmorfa, accessible
only to boats* ^

i^MWMV

Cficeie& is a poor place of 386 inhalMtantSy i» em>^uv^
a neck of land jotting irito tilie see, ^and oitly
worthy netiee far a mined castl^^ Pwlbc^y, a
•Snafl fimket town on an inlet lA^ich reoetves three
or four rivulets ; it- consiats of one iMg' lArMt^
Sfiid has a consickerable coasting trside by teMeis of
twenty to- siktytofiS) wfaydi can entet its hav^il.
700nhsbitants« -

St. tlidweft biy^ t»lgo^Stttdw«tt, H sheltered
te» a certain extent by the little islands St. Tudwell

and

S^i UARITIM£ C£OGRA»UY.

and Mcrcrottt lb ft suctie^ the bay tiamed
H^sMoMdw ftom tbeiie^ht arid dbniieuraticm
of tite:ithmni eauriing^eMviodioMieiw eonthnially
intofit^wlui&thBtt kifli8a4i^cdfittibiit in^dr^ of die
^mr^^ aor'!thatiit ik altaOiC ttlwtf^ ft daogooiis
iQft.nhorfti* i- t ' V ■•* '• • *'

-S^ l!0^immCfa» and jAJNsfdlMrei% «^iieartiie

The south eaafeqMiat of «riia<Ai is AbemkbnyiNnni^

.Bwdaey lalnfl^mie mde iuid half^ftiutt Ibe (inv
iWtmtorj^' 18 Mraaiifea timg and ooe infle liroa<^
QWrttiiiing iflyo aciw> af vhioh onei-third is tooom
taiHt affordiBg on^a. maagte pastere ftr a ftw
4(«efhMid(SibbitSi Tfaeosland f^its for a himdied
glimeaiim y«n >s^d hm eight hooaes and seventy
i^bsbttJuiUb who pay te tent m faxes^ atid'sutistst
hgr the mltinkioa of >aiitde wheat und barley and
by jth* «>Uecttng of poffinf s eggs. Qntheiidiiid
af9i'iha;x»iiia<if an aUiey founded kit the sixtb
ce4to7» th0 nuxib <if wkch» aceolditig tb A^
hi9t9xiai(, received ftom<Sreid tbeprivflege of' ^^^i?^
<^ jemgH(y.aa keg as they ^entimied'to^l^a
b|dly:tilftl$ httt whenrAey beesnie' eohHiit tl^
^wjimagaMi sttlgeetod to the oomnibtt Wef faaitirk
l|b« 4itoi nnrwiik gMit jrapi^ty biehhid^
,iey/ Jl|lei4iattd:the psoiW*ti»ty ^ "^^ •- '^^* '^
! ^ :^13i« gidf ibei;weeii:'lbe^i^il8ida of Cif^oSu^
.«Nl J^Jsteof Joi^eseyis ifttptid^ GJiBEN^rvby
R^y. ..It is liiHd:i^^thtt4^^
'the British i^ps^ whose wumnits retain die/tacm^

*

Jl.J

coDtendflatMni to make « haven here for ha|||0iv^
MU.b^ jju^lliDi^TfV^r^Kfir ffh* B0(dOwla6li<4ndtr«t
low- m^l^ . ggg^ t^ tiwiMifwi <>htr(packetgi»ttiaHitiy>
beadLbut-the idea waB>asiaiiii:abBndDinL '•''

aad |h«t.W,4«t|m^ <^.t]M>.'Batiah JQndd^ lia acfu*
rat^ j^xvA 4t}ift .<}pa{tt:«f -GMnitavoB by ths etMil '
of.iN(fiP9i, wlvk^-whc^.oaiaowMt Jt, half m::mit»
wid(^ The ij|lai^ ifi m «bl«igsqiuareiei«arleagMf
laoj(^ ^v»-|mvmi4 jwnttumug acXMNW^ttef^of
8m%^ J! ^ rgMMNB^ th<B ^.ii& ing9ed dbd titfw
toU^y, v^^VKtr. 'Vf9o^ tiMUih its aneieat >6tillfll

h|y^beei^ «((Vf red ^wUh . iamtfi. . U JtMMtKt^ihf
tw^^j> rivul^ -aivA ajlwunds in. onhiend^'. t^^MH
an^jff Uft^ q€(lN?e9i> niiirbkf/ ahfaaitv*: k^ Mibi

pOTt^ ;{^i. ii«jyi i|».At8 grittd ao4 fldlbtooeft).' -'jlfii
o^liifts fiy»tC(jl(lbiwifeB!rt an4ilso(&Rn:«A 41^ ef^

head of cattle are iiWti]i»»iiMi((dw)MeBrtl4»ito-
PW^i^MM0il)HBiP)Vi'>f«dM*^ Sbei<ltffii» ate

P^KWW?^ il nujJoi ylniiiJiis 'Js*--':-' vT'- '''-^"^ ^'
. JQfi Dnii^bc4 monunieiitt <m th^ iislaDi} -are
maiiy cr<mkchs and ranges of stones set up an«Q^

■with

#74 ICABinffB OttMEAPHT.

ifrith {fecri|Mlidlift in v€ry rode and ttfiklMPim'
tBetera; the twrigw of imo Emmo AvtB aqk al»
seen near Newbiiigh. Tlie pepohiwn oT Ae
island in 17M> was 12,000, and in 1806, 84^00Bl
The island is indented hy many bays a^forfi^
anehorage, and seveml of wbieh^ aright be made
good havens, at smaH expense.

Beaumaris, the ciiief town, is a somiB place ^
the nortli extremity of Menai Stnit, its popals-
tien being 1,600 ; its haven hal seven ftet at lew
water, ^and the channel between it and liie Lefen
qnieicsands forms a good road. It is a farttfonafale
iea-badmag pkice. Redhead Bay, on the north
oeast, is visited by small craft ibr the Umesfeone
ef its cliift. Amlwich, west of Redbeac^ from
being a fishing hamlet, has increased to a town ^
6;000 i^Mbitant? by the vicinity of the c^iper
Buntes* Its haven is a natural creek ef llie aea
betv9«ien two TOcks> its breadth betog oiily snfi^
ciaet' for two sloops to lay abreast, iKit it hsjs
length for thirty vessels of fifty to 100 tcMi ; H
diies at h»w waten

< Abelfraw on the' S^W. One dt^kbe^Mtkm mt^-
dincesof the Welsh pimeea^ is ^tlb^ itVUtHg^dt
t^OW iHhibttaDts, ehi«iy fish^hfi«n ; iH little
imett admits vesseb of tliMy fbii^lcfti^^ mIUSA
esqpcM soitie thoui^d hnfthieJs of (mts aAd liarley."

MididraeS}! on the^ south coast, is an iidet of Ih^
tta 'fifteen mikfi^ long, wtiich appears to haiae^'belA
formed by some convulsion of nature, end out
tindtee' asOTibed ft wHlhoiit any-' hesiti^^ io ike

There

' Thtra* tre awfiral vdamdf^ nuaeA Anglesea de«
«iryiii||i)#tk^ ) tibe fir^is BrietfeMtt nff^die KK
9«Mt> hwins itrnMie from » mliftoiu edifise
cMtc^cd to St Semil, iriiieh ivaaa fdaoB of gveu
ptlswnigft fw MQiii no womfin b^iBg ptrimtted to
Mti fbot.on the MkBd.. G^raldus tellausi that
vh^Qevcr tlie mooks of thk maitetery qotrreikd a
legion of mice came and devoured .att their pro«
\^i0n4 but HFli^ik the dtscord ceased, the mice
diMpp^Mefi \ The islaod ib about a mile longaiul
i^ hM4(kKi by roeky prec^eea^ but the intenoir
QOYorod fiith a finet turf, affordii^ pasture to 8om»
sheep, which together with rabbits, and sea birds^
p^ci^Iy ]^i&ns» are riA only inhdbkaAts. It

rents fWi^ 1^4

XM the north coast of AngLssea acethree smalt<
cisJOT^ cslM The Micca^ and a mile and half
ftom. the N. W. point are the Skerries^ ishich ttof
PriMhqlv» ysabire some sheep and ha^ rabbits^
aMi|iiliiui4 oa one ^ the ruHcks iaa hght^hette
^ffiwdwir^'iV'Veime of jClyiOQ.

H[i4]rbQ|ikiIal^ld is s^arated from the-iveatclte^
of Jbi0UiMt(' l^f^ f^ nanev qhannel crossed bjf^ a
fc|llidie% Qn.lht nofth. ai4e.» the ha^VMi fMii*
-vbicb. pKketrJMUs sail to .Dublin, the dietwiee^
tMMii; tw/Hitv^ Ungues and tberqn&om eight to«
tig^% heiiie wtith a 0Qedwind> fu postHD49pe>
pM^hffto am evti^Qyed and ese saife.eveiyidtiy Ihit
TliMNbvr.. Tl^ advastafo of Bedhead for ^tber
pnekq^ t^«t|m»..Gdnflwte: in being «Ue taoldui'the)
abQse m'A m^ ,^nd^ * 9Ik1 thereby a? oiding'^Am
dsogflc of btfiog:! embayed on .the Wekh eoMQ^
f - which

57tt itABXTmS C^OOBAMtY.

which is a very daogsrow lee shore. The haveif
iKf Hdyhead fidUng dry oa the ebb, the pecketo
were oUiged to wait for half "flood to get 011^
which was a great disadvuntagej and hence a pier
has heeii recently bailt which fonm a havm with
£mr fathoms at low water. On.arock westof the
harbour^ called the' South Stacks is a revolving l^;fat
200 feet high.

The north extremity of Hdyhead islanii is a
huge mass of rock hollowed into caverns by *the
sea ; one of which is called the Parliament House,
irom its being visited by all the traveUers that
pass this way.

There is reason to suppose that Anglesea was
anciently joined to the main by an isthn^s, tlie
remains of which are still obserted in a ledge tyf
rock that nearly crosses the strait, over which tiw
meeting of the tides at the beginning of the fteod
causes an agitation dangerous to boats* In^riag^
tides the rise is twenty feet and the sfr earn at tidse»
runs eight miles an hour. The northtm eiferause
to the' strait, named Beaumaris Bay, is in gvsat part
iHled by the Levan quicksand, su]^poiid ta have
hmn formed by an irruption of the sea ja the taxA
century*. At low water the ferry-hoat from Beau*
maris lands its passengers on this sand, whose
tigp is but a quarter of a mile from the town, and
from tence they have a distance of four miles to
iialk on the sand io Aber on the mainhmd, and
as in %s -this road is extrraiely dangerous the
cb«r<^ beU of Aber. is rui^ to directdie tiavettei&
Resides Beaomaiis, .there are feur other &rries ia

the

thd slmil^ buti«tt*'iiiofe«4e»«ioaDminodioiit, 40
tbf^t i^ ia^aM c^n4emiibi|i9n to tbMlkr aAiraft'bHdge
agcQss^it. ,^^ -* ' f? ., . • •• ' • •»^-

t Jfteliytiiteg to llie iiittfi l«Ad of Ca«^ ^''SS?

Ai)^MM» ' the 'fiiBt ' (>lace k CABEHARTtOKr * oh *the '^
Sc^oD^iltte begt tovm ot Vh^tih Wales, the streets
being regularly laid out though narrttW, knd f he
populMton ' 3^660: ' The bar which crosses ^he
Mtnasr: Stmt admits only vessels of 800 tbns into
thehaven j but it has nevertheless a consittemble
fomfgn and coasting trade. On. an average oFieti
years, 1790-I8OO, ten vessels for foreign voyages,
md 300 coasters cleared out, and seventeen fo*
toga? and fiS6 coasters entered* In 1806, it had
six^f^^yne registered vessels of 8,385 tons and S21
mtanb The fort is under the custom Jiouse of
BMumaris; The greatest export is slatea tb fre«
kmdk 'Hera am the ruins of a vast castle built' in.
the ie%n of Edward L

VifiMBf»r at the north extremity of the Menai" ,
8tiait# -w^siljnted on a rivulet between two rocky
WttSf vidjooqsists of one long street Of neat houses
itMl 1)770 inhabitants. It is one of the Menai
foiries.

' 'Aber Cegid^ a village <tt a small rivulet^ which
hm bee& recently in^yMn^d into a haVen ibr ves*
ads of-8eo or 400 tons and named Port Penlyfj^
It IS the. grand* defMrt; of the slate trsEde fh>tn I^oVS*
Penryn's estate to iMbiid, London, Bristol, &e^
Befinel!7aftthe^eQC|iort4id not eifcetA l,60(Vtoiis
' TOL. IV. S p a year.

a^yefifb ^fM^ atpreflMt AXh tans aw^eiti
UjNfiil esqpMt iooia Bdrt Bmu^oi.

Aberconwy, at the mouth of the Conwy, i
a poor deserted place of -860 inhabitants; it is
SHf;r<'Kad^ b^ mWSy ^*U* Wi^h.^Wtjr-ftWK: vm-

tjie; picturesqi^. i^iip^ c^iife ^m^9^. Aft itfifMK
s|q[^l carsft. 1^ d^& iM^i kdHOn?- The Cqwigr
i9.h^£ar.i|dJ^^^:i^t)iH^tQ«ifib at U|^ waten. ai^
i^aj^ve £ll)^y, yafda a^ low» the r^oftiiiffig
beipg safndfl^mks CQvered^wi at

^ter; tf^ese sajids 8ti)l ali)pi
as thqj di4 if^ t^ 'time df tl^ Rq^W^ fant tfaf^-
h^ye^ loi^ h^eti: negliectedf Hho^daogeffS; of dtt
feny friwflr Goflwy,, ^^feicfe 19 tlwh g^Kd.thpiwig:-
%^ tailQlybee^ii hay^ «y|gg»Bt6dtt|ie pn>poet]r. q£
,l)uildipg,a.bri^g9 aqross: the riv»r,. whioh.i^ now-ia

Qf^tweQnCoqwy m^ Baogeir'the poalroid pam*
along a tremendous precipicfl, , de8QiAd||ig']Wfpe»-
dici^^y, to the s^m$:oq« 9id^, \i¥hi)e tm tb» otfcer
t}ie . lp% ^ Feii|fiUMytm9W;r ris^s ^ whii . oq^Hal abmpU
nes$^ an4 th^. ms^^ses <^: ro(|I( di4o«^ frnm ite
side» often roQ intoi the; t pa^W^ ! bkidt it eodtielyt
up.

Thi? county^ of QaQrii^voais-jt^riQi^^
lofty rpvi^.pffin»»toryin«|i»e^r<^f^

ontheeasto^ thi^r: CoRwy /lUveriu «¥il ^«^^
are.thexes9«^of«ultfiiu».af

■Ll" '.!T

JkNfr'ffftflY.

Deif^gb, fccabOnnn Jicadt fiot

tike

th6 CiWydd, iff fironwd by el^Vaf erf arid dtVe^iibiiii
limestone cUfl^, VHtU Veins of ltod6^. One df
ttiese caverns, ninletf ^f O^o ^^ 'Jhfr* Giivirtif' ^' -foif
excellence, is a' magiii^etit ol§e^t/ I^ ^ tii«
Clwydd tlwf coast runs^ low.

t)eiitigh ha^ hot a single poH; iif ^^ m
coast'ersi Aberglew oi* Abfergaly oh the dWydd^
is the ohlv ohb that fecdves' th(^ smaHelb cnSL

The shbrea of Flintshire continue low, without '^^
an/ poft to'the Dee^ on the west or Flint shore,
off whtbh 18 Holywell or Tre%non, a* handsome
town of 400 houses, fkmous' for the well of St.
Winifitd^' iVom which it derives its name, and
which throws out tWenty-one tons of water in a
mifnite^' forming a ra^d rivulet at its mbuth»,
which turns many milb and steam-engines in ita
course ixy the Dke.

Flint, th^ principal tbwjtf of the couqty, haa
1,100 inhabitant^ and is only accessible to smalt
craft through a channel in the l>anks ; oh an isolated
in the midst of which is a casUe. Pass^ige
firoih hence to Parkgate and Chester*

MMMI

. NORWI-WBST coast of ENGLAND.

The Rjvet' b^e, Ifhich sepaira^eiS Eriglattd tea&
Wales, was held in the same venenttiori by th€^
aficieh't Britons- as the Ganges isf by tli# Hiflddos.

2 p 2 It

68Q, MARITIHB GEOGRAPHY.

iMMe. It empties itself into a large estuary (Seteia esh^
arium of Ptolemy), filled with sand-banks, whicli
rendered both it and the river almost useless to
shipping, until a new channel was cut from the
city of Chester ten miles long, and supported by
immense dykes, .through which vessels of 350
tons now ascend to that town at high water
springs. A great quantity of land has also been
gained by embanking. The first place met in as-
cending the Cheshire side of the river is Park*
gate, a new town risen to notice from being Oie
place of departure of the packets fw Dublin,
four of which sail every week. It has also become
a fashionable sea-bathing place.

Chester is an ancient city on an eminence,
nearly surrounded by a reach of the Dee ; it i$
composed of four principal streets diverging from
a centre, and each terminated by a gate ; these
streets are sunk in the rock several feet below the

«

ground flooring of the houses, which gives the
town a singular appearance. The population is
15,000; and the trade very considerable to the
Bahic, Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean^ and
particularly to Ireland, from which it imports
a vast quantity of linen cloth. Its exports are
coals, lead, lead ore, calamine, copper plates, cast
iron, . and great quantities of cheese, chiefly to
London. It also builds merchant ships of 500
tOD^, . entirely of British oak» and of excellent
construction.
The jiuisdiction of the port of Chester extends

on

ENGLAND. 5SI

on the Cheshire side of the Dee to Wirril, and on
the Frith side to the mouth of the Clwyd.

The Merset, which separates Cheshire and x«^fvi
Lancashire empties itself through a great estuary
filled with banks, and crossed by a bar with but a
foot or two depth at low water, but the tides rise
twenty-one feet at neaps, and twenty-eight at
springs. The river is navigable for vessels of six-
ty tons (by sluices) thirty-five miles above Liver-
pool, to the confluence of the Irwell. The Wea-
ver falls into the estuary, and is navigable for ves-
sels of sixty tons to Northwich.

Liverpool, now considered the second town of
England in commerce, in which it surpasses its
rival Bristol, is situated on the right bank of the
Mersey, three miles from its mouth, where it is
1,500 yards wide. According to the imperfect
manner of calculating population in England, it
contains 78,000 inhabitants. Its trade is with all
parts of the world generally, but more especially
with the West-Indies, west coast of Africa, and
Ireland. From the flatness of the shore and other
circumstances shipping were formerly subject to
great inconveniencies, particularly that of distance
from the town ; to remedy this various docks have
been excavated, the largest of which is 900 feet
in length, and they are together capable of receiv*
mg 800,000 tons of shipping.

2 p 3 Th^

ftamtkirti

589 HARITI^ CEOegAPHY*

'11^ fb]lo;nrmg »re the general i:e8ult6 of the
tr^e of livefpool in ^801-2.

1801. 1802.

British ships entered 1331 ... I78S

Foreign ships entered...... 641 ... 425

British ships cleared out... 1604 ... 2962
Foreign ships cleared out.. '/OS ,.. 461

In 1805 the ships belonging to Liverpool werp
•5^41 of 1 1 1,227 tons, and the tonnage that entered
the docks 463,482.

The coast of Lancashire from the mouth of ibib
Mersey is generally low, and in some places the
sea is encroaching on it, particularly between the
Ribble and Morecambe Bay, where it is said half
a mile of ground has been lost

Preston on the Ribble, three leagues from it^
mouth, is a handsome and genteel town of 12,000
inhabitants, but with little trade. The Ribble fonn^
an estuary with many banks, dry at low water, but
on which the tide rises six fathoms.

Blackpool is a bathing village, from which the
Isle of Man is visible in clear weather. The
Wyrc water is formed by several small streams,
and expands to a considerable breadth, but agaiti
contracts before its fall into the sea. Cockerham
has a little tide haven for craft.

Lancaster, the county town, is on the Lune
or Loyne, five miles from the sea, into which the
river empties itself by a wide estuary named Sun-
derland Hai'bour, but obstructed by shoals that
prevent the access of vessels above 250 tons. Lan-
caster

SSrOLAlHJU if^

Cfiater . lifti 10,000 inhabitants, ttrd ciimbs on A
ponaidemMe tradei chiefly mAi the Baltic^ Nor-
way aiki the WeM^Indies. In 1799 fifty-tw6 Ves-
sds cleared out for the latter with ckvgdH Valued
at two millions sterling.

MoRiCAMBE Bat is a large gulf between the
mainlaihd coast of Lancais^ii-e tod the j^eninsula
of Fulmeas. Th<e Laneashire shwe is lined by
extensivB quicksands, across which lies the dan.
gerous route to Fumess.

Amongst these sands, and neariy at the head of
the bay, die Kent or Ken empties itself, which is
ascekidable by j^mall cmft to Milthorp, the only
point of Westmoreland having a navigable com*
munkation with the sea« From hence are ship{]fed
the fine Westmoreland slates fdr London; lirer-^

|)Ool, BristoU &c, .

The peninsula of Fumeiss is formed by More*
cambe Bay on the east and the River Dudden on
the west* Off its south extremity are Walney and
aeven other islands, which seem to be the remains
of a connected thict of land broken into islands
by the sea, large roots of trees being fotmd in the
iMinks that surround them. Walney, the most
considerable island, is ten miles long and one
broad, and so low that it is often nearly inundated
hi extraordinary high tides. It has two hamlets,
and, at the south extremity a revolving light sixty-
eight feet high^ On Pile Island are the ruins of a
castle.

Ulverstone, on the east shore of I\irness, rc-
ceiveft vessels of 150 tons by a cinal from More-

2 r 4 cambe

SBi MARTTIME GEOORAFHT.

cambe Bay one mile long. It has 3,000 inhabi-
tants ; exports iron, oak, bark, barley, oats,
beans, and limestone. Rampside, at the south
extremity of the peninsula, is a sea-bathing village.

The Dudden separates I^ncashire and .Cum-
berland, and at its mouth forms a huge shallow
bay at high wat^; it abounds in salmon, trout,
and flounders.

Ravenglass, at the confluence of the Esk, the
Mite and the Ert, which nearly surround it, is a
small ancient town with scarce any trade, but ce-
lebrated for its oysters.

' St. Bees, an ancient village three miles south
of the headland of the same4lame ; this latter is
composed of rocky cli& rising abruptly,, covered
with samphire, and the resort of sea birds. On
the summit is a light-bouse. The land of this
head, there is good reason to suppose, was formerly
an island, not only from its beii^ still called Pres-
ton Island^ but also from Hbte appearance of the
valley that now joins it to the main, and which
extends a distance of five miles from the village
of St. Bees to the town of Whitehaven ; an an-
chor was also found in this valley at a considerable
depth. The filling up of this ancient channel is
supposed to have been by the depositions of the
opposite tides meeting here.

Whitehavek, three miles north of St. Bees
Head, is a remarkable example of the progress
pf national indiis^ry.. Ip 1566 it contained but

ENGLAND. 585

six fishing cabins^ and had but one small baik ; in taMouL
1683 it had increased only to ten thatched cot-
tages; in 1693 it counted d,S72 inhabitants ; in
1715, 4,000; and 1785, 16,400. It^ vessels at
present are 230 of 74,000 tons, and it exports
218,000 tons of coals annually, chiefly to Ireland. .
The town is neatly bulk, "with regidar and iieide
streets. The haven is formed by several piers,
three of which project in parallel lines from the
shore, and a fourth is crescent shaped, and has a
battery and light4iouse« The haven runs quite*
dry at low water. Packets sail from hence to
Douglas and Ramsay, in the Isle of Man, every
Monday.

The waters of the' Wampool form at its mouth
a sandy estuary of four or 5,000 acres, left dry at
low waten

Moresby is a pleasant village ; as is Harrington,
on a small brook that assists in forming a littl^
haven called Bella Port, from whence sixty ves-
sels are employed in -exporting coal, lime, and iron
stones of the neighbourhood.

Workington, on the left bank of the Derwent,
has 4,000 inhabitants, and the best haven on this
coast, formed by piers, and admitting vessels of
400 tons. It* has 160 vessels, the largest of 350
tons, and exports 300 tons of coals a day, besides
salmon, the pro4uce of a good fishery in the
river.

Mart!pqrt, at the moulJi of the Ellen, has
3,000 inhabitant^, and is neatly built with wide
streets ; its haven is formed by & wooden pier at

each

BliQ MABITUfE GfiOGRAPHT.

cM^riiw). cadi sidp ^ the dver'fi mouth ; it hu 100 Vi

U^e largest ninety tons^ and exports chiefly omIb.
Allonby is a neat ^lage» with.a market and «
jgopd barring fishery } its population is 850 ; it is
frequ^ted far sea bathic^* Between this vilU^
and Skiqburnness the sea has greatly increased oo
the ooasty and entirely washed away the anciest
town of Skinburnessy which was used as a defiot
by £dward L in his invasioo of Wak&i The xiew
Skinburness is a fishing hamlet.

WEST COASt ©P 8C0TLAN1>.

*^** The SoLWiiy EaiTH separates England ted
jSeodand^ and is iiine leiiguea wide at itaeiitnmc^
bat is much encumbered by sand banks^ timt in-
crease annually in height aad surface^ thereby
contracting its n^vigationt At its hi&ad it re-
ceives the Kiver £sk, which is also the boondanefe
of the two kingdoms ^ and about a mile from whieh»
on the Scottish side, is Gretna Green» celebrated
in the annals of clandestine marriage*

The other places of any note in Dumffiesshir^
are Anan, on a river of the same name^. a neai
town, with a small coasting trade afld coimdefa-
ble fishery; S,600 inhabitants.

DuMpai£a» 013 the e^tbank of the Nitfa> m&t
miles from its mouth, is a handsome town of ^/XX)i
inhabitants^ it has three or four vessek emjdoyed
ia the Baltic and X^>rtugal tmde> and tela cs tweHii

Q0^9tert«

coasters. The Nith s^par^t^s Dmnln^s Mid Kiiv
cudbrightshires.

The Riva^ Urr, the most eastern in Kircud* K»«»|Mit»-
brightsbirie, is jtWiO miles wide at ito mouth, qpraad* —
ij9g to a large baaiii aud fiimsiag a good port It
is navigiible ei^ miles for vessdi of ei^tj toM^
and by it Ume i^ iotradiiced into the intenv fivn
the opppsite eoast of Gumbierlatid*

JCiecudBright, on the west bank of the Dee^
fiyie miles from its mouth, is the county town, and
1M8 9,980 inhabitants.

The Dee flaws through Kenmuire Lske, nod if
payjgahle to Tongland, two mii^s above Kireiidf
bright, above which itd bed becomes encumberei
with rockst It abqunde in salmon, porch, and
eels* Ip the mouth of the river is the little island
of Ross, tlie entrance between it and the ea^t
9hore being one mile and a half wide, eafe and
l>old oq bath sid^s» Above this island are sieve*
r^ good anchoring places, with sixteen feet water
nt low wat^r, and fofty-^iic at higli. Opposite
Kirpudlbright the depths are eight feet at low
water and twenty-eight at high* On the sands in
the river below the town is St. Mary's Island, 09
^hich the SlAfl 9f f^elkir]c has a maosion* Here ar9
al^ thjp r^aiains iif a iqagnificent castle.

The ^iver Fte^t ompties itself w the east shore
^f WigtoH Qa^^ and is navigable for vessels of
eighty tons to the village of Gatehouse. Cree*
town, at th^ tllOUth of |])e Crefc which feUs into

ihe l^ad of WigtoB Bajr, is »: newljf foiwdftd aad

\ increasing

588 MAEITIME GEOGRAFHT.

increasing place, having a number of coasters,
and vessels of 500 tons caii ascend to it

•"*••■— i**»\

mgimAift, * Wigton Bay separates the counties of Kircud*
bright and Wigton ; it is three miles broad for six
-miles from its entrance, and has several good an^
chomges. Borough Head is its west point. As-
cending from which along the west. shore the
places are Whitehorn, a town of 2,000 inhabitants,
with t)ne chief street and some cross lanes. It has
a good haven sheltered by a little island, and pas*
sage vessels sail from hence to the Isle of Man ia
three hours, to Whitehaven in four, and to Dublin,
Greenock, and Liverpool in eighteen.

Wigton, the county town, is on a hill on the
bank of the Bladenoch ; it has but 1,400 inhabi*
tants, chiefly tradespeople.

Luce Bay is between Burrough Head, on the
east, and the Mull of Galloway, on the west
Nearly mid-channel between these points are the
rocks nam^d the Scars. In foggy weatlier this
bay has been frequently mistaken for the open«
ing of the north channel, and vessels have ran
on shore on the quicksands, which line several
parts of the bay, and out of which it is impossible
to extricate a vessel. There are, however, seve-
ral good fair weather anchorages in this bay, but
in westerly winds there is always a great swell in

it.

The peninsula of Galloway is bold and cavern-
ous on th6 w^t. Its south point, or MuLtf ia

also

SC0TI4/VND* . . ^89

also the south point of Scotland* Port Nessidt,
on the west side, has a little pier for craft- of five
or six feet Port Patrick is a neat town of
1,000 inhabitants, with a small hai^en and a hand^
some quay and light-house. A packet sails daily
between it and Donaghadee» the distance being
twenty miles. The. principal trade is thejmport
of cattle from Ireland. ; One mile south of it is
the castle of Dunskeiy^ on the bripk of a fr^htfiil
precipice.

Loch Rtan is a deep inlet at the north exr
tremity of the peninsula of Galloway, ten miles
long and two broad at the entrance,* widening to
four miles witliin, and forming an excellent har«
bour, the only danger being a sand-^bank running
off from the west shore, which makes it neces*
sary to keep pretty close to the east shore. This
sand-bank is covered with excellent oysters, and
the bay abounds in cod, haddock, and other fish^
lobsters and crabs. Stranraer, at the head of the
loch, is one of the principal towns of the west
of Scotland, having 1,800 inhabitants i k is neatly
built, and a small river runs through it. Vessels
of 300 tons ascend to within a mile of the town*
and those of sixty tons lay at its quay. Jt has
1,400 tons of shipping, and trades to Norway and
the Baltic.

The Prith of Clyde i^ a deep gulf between the dmurt,
coast of Air, on the cast, and the peninsula of
Kintyrey od th6' west. The Air coast towardis the

soutfi

BCMit Md' Mtih h rocky ^ntf elevatled, ba€ in the
iaiddhi BrtWeal'the Rrtet Dbota and !S^fco«s, it
d&tincfe^of twenty tnfl'es; i» A siandy bcacb, slioai-
ftig* at cbitHid^bfe' Way off. As -flie potts of Aii
^\3t Irvine, oti tjhi^ coai^» can only reoeive ve<
fills 6f 200 tofis at spritig tided, ships^ emB:^^
hi i^e carve daii pniytfnd shelter hi westerly ynnii
utidfer Lady Island^ foixt^ Aides N.^V'. of Air. Thij
propeir ihiiti fetf aticho^dg herfr ate tHe spires of
the two beacons on the island in one, where a
cablets length otf shore, thete- isf teii or t^wdve
jafhomSu

Trttne ii? the ottfy plaice ott tWs* coast wSere i
good artificial haveii may be fbnMed as it is natu*
rally shefteredfroA all winds but: NiW.by a rocky
petiinsulk running a mile into' the seal A vessd
talking shelter in it at pi'esent may ailcKor halF a
cable's lengtlr within its ektremity, in three fk-
tlioms at Half^ flood. It is a sea bathing pAace.'

JBaflinhay, on the Stihser, is a gobd Villagiel
Four miles north of which is Ailsaf Island, in the
middle of^ the entJ^nce of the Frith of Clyde. If
is a conical rock, with many goatS^ and rabbits on
it; arirfthe resort of solaiid' geese^ and other sea
birds; whose feathers, as' well as^ the rabbit skins,*
pay the rent of the tenant, which is £^5; On it
are the ruins of an old castle.

Grivan, on the river of the same name^ is a
poor village; with a half doz^^it boats*- I^- the
fiver the depths are nine io eleven feet.

Air, r the county towji^ on a river of its naoMi
ii*»^small well built place of 5,500 inhabitants.

The

SCorrtAMT. - 55t

*tiuh river i»>cro»e(f fnr- a'lter ipith fci* t^WslVe '■'J^
feet high water sprttgs: Vt keitd^' some^ vesseli to
tbe Bbftk; ami t^ Irehnd with coeI^ an^bidtda
vessels, ' '^

Irvini^ tfiree tniles up a river, of its^name, has
4,500 loliaiMtants. Its haven: liasrjniaii to- ekiwa
feet at common springs ^ but with a gafe ftony
S.W. the tide often rises tt> sixteen feeiL It fifM^a •
91111^1 ship^ildtfi^ estabitshminit; sooi? trade with
the Baltic, and exports 24,000 tons ofcoals.

SahcratA, the nrnt finhionable trfta- EtatAhig^
place of the v$tti ^oaM; of S^otlahd, is bm\/t tm
a.roek near sandy hittsi It hA^ a manufactory of
salt; same" €aai(ng tyadn; ship bmldfihg, ant)" ar
kacringfiahev^ Bopulatiot^^,300i l.AK09i opposile
tiia Isl3 of Bute^. ifas^X>409itthabit^t)i% and Whcr
general market of the neigilDouritig • countty.'' ^

TSitf Riwp GLtofiy supposing iis^ entrance ibcr be
^t the Isle of Bute, is four miles wide, but thtrchan*
nel is narrowed by the Great' and' Little Cumbray
Islands^, nearly, in the middlo. The? ti4a flows
above Paisley, and it abounds in saliBottJana
trout

Gre^kock, oo the south.bank of the Clyjde^ is ««»^~«*i
the emporiiun.of the north and ^vest of ScotlaJodi.
In 1700 it wa9 a mean village, but now qontains
i7>^0 inhabitants,, and c^Lrnes on a dlr^^t trade
to. all. parts, of^the world. It also builds, a^gjpjeal
many merchant ships for sale, and has a share in
the Greenland Whale" Fishery. The harbour is

nearlj

592 MABITIMfi OmOM^tlK.

ju>,ftmMf$. i^earljr dfjr at iMr water^ ami vesadiaof eleven feet
only can go in with ^ring tides.

The movetnents of its tcade in 1808-4 was as*
follows.

lawardi. Outvnrdi.

Ships* Tofu. Men* SMps. Toru. ifo. .

' Foiel|(ii trade 406.. 53,546.. 5>183 352.. 50^66.. 3>673

&UDg.. }730..35>M2..3,147 1,0 16.. 47,009,. 3,»26^

•M-wiaM*

1,136 89,078 8,330 1,368 97,375 6,999

Port Gi.asoow, thtee miles east of Greenock,
lias 4,000 inhabitants. The Clyde here is two
miles wide, but so filled with bank% as only to.
affiird a channel 200 yards wide close to the;
Port Glasgow shore, llie largest yesseb lay her^i
at the qpiys or discharge thar cargoes into lighter^
to be conveyed up to Glasgow.

The movement of its trade in 1808-4 wa& as
follows.

lowardi. Outwards.

yeuelf, Tom. Men, fesseU, Tont, Me^

Fordgntrade 113.. 18,722.. 1,081 117,.25;I37..1.691

^^r^^ J 182.. 7,226.. 551 119.'. 7,202.. 425

295 25,948 1,632 236 32,339 3,117

Renfrew, the chief town of the county, for-
merly stood on the bank of the Clyde, but the
river changing its coui^se, desearted it. At, jie-
sent it communicates by a Cttle carnal, . ,bat haa
neither trade nor manufactures. ^,900 inbabitapte*

««K««OT.*MM«^

Glasgow^

KOTLAKD* 99Sk

Glasgow, the principal town of L«merik» and ^**
the second of Scotland, cootsina 90,000 inhstbi-
tants. It is fifteen leagues above ¥ort Qiiagbyr^
vessels of seventj tons ascending to its gnays,
the lise of tide being seir^i feet. A board of
commissioners has been appointed to improve the
river^ and operations are constantly carrying on
to deepen it. This city receives the greater part
of the merchandize imported by the Greenock and
Port Ghu^ow vessels.

Tfai^ only port town of Dumbartonshire is Dum*
BARTON, on the I<even, which issuing from Loch
Lomond, falls into the Clyde. The town has
9,^00 inhabitmits, and some brigs belong to it.
Near the town is a castle on a two-headed rock,
washed on one side by the Clyde and on the other
by the Leven.

Gare L<och and Long Loch are th^ first of the
numerous sea lakes that intersect the N.W. coasts
of Scotland. Gare Loch is seven miles long and
two wide ; and Long Loch, twelve miles long»
approaching the celebrated fresh water lake of
Lomond, within one mile and a half. It separates
Dy^barton and Argyle counties.

^rm

jAtre.

The county of Argyle is composed of several -^^nj^j
peninsulas formed by sea lochs : the first of the
latter is Loch Fyne, thirty miles long and three
wide^ in which a great herring fishery has been

VOL. rv, 2 Q carried

594 MAErriSnS 0E06RAPHT.

^rgyi^' carried on at different periods. * At iti head * is
Ikverary, the prindpdi tomi of the oouiity^ faocv*
ing I5OOO inhabitants, chiefly fishermen. '

The peninsula of Kintyre is united to the mmu
land of Argyle by an isthmus a aule btMdfl l>^
tween the east and west Lochs TaH>^ ; the far-
mer is a safe and capacious basin» ^ith aa en-
trance only 100 yards "wide. On the south point
of the p^!iin$ula, named the Mull <^ Kintyre, is
a light. Cambletown, on the east side^ has
7)000 inhabitants, and an excellent natural bar-
bour, within the little island Dever ; it is sur-
rounded by high hills, and has a depth of six
£ithoms. Here is the grand rendezvous of the
^ herring busses.

Sanda Island, two miles N.£. of the MuU^ is
celebrated in the Scandinavian annals by the name
ofAvona^ as the rendezvous of the Danes in their
desents on Britain.

The circuitous and difficult navigation' round
Kintyre, from the Clyde to the Hebrides aiid
north-west coast of Scotland, is no w ' avordc*! by
means of a canal, nine miles long, cut from Xoch
Gilp (a bend of Loch Fyne) to Loch Crinaxu —
(See Canals.) '

Having rounded Kintyre and passed ^est
Loch Tarbet and Loch Criaan above mentioned,
we come to Loch Fellam, on which is OsArf. the
. principal place on the north-west coast of Scot-
land, though but a village. * Tlie Loch forms a
harbour capable of receiving 5dp^ mcifcnant .ves-

sels.

mis. DuQstafihage^ on Loch £tive» tbe place ^^
next ia consequence, is a small bamlet» with an
andent eastle*

i«M«

' Lochs Lhtne and Lochabar, i;rhich communi-
cate by a strait, penetrate into tbe heart of the
bleak and dreary county of Inverness. At the
head of the loch is Fort Wiliiam^ a triangular for-
tress, with two bastions and barracks for 800 men*
The little town of Maryborough, adjoining, has
tf 00 inhabitants, chiefly fishermen. Casde Duart,
on Loch Linne, has a garrison of forty men from
Foirt Waiiam.

Glenely is a poor hamlet opposite the east end
of the Isle of Sky. A mile north of it are Ber-
neira barracks for 200 men, but which are usually
occupied by a seijeant's guard.

The western coast of the county of Ross has
no place deserving even the name of village ex-
cept Ullapool, on Loch Broom, a fishing station
established by the British Society in 1788 ; it may
contain 500 persons. The loch is one of the most
abundant in fish, and forms an excellent harbour
for the largest fleets.

The west coast of Sutherland, which terminate^ ^<2;;f>«»*

at Cape Wrath, is worn into many sea lochs and
inlets* where shipping can find shelter in all
;winds, but has not ^ven a han4et.

iMfff.

596 MARITUCS GEOGaAPHT.

CANALS.

^''* The utility of canalg for commereUl cchmoeu-
cation, is thus described by Mr. Phillips, in bis
History of Canal Navj^ation. ^ AU canals nay
be considered as so many roads, on which one
horse will draw as much as thirty horses on aa
ordinary turnpike road, or on which one man witt
transport as many goods as three men and eighteai
horses usually do on common roads ; the public
therefore would be great gainers, were they to lay
out upon the m^kking of every mile of a canal,
twenty times as much as they expend upon a mile
of turnpike road : but the mile of canal is often
made at less expense than a mile of tumpikie, cen-
aequently these is a great inducement to moltqply
canals.''

This> reasoning has been duly appreciated in
England, and in consequence the canal navigation
is carried to a greater extent than in any other
country, China and Holland excepted, and in
the latter the canals are chiefly the oflObpring of
necessity from the nature of the country.

As our limits do not permit us much more tban
an enimieration of the canals of Great Britain, we
shall confine ourselves to those which derive di*
rectly from the navigable rivers ; following tiie out-
line of the coasts, as in ihe preceding description.

The Grand Western canal is to commence in
the Exeat Topsham, and to terminate at Taunton
in the Tone, a confluence of the PaAet, thns
forming a navigation between the English and

Bristol

Bristol channelv. Length of the camil thirty-five <wi.
miles*

AfUttdel eimdli iram the Aran to Midhurst,
^V6Q miles.

AiidQver cftOid begins at the tido vater of South-
w^itoD at RedlNridgey and terminates aew An*
dover, twenty-two miles and a half ; its gtealcMt
^vatioo ia 176 fe^t Its prinG;ipal objeet ii^ to
/lupply poals. to the inland countiy.

Southampton and Salisbury canal cominenees 9t
the Itcbin River at Northam, and Extends pandlel
with the Southampton Water to the AndoTer caob],
sevenfasen miles ; its object is the trade between
Skmtbampton and Salisbury.

Shorodiff Canal is entirely a tide canal, cem-
4iieiici^g at Shornpliff near Hythe, and terminate
tng near Rye, eighteen miles through Rotnaey
Marsh ; its intention is koih ibr a miUtaf y defence,
faeing flanked by several batteries, as wefl as for
the import of cools and sea beach for repairing
the roads, mid fbr the draining of the marsh ; it
is Bttvigable by vcseeb of @00 tone.

Thames and Medway Canal, from Gravesend to
Chathatti, eight miles and a halfftor barges; its
c6jeet is to avoid the circiutous navigatioii round
by the Nore.

• V The /Grand Junction Canal commences in the '
Thames at the tide water in Brentford Creek, and
terminates in the OxfordCanai at Brauoston, ninety
flriles: it rises and deseends several times, the
highest poim of rievation being 896 feet. I'hnMigfa
Btiaworth Hill is a tunnel 3,080 yards, and another

S Q S near

^$ MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.

^«- near Braunston 2,045 yards ; it has besides Several
stupendous embankments, reservoirs of sixty-
eight and forty acres, and steam engines for pump^
itig up water into them. It cost near two nUIlions
steriingt, and though it» tolls produce d£7»000 no
dividend has yet been made to the proprietors of
•hares.

The Grand Surrey Canal commences i& th^
Thames at Rotherhithe and terminates at Mitdbam,
twelve miles.

The Oxford Canal extends from the Thames at
' Oxford to the Coventry Canal at Leyford.

The Basingstoke Canal commences in the Wey,
near its junction with the Thames, and extends to
Basingstoke, thirty-seven miles : its elevation is 192
feet. It has twen^*nine locks, a tunnel three-
quarters of a mile, and a hxge reservoir and feeder
from the river Lodden i it is crossed by seventy-
two bridges, and navigated by forty-five ton boats.

Wisbeach Canal extends from Lynn R^s to
Wisbeach, six miles ; intended to obviate the loss
of navigation by the choaking up of Wisbeach
River.

Cam River commences in the Ouse at Harri*
more, and terminates at Cambridge, fifteen mOes;
for whose use it was chiefly constructed.

Wainfleet Canal, fromWainfleet to Alford» twelve
miles.

Ancholme navigation commences in the tide-
water of the Humber near Winthringham, and ex-
tends to Market Raisin^ twenty-six miles ; it was

constructed

/

ENGLAND. ^9

eonfitxucted as much to drain the fens as for navi- om^vt.
gation. ...

The Trent River is the commenoeixieiitof more^
canals tJian any other of England except tbeSevera« '

The fbst in ascending it is the Stainforth CanaU
extending from the Trent at Keaddy to the Dor
near Stainforth, fifteen miles*

The Foss Dyke, from the Trent at Torksey t©
the Witham near Lincoln^ eleven miles*

Chesterfield Canal commances * in the Trent at
Stockwell, and extends to Chesterfield, forty*^
miles. Its greatest point of elevation is 490 feet.
It has sixtyofive locks ; a tunnel ^^8^0 yards
through Hartshill and another of 153 yards ; its
boats are 150 tons, the exports coals and lead of
Derbyshire. This canal cost ^160,000.

Derby Canal, from the Trent to Derby, nine
miles, to supply this town with coals.
' Nottingham Ctnal in the Trent, joins by a sidle
cut with the Trent and Mersey Canal.

Eronthan Canal, from the Trent ne^v Holme
Pierpoint to Grantham, thirty-three miles,r rises
eighty-two feet in the first six miles and a iialf,
then a level of twenty miles, then a rise of &hy^
eight feet ; it has two large reservoirs.

Erewash Canal commences in tli6 Trent near
Sawley and joins the Derby Canal.

The DriflSeld Canal commences in the river Hull
and extends to Great Dnffieldt eleven miles.

Market Wrigbton Canal, from the Humber
opposite the Trent by a sea loek, extends to

a H ^ Mw^et,

600 MARITltfe xKOOkAvur.

Market Wrightoti, eUven raiks $ it is efaiefly a
drainage ca&aL

SlOTerCliital cMitfiences ki the Riv«r Teigti at
14iewtcin Abbot, and extends &x miles and a half,
t BurrowstownesB Canal, from fiarr<yw8towness to
the Forih and Clyde Canal, seven ikiites, to avoid
the dangeroas navigation of the Forth.

fbrth aid Clyde Canal, diough not tbe Isrgest
is one of the grandest undertakings of the kind
ui Great-Britain ; it commences at OraiBgefnoiidi
in the Spey, and terminates at BowUngs Bay in
4&e Clyde, thirty-five miles* The rise in the first
eleven miles is 165 feet vrith twenty locks, then
Ok summit level of sixteen miles, arid a deseent
to the Clyde of 156 feet with nineteen locks.
The breadth of the canal is fifty*$ix &et at top
and twenty-^even at bottom^ depth eight feet ;
each lock is sevenfty-flve feet long and twenty
broad. It has a reservoir of seteofty acres» and a
second of fifty, with ten large aqueduct biidg»:
it carries seventy ton vessels, and in Blowliags
Bay are docks for their repairs.

The canal of Aberdeen commences at the tide-
water of the Dee in Aberdeen Harbour^ and fol-
lows the course of the Don, in which it terminates
at Inverary Bridge, nineteen miles. Its h%h€st
point of elevation iA I70 feet by seventessn lodes,
the breadth is twenty feet and the dbpth three
feet and a half ; its chief object is the conveyii^
of paving stone to AberdiBcn for export to London.

Th^ Caledonian Canal, not yet finished^ is in*
tended to connect the two seas by the Murray

Frith

Ff Mb aad Loch linoe, and thereby to aroid the
tedious and dangerous navigation roond by. the
FenUaod Frith. It ta to have twenty feet depdi $
k oommencea in the tids^water of Loch Btwij
and terminates in the tide-water ef JLooh Eil^
being formed of sevemi caiuds nn^ng inland
lakes. These canals are 160 feet wide at top^ fifitf
at bottom^ and twexity deep : they require twen^
ty-three locks, each 1&8 fevt long and thirty wid&
Thii}ty«two miles of the narigation is through Loch
Nessy which is one mile and a quarter to tbreeik
quarters broad» with a depth of 1^9 lathomi
muddy bottoot; it nev«r fi-eezes: government
has a galley of thirty-eight tons employed oft
this lake. Lock Lochy, which also is included in the
lurvigatioiiy is ten miles and a half long atk) one and
a quarter to three-quarters of a mile broad, and
seventy-ttx fathoms deep. Loch Oich is tbiree
milca and a half long, attd 100 to 300 yards wlde^
a&d twenty-si^ fathoms deep ^ and Loch Dirfbur^
one mile aad a quarter long and one quarter wide^
with twenty-six feet depth.

The Ilchester Canal extends from the Parret
River below Longfort to Ilchester, twelve miles.

Kennet and Avon Canal commences in the
Avon at Bathy and terminates in the Kennet at
Newbury, My-five miles and a half ; it has two
basins and two stone aqueducts ; fifty ton boats
navigste it.

The 'Wilts and Berks Canal joins the adMre at
Lemingtoi), and extends to the Thames and Isis
navigation at Abingdon, forming a communjieation
between the Thames and Severn.

Leominster

€0i XARirnn . CEoqstAPHr.

Leominster Canal commiencGs in the Severn at
New Stourport^ and terminates at Kington, forty*
six miles ; it has a tunnel at Hnsaz 3,850 yards,
and anothet atSouasooot 1,260 yards, with several
«u]ueduct bodges ; it cost ^[^370,000*
. Gloucester Canal commences at the Seyei:ii
t]de-i|»ter, at Berkely Pill, and tenoinMes in a
]ai^e basin again communicating, with the Seniern
at Gloucester $ it has several tide locks, is seven^
feet wide and fifteen to eighteen deep, adoiitting
vessels of 300 tons. Its object is to avoid, the
tortuous^ and tedious navigation of .the Severn to
Gloucester, the distance by the: canal .beii^but
eighteen miles.

The Hereford and Gloucester Canal commences
in .the Severn at . Gloucester, and terminates near
jthe Vye at Bysters*gate» .m Heijeford, tbirty-fivp
au^f. In the first^ighteen. miles, the ]ise ia 193
feet, and a half, then % summit level .of eight miles
md a half, . and a decent to its termination of
thx(ty£eeXi it has three large tunnels, at Oxenhal
2,192 yards; at Cano Frome 1,320, and near
Hereford 400.

The. Stroud\^ater Canal commences in the
Severn near Stroud* and ternunatea in the
Thames and Severn Canal» eight miles« its elevation
is 168 feet j the Severn Riyer boats ai?e u^ on it.

The Thames and Severn C^nal. commieijifces

.in that of Stroudwater, and terminates in. the

Thames and Isis navigation, thjc^ mil^. Its

total ri^e is 343 jEfeet, and it has thirty-twp. as-

cendiing and d^cwJiog locks, with a, tunnel two

miles

I I

mil&s and three-quarters in lengtli^ at Sopperton,
QdO feet beneath the external surface of the hill,
and fifteen feet wide.

. The Worcester and Birmingbam Onal com-
xnences in the Seyem at Diglis, and terminates at
Birmingham, twenty-nine miles. *

The Droltwich Canal commences iti the Sbvem
at Hawford and terminates at'Droitwich, five mileft
and a half. Its chief object is the ei^rt
of salt

The Stafford and Worcester Qitial commences
in the Severn at Stourport, and terminates ih
the Trent and Mersey Canal, fbrty-six miles ziA
a half. Its elevation is 166 feet, with thriiy-
one ascending and descending locks. It has three
short tunnels and basins, is thirty feet wide at
top, and five feet deep, aiid is navigated by
twenty ton boats. '

Stratford Cunal commences in the Avon, at
Stratford, and terminates in the Worcester Canal,
at King's Norton, six miles from Birmingliam,
twenty-three miles and a half.

The Monmouthshire Canal commences in the
tide water of the Uske River, and commutiicates
by railways with Pontypool, &c. The highest
point of elevation of the canal is 805 feet, and
the raflway has 1,2S0 feet more, making the
whole elevation 2,035 feet above the entrance
lock. Its chief object is the export of coals : it
cost je275,000.

Glamorgan Canal commences in the Severn,
near Cardiff, and terminates oear Merthynj twenty-
five

604( MARITIME GEOOBAFHT.

five miles. Its ofagect is the export of coals, iron,
and liide. .

Swansea Canal, from Swansea Harbour^ through
Btaekitock and Glamorgan, seventeen miles and
# half ; for Uie export of coals and ironstone.

Neath Canal commences in the Neath River,
and dxteiidfl fourteen miles. Its object is the {
export cff coals, iron, and limestone.

Chester Canal; from Chester to Northwicfa,
eighteen miles ; rise, 170 feet.

Liverpool and Leeds Canal .is ^the largest in
Snglaodi being 130. miles long, commencing at
liverpool and tehnihating at Leeds, . forming a
navigable commmiicfttion between Li^^erpool and
UttH. It has ftinety*one looks asoendtng and
descending, eaeh seventy &et' long and fifteen
and a half wid$« The. breadth of the omal at
t<^ is forty-two feet, the depth four feet and a
half^ and the boats thirty tons. At Tone is a tim-
nd of 1,080 yards, eighteen feet high, and se-
venteen wide. It haa also adveral aqueduct
bridges. It cost ^($00,000. Passage boats from
Liveipool to Leeds trav^itee diia canal.

The Eiesmere Canal conunences in the Mersey,
mne miles above liv^qKibU aad .terminates in the
Severn, at JBsgley Bti^ge, §&:y''1ffe miles. A cut
alsp fotibs a cMKimuaitcatldn ^ith the i>M« Itt
chief olijeet is tihe export of coals, ikde, aad dirtes
of the Wcbh.mooataihs*

The Bridgewater Canal begins ih the tide "^atxy
pt th6 Meraey, aod-tenniiiaces at Matfdiester,
for<y miles* Its tim is eighty*t#o feet, by ted
. < locks:

SNGXANV. 609

locks : it is fifty £eet mde at top» witili a dspth^of <^*
fiv« £eii»^ «&4 is navigated by fifty ton boatB. It
)i^ aeven tjUAiiel8 and three l^rge aqufiduct
bridge^.

Lancaster Camai runs seveaty-siic miies through
Jianc0sbire and Wjestmofidafid^ coinjqiendag at
Houston and tenninating . at Kendal.

Glenkennis Canal conunences in the tide vater
^ tibue J^ee^ sear Kircudbright, and teiminates at
jDfdry, twefKty-aevein miles. Its dbject is the eK^
port of coals» lime, and Btone*

Loch Crinan Canal has been cut across the
kth^us that separates Loch Gilp and Locb
Cri;»aJl, nine miles* Its rise ia fifty-eigibt hetr
9nd its d^pth twelve to fifteen £eet, so that it is
navigated by sea Viessds. Its ot^ec^ is to aave
the tedious passage round the Mjiti of Kinfy£e»
which oft;en takes three wedcs» while due paft%
iflge by the canal is effected in tymoty^oux
lours.

SCILLY ISLAKDSw

ft

The SciLLY Is/.ANDS belong to the jurisdiction &.iffW«rfn.
of Cornwall, and are seen from the Land^ End,'
from which they are distant ten leagues due
west.

The climate of these islands is mild and pur6,
there being Seldom ftpst or ' snow in winter, and
the heat of the summer is tempered by Seabreeze^*
They ace* however, subject to fogs, but these

are

006 UMSirmz 6B0<nupHT.

MOghniM, ^^ ^^ unhealthy, and in general, the inhahittntt
who. live temperately^ are free- from diseases and
survive to a great age. The islands pwdvice
abundance of v^etables and some wheat, birt
have no timber trees and very few fhiittrejos,
the sea air preventing their growth* Their cafitk
and horses jure smalL They have abwidance of
game and sea birdbi.

St. Mart is the most ccmsiderable, being abont
tihree leagues in circuit. It is prindpally com-
posed of elevated rocky hills, abonndii^ in mi*
neral ore, but has some fertile spots, inclosed
with stone fences. There are also two tracts
of morass, in (me of which is a lake. Heugb-
town, the only town of the islands, is on the wesl^
in St. Mary's Sound Here is a castle stroa^y
aituated, which commands the port. The po-
pulation of the idand is about 700.

.A mile S.W. of St. Mary is St. Aonss, on
which is a high light-house. The island has
some fortifications, is tolerably cultivated, and
has about 300 inhabitants.

The other inhabited islands are Tresco, with
ft village called the Dolphin, consisting of a
ohurcfa, and ten to fifteen stone houses. On .this
island are the ruins of a monastery.

St. Martik contains thirty to forty famiUes.
At one extreioity of. it is a white be|u:on^ built of
rock stone, to direct ships through thespunds.

Bbyer, a very hilly little island, with a few
families.

.Sampsok»

. BKGXiIHR ISLASDS. %Cff

Sai^ifsoN) forming m two circular hiSs^ has but '^^H;^
two or three families.

These islands form several good harbours,
particularly St. Maty^s Sound, between St Mary
^nd St. Agnes^ which is often ran into for sbeltcir
by vessels unable to get up the English Cfa«ineL
New Orimsby, between the islan<fa Treseb and
Bryer, is also a good but small haibour.^ And
there are many other safe anchorages among the /

islands, but * narrow and intricate, and even St
Mary's Sound requires a pilot.

Before navigation had arrived at its present
state of improvement, the Scilly Islands and
Ushant on the French coast, were the Scylia
and Charybdis of the Englii^ Channel, and in
endeavouring to escape the one many ships weM
lost on the other. The most noted and mdan*
choly shipwreck on Scilly was that of Sit
Cloudesley Shovel, with four ships of war, who
ran directly on them before the wind, in a dark
foggy night of 1707* Of the four ships crewsi
two of the commanders and twenty-five men only
' wcfe saved. At present these rocks are little
foared, and ships instead of, as formerly, ' cait^
tiously laying to for several nights previous to
making the land, now boldly run for the en-
trance of the channel, and the first land they
aee, if bound up it, is often the lizard Point, dr
even the Isle of Wi^t . ♦ • . o

'' ' . ■ • . ■ • . .J . ' . .

// >, _ _J. » • . - ; ilili wJtX

ISLE OF MAN. ^ ^.,,j,,

9

A^tum. Ti^ ItLBOT Mm is stuat«d in'the IxisH (Hl^tlSi
Wtbttl* sigbfe of ihe ^ three kingdoms, the distantj
fkwi thr potot lyf Ayre, it^nortfa point, to Bees*
iMttiiB'Wakrbetng ten leagues; from the same
point of Ayre to Burrowhead in Scotland iive
leagues ; and the distance from t!ke S.W. coast to
Kerry Pokt in Ireland nine leagues. Snaflfield
Hill, near the east coast, is tiie highest point of
the tsland, being 1,740 feet abo¥e the sea.
. The iakmd is ten leagues, long and three to four
broad, containing 39,000 inhabitants in seventeen
li^riabes. The hilly tracts afflbrd only pasture, but
the law land is wdl cultivated. It has mines of
irgn» le$d» and eopper, none of whic^ are work*
ftdj and quarries of marble, slate, and building
9bom^ The climate differs little &om that df tliO
ilortfa of JEngland^ and is generally healthy.

In, the middle ages the Isle of Man was the ren-*
de^Qua of the jScandinavian pirates, in dieir des-
fi$Bt3 OB the neighbouring coasts of Great firitai&
ami'Icelaiidt and the kings of Man were for some
centuries masters of these aeas* About 162S
Ahxmdet king of SciAlaxid having defeated^
Dane^ obliged Owen, or Jobs, king of Mauj to
io homage, and the ialaadd continued tnbutary ^
Scotland till reduced by Edward h r 'since when
the kings of England have been tfae*" paramount
severeignSy though it continued to be governed by
the descendimts pf its Dabish prinbes until Ed-
ward

ward UL dethroned the last queen^ and bestowed ««£^
the iifauul as a fief on Montagu Earl of Salis1)uryy
whoae honoars and estate being forfeited, Henry
hestowed Man first en the Percy, fiunily^ >diicb
^eing also attainted, then on Sir John Stanley;
£aii of Derby, whose dottendaot Eafla of Derby
enjoyed it till by failure of .heirs mak it devohred
on the Duke of Athol, as husband of the sisteff
and heiress of the last Eiol of Detby. '

The position of this island between ihe ^hree
kingdoms long rendered it the emporium of aniiug^
gling, on which account -the British government
hi 17^ purchased the regalities of the iriand from
the Duke of Athol for j£70,000, the duke retain-i
kig his territorial property, and the island some of
its privileges, particularly that of freedom from
arrest for debts contracted in England, ana hencd
it is the asylum of many insolvent debtors; The
Maaks language, still spoken by the commoit
islanders^ is a corrupted Erse.

The island besides herrings exports some com,
cattle, butter, bacon, lead, kdp, coarse linen,
^d spun cottpn. All exports to Great Britaiii
and Ireland are di|ty free^ tts are all imports firit
the use of the manufactures.

CU^LBTOWN, the seat of the goV6mnieht, is it
the S.£. extremity, and is a neat town with wida
and clean streets ; in. th/^ jpiddle of the town is
Castle Rusher, a magnificent lortress of freer*
stone, the ancient residence of the kings of Man;
D'UpLAs, at the mQiitb of a liyutetk isrtbevoet
pop^lou.s aad commercial gliK^fin IhfitlllMM^
. VOL. IV, ' 2 R ing

0]^ MAimmti :to«ttMKMinr.

tog 4^De&^uflliiiyMDt« 1^ gooA

dlinDds from N.W. to soitth^i ThMe^i^irinBrik
. stole li^iUboysgOD the pi«r« .^ . m .. t^muM
B4uxttea is a neat t^wtL of $QQtbaiiadi?«l;4UI
HiE^ tide of the istaBd»>^ ^.tbe fidoudircivtheiiver
Setbgr, which fiOls iftto 4 fine ba^r etelteM from
idl vioda but N^£.». baying on the. adufth Maaagt
hokFs Head) a bold tookf piMMOtoiyy wiikr
whidi tfn celebrated well. In ^ml^m^euodr
Ifiot port TDight be nmdefov the lai^Mt ibqii» ^
nutning out a iu(^ to a roclu Sroiiililfpifcuniiii
^e BtXbf^ ,azid lay dry ^. kyvr vatet«^«* oH«mi isa
li^t-house«. -. i;

-'isiey is a group of eotti^gw: in a gi^taft the
Bottom of a qreek, openii^ into an e3BteBiiiEab»|K»
which dKght be made a good harhoor*
' Peel^ on the west side of the iahmd on the rivae
Feb^ is a neat town of 380 .houses ; the^ matk
extremity of its bay is bounded by Peel IskadL
with a castle and the ruiiis^ a cathedraL
* X)erby Haven, on the S.£b end nortb ^ Casdat
town, is formed by SU Midiaet's Idaad, joinad
tprHit main island by a causeway lOOyaads lanjo^.
"" Offthewuthendof theislaiidis the islatoL
ledilx^ Cs]f of MaQ» tiiree inittas in ebeiBt» md

The group of islan& in <3ie English chaand, of
wWoh Gmnmjff Jmey, Mjd Al^^ey are the

moat

MMMMH TMitllltij i' €lA

<£2(aaM|i(ly» fi^ the ooljr tieBfomn ofJ^nm^tfUi
atKm^gil^ ^ £ogIaad <wer Fc^^. :Tb«f,/Mfc
«ibiate4 iai the gi^f «f S^ Malff, . <i)lM-W..1»;«W
iMgue^fKVR ^ ?rMM^. ««a8t . ., .i.^,■,: .

: GxjBRKflBT,* the largest, i» \l^vtfff^^ lyj^g jn^g
and eight hce^d. .Qo t^.aqujtbeq^ S.-^^ >^
jihoresare hflglv pcectBitofi^ aoid br<df|(|ii>jr 4«9B^
nviAes. Oa thftfiorth and east the C9i«t}| fire Igi^
iBdented bjr btift aeparaljed l^yrooky^ h^Aaada^
and Itaed wkh suiokeiiiroid^* whjch.tc>g|ether,wj|^
the ilHi||d> of t^ cunvnts am a grand i)at\utJL
4efe«at to the idand, pceventing the aff^toaeb. q(^
a naval force.

Amcfi^ the corioiitiea of tl^e coasta ia La Cn^
Makiir oa^ level yt^th theae^ neof Prevolet Poio^
on the aouti^ ; £rom ^ ^tran<;e of mne^ feiet widif
aad six lugb» it exp^d^ to. fifty f(^t in height i|nd
l»ppfl4<^ and iKK). feet ni l&ogth, eiK^o^ ^q graoitf
pointf • The ba^ of |he iali^iid is. fatirelj of this
subvUtQcet, and se?exal ^f iift heights cc^nsjiit 5^
conical ascents of .this graod substratip^ jc9fm^ f^
pareo^y by a pow«r acting vertic4ly« .

The dimate is huinidf and the wijfptej^ fl^^fv^^
The iace of the island is diversifie4 lyr modenlji^
litBs» and watered . lity numerous streanu^ ^lif^^Wf
to turn mills and fertilising the vaUic^ ev«cy^<^^
of which is cultivated with t^e greatest care^ af-^
fording the pleasing appearance of industry and
its attendant coiTi^ir^ which is conqpicuous in the

« a * . afat

' ^ .9«r»i;s of tbe hliMrarj of ifiirtoBiiie/wfa^

.^••«^ j'^

1

Ate MAUflltt <3kb«!tAI^HT.

neit'itetffr oFthe gehtfy surrouhdWl'^^oV
afeM^gitfttttts,UM the clean hatetioas of the pea^-'
0tatiyi \nie Inhabitants are, however^ not cde--
Mea f&i^ their hospitality; '^nct Xmore partii^uliau^
in Jersey) the pride 6f artceshy is as invetjbrate M*
«ie^i»rir of Ae ttiniloos. ""^ ; ^

^ Among the marine |Abdti<!tions foiind on the
Mbrka afe'^ sea auVe; del&^ate shellfish, the sea-
nfSB'se^ aphroittbi aculeatoTj * and the sea anemone.

•^llTe prdduce of the island is' chiefly corn and-
aj)^tes;'and the principal Manufacture is tfa^ of
worsted jieketSjcap^, and stbckings, t)WBi*first
cT"* which there is a great 'consumption by s^Shnen-,.
Guernsey sends vessels to the Newfouridlata& &h-
^tff 'and in war fits out many privateers j in peace .
sfcuggKng with the toast df England is* an orga- ^
ilfzed business, the objects iSeing IVench brandies .
attcHiac6, &c. Some emery stone is also exported,
tibere behig a rock of this substance on the^aniL

'" The llTonnan feudal laws iare still in use in these
isbnd^ bdt meliorated by time, which lias worn .
down -their oppression ; they are collected in a
book called " fe grand Costumier J^ The king's
writs -from Westminster cannot be executed in
^ese ifidandff, and consequently they offer an asy-
lum fbr insolvent debtors ; neither are they bound
by aJiy act of the British legislature unless shed?
fiddly named/ nor can thiese acts be putinft>rce
uiitft sanctioned by the civil governhient of jthe.
islands." ■ "'*• ^

* The ^Torman French is the' langiia^'^c^ gener^
irjkUy spoken^ and many Nprman customs are ob*

served

is nqt established, .ney^jtjjol^s^ , ^ 4vWf^ MAt
p^nisl?-3ition. of justice; §nd ,tb9 j8HRPfewi9%;,if
prim^^ isadefluately prpyidQd%}.,Wii.aM€4dlWI
in the last resort from the island t^iuia^Jb(^|^
lang in coiincil. The population. pC the^ islaj9»^w[^
Guernsey is 15,000. , . . . •../>*.

Thg only town of Gftfamsey is.St Bfrr?,, c^fr
Peter, x)n the eaat» composed of one Jblwi^ {>^tR^
yrith some good hqus^ and severjed dii^tjrjafips*
Its port is between two stone .pieirs thir^-five S^
lughy and forming, an entrance 100 feet vi^)^ at
top and sixty-eight feet at the surface' of the leaf
the piers are of rough masoniy, and formed of
vast blocks of granite run out on arches } they i^
dude 'a space of several acres ; the spring tides
rise twenty-eight or thirty feet, and the neajga
twelve to fourteen. The road to tJiQ S.E. is |^^ch
.esposed;

Castle Corneti which commands the portf is
on a ste^ rock, insulated by a chani^etl j^OO yards
wide; it is , accessible only at one,point, and)^,
eiitirely of granite. Thej;e are three pther castles
on 43ie island, which is besides fortified tfi every .<
accessible part . - ^

JfiRSEY is^ twelve miles long an(|l six broad. - .The;.; '^^
north side ^ composed of rocky, clifis fQrty to fij|y . /
iSa^tfaoms high, while the south shore is nearly, lev^^
j^ith the sea ; & ridge of Jhilla runs through the.
^c^htf^ wjbqse a^des are covered with Qrchai^r.
from whose p]ra4uce 24*,O0O hogs^ads of cyd^
have been made in one year. The other mdii^

9 n 3 trial'

il4 XAifeittilk ^koauAFBT.

>«i^. iriri. fiqrMit ili the leafing ' cattlet parficcSaiiir
^t^bepp whote irool together' wi^ cyder form the
iltaly expdrti, ftnd the islurd is obliged to import
ttim ftroA Fsance snd Eoglaiid. The limttber of
inbabitRfits is dO^OOO.

llieiwo towns of Jfosey are St Heliiur and St.
AubiiL The former is the chief place» land is ntti«
ftted in the bay of St Aubin, nearly m the middle
ef the sont^ tide, the best road of the islsod, but
still dangerous^ from numerous rodcs scattiered
itNmd ihe entiiance*

Itie town ctoststs of several good ktteets, and
h d^ended by numerous ^batteries, but* clndSy
b^ !E3izabeth Castle^ on a rock insulated, at hi^
iratery biit accessibfe at low.

On the west side tof the inland is St Ofren^ft
'Bi^, and on the east St Callierine^s Bay, Vfiftli
are safe roads according to the wind. !A]1 ttit ac-
cessible parts of the island are defended by %sH^
ries and towers.
.iMffpiy. ' Ajld£rn£T is separated irdm Cape la Vagoe hy
a channel three leagues Wide, called the Race c^r
Aldemey, from the velocity of the tB4^ wMch iti
tfa^ springs is six or seven miles 'lin hottr. '^ere
is depth through the channel for the t8i]^esi^H^M.
Alderney is four miles long and two lihiiBS^ is
fruitful in com andpasture, axhl not^ Ycnr flb tiftfted
' of cows. The poprilation is i;(X)Oi c^^ i^ol-
lected in a little town of the safaie 'tiluxtew Ihe
. island, of 300 houses ; its liafbour, ii^ed^t^aAh
by, is two miles south x^ m\<m; iim^ Bt
.nit small craft ^^ '■" *

I

r

Siktdt IdlMfd 18 two xmies long, and #uilmmlea ^
{^ steep rockft) bdt produces dMrn eriou^Yoi^itl
flOO inhabitants. ' " - , ?i

Amonjr the numerous rocVs roiihd IhescFfi&ttflft
ithe most conlftderaM^ is^ Jethoif, y^hkiii^^et&slh
be <^ volcanic formatioii» and tl^eit are o€^ ^tft^
dmtc Indications in th^e iisltods. THe CasketAare
■z cSusk^ oJT 7bc)ts ^Ve and und^ v/^r, on '4ite
largest orwhtch is a lig&t-hptti^/ shewing fHMa
iights m a triangle. ' » . ) .: .:)i

■

Hre firsrt Scottish islands we are to notice are
those of BuTB and Abbak, forming th^ tdirteentlk
county of Scotland under i^6 name of Btrrs-
jQstsfe. Birr£ is separated from the coast of At-
gyie by the strait of Kyle, from one to haST a .
mile wide. The Tsland!^ is seven leagti'es long

■^knd one to two broad, containing ^0»000 acres»
aod;hiMng 7>^000 inhabitants. Its centre is ttabun^
tahiobis; the only minerals deserving ifneniSdfa ite '
.H^ers earth, topazes, and Scotch pebbies. ft bas
.tome Teesb water lakes^ and rivulets abounding in
fi^. The shore is worn into many caverns, and
.tiitd nnns of ancient draidical temples are still seen*

, The diief industry of the inhabitants is rearing

^ .^atde, * Afeep, and goats.
^ ilotb^y, %he chief place, is a neat little town oa

:^ the east coast, with a pier haven i it is engaj^ in
^'herring fishery.

TkV CSosi

616 MARITIME <»SOMkAJraT.

dose to the west side of Bute is thelittk island
loGlimiumoc, a mile in circuit, beautifully diversi-
fied with hill and dale, and inhabited by its pro-
prietor.

Arran Island is separated from the peninsula
.Qjf Kintyre by Kilbrannan Sound; it ia ei^^t
leagues long and from two to three broad, mitti
7^000 inhabitants. The interior is rocky and bar-
te9§ but it fibouods in coals, fullers earth, crystal
&c The cock of Arran, a hill near the JWftk
end of the island, is a noted sea mark ; if; Jiqs
four fresh water lakes and several rivulets^ aboimdr
ing in salmon, trout, and other fish. It e^qiorts
barley, 100 tons of kelp, and has sixty bo^ in
the herring fishery. The Duke of Hamihim is
proprietor of the greater part of the island. ::

On the N.E. coast is Lamlash, an exceUetit
harbour, formed by Holy Island before it, 9 gnnut
mountain covered with heath. Ranza, an tlie
north, has an ancient castle. ;

The Great and Little €umbray Islanda lay in
the middle of the Frith of Clyde, between iBube
fmd the main. On the S.W. side of tlie Great
island is Milnport Village, with a ooavenientr^di^
tide harbour with eleven feet in the spra^^jdiis
island is chiefly composed of lime and fjt&t stones
mi the latter ^a exported £br JC^OO a year* On
the Little Cumb;ray is an ancient oastie^aiidaa
light<>house ; it has seven reimarkable clnnes* ^ v3he
pqp^Uiitiqp oC the two: islands^ f wfaidi aite,in^ioded
ifjgilt;wbire)is506v, ..•

-> \» I " It - '

, . r •• .1

tl(*€Mk9H; ISLANDS. * €J7

THE HEBRIDES.

Off the N. W. coast of Scotland are two archlpe^
kgos^ fcsBiolirli.b^r the generiU name of the HEVfttoss
or Wc}$TJi»N IsLAK'Ds } tb^ first layd close to the
m^ latid» afiad is attached to the (bounty of At^U^
The MOOQd lays ast a oonsid^able distance to tbe
we9t^ and belongs to the county of Inv^mmib
Upwards (^-300 islands are counted in the tmo
groups, but^ net above thirty are of any conse*
quance« We shall commenoe owr notice wltli
thMe nearest die main, going from south to
north*

Elba, or Ailsa is a perpendicular rock of great
he%ht two miles in circuit, with only oiie landing
{dace at a little beach on the N«£. It pasture
jMtte goats» abounds in rabbits, and is the rasort
off Sobnd geese, whose young and feathers, m
well as the rabbit skins^ pay the «£S3, at which it
18 rented from the Earl of CassiHs. On the N»£»
Mk is a square tower of three vaulted storiesu* *

GtfiAv two miles^from the west coast of^l^bk^
i^iB^iA MX ndles long and one broad^ w:itk'<0OO
.inhabitentsi} it prt>duee8' barley, oats, and fhut^
ipadi&1772 affordeda rent (^ Xaop.

Cake^ sonth of Ghia, is three miles in circuity
andinbd[>ited by a single family* <

Ilax^ loae nf the- most fertile ti the islands, il
tw6sity»esghti miles Ipiig and sixteen broads On fdni
^rthit forms the deep Loch IndaH a good haoj^our^
it contains mines of lead and other mineralsi^ anfl

has

has several laked^ The pqidatioa is 7^P^
in 1772 it afforded a rent of ^>dOO. Bcrmiwre^
the chief place, is on Loch Indal, and is a good
^i^hg(t ^Ib a ftir^aodmarfeet.

Ju*A is separated fccm Ik by Da SMnd^ #iie
tiinebroad- Th^ islaiid is teii leagues long aiid oMr
4)>tWObroM9 forming two peninsulss^ it is
Vf^tlte most roeky«nd ragged of the Hdt)ride8,
"teg Dear the south ei^d in several conical suiBmit^
staled the Pap& of Jura, the highest of wfaScft,
named Stn^an'kiitt or the Golden Mouiltaiii, has
^000 ^^ election. Red deer are still fooqd in
^e monnta^ and abundance of growse and
moor game. There are two good harbours ^m
%he east side, but the w4iole business of the bbaad
tanplf^s odly a few open boats. The popdhcion
§sl,dOO.

CoLOKSA^, a rocky island three leagues faM|r
Wid two broad, has 500 inhabitants. Qrahsat h
Mparated from Colonaay by a channd dry at tour
<water; it k three miles long^ and tibe pc^aCiati
is 300. These idstnis havis greM mimbers of n^
"bits, but no hares.

Searbd is sej^arated fi^m «hira by 49ie Sb^it dP
Corry vf eken, ' already noticed for ifH whirlpool.
The island is three miles long, very rugged, wad
mountainous. '

LoNo Island and Balhahaksobi are etnaU i^
bnds, composed entircSy of fiftate. A^f js-^a^Qfu
tated from the main limd df Ai^gyle by a dUMnd
toaarrow) that a bridge of a ^tngid ai^ has^l^ffh
<teownaciM»it. ; r . ^ *

Ea8DAX£

6vt millions of slates are exported to &H||fcm^

Ife IMr Utife^ldBg and ttt<& bfMdj it tisis t«^ igjbod
liaftbhrs.' • .::.■••.

- 'lif^LL is'tepfaAtea ftdm the p^nln^tda of M4ic
vem, in Aigyle, by a strait tAie mflfe-aflfd <a hiX
broad. It -is eigM leagues loi^ And llv« tlMM^
rugged and mountainous^ but wit& 'go«A' ^MMttfl
knd some Cora land ; it has 6,009 iftbabitlmti^ tad
is {he joint property of the Duke of Argyll Md
{he M^eatis. Tobermoray, tiie chief plab^ Is a
Villagfe on the N.£. wfth a good haven, wbeiii^ It
(Hfting ^(ation has b^en ibunded«
' UlVa is ^ smdl islaliid in Lo^bTiia, tfhtiib
^bst of ' AIIuII, the property of the fUtaHf <lf
IHH^narrie. Inch Keniletii, in the saiffe'lbdi, %
ii IMfe fertile ishind, With 'tiie vestig<<s of a ^tiil»>

pel.' « . r-. • . ;

IcotuMsfiLL, lona 61" Hfi, bne of €hi& iMft
fertife ^hd rbtAatltid of ^l!he Stottish iskndis^ iiift^
miles and a half long bnd' one htokd^'^^itk 10D
IrihUbhants in tWo or thi^ htuntets-, whtt-%^rt
some cattle and 'graftt; 4! Is :tlie-pr0pdi^<<^'th6 .
*i>cilee 'df'Atj^le, Ifld & oeT«ft>rtitea for 'hfaving
'aflbrffM a» asyluita' to St. Cdiimba 'ttnd' otHfer lioly
iberii 'tUtferHhe^trMucilon USf Chtistiahity. The
«)^irt'»^i&^iCb«I «f% Mi»y ii»>a'b^utfRd%fitti6.
tdMf^ «D^ 'b<$tft«in{i th0. fdhds «f ■«6to4"flkJIHifili,
%!A;'iiJtt !«JhiUgiait lad^ {tf%4l>1ll)4li#4b«b
W ^.K^umba* and many inscriptions relative to

the

0M K AWraiB GBOeftAFBT.

lite rdigiouS' cdi^^oojoii^ (£ the primitive Bliluili

Stapfa, one mite iotig and half a mile broadf
]»ati3fliimei!riM^pi)e'<^baseItic calumns^urninged in
nalimt eokmadeo^ ' imd exceeSng m magAlficence^
any /thing ct the Jkind in any other part of tfai^
wwM; Tb6 caw of Fingal b a natural caveh)/
d9M feet lori^ i%4hree broad, and 117 h%ft/
AippQrted^by piibirs, of this substance. A stiigii'
$umily inhabit this, island. "^ -

: The Q^rediaQish 'are three islands betiKf^en
MuUandCoU* -

; CoLir is foor leagues long and one broad ; itisa*
giWrtrockthmly covered MTitfa sqil^producing aqmifl^'
fity of kel^(which is exported chie^y to Irelandl'^
It has not a single tree, and several tracts of fitaid
formerly cultivated are now rendered bairen lr)r
,^9 sasd blown from the diores. The streams Ate
JUUDorouSt vad it has forty*eight lakes, aboondii^ '
in trout, h has a lead mine^ not worked ;1ia^'
iio*>fiixe$> wMck 4U*e met on the other inlands,' Imt ^
lOittnd&iira of rabbits^ tMlatns 1,000 inhabftaiM; "
a«d is the proper^ of the Dulee of A)r|grte arid '
Mad^aiv aodJwUih Tiny Ibrmd a pai^ishi^-'IkkJm^^-
em4Mitfaeeniti><»goodhiffbour#' •

,Ti«n> is iuas iMgjiMs bug and dri^ bMadf*4B
g^iMmUjr lepil aod tfM<i( «ad haa ^qoufitt'of i<^
fine T9Mio^Iaii»d Bsrblk • It htf 1H» hktVeii; fci^'''
ai^rfibiog dstlMit btMi^> hm tw^atjr-foiir l^bi«^ '
.inwltii i^A ta be^ unhetJlhy. • Jte te^tfs cM^ ' t^oti^* '

,.•... , .; ... ; SCOTTISH iSLJOfpif.. ..,^.„ .,^,6^.

regular ferry boat crosses between thit iuand eilii'
Cpll» and ]betw€|ea t^e latter and Mull.

.I4$M0R£ IsLANDi before tli^ entrance of. Loch-
Ii\^^: is a vast mass of limestone^ but cAvered^
Kith a good i^il. Tradition sajrs it was andentlf
a deer forest, and very lai^e deer and ox hornt
are found in the soil. It was also the ancient i^
mdence of the bishops of Argyle ; it has 1^000
inhabitants. ^.

Rum is three leagues long and two bfoadi has
not above 200 inhabitants, who rear cattle and
Aeeip ; it has several rivulets, in whidi 'are sal*
inon« Loch Serefort on the ea3t is a good httm
boun' \^- "

l^^QOt four miles long and tswo beoad, is UHy
and generally reclQr. ;^'<

Muck, two or three miles long and one'bioad^
is low with a good soil, but witibbnt port, except?
Ibl boats. Caknat^ three miles Jong and' on#<
broad, is only worthy of notice for a hHV new
whicbthe magnetic needle takes a reversed direc-
tio^i^ wbepoe it is ddled Compass Hitt« It has i^
good hflven formed by the little idandSand^,^ on
the N.E. Basaltic columns ai^seen imiteriMifes.

^KY, the leigest of the islenda near the main,
is £fteei^ leagues long and ofrem two to six tooad $
the stnut between it a^d Jfte main ia only a qoaf*
ter^^.f mile braad in tone place, and ia the usual
tracH>rpf thips bound to eiid frdm.Ndrw^. : The ^
w^le ^a4)|n^,i%epmp<Hie<|«£9Qcky. moui^^
4berCoai^ are so indented that every mile presents

a harbour

rivers abouo^ yik^ '^fifi\9^ •ap4, ^le^l^ |od)a wHf^t

i.Slk^i^i^,VVmJ^:9^. ^^ ifl«4» »«*

oiLthe nortb» iis tbe residence o£ Macl«o^:^)M
Inn t^fiwWPVaW*' title of laird of %» .

,Qe.i^gt^^ ni>art»er,of .ifpcjQr is]«t» xoi^ Slf;^
a|# oiojlj if» .f)o^e<i>% traiv«U«n: it i« n^nfii
3<Hxf'0r«i»^ ff ^ BflJn^.Taltile, 9114 i» tjie cufs^
emmost of several islets off the point <^ Sijljttf^

w^ perpendicalar sides, leaving Iwt^iM hmdin||

9iiml pi^tlit,^ adfmll bat pqepenKNi. LaLthn
«lMiiqir «bepWt<i9P»^.il|he sjDff^

.lUfiki^ M«9(n SJcy fOMjii tl|c( oMiip, rMSmm

\MfgfffB Ung SBtd on* br«^ } , tlioiigh 9«pe^i%
la^IgK, at ]ii»dHe^s pAstore ^ tmtk wad-ka*^
4C«ia iilaii^ ash.aiid fir ^eei ; t|i« hij^est. y«in| m
iHunfd by tbe peopW DM^n» u^ hft qmnwB
Ituwor*^ Ci^iK Tl^irifndhfttliiiieti^fMlfiB^.atMiti
it iacQpsidered thf» poi|t hui^id fif tll^e^MOk M»^
iog;neat 5QQ nitny 4^ in t^ y^V*
MfosBHk, viofth of Bw^t tlivwa avks long «>d

•ae broad, though verjr stooy b«9. yoia^W^i"^
The little islaad £ladda*hiiaiL on.iliaBailh sidfi

*■ ' J or

^i9k^y v4mk^Me for thQ «mu«1 pMMktl
aiUral of flodcs of ploveiB fiwa Sky iia SaplanhMb
and liMrMtura in A^.

39i« wcttein ftooUttb MhiodB, t^e^ £(^Mtt
of the aiici«Qt8» lie in a semic^e fi'Mft %J9%
to* N.K» and are separated bj natrow flkOMlt
^ed with roek8» baviag the apfmrance of odigi-
nally forming one land. The ph^nc*! oidutnyii
tien of this chain ia wortiiy of qotice 2 tovards
the west^tiiej are ^l ia^ liinlia /Aejii aaKfd tat
masds the east, and at kst form a predpitaos
nige. ''Tins confermatimi expoMi then to tht
whole foree of the western whida ^od wamffoaa
the Atlantic, and the encroadunent ef theaaa os
this aide la very' obseficable. The locfcaeaep^
ttiaiy, and their 8truetare> di£EbseQft fnat'iimtat,
the (^ntinental islands or main land,, all of tm}uak
dq[» towards the eaat

The climate of these ialmda ia divided iiiio a
wet and dry season, the former commenoipy in
September and lasting till May ) the aumman ate
hot.^ The vegetables that the diasate permila to
be aiieaes«(idly cultivated are flax, hcoqi^ poCa*
tOBSj and bailey* The sheep and blackcptdf Ma
small bnt numerous.

The cbmnet^ between tfiia daia and 4he inafai
land is called the Mmsh*

The southern elnster is cdied JMshop^s Islands f
tiie other prineqNil «nsin suoeesskm mt^Vfjmhk^
Sat, three mileB long.

Barrat, dght miles loi^ and two broad, vfhk^

terseeted

0t^ vAtarmB GEOGRApnr.

teiMCCed* tiy aeveral sea lochs ^ it is birccni and
meOtttftiQoud.

South Uist is thirty miles long snd two to
tiuPM broad; it has several sea lochs, affardiiig
gciod anchorage, and rears numbers of hpises^
eattle and sheep.

BBNBicuiiA, ten miles in circuit, is only deaov-
big notice for the ruins of a nunnery.
I NoBTH UiST, five leagues long add three broad,
isfaiHy on the east and fit for pasture only f on the
msttt islevd, and produces corn ten to twenty fold.
Loch Momoddy on the east is a great rendezvous
of Ailing boats, 4^ vessels having loaded here in a
aeasoB. There are several other inlets for vesads
Qtt the east side, but the west is inaccessiUe*
't > Bbknekiray, a little island between Nortfa^ Uist
and Harris, has a fresh lake, irequeirted by in*
numerable sea birds ; it is inhabited, as are diose
of Fsbbay, Calligray, and Eusay.

Haesis. as a< peninsula joined to the island of
liewis by an isthmus a quarter of a mile braad ;
it bekmgt' to the family of Macleod, uriio reside
ou'il^ and halve constructed a basin and quay ibr
ibipiping at Lodb Lodwdl on the east This k*
land, including Lewis, is mountainons and rocky,
fldBcsept the west coas^ which is boideced l^ a snip
of level ground. . •

TaHansXt, Scalpat, and Scabp are three small
idiabited islands west, of Harris. Qbthe east point
of Scalpay is a light-bouse, and hear its west side
t#o go6d harbonra.

The .Aire of Lewis, a peninsula on the ciit

coast

SCOTTISH &S1.AN0S* 695

rtoapt^ apd on the same coast i» STORKAWAy, at
the head of a loch, the only town of the He-
brides, with S>000 inhabitants ; its houses are of
stone slated, and it has a church and <:ustotB«
house. ...

The Butt of Lewis, or Cape Orby, ia the north
pcNnt of the island.

The detached islands belonging to the Hebrides
are St. KitOA or Hirta, a solitary rock fifteen
leagues off Lewis. It is about three leagues in
circuit, liaipg to a mountain named Congaie,
5,400 feet above the sea ; its shores are so rocky
that there is but one landing place on the east^
and this only practicable in fair weather ; it is in-
habited by about twenty-seven families in a ham-
let on the east, and who cultivate eighty acr^s of
land» raise cattle, and take sea birds. % ' . .

SoA is a high steep rock, a mile in drciut, htif
a league from the west side of Kildlt.

The Flannan Islands, or Seven Hunters^ are
. five leagues west of Galleyhead, in Lewis.

Bakra and Rona are two high, rocky and bar-
ren i^ts twenty leagues north of the Butt of
Lewisi from which they are visible in clear wea-
^ therw Bona, the northern, is two miles in circuit,
and aurrounded by rocks» :.

* ORKNEY Islands.

The Orkney Islands, Orcades of the Romam,
separated from tbp N^IS* extremity of S$0^nd
-VOL. IV. 8 8 by

OrlMfTf Jk.

$jBQ MAMTIME I^KOG&APttT.

by the P^itland Frith, about two leagues broad i
they consist of sixty^seven islands, twenty-nine of
which are inhabited, land the remainder are disdn-^
guished into hokm and skerries^ the former afibrd*
ing pasture for sheep and the latter barren rocks.
The different islands are separated by narrow
channels called friths^ fiords, and sounds, and
the whole occupy a space of seventy miles north
and fitputh, and fifty east and west

The islands are most elevated on the west, de^
diiiung to the east, which is the effect of the mi-
neral strata dipping in the east direction^ simikr
to what is noticed in the islands that line the
co^st of Norway, and therefore permitting the
supposition of cotemporaxy formation^ '< The ap--
pearance of thes^ islands," as described by ao in-
genuous writer, '* is more imposing than engage"
ing, rugged and precipitous, presenting in many
places scenes truly grand and magnificent } vast
rocks, of various heights, dreadfully rugged and
broken, oppodng their rude fronts to all the fury
€>£ a tempestuous ocean, which in sooae places
has formed great detached pillars, in others haa
excavated vast natural arches and caverns, that
mock all human magnificence/'

The minerals most deserving mention are lead
and iron, the former containing particles of sil-
ver, but too poor to tempt the working. Slate is
also found on some of the islands. Though, like
most of the northern countries, there are evident
proofs of these islands liaving formerly possessed
forests, they are now totally bare of woody and

tlie

sCoTTisk Islands. 627

tiie principal fuel of the inhabitants id peat, ^th or^ /•-
which most of them abound. The climate is hu- —
mid, and the winters raw and tempestuous, but
with littl6 frost oi" snow* The production of com
is in general sufficient for the population, which is
from' twenty to 25,000, and the pastures aSbrd i
sufficient nourishment to cattle and sheep.

The Penthnd IVith is celebrated for the veloci-
ty of its tides atid the whirlpools they create, the
dangers of which imd:gination attd ignorance have
magnified aS they did the Charybdis of antiquity*
The tide of fl6od setting from the sonth along thef
west coast of Scotland, naturally follows the direc-
tion of the coast, and froAi' the confinement of
the channel sets through the frith at the rate of
nine or ten miles an hour^ and rushing over a
rocky and uneven bottom, as well as from the
counter currents near the shores, a violent com-
motion of the water is produced, which may be
dangerous to open boats, but can never be so to a
ship, for though the velocity of the stream may
render her sails or rudder useless, they are also
unnecessary, for the stream will carry her through
the strait clear of the land on either side.

Nearly in the middle of the frith are the two
Vocks called the Pcntland Skerries, on one of
which is a light-house, and tlieir only inhabitant,
besides rabbits, is the man who has the care of the
light. In the frith is also the little island Stro-
ma, two miles from the coast of Caithness, to
which county it belongs ; it is one mile long and
half a mile broad, and affords some corn.*^ Its

2 s 2 shores

6^8 MARITIME GZOGBAtar.

^'i^'" shores are composed of frightful preeipjices» beaten
so furiously by the western waves in winter, that
. the spray rises above th^m and forms little rui^
which are collected into a reservoir, and made to
turn a corn mill. The rise of tide in common
springs is six fathoms, but in a gale from the N. W.
two fathoms more. Swanay or Swinna, also in
the frith, is inhabited by four or five families^
whose men are pilots for the frith.

Mainland or Pomona, the grand island of the
archipelago, and occupying its centre, is eight
leagues long and one to three broad, but so deep-
ly indented by bays that these dimensions give no
accurate idea of its surface. Though very hilly,
it has a considerable portion of fertile land, smd
on it are the two towns of tlie islands, Kirkwall
and Stromness : the former is the chief place, and
is on a bay of the north coast, forming a good
haven ^ it consists of ^00 neat houses, inhabited
by the chief persons of the island, besides shop-
keepers and tradesmen. Here is a vast cathedral
dedicated to St. Magnus, and the ruins of the
bishop's palace. Stromness, on the west side of
the island^ has recently risen from a poor hamlet
to a thriving town, and almost vies with Kirkwall;
its haven is entered by two to 300 vessels a year,,
caught in foul winds jn the Pentland Frith.

The following are the inhabited islands south
of Mainland. 1. South Ronaldsat, two leagues
long and one broad, 1,600 inhabitants, is one of
the most fertile, and ha^ a good harbour on the
north. ^ BuRRAY^ separated from the preceding.

island

SCOTTISH ISLANDS. (529

islafid by a strait two miles broad, is only five or o^
six miles in circuit, but produces potatoes, car- —
fots, and other garden vegetables in greiater per-
fection than the other islands. S. Hoy, the high-
€8t land of the islands, is three leagues long and
two broad, but at high water is nearly divided into
two islands. On the north is a hill 1,600 yards
high called the Warth or Ward of Hoy, and at
its foot in a dark glen is the greatest curiosity of
. the island, a hermitage cut out of a solid block of
freestone, tiiirty-eight feet long, eighteen broad,
and nine thick, and which seems to have tumbled
from the hill. This island chiefly pastures sheep ;
its population is 1,400 ; it has three good har-
bours, of which that named Longhope is much
•frequented by vessels for shelter. West of Hoy
is a stupendous rock called the Old Man of Hoy,
1,500 feet high, and resembling the ruins of an
immense building.

4. Flotav, noted for its good, road for ships,
named Panhope, and also for its abundance of
moor game. It has 200 inhabitants. ^

* The lesser islands south of Mainland are
Graemsay, one mile and a half from Stromncss,
three miles in circuit, is in great part composed
of scJUstusi it has 180 inhabitants. Teray pas-
tures some sheep. Sinthay ; Cavay, has only three
families. Lamau; Lamholm, one family.

The islands north of Mainland are Shapik-
8HAT, tolerably fertile, has 750 inhabitants ; Stron-
6AT, two leagues long and one broad, has two good
harbours; 900 inhabitants. Papa Stronsay is a

2 s 3 little

1

§30 MARITIME OEOGBAf^T, /

^vSi *' Wttle pleasant island off the north end of Stroosay^
'^DAY, five miles long and two broad, abounds in
peat which it supplies to the other islands ; great
numbers of lobsters are taken round it ; population
600. It has two good harbours. Sanday, four
leagues long and one broad, is one of the mosfc
populous and richest of the archipelago, making
500 tons of kdp a year ; it has two good harbours,
Westbay, two leagues long and one broad, has
abundance of pasture and peat ; 1,400 inhabitants.
Papa Westbay, N.E, of the preceding, is a plea^
sant island with a little lake of fresh water ; on it
are the riiins of two buildings, supposed to have
|)een druidical temples. It has 2Q0 inhabitants.

Faray is one of the most level of the islands and
is clothed with graas. Eaoleshay, two miles long;
was accounted so much superior to the other
islands, that it was the residence of the Bishops
and Earls of Orkney; it is al^o noted for the
murder of St. Magnus ; it has 200 inhabitants*

Roussay, two leagues long and onebroad^ iS
one of the most rugged of the islands ; it has 70Q
inhabitants. North Ronaldsay, three miles long
and one broad, is one of the most level islands ; it
has 420 inhabitants, Weir, 150 inhabitants;
Enhallon ; Gairsay, a conical hill, €&y inhabi-
tants ; Domsay, a fine little island a mile in cir^
cuit, before the bay of Kirkwall, has but one fa-
mily.

Copin^hay, east of Mainland, is a noted mul;
for seamen j it has but t^o or three families.

Fair

SCOTTISH ISLANDS. 681

Fair Island lays between the Orkneys and Zet^ ork^^
land, has a little haven. "~

The commerce of the Orkney Islands consists
in the export of some beef, pork, tallow, hides,
linen, yam, coarse linen, (60,000 yards,) feathers,
and especially kelp, to the amount of 1,500 tons.
The imports besides luxuries are coals. The fol-
lowing is a statement of the trade in several
years :—

£. VcMcls. Tonf. Men.

''llmports.. 10,406

..17.. 8«5.. 76

1780 1
1790 1

Balance 1,612
Exports . . 23,24'
Import8..i4,011^..^.. 940.. 90

Balance 9,276
Exports . . 26,596
Imports ... 20,803 \..,85. 2,000. . 170

Balance 5,793

**^"*^ I Imports . . 35,789 J.. . 21 . 1,375. . 119

Balance 4,888
Tlie fisheries of the Orkneys are totally neg-
lected except that of lobsters. The territorial pro-
perty of the islands is at present in Lord Dundas,
by purchase from the Earl of Norton, tov^hose
famny they had been granted by the crown.

2 s4f

63S MARITIME OEOGEAPHY.

ZETLAND ISLANDS.

The Zetland IslakdSi situated between the
latitude 59^ and 6£^, are about 120 in number,
of which thirty-four only are inhabited, the rest
being kobns and skerries. Their coasts are rugged,
precipitous and cavernous, and their interior
bleak, rocky and barren, with some scattered
patches of cultivated ground, but without tree or,
even shrtib. The highest elevation is named
Rona's Hill in Mainland, and is 4,000 feet, sexv*
ing as a long landmark for seamen.

The climate,1 though from the longevity of the
inhabitants it cannot be ' unhealthy, is extremely
disagreeable, the winter setting in in October ^nd
lasting till April ; and though there is little frost
or snow, the weather is so tempestuous and fogs
80 constant, that all communication between the
islands is suspended. ' The spring and summer
are short, and the autumn long, gloomy, and
wet. The extremes of the thermometer are 75^
and 22^. The medium 65^ in summer: and 38°
in winter^ '^

Oats and barley are the only grain that will
arrive at maturity, and the chief riches of the
islands is in their fishery,* an4 their cattle and
horses. The cattle are larger than those of the
Orkneys, but the horses are very diminutive.
The feathers of the seaTbird^ that frequent the
skerries in innumerable flights, also 9ffotd a pro-.

fitable

/a*«r«.

SCOTTISH ISLANDS. 638

fitable object of export. The population has en« , ^^i^^^^-
creased within the last century, in 177^ being
15^00} in 1792, 20,186, and in 1802, 22,379.
In some of the northern islands, the Norse or
Norwegian language is still spoken.

Mainland, the principal island, is twenty
leagues long north and south, but is so intersected
by . sea inlets called Foes, as to have no place
two miles from the water ; the coasts arQ alon^
inhabited, . the interior being composed of barren
bills, bogs and lakes, the latter abounding in eels
of enormous size and fine trout.

Lerwick, the only 1;own of the islands^ is on
the east of Mainland, and contains 300 families,
the houses of one or two stories form a long,
narrow and crooked street, along the shore. The
harbour, named Brassay Sound, from the island
|>efore it, is one of the best in the world, being
capable of holding 2,000 sail ; it is the general
rendezvous of the Dutch herring busses, and of
the Greenland ships out and home.

Scallaway, on the west side of Mainland, for*'
merly* a populous place, is now a poor village ; it
lias a castle of four stages.
. Tbe islands east of Mainland are : —

Mpusm, . Linga, Fetlar,

Brassay, Three Skerries, Linga,

r 3^pss» ' Hasenssay, Balta, .

. Whalsey, • Uyea, Unst.

* Of these the only oneswortby of particular notice
fire Brassay, forming the sound of its name ; it is
^i4r miles and a half long and three broad, has

some

MtthmHh'

fiSi MABlflME 6E00RAFHY.

fiome fertile ground. Noss^ adjoining Brassay on
the east, is the most fertile of the islands. Fetlar,
five miles long and four broad, is also fertile*
Balta forms an excellent harbour between it and
Unst, completely landlocked.

UNsrr, nine miles long and four broad, is the
northernmost island; in comparison with the
other islands it is level, though it has several hills.
It has.no rivers but many small fresh water lakes.

The islands west of Mainland are : —

Hebra,

Burra,

TVondrcr,

Hildesay,

Chenies,

Oxna,

Papa,

Linga.

Hevra,

Hoy,

Foula,

Venestry,
Papa little,
MuckleRoe,
Linga,
YelL

Papa Stour«

Of these Yelx^ is the only one of any eomide->
ration, being twenty miles long and six broad,
and has no less than eight harbours.

Foula, a solitary islan dfour leagues firom Main-
land, is only two leagnes in circuit, but rises <M|
the west in perpendicular clifi^ that conceal their
heads in the clouds ; it has but cme landii^ place
on the east side.

The trade of the Zetland Islands in 1809 em*
ployed teii vessels of 7^ tons, and My-three
men and boys. The exports were : —

}fi75 tons of task and

cod /^0,000

45coaIfish 450

300 barrels of herrings 405
too—,— offish oil.. 2,250

I

200 barrelsof beef . .
dOO tl>ns of kelpi «...
3 — of tallow. .. .

29 of butter. . . .

Knit stockings and
gtores, •..••«•

iftOO

4^^000

180

1,000

5,000
400

SCOTTISH ISliANDB^

6S5

400 cow hides ^8200

100 doz. calye tkins . . 60

150 rabbit skhis. . 52

12 otter skins . . 57

sealskins 12

featherk .^.^ siSQ

I50horses 460

lOOeattle 300

50 sbeep 2$

Imports from Leith by two sloops,
making each seven tripsa y ear. • ^24,500

4,000
11,000

600
1,800

By other vessels . •

Flour, barley, rice, and meal . . • •

500 ton^ of salt, duty free

200 tons of coals

Wood and boats from Norway ....

The unfavourable balance is compensated \>y
the money left in the islands by the Greenlapd
ships exceeding ,£7iP00, by the monthly remit-
tances of seamen of part of their pay jOd^SOO, aa4
by other items exceeding ^4,000.

OF THE

MARITIME COMMERCE

OF

GREAT BRITAIN.

Though) as we have already had occasion to
notice, it seems certain that the Fheaidans, in
prosecuting their maritime speciiia|ioQs, occasion.
^y visited the coasts of Britain ^ yet; m^the state

of

63^ MA8ITIHE GEOGRAFHT.

of barbarity in which the Britons were found hf
Cesar; their commercial relations could only have
been such as are formed in the very first state of civi-
lization, t at is where tillage and agriculture have
began to supersede the hunter and shepherd state.
In the south parts- of the island the Britons had
arrived at this first step, while in the other parts
they stiU lived by pasture, clothed themselves
with the skins of beasts killed in the chase, and
dwelt in temporary huts reared in the forests and
marshes, with which the country was covered;
thus they \\ ithout difficulty shifted their habita-
tions, as actuated by the convenience of pasture,
by the hope of plunder, or the fear of an enemy,
and as they were ignorant of all the refinements
of life, their wants were few and their desires

Bx.too. limited. Their commerce with the Fhenicians
and Carthaginians was therefore confiped to the
barter of tin, lead and skins, for brass trinkets

B.C.S0O. ^^d other trifles. According to Diodorus, the
Greeks, after the voyage of Pytheas, also visited
the coasts of Britain for the purposes of comi^

B.c,&s. merce, and Cesar found some commerce existing
between tlie Britons of Kent and the opposite
Gauls.

Under the Roman domination, though the Bri«
tons lost their savage independence, they rose in
the scale of civilization, by the adoption of usefitl
arts, and tlieir commerce increased in proportlcD
to the new wants that this improvemait created;
The articles exported from Britain to Rome were
tin^ lead, hidei^ Ume^ chalk, pearls, horaesi ox^o,

dogs.

COMMERCE OF GREAT BBITAIK. 637

dogs, and slaves, for- at this early period of our
. history, the merchants of Bristol dealt in human
iiesh, purchasing men and vomen in all parts of
the island, and selling them abroad as slaves ; and
it is even recorded that they first rendered the
women pregnant to increase tiieir value !

The departure of the Romans and the inroads A.D.i«i
of the Scots and Picts, threw the Britons back
into the state of barbaiity from which they had
began to emerge, nor was the confusion attendant
on a divided empire during the Saxon Heptarchy,
much more calculated to elicit improvement } no a.ik ao.
sooner however were the kingdoms united under
one sovereign in the person of Egbert, than com-
merce and manufactures revived in spite of the
descents and ravages of the Danes, and under the
Saxon monarchs London, Exeter and Bristol are
recorded as considerable trading cities.

Towards the end of the ninth century, when
the Great Alfred had purged the country of its
Danish invaders, a regular system of barter took
place with the neighbouring nations, and Athel-
stan, the grandson of Alfred, passed a law re- A.D.iia.
markable for the age, by which a merchant who
had made three foreign voyages on his own account,
was admitted to the rank of a thane or gentleman.
!Etlielred in 979 granted a free trade to a so-
ciety of German merchants, established in Eng-
land under the name of Emperor's Men, on con-
dition of paying certain tolls, and presenting the
king at Christmas and Easter with txvo pieces of
grey cloth and one of browi, ten pounds qf

pepper.

63d HikRITlMB GEbOltAPHr.

pepper^ <teo vessek of vinegar^ and Jive pmt i^
gkyoes.
A.D. rM. Tijg Norman Conquest agatin produced a con-
siderable unfavourable revolution in commereet
by the introduction of the feudal system, vrfaidi
paralized enterprize by destroying the liberty of
the subject, a£ the sadie time that it rendesred
trade ignoble in the privileged clas^. Hence the
chief tradte of England was engrossed by the
Jews, who began to settle in the country about
tbe time of the Conquest, and who, though op<*
pressed in every possible way, amassed vast for-
tunes by usury. In the year 1100, a number of
Hemings, driven from their own country by an
urruption of the sea, settled in England and intro«
duced manufactures of wool. At the same period
the people of Bristol traded to Ireland, but theprin-
cipd seats of commerce were London and the
pinque ports from their proximity to the continent.*

The

• The cinque ports were originally five havens, to which were granted
certain privileges, on condition of defending the coast from invasion. The
origin of tliese establishments may be traced to the Ilomans, who, tliowgh
they possessed a superiority of naval force, found it necessary to adopt nwa.
Bures of defence against the Norman pirates, who assumed the titles of
** Sea Kings of the North," and for this purpose nine stations <»n the coast
opposite Gaul were fortified. The same necessity continuiDg long after the
departure of the Romans, gave rise to the foundation of the cinque ports,
which toolc place in the rdgn of Edward the Confessor or Wif Kam I. T»
each of tb^ chief ports were attadied several subordinate membtT9^ ib die
fi)Uowing series: — 1. Hastings, with ^ Seaford, Pevensey, Hidney. Ryi^
Winchelsea, Beakesboarne, Bulverheath and Grange, as memhera. — ^2.
Sandwich, with Fordwick, Heculver, Sarre, Walmer, Ramsgste waA
Deal.— ^ Dover, with Faversham, St. Margaret, Woodchorcb, Goresead»
Kingdown, Birchington, Margate, Ringwold,) and Folkfitone. — (. Rox-
NBY, with Lydd, RouK^itt a^d Ringwold. — 5. Hyths, with Westmeaftiu^
RYBand WiNCHELBBA were afterwards raised to the rank of cinque^ ports.

witk

C0MMBA6E OF GRftAT BRITAllI* 689^

Xhe exports were horses^ wool, woolleir cloths,
leather, corn, lead, and tin* The imports were,,
linens, fine woc^ens, sUkSf for the royal family
only, steel, iron, spices and other productions of
India.

In the reign of Edward I. the coal mines first ^-^ <^^
began to be worked in England, and so rapid was»
the progress, that in 1S79 a duty of sixpence per
ton was levied on the ships employed in the coal
trade, to be applied to their protection. At this
same period the English traded to Italy, Spain,
and Portugal, as well as to all the countries of the
north, and in 1381 the principle of the Act of
Navigation was introduced into the legislation of
the kingdom, by a law declaring that ** none of
the king^s suigects sliall carry forth or bring in
merchandize, but only in shifus of the king's aile-
g^mce." This law however seemed to have little
eSE^ct in turning the king*^ sul^jects to the ptoSo^
sion of commerce, and the trade continued to ba
principally carried on in the ships of foreigners and
by foreign merchants, residing in England and
licensed by the kings under different denomina*-

tions*

with Tenterden and Excots as members of the former. The principal con*
dition on which the cinque ports held their privileges, was the furnishing a
certain number of slups and mariners, for military serrice.*

Tbe freemen or barons of the cinque ports have by law many lionoraqr
priTilegcs at the coronation of our kings, which are still allowed theui.
The sinecure offices of Lord Warden, and of Constable of Dover Cattle, are
united in one person, lliere is also a sinecure admllca], whose jusaadictiori
extendi from Shore Beacoii Essex to Kcd cliff, near Seaford in Sussex. _

• See hweafter " Nary.

t»

A.0.15M.

040 MARirnVTB GEOGRAPHY.

to

tions. Such were the German merchants char-»
tered by Henry III^ (1259). The Steelyard
Company, a branch of the Hanse Association^
whose privileges were confirmed by Edward IV.
&c. Indeed, as we haye already had occasion t6
notice, the carrying trade of England was almost
entirely engrossed by the Hanse Association until
the reign of Edward VI. when the English mer-
chants first began to complain of the monopolies
granted to foreigners, and particularly to the
Steelyard Company, which in one year exported
50,000 pieces of cloth, while the English mer-
chiants exported only 1,100. Edward feeling the
justice of these complaints revoked the privil^es
of this Company; and though foreigners again
received favours from the bigotted Mary, at the
instigation of her Spanish husband, they again fell
into discredit under Elizabeth, from whose reign
may be dated the origin of English commerce,
in the just sense of the term.
^D. i5Bt. The reforniation, which was only firmly estabfish-
ied by the accession of this princess, was attended
with the most happy consequences on the popute-
tion and energies of the nation, for by it 150,000
persons, who had been restrained from marriag«^
were, if we may use the expression, put into cir-
culation, and 50,000 others who had been maan-
tained in idleness by the conveiits, were obliged
to seek a livelihood by industry.

In this reign were chartered the African, £ast>
India, Russia, Eastland and Turkey Companies^
and though such institutions are generaliy aUowcti^
^ ta

COMKBRCR OF OBSAT lEITAlK. 041

to be iigurious in an ad%*anced state of coitimercef
' they must also be admitted to be the best nurses of
its infancy.

The threatened invasion by the Spanish Armada,
gave the first grand impulse to the marine of £ng«
land by the purchase of ships from foreignersi aiid
by the formation of national seamen ; and so x^id
was the progress^ that afVer the destruction of the
Armada, a census being taken of the merchant
vessels in England, it was found that Norfolk,
Suffolk, Essex, Kent, and Sussex, possessed 471
ships, or more than half the number in the whole
kingdom thirty years before. The peaceable James
I. gave great encouragement to trade and ship-
building, and iohis reign British colonization began 4^* >«"•
in America, and opened a new theatre of indus* ^'
try and enterprize. At this period 400 vessels
were employed in the coal trade of Newcastle.

The merchant vessels of England were however
still of small burden, and it continued customary
to hire large ones from foreigners for distant voy-
ages or extensive transactions. At length in I6169 4.0. uif.
an order from the king and council was issued on
the petition of the merchants of London, prohibit-*
ing the export of British commodities in auy but
British bottoms ; and the effect was such, that tha
whole nation applied itself to the creation ci a
merchant marine, at the same time that the shipt
being built of a lai|^r size were c^>able of long
voyages, and the ftitish merchant flag was now
first seen in the Mediterrannean. So great was the,
inpuhf, that ftom a sUif^. of 100 tops, baing: a

VOL. IV. 2 T kind

Jld. itfn;

kkid of pfodlgy «t the ccmiaitnoeneBtof liie n^
^ Jatkies I.* a iiuitaber elf riiips of thitev £»biv
and even 500 tons, vfere now launched from the
BtitiBh dock^ In 1619 dicr^ n^re ncit ten n^essels
abovB 100 tons out of Loodon $ and in l&tSt^
Kewoastle had 100 sail> eadb exceeding tfast ton*
nage-

Oonkme^ce ci^ntinaed to flAuridi diaing the
first part bf the rei^ of Charles L, wbes tlie trade
to the we^ coast of Africa and E«st-]iidie& le^
oeived a great extension^ ^md the wlmie csoimnerce
ef Spain was in the hande of lire English, wha
also sent a great quantity of wopUen <^otfaB to
TVirkey.

In the ^rdCecCorate of CrMiweU, Uie Engligh>
began to di^trte wilii l^e Dutch the dnn&iion
of the ^as, and hfence arose die ftmom NMiga*
tion Act) by which it was pir^bibiteA to a& foreign
^ips to trade to the Bn^i^ e^Adnies, ^thout
license ; and at ^e same tkne i^ merohandiEe of
Asia» Africa, and America -iwas foft^iddea 4o be
imputed into England, except in SritfA JxHtMOB^
er merchandi;^ from any ]iart 6£ Snrope exo^
m vessels ^belonging to the comftryiof wilich thv
merchandize was the plioduefe or axuiB&ctiifei
An additi6nal article added alter the
dbKging the master and tbree^lbortlisrcMf «fae
tff vessels sailing under the £i^fifih> £ag .
Sriglish subjects, cotnpfefteft#dl» great inoduin^
<tf maritime legislation* ' i < ^ i ^ ?

« Charles I. gmitM^bofaiitr of fi«ie fiUBIi^Uferlott^aihAt^
iJ|/^i|{B above 200 ton», ^

COMlflSGpB n OBBAr aUNTAIN. QtfT

Such was the etfsots of the aarigatioo act^ ad*
ded to the increasing population of the AmeciGaa:
colonies, and consequent increase of their trade,
l^t between the Restoration and Revplution, the
EngKsh merchant marine was doubled. Whiter ^•^•^•^
9t the isame epoch, the revocation of the edict of
Nantz, which nnned the manufactures of France^
caufsed a great and rapid improvement in those of
England, by the influx of the persecuted protes-*
tants, who introduced or perfected the manu*
fiictures of silk, cotton, linen, hats, jewellery,
cutlery, and clock*work, and thereby jQ:eed
£nglaiid from an onerous dependence on Prance
for these objects.

The Revolution, by securing liberty, gave a new
impulse to every kind of industry ; and the union
of Scotland, by identifying the interests <^ the
twp kingdoms, proved equally advantageous to
9t£di, and to the empire in general.

iVocBL this epoch, commerce ha$ continued in
a C0B9t4Hit progre$4oQ» unchecked by frequent
wf rg, or even by the separation of those colonii^
wkddx were thought to be the grazMl basis of the
comiQeccial fabric, until it reached a height tha(
4mw down on us the envy and animosity of all
JSxuopb I and in great measure caused those wars
»faieh. )iave desolalied Europe for the last twenty
^ie^Sj aad to whidb the energies of Great Britain
bave at length happily put an end, while the
contest undertaken to humble her, has only served

2x2 to

td €stidi>iifth her proud preeminence amongsl the
nations of the earth.

Previous to Buonaparte^s system of continental
blot^kade; the one-third of the whole trade of the
Baltic was in the hands of the English,* who
imported from Sweden iron, copper, pitch, tar,
fir planks, and herrings ; atid exported to it tin,
lead, coals, beer, butter, cheese, manufactured
goods and colonial produce. The balance is
against England about ^250,000. ITie first
coitimercial treaty with Sweden is in I766, by
which the English were placed on the footing of
the most favoured nations, except with respect to
the port of Wismar, where the French enjoyed cer-
tain privileges. .

From Denmark and the Duchies the English im-
ported little or nothing, but from Norway a great
quantity of pine spars and planks, and some salt fish.
The balance in favour of Great Britain ^£100,000.
The commercial treaties with Denmark bear date
1639 and 1654 : by the latter, England is to be
favoured as much as Holland, with r^pect to
customs, tolls of the Sound, Gluckstadt, &c.

By the ports of Prussia, England introduced faer
manufactures and colonial produce into the iote^
rior of Poland and a part of Grermany, and re-
ceived timber, hemp, flax, flax*seed, pitchy tar,
potash, hides, and tallow.

la

» jjcc rol. I, page 41 €.

COMM8ROB OF OttSAT BUTAIN* Oitf

>

InlSOO to 1802 the value of imports was 5,823,405
And the exports 4,198,696

Balance against England • • . « 1,624,709

Great Britain imports from Russia hemp, flax,
flax-seed, tallow, iron, fir planks and balks, Rus«
sia duck and linen, isinglass, furs, horse-hair,
hogs'-bristles, pitch, tar and rosin, potash, fea-
thers, to the annual amount of three millions ; and
gives in return colonial produce and manufactured
goods, for half a million, the bals^nce being paid in
cash and bills.

In recent years the English Rqssia trade em-
ployed about 600 ships of 200 to 300 tons each,
of which 400 were employed in the trade to Pe-
tersburg.

The first commercial treaty between lEilgland and
Russia was on the discovery of Archangel in 1553,
and by it the English received considerable com-
mercial privileges, which they gradually extended
, to a perfect monopoly. These privileges were,
however, at different times curtailed, and in 1648
the English were entirely banished the empire ;
but 3P0U ^fter were again permitted to trade, on
the same footing as other nations. On the build-
ipg of Petersburg, most of the English merchants
established at Archangel removed thither, and
were granted considerable privileges. The Quin«
ber of firms thus established was of late years
twenty-eight to thirty, who farmed a kind c^

2 T 3 assDciationt

N

6^ S]rAlHttM6 AtideiuMtt.

associition, residing in a magnificent factoiy*
though tbeir s^e'c\ilati6ns wer6 mdividual.*

In 1797* a cbhimefcia! treaty witk Russia ^aS
concluded, by which British and Russian subjects
are mutually placed on the same footing in the
ports and dominions of either*

The trade between Great Britain and Holland
was, before the American war, very considerable,
600 to 1,000 vessels entering the Dutch ports an-
nually. The principal objects of the trade were
exports of woollen for ^450,000, coals 20,000
chaldrons, 2^,000 hogsheads of tobacco, twelve to
i5,000 barrels of rice, 2,^00 to 3,000 tons of lead,
two to 3fOOO barrels of pickled salmon, herrings,
a;nd sprats, 26,000 casks of butter, and 10,000
barrels of beef from Ireland, besides from this
latter country tallow, hogslard, salted hides, ox
)lorns, S^Ct as well as manufactures and colonial
producct The imports were madder for jC60,00Q,
flax ^15,000, flax-seed .£50,000, and spice to a
ffreat but unascertained amount. The last treaty
with I{olland was in 17^8, which contained only
one article respecting commerce, by which the
produce or manufactures of the United States,
linen excepted, were permitted to be imported
on the saxQQ terms as those of the most favdured
laations.

From France, England imports wines, t^randies,
corn, cambirictcs, lawns,, silk stockings, lace, gold
find silver embroiderer, books, jewellery, afld toj^s^

though

COMV^ftCB OF eRBAT BRITAIN. $4?

tbwgil the duties on spme of these objects amount
almost to a virtual prohibition. The exports to
f ranee are cotton and wooUensi hardware/ and
earthenware. The balance baa always been in
&vour of England. A treaty, of commerce wa^
£rst concluded with France in I786; by which 4
perfect reciprocity of commercial privileges were
granted to the subjiects of either nation in the
European dominions of the other, with many re**
4uct>0QS and modifications of duties ; thii treaty^
honte^er, which waa to l^st for twelve year9» <i^e4
to mmtuml death by the Revolution.

Trofik Sjpain» Greait Britain in^oils hru^djs
viibe^ Oil, dried amd wet fruiiSf wool, indigo^ co-
dbineid and other dyes^ colows, cork, goid (u^
i^ver coin; and exports tin, lead, woolleoa^
e^tUHQuii linens, salt iSsb, iroB and brass work, tia«
berdaahery, &c. The balamce is in favour of
Si^^iaiid haif a miUkm sterling. The treaty wil||
Spafof 17891 gives mutual freedom of comioerce
SB the European domiaDions.

From Portugal the imports to England are
6Q,OO0 pipes of poet wine, 12,000 pipes of Jwisbon,
fruits dried. a»d preserved, s^t, cork, l^e who)e
MBOimting to one milUim and a half sterling ; an4
the expovts nearly cover this import, in manu<-
^Mitured goods. By ^ treaty concluded with th^
Prince Regent of Portugal in 1810, the poi^ of
the Portuguese colonies are opened to British
commerce, and British subjects are placed cm the
same footing as spbjects of Portugal^ ejccept yvAlfi
xeq>ect to Brasil wood, tobacco^ and gold dust,

S T 4 the

the export of which is solely reserved to Parto*
guese subjects.

From [taly England imports raw and throvD
silk, some wine, oil, soap, fruits, and anchovies;
and exports tin, lead, leather, salt fishj £asl>-
India goods, and manufactures. The babwceis
fifty to jC60,000 in favour of England-

The trade of Great Britain to the Turkish do*
ininions has, as we have elsewhere observed, lat*
terly declined, chiefly from the concurrence of the
French, whose woollens, from their lightness and
colours, better adapted to the oriental taste, liava
almost entirely superceded those of England. The
general impoverishment of the Turkish empin. ha.
also reduced the consumption of foreign objects^
The imports from Turkey are raw silk and cot^
ton, carpets, fruits, drugs, skins, and cofibe of
Mocha. The exports are woollens, Suiat and
Bengal cotton and silk goods, cotton velvets^
Birmingham and Sheffield wares, StafibrdshiTO
earthen-ware, &c. The balance of trade is agabaat
England ^150,000.

The first political and commercial relations with
Turkey began in 1581, when Queen ElizabeA
created a Turkish company, and sent an ambas*
sador to Constantinople. With the exception of
the mission at this capital, the British commer-
cial agents in the Turkish dominions are gene-
rally either Greeks or Jews, who receive a trifling
salary,* and do very little credit to the nation
ihey represent, ,

England

« That of the Tioe-OQura) at Scio is but jf 13 a year.

COMlKtERas OF GREAT BRITAIN. 649

Bngland has scarce any other trade with the
Barbary States than for the provisioning of GU
brattar ; and the greater part of the English com-
modities they consume they receive via Leghorn.
In 158S, the EngUsh first entered into treaties
with these piratical states for the protection of
their flag ; these treaties were, however, no longer
observed than while the British ships of war were
at hand in the Mediterrannean to chastise any
breach of them. At length it was agreed that
nU English vessels should be furnished with Medi-
terrannean passes, to identify their flag, and se^
cure them respect.

The commerce of England with the Black Se^
is too inconsiderable to merit attention : in 1803
Mven small vessels only entered this sea. ^

FrcMn the west coast of A&ka England imports
gold dust, ivory, gum senega, wax, dye woods,
guinea pepper ; and exports salt, brandy, course
cottons, iron, pewter, and brass utensils, fire arm^
diet, powder, lead, coarse glass and earthen wat^
beads, &c.* This commerce, previous to the
abolition of the slave trade, gave England a favour-
able balance of six to ^800,00a

The details of the commerce between England
and India having been already given, we have here
only to refer to the abstract at the end of this volume
for the progressive increase. In 1810, the com-
paoy's shipping consisted of sixty^^four regular ships

of

• See Tel. 11. page 471.

650 HAMTiua CBEomLMsmr.

0ftT(3m756to l^SOOtoiuk. 68,000toQa.

and thirty ^nine extn^ or raiall ships* . SiiftOO

Total . , 90,000 tons

manned by 8,000 seamen.*

The trade of the Hudson's Bay Company has
also been already noticed^ page 85, as well as that
of Qanada, &c. page 99^ where it mil be seen
that the imports to England from that colony ex*
ceed one million a year.

The fdUowing is the abstract of the commence
of (xr^at Britain mih her North Americui csiati«
nental colonies (official value t)..

Eaqiorts.

British produce Foreign & colo-

* ' '*fflbrt; ii aiaDai^tare* nialmerchaAdlBe. Tolaf.

1809. . y£i,4»k,d83, . £968,798 . . ^1,748,116
seta . . . I,^78,44i4. . . . 366,095. . . . l,8iMs^9

. 1811, ; . . lj6S8,58t. . . . 351,1^8 h909,69»

Iftl^. . . . I,l34s967. . . . f 84,083. ; . . 1,439,019^

r

J^ 1£10 the exports to Quebec amouoted

ta Xff72>8ffjr

And the imports were. Produce of the

soil and forests^ 94^3S4) ^ ^^^ p^_

r4U«,&c 120,503 f^'^^'*^

Jn 1810 the exports to Newfoundland

vnere •..,...• ...«•.••..••.. 977/3fdS

Xo ihe United States of Ajnenca Great Britam
i«itpoirt8 her manufactures £)r fcrom tinvee to iom

milliona

• See Pablic Trading CompaniM.

t The oflkial value beiag given aeconUng t* |he prices nted in tbe ens-
tom>liouse books in the reign of Charles II. an addition of fort j per cent.
vajtbe Vide to them to have the real valoe.

ceuwKfitft tff 6mitt Mff AiN» IbsX

millions sterling ; and the principal import is raw
cotton and tobacco, the former to the ameuilt of
200,000 bags. — See page 178.

To the West India Islands Great Britain ex-
ports manufactures for the whiles and negroes, salt
prowsions, salt fish, butter, cheese, &c.

The trade with the' West Indies stood as FoQows
in 1802.

Imports from British Islands ••«£6,94i4,142

Conquered Colonies 3,460,868

Foreign West Indies .... 352,S7]5

Total official value. . «£lO,^S^,3nr

ISsports of Briti^ preduee si)d ma-^

nufacture ^3,4$5,8Q1

Irish produce and manvu
factttre . . ..\ 196»94ft

Foreign merchandize • • . • 133,38^

*the propdrtkm of thfe W«st India %rad» pO0k
jessed by difierenjt parts of the United KibgdomH
inay be judged of from the following abstract of
the vessels entered itt 1504.

Great Britain^ ?

Ports. sups. ToBf^

I/ondon 326 104,319

liverpodi i

Bristol > ...... ..iSB. '. ^e,d09

L<ancaster )

eiasgowaud 1 ^ l^^l.

•^m

A98 17J2,<^

65* MAftiTiME ewQKksmu

r »

PoriB. Ship*. Twi.

'^""••{SrtL;::::!?} «-*«6

Belfast, Irish S 6lO •

Waterford, Irish 2 * 142

«2 9,681

As we have already noticed the progressive im-
port and consumption of tea, that of sugar is also
as its natural companion.

Yean, import*- Bvport. Consuaied. Revenue, s^ircvt

Cwt, Cwt Cwt £4.4.

im; 1,425,874,. 17M04.. 1,246,470.. 416,111.. 0 6 Jr

1787, 1,926,791.. 199,298.. 1,727,493.. 988,5 13.. 0 12 4

1^4, 8,248,726. . 1,090,090; . 2,158,636. . 2,422,669. .17 0

The East-India Company also import, of lattj

years, from fifty to 100,000 cwt of Bengal sugar.

Of the quantity consumed in the United King*
doms, the proportion is thirteen for England and

one for Ireland. .

The increase of the import of rum has been as

fellows.

YearSy ; Import. Export. Home Cons. Revenae. Dvtf.

Ci^i. GufUi, GalU. «. ^

1?71, 2,611,469.. 1,311,130.. 1^00,339.. 482,000.. 7 0
1787, 2,af09,244.. 1,467,990.. 841,254.. 930,281.. 4 1
liO*, 2,785,316. . 1,160,846. . 1,644,470. .1,543,993. • 11 2|

The import of rum to Ireland in 1804, was but
1 63,466 gallons, and the home consumption
66,000 gallons.

The

eOMltfiRC^ OP GREAT ARttAIN. $$6

»

'the import of eofiEee between 180S and 1804
averaged.

Inportcwt. Exported. Hamtcons. Rflrenne.

Great Britain 200,782 193,4*5 7,337 >g^3g3 •
Ireland . . . . 2,232 — 2,232 >

The import of cotton from the West-Indies
varies greatly, the average between 1802]and 1803 :
was

Great Britain ••••••• lbs. 10,224,085

Ireland.... ... 248,933

It is entirely consumed in manufactures in the
country.

The direct trade between Great Britain and
Portuguese and Spanish America is so unfixed and
trifling, that it offers no data for a general result.

PaBLIC TRADING COMPANIES.

%

We have already detailed the rise and progress
of the East-India Company to that period when it
began to lay the foundation of its territorial domi-
nation in Asia. Since that epoch to the present
time, the Company's afiairs have been the subject
of parliamentary interference, and various regula-
tions have been enacted. In 1773, the stock to
qualify for a vote in the assembly of the proprie-
tors, was raised from X^OO to ^1,000, and ^2,000
-was made the qualification for a director, and at
the same time the nomiiiiation of the governor
general and council of Bengal were vested ih the
Crown.

^ In

$i5i . 1UVTIHE GEOClUPtiiri

In 17^ a Board of Controia&r the Aff^m^if
India was established by act of FarliaineRt» oaih
sistiog of six Hiembaa nominated by the Crown,
to whi^h was giv^A the superintendancie of tha
civil, mHitary^ and fWuincial cooceras of the Cm^
pajiy in India, but w)iich wa3 pot to interfere in
their mercantile transactions*

In 1786, the Company were empowered to in-
creasy their capital to four milUona, and ib 1793
to five millions. In this latter year the charter
waa renewed for twenty yearsj on condition of
paying JL 500,000 a year to government instead of
i;400,000.

At the eiSLpiration of the last charter in 1814^
the legislature deened it expedient to admit other
persons besides the Company to a participation
in the trade, under certain regulations; the
trade to Qbian hfliiitg still leKphisivelgr vested in the
Company. The principal regulations and restric-
tions are :-^-l. TThat no private vessel under S50
tons shall be employed in tjiis trade. S. Vessels
in private trade may not proceed to any place
between the Indus and Malacca, or to any "^of th^
islands within the Company*s dominions, without a
licence from the^Coi^pany, and such vessels can
proceed only. t6!!]$pmbay^ .Madras, Calcutta, and
Prini:e xif W^lfis^a Jslap^ Up proceed to any in-
termediate plaqel^, a special fierce from the Court
of Directory" must be procured. -8. No vessel in
private trade may procQi^.to any place north of
11^ S. between 64^ and 150° of E. longitude
wlhonta license from the Board of Control^.

The

COMHBECE 09 GBBAT BUtAlH. 6fi5

' 7he ports at present declared fit by order in
council are London^ Liverpool, Bristol, and HulL

The a£^s of the Company are immediately
under the superintendance of twenty-four direc
Um, chosen by the general assembly of the pro-
pnetc^s by ballot, of whom six go out every year^
so that the whole court is rene;wed every fourth
year. The directors choose a chairman and
deputy chairman, and form themselves into com^
nuttees for the various branches of afiairs.

The EastJndia Compan/s marine nfirvice by
BO means offers a prospect of rapid advancement
or fortune, even with the advantage of the^eatett
i»(^e|rt;. It is necessary to en$er very young into
the tfervioe^ and go correctly throiigh the prqgres*
ftive ateps to arrive at the command of a ship,
which under the most favourable 'Circum^t^mces, u
seldom arrived at in less than ten or fifteen years^
and then npt without the payment of £5fiQ0 to
.£10,000» Having attaiaed a commaacU tho
a^vanti^es .are^ the privilege of investm^ts out
and home ; the occasional trade from port to pp^
in India, and the passeqgers. The profits of a
voyAge of conrse vary with the capital emfdoyet^t
with Ith^ "atate of the markets in India, and with
t|ie i^umber and rank of the passengers. A good
voyage to Bombay and China, which is generally
the most. profitable, affords to the commander from
i£8^000 to .£10,000.

The East-India Company finding it more eco^
nomkal ^ hke ships .than to build them, all the
vessels ib their employ, 'wi^ ^be exception of one

or

65d UABITCtfE OHOCRAPttT.

or two» are cliartered from private ship owners, wkd
engage them to run a certain number of voyages^
and by whom they are equipped, victualled, aad
manned.

The only other joint stock company of ]&ig«
knd is that of Hudson's Bay, established as ve
have already seen in 1670.* The original stock
of this company was but j£lO,500, divided into
JOIOO shares ; but it has been increased atdiflfer^it
periods, and is now thought to be about <£l 10,000.
The proprietors are very few (probably not above
firty or sixty) and their aflairs are managed by a
governor, deputy governor, and seven members.
The expenses o£ th^ir factories and forts are sup-
posed to exceed <£20,000 anniudly.t It is how^
ever necessary to state that the circumstances or
speculations of this company are never made,
known to the public, and it has been written against
by several persons as highly prejudicial to the
Hudson's Bay commerce.

Tlie general outlines of the history of the Afii^
can Company having been already given, it only
remains to notice here, that the present associa*
tiop, styled the *< Company of Merchants trading
to Africa," established in 17^^ is forbidden to

trade

• Page 84.
t The chief expense is the salary to the officers and wages «f thttaum i^
the bay. The governors of the feictories are only ke|itla «fl5€)efrim rbre^
U fire yeara, and ' hare :P150 per aDnum^ with a per centage on the Udns
collected. The deputy governor, SurgeoD, ajid master of the tr^n^ slooip
Ibrm a conndl. The other serrants are wiitera at £lb to £iO a y«uv «•#
iervMits ch»e9y from the Zetland IsUndff U £S. ProVisktas are OTppM
U> the whole.

A coi|N>Tate (iftptdty, to have anj joitkt or
tmisferrable «tock» or to botrow monc^ under the
coflUBitM) «eal. Evteiy person is entitled to beconotf
free <of the ccfdipany on payment of forty BhillingSi
ithich IS applied to tjie defraying of nlaried and
other expenses in England.

For the proper application of tbe sunit voted bj
Parliament for the fbrts on the coast of Africa^
the oompaay k accountable to the Curaiter BaroU
of the Exchajpier and to Parliament The com^
pany is managed by nine directors chosen sinnttal*
>jr, tlveo for Bristol, three for London, and three
for LiverpooL

The Russia Company, established in 1586 oA
the discovery of Ardhangel, isi like that c£ tiio
AfHcan Company, ptohibited ftom tmding ivith a
joint stock, and the fine for entrance is five poutidii
Hie company is undier the direction of H govemoihj
ftnii- consols, and assistants.

The Eastland and Hamburg Companies escist
only in name. Tbe latter was first established in
1^96, whence it is the oldest trading establish^
nient in England. The Eastland Compalny, which
grew out of it, received its charter in 1579.

The Turkey, or Levant Cbmpaay, received iti
ftnst charter from Elizabeth in 1581, and was at
first exclusive } at present every person has a right
to admitunce on payment of «£20* All pelBons
Dree c^ the company may Separately or jointly trade
l^tween the Britidi Islands and the seaA of the

I.

Tdt. TV. 2 u Til*

658 MARrriME geogilafry.

The company is under the managecnent of 1
governor, deputy governor, and fifteen directors*
They recommend the ambassador for the Porte to
the crown, and appoint consuls at Constantinople
and Smyrna. The ambassador, consuls, and their
chief attendants, receive certain pensions or sala-
ries from the company. These and other chaiges
are defrayed by duties levied by their bye^laws on
the exports and imports <^ their members ; but these
being insufficient, the company has been frequently
obliged to solicit the aid of Parliament. It is a
very general opinion of commercial writers that
this company is useless, and that the trade of the
Levant would be more extensive and advantage-
ous to the country if it was laid entirely open.

The South Sea Company had its origin in the
inability of the country to defray the expenses of
the war with France in the reign of Queen Anne,
in consequence of which a debt was cootraiK^^d of
nine millions and a half for the service <^ the
navy. In order to satisfy the creditors, it was pro-
posed to pay them six per cent, interest on the
debt, and to incorporate them' into a company to
trade to the southern seas ; they accordingly re-
ceived a charter in 17IQ, by the title of " The
Governor and Company of Merchants of Great
Britain trading to the South Seas," and which
invested then) with the exclusive privilege of
ti*ading from the river Orinoco round Cape i^ofm
to the ubrth-w^st point of America, Brasil and
i>urinam excepted^ wliich were left free to. all the
y ' . 9ubj?cts

COMifERCE OF GREAT BRITAIN.

639

Subjects of Great Britain. The only trade ever
engaged in by this company was that of supplying
the Spanish colonies with slaves, &c. by the As-
^iento contract ; and since its suppression they have
carried on' ilo commerce but that of the stocks,
though vessels trading to the places within the
limits of their charter aire obliged to have license!^
from them.

England has consuls general and consuls at the
following places : —

Stockholm, Con.Geri. TLisbon, Con. Gen*
Petersburg '^ I Oporto, Con*

Konigsburg, Cons. ^ ^ Faro,
Holland, Con. Gen. ^ ! Azores,
Antwerp, Con. i^Madeira^

oj f Bordeaux, Con. c f Turkey, Con. Gett*

I i Havre,
(^ LNantes.

^Barcelona, Con.
I Alic^nt,
.S J Valencia,
^ Malaga,
Biscav,
w Balearic Islands.

CO

y2

I
0 I Smyrna^ Con.

g^ Egypt, ,

^ I Aleppo,

jg (^Algiers, Con.Geti.

Iceland, Cotl.
'^NewYorkjConGen.

New London, Con.
^ '^ Buenos Ayres,

Brasil, Con* Gen«

CI

^

ATARITIMB AH^D COMMERCIAL REGULAtlOt^S ABTD

ESTABLISHMENTS.

^ The mere enumeration of the Acts of Parlia-
xftent iti force, to protect and encourage com-

2 u S mercf

6i60 martUme oeocrap^j^

merce ^nd navigation, would q^rry us f«r h^yeskd
our limits ; and moreover, as many of them are
only interesting to the parties concerned, we
shall be excused for passing them by. The laws
to prevent smuggling are chiefly directed to th.e
build and rig of vessels, in order to prevent tbejf
outsailing the King's and custom-house vessels.

The performance of quarantine is regulated
by specific Acts of Parliament, and any con-
traventions of the law are made capital felonies.

The ancient barbarous regulations respecting'
wrecks, have been iij general abrogated. By
the old statute law, no vessel coming on shore>
from which a human being, dog or cat shall
escape alive to the shore, shall be deemed wreck,
but shall be restored to the owner, if claimed
within a year and day, after which the property
devolves to th^ King, or other persons possessing
the feudal rights. To constitute a wreck» it is
necessary that the vessel or goods should come on
shore; for those that continue at sea are de-
signated by the barbarous terms, jetsam^ fioU
sam and lagan^ Jetsam are goods tlirown over-
board^ and which sink to the bottom; ^tsam,
where they continue to float on the surface ; and
lagan^ where they are sunk but with a buoy to
them. By the Acts of Parliament now in force,
all wrecks not claimed within the period of a
year and day are to be sold, and the proceeds
placed in the Exchequer for the claimants. The
sherifls and other civil officers are bound to sum-
mons persons^ to assist in saving wrecks ; and no

persons^

coiiMHicE 6f great otttain. 6d1

* •

^persons, but thos6 ^ected by thejtrtagistratei^, if
any are on the spot, are to enter st stratided Vessel.
The carrying off goods from a wreck, fcteating
or ill using the persons wrecked, preventing their
escape, or shewing false lights to l^ad ships into
dsrsger, i^ felony. The necessity of such laiifs
doel^ ncft argiie itauch in praise of the inhabitants
of our coasts ; and indeed Ihe people of CornWaH,
and of some of the cdasts of Ireland, w^re, until
very recently, almost as great barbarians, in thb
respect, as the most savage people.

Light-houses being of the greatest utility, to
the coasting, trade in particular, they have been
multiplied on all the coasts of the British islands,
and. their construction successively improved*,
until nothing is left to wish for. At first they
werfe coal, or wood fires, entirely exposed^ to the
weathcSr, and consequently very defective. Tow-
erisr, with glass casements, were afterwards erecfed,
but the ^rtiofce of the fuel soon dimmed the win'-
dows and rendered them almost useleiss. At
lengthy' in I768, oil lamps and reflectow were
introduced^ which have been brought to the
highest perfection.

The light-houses and buoys on shoals are ge-
nerally under the inspection of the Trinity- House
of London, a corporation established in the reign
of Henry VIIL by the title of "The Master,
Warden, and Jurats of the Guild, of the most
glorious and undivided Trinity of St. Clement
and of Deptford Strotid.** The Thames river
pilots are also within the' supervisdrship of this

S u 3 corporation.

corporation, The Dover and Deal pflots form
two chartered corporations.

The light-houses on the f oasts of the British
islands are as follows ;

South Coast
Longships.
Lizard, two lights.
Eddystone.
Portland, two lights.
Needles, Isle of Wight.
Hurst Castle.
O^ers, floating.
Dengeness.
South Foreland, two

lights,
Goodwin Sands, two
floating lights, Ijorir

zontalt

Gull Stream, floating.

Bamsgate Pier.

North Foreland.

Galloper Sand, floating,
two lights.

Sunk floating light, en-
trance of the Thames.

Nore floating light.

East Coast

Harwich, two lights.
OrfordNess, two lights.

Ea$t Coast.

Newarp Sand, floating*

Lowestoff, two lights.

Wintertonness.

Haseborough,two lights.

Cromer revolving light,
shews a face a minute.

Lynn.

Dudgeon, floating.

Hunstanton.

Spurnhead, two %bt5.

Fiamborough Head, r^
volving light, shews 9
face every twomi Aute^

Humber, two lights.

Sunderland Pier.

Tinmouth revolving
light every minute.

Fern Island.

Isle of May.

Inch Keith.

Petty cur Har-
bour.

Tay River, two lights.

Bell Rock.

Kinnaird's Head.

Pentland

Frith (f
Forth.

Pendand Skerries, two

. lights.

North Ronaldsay Island.

West Coast
Hfiracomb.

Fatholm Island, Severn.
Mumbles Head.
Milfordt two lights.
Smalls.

South Stack, Holyhead.
Skerries.
Angleci^a.

Point of Air, two lights.
Sea %hts, two YLiver*
J^e lights, two. J V^^^
St. See's Head.

WalneyLrevolvinglight

JVe$t Coast.
Port Patrick, from 1st
September to Istof Ma^,

OBEAX BBITAIN. 66$

Cnmhray Islaad, Clyde.
PladdaJsland, Arran.
Mull of Kintyre.
Olash Island, Helmdes.
St. Agnes, Scilly.
Caskets, Guernsey.
Isle of Man, Pbintof Air.
— — Dougla$,from Au-
gust to April.

Ireland.

Old Head of Kinsale.

Waterford.

Wicklow.

Dublin, Pigeon House«

■ ■ Howth Head.
Balligan. ^
Donaghadee.
Copland Island, Belfast.
Loophead, Shannon.

HOME FISHERIES.

Tlie home fisheries of Great Britain form a
considerable branch of national industry, and
are also one of the chief nurseries of seamen^
and hence they have been always protected and
encouraged by tiie legislature.* They are, never-

2 u 4 theless,

• A British society for tiie •ncouragemenl of the fislicyy was in-
4*oAporated the 26 Geo. IIL and in 1810 a society for the encouinfemeiit

tb6les% fiHT from hmag carried ta IduB esbort ibey
are susc^pjkiUiQ af« r

The hotriog dib«iy» which fumisfaeB the
gceajtast objqcjt af fixTQign export^ is ckieifr car-
ried on froiO' tbi^ eafitera and northeni paitta of the
island, and to the giieat^st extent from Ifarroaudi
and the .neighbouring places. The boatSF or
smacks employed in it are decked^ and fron fortjr
to fifty tons, with six fishermen and twelve W
bourers, called capstemmen^ to each, and eacb
boat Jias eighty to 100 nets, which ai:e replaced
by new ones in the middle of the season, which
is from the twenty -first of September to the
twenty^fifth of November. The fishing groend
extends from ten leagues north of Tarmootfa,
jk>< the Sottth Foreland, ai»d»fiMim ten to fifteen
lea^es^ Qaxn the coast. Each vessol haa- a wdft
^to which the ^ek are thrown from th& netSi the
bottom of the: well, being fuU^ of h(des; to let tib%
Uood apd. wet drain o$ and oi\ weh aid^ of the
well is sxi apartment, ni^med the wing^ into which
the herrings are thrown from the well with scoops,
^hile a man at the same time throws in salt, by
which they are preserved till the vessel has got
her lading of ten or twelve last, which is some*
timiss.iwp, qr three days, She then i returns to

Yannottlfa*

ol the home fisheries wu efltabliahed, whose capital is i$500,000j in 5,000
steres. Tbt eneoiirag«meflts offered by goTernment are bounties oa
$i^. tMiHape empWyed and on the quantMci of fiali coni. ; pnniiflH'
for th^ greatest quantity of fish taken ; the maleriali for the fishing dvtf
Ikee, and a hoiiaty on exf^rWion 4 it prohibition of the impoitukm
piy.fopeignfish^ and flnaBy, ceitaa priyil^gea to the fig^nncii.

TanMiidt and lafiids her cargO' to fe« cmtA. The
process of wkiek is as feBk>w»: for white her*
jpn^gs, 4bt iah aifter betii^ gattedv are robbed
tiMK^y with mk, and kft te^drakv f^ a nighi;
when they are padced in barrels,* with a layer
0f fldt between eirefy layer of fish. A barrel
OMitaisui 1,506 herrings, and sells in the market
far thirty to thvpty*fy» shflliiig% the expense te
the curer being about fifteen shillings, one last of
salt bemg used for three of herrmgsi
. The fish dengned ibr red herrings am pil«d vf
wsbh a byer of salt and fifth all»i*nai»ly, and
left to draia fyt some dtays; they we then
washed and fixed by the mouths to rods, and
hung up in extensive houses ccm^ructed foi^ the
purpose, where' they are sufcgectetl to the constant
ienoke of roota of oak for (bur or five weeks.

The Yarmouth herring fishery has be^n lattefiy
consideimbly on the decline, the number of vessels;
which was once 900, being reduced to fifty. It
Hill, however, gives occupation to S,000 fisher^
men* and 4,000 other persons. The propof«
tionate share of the other ports in this fishery are^
Lowestoffe, fi^rty boata ; Whitby and Scarbo^
TQUgh, together fifty •** The total sale value of
the fish taken in a good season, ma;^ be estimated
at jglOOiOOO.

In the summer^ from the end of May to the^
end of June, the Norfolk fishermen employ them-

^Iver

• TUf niimbef to made op from thedUferait putt of YcrluUre.
SUIth'fl sendi* fifteen ; FU^, eight ; Ranswick, ^; Kobiii liood Bvfp
Are; namborougk, four ; tttd Setrboiongb, thrae^

€6fi MAtlTIMB OBOGMAVST.

advBs ip the iMckafei ifishery, which ha» alKirdd
JD one season i^flO^OOO to those of Lowestofl^
which, allowing the proportion to be one-third,
supposes a total value of jOSOyOOO for this fatandi
of the &hefy.

^ Large quantities of herrings are also taken at
(be mouth of the Thames, by smacks of Londoot
Sandwich, Dover^ Folkstone, &c. which chieflj
supply, the London markets

The second considerable herring fishery is in
the Bristol CbanneU in November and DecMttben
The chief rendezvous was formerly Poiiock and
Minehead, and three to 4,000 barrels a£ fish wera
annually exported to the Mediterranean, but
we believe the fishery has greatly declined. ^
* A very extensive herring fishery is carried on
from the Isle of Man, employing 400 decked
Ikoats of ^x tq ten tons, and six men eadi. The
fishery commences at Peel, Castletown^ and Port
iron, in the middle of July, and lasts six weeks.
About the middle of August the fish arrive off
Douglas, and the fishery lasts there till the mid*
^le of September. The amount of this fishery
is very considerable, though we have no other
dat£^ to calculate it on, than that fke value of the
fish taken in a single night has been sometimes
«£'5,000, estimating the fish at the medium rate of
two diiilings the hundred.

The whole coasts cf Scotland, in both seas»
offer a vast practicable extension of the herring
fishery, but until very lately it was totally peg-
lected as an object of national industry, and the

Pntch

pntcb alone visited these coasts for this purpose.
Latterly, however, a spirit of enterprize has
|ȴaked, and a very considerable fishing establish-
ment has been formed at WycL Jt employs 550
« vessels and boats, with 2,750 men and boys, be-
sides 150 vessels of the average burdai of fifty
tmiS| employed in conveying the materials for
the fishery to Wyck, or taking off the produce^
lyhich has amounted in ope year to 50,000 bar-
jelsy worth «£'80,000, at the average price of
jkhirty-two shillings the barrel.

Fish are extremely abundant in the Frith of
Forth, but the fishery is oidy carried on here by
ppen boats close to the shore, and solely for home
consumption^

A considerable herring fishery is also carried aa
pn the west ooast pf Scotland, chiefly from Loch
Fyne, Lech Rya^, and Cambletown, in Kin^im.
The season at Loch Fyne is firom July to January,
^d it employs 600 boats, with four men in each.
The appual produce is estimated at from twenty
\qj:SiOyOOO.

'^he ^i^ery of Cambletown is carried on by.
trusses* collected from the neighbouring places, as
^t Yarmquth,, and chiefly from the Frith of ClydeL
'!)?bey quit the port the 12th of September, and re-
turn to their respective homes the }3th of Januaiy.

There is^also a productive herring fishery ofi*the
promontory of Caernarvon^ the produce of which
is salted, and sold chiefly to the Irish, who come
from the opposite coast for it* This coast also

afifordi

6(A MAttiMt cbogIlA^hy.

^^Sk/HiA greaf 4uwtities of John dory, stnelts, and
iMnall lobstersr.

In if9tt ^e dfficml a;mouBt of the herring
^het^ Was iff follows :

1,090... 4.... 8&,45a 5;89i

BmrreU'i^Henings BwrreU fVMte Hm%ng» Barreli Jt&i Hat'iMgM
cured, espwied'. exp^ttd,

138,419^ \^,1^ 9,5^^

•Jhte fisfrery ne3rt ia rsilue to- that of heiYihgs^
48 afSbi^dirig an object of external cotnlttterc^ ik
the pilchard. It is only carried on frotai' CoHiWail
Attd Devon ;^ the &h arrives on these coasts in
^abtsccK)te in the fniddle of July, arid' ai!e' taken
\6t large seines, each managed by three o^i^n
boats and eighteen men ; the app)^6^h 6f tli^
Ax)oIs is w^hed for by a man in the l\eight$, who
iS'teitned' a hiet. The fish ate salted' anrf packed
in barrels; in which fhey are pressed down hard^
to e^ttiract a portion of the oil, whfiih'ilins through
ft Holte in the hottoih of the bartel. Setwe^n' 1747
and 1^56 the annual cxpotf of pilcliards from thS^
four ports of Fowey, Falmouth, Fenzan^^e, and
St, Ivesi w^s- near 50,000 hogsheadfa, each worth
iSiirty^three shillings, making the whole value
near ^/«),000. In St IVes's Bay, ina767, 7,000
hogsheads were at one moment enclosed • in the
nets, each HogsSiead contaimng S50;000 fish.*

The

* Previonft to t&e'war the" arcrage export o/ piidhards fifon FovFcy
alo&ft exceeded 6%>^00a hogslieads, diiefly to Italy \ but sixkce^ 1800 tbc
Ki^atest etpbri wM SO^OOO, and At>m 1807 to 1811 it wa» reduced almost
t* a cypiwr. Latterly some has been sent to tbe Wcst-Indits, but the
gre^t par( takoi,. after cKtracHnf tlie oil. It tlut>wii «& the land for
Inaawt.

Thfi msifiVfml is th^ tljord (teripdic^l i^Atery,
these fish arriving in great scools in th^ J^^ogU^
f^aniKel &qm Appil to July ; they areta)(:e» epi;her
yrith lines pr nets, the latter generally at night*
The chief fishery is from Torbay, which ha^l thre^
to 400 decked bpats^ with one man and thxf^
boys to each, besides 100 open boats* The d^1(^
boats quit the bay in the beginning of spring, ai)4
sail in diviaiosis to the difSsrent stations on the
coasty 09 both side$ of the Land's End. A small
quantity of mackard only is exported salted,, aj^
most the whole being consumed fresh in LondoHi
liverpool, Bristol, Exeter, and other large towns^

Formerly a great mackarel fishery was also car-*
r)ed on from the ports of Dorsetshire, between
Bridport apd Portland, and thirty to 4>0,000 fi^h
were no uncommon haul in one net, so that they
\ir^re sold for a penny the hundred. This fisheiy
bas» however, latterly been unproductive. We
hav^ alr^y noticed the mackarel fishery on the
east coast.

The fourth branch of the general fisheries is
c^ll^d the white fishery, which includes a)l th&
species of thp gadua (cod, hal(e, ling, haddock,
coi^l fish, whiting), and flat fish, as turbot, soles,
plaice, and skaites. These fish are taken on all
the coasts of Great Britain, but the greatest fish-
eries ape in the 3ritish or North Sea, and among
the Hebrides and Z^tl^pd Islands. The produce
of ^1^ fofpier is chiefly consumed in London,* aa

in

• A large ^vantitr of liiig is Xitm off |he eoaat of Norfolk, a»d sakeA '
for ^xport.

#70 MARimiE GKOOEAFEY.

is the cod taken among the Orkney Islands, whicfa
is powdered with salt to preserve it*

Thete is a great turbot fishery from Scarborou^
in the boats called cobles. These fish are takeii
with lines, to Which 2,500 hooks are fixed dt the
distance of six feet, and which are sunk by great
stones ; they are?'^. laid across the current, and re^
tnaitr down for six hous.

Until about the beginning of the eighteentM
century the Dutch visited the Zetland islands
every year in the month of May, and sopph'ed the
inhabitants with the implements of fishing, taking
their wet fish in exchange ; from this period, how-
ever, the proprietors of the soil have generally
supplied their tenants, and taken the freA pnT-
duce of their fishery at a fixed price. The &hing
season commences the SOth of May, and termi-^
nates the 12th August. The boats employed in
it are yawls, imported in boards from Norway, and
set up in the islands; each has six men. 3!bt
lines sometimes extend seven miles, with hook^*
at the intervals of five fathoms. In 1800 the fidi-
ery employed 459 boats and 2,754 men. The
average export of cured fish is 1,010 tons (the
Seven-eights is ling, the remainder cod, tusk, cod
fish and herrings), besides fish (nl ; the total vahie
of these objects is about jf 25,000.

The white fishery of the N. W. const of Scotland
ia carried on from the Soiway Fridi t^ Iceknd'l
the great fishing baaks are, however, betweeti tl^e
Western Hebrides and the Main, whkfa abound
itt MCVery apacies q£ white fi^ : . . .

The

AOMS FBlt^BlBS. 671

^he most universal fish of the British Seas is
the whiting, which frequents our coasts in iargd
Irihoals, particularly during the spring \ they gene*
rally keep within half a mile of the shore, and
are taken with the line.

The other species of sea fish brought to market
4ire red mullet, taken chiefly on the west Coasts |
John dofy, taken in great quantities ofi^ the Land's
End, but seldom met east of Plymouth ^ conger
eels, chiefly on the west coast, and weighing six«
ty tolSOlbs.

Basking sharks are sometimes taken among the
Orkney and Zetland Islands for their livers, which
afford six to eight barrels of oil, worth £'^Qm
Seals are also killed by the Zetlanders, and people
of the north of Scotland, for their skins and oiL
A considerable number of dog-fish are usually ta-
ken in the herring nets, and from their livers t!ie
oil is extracted, and their flesh dried is eaten by
the poor. A number of small whales are embayed
every year in the sounds of Zetland and killed, the
captors receiving one^-tfaird of the produce and the
xIoihI of the isles two-thirds.

^ The oyster fishery is a valuable branch of na-
tional industry, though the produce is almost en-
tirely consumed ia the country* The moat celie**
brated fisheries are in the Swales of the Medwa^^
Colchester^ Faverabam, the coast of Hampshiije^
about Portsmouth, Sovithampton, and the Isle of
Wight, and near Tenby in Wales.

: Tiie.(Qy4ter banks are all the property of certain
bodies and freemen, and their preservation and tk«

M . perpetuation

perpetuation of the fisk are aecur/^cL hjf ^^ ()f
parliament.

The Dutch formerly took off three or ^4,900
worth of oysters annually from Faver^haa wg^
Milton ; the native oysters of these piaq^ beiqg
very iu^ilequate to the demand^ the spath* is
brought from other parts^ even from the coMtsi of
Scoaand and France, and laid down in the Swal^

Tko principal oyster fishery of Scotland is fraii|
Preston Pans,, in the Frith of Forth, which foff
merly supplied London with oysters for jCS^sQQO
a year, but the beds have been greatly ezbauirte<i^
and this trade has entirely ceased.

The lobster fishery is also a valuable branch of
industry. These fish are most abundant among tha
Orkney Islands, in the Frith of Forth, on the
coast of Northumberland, and on tbe coast oC
the channeL A London Company at pre$ent Q9t^
ries on the fishery at the Orkneys, in which sap
employed a number of smacks with wells, tl^rt
convey the fish alive to London wee)Uy; IQfk
boats with ten men in each are employed in tf^kfog
the fish with nets, and though the Company pf^

Wt

sptfwn of the oyster, culled tpath^ is cadt in May, and about Mfi^
aad Micbadmas ; the stMies, pieoM of iifoo4» 4«Mi A4b^ »Mktf
ohjecu to wfaJch it aifheres at the bottom of the lea, an called cuU^ It
ii ecmjectured that the shell begins to form in twenty-four hourt aiter t^
^ptU lacwt. Alter the casting the Ash beeome iMk, ui 60 na^wcff*^
till Angoit. When the oyatera are take» the smaU lynoofl is sep^nt^ ibn^
tlie cultcb', which latter is again throW into the sni. The small oysfeif
tliua ioUected are aproeA on places called beds or layers, near tMHRuikt Jf
tWfifm^^fhae In twofpfr»tbeybei0MC9VtC9^«kMpt«li^il«Al^»
tten removed from tli« bade to the pics cut ia the |ttanbes» ntatlte;^-
tttfersAi/ -• '-» . ' •» "

HOME FISHERIES. 67$

but ad. the piece, the annual value is ^10,000,
which supposes 1,200,000 piec^ to be taken.

The lobster fishery is regulated by act of par-
liament, which prohibits the taking any fish under
cjght inches length on the coasts of Scotland, be«
tween the 1st of June and 1st of September.

Of the river fisheries that of salmon alone af^
fords an'ohgect of efxtemal commerce, and is car-
ried to a greater extent than in any other part of
Europe. In general it begins the first of June^
and terminates in September, though some rivers
afford this fish all the year. The most consider-
able fishery is in the Tweed, where it commences
the 10th of Januarj-, and ends the 10th of Octo-
ber. There are forty-one considerable fishing
establishments on this river, besides others of less
note, atid the whole fishery is rented for ^10,000.
The number of boats employed are seventy, with
900 men. The produce is subject to considerable
variations, 700 fish having been taken in one
M>eepf and at other times not one.

The salmon is either sent fresh to London (in
the summer in boxes packed with ice), or boiled,
pickled, and packed in kits. A great quantity is
also salted wet for export foreign, and some is
salted and smoked, and named klipper.
• Most of the rivers of Scotland, as well as the
Tweed, abound with salmon, particularly the
Forth, the Tay, the Spey, the Ness, the Don,
the Dee> the Fiodhorn, the Devron, &c. The
iMMit^coasiderable fishery next to that of Berwick
is in the' Dee, where tlie season is trom the 30tl^
TOX'* IV* S X November

674^ MARITIME OEOGS^PHY*

Noveipber to the 8ih September ; a great quaot^
15 exported salted in barrels of 9dO lbs.

Many of the rivers of England have abo pro*
ductive salmon fisheries^ particularlj ti)e TbasM^
Medway, Taraar, Ex, Dart> Tavy, the praduce ef
which is sent to Jjondon i^nd Bath.

It is forbidden by act of parlta^eot to take
salmon less than six pounds weighty and the iuh-
ing periods are also regulated according to the
time of the fish spawning. In the Thames and
Medway none are to be taken between the 94th
August and the Ilth November*

FOR£]€»f FISH]SBIB8.

The foreign fisheries of Great-Britain are those
of Newfoundland, 'Greenland, and Southern whale.
Shortly after the discovery of America, llie
Danes, Norwegians, French, Biscayans, and Por^
tuguese, had vessels employed fishing on the banln
of Newfi>undland ; but it was not until a ceatmy
later, that the English engaged in this bfandr of
national industry, and the first beginnings were
on a comparatively small scale, for in 1578, when
the English bad fitfty vessels employed, the Spa*
niards had 100 or 6,000 tons; the French 150 ves-
sels or 7)000 tons ; and the Portuguese fifty veiseik^
or 3,000 tons.

The encouragement afforded to the fisliery tj
the legislature caused its rapid increase^ and in
1615, 250 English vessels or 15,000 tc»ia were
employed in it, and the growing supeiicflrity of tbe
British marine gradually led to the e^cclusion cf aU

other

other nations. In 156S, Drake captured all the
Spanish vessels employed in the fishery ;< and that
nation never returned to it, and by the peace of
1763 renounced the right to do so.

Though France and the United States have
the privilege of fishing on the banks^ the pos-
session of Newfoundland and the, coasts of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence secures to England a vast
preponderancy in the fishery, and by her the
south' of Europe and the West-ladies are almost
entirely supplied.

The number of veBsels sent from E&gland to the
fishery, varies according to peace or War. . Of late
ytears in p^ace, the average n»mber employed in
the business of the fishery is 400 of. S6»000 toos^
besides 2,000 fishing shallops of S0,000 tons ; the
average quantity of fish taken is 600,000 cwt.
w)iich togetlier with the salmon, cod, « seal oil and
seal skins, is valued at above half a million ster-
ling. Of ^0,000 men employed in the fishery,
about 8,000 remain in Newfoundland during the
winter to repair the stages, &c.

It is not a little singular that a nation of
herttics should supply almost all the Catholic
world with the means of complying with their
religious institutions ; and still more so, that the
salt necessary for this purpose is principally re*
ceived from these nations. Spain alone receives
fhm the English salt cod to the vahie of .£700,000
a year.
The following statements will shew the extent

8 X « of

<J^6 lURkTIME GEOGRA]?qT.

of the Newfoundland fishery since the Ao^encu
war:—

Quintila of T(»» of Tlaron 9«I(KI
fSihcaiti. Tnbk oTfltf. mA
I78i. VeM«te- Tom. Mea. Oil. »oa. flkisK

BritUhfitblng veueb. . 236. . 21S^35. . 5,790*
laekTeflself •• 60.. 6,997.* 547
colony ve«els . 50.. ^^''^J^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^g^^

Byeboats 344.. — ..2,600

IBotAM of the^inhabi*
tttts •••.«. .laOdS.. — •• — .

iSritkh fishing vessels. . 276. . 18,838. . 6,60ri

sackvessels .•161..21i275..M19 I

a.U,n,Te«d.. 57.. 6^0.. 327 1 ^ ^,^

9je.boat8 j I

Boats of the inha^ \ 1,997. • — • • 7,138
Utaats J

The quantities of fish exported from Newfound^
land were :—

Quintals QnmilB

1792. dried Fish. 1800. cored Fish.

South of Europe 490,514 .. •.. .. 866,379

Ireland 13,209 .. .. 1,537

West-Indies .. 42,118 97,295

Great-Britain.. 19,716 ... .. 7,526

Various places 10,000

Total.. .. 565,557 .. .. 482,737

The encouragement granted by the le^^sLabyie
to the Newfoundland fishery, is a . boui^ty to the
vessels who first arrive at Newfoundland with fiill
cargoes of fish from the banks.

Having already noticed the Greenland, whale
fishery, we have here only to state its results of late
years :—

, 17^

:i/

FOREIGN FISHERIB8. 077

^''^Qftrt. Shipi/ YeaA. Ships. Yean. 8hips»

1750 .... 20 1775. . . • 105 1788 . . . .247

.1772 •••59 1783.. •. 51 1797...- 65

1778 .. . . G5 1784. ... 96 1800 ♦. ... 62

1774 65 1785 153 1811 109

f Tha whole extent of this fishery may be calcu*
lated from the share that Hull has in. it.

Year. Ships. Whales. Seals. Unioonu. Betrs. Se»-faoiBes. TonsOlL

1806. .37. . 239. . 1^804. . 10. . 3. . . . 6. . • . 3,3^
1808 . . 27. . 467. . 552.. 13,. 4.. ..2.. ..4,330
1810 . . 34. . 449. . 1,238. . 8. . 13. •..-... . 4,912
1811.. 42.. 552.. 993.. 2.. 2,...- 4,782

The public encouragements of the Greenland
fishery are a boupty on tonnage employed, impor--
tation of the produce duty free, and protection to
the seamen from impress.

The southern whale fishery is of recent origin,
the first speculation being in 1775. Of late years
forty to sixty vessels have been thus employed^
and in 1809, the imported produce of the fishery
was as follows :—

3,404 tons of sperm, oil > -f 376 000

966 — of whale oil ^ y *

I60 cwt. of whalebone 320

41,365 seal skins 12,409

^ 960 02. of ambergris . . » 624

ill ■ ■ "
389,353

• - In IBIO the total valAe of the objects imported
flrom-the two whale fisheries was ^566,967.

The encouragement to the southern whale
fishery consists di premiums for the greatest quan-

i| X 3 tity

978 il4RITD)fB GSOQlAfHY.

iitf of produce imported, and freedom from im-
press to the persons employed in it.

NAVY.

From her insukur sitnation the natural device
of Gxeat-Brkain is in a naval force, which is eqoally
necessary to secure her coasts froiii invasion, and
to protect her commerce.

The history of the progress of the English navy
may be ditided into three periods ; the first com-^
pvcfaeodiBg the period previous to the reign of
HeQty VIII ; the second ending with the resto-
ntio^ ; and the last from that epoch to the preaent
time.

Though Cesar only notices particularly the boats
of the Britons, formed of withies and covered
with skins, in which they crossed the English and
Iriah channels in summer, it seems probable, that
they had also vessels of a more stable constructioi^
for he tells us» that the Veneti of the appetite
coast of Gaul obtained auxiliaries from Britaia
against the Romans, and that the fleet of the
Veneti and Britons which engaged that of tbe
Romans off the coast of Armorica (Britany) con-
sisted of 2d0 large and strong ships, which were
totally destroyed by the Romans. This defeat
sufficiently accounts for the Britons beii^ umble
to resist the invasion c^ the Romans next year by
sea.

' The Romans, while they remained masters 6t

the

WAVY. 679

ttfc island, kept up large fleetsi fo protect the
coasts and commerce, and the whole naval force
was commanded by an officer stiled Archigubemus
Ckasis Britamdccej or High Admiral of the Briti^
fleet.

The Romans when they abandoned the island
withdrew their ships, and those few which remain-
ed to the Britons fell an easy prey to the Frank
and Saxon pirates, so that the island was again
totally deprived of its natural deffence. '

The confiision c^ the heptarchy was not calcu- ^ t».
iated to restoi'e tile naval power, and it was not ^^'
until the reign of the great Alfred, that the British
navy again resumed an existence. . The first fleet,
however, collected by this prince, consisted only
of five or six ships with which he attacked and
defeated six Danish pirates : encouraged by this
auccess» be increased his fleets to 1^ ships,
which he distributed in proper stations round the
island, where they were siu'e to meet the Danes,
either in their approach or retreat, and generally
were suceesafuL

The navy did not decline under the successors of ^^*
Alfred, and Edgar, in particular^ kept up a large
naval force divided into three squadrons. Some
I^i^lish historians make the number of vessels
aitiount to three or 4,000, but probably, as Mr.
Henry obseilres, there is here an error of an
added cypher.

The weak successors of Edgar allowed the navy
to decline, and the Danes again ravaged the coasts
with imffunity. In IOO7, a fleet was raised by '^

2x4 requisition ^

980 MARrriMSY0X0GRAPHT.

vjefqiiisit^^bti .)w the'^piraprietars of Umdv <riP SO^
vessel^ ; /but. tbii fovte 'M[>eing either ilkqpersed or
destroyed, by the. treachery and jealousy. ^%km
chkffii, ikn^ ' way = was - opened for the Danish ' con-
4ue^t* : Durifig the period of this doiDinioii) tbeiie
h^m% QO foeei^n -enemies to resist, both the iiwA
caiKUnulitary foreeiofthe kingdom were neglected^
. wd beSnee there was no adequate navy to reaitf
A.D.. loos .^iie invaston. of Wiiliam of Normandy, which was
made in SyOOO vessels, many of which, however,
w^re :doubtiess only q)eD boats, for in the short
passage across the channel seversil vesseib weoe
lost

We have already noticed the establishment of
the cinque ports, and their being obliged to Air^
nish ships for the public service ^ this force con-
sicrted of fifty-seven ships, each with twenty*sev«n
men and boys, and tlie following was the.propor*
' tion furnished by each ;-—

Hastingsrand its nieni1)ers 21 7 And each of the other tfiTte
paTvr ipiad its members . $1 j ports and theirmeidbeES|5-

This force long continued to be the only stand-
*ing navy of England; and when necessary lo
iricrease it, ships were hired or pressed from ilie
■ tti^rchants, and armed by the crown.

The shipping of England, however, incrie^sed
bo'th iiii number and in size, from the epoch «€^ the
A.D. use. Norman Conquest j and the fleet that conveyed
Richard I., to the Holy Land is described, by
cotemporary historians, as excelling " every tWng
.' before seen iu the. number, magnitude, and beauty
Qf the ships. It was composed of thuteei^'OPtiie

largest

A.D. itta.

ho^eSkJd^t^ of Tessels nsmed dtamojus^ 150 of th«
i»Qond,€^^$9 ' called 62«^aaf, fiily-three row gallies^
and a great .iHimber of tenders.

In. the great battfe between the English and
French fleets, in the reign of John and Philip IL
ithe English fieet consisted of 500 ships ; and at this
,saaie epoch William of Mahnesbury . describes the
English seamen as *' excelling all others both in
the art of navigation and in ^fating/' * Never-
theless the ships of war still continued of very
small dimensions, the largest in 1904 carryii^
only forty men.

It is not therefore extraord'nary that Henry a.d..*h.
III. should require 1,000 such vessels for his ex-
pedition to Gascony, nor that Edward III. should ^ p. im
have 700 English vessels and thirty-eight foreign
at the siege of Calais, the average crews of this
fleet being but twenty men. In 1859$ when Ed-
ward again invaded France with 1,100 vessels, it
^ is. probable this was the whole shipping of England
pDessed for the occasion into the king's service.

Henry IV. maintained the dominion of the nar- j^ i
row seas, and chastised the French and Flemings,
, .mho had presumed to insult the coasts, and inter-
rupt

* Ad fdea m^^y be formed of the stratagems then used in natal war by tbe

-kikMing. (n 1215, a French fleet bringing- over a reinforcement for Prince
^ JUooifly appeared on the coast of Kent, where it was attacked by an English

€eet under Philip d'Albiney, an^ was defeated witli considerable loss. This
'" Victok^iv said to have been chiefly owing to a stratagem o( the English *
« ^mmaote,' wha fining the wind of tbe French, bore down on them

with impetuosity, and. throwing in their faces a great quantity q( quick
\ lim^, wMch he had purposely taken on boardi so blinded thfim that they

tftrt SisftbM.ixw defeoding tlieBiselTet.

1414 1

I

I SCO.

68d MARITIMJB mOGRAFHT.

ri9tthfc.tra^ and under Ms sdCGetsdn Ihe mirf
losfc notlttng of its ren0wn« Hefify V. was vic-
torious by sea and laiid» and seems to be the isak

^^^ priAGe vho had any shipr his own property. In
has firist invasion of France, he had <* two laige
tfid beantifid ships^ with purple saib^ called the
King's Chttteber and King's Hall/'

Vil} '^^ umA and military strength of England

declined daring the long and disastrous reign of
Henry VL and the French insulted the coasts and
bunied the town of Sandwich. The dominion of
the narrow seas was however regained hy the great
Earl of Warwick, who was declared Lord High

,^•3} Admii^L Edward IV. paid great attention to
the navy, and in 14^5 invaded France with a laxge
fleet. This prince had also several diips of his
own, which he em^yed both in war and axa^*
merce on his own account.
iiu. Henry YII. also attended to the navy, and

though the kingdom enjoyed peace, a fleet was
always kept ready to act. The first ship of war,
in (he proper sense of the term, expressly built for
the public service, se^ms to have been in the le^
of this prince and was called the *^ Harry Gidee
de Dieu :'' she was 1,000 tons burden, cost
^14,000, and was probably the first two decked
sMp, as well as the first with more than two masta^
and she had four.

The second period of our naval history com-
mences with the reign of Henry VIII, when the
sea service first became a distinct profession, and
during which the Admiralty and Navy Boards,

and

IH7.

IIU.

KAVT. 68S

md the dock yards of Dq^^d, Woolwich, and
Partsmoiitb wen established. This prince also
farcqght shipwrights firom Itidy to instruct his sub-
jects m the art of constructioD, and the rules
d^mm up by his order for the civil regQlation of
ibe navy^ form Idie basis of its present govern-
ment. The ships belonging to the crown, how-
ever, still formed but a very insignificant portion
of the naval force, at the death of Henry the a^d.
royal tonnage being but 12,000. During the re^
of his successor, Edward VI, it continued nearly
stationary, the amount being at the death of tliis
prince fifty-three king's ships, of which twenty-
eight only were above eighty tons ; and the total
tonnage 11,000. During tiie unhappy reign of
Mary, the fleet declined, and at her death con- ^^
oisted of but twenty-seven vessels, and 6,000 to
7>000 tons and 3,565 men. Its expenses at this
epoch were estimated at «£ 10,000 per annum.

Elizabeth, soon after, she ascended the throne,
b^^n to increase the navy, both by the building of
ships expressly for it, as well as by encouraging
merchants to build large ships, proper on occasion
to serve as ships of war ; she also brought foreign^
ship builders into the kingdom, filled the arsenals
with navitl stores, cast iron and brass ordnance,
manufactured gunpowder, and in short acquired
die title €£ ^< The Restorer of Naval Power and
the Sovereign of the Northern Seas." ♦

The

• It is equally anmtiiig and faatractive to traee tiie ^ogreatof ideaa In
tba mwtdk of cWilizatioJU In the present statte of onr nairy f% cannot read

without

I«OS

684 MABITIMB GEOGRAPHT.

im. The' greater part of'^e naval fbrc^ however, stiU
Continued to be hired on the spur of the occasion
from merchants j asd of the fleet that destroyed tl»
Spanish armada,* consisting of I76 ships^ 31,989
tons, and 15,000 men, there only belopged to ibe.
crown, thirty-four ships, 12,590 tons, and 6»S7g^
men. t The largest of these vessels was 1,100 ton%'
and mounted sixty or sixty-five gum-t At ^A*
death of Elizabeth the royal ships were fcMty*twa,
the tonnage 17)055, and 8,346 men, and tbtf
expense of the fleet had increased to jCSOfOOO per*
anniim.

The

without amilfng the foUowiog obserratioiiB of a coteniporary wrilav *' TU
Queen's highness hath at this present already made and futnUied to tk»
number of one and twenty* great ships, which lie for the most part in
Giliingham Koad. Besides these her grace hath others ia hand aim.
bath likewise three notable galleys, with the sight whereof, and the
of the na^y royal, it is incredible to say how marvellously her grace is de-
lighted. I add, to the end that all men should understand somewluit of Oe
great fi^oMei of treasure dally employed upon our navy, how there axe
lew merchant ships of the fii-st and second sort, that being appare&ed and
made refidy to sail, are not worthy one thousand p&imds at the least, tftkef
should pDEsentiy be sold. What then shall we think of the nary royal* ^«C
wiiieb some one vessel is worth two of the other, as the shipwrights hac^
often told me." — HarriitofCs Description of Britain, 1577.

* The Armada consisted of 130 ships, ot ifhieh 100 were the brgeM cgnr
constructed, though not exceeding our present sixty-four gun ships, twefitf
raravallas or smaller vessels also accompanied ft. The Englisti, aware of
the uamanagcablcness of their great hulks, as wfsU as of the iBfanacitfflf <
thdr crews, did not hesitate to attack them with their small craft, only
taking care to avoid being boarded. To a complete def^t succeeded a storm,
by which many of the vessels that escaped burning or capture were wiedMd.
on tlie coast of Scotland and Ireland, and not one half t|)e fleet retnrvQ^
to Spain.

f In the American war Liverpool alone sent more tonnage to sea in
privateers, than the whole royal navy of England contained at this
able epoch, the number of prirateen being 120^ the tOBB^30^87a
l,$ft«, and men 8,754.

HATT. 685

Hiedefeat of tihe Spanish Armada transferred
the sceptre of the sea to the Dutch, for France
and England occupied solely by the humiliation
of the House of Austria, considered without
jealously the maritime superiority of the repub-
liCs and there being no occupation for a fleet
daring the peaceable reign of James I. the
navy, though it was not neglected, was not much
augmented ; indeed the number of ships decreased^*
but their size was considerably increased, the
fleet at the death of James being composed of
thirty-two or three ships of near 20,000 tons.

The improvements in shape, the rigging, and
furnishing ships that took place in the reigns of
Elizabeth and James, are thus noticed by Sir
Walter Raleigh. " In my own time the shape
rf our English ships hath been greatly bettered.
It i^ not long since the striking of the topmast
hath been devised. Together with the chain-
pump, we have lately added the bonnet and drab^
bier* To the courses we have devised studding-
sails, top-gallant-sails, sprit-sails, and top-sails.^
The weighing of anchors by the capstan is also

new/*

Charles I. in the early part of his reign, paid
considerable attention to the navy, particular-
ly in the increase of size ; and in I687 was
launched from Woolwich, the " Sovereign of the
Seas,*' the first three-decker constructed in Eng-
land i

« It is aUnost witliin our memory ttiat royals Md otIier> sm^l laUs haf •
jmcu allayed to frigates and lesser shipt.

I (Mb.

686 MARITIMS GEOGRAPmr.

land ; ♦ and in this reign ships were first classed
in rates. At the breaking out of the Rebellion,
the navy consisted of forty-two ships of 22,4*11
tons. The civil wars which deluged the king-
dom with blood, and brought her misguided
monarch to the block, caused a temporary neglect
of the navy, and it was also greatly reduced by
Prince Rupert's carrying off twenty-five ttips
in 1648.

The energetic measures of Cromwell, however,
soon not only replaced this loss, but in five years
the navy was increased to 150 ships, of which
more than the third were two and three deckers.
The Dutch now feeling that to divide the em-
pire of the seas was to lose it, opposed their mari-
time pretensions to those of the English, and
continued to dispute this empire during a bloody
war, which, though for some time indecisive, ter-
minated in their being obliged to give up the
contest, and sue for peace, which was granted on
the express condition of their acknowledjgmg

Ae

• Thii ship wu 128 feet keel, and forty-eight feet beam ; teoK^ otcr
aU233 leet. She had five lanthorna^ the biggett of which would mof
ten people^ upright^ had three flush decks, a forecastle, half deck, qiiar*
ter dfick, andtoond-hoiise. Her lower tier had thirty pona for cmbm
and demi-caiiMHi.

Middle tier, thirty for caWerins and demi-colvenns.

imrd tier, twenty^aiz for other ordnanee*

Forecast!^ twdve; and the two half dedn had iMMuii «r foutMi
aore porta within board for murdering pieces, beaides tea pieces of drnae
ordnance forward^ and ten right aft, and many loopholea in the cahinn
for mnsquet shot. She had deven anchorS) one of 4,100 IK She was of
the bwrthtfB of Ijm toifc

WAVY. ^ €87

the superiority of the British flag in the British
Seas.*

This war, which added to the number of the
navy by captures from the enemy, also greatly
improved the skill of the seamen. Hitherto die
naval commanders were chiefly noblemen, but
little acquainted with the profession, and who con-
tent with the honours of command, left the ma-
nagement of the vessels to the pilots. During the.
commonwealth, few nobles were found in the
public service, and the ships of war were gene-
rally commanded by persons bred in the merchant
service, who, however they might fall short in

polished

• The sovereignty of the narrow seas claimed by Engi^and Is of very
ancient origin, tlie writers on this subject assuring us, that Edgar, the
§tU Saxon liing of all England, directed hia sea offloers to Tisit all ahips
ngTigating hU seas, and to oblige them to salute his flag. The aane ob*
aenranoe was directed to be enforced by the ordinances of Hastings in the
i«]gD of John I and in that of Edward 1. in consequence of an iafiingfr-
ment of the rights of the British Seas.by Philip 1. of France, an assem-
bly was held at London, composed of English judges, with deputies from
Genoa, Spain, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Norway, and ocber 00m-
vercial phices, in which it was sotemaly adi^adged, that ** the kings of
England and their predecessors, btfore the mmnarif of man^ hare had Iho
avpreme government of the English Seas, and of the islands thereof/*

Tbia sairereigBty, in fact, was virtnally acknowledged by all the coun«
tri«8 of Europe, washed by these seas, in the Uoeaces they solicited for
tlielr subjects to fish on or traverse them. These lioente were constantly
graatcd by all tbe Princes from Edward I* to Henry VL ; were also granted
ft>r a valuable consideration by Queen Mary I. to the Nethtriaiiders \ and
the admirals of Henry IV. of France demanded permission of Elisabeth
ftir Rrtncbmen to fish in Asr seas for soles /br Me Kimf9 Mie. tn
t^54, an article was kiserted in the treaty of peace with HoUand, that
IKitch ships shouhi strike their flag or topsadl (0 English ships of war in the
SagUah Seas, as heretofore had been praetloed; and in a iabseqnent treaty
1^ 167S9 the article is renewed, but for the term British Seas, is sabstl*
tuted ** the Seas between Cape FinisteiTe and tbe middle point of the land
Van Stnten, in Norway."

taffk

totf.

688 HAftlTOfS 0IO6aAFHT«

polished edueatioti, were' expert seamen* Cranio
well raised the paj of seamen from nineteen to
twenty-foar sfailUngs a BKmtb ; and at his death
the fleet consisted of three first rates of lOQi
eighty, and seventy guns ; five second rates of
sixty -six to fifly-two guns i four third rates of
fifty-two to forty-four guns ; eight fourth rates
of forty to twenty-e^ht } ten fiilh rates of thirty-
four to sixteen ; and nine sixth rates of sixteen
to two.-^Total 157 ships, 4,S90 guns, and 21^10
men. The annual grant for the service {d' the
fleet during the protectorate was ^400,000.

On the Restoration, the JCHike of York was ap^
pointed to the post of Lord High Admiral, and
by his knowledge of naval affairs, and his par^*
tiality to the service, the marine was considerably
improved, and increased in efiicient force by the
greater size of the vessels. On the removal of
this prince from the naval administration in l673t
the fleet was again ifeglected, and the profligate
Charles dissipated the money voted for its support
on his pleasures, so that on the Duke of York's
being again placed at the head of the navy ia
1684,. only twenty-two ships were fit for sea, the
rest being totally out of repair or rotten, and the
arsenals empty of the in;»terials for their refitting.
The exertions of this prince after his resuming
the administration, ^nd also afler his accession to
the crown, being found incapable of restoring
the j(leet by the ordinary course, he suspended tba
navy board and created a commission of naval a£>
fairs, by whose exertions the fleet was soon . re-
stored

f 1*

Ae fleet at the R^v^tttitm con^SHed ot Vf9 seu
ticiJable ve«eto dF 101,999! toH *^^Sf ^ni^ aii(j'
4l!?,009^ ttien. The arsenals were at ^Hfe* siiteie tiriie
rfbfufldantly stored. ' ii« .'

'*'WflIiam m. on beftig cdftefl to ttt6 "^roiie,
fottfid himself obliged to declare war agaitist^ance,
wJKtte fi6et Was now formidable^ and' tff cotn|>ete
iMth ft, it therefore becaooe necessary to ^iricrease
Aat of England. A number of line df battle
diij!^ were accordingly bnilt, and at the close of »«^-
the war, the navy was composed of 323 ships and
vessels, of which five were three deckers. In 1700,
half' pay was established for the classes of com*
missioned officers.

{ Tliough during the reigns of Anne and George
L the nmnber of vessels decreased, being built
df' larger dimensions, the tonnage consideratbly
increased. At the death of the former the ships
wtere-Slfir, and the tonnage 167,219'; ^nd at the
dealii^Qf the latter, ships 233, and tonnage

I70,8(te.

••'' Th6 wars with Spain and Ffattce during the ^^* » '«^
nsi^ of George II. necessitated an increased ma-
rkib ; and at the accession of the present king, die
mltHber of vessels was 41*2, and the tonnage
dBl,{04.

**HiBre we may close this short sketch of
tftii^ tide and progress of the British navy ; and
rllfer the reader to the abstract at ^e end of the
voKime fbt the furliher increase in this Idng'
rjjj^'of teOr^ than hilf a century, during'more

^Voi- TV. 2 Y than

iri4«

1717.

^QO MARITIME ^^EOOBAPHT.

than half of which England has bad to contend mik
the maritime forces of the world*

The post-office and revenue s^ryicea. employ a
considerable number of vessels. The packets be-
longing to the former are.

Between Dover and Calais three packet^ ^

every day but Sunday.

- r Harwich and Holland, five packets.

■ ■■ .i. g Cruxhaven^ four.
——— — — p— — Gothenburg, four. ,
Holyhead to Dublin, six packets^ dail/;.
Milford to Waterford, six. . do. • do.
Fort Patrick tp Dpi^ghadee, six do< • do.
Weympyth tp Guemaey and. Jersey, twice

a week.
Falmouth to Lisbon, six packet^ every

Tuesday.

■ to the Mediterranean, seven

do. every third Tuesday.

■ ■■ to North America, two do. first

Wednesday in the montb«

' ■ ■ Jamaica, five do.

■ ■ ■ to. the liee ward Islands, four do.

thirdWednesdayinthemoDLth^

■ ■ ■ to Surinam, four do. second
Wednesday in the month*

■ to Madeira and Brasil, seven do.

first Tuesday in thp month.

It might be suggested, now the temple of Janm

is about to be shut„ at the same time that the

country will require a respectable^ but also an

economical peace establishmenty that the placuog

th«

-ri*-

iRArti 69i

tiie packets and revenue vessels dn the naval
establishment, would be a means of keeping
alive that professional knowledge which may pro'^
probablj gr(m rusty by a long inactivity, as was
greatly the case by the peace that intervened
between the American and revolutionary wars.

The immense extent of the navy necessarily
requires a number of naval establishments, for the
relief of disabled seamen and the widows of offi**
cers*

Greenwich Hospital, the grand establishment of

the former nature, has a revenue of upwards of

^150^000, derived from' the following sources :-~

Sixpence per month of the pay of merdnmt

seamen.

Sixpence per month from tiie pay of king^s sea<>
men*

Half-pay of officiers holding appointments.
Duties of the Nwth and South Foreland lights.
Income from real property.
Interest of upwards of one million in the
stocks.

The expienses of the establishment in salaries,
servants, repairs, &c. is «£20,000. The remain-
der is expended in the support of disabled seamen
in the hospital, and pensions for wounds, &c. to
others.

The chest of Chathi^m was an establishment
fojunded in 1590, by voluntary deduction of six-
pence per month from the wages of petty officers
and seamen in the king's service, for the purpose
of forming a fund to grant pensions to disabled

2 T 2 seamePf

6&X MARiTiBne neoGKAFHr.

si9il0Mni md mart nume^ to§ ksser vouiidB^ Tbo
annual revenue w £7^%Q0(Xp when it vas recoAf
united to the Greenwich instttiitioii^ making ^
vbple revenue of thi» establishment conmlsfabfy
^bove ^^Q0>000. In Greepwich Hosptial is tin
an iuBtttutioa for the support md educatioii of
1,000 children of setmen of both wxea. There
ia also a naval charitable spdbty^ founded » I791
by voluntary contributton of naval oiEcers^ fas the
relief of indigent widows and orphans of navab
oiOScers.

Thei. establidhflient named <' Naval Knights ^
Windsor," is fonn'ded oa the bequest of a Mr.
Traveca in V7^4t, but did not take eftct till 180%
owing to the legal objection of his heiiia^ A
handsome set of hoivas waa the& buiit near
Windsor Castle for seven lieutenant^ who bf
Mr. Tramrs^ wiU ai^e ito be single and witiiout
qhildreny ibey are to dine togetiiar in a ooounon
mesa roomj, and to receive sixty poua(b n year

«each»

The rewards to officers wounded^ are pensions
for life ; to tilie widows of officers, pensions from a
fond arisiqg from a stoppage on officers^ pa^.

The only establishments we know of for mer-
chant seMoen^ are an ho^ttal at Depl^Md under
the Trinity House, for decayed pilots andmas-
tecs of ships and tibeir widoiws, and another at
Newcastle*

The only pfublic ipstitution for naval edttcatmi
is. at Portsmouth, where besides, those who pay fin:
their education^ fifboen sons of naval offioars are

maintained

m tiftvd architecttire were added to the aouiemyi
fhMi wbom are . to be takisn the officers of the
buUdit^ depwtmeiit of the Dock-yards.

IRELAND.

<
Ieelaito is separated from Great-Britain by

the Irish Channel^ also called St. (jteorge's
Channel, though this appellation is more particu-
larly applied to the southern entrance, and that of
the North Channel to the north entrance, the
least breadth is between the Mull of Kintyre and
Tor Head, sixteen miles.

Ireland has a circuit of 250 leagues of coast,
and is so deeply indented, particularly on the west
coast, where the whole force of the Atlantic
bursts tin it, that it reckons fdulteen harbours for
the Im'gest shlpai, seventeen for frigates, and thirty'^
six for coasters, besides twenty-four good summer
roads.

We shafl commence our tour of the cokstt with
the province of Munster, and proceed by the
south and east coasts to The north point of the
island.

Thfe coast of Cfe^fe county ettetids from OaU a^.
way Bby to the Shannon, and though it had sevetid
bays, notify of tiiem form a good harbour. The
Shannon, the first river of Ireland, rises in the
county of Leitrim, passes through Loch Alli%
«fter fts issue from which it expands into the lodiS

• Eske,

\

XiUMffCwf

694 XAUTIME OEOORAPHT.

Eske, Ree» and Derg, the latter eighteen miles
long and four broad, from which it rolls a full and
large stream to the sea, into which it empties itself
by a great estuary fifty miles below Limerick, be-
tween the counties of Clare and Kerry, at Loop
Head, or Cape Lean, on the former, and Ballyleah,
or Kerry Head, on the latter, seven miles asun-
der. On Cape Lean is a light-house. The largest
merchant ships can ascend to Limerick, and small
crafl to near Killaloe, at the entrance of Loch
Allen, where it is crossed by a ledge of rocks.

Ascending the Clare side of the river we meet
Kilrush, and Clare the county town on the river of
the same name, seven miles from its mouth re-
ceives pnly boats,

L1MERICK9 on the left bank of the Stuumoiit
and partly on an island, has 50,000 inhabitattts,
being the third cily of Irdand. It exports provi-
sions and corn, and has considerable manufactures
of linen, woollen, and paper. Limerick was an-
ciently the strongest fortification in Ireianda and
has only been dismjmtled about forty yeacs.

^' On the coast of Kerry^ south of the Shamum
mouth, the first place isTEALEX, one mile finMa
. the mouth of thq little river Leigh, which receives
only fishing vessel^* and is a poor place thoi^
the county town, having scarce, any otiber busineBS
than the horriog fishery* Near tl^is part ^ the
coast are many saiai hills formed by t)ie wiodflb

and

and on some parts the sea gains rapidly. Other ^'
|>arts of this coast present the highest mountains
of Ireland. The peninsula of Dingle, between
Tralee and Castlemain, is of this last nature, and
behind it rises Brandon Hill a noted mark S,250
feet high. Many of the rocky cUffi that line the
shore are worn into caverns. On the north side of
the peninsula of Dingle, the harbour of Smeer* •
wick afibrds anchorage sheltered from all winds
but N. and N. W.

Dunmore Head is the west point of the penin-
sula of Dingle, as well as of Europe. Off it are
the Blasquet Islands, twelve in number, the larg*
est of which (Inismore) is a great mountain three
miles long and one broad. According to tradition
it was anciently joined to the main ; though the
tound that now separates them is of vast depth,
dnd the tides rush through it with great rapidity.
The great island is the only one inhabited, but
the others pasture cattle, and all are thickly stock-
ed with rabbits. On the great island ^e seen the
ruins of an ancient church.

IMngle Bay is a gulf six leagues deep and four
wide ; on its north shore are Ventry, a small town
and good haven, and Dingle, which has a harbour
for 100 ton vessels landlocked ; it exports some
butter and sheeting linen. Castlemain is a snudi
t«>wn twelve miles up the Main river, whick ftis
into the head of Dingle Bay ; vessels of rixty
tons only can cross the bar. Here are the niins
of an andttit castle, which stiQ has a sinecure
6ovi8tabIe«

fi T 4 Valentia

6^ MARITIMS G£09RAPHY.

jK>if|. Valentia Island, oa the south shore .of the eo»

"^ trance of Dingle Bay, is five miles long, and ex^

tremely fertile, forming the three good harboucs

of Valentia, Fort Magee, and Cahir ; the town

on the latter is a poor place.

The Skellig Three Rocks lay &W. of Vaientia
Island, and twelve miles from the main. Tliat
named tb^ Great Skellig rises in two pyramids of
naked grit*ston£, united by a space of three acres
of flat ground, on which are several cdls» thought
to have been clu^ls, this rock having beeo a
celebrated place of pilgrimage since the time of
SU Patrick i there was on it also an abbey of St»
Austin, and numerous crosses sdli remain. The
level part is covered with scurvy grass» and baa
two wells of slightly brackish water, several yanii
above the- level <^ the sea. All these rodn are
the rende^ous of migratory sea birds, but it ia
remarkable that the middle rock is alone rasorted
to by gamiets. -

Kenmare Rivtf is an inlet of the sea, tea
leagues long and three broad at the entrance. . It
abounds in fish, lobsters, crabs, oysters, muscles,
cockles, &c. ' and the numerous rocky islets ia it
are. covered with seals. It has several good roada»
but seUom visited, there bei9g no place of oon*
sequencQ on it Sneem Harbour is on the nosdi
ihorc^ fipm which a creek for boats goes up to tte
vilh^e qf BiaBJford.

mm^

<^ I>an^y l^d,.off tl^ touth i»pi|it of the ean
traaoe cef Kennuure^ is four miles, loiig fBfl <Nn

, biosd^

hvo^ i it is rocky and barren, and h^ btft one
^ot where landing is practicabiei evea in fioe
weather.

Bantry Bay forms one of the most capuciout
and secure harbours of the world, being nine
leagues long and two broad, and surrounded with
stupendously high rocky shores, with few intervalft
of beach. Nearly in the middle is Bear Island^
aix miles long, rugged and baiTen, but forming
between it and the north shore the harbour of
SeerhaveUt fit for the largest fle^» At the
bead of the bay is Whiddy Island, alsp formii^
an excellent harbour to Bantry, an insignificant
town without trade. Whiddy Island is ^nthrely
occupied by a deer park, rabbit warren, ^d sheep
pasture.

Dunmanus Bay is separated from that. of Baatry
by a pesinsttla, of which Sheep's Head is the e^
treme point. On the south point of the bay are
the ruins of three castles, whence it is called
Three Castle Head. Dunmanus is on the south
shoret and at the head of the bay, five leagues from
its eotarance, is the litde village and harbour nam»
ed Eour Mile Water.

Mizen Head, three miles S.E. of Three Caatle
Head, is the S.W. point of the main land of Ire-
land, and hence received the name of Notum Stom
Ptolemy. East ofit is Crook Haven, a filing town,
I9ith a harbour for vessels of fifteen feet» ha¥«
log a depth of three fathoms at Iqw water* ScuU
and Long Island Harbouri fiirtby east, are alsQ
St far vesseb of burden* Roarii^ Wa^ Bi^haa

its

6$$ UAxmm oobmrapht.

Its same fiom a river that falls into it, and fonm
a good haven for vessels of fourteen feet

Between Mizen Head and Baltimore are many
idandi^ of which the most deserving notice m
lliat of Oare, geiKrally called Cape Clear lalaiidt
the toutfaem land of Ireland $ it is three miles
long and one broad, and is inhabited by two or
SOO families of fishermen in several hamlets^
Hake is the staple produce of their fishery, which
they salt and dry with particular success. On
the south-west side of the island is a cieek, into
which a vessel may run in distress ; and in the in-
terior is a lake, the water of which has a soapy
quality, and is used by the inhd[)itants to-wskdi
llieir flax. Between Cape Clear Island and the
main is the island Inis Shircan, with the ruins of
a castle and abbey ; and three leagues west of
Cape Clear is a dangerous rock odled the Fastnet.

Bakiikiore is an insignificant town on a oove,
which with Inis Shircan on the west forms an ex-
. cdlent land4ocked harbour for vessels of nine
&et. It is worthy of notice, that Bfthifflore was
sacked by the Algerines in 1631, the remen^rance
of which is still in the minds of the peo{de^ and
is one of the causes of the place not inc^eaang.
A creek for boats goes up from Bdtimore haven
to Skibbereen.

Castlehaven Harbour has fifteen feet depth at
l«w watw ; to which succeed Glaudore, a small
hwen formed by two idands ; Ross Carbeny,
theiughthe see of a bishop, is a pow village, with
a haven only fyi small a$A, being filled up with

sand }

wnd ; Clonddlty is a small town, aoeessifaie coif ^-
to boats cf ten tons.

Court Madisheny Bay is between the Sev^a
Heads on die west, and the old Head of Kinsaie
on the east ; it is entirely open to the south, bat
at it| head is the creek of Tinokgue, into pfhkh
iressels of eight feet may run at half tide. The
4old Head of Kinsaie is a high steep point, with a
lighthouse. y. .

. Kinsaie is a town of 10,000 inhafaitaQts at the
mouth of Bandon River, which is crossed by a
bar with three fathoms and a half depth.- This was
formerly the only port of Ireland that had a depot
of stores for kiog's ships, frigates being able to
enter the harbour. The town is built sound the
foot of a hill, and, except the principal street
which follows the curve of the hill, is composed of
dirty narrow lanes and very old houses. On the
opposite side of the river are the two well-built
villages of Scilly and Cove. The harbour's mouth
f s defended by Charles' Fort, with a garrison of a
regiment of infantry and by a block-house. Kin-
sale has a custom-house, and some foreign and
coasting trade ; it is also a sea-bathing place, and
celebrated for its oysters. The river is navigabb
for boats to Inishannon.

Oyster Haven is a good harbour for small vcs?
9els drawing eight feet.

Cork Head and Pocmt Hea4 (a steep high pro-
laontory) axe the two points of a b^y, in the mid*
die of which is the entrance i^ Cork H^rbour^
one of the most oapapioiis 9iid wcujre of Ireland^

opening

700 MARITIMB OBIMflUPHT.

M opening firom an entrance about a mile^wide to a
fine basin^ in ^hich are three idands that break
the force of the tides and winds, and render it
man secure. Ships of var, and vessels mij
touching here, lay befote the town <^ Cove, a
mile irom the shore, in six to nine fathoms ; mer-
chant ships of burden run iq> to Passage, four
miles above Cove, and those of ten feet ascend to
Cork with the tide, and lay at the quays.

The dty of Cork, the second of the kii^om,
is fifteen miles from the harbour's mouth, and- is
situated principally on several marshy islands^
£>rmed by the river Lee, which caused it to be
formerly intersected by many canals, but most of
which have been arched over and formed into
•treets, leaving only the two main branches of the
Tiver which surround the town.

The population of Cork is thought to amount
to 100,000, and it has the privileges of a comity.
It is of very ancient foundation, being waEed
round by the Danes iurthe ninth century } a veiy
few vestiges of these walls however remain, nor
has this city a single street or square deserving oT
particular notice ; some of the new streets are
however regular, and the houses handsome, and
the principal maiicet is one of the most conve*
nient of Europe.

The trade of Cork consists in the export of
beef, pork, butter, tallow, candles, raw and tan-
ned hides, calve skins (50,000), rabbit skins, wool
and woollen yam and linen. The export of beef
has considerably decreased, the slaughttf of cattle

fix>m

XUXANII. 7OL

ffom 100U90(^ io the seitton betweea Ai^^ audi ^-
Jhnu&iy beii^ reduced to «0|OOQL It wms

Bctf. Butter.

In 1745 100,000 barrels.** 84,000 ,cwt.

In 1773 .292,000 •'•••120,000 , .^

Inl8b6,...,. I60,00a '

The entrance of Cork Harbour i& defended bj.
a fort, mounting twenty twenty-four, pounders^ and^
by several batteries. The town of Cove is on Loi^
Island separated from the main by a channel, .fit
only for boats when the tide is in. The river Lee
has a course of about fifty miles, and would be
navigable for smaU craft ten miles above Cork^
were it not for the salmon weirs that cross it. The
s^mon of the river are abundant, and the oysters,
of the hacbour are much esteemed.

Youghall, at the mouth of the Blackwater, *or
Avonmore, is a populous town on the aide of »
hill. Ita haven, formed by a pier and quay, re«.
ceives vessels of fifteen feet, and it has some.
foreigp and coasting trade. The Bkckwater ha»*
Sk course of sixty mile^, and was formerly navi-
gable for large boats ta the town of Mallow, forty
miles from its mouth, but by the elevation of its
b0d» boats can now ascend only to Cappoquin,
tea milea above YoughalL The sea has evidently
encroached on this part of the coast, the bea^b '
at k>w vat^r mask being a bpg covered with
sea ^and, uad.er which ajce found the remains of
trees.

. Between C^k and Yoi^hall is BaUycotton
Bay, bounded on the west by BfJIyepttp9 Island^
aqd on the east by Ring Point and Cable Island.

BaUycotton

70S BIARITIME GECKmAPRlV

Ballycotton Idknd k a high lump of rodr^ the
KMTt of sea birds. This bay is bordered ^j a
fine sandy beach, four miles long, and abounds m
lobsters, sea trotrt^ and iSat fish. It appears die
most eligible spot of the south coast of Ireland
fi>r the establishment of a sea bathing place, and
should the Irish ever catch the rage of thus
spending their summer from the sister island,
a new Brighton will probably rise on the beach of
Ballycotton.

Waterford county has but twelve leagues of
coast, which i& mountainous, the highlands of
Dungarvon, Cappoquin, and Knockmeledown,
affi>rdii|g long seamarks. Dungarvon ia an old
town, with narrow and dirty streets, surround-
ed by ancient walls, and having fihe ruins of
a cartle built by King John. It is pleasantly si-
tuated, and hence is visited by sea bathers. Its
diief business is the fishery, particularly for bake,
in which it emplo3rs fifty to sixty boats, and sends
the produce, as well as a great quantity of pota-
toes, to Dublin.

Tramore Bay is entirely open, and has some-
times been fatally mistaken for the entrance of
Waterford harbour.

Watsrfohd, the third commercial town of Ire-
land, with the privities of a county, has 36 fiOO
inhabitants. It is situated on the Suire, four mila
above its junction with Waterford Haven, ves*
sels of 500 tons ascasding to its quays* It has

aeon-

I

^

« <x)nside}rable tcadet .chiefly in ti^ eKp«(t^.4»f p)o.
yiai(ms» ptirtiqidarly letter .(70jPOO caalu a. year V
and S,OOO..hog9 are slauglfit^!^ every week . in ihft
iieaaoa. It sends seventy v«H9d9 tp Newfouod-
^d. It alaa exports wood for dyiqg; Here it
a buildiiig .yard for merchant vessels. Packets
sail between this port and Milford. The Suire
is navigable for boats to Carrick, twelve milea
above Waterford. On the east point of the en«
trance of the harbour, is the Hook light-house,
and on the same side is Duncannon fort, which
commands the port«

The Barrow empties itself into the head of wS!^
Waterford Haven separating Waterford and Wex«
ford. It is one of the largest rivers of Ireland;^
md is navigable for small vessels to Ross, a
thriving place, with some trade. The province of
LEmsrisK has thirty leagues of coast, but is de-
ficient in good harbour. The first is that of
Feathard, a decayed town, with a small dry Ude
haten for vessels cf six feet.

The Saltees are two large rocks surrounded by
many others, off Feathard, and the Tusker Rock
is «two 'leagues E.N.E. from Camsore iPoint, the
8v£. pohit of Ireland.

Wexford, on the Slaney, has 9}000 inhabitants.
The river's mouth is crossed by a bar, witib fif-
teen feet at high water, but it is encumbered wfth
sands. Wexford has scmie flourishing wocdien
nnmu&ctures* '*

Between

I

9M MARITIME ^MWRAPHT.

-' Jtetwee» WefxftrA ahtf DiMn Bay tii^ tMM
ii Ikiecl by dangerous banks, particidarly dflT
ArldiMri ai neat UMld (own c^ th^ Qf9, Bfol
wMMrot: a porti i^aidtf being <ri[)ligfkl to ancAr^ 91
the 0pan road, cotiBeqmiftly k Is ORly'vfAtedF iir
gaimafr Arklow ia ftnieiia for Ae desperate
tatdd between the king^ troofM and rebefe nt
IVdt* It idM deserrefi to be remarked, that ddmtf
yenrff since* a considerable quantity of rifgin ^kl
vnm ooHected in the bed of a rihni^et, seven waieS
firOoa tbis^ town, one piece of widdi weigbedt
twenty*two ounces. « The spot wks ta&ten pos-
•ession of by government and tiie search dis^

The town of Wicklow, on the Leltrim, re-*
tme» otify vesaefe ^ nine feet at high water, it
has soflfie trade* with Ditblin and expcHis a cbni
ilidaraUe quanftty of ale^ On Wicklow Head; ibi
MNtb potfat of Wieklow Bay, are two HgfatJiouses.'

I M

.1*

Bray is a fiihing town, soirth of Ae
^ DiibltD Bay« - ^ i}

: DfjBUN Buy ialanited by Ddlray IslaoA^oft llnil
ao«|;h, mmL by. the peaiBsiia of Howth itra^ ^li^
umth, the distance being six mileA Thtf-alMiy
oftbobayare highly pioUuiisq^ and^biaiftfblMMP
justly: cpixiparedy in thak tesjpeet^i to Ihfe baj^^tflf
Naplei*. XbesQutb shone risos^aiDfbfllK
l^Mrarda^the hi% WicUow moHQtaiAS^ the rioilfciP
lower and more levd. The esposui^^f »tM^ Vmy^

to*

. • • ,»

}

tD,the ewtif hvweter, leodeai it tmA fiv fao^
ships. 4

Dalk^l^ idand cpntaini abcriit fi^itev aoPM of
salt mai:sk £>r jiastiirnig aheap ; it ia luii&hiAifced^
is a qvaiter of a mile «ff Aon, the channel
between havii^ eight iathoms depth* little
Dsilkeya or MuggeU is close te if, and the vittogt
9£ Dalkey is opposite them on the maaw

The places of any note on the south shoie
of DubllB Bay are» Dunleary, two miles and a
half from Dalkey» which h» a pier havea £»f
vessels qf light burden^ the dqrths being nine
£eet high water neiB^ps^ and twebre at springs }
Black Rock is a haadeome town^ beaittifaUy sii»
tuate4» apd miieh frequented £6r sea bathings

The hasbour of Dublin is at tiiie moalih of tha
liffey, before which are two sands» called theMottlfc
and Soath Bull, formiag a baar that admib' only
fourteen feet vessels at high water neapsi. and tbosa
of sixteep feet at high water ^rings, but thisy lay
aground« The JJfky has a course of fifty miles^
but above Dublin is useless to navigatimk On
the south side of the liver^s mouth a causeway
has been oonstmcted^ thvee miles long, at vast
aspeofie, ef blocks of gfaoite c^mented» and
€iwa^d together wida ifon» which fi>nn8 the
Mad to Dublin, being forty*six feet wide at top^
9ad five feet above the high water mark. At its
eortiemily is a handsoise light-house, and two
asiles from this point a basin 900 feet kmg
and 450 broad, for the reception of the^padcets.
From this causeway, named the South Wall, the

voju IV. 2 2 riv^er

p

709 MAfilTItfB .4]i)B0MAPHY«

each side to receive vessels* .

Dublin, the Eblana of Ptole0iy» is esttmated
to contain from 180 to 200,000 inhab}tant$»
and generally excels Lonrdon in regfcilari^ kbd
elegi^ce. The river is also Hned bjsonie Hiiid''
some qnays, with docks for the vessels, and* tb4
custom house is amongst the handsomest buildings
in Europe.

Oontarf is a lai^ pleasant sea bathing vi)«
lage, on the north shore of Dublin Ba^r.

North of the peninsula of Howfb^ at the nortii '
point of Dublin Bay, is the island named Ireland s
Eye, and here a haven has been recently con«
structed for large vessels, by running a pier frdm
the head to the island. On tiie head is a %ht-
hoiise«

North of Howth are the Creeks i!it Baldoyfe
and Malabide, with ten or twelve feet at high
water, to which succeeds Rogerston Hatbour^
within Lambay island, it has also but ten feet.
The island is two miles and a half off shofe. Is
about three miles in circuit, and uninhabited, but
abounding in rabbits and sea fowl. Prcfe^edlng'dlii
is^Rosh Harbour, formed by a pier, with xAfi^ <)r
teh &0t,.^4nd the harbour of Skerries, fbnned }Sfi .
quay, with ten or eleven feet springs ; before tC ii
St: Patrick's Island* Balbriggen, a fishlng'tbwn,
has a quay haVen, witii twelve feet Oft each ef
these little havens, between Dublin and the
BoyiK% ja ^ fishif^ viilage, . * « - . j^.

The

* «.

i»f sea coast and no port» "-^ ^ ' •;"-^

I 'J?)!^ Bp;}^!^ Eiv^r, or as it is C2dje4 by the ,In^,^
JS^j^Q ,^ater^, separates tlie counties of Ea^^*^
iS|eath apd Louth ; it lias a considerable lei^tb of
course^ atid i§ navigable some miles, but its m^uth
is crossed by a bar, with but eleven feet at high,
leater, and nearly dry at .low. It is celebrated in
Irish history &r the defeat of King James's army
by KijMf WUliam, in I690.

D^OGiiEpA, yrhich has the .privileges of a
cDuntyi is situated on both sides of the !boyn^^ .
two miles from its mouth ; it has 1,^00 inha*
bitantSi and exports provision^ and corni vessels ,
of 150 tons going up to its quay.

iDuKbA|.K4 the county, town of Louth, is a con*

siderable, ancient and thriving town, with the only.

man uffctures of cambric in Ireland; its princip^ .

street, is broad and a mile long.^ It lias a qtjay for

snciaU ipercbant vessels*
Jt^b CWlingford is a deep inlet separating the

counties of Louth and Down, it is well . sheltered

aqji has water for the largest ships, but several

rocks render the entrance dangerous. . Carling* .

for^,w on the south shor^ three miles within th^.

entrance, is a declined place worthy of notice

only for a castle and for its iine oysters.

»

Nedtbt 9xi a riv«r that &U0-ittt9 th^ kesA^^ft^

i

70s MARITIBCB €^e(^BAPHT*

^^^^' Loch GMlirtgfonJ, is comiflciNa'ffce Alfai>

ml t(ywn 6f Irdand^ exporting b<midld€»dMki qtkm
titles of provisions and grain. ' * Vessds of SOOHtitt
go up to its quay, and it cobmtitii<:al:tt ipoth^^t^
inland country By the New Cknal. Thtcf'toWn h
built' at t^e foot of a hill, one df thfe tjdoiHicatiMfa
of the mountams of Mome, whieh cbjnttkace tti
the north sliore df Loch Carfifigftiyd,* and h ^
highest ridge of Ireland, Stave Donard^; eroc of fhe
summits, being Si368 feet. • ^ * *

Dundrum is a pleasant village on a hay abound-
ing in sea trout and lobsters* Both the bay and
harbour are dangerous^ the latter being crossed by
^ bar on which the sea breaks except in the finest
"weather.

kiliough, or Port St. Anne, h a pier haven for
vessels of 150 tons, which has raised the tc^wn
from a poor hamlet to a place of some eonsiden.
tion. Ardglass, half a league further, ancMidy
the second town of Ulster, is now reduced to Jin
insignificant village t its creek admits only boats*
Strangford Haven is an inlet> five miles and a half
- long to a mile broad> passing through which Xm^
Strangford is entered, a basin fifteen nnfeli^'long
and five broad, with good anchorage all over'h;
th^re is ho^ev^r considerable daasger hk ehbeiiig
from the rapidity of the tide, which sua t^niles
an hour. The l.och alK)unds in 'fislv j^totieoiariy
smelts, and in it are fifly-foor islands of diflenent
si2es, most of ^ich pasttin^ cattle. The '- tomtt of
. . ' Strangferd'ls on the weM shiarrfe' of ^km kaitnmce^
. H&w miles from the sea ttnd one Ihom tht entrance

of

/

of the LoChi Down Patrick, on a creek in the €^««r aw».
S» W/ part of the Loch» is the chief town of the
county : it derives its name from a great artificial
mouDty supposed to be a work of tlie DaoeSi but
Vbich.tha Irish « ascribe to St. Patrick* Vessels of

• iHy tans go up to the quay and it tias some tnadtf.
Opposite Strangfocd is the little market town of
Portferryi, from whence a good herring fishery is
carried on.

Between Loch Stmngford and Don^hadee the
tihore is lined by great rocks. Donaghadee has a
pier haven with ten feet high water springs and
eight at neaps.

Belfast Loch separates the counties of Down
and Antrim : its entrance is three leagues wide, and
it is easy of access and well sheltered. Off Nout
Head,the south point of the entrance, are Copeland
Cross and Mew Island. Copeland Island is two
miles in circuiti is fruitful in oats and barley, and
rears great quantities of poultry. On Cross Island
is a light-house, usually called Copeland light.
^ Bangor, on the south shore of the Loch, has a
pidr haven with seven or eight feet.
. .B£ii.PAST| the fifth town in population and the '^"••

• rthird in commerce of Ireland, is situated on the
r Xagan, a »nall river which falls into the I^och, five

t^fkgueB fxom the sea and receives vessels of 1^50

tidbs. It has 18,000 inhabitants an(t is well built,
.ilwifi a. great export of beef, pork^ butter, linen,

: 9nid glasfif In 1775 the customs produced i?64,800;
, ia W97^ iC87,000 } and in 1802^ jCg46,890. It

.kes barracks &r 800 men.

i z 3 Caerickfergus

710 MARirrBfi; obo^rapht.

4s^ ' ' (SABftxcKtERODbs ttte cHef lowh offtrc <:o%»ify^
Antrim, is pn the north shore of Bdftst Loeliy ft
iias' a pier vithih which is seven 6t dght feet ki^
"water spniigs.'

T\it h^bocir of lame is sdall, hktpfmpfxtfk
vessels of ten feet w)k) lay afloat quite huoRlijpKli^
It ' is formed on tbe south hj the penmsuiiii 4/
Magee,

' The Bays of Glenarm and Red Bay are g^m^
but without shoab, and then supceed Cadu^iaH
and Cushindin Bays^^ witif good ^ncl)orf^ ja off
Bhpre winds.

Tiie north coast of Antrim presents an imnieitte
and interesting field for observation to the gtoUv
gist, in the basaltic, limestone, and chalk difi that
compose it. According to Mr« Hamilton, this
coast ^^ seems to have been originally a compaot
body of limestone rock considerably higher tbas
the present level of the sea, over which at 90019
Jater period extensive bodies of vitrifiable atone
have been superinduced in a state of softness. Tke
priginal calcs^reous stratum appears to be very
much deranged and interrupted by these iocit»u
bent masses ; in spme places it is depressed greelly
below its ancient level, and in others again etne^ee
and recovers itsi qriginal height, . In this mmmt^
and with such repeated vicissitudes of elevatioii and
d^piression, it pursues a course of fifty miles^along
this northern coast^ from the Loch of Carnck^igcei
on the east to Loch Foyle on the west. Tbe sdb*-
stance from which the limestone seems ihus to
have shrunk and buried itsolf under the covering

of

m. • ^

s} ^ Tlp^Viost looted poiuts on this baaaltic cqa^t an
Tor Head« a promontoiy on which are tti^ruiu^ ff£

-S^mfmtf^F^rU fUr Head C^^rnnar^ of the Irish,
BQhgdm0t(^^U>\emy) the north cfast point of th^
taai4l£Mid of Ireland^ ia a vast promontory 900 fo^
above the sea and forming the east limit of Bal}/-
^•fftlefiay^ ^* It presents to view a mass of i(tid#
jeoiiMilDar stones many of them exceeding SOQfeM
ixk length, and at the base of these giaantie
columns lies a wild waste of natural ruins of an
toofwous size, which in the course of ages have
boen tumbled down from their foundations by
ftarms or some more powerful operations pf na-
jture. A savage wildness characterizes this great
proaaontory, at the foot of which the ocean rages
pith uncommon fury : scarce a single mark of yege*
tatimi has yet crept over the hard rock to divert
miy its colouring, but one nnifbrm greyness clothes
tbe^ scene all round/^

* Eight miles west of Fair Head is Bengore Head»
composed <^ a number of capes formed of difierent
•adages of basaltic pillars, aind presenting an ua-
sjivalled pile of natural architecture, wlierein *< all
the nwt regularity and elegance of art are united
|o the wild magnificence of nature.^'

Ftom the south part of the promontory of Ben^
gore pngects the celd)r^tied Giant's Causeway (JOO
iofit into, the sea ; it is formed of perpend^culy
ptU^mi of basaltes ui numjper . exceedinig 3^000,

S^ z 4 standing

/

Vl% MAaiTIMX 6BQGRAFHT.

$tu^ngin Aop9fA with eadbi otber ^ exfaj^iHqy
a soit of polygon pavement, ftomevfaat rftiatnhUiy
the ^pearwce.Qf a BoUd honejttooib* TbefiiUais
.are arr^iular prisma from three to eight fiide%
hut the hexagonal ones are aanp vermis a^^jthe
rest tpg»thier» . .

On a minute inspectipn e^ch piUa^ is fi)Ufl4 to
be sepijahlf^ into feveral joints, whose iirtv^^om
^e neat and coo^pact heyond expression, the oqh*
vex termination of one joint always nie«tiii{g..a
concave socket in the other.

The island of Reghery or Ratblin of the mups^
six piUes from Fair Head, is also an object worthy
ef notice for its basaltic cdumns and chalky cUfii
and &r the phenomenon of mirage similar to the
Fsta Mnq^^ often observed in tlie strait that
separates it from the main. Ttiis islaiid is five
miles lo^Ag and three quarters of a mile biwdt
having a large concavity on the south side opftmtt
the. ijia^n th#t form? t^ good road in asodemte
weather. The island has 1,100 iobabilaittik vho
jCjid^tvate some barley, rear shee^ stuA bum Mp*
pf whii;h 100 tpns are exported*
, The only villages on the north coast of Ai^fwi
are B^lypistle opposite R^ery Island*. wUcft^has
a tittle pier haven for vessds of 1^ tiwvi antl
ports jCTfOOO worth of cosls a year^

Betnmtng' to the Bay ci Galwby we Aaff \aom
proceed along the west coast of Ireland.
*'■' Galway Bay is six leagues wide atel* selren deep,

and

lihtf hii^n great many islands' feefSrc ilf aM klbnj^
shore north and sotrth. The principal of these art
the three Arran Islands, with good channels int6
Uie bay between them; they belong to dare
<jomrty. There sure many anchoring giounds in
the bay but no good harbours, and with S. and
S.W. winds a heavy swell rolls in.

Galway, the chief town of Connaught and the
seventh or eighth of Ireland, is situated on the
broad and stony river by which Loch Carib empties
itself. It is a well built town though rather crowded,
and many of the houses 200 years old, chiefly of
stone with prqjeptitig balconies ; the streets are
long and narrow, and the whole is surrounded by
landent walls fast going to decay. Vessels are
obliged to anchor in the bay and discharge ihto
lighters. Its chief business is the linen trade and
salmon and herring fishery, the latter of which
employs some hundred boats.

The coast north of Galway Bay is Hned by
inany rocks and islets, the enumeratibri of
"whitih would be useless and tiresome. The bays
towards Sline Head are Casleh Haven, flt for ves-
sels of nine or ten feet ; Greatman's Bay, well
shciHered for vessels of twelve feet ; Casheen and
'Kitkerran Bays, fit for large vessels j Birterbui-
Bay, capable of sheltering the largest fleets j
Roundstone Bay, fit only for small vessels. Sline
Head, the west point (£ Galway, is jrocky, and
'Steep to. '

North. of Siine Head are Cudbear Bay,; encum-
bered

ft^ito.

Tlji MABITISBaOSMBAPHT.

®±!'- ixredfmtha^landkjcidisiciQS^ but ajilb iao^ii^*

* ■ • • *

lend' witbin. Koite ami ^Initb caotkuie^jO Hm
Aeahore betwieiiCii^^dar and Cbggw : die lai^M*
ly^argood coa4f '^and to itsutieeeda B^Un Nalpfi
HatrbiMir £t{ot tbe largest sfaipa* Ck>iit)imii)g akipg
ctore^ which is sttE lined with islands* vfc jcom^to
t)ie ;KiUei^ Harbour, , sepinxBiiag Gabray. atid
Mayo, capacious and fit for large flbips^.tb^a S»l*
roke Harbour, deep but so narrow that it requires
a leading wind to go in or ouU

New Port Bay has sevei^ good roads for thifi
largest vessels, being four leagues loqg iritb wt»y
isiaods. Before it lies Gare Island with a cwl^e.
The next .bay is that of Blacksod, fanned by
Acfail Island oa the soutli* and affording a lanil-
locked barbour for the largest ships, die entrance
being four miles wide. Broadhaven is the next
bay, and has sufficient depth but not ^ace for niore>
than two large ships. Amongst the islets which
sIbH ;:Mitmue to line the coast, the most coQspirt
cuous are those called the Stags of Broadbavm^
xvbere oetnmences an interval of clear ooaat booftd
by steep rocky cli&.

KillaJa Bay ia a tolerable anchors^, ao4 At itf
head is the town of Killala wit^ a harbour, ottKieii^
by. a bar with ten feet high water nenp.u^fl^
ivnd i^ithin it vessels of eight. pr nine feet,. l|()f:
perfectly safe, and vessels cf twelve feet ini||(glrtt
i n to it /with . high springs* KiUaku , thiwgh. . a bi^
shoprick, is a poor town with little ptb^buii^fttfL
tliun a fishery.

.1 *

siigQ

^ >4bgo Bbiy, : Lignm cf Skdemy^ is MmfkoacHk
Md has several good roads and harbaiitS'X*;atiiaBf
tte latter are. Oyster Island Hasboiiiv nher&iis
ithjHde fatboiAs depth at; low ivateiv and aiqwajn
9^he totni of Si.100 is oil b areek r at tiie^heiid df
Ae bay, and has^ 8,000 inhabitants ; thovgh mfe
M* of fiOO tons can go up to the quay at spring
tld^Sy it has Uttle trade.

^mmmi

The coast of Donegal is mountainous < iind '^'^
4i^ary, the sea air preventing the growth of zay
trees, and the drift sand continually shif(ing»s

Donegsl Bay is six leagues wide and seir^si
dl^p, and contains many harbours^ particularlj
t^ following : — Milk Haven, a creek for vesiek
df eight or nine feet ; Ballishannon Harbour^ also
dnly fit for small vessels ; Donegal Harbour is ^
pool o& the east side 4)i a peninsub^ Wo Jiylea
below the town, where vessels lay afloat intwotor
three &tl)pms. Dokboal, on the river Eske^ haf
4r miH^ket but is an inconsiderable place.

, On the north sh^M'e of Donegal Bay 9ie Inver
Bay, with a quay for vessels of eight feet, and
lUllybegs^ Harbour fit for large ships^ The.|;awn
cf Killybegs is chiefly inhabited by fishermen^ », i

. Prom the bay of Donegal the coast is Used with
^riands, one group of which is called the Biosee^
iOid the largest is Arranmore^ nine miles in ciraiit
and one mite from the main. On this idapd is the

• *

^^llage of Ruthuid, latterly founded as' a fishing

station. ,. .. -

Sheep Haven is spacious but exposed to N. and

710 MAKrnvK obmeapht.

K.£« ; iitar it is Horn Head setQarkalile for a sea
worfi csLvettif with an opening to the land ttirough
Whidi the waves force up a column of water, wiA
a noise that is hetad thirty miks. Mulroy fiar«
Txyuris lit for the largest ship8> but the channel
is narrow and dldSM^ult*
Loch Swilly is a capacious* inlet twenty miles

long and two broad, forming one of the most per*
feet harbours in the world ; but having scarce even
a villiGige on its shores^ it is totally unfregueiited
except by an occasional ship for shelter. Loch
Strs^bragy, further «ast, is fit only for small vessels.
From iience the coast forms many noted promon-
tones, of which the most conspicuous are Malin-
liead) the extremity of a peninsula }^ and Coldah
Head, the north point of Irdand.

Mb

Lodi Foyle or Hole is an inlet eighteen miles

long and eight broad ; its entrance is one mile and

a half wide with eight and ten fathoms, and on

the south side of it is the Ttms Bank, on which

the sea breaks with great fiiry. The Loch'^flers

a secure haven for the largest fieets*

* LoNDoNDSRET, at the head of Loch Foyle, is^a

neat town on the river Foyle, which is croa^ed.by

a wooden bridge of masterly con&tmctioa) l^Q^S

feet long. The town has 10,000 inhabimnts^ ^od

a. considerable trade with America an^ Ei^^aad.

, Its exports ate linen« linen-yam, ^nd th^ produce

^f the ishery ; large vessels go up tott^ jtcnra,

; which is surrounded by wallp, and baiitft 0i3«t4ry

, gqverpor. ^ Hie rainfi of several iEiEir^ess^aare s^n

; " on

^n the banks of the river. Ne^ptoa LimsvacLi^
i^ a thriving village, on ai creek of the eastihoro
of Juoch Foyle.

'the Ban ^ater is one of lihe most pi(;tuTesqii^
rivers of Ireland, running throv^k Loch Neagh' an$
emptying itself with a rapid axui broad stri^ni^
but crossed by a bar with only ten feet at high
water springs. It has the most productive salmon
fohery of Ireland,, renting for jC6,000 ; the fishery
is ifrdm January to August, and 1,452 6sh* have
been taken in one sweep^ and 400 tons 'in a sea-
son. Its eel fishery also rents for j?l,000.' Cole-
raine, four * ihiles and a half from the entrance of
tbe river, is a handsome town of 4,000 inhabitants
and considerable trade, exporting butter, hides ahd
salmon ; in 1801, the customs produced «f 6,000J

The last place before we come to the Giant's
Causeway is Port Rush, a creek fit only for ves-
sels of seven feet who lay aground at low water.
• • ••• • •

CANALS.

The csqpabilities of Irekad for inland 'navigki* <^
tian are exceeded by few countries, if the prihei-
pal mers were improved and united by canaft. Of
the latter three only deserving mention have 'been
drecuted* The first is named theGrand Canal, 3M
unites the Shannon and Liffey, running siicty-one
miles and a half through the counties of Dubiiti,
KSdane, and Kaig's; ft a)80 conlmahfeates iy
cOli4tMal bratichea with the Boyne and Barrd^«
The ttmnanttl iafive ftetdeap, t^elodaeighl^ifeit
Umg and 8Jx«e«R wide, built of hewn stone* TB«

Limerick

limeffieit Cttul, from liueifck Mb» IbeftnaB,
dkkfly itttendetl to sisipply Iiimerick \»itb^t(
Tfi« Vtwry Canal' opens 8 comtttuncatioix
Newiyhy the Ban- River into* Loch Tffeaghi WA '
tke Bel&st Canal fmns a communicaittott betweisii .
Belfast and the same loch, by the Lagan- Rt^etr. ^
.1 . • ' ^

I 1

After bemg occupied 1.000 yearabf araoeiof^:
Celtic barbarians, Ireland was invaded by Mm*
£aat .Gothsien» and, according to ^ WiUim
Petty, '^ there are no vestiges remainii^^ tt> leaA '
to ihe suppositioft that the Irish had liven asy'^
ftonehonse^ any money, any fore%n trade» any
learnings but the legends of saints ; nor any inattu*
facture, nor the least use of navigation or the art
inilitary.? . . , .

. The conquest of the island by Henry II. may
be considered as the commencement af colonisfo^
tion flf a countxy inhabited by barbarians, bat by
baibarians who did not submit quietly to tlMfc yok^
of their more dyihzed conquerors, aild ltene^<f<ir
four centurks the ewprd was seldom dbeacti^^ *
The first proof we have of the progtess of oH^iM* -
ratidain die extension of commerce, is'in^ariiiyd^
ing account of its trade in 14>37» whldi »0fM<l» -:
the exports of hides^ skins of wild aaimalS) wiibt '^
undUnen cloth. * :m.^

At length in the reign of JasMis 1 the fci^
were brought under the sahitary restcaiatxif^law^^i "*
and jdie number of Engliih wiNi' Mttled^^ 4h^
^untry pi^ed the spirit of coninlinMal' ecltcif^*

prize

« ¥

■ •.< . ^)fyiMtyiki.* ':^, .». 719-:

pfize^iM^Sgduatxy to ^a, extant: |>ell)f^.>gplqK(^

the aaftVQ Ix^h. The iroa \Forkf. w^t^^atttwk
tuM^tl^e chief object of spyecuktioiii, ;;and ther d^-;

tm^tion <^ tioiber fbr ih^ir UBe^-as well 99)itfi;«xV;
port^r^uced the island from one'4vaat ^est;
nearly to- a oaked waste* y> .,x V.

* The rebellion of 1641 threw Ireland back into
barbansm, from which however she again emerged
at'ibe restoratian, and the progress of hnproi^-*
mmt went on until the oivit war of . the mrolotioii
agnin' waidted'the country, and had the most bane-
fill e&etB on its industry. With tranquillity, faoww
ever, retiu'ned commerce, and in spite of all the
ervors of legislation, tlie intiigues of faction, and
the horrors of rebellion, the progress has gone oo
and still continues y for the proof of which . we
refer to the abstract at the end of the volume.

The tmde between England and Ireland consists
in the export of manutactures, coals and colo*
nial pffo^ucc^ and the imports q£ salt provisions^
biittor, Ikien^ and corn.

- To the- Baltic Ireland oends the same ejects as
to SngjlAUd, 9Md receives oak bark, herrings, flax,
koV^ <ti), potaab, and naval stores.

To* HoUand Ireland formerly sent her staple
pr^dwtion^, and received flax, iinseed and Unseed
oil;. thtfead> iron, steel paper, starch, suuff, gin, and
garden seeds.

. XcvJFraoce Ir^nd sent her staples, and received
wi^^^ CstpetBp cork, brandy, oil, asnd paper.
* J}hfi tPtaifobetweenlrelaiid and JSpain was aSmosfc
entirely. agaifltt the former, the exports l^eing a

trifling

720 MARITIlitS GM^RAFHV.

triiliiig quantity of linea and wit fisb^ ind tlieiflk
about X 100,000, chiefly barilla.

To Portugal Ireland sends butter chiefly, and
imports wine, salt, oiU oranges and lemons^ cork
and barilla.

Ireland has some trade with the British Ame*
rican colonies for their produce, and also sends
ber own ships to the West Indies ; but by far the
largest proportion of the colonial produce cobshoi*
ed in tiie kingdom is brought from Great Britain.

Most of the vessels beloagiilg to IrcUnd are
British-built, there being few building establish^
ments in the former kiqgdom ; nor do .ve believa
thai a vessel of 500 tons was ever comtructed
there.

Hiough no country of Europe offers a greater
practicable extension of the fisheries thaa Irekmd^
it was not until 1764 that the government tboiight
of encouraging them, and they still remam oonh
paratively trifling. The princip^ bearing fiahef|i
is carried on the coast of Donegal, from. JjDck
Swilly to Inverbay. At this letter the sea^n com'
mences in July and ends in S^tember, while in
the other part it begins in November and enda iu
January ; the busses employed in it are twenty to
100 tons burden, and the fish cured here are esr
teemed equal to those of Holland. In 1780, 100
vessels were employed in this fishery, and lOO^OOQ
barreb of herrings were cured> chiefly, however^
by strangers from Scotland, Liverpool, and ftlie
l^le of Man* Jn the same year 36,000 bairels

IRELAND. 721

of herrings were exported from hence to the West

Indies. Herrings are alsp taken on the coast of
Shgo and Mayo as far south as Brbadhaven, but the
fish are inferior, and in Loch Strangford, where
the season is from July to September.

In Dublin Bay a considerable fishery for home
consumption is carried on, the chief fish taken
being whiting and pollock ; eightj-seven whei:i*ie%
and fifteen to twenty, yawls are employed in this
fishery.

^ Most of the rivers of Ireland, but particularly
those of the north, abound in salmon. The most
productive fishery is that of Cranna, in the Ban
water, already noticed, the produce of which waa
formerly salted and exported to Venice and Leg-
horn.

■ ....

The white fishery of Ireland at present jajQTords
little more than a sufficiency for consumption,
though considerable quantities of dried cod. and
hake were formerly s?nt to Spain, principally from
Waterford.

From the south coast of Ireland, between the
mouth of the Shannon and Caruspre Point, s^ gre^t
bank runs off to the distance of twenty leagues.
That part of it opposite Waterford is named the
Nymph Bank, and abounds in cod, hake, ling,
bream, skate, whiting, red gurnet, &c. The depths
on it are seventy to fortyfive fathoms, the ground
chiefly pebbles and broken shells.

Whales not unfrequently stray to the N.Wr
coast of Ireland, chiefly in March and April, and
many have been taken in Donegal Bay.

VOL. IV, 3 a

Covuntrce,

( '722 )

APPENDIX.

eOMMBRCE QJt GBttAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

No. L—flew of the ExporU of EngUmd tmd ScoOand, mi the
net Receipt of Cuttomt, from 1663 to 1810.

•

EXPOtTS.

YilR.

SHIM CLIAlftD OUT.

OTFICtAt TALUK.

CtfSTOKt*

f

KngUskTonmige,

PcifiignTQrm

f9gu Bt^iand' Se^Uawi*

1663 >
l*69r'

.. ^266

J^47>tf34

j^/^3,043 —

iS300,0«>

1668....

.. 190,533

95,2^

4,086,087 —

55I»U1

l7oo«.,.

.. 273,693

43*635

6,045^2 —

1474^1

1715....

.. 421,431

26,573

7,274,025 —

1,588.16a

17^6....

.. 432,832

23,651

7»891,739 —

1,621,733

It36....

.. 476,941

26,607

9i993,359 —

1*492.009

1750....

.. 609,798

5i;}86

12,599,112 —

1«565,943

1760....

.. 540,241

107.237

14,694,970 jgl,086,205

1,969.934

iTfo, • . .

. . 806,495

63,176

14,266,654 1,727,917

2;5«6,l4i

I78(l«<««

.. 731,286

164ria

11,677»417 981,199

S,723,9»

1790... •

..1,424.912

148,999

18,884,716 1,235.405

3,78^8a«

1800....

..1,445,271

685,051

, 40.805,950 2^46,069

6,799f^»5

I809....

..1,531,552

699.750

45,91^,663 4,383.106

10,289,W

1010...*

.-1,624,274

1,138,527

41,1^,620 4,740,299

I6.«1l,a73

181 1.« • •.

I • •"•

—

45,569,807 -

—

1911.. i«<

1 • ^"^

—

32,409»770 —

l(U02,965

1813....

.. -.

«M

43,241,532 —

10^53.958

No. 11, -^Qmparative View of the British Manufaetwes^apoineA
in im, 1769, and 1790. (Offidal Fahie.)

1699 ' 1769 ' 1790

Woollen mantfiicMitfte j^,56l ,6l6 j?4,323,464 1^056,733

Other jnMmlKtaref « • • 2,690,066 6,2^.3^ ^744b09S

5*251,731 ' 10,868^701 t$,8Q0gias

MjmmjML. T9S

No. llh^ Camfara^ot Viop of iks Caminerce of England and

Scotland, 1800. (Official Value.)

MHlishMer, Fm'^lgnMer, tiUml Exports^ /niforlf.
15^ t England ;ea2,455,560 ^18,^60,389 £40,805, 950. £28,357,8U
^ /Scotlasi.. 1,848,723 . 497>346 2,346,069 2,218»790

24,304,283' 18,847,735 43,152,019- 30,570,6^4

No. IV.^Ftew of the Merchandize exported to different ParU ^

thetrorldm\%m. {Real Value,) ^

Tto ite sortta of SoiefM and Franpe J?14>574,963

— Spain 3,035,045

-p FiHttigal ,^ .. ,, l,U4,09b

— Gibraltar, Malta, Sicily, and the Levant 8,456,^11

*^ IiUtnd, Itldof.Mahi, GoemiMrfuid Jersey •» .. .« 7,565,599

— Alia 2,999,44b

— » Aft<«Ja * .. ; ** .. .« 976,87^

-T- .ibC; United Sutes of America .. 7»460,76S

— British and Spanish Amecica^ and the West Indies .,. .. I9i833i696

.

66,817,7U
Imports".. .. .• ./ •• •. 51,133^0^

Real balance 14,884,649*

A «

No« V. -^Exports and Imports of Great Britain in iSll, 1812,

* ' ♦ and 1813. (Betd Valine.)

^ 1811 18P2 1813

Icporti.. . .. .• .. £65/360,431 £46,506,393 £63,455*314

^4mpofi» ,r 69,931i429 48,665,186 46,583,396

• in 1809, the coasting trade was estimated at .• «; 60 mnftona

• ■ *

And the inland trade at • • . • . • . • ' 129

, The .tbIoc of shipping ... 25

, I'reight at £5«,p«r ton XI

.^ndry items ' •• •• .'. ' 10

. Poieign trade. • ' ' II7

v^^- i .: ,..T<4dr of «BflMa^flo»llnt capital •«, •• «• 343mUMont

« ^ A ft

724 MAMTIlte GEOGRAPHY. .

No; VI.— Edrf4 J^rffa Trdie, (Oficutl Fahe.y

SXPORTI.

ye«fi. Shipt. TownMge* MulUon, • Chods. Imports.

1614 — — £12,000 jf34,000 jg —

16«9 — — 62490 28,508 108,88?

Ifiiy4 ^* ^" 330,900 • 100,000 860,000

1683 ^ 10,880 bull.aiKlgoo4s 482,147 —

1689 a 875 r — 30,239 —
Avenge,

^f^l 10 ^ - 400,000 -

17093

*^'^J 14 6>000 500,000 100,000 1,500«000
1730 J

'^<U 19 8,000 500,000 260,000 8,000.000
1705 J

^^^i 30 22/)00 200,000 610,000 4,000,000
1792 i

*793> 4j 37^000 500,000 1,800,000 8^000,000

I809V

1812 - - - - 4.106,0«>

Id 1810, tfic Kut-IndU Company's thipping was 5—

64 iccttlar vessels of from 756 to 1,200 tons .. ..' .• 68,000
39ext«.hipt «».«»

Manned by 8,006 men •• .# " •• -^ •• •• 90»<

No. VIL— B«^*eriJd ^Aip/wtg 0/ the BriUsh DmiMitms i»
£»rope and America, 30th Sq^tember 1800.

Ships. Tons.

Ports. * iSAips. Tons. Men.
London :

- Foietsi^trade 1,810 509,676 37>046

CoosUngdo. 856 64,586 4>356

Liverpool..// 796* 140,633 12,690

Newcastle . . . 6*32 140,055 7,054

Sunderland .'. 506 ' 75»3i9 3,400

Hull 611 68,533 4,223

Whitehaven.. 457**56,869 3,426

'Whitby .... 237 36,868 '2,014
Yarmoadi a 375* 32,967 ^|442

• • « . • •

•,

Ports, SMpt: Tans.

Bristol...... 18(r 20^193 h^i

Lancaster.... I40 l3,9H^h9^

Scarborough. 118 18.921 IjOfiS .

254 15,800 3,155,

23a 14i.800 1,053

362 •13,7?9 1,094

243 12,8to 951

Lynnc...... 119 12,639 769

Exeter....;. I48 12,3^2 ,77^

Daftmmidi.. 209 ll|215 i,<^

Dover

'Plymoutli '..
Beaumaris ..
Southampton

APBENDIX«

Rocbetcct .. 275 10,76^

Pbolc 153 10,733

Portsmouth.. 2 IS 7,985

Ctrdigtn.... 247 7,577

Harwich.... 137 7,015

Boston 122 6,389

Weymouth . . I05 6,098

Pahnouch .. 62 5,656

Maiden .... 178 5,525

BridliDgtoo.. 38 5,486

Berwick .... 61 5^9

Barnstaple .. 73 5,387

Sandwich.... 97 5,116

Faversham .. 248 4,888

Ipswich .... 94 4,799

Colchester .. I56 4,663

Biddeford .. 67 4,659

Fowey 76 4,610

Swansea .... 81 4,412

Ry^-i 87 4,310

Pembroke .. 99 3,775

Stocktoir. .... 41 3,398

Cowes 128 3,279

Chepstow. ... 40 3,264

Abeiyacwitb » 75 3,197

Wrtla 52 3,078

Southfvold .. 39 2,878

Ilfirmcombe .. 57 2,851

Gloucester .. 74 2,687

Uanelly •••• 63 ^,668

Milford .... 36 2,533

Paditow .... ' 48 2,162

Dbal 34 <,084

WoodbrUge. . 33 9,061

'St. Ivea •.,. 39 2,044

Arundel •••. 28 1,926
Blakney and

• Clay:..... ' 24 1.876

«fid5cwate>. . 35 1,831

CEest«.«.ir./ 25 1,734

tjmc r ;....' 21 1,733

Ktttm
804

851
604

753
814
410

451
666

421

27a
358
326
380
580

299
434

256
467

251
410
318
201

343
209

265

237
192

224
221

182
146

173
387
125
143
108

'115

129

113

61

• •

Pwu,
FreiCtm
Penaaooe.
Looe .. ..
Wisbeach
Truro. . . .
Newhaven
Aldburgh
Minehead
Cardiff ..
Carlisle ..
Shorehara
Penryn ••
Scniy....
Gweek ..
Total Eng-

Shipts
33

27
22
22

17
20

29
24
29
19
30
6
10
14

1*630
1,418
1,257
1,215
1,205
1,187
1.177
1,125
1,096
1,064
902

339
261

236

725

71

121

108

66

75

77

lit

78

95
68
101
18
26
30

land . . 12,198 1,456,632 105,037

Guernsey .
Jersey ..
Isle of Man,
I>>agUs ..
Ramsea ..

Peel

I>erby ....

77
53

79

69
61

29

5,403
4,244

1,819
1,650

1,435

559

781
631

429
394
354
108

368 16,110 2,697

Greenock..

Aberdeen..

Leith ....

Kirkaldy . .

Port Glas-
gow ....

Dundee . .

Burrowstow-
ness .... '

Montrose . •

Alloa ....

Ir?inc ...\

Rothsay -,.

31 3

'SCOTLAKO* .

377 35.057

281 23,236

134 13,894

97 11,348

90 10,052
123 8,741

130

112

100

82

92

8,406

6,555
6,242

5,783
5>404:

3,804
1,585

899

690

785
641

550
506
378
448
958

726

MARITIME GEOa&AFHT.

Fwts. JiQuseb. Toiu.

«37
151
177

1«7
d08

157
162
163

97

Gftmbeltowa 75 3i495

A|T • . 44 3>256

Bivlii .... 31 M29

l^vernets,. 4^ $»143

Anstrutber. 45 f,l28

Sforntway:. 50 1,759

' SfuBfiraer « • !3S 1,^B

Di^nbar ... .16 l,5S4

KtKudbrisbt : 35 Ii5l4

Wigton .. 34 .li»95

Dumfries «. 39 1>190

Tburio.... 17 1,035

Kirkwall •• 15 933

Oban .... 18 904

Lerwick .« 17 553>

ble M»rtfai . XO 349
Port wa-

Eam .... 7 ^45

Poft Patrick 4 17i

Tobermory . 6 1J(4

Preston Pms. 3 1P3

Total Soot* -p— ^ — r ••— ^

ksd.... %\\S 161,5.11 13^893

95
7<5

«0

79
60

33
39

ai

1(5

Wicklow .-
Lpfidondcrry
Duodalk ..
■Gtlirajr ••
Ooltraine. •
Killybesf .
Sii^p ....
TffiAee ...»,
Newport . •
"Bal^yrain . .

n

12

i»

3t
13
9
9
7
4
8

Tom,

.797
.77?

755

735
.409

319
.251

180

120

43

69
58

5»

a5

54
5S

85
36

19
7

Total Ireland 1 ,003 54*262 5,(^

664

116

710

$1,845 386

iRILAir*.

Dablin. . . •
Cork ....

youghall .«
Belfast ....
NewTj...,
Wexford ..
Waterford .

.«

Baldmore. •
I^me .•••
^trangfoid •
Proghecl|.jr
Donagfaadee
Ross* • « •' • fi

357

78

114

49

60

i ^

28

5^
3S|

37

39

31

17

28

H

17,317 1,666

6,869
5,051
4,476
3,041
2,664
2,069

1,624
1,08
1,233

UVa4
i.W

.940
a«5,

, COLOHIES.

Caoa-c Quebec.. 171 10^35
da 1 Carlisle.. 38 i;^

Nova r Hallifax 321 18,999 1»434

Sootiaisbelburne 88 3,856 351

New Brunswick^
St.Jobn 113 13,215

NcwfoundUod, St.
John ........ 67

Cape Breton, Syd-
ney ....163 4,787 m

Prinoe Edwaid Is-
land ., 41 1,108 X^

BeHDodi^ St.
George .*.... 144 104B2 l^t
.rNcw Provi-

I J dcnoe ...«962 15,115 UU^

jl I TuKla bland 6 . 435 «i

" LEzttma .... 2 38 6
fKmfitni... 526 48^13t 'W

Uomim 8tf 43 flJTO 5U0
Pof t Antonio 8 . fO^

st.,irfic^.*« 4 .;rn

Savannah la . ^

V^rtola ;;.«......« 76 .MM

464
417
333
220
288
233
1664
194
137
94
115
M3

..7t||BiItti<$M^yPdip| 7.. «8 57

•I

\

j^ffmmx.

7«7

Kcvis M M50 171

Antigna 211 1^63 920

Monlserret 13 1>388 7^

Dominica 56 3>17^ . 375

St. Vincent 65 2,774 SU

Grenada ....•». 160 10,117 7^5

Barbadoes 82 6,957 510

I rMartinlqw. .282 23«683 2;251
St. Lucie. .

3

Tobago. . . .
Demeraia . .
V^iiitnam . • •

15

19
18
11

5H2
2,163
1,403
1»112

64
145
148

75

PtrU* Fe$teU, Tout. Men

GaHtRAL RcfVLT.

England and

Wales . ia»198 1,466,632 105,037
Guernsey iMiVd

Jeriey , 130

Man .... 238

Scotland . 2,155

'iMland.. 1*003

Culoniei . ^,l6l

10,647 1412

5,463 t.285

161,511 13.883

S4f262 5,057

157.364 12,047

Total Colmiies 2,161 157,364 12,047

Grand To-
tal .... 17,885 1,855;879 138,721

1799 I7t»74 1.725,815 135.237

1801 19,71^ 2,038,262 149,566

I 1812 . . . 24,107 — 165,030

No. Ylll,^Ahtlract of ike Commerce of Ireland from 1666 to

1811. {OffidalValue.)

KxporU. Imports.

— jft58,077» From England 266,450 J £
-. ^ Foreign 135,593 S ^'^^

Ytart*

1665

1697 —

I69S —

1751 —

Average off Irisb Merchand. 't

1796-97 1 C 5,650,853 ' ^

525,004

996,305

1^56,605

cFbretgn Mercb.
1 133,522

r

84,375

1801
1810
1811

4,100,526
4S,098,485
6,090,411

— 423.182

— 576,863

— 1,497,437

1

— 5,275,063

— 5,5§1,SW

— 6,564,57s

— 7,231,603

■«WI

^ Prodttce of agricnlrafe j£309,80S

ftA 24,107

Timber •• •• 2,354

bon l,n«

ftinaofbaicsaBdjabbiti -0,697
Uocn yarn • • • • 17^35
Ulnm • 590

t EifoHs to Get Britain jTMTOiSU

Tordl other parts • • • 814,057

"'ii' * ■"
je5.784,375

ig358,077
3a4

Imports fromGreatBritaIn 4,011,468
From all odier pans .. 1,203.595

ig5,275,063
The

7^ MARITHiB I^BOdRAPHY.

r

The real value of Ibe czpwtt and imports gives a jtsj ififirent n
the balaaca of tradt» Mt,

BsBf^rts, ImporU.

I8l^....lfl,075»6l9.... ll»348,055
1813. . '. 13*<S70,288 . . • . 13»&11»180

IS to

No. JX.-^Shippmg emphyed in the Trade of Ir^wul^

Inwards.
Ytars. Ships, Tons.

1808 ;• 8.532 789,509

1811 10,004 949,997

Outwards.
Ships, ' Tons.
1,937 755,926

9,309 898,386

^ NAVY.

I<^o« X.«— ^Aipa fumUhed by the variotu Ports of England for (he

Siege of Calais, 1346.

SltfM.Afffhitfr*.

Loadon.. .. •• 85 662

Dunwich .. .. 43 1,095

Fovrey 47 770

Daitmouth.. .. 31 757

Bristol 24 608

Plymoath .. .. 36 603

Wmchelset .• ..21 596

SouthaiDptoD

Sandwich

Lyao

Hail ..

Newcastle ..

Gosfbcd*

Dovet

ai

72
16
16

17
13
16

57«
504
482
466

4U

366

The following were the chief ex-
ports in the average of 179^-7-8, vb.

Linen jea,639,000

Prgvisioos . . 1,630,009

Coin 441,000

Linen yim 127,000

Li«^«tttle • • • . • * 138,000

Rawliides.^ 70»000

SHk manafBctaret . . 35,121

Ta)1ow 33,000

Candles 24,000

Wooileoyam .. .. 20>000

Hogs' lard

Soap

Copper ore • •

Woollen manuf80tar<

16,000
14,000
10,000
10,000

Rape seed ^,000

Hones . . 7,000

FettbeiB 7,00»

^ish' 7,000

Kdp.. 7.000

LiveHogi 5»000

Spirit SiSOO

Ifon ' 3iOOO

* Tbe'pamet of several ports occif wboio skuattons are vnknown.

h '

A»SMDtX.

Boston ••
Shoreham ••

Harwich . .
WeymoQth
Ipswich • •
Isle of Wight ..
Hooke
Kzmouth

Grimsby • •
Margate. .
Lymington • .
Rye

Hartlepool ..
Teignmoath . •
Hamilhoke. •
Hythe ..
Dunwich • •
Portsmouth
Hastings • •
Colohester • .
Poole
lifracombe
Seaford

Roiniiey. • • •
Lytoe ••

Sidtnouth
Orford
Broughlyn^ey . .

Barton

PoUrewan .•
Wareham .•
Hendcss..
Sallfleet
Yttlie . .
Wajrnfl«et ..
Bladtoey

Mai4^ ••
^winbttmbei ••

Barton

• •

SMpt.

. 17

120

> 00

14

20
12

13

U

10

11

. 15

9

9

5

6
6

5
5
5
4
6

5
4
4

3
3
5
5
1

3
1

2
2
2

•

2
I
3

361

329
325
283

264

239
220
208

193
171
160

159
156

145
120

117*
112

102

96
96
90
94
79
80

75
62
62
62
61
61
60

59
51
49

48

43

38
3a
32
30

Swansea. •

7«9

Skiptt Misrifl*

• •

• •

Tinmouth

Sidffloiitb

Aylesfivd

Hoo..

Hope ..

Moroe

Faversham

New Hythe .

Scarborough..

Newmouth

Padstow

Whitebaoes

Caermartben

Bridgewater

Derwen .•

Wadworth

Walrich

Woodhonse

Calchworth. .

Molbroke

Swanflcet ..

Stsockhithc

Battbonragb. .

York ..

Wiangle

Mcrten . . • <

KiDg*s own fleet

• •

. •

•«

• •

• •

••

Total England

Ireland ..
Bajonne .
Flanders. .
Spain
Guelderland

1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2

5
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
I
1
I
1
1
1
I
25

29
28

25
25
24
24
24
23
23
19
19
18

17
17
16

15
15

14

12

12

12

12

II

10

9

f

8

419

710 14,151

1

15

14

7

1

25
439
133
184

24

748 14,956
The average of men to each ship it
onder twen^, the largest single My
noticed contained sixty.

\

Ta9

MAtUTDfeS «Re6&APHT.

>lo.XI^

-Fteto

of the progrtBnve hicreofg of the HoyeU Ntay.

•

onuMry.*

ir^wMi

Tmr.

j&^.

3Vm»

^m9^^Mtm»

rcw.

15<ZI

16

7,260

—

1548

53

.11,268

7,731

1578

24

10,506

6,570

« ■

•

I6Q3

42

17.055

8,346

30,000

1624

33

19,400

1641

42

22,411

— —

1658

157

57,000

21,910

1675

151

70^7

30,260

— —

1668

173

101.892

42,003

1703

272

159,020

40,000

129,314

1714

247

167,219

10,000

245,700

1?27

233

170,862

ao»ooo

200,000

—

1753

291

234,924

10,000

280,(206

13160

.413

321,i04

70,000

432,629

364,000

1783

617

500,781

410,000

1,763,832

5,406,000

IWt

452

413,667

20,000

1,288,570

1,040,000

1793

498

433»226

45.000

1,056,915

2,304,00«

1801

. —

.135,900

1,371,318

9,450,000

1806

—

120,000

3,026,183

14.113,000

1613

. —

■

.145,000

3,021,721

11.534,687

Of rtatnt yean

the TraotpoH Bdaid, has bea

1 a dittiiict bran^ of the

mini cstablwhment, having tbe

itiperintcndenoc

i of all things idatiag to

ttansportt^

tick «ad bttft MUMiij

, aad yruonen

of war ; in

18iaihc cz*

ptnse of cliM defNUKment ««MBattd to four millioiM, of whtcb mu fWD

miBioiit 5p^ for prisoaeit of ivtr.

• •

ft *

• In the ordinarf estimates of the navy are included. Uie expenses of At
Admiralty, Navy, and Victualliog Offioes, the half-pay, snperaxuuutiffW
and pensions to naval officers, superasiniiation m civil, officers^ ballitingSj
repairs and building oi ships. In the catimate.of tbeeapeiMcaof^fiiA
comcaisaioa.are included wsges, wear and tear of 4)ips, victuab aadwdaMoe,

f it 1789 the peace establishment of ships hi commisshm wastwo«e»
adnd-rates, fifteen third*rates, one fouttlwate, five fifty* gun ships, six wo*
(iecked forty-fours, thirty-one Cti|ite8 of thirty-six (otveotj-goiii^ aod dim
sloopy besides cotters.

APFENDIX.

7W

No. Xtt.-^Jhstrdct of the Navy List for March 1, 1815.

Xtae. tOfM. Frigtn. Sloop$,^. GwmBrig»,%9.
Id commission efficient

ships 58 16 132 129 171

•— Guard ships, prison

and hospital chips 7 3 "2 1 —

Total in commission €5 18 134 130 17I

lo ordinary II4 12 66 40 ^ 3$

Bttildiog 21 2 6 5 S

200 32 20g 177 ail

Commigmned Oficett o^ ike Royal Navy, March I, 1815.

1 admiral of the €eet» H. R. H. the
Dtike of Otaienoe,
^ Admirals of the Iled»
04 ■ ■ . .of the White,

21 — ' ■ of the Blue,
27 Vice Admirab of the Red»
^4 ■ ■ of the White,

22 i ■ of the Blue*
07 Re*r Adnvrak o€.ibe Red,
26 ' ■■ of the Whitpy

23 _*-;— ^ of the Blue,

019

3S tiipevnuiiiated Rev Adniiab^
824 poat captains,
39 superannuated ctpyins,
7^ comniaaden^ - - ■
80 lievtenants reiired with the nidc
ofcoomandefSy
3;^lf fienleoaiiti.

I

7 lieutenanlBy Imigfati of Wiiid»r,
668 mattert,

16 phyiiciaot,
888 surgeont,
563 assistant fuigeoni^
974 pursers,
59 chaplatM.

Rojfol Mmrinu»
Igenml, * , , . .

Uieut, general, >^^;«»'^
1 msjor general,^

4 colonels .poitcipiatiiaf

$ colppeU eommantfaat,

6 aecand colonels commiodail|»

8 lieutentntoolooils,
8 majors,

177 captaini,
16 second captains,
368 first lienteoanis,
332 second lieutenapla*

732

MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS.

Place.

Polynesia*

Tinlan jsland ...»

Guam Island^ Bay

Uraccas •

Owhyce, Karaka-

koa Bay

Tongataboo Island
Maauna Uland . .
Oribatoo, (Mar-
quesas)

OtihcitCj Mauvai
Bay

Latitude

Norih.
15° 0'

13 21

20 25

19 28

21 9S.

14 21

955
17 29

Longitude.

Place.

T

Latilode Longlt

145^55'K.
144 19
146 15

155 56W-

175 I
170 16

139 8
149 35

60

57
52

Norih Awurica,

Cape Chidley, en-
trance of Hud-
son's Bay,

Naiiiy (Labrador) .

Strait of BcUeiftfe,

Newfviuodland . .
St. John's ....
Cape Race ....
Cape Raye ....
Cape Breton.. ••
LoBtsbourg ....

(iue^c ........

Nova Sootia

Cape Sable....

Halifax

River St. Croix, li*-
mit of the Unit-
ed States

Boston'.

\anludbet Island^
Lights

New York

CapeMay |38

Philadelphia ...•

Washington

Baltimore ......

Cape Henry, Vir
;inla

Cape Hatteras • • w

I4N.
0
0

47 32

46 40

47 37

45 54

46 48

4324
4442

45
42

7
24

41
40

23

41

57

39 56

38 55

39 22

36 57
35 7

Cape Lookout • • . . [34 ^
|Wjlmtngtoti
ICaivsFeaf •

^11 » ■»

34 12
33 50

# Mill

65 20
61 30
55 30

52 25

53 3
59 13

59 55
71 5

65 39
63 26

67 8
71 3

70 6

74 U

75 a

75 16

77 10

76 55

76 21

76 12

77 10

78 25
78 29

I North Amtrica. North.
Charlestown UghUG2^43«
Savannah Ligba. . 32 1
Amelia Island,;

north end . . . . i30 40
St. Aue:ustine . . •• ^ 5I
Cape Florida .....25 41
Cape Sable 24 57

^ett India hUnit.
GreatBahamaw.eDd 26 43
Nassau, Bahama.. '25 7
Grand Turk IslaodSt 3S
fHavannah ..^^ 10

,• I Cape Matte,
U

£ast Point.. 20 l€
O I Cape Antonio,;
I. west Point. 21 54
. rKiofitoii....ll8 0

S I Morant PoimI

i< Past 17 56

S I Sottth Kegril |
"* L ?««« Weat . 18 16
"Port au Prince 18 34
Cape Francois 19 46

18 S9

&

e

■ U

tJi

18 34

1949
18 09

18 31

wmmimtm

St. DoniDBD
G«pe EngMtfi«
East Point. .
Cape St. Ni
cholss. West

PMnt

^ rSc Jnaa ...
^ Point Bori.
^^ qucn, N.W.
r I CapeBt. Jeho,
i£ L N.E...
Tortola, Bay
St. Christopher,
Basse Xetic «•• « •
Antigua, St. John
Guadaloape^ Fort
I Louis ...
Dominica, Ptincc

Rupert's Bay
Martinique, Port)
Royal Il43«

West.
B0»6^

80 56

81 35
81^

80 13

81 17

79 O
77 «
71 10

82 14

74 3

84 56
7645

78 5

•7»32
72 31
72 15
6950

68 20

(18
18

17
17

24

25

9

16 15

15 35

73 at

66 S

67 8

#5k

6^49
41 SJ

6136

61 J3

61 9

I

APP£in>IX.

733

TABLS OF; iffiOORAPHlGAL POSmom (C<mHmef).

1

r

West IndU Itlandt. NmHi.

St. Lucie, Cbrenage 13<'57

Sc< Vincent^ Kiag-
•ton 13 9

Bftrb«dooiy Bridge-
town 13 5

GtouUb, Rnt St.
George 12 3

Ttobago, Man of
War's Baj .... 11 32

Trinidad. Spanish
Town ,. 10 39

Place.

30 25
29 0

Cktff^Mtitie^and

Canhb$aM ^Sra.
Peosaoola ....
Entiaaee of the

Misiiisipi....
New Orleans ....M 57

VeiaCrax 19 12

CapeCatocbe .... 21 25
Rattan Island .... 16 26
Black River....
CapeGradasliDioi

FonoBello

Gartbagena

PoitoOibcllo ....

LaGuain

Cape Three Points
Cwn^okf Amster-
dam

Margaretia, Galera

Point

Entrance of the

Orinoooy Gape

Bonairt ....
Entrance ol the

luequtbo......

Entrance of the

Demeiara. « . •
Entrance of the

Berbice

Enrance of the

Surinam .. ..••

Cqpeniie

fintrahoe of Ansa-

15 58

15 I

9 33

10 25

10 30

10 36
10 4fi

12 8

U 1<^

8 22

7 8

6 48
626

551
4 56

1

I 25

West.
6l» 7'

6t IS

59 43
61 49

60 32

61 34

87 26

8920
90 0
96 1

87 0
86 30
84 58
82 46

79 35
75 26

66 5

66 57

62 42

68 32

63 58

60 10

58 21

58 1

57 11

55 17
52 16

5051

Udtttde

longitude.

South.

2'29«
3 30
5 3
8 8

BroiU.

St. Luis of Maran-
bam.. •

Seara

Cape St. Roq;ue

Femambuco . .

Cape St. August! ne| 8 25

St. Salvador (Ba-
hia)

Porto Seguro ....

Espiritn Santo ....

Cape Frio........

Rio Janeiro .,...•

Santos

St. Catherine Is-
land, North Point

Rio Gnmde de St.
Peclto ........

Rio dt la Plata,
Cape Santa Maria
Capc $t, AotOdio

MaldoDftdo ••..,«

Montevideo ....

Buenos Ayres . • • .

27 19
32 10

Patagonia^
Port Su Antonio . . [40 54
St. George's Bay .. 45 42

PortDMire 47 45

Port St. Julian.... 149 7
Falkland's Islands,

POrtEgmoot ..|5t 24
Entrance Stra}tMa-|
gellao .... . • • .
Cape Viiginia . . |52 18
Ctueen Cathe-
rine's Foreland 62 41
Staten Island, Cape

St. John 54 47'

Cape Horn .:.... 55 58
Diego RamiiesB Is-
lands 5630

13
16
20

23
22

24

0
26

15
1

54

5

West.

4:^ 46'

38 28

35 30

35 8

35 33

3915

4012

40 28

41 45

43 It

46 5

34
36
34
34

54

42

21
56

54
35

0ht Coaii ofjiffie*

ric€*
Chriitfl^ Sottnd.

m^

5525

47 40

5« 3

53 47
5645
5450
56 13
58 24

64 37
67^4
66' 0

67 39
60 0

68 17

68 25

63 43
67 26

6^4^

69 50

*

79# HAEITIMS GSOGILAPHT.

m

TABU OF Gfie6iMiFiHCA2/ POfilTIOHS (V^tUimMi}.

Utltvie. Upgitade.

• V • • t*

• • • •

■ k • • •

• •»•

• »»•

rtc«.
Cap* Deaolatkm • •
pcnit of MageUaa
Ctp* Pillar ......

bapt Victory ....

Capo Tfca Meatoi
ChUoe litaiul,

: ctiCfo

Val<fiiii% •..•#•••
Mooha island •...
Con«cptioD
Valp^aiiio
Coq^imbo

Copiapo

Iquiane-IaUnd,. ••

Arica

Pifcs .«»

Callao

Traaiilo »

Mm

Pnayiqui
CapoLoMnso....
Cape^c. PrancUod
Cape Coriemes. . . •

Panama

Malpelo bland • .
ttaibolfkaod ,..,.
Capo Blaoco . . *»

Leoo ^«

GaatimaU ....r.
Acapulcd.. •.'....
Capo Cooemea »^

ISt. Bias

Cape St. Lucar . .
St. FtanoisOD Bay.

Pon Diego |32

MoniciesF...*..*.
Pon St Francisco.
Cape MeadO€iiio.»
port TrrAi^d ... »•

papeBtatico.

Capo«Fottlii«eattier
Grays If arbour .«
Qkpe Flactety ....
Kootka Soiasd. . . •
Qoeen Cbatlotte's

ls)aady Cape Su

Jaae^ '

Norfolk Sound

in ijB liiijtiii

Soolb.

6^ AS

46 69

39 51
3d{te

36 42

33 I

« Id
2d 7

18 26
13 45

mp

West.
71 42

74 54
■^4 3^

175 26

12
8

5
2
1
0

5

8

4

a

9

n

r3

1

9

U
18

12
J3N,

36

56
14
58
15
50
54

16 55

20 32

71 30

32 44

30 23

42

36

48

36

37
40

19
^t 3
4^52

44 49

47 <*

48 23
19 34

51 57
57 2

74 3

73 26

74 0
7? 0
71 62
7124
71 0
70 27*

70 a

76 Id

76 59

78 51
80 57

79 43

80 48
4 79 56

77 19

79 30

80 37
8157
85 28

87 9

90 53

100 44

,106 35^
104 46
109 54
115 36>

116 5;^

121 34

22 7

124» 7

123 54

124 25

123 55

123 53

124 22

125 28

131 6
135 34

Place.

I

fic€> Nortta.

Mount Sci Elias . . 60" 22'
Priaee Williun'«

^ouod 160 16

Cooks Inleti Ca|

ETizabeti fi9 ^

Kodiafe Island.

CapeGienTiUe.)d7 34
Oonalasbka....*. 53 54
Bristol Riter £a.

6333

Latiindc Wigkodc.

Cape Stcpftens. . . .

{Cape Priace oC

' Wales .69 4&

Cape Mulgrave .. 67 45
Capo Iiisburas. ... 169 5
Icy Cape JO 2^

I

Juip Femaades , . 133. 45g» 78 Si
Galapagos, AlB^ )

aaarle Island .. 0 30 91 3l»
lsUmd$ in ike W I-

Fenoe bltadsy

Fugloe,.i M 16 [ 6 a

Bermodasi Georgej

'Towa •«• ,32 2

i

1
West. *

44i** O* i
146 tt6

■

152 a

i66«2

/15733
162 J7

168 17

165 U

166 9a
46i 4S

AsofesPieo* J8 27

A<gsa>T<i-

138 38

ccira _

Madeiia^ Funobsl 32 37
Canaries, Teneriflej

Fcak. ...j^ 15

'■ Grand I

Canary „PalDBa. • i28 8

CapeVcfclIakii^

Port^Prayai^jU 54
Fogo «,.*.., 14 57

FemandoNorhonlBLr 3 55S.

Asoensson y..».. 7 55

St. Helena^ Jarnds
Xowft ..«».4..]15 55

Smuhnn 6eemu
Tristran d'Acunht
KeMOfteoB Laod^
Coristmas Mai-
boar.. •

37 6

64 3}

97 12

17 6

IS 48

U iS

&«3

il-441*

ilFPBNDnE. 785!

TABLE OF QBOGRAPHICAL POSITlONd (tknUimMl}.

Place.

Bfitiah ItUmdM.

Land's Etd*

Penzance;

Lisarc! Point ....

Falmotttb, Peoden'
Hit Castle......

Plymotttb Dock . .

Ediffysfona Light . .

Daitn^oatb

ExaaoDth .«..,•

Portland Lights ..

Ptoole

Dttnnosea ^^ of
Wight

Partsmonth . . . ^ • .

Brighton

Beachyhead. .....

Dengeness Light..

Dover Castle ....

Deal Castle

North ForeUod
Light

Greenwich Obser-
vatory

London, St. Paul. .

Oifofdaess Lights. 52 5
Lowtstoff Lights.. 52 29
Yarinoath ...... 52 37

Lynn Regis 52 46

Spurn Lights 53 37

Flamborough Head 54 8
Scarborough .... 54 18

Whitby I54 28

Butrmnoc of the

Tecs 54 38

Tinmouth Light.. 55 1
Bern Island Light* 55 37

Asrwick 55 46

St. Abb's Head .. 55 55
Maf Island, Light 56 U

Edinburgh 55 36

St. Andrews .... 56 4I

Dundee 56 28

Montrooe 56 42

New Aberdeen . . 57 9
Kinoaird's Head . . 57 42

Inverness 57 31

Duncan's l%Head.58 40

UtiCada.

Kortfc.
50* 4'
50 7
^ 58

50 9
50»
50 i\

60 37
5031
5043

5037
5047
5049
5044

50 o5

51 8
51 13

5i 02

51 284
51 31

iLangitode.

West.

5*41'
530

5 11

5 9

4 10
4 15
335
3 21
a 96
1 59

Utitnde.

1
I

0
0

0

1
1

0
0

1
1

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1

2
2

2

3
2
2
2
2
2
4
3

12
6

7

15 B.
58
19
34

1 26

BtUUh liimndt.

9t Ivca

Padatow ..#.....

Mort Point

Lundf bland ....

Briatol

MamblesHeadlighi
MMfoRf Haven, 8t

Aiis*e'sLigkt»..
St. David's Head..
Cardinin ...••••.
Holy Head Islaad,

Westead.. .«.,

Liverpool

Lancaster. ......

Whitehaven ....

Mull of Galloway

Loch Ryan

Mullof Kintyre..
Cape Wrath ....
Farout Head ....
Dttnnet Head ....

0

5*w.

1 34E.

46
43

25
12
2w.

24
36

5

24
38

0

8
32
12

47
58
28

9

1

12

8

North.
50* 13^

5035
51 11
51 10
51 07
51 34

51 40

51 54

52 7

53 18

53 22

64 a.

54 33

54 38

55 6
55 17
58 36

58 37
58 42

Snglish liUtndi.
Scilly, St. Agnes

Light

Isle of Man, Doug

las

Gaernsey, St.Pierre
Jcney, St.Aubin. .
Casket Ughts ....

Scottish hlandi,
Hebrides, Coll Is-

land

South Uitt

Butt of Lewis . .
Orkneys, Pentland

Skerries
Mainland, Strom-

ness

Zetland Lerwick
Fbul Island
Lambaness

• . . •

It

Inland,

Clare

Liniorick

Loup Head Shan-
non r'.Tr:r.<.;

I^Migltiide.

49 53

54 9
49 25
49 12
49 44

56 42

57 5
68 29

58 43

59 0

60 9
60 7
60 53

52 51

52 42

West.

4 55

4 13

4 38
835
3 57

5 9
SI7

443

4

2
2
3
4
4
5
4
4
3

36w,

57

44

27
50

57
41
56
45
29

6 19

4

2
2
2

6

7
6

25
33
II
26

20
10
12

3 3

3

1
2
0

25
6

4

58

932
9 11

756

MARITIME OBOeHAPHT.

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS (CoHiumtd},

DaQmoie Head . ,
Skdlif Rocks ....
Codt Haul Ken-

mtre Rivcf....
DQtsfj Island. • . .
Bantry BayyShcep's

Head

CapeClctr

Kinsale Light ....

Cork

Youghall

Wateiford

CaiOsore Poiiit. . . .
Wexford ««•«•«••

Latitude. [Lonf Uude«

North.
51 52

5143
5137

51

51

34
93

51 35
51^4

51 43
52.13
62 1.1

52 22

10«54'
10 59

10 28
10 36w

10 4

9 37
8 29

8 28

Pltce*

7
7
6
6

48
10
18
19

Latitude.

htlani.
Wicklow Light ..

Dublin

Drogbeda ......

Belfost

ITotHead

Giant's Caoseway.

Galway

Bcoadfaayea ....

Sligo

Donegal ••••....
Loch Swilly En-
trance .(SS 17

Mullin Head . .
Loodonderiy .•

North.

|52«59'

53 21

53.44

54 35

55 12
55 15

53 28

54 28
54 22
54 41

155 24
55.0

W«t.
ۥ 1'
6 16
6 ^2

5 57

6 I

6 29
9 13

10 18

8 41
8 10

7 33
7 25

7 IS

INDEX.

(73^ )

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

• B. Ba^--^, Cape-^G. Oulf'-A. UUnd^K, Jther,

Page Pa^e ' F^ure

A. Adnr R. 491 Amazons IL .*.... Sl6

'Abaco I. .« 236 Adventure 1 74 AAbergvis Key ... M

Abb's Head 536 Afon It 5Mk Amboy 164

Aber 576 Agatton I. 403 Ambrose, St., I. .. 4M

Aberaron 572 Agnes, St., Jhivma 555 Amelia 1 175,176

Ahrtwon , 562 Agnes,. St. I., SciUy 606 Amgatka 1 463

Aberbrothick 541 Aguijan 1 14 Amhrich 574

Aberc^d ^.......577 Aguja 361 Amochta 1 403

AberooDwy 576 Ailsa 1. ,. 590 Anibstape •.. 860

Abcrdaron 572 Air .»,.» ••.. 590 Amsterdam Fort •• 38t

Aberdeen New ... 543 Alabama JL 194 Amsterdam New .. 312

Aberdeen Old ... 544 Alagoas 324 Amsterdiftn 1 457

Aberdour 545 Alan R. .» 555 AmtshatkA 1 403

Aberdovey-. 570 Alaska 393 Anamooka I, .«•• 29

Aberfraw ........ 574 AlbanyFort, Hod. B. 81 Anan 506

Abergaley* 579 Albany, United States 163 Aftastasia h 18S

Aberkibor B 568 Albemarle Sound.. 171 Attdre, 8t 436

Abermaw 570 Albemarle h ••..• 407 Andrew, St., 1. .. %

Aberporth 569 Aldborongb .>.••• 513 AAdrew, 8t 201

Abertby B^ 567 Aide R 513 Andrew's, St. Soot.640

Aberystwith ...... 570 AMemcy 1 614 Aildiva 1 836

AbroUoft Btek .... 326 Alegrauza 1 441 Anegada 1 261

Acapnloo 367 Aleutian 1 393 Angelos Port .... 390

Aehao 1 351 Alexandria^...... 171 Anglesea ^ ...... 678

AehIT 1 714 Allen, St., R. .... 469 Angra 419

Aeklin's Key .. . 230 AUonby 58(1 AnguiHa 1 268

Adam's I. 50 All Saints, B. of .. dM Amia, Sta. 278

Aden 437 Aim*! 2 Anna, Sta. >Callfomla 370

Adhdm St. ^ Head 481 Almerla 290 Anna Maria Port.. 58

Admiralty 0. 979 AHiemooth 533 Amiapolis Royal ..lift

Admiralty B.,N.W. Altamah* R 179 AmiapiUs, Unitid

AlnerlcA r.. 891 Atraivdo R 200 ^totes 1^

▼Oli. !▼• 3 A

79S i2rp£&

Pafte Page

Anne, Cape 156 AaonsioD 1 447 Bamborau^ CaiKte S»'

Mne, St., fNvt .. 768 Ajild>y R. Ui Ban R 717

Ab]|*s» St. B 387 Aflttuaptfam 1 14 Bandtm R. fifift

Ann's. St. WbA •• 565. Aaaomption 986 BtmS &tf

Anil's 1 16 AatlUcro 351 Bangor, America .. Ife4

Aastrmlicr'a 539 Aiacanut 356 Bangor, England .. 577

AmiMaoI 14 Atkin's R«ck .... 414 Bangor, Ireland .. 7M

AntlKuiy, St. C. .« 335 Atooi 1 20.B«nln IHvt att

Antlioor, St. I. .. 4411 Atrato R. 364 Bantij mf

Anticoetl 1 107 Alton 1 403 Baracon asO

AaUgva 1 267 Anbin, St 614 Bartindoes I., Padfie T

AntoiOo C M2 Augustine, St. .... 107 Barbadoes LW.Iadieaan

Anionjo, San C .. 323 Aves 1 264 Barinra, Sts. .... 216

Antoolo, San, deRJn Aves 1 287 Barbara,&a.CBliAn. a^

Ckaode 324 Avon R. Devon ,. 474 Barbuda I JK7

Aafbnio, San, Port 341 Avon R. Dorset .. 483 Bardsey I VX

Antonio, San, 4e Avon R. Bristol .. 650 Baring's 1 5

• Gbacao ••• 360 Avon More R 701 Barmonth .^3%

Aatonio, Sao, Call. Azmouth 477 Barnstaple •• 555,556

fomia *... 371 AynnVn 1 346 Bam I ,

Apalacha R. ..*.... 192 Azores 1 416 Bacray I ,

Apaiachicola R. .. 192 B. BarrowR. 70S

Appledore 494 Bag Point 555 Bairy 1 561

Appledort:, Devon 556 Batiama L 234 Bartholemeiv, SL, I. M

Approualc R 316 Bahin Honda .... 301 Bavtholemew, &, I«

Anya 307 BahiadeiodosSantos324 West-Indies ....266

Arbroath 541 Balbriggen 706 Barton aOt

Ardiangel New .. 3Srl Baldiyia 353 Barton Neaa 641

Aieiibisbop's 1 15 Bald^yle 706 BarweU I

Ardf'lass 708 Balitfseon 1 279 Bass I

Aiena 1 300 BaUiubay 590 Bnne Teire, Si.

Adca 357 BaUinakiel 714 Ghrisio^ers ...»

Aiipa 357 BaUotta 1 358 Basse Tern, Qnadn.

Arklow 704 Ballycotton 701 loupe

Amedo 358 BallycasUe 712 Bnnet's Cove .^...Ml^

Amn I. ScoOand 616 Battyleagb 684 Bate I ...^ d^

Amn I inland .. 713 Ballyshannon . .... 715 Bittabona B....«. 24JI

AininMove 1 715 Balnanaigh 1 610 Banx 1 50

Aniba I. S»» Baita 633 BigralU *^. Mk

Aruih R«. ....^••. 491 Baltimore, Amcrifia 167 Bcocby Head ••••.4I»

Anuid$l ;,.a491 BittuDore, IreUwl 686 Boodiog R ^iB%

I KB S X* 7^

Page Page ^* Page

I. .*...;.-.'.. 697 Biahop'a and Cierk'^bBH Bordae L ..«;«... 4U

Beaulien 487 Black R., Jamaica 253 Borgne Lake .... 194

Beaaley .... 547, 548 Black R., Honduras 2M Borough Head .... 589

Baaumaria 574 Black I 548 Borriquen Pdint.. 25(r.

Beef 1 260 Blackpool 582 Borth b79.

Beef 1 291 Black Rock 705 Boscawen 1 47

Beerhaven 697 Blackaod B. ....... 714 Boston, America*. 15^

Bees St 584 Blarkwater R. Eng 511 Boston, England .. 529*.

Btestott Regis .... 518 BlackwaterR. Ireland 701 Boudoir I 7%

Belem 322 Bladenoch R. 588 Bouvet's 1 454^

Belfast 709 Blagdon 705 Bow 1 74.

BeDa Port 585 Blaize, St. ...... 192 Bomnore 610.

Befle Isle Strait .. 108 Blake I .,,. 50 Boyne R 707

Bellize R. 292 Blakeuey 517 BracklesomeB 49^.

Bdmont 326 Blanca Piuita .... 188 Bradiug 486

Beabicula 1 624 Blanca 1 286 Braich 7 Pwl .... 5f3

Bengore Head .... 711 Blanco C 360 Brancaster B 6i8

Beqnia 1 279 Blanco C, California 373 Brandon Hill ....695

Berbice R 312 Biandford 696 Bras I 2$8

Berkeley Sound .. 388 Bias, St. C 298 Brassay I 633

Bermuda 1 414 Bias, St., Mexico.. 368 Braval. : 443

Berneira 595 Blasquet 1 695 Bray 704

Benieiray I. 624 Blight Lagoon I... 75 Breton Cape I.... 102

Berryhead 475 Block 1 158 Bride, St 566

Berta^ St., 1 407 Bluefields B 257 Bridgetown, Barbie

Berwick 535 BIueileldB B 294 does 281

Berwick North .. 637 Blyth R 514 Bridgetown, Beme-

Bexhlll 492 Blyth, Northumber. 532 rara 312

Behring's B 391 Bobs Kose 475 Bridgewater 5M

Biddeford, America 155 Bocayno Channel .. 441 Bridlington 52S

Biddefbrd, England 5&6 Bodega Port ....... 372 Bridport ,, 478

Bieque 1 250 Bognor 491 Brighton 491

Bigbury B. 474 Bolabola 1 70 BristoI,U. S. America 152

Biloxi 194 Bolderwater 486 Bristol B., North

Bwbio R. 353 Bolt Head 474 West America •• 402

Birchingtoo 500 Bonaire 1 287 Bristof Channel .. 656

Bird I.. 21 Bonaventural 113 Bristol, England .. 552

Bird 74 Bonavlsta 1 443 Brixbam 472

Bird K«y8 250 Bonham 1 5 BroadhaTen, England 565

Ihturbtti B 715 Bdrd Cmin 1 622 Broadhaven, Ireland 714

BMiop's J. .1..... 128 Bor^eanxB 212 Bioad Stairt 422

3b2

740

BroofflliOI B.....« 511

BrooMloch 59$

BrorahaTen 550

Broth 570

Brothers, Tvro I.. 50
Brothers, Seven .. 286

Brothic R 541

Brown's Range I.. 6
Brownsea I.... «... 482
Brunswick, North

Carolina 171

Brunswick, Georgia 176
Bran8Wi€k,NewProir. 113
Brunswick, New,

United IStates .. 164

Bryerl 606

Buccarclli Port .. 391

Buchauness 544

Buck 1 258

Buckie 54$

Buckler's Hard .. 487
Buenaventttla, "San 370

Bueno Canal 365

Buenos Ayres .... 337

Buldyr I 403

Bulls, Bay of .... 109

Buberhythe ...... 492

Burgh H^ad ...... 547

Burlington 165

Bumham 511

BumhamB; 517

Burnt l8}aud...... 540

Burray I.... 628, 634

fiurrowstone^ ••,. 539

Buny R ^.. 563

Bursleton 487

Bush 1 258

Bute I. 615

Byron I ; .. 159

C.
Cabagu.1 1 286

I N D £ X.

pMM

Cabello Porto •...304

Cable 1 701

Caermarthen •••«.. 563

Caernarron B 572

Caernanron 577

Cahir 696

Caicos I.. 239

Calbuco 351

Caldyl 564

California 368

Caligray r. ...- 624

CaUao 358

Caloosa B^ 192

Calshot Castle .... 487

Camana 357

Cambletown 594

Camel R 555

Camira 1 16

Caoipana 1 346

Campeachy B« .... 291
Canals,
Aberdeen ...... 598

Anchohne 598

Andover 597

Arundel 597

Basingstoke ...• 598
BeliiBst ........ 718

Bridgewater «... 604
Burrowstoness .. 600

Caledonian • 600

Cam 598

Chester '.,,.,... 604
Chesterfield .... 999
Crinan, Loch .. &)5

Derby , 599

Driffield 599

Droitwich ....,, 603

Elesmere 604

Erewash •....• 599

Erontlmn 599

Forth and Clyde 600

Canals,

F088 Dyke 599

Glamorgan 603

Glenkennis 605

Gloucester 602

Grand Canal, Ire-
land 717

Hereford & Glou^

• cester 602

Ilcbester 601

Junction (Grind) 597
Keanet and Avon 601

Lancaster 605

Leominster 602

Limerick 718 .

Lirerpool ...... 604

Market Wrighton 599

Monmouth 603

Neath 604

Newry 718

Nottingham .... 599

Oxford 598

Shomdiir 597

Southampton and

Salisbttiy ••.. 597
Stafford and Wor-
cester 603

Stainforth 599

Stover „ 600

Stratford 603

Stroudwater .... 613
Sumy ....•••. 598

Swansea 6H

Thames and Med-

way 597

Thames ft Seiera 602

Trent ;.... 599

WainiieeC 598

Western (GiBnd) 596
Wilu and Berks.. 601
Wisbeacfa 598

INDEX. ^ 741

Page Page '. Page

CaaJds, Casco B 154 Otttrtostown, Eng. 470

Worcester and Cashean B 713 Charlotte Harbour.. 192

Birmingham .. 603 C&sket's Rocks .. 615 Charlotte Town .. 105

Canary 1 437 Caskh Haven .... 713 Charlotte Town,

Candclaria 436 Cassipour R 316 Dommica 272

Canine R. / 313 Castle Haven' .... 698 Charlotte Town . . 266

Canuey l. 621 Castle Main 695 Charmouth 478

Canneovan 1 279 Castle Town 609 Chatham 1 6

Canonicut I. . . 158 Castro 350 Chatham B 191

Canso O 103 Caswell B 563 Chatham, England 502

Canso C 115» 116 Cat I., Louisiana.. 194 Chaudiere R. 96

Canvy 1 505 Cat I., Bahama .. 233 Chebucto B 115

Caomo 249 Catalonia H 109 Chediibucto B 115

Cape Fnin9ais, St. ^ Catharines,St.,Sound 175 Chelmer R 511

Domingo 245 Catherines, St., L . . 332 Chenies 1 634

Cape Fran^ais, Ca- Catherines, St., I. .. 564 Chepstow 561

raccas. 305 Catherines, St., B.. 614 Chereppe B 359

Cara 1 617 Catoche C 291 Cherry 1 26

Caracol 363 Catwater .... 472, 473 Chesapeak 166

Cardiff 562 Cavay I. 629 Chesilton 478

Cardigan .... 568,569 Caviana 1 317 Chester 580

Carelmapu 351 Cawsand B 472 Chesterfield R 80

Carenage .... 277,278 Cayenne 316 Chica Chicana I. .. 284

Carets B 258 Cerasecos 192 ChicJietter 490

Cariaco 307 Ceravellos 326 Chicka-homlney R. 169

Cariacoa 1 279 Chabaquidick I. .. 157 ChignectoB 115

Carib Loch 713 Chacqo 350 Chili R 357

Carlinford 707 Chaguarama B. .. 284 Chitoe 1 347

Carlisle B. Jamaica 257 Chain L ;. 73 Chiniatskoi B 393

CarlieleB.,Barbadoe8 281 Cbaleurs B 113 Choco B 364

Carlos, Sta. ..;... 242 Chalk Inch 1 544 Chonos G *346

Carlos, San, ChUoe 350 Chambly R 97 Christchurch 482

Carlos, San, de Mon- ChampUin Lake .. 97 Christianstadt .... 262

tery 371 Chance 1 50 Cbrlstianos 437

Camsore Point.... 703 Chan^ay 358 Christina, Sta., I.. 50

Caroline 1 45 Charles R 96 Christmas 1 7

Carrickfergtts 710 Charles C. 166 Christmas Sound .. 345

Carritttck 158 Charles Fort 699 Christopher, St., I.,

Carthagena 299 Chariestown, United West Indies .... 264

Carvel of St. Thomas 259 States of America 281 Chri8topher,St.,Brasi]324

Carysbrook Castle 485 Chariestown, Barba. 281 Churchill R 81

Caiysfort L 75 3b3 CiiryncisioA Coft 54

^«

74S INDEX.

. Pige Pa^c^ PajBP

Caffita B 714 Colyton 477 Oozumall 2$2

Claire, St., R 91 Comb Martin 557 Crab 1 2^0

'Oayoqnet 388 CommoDols 1 261 Crabbey 6^

Can, SU 371 Compton Liuie . . . . 158 Crail $3)

'Clara, Sta. I.'.... 441 Comptrollers B 52 Creetowa ••.«•.«. 3^

Clare 694 CoDceicao, N.S 323 Cresceati TS

Clare 1 698, 714 Conception 295 Criccieth 5fl

Clarence 1 26 Conception Chili. .. . 354 Oinan Loch >M

* Clarendon R 173 Conception California 371 Croix St. R 114

Clash Port 566 ConneciicutR 159 Croix St. f ^1

Clear Cape 698 Conaett's Point ... . 281 Cromar M7

Qeathorpe 521 Constables 1 216 Cromarty .... 548,549

Cleddan R 566 Conwy R. 578 Crooked 1 238

ClemenU, St., I. .. 467 Cook's 1 6 Crookbaren 597

Clerke Port .... 345 Cook'alnlet 392 Cross Sound 391

Cley 518 Cooper R 174 CronchR. 511

Clippertota 1 406 Coo^r's 1 261 Cniden 544

Clontarf 706 CoparsoR. 366 Cuba 1 239

Clwydd R. 579 Copeland 1 709 Cudbear B 713

Oyde R 114 Copija 356 CuUen 546

Clyde R., Scot. 589, 591 Copinahay I 630 CulrerCUff 484

Coanwine R 316 Coquet 1 533 Cumana 307

Cobir R 255 Coquimbo 353 Cumberland 1 74

Cobir R., England 468 Cork 699 Cumberland Sound.. 175

Coche 1 286 Com 1 284 Cumberiand B 4$4

Cockerham 582 Oomet Castle 613 Cumberland Foft .. 490

Cooos I., Polynesia 47 Cornwall C... 465 Cumbrayl 616

CoGos 1., West Coast Coro 303 Cumingsburg , 311

of America .... 406 Coroe Vermeil .... 324 Cura^oa I XT

Co^era C. 305 Coroni R. 284 Current I 2

Cola 1 288 Corton., 515 Curtis L 4S

Colchester 511 Corvo 1 417 Cnshinall B. 710

Coldah Head .... 716 Cots Loch 547 Cushindin B 710

CokUogham Loch.. 535 Coudras I ^ 93 Custine IM

Coleraine 717 Court Mae ShenyB. 699 D.

CoU 1 620 Cove Kinsale 699 Dalkyl. 706

Cohie R 511 Co?e, Cork 700 Danger I. 26

CokiDSiy L • 618 Coyehithe 514 Darien 296

Colorado R. ...••• 290 Cowes .485 Partmoutli • ^75

Colorado R.^N. Spain 369 CowieR. 543 Dauphin Port. «.... IM

ColWDbia R, .,., 387 Cox Port 388 pauphhibk .«.,^... 194

Page Page. . ' Page

DaiiphiD Fort 245 Diugle. 695 Punbeath Castle^rv ^^

' David's, St 1 415 Disappointmeiit I. .. 73 Duncaanoa Foct. .^ . 7()3

David's, St. Scotland 540 Discovery, Port . . . « 390 Duncan's Bay Uc^jUl. .^1

David's, St. Wales . . 566 nixou Sound 391 Duudalk . . . ^ «^ . . , « 7QT

Deadmaa's Chest I. . 261 Dodbrook . ^ 474 Dundas I. • . . , «^ . .« (

Deadman's Point .470 Dodman 470 Dundee ••~540

Deal ;.... 496 Dog I., Louisiana.. 194 Dundrnm •• .•4.^, 708

DebenR 513 Dog I*, Virgin I. .. 261 Dungarvan , 702

DeeR. 543 Domingo^St. 1 243 Dungis Bay Uaad «. 5^1

DeeR. 579 Dominso, St. City.. 246 Dunleary «. 706

Dee R 587 Dominica I., Pacific . 60 Dunniauus B. . . • • ,.. 6^7

DeepBay 264 Doininica I., Wes^ Dunmore Head ., • , . 6^6

DelawareR 165 Indies 272 Dunnett Head... ^,.551

DemararaR 311 DonR 544 Dunottar Castle .•, . 542

Dengeness 494 Donegal 715 Dunrobbin CaaUe «« 550

Denial 457 Donagbadee 709 Dunskerry CasUe .. 589

Deptford 504 Donna Maria C. .^. 245 DunstanborougfaCas-

Derby 610 Domocb 549,550 tie 533

DergLoch 694 Double! 327 Dunstcr 558

DerwcntR. York . 529 Douglas ..^ 609 Dunwich ...., 513

Derwent R. Durham 532 Dover, America .^ . . 166 Durness .«... 653

Derwent R. Cumber- Dover Strait .461 Durscyl. ., 696

land 585 Dover, England .••• 495 DyffyR. «.... 571 .

Deseadal 271 DoveranR. 545 Dymcbvch WaU .•594

Desert I. Pacific. .. . 16 DoveyR. 570 I>7aart ....539

Desert I. Soutb Oc. . 455 Down Patrick 709 E.

Desire Port... ^.... 341 Downs 497 EaglesbayL.. •«..«. 630

DesolationC 345 Dowsayl 630 Easdalel 6i9

J)cspairB. ........ 110 Dragons* M< u^'a. .. • 283 Eastbourne 492

JDesterro, N.S 332 DrakesB 372 EastendB 358

J>etroit 91 Drakes 1 472 Easterl ' 76

Deverl 94 Drogheda ..707 Eastern Bavent ... • 514

DezertasI S DuartCastle 595 East Haven 540

DiamottdC Dublin 704, 705 £a»t Main «. . ^9

Diamond I., Marti- Oucie's 1 7^ Eastware 496

nique 276 DuddenR 583,584 Kcclesboume ....... 493

Diamond I., Grena- Dumbarton.* . . t . . • 593 Cday 1 .•••.•». 630

diiies 279 Dumfries 586 Eddystone .....r.« 471

biegb Alvarez 1 454 Dumptou Stairs .... 499 Edenton ........ r- .173

t)iego Ramirez I. .. 345 Dunavarre Fort . . . . 711 Edgcci«nbeC.,^,W. 1

Dimonl... •••.•••. 413 DoAbor 536 America;. •o%r*i;391

3^4

744 I N p £ Xf

P»8« Page Pasjc

Sdgeciimbe, Mount, Eske R., Edinbonr- Featfaanl... 705

Engluid 472 shire 538 Federall 5#^

Edgerton 157 EskeR 542 FeUiamLoch 594

Edward's, Prince, I., Esk R. 586 FdU, St., 1 4M

America : 105 Espintu Santo B. .. . 192 Felixton 519

idward*B, Prince, I., Esplritu Santo, Brar Fehon 535

' SouthOoeau .... 455 ail 327 Feral 531

EggbarbOorR 164 Eapiritu Santo C. .. . 341 Fernambnco 324

Egg I« . . . • ^1 Esprit, St., Lake. ... 194 Fernando, San .... 370

EglwysDioaa 568 EsseqniboR. 311 Fernando NorbOAha 446

EgmontI 74 EtheLocb 595 Fcrraby 522,525

Elmaol 71 Enaayl 624 FerrocI

RlCtttheral 236 Enstatia, St., 1 264 Ferrol 438

Elias; Mount dt. .. 391 ExR. 476 Fetlarl 633

Eling 487 Exeter 476 Fctngul 52

Elizabeth Town...: 164 Exmouth 476 Fidjeel 27

Elizabeth R 169 Experiment! 5 Fifencsa 537

Elizabeth Castle 614 ExpIo^B 109 Filey 526

EUcnR 685 Exuma 1 237 Findbom 547

Ebnore'sl 6 Eyemouth 536 Fl«(cal] 543

Emsworth 490 F. Fishguard- 567

Enbonme 492 Facardins 1 74 Fladdahuan 1 622

Enderby'fl Cove .... 405 Fairl 631 Flamborough Head.. 525

. EnfaniPerduI 47 Fairfield 160 Flannanl 625

£ugano,C 246 FairHaren 19 Flatl 259

Engaao, Cape, N.W. FairHead 711 Flattery, C 388

America 391 Falrweaiher Mount. . 391 Flatbolm 1 56»

EnglishRoad 32 Faligoi 550 FlcetLakc 550

EnglisbRoad, Bona- Falklandl 343 FleetR 587

▼i»ta 443 FallenCity 261 Flint 57>

English Road, Mayo 445 Falmouth, Jamaica . 256 FloresI 41»

English Keys 261 Falmouth, AnUgua . 267 Florida Reeft 188

English Harbour. ... 267 Falmouth, England . 468 Flotay 1 629

Englidi Channel.... 461 Farayl 630 Folkstone 4M

Eoo»' 30 Farcham 490 FollartLoch ffl»

Ereck Svatitely .... 393 FaroutHead 553 Foreland, South.... 496

ErlbolLoch 553 FastnetRock 698 Foreland, North.. .. 49»

Erie,Laker 91 Fatuhu 1 52 Formiga Rocks ...• 4»

*'™®*^ 474 Faversham 501 FormosaB 420

^^'♦cR- 534 Fayall 418 Forres 547

E»ke R., Yorkshire. . 528 Fear, C 172 Fiirtlsland ,• 311

INDEX. , 74^

P«ge Page Page

l^ort George. •' 54B FyneLoch 593 GeoiYe,St.,B 443

FortRose 548 O. GeorgiaG. 389

• FortWiUiam 595 Gabriel, San 370 Georgia, South .... 458

Fort Royal 275 Gainsborough. ..... 522 Germain, St 473

Fort&ventura 1 440 GairaR 300 Ghial 617

■

Forth, Frith of .... 537 Gainnouth 546 Giant's Causeway . . 711

FortuneB 110 Gairsay 1 630 Gilbert's 1 20

Foulal 634 Galapagos 1 406 GIngerl..... 26|

Foulness 1 511 Galinasse 1 47 Girdleness 543

Four Mile Water .. 697 Galloway 588 Gizzing Brigs .,... . 549

Fowey 470 Galway 713 Glandore 698

FoyleLoch 716 Gambier'sl 75 Glasgow 597

Fraisgall Cave 553 Garashio 437 Glenarm B 710

Francis, St., C 250 Gardens 1 16 Glenely 595

Francis, St., R 324 Gardenstone 545 Gloucester 1 74, 75

Fraucis, St., Lake . . 89 Gare Loch 593 Gloucester, America 9a

Sir Francis Dralce's Gasper Rico 1 16 Gloucester, England 561

B 1259 Gatehouse !. 587 Gluvias, St 459

Francisco, San .... 372 Gennis, St 555 Goave 244

Francisco, Solauo C. 364 Genuavral 57 Golfo, £1 439

Fi-anklinl 50 George, Fort 548 Gomeral 439

Frayles Rocks 286 George River 175 Gonaives 1 246

Fraz rborough .... 545 George Town 171 Goodwin Sands .... 496

Fredcricl: Town . . . , 114 George Town, Gre- Good Succes B. , , . , 342

Fredericksburg .... 170 nada 278 GoranHavea ....!. 470

Frederica 176 George's, King, L . . 73^ Gore's 1 403

Frederickstadt .... 263 George III, King, Gorelloi 1 403

Freemantlel 50 Sound 389 Gorettal ^336

French Frigate Bank 21 George III, King, (sorgona 1 364

Frenchman's Quay. . 259 Archipelago .... 391 Gosport ., 4^7

Freawick 551 George, St., Brazil. . 325 Gough's 1 454

Frigatel 279 George,St.,I.,Azore8 419 Gourdon 54?

FrioC 327 George, St., Sound.. 192 Governor's Harb. .. 237

Frome R 558 George, St,, Bahama 239 Govers 493

Fjying-pan Shoal .. 172 George, St., G 341 Gowan's, St., Head 563

Fiiego 1 444 George, St., 1, New Gracios k Dlos, C. . . 294

Fogloel 411 Spain 368 Graemsey I ^629

FimdyB 114 George, St., I., Behr- Grain! 503

Funchal 424 ing'sBasin 403 Grampus L. 15

Furneauxl. ...... 74 George, St., I., Ber- Grande 1 332

Funaeas .••,.•.••• 583 muda 415 Grand B 443

746 INDEX*

Page Page Paft

Orasshobnl 566 OuignesR...* 303 Haweto'I ^

GratiosaT., Azores. . 419 Guiinor 434 Hawthorn 53|

Gratioaa 1., Canaiies 441 Guitivas 369 HaylingI 490

Grav^end &03 Gunner'al 316 Hearn B..^ 500

GrayThurrudt :... 505 GuraboR 249 Hebral 634

Greatiiiaii*8 B 713 Guyaborough 115 Hedon «. 523

GreenB 114 Gwainn R 567 Hel R 468

Gr^euB 858 Gwandraeth R. . . . . . 563 Helena, St., C. ....SO

Greenock 591 H. ' Helena, St., 1 448

Greenwieh, America 158 Haapae 1 39 Helesworlh 514

Greenwich, England 504 Hackinsack R. . .\ . . 1 64 Helford 4G3

Grenada 1 278 Haddam 160 HeirsMouth 572

GrenadJllaT 279 Hadley 505 Helstone 468

Grennlle Bay Town 279 Halifax 115 HenderWUe's I. 6

QrenriUe C 393 HaU*8l 6 Heneagua L . . . r. . . 239

GretnaGfeen 586 Harable 487 Henry, C... 166

Gray*8 Harbour .... 388 Hamoa 1 146 Henry^s, Prince, I. . 74

Grigti 258 Hamoaze 472 Uergest Rocks. 30

Grimsby 522 Hampton, America, '^ Hermtrs i. 343

Grimsby, New,Sdlly 607 168,170 Henrcy 1 54

GrivaljaR 291 HamptoOb, Little..*. 491 HestoeL 412

Grivan 590 Hancock 1 60 Hevral 634

Gnadaloupe,!., Pacific 16 Hapisborough 517 HeylR. 554

Guadalonpe, T.,West- Harbour! 237HiaaI 52

Indies 269 Harford 160 High 1 57

Guadalonpe, N.W. Harlech 571 Hfldesayl 634

America 391 Harp 1 74 HiUsborough R, . . . . 187

Gttaira,LA 304 Harrington 585 Hilo 357

Guaml 14 Harris! 624 HintopenCX »«...• 165

Guana 1 260 Hartland Point .... 555 Hirta! , 625

Guanahanil 208 Hartlepool « 530 HogotenL .,••.«.« ^

GuanchacoB 359 Hartley 533 Hoirahoval 50

GuanicaR, 250 Harwich • 512 Holdemess 523

OuarapieheR 307 Haseborough 517 Hole 556

Guasocualso R. 290 Haslar Hospital .... 489 HolesleyB 513

OuBtfanala 367 Hassensayl "633 HolkamB ,., 5\d

Guayaquil.... 360,363 Hastings 492 UoIlodal&R. ...... 552

Guayma 369 Hatteras,C 172 HoUoweU ....,,.. 15fl

Guernsey 611 HaU and Barrels.... 567 Holyhead «^. 575

Guganf 14'HAvannah 240 Holy I «« 534

t^uguaal*.'.; ••;..• 14 HaverfordWe8t».«»>66 HplyTrinltyG....,^ 346

INDEX. ^4rf

Page Page Page

Holywell 57$ Inaccessible 1 454 James St. 1 258

HondarasR 292 Ipcb Gowry 1 537 James St. Barbadoes 281

Hoodl. 50,75 IndiKeithl 538 Jaaeiro Rio 328

Hook Ligbt 703 Inch Kenneth I. . . 619 Jardine de la Reyne 242

Hope Rock 47 Inch Mamoc 616 Jasper B... 305

Hopper's 1 6 Indal Loch 617 Jefferson 1 50

Horn I, Polynesia 1. 47 Indian R 187 Jekyl Sound ...... 175

Horn I., Florida * . . 194 Indian Castles .... 266 Jerende B 244

HornC 343 Inis Port 407 Jersey! 618

HornHead 716 Inisinore 1 695 Jerve B. 258

Hornsea 525 Inis Shhrkan 1 698 Jerusalem 1 261

Hothampton 491 Inverary 594 Jethou 1 615

Housatonic R 159 Inverbay 715 Johannes Don I. . . 322

Howe, Lord, 1 57 Inverbervie . .^ . . . . 542 John's St. I. (Prince

Howe; Port 236 Inverkeithing 540 £dward) 106

HowthHead 704 Inverness ..... 548 John St. Newfottnd. 109

Hoy 1 259 lona 1 619 John'sSt.R IH

Hoy I., Orkney .... 629 Ipswich, America . . 155 John's St. C 250

Hoy I., Zetland.... 684 Ipswich, England ..512 John St. I. Vii^n I. 259

Huaheine 1 7\ Iquaina 1 356 John St. Antigua . . 267

Huaura 358 Irarusoua Lake . . . . 327 John's Haven ....t>42

Huberstone 565 Ireland's Eye 1 706 John O'Groat's

Hudson'sB 98 Inine 591 House 551

Hudson's R 148 Isabella 1 368 John de Fuca Strait388

Hudson 163 Ives St 554 Johnstone's 1 2

Huesol 188 J. Jose San 371

HumberR 521 Jago St. de la Vega .255 Joseph St. B 102

Humberston 521 Jago St. de Mihdlores 359 Joseph Sf. da Riba

Hnnstanstone 418 Jago St. deGuayaquil 363 ASar 323

HuronLake 91 JagoSt.deGuatimala366 Joseph St. 281

Hurst Castle 483 Jago St. R. N.Spain 368 Joseph St. CaUfomia 370

Hythe, Hampshire.. 487 Jago St. Teneriffe . . 437 Julian St. Port .... 341

Hythe, Kent , 494 Jago St. I. Cape Juan St. Baptista I. 75

L Verde 444 Juan St. R. Florida 187

IberviOeR 194 Jamaica 1 251 Juan St. Remedios . . 241

IchinR.' 487 James Fort 267 Juan St. Porto Rico 249

Icolmkill 1 619 James C^)e JuaaSt. R. N. Gra-

leyCape 404 James C 390 nada 3^ -

Idle R. 495 James R. 168 Jnao St. Nicaragua 3^

Hay 1 617 JamesTown ...... 198 JuanStL N.SpaiB368

ILfiraoomb 597 James 1.. ..407 Jwui St. Calilnrala 3M

748 INDEX.

P««« . Page Page

Joan St. fiaptista Kingsdown 496 Lamlash 616

Califor 371 Kingsgate 499 Lamurca 1 5

Jaan Fernandez I. 404 KingsmiUs 1 6 Lancaster ag]

Jural..*. 618 Kingston, Canada .. 98 Lancerotal 440

K. Kingston, United Landers 1 74

Kadiak 1 392 States 158 Landguard Fort...S13

Kanaga 1 403 Kingston, Jamaica . . 255 Land's End >.46S

KanJschkatzka B. .. 403 Kingston, St. Vincent 277 Langdon 1 1 . SO

Kao I, 30 Kingston, Demerara 3U Laagley I H)

Karakakoa B 18 Kingston-upon-HuU 523 Langstone 490

Kdsoe 1 411 KwnairdHead •• . 544 LantachB 471

Kenayskish B. ... 392 Kinsale 699 LargoPunto t9i

Kenmare R 696 Kirkboe ..i 412 Lai^o 539

KenneI>ecR 154 Kiikudbright 58^ Laigs 591

KfintR 583 Kirkwall 628 Larne 710

Kenwyn R 469 Klaksund 411 Latal 46

KeppelL, 47 Knox I 50 Langhome 564

Ker'sB «.. 268 Kodiak L ........ 392 Lavango 1 2S9

KerguelensLaiid. .. 45$ Kolter 1 4i;2 Layant R 490

Kermandec L 4$ Komango I 33 Lavapie B 353

Kerry Head 694 Kongs Haven 411 Lawrence St. R. .. . 88

Kerrera I ^19 Kooimegacli ...... 403 Laxford Lake .... 482

Kettle.,,.,., (>34 Kootoo 1 33 Laxey 610

Key Haven 486 Kyle 615 LeanC. 694

Kidwelly ^...563 Krusenstem's Reef . 17 Leap 487

KlkbtakL... 392 Kunoe I ...411 LeeR 701

Kilbrannan Sound . . 615 KygmUC •*. 403 LefoogaL 30

KildaSt.1 625 L. Leigh R 694

Kilkerr^ B 713 Labrador Leith 538

Killala..., 714 Labrador Lake*.. .. 173 Leitrim R 704

Killaloe 694 Ladronel 8 Lelont 554

KiUery Harbour .... 714 Lady's 1 590 I^emui 1 351

Kiilongb 708 Lagan R 709 Leoganc 2U

Killybegs 715 Lagoon 1 74 Leon de Caraccas ..306

Kilosea 525 Lagra de Sal , 324 Leon New 366

Kilrenoy .\..529 Laguna 434 Leone I 47

Kilrusli 694 Lake of Tides .... 291 Lerwick €3S

Kingliorn • 540 Lamau 1 629 Leton Rock .445

Kingroad 560 L^bay L 706 Leven Sand 676

Kingsand .,. 472 Lnmbohn L 629 Leven R. S9S

KingBbridge 474 Lamira 1 6 LeviPoini. »

INDEX. 749

Ps^ Page Page

Le^ron .^r..'. 279 Longliope. 629 Madalena S(a. L .• 49

Leweft, AOMick •• 161? Longships Rocks .. 466 Madame 1 105

Lewefly Engiatnd ... 492 Looe 471 Madeira 1 421

LewMI 624 Lookout C. 172 Madoopa^I 21

Liffey R 705 Loop Head 694 Madre de DioB L ,. 346

LinbR. 510 Lorenzo St.C 363 Magdalen 1 107

Lincoln I. ....'.... 50 LorenzoPort 389 MagdaleHaR. 300

Limerick T. 694 Lorenzo Point 426 Magee PenitiBuIa ... 710

Littgal 633, 634 Loretto 370 Magellan Stifait.... 341

LinneLoch 595 Lossiemouth 547 MahuriR. 316

Lion's Bank 414 Lot's Wife 1 16 MaiUerean 1.' 279

LisbiirnC 403 Louis St 89 Main R 695

Lismorel 621 Louis St 245 Mainland I. Orkney 628

Lisiansky 1 16 Louis St. Brazil .... 322 Mainland I. Zetland 633

Liverpool 581 Louis San^ Rey • • . . 370 Maitea 1 72

Lizard 467 Louis San, Obispo . . 371 MaizeC. • 242

Llanelly 563 Louisbonrg 104 Mijes R. 357

LoaR 356 Loutli 521 Mai B 336

Loadstone Rock.... 475 Lovisa R. 250 MalaC 364

Lobos I. Polynesia... 15 Lowestoff 514 MalabriJ^b 1 16

LoboB L Rio de la LoyneR. 582 Malabrigo B. . . . . . . 359

Plata. 336 LucarSt. C 370 Malahide ....«.... 706

Lobos L Peru 358, 360 LueeB 588 Malapasqua G. •«.. 250

Lobos L Canaries .. 441 LuoeaB 257 Maldon 511

Loch (see the initial LudaSta. 442 Malddnado 336

of the proper name LudeSte. 276 Maldraeth 574

respectiTdy.) Lulworth 480 Malin Head 716

Lochabar 595 LunanB 542 Malidgre I ..•• 316

Lodiera 620 Lnndy L .' 556 Malpelo 1 364

Locumba R. , .... 356 Luusden..... 536 Maltaponey R 169

LodweULoch 624 Lyme Regis ...... 477 Man 1 608

Loe R. 468 Lymihgton 486 Man Calf of 610

Lomond Lodi .... 593 LynnRegis; 518 Manan 1 114

London (New).... 159 M. Manasquand R. • •• 163

London, England*. 505 MaarJdieB. .•••.. 71 Mandianc^l R. .^•. 245

Londonderry 716 MacalR...: 327 MatQdikisa G.'. 298

LMigLN.Y6rk.... 160 Macapa .......... 318 MangesaL .• 56

Long 1. Bahama .. 238 Macaidey's T 46 Mangrove Key 264

LongL Hebrides .• 618 Kfaoduff'..... 545 Maniugtree 511

Long Island Barb. «. 697 Machias ••;;...... 154 Man of War's 81^^88

LoogLocfa ••.•.•••'593 Macbio. •••.,.,,.. 426 Manzanarea R. ,.,• 907

750 INDEX.

Page Page

Maouna 1 48 Martyrs 188 May C. ..•. 161

Mapija 1 57 Mama 1 70 jj^y j ^jj

Mapodia R 353 Mary St. Strait 92 ^ayero I .,.. 279

Maracaibo 301 Mary St. B. .•.'. ..109 Mayo R 369

Marago 1 322 Mary St. R. Florida 187 Mayo 1 445

ManuUDi R 316 Mary St. R. N. Gre- MedvvayR. America 176

Maranham 1 322 nanda 364 Medway R. Eng;land 502

Maranbaya 1 332 Mary St. I. Azores 420 Melootibe Regis 460

Manzlon 468 Mary St. Scotland . . 587 Menai Strait 573

Marchand'sl 50 Mary's St. I. Scilly 606 MendUesley 517

Maigaref 8 I. Poly- Maryborough 595 Mendodno C. • ,. . . 372

nesia 15 Mary Port 585 Mentuoso 1 365

Margaret'sl. England 564 Mosra B. 357 MercrossL 572

MargaretSt 496 Massacre R 245 Merin Lake 333

Margarettal 286 Massachusets 1 50 Merrymack 1L ...» 15S

Marias Three 1 368 Massachusets B. .. 156 Mersey T 511

Maria Sta. OalTet B. 193 Massafucro 1 405 Mersey R. .....1.. 581

MarlaSta.C 335 Masse 1 50 Metemor B 351

MariaSta.de Achao351 Masseo 1 194 Meva^zzey 470

Mariannes 1 8 Matacumba 1 188 Mew Stone 474

Marler« 1 2 Matanzas R 241 Mice 1 575

Mariegalante 1 271 Matavai B 70 MichaelSt.i 420.

Marion L 454 Matelotes 1 5 MicbelSt. Mo«mt.. 466

MarkSt 244 Mathias St. I. Poly- Michigan Lake .... 92

Market Jew 468 nesia '. 26 Michilimacanac . . . . 9t

Maracoa Creek .... 310 Mathias St. L Middleburg Key . . . . 254.

MaroniR. ... 310^ 314 Behring's Basin . . 403 Middleton 160

Marowinne R. 310, 314 Mathew St. L Miguel St 364

Marseeven 1 457 Polynesia 16 Miguel San CaUfomia 371

Marston '.. 530 Mathew St. Brazil,. 327 Milaflores 359

MartaSta. 300 MathewSt 341 Milbrook 473

MarthaBrea 256 Matooty 1 26 Milbrook, Hants... 4^8

Martha's Vineyard L 157 MatteoSt 363 Milford 56S.

Martin Sir Henry L 50 Matticnr R 164 MilicusR I^

Martin St. L West- Maugholds head .... 610 Milk Haven 715

Indies 263 Maullin ....! 351 MUnport 616

Martin St. L Scilly 60 J MaUlrtjUe 1 46 Milthorp .583

Martin St. Keys. .. 192 Maurepas Lake . .. 164 Milton .:...' 501

Martin Vas Rocks . . 452 MaurioeSt.R 96 Minehead 1 558

Martinique! ... 273 MawR 570 ^rlngan L...I....: lOT*

Mtttini^ue Little L279 MoweSt 469 Miash 62a

INDEX. 751

Page Page Page

Mtq«elonI 112 Moutualttyl .50 NQvera R. .568

Wira R. ,/ 363 Mount's Bay •... 466 Neus R 173

Mtray B 191 Mousehole 467 Neris I 266

Mwmere Haven .... 513 Moussa I 633 Newark 164

MiMiquashR. ..114, 115 Mowee I 18 Newberry 165

MississipiR. ..150,195 Muck 1 621 Newbem 173

M»teR 584 Muckle Roe I.... 634 Newborough 544

*^»trel .^ 26 Mulgrave 1 617 I^ewcastle I. ...... 155

MizenHead 697 Mulgrave C 403 Newcastle, America 166

Mobile R 194 Mull 1 619 Newcastle, Nevis.. 266

^lochal 353 MuUion , 467 Newcastle, England 532

MochoR 359 Mulroy 716 Newenham C: .... 403

Mocris 571 Mumble's Head .. 663 Newfoundland I. .. 108

Modovenite 1 19 Murray's Anchorage 415 Newfoundland Bank 110

MomoddyLake .... 624 Murray Frith .... 547 Newhaven, America 160

Moa^l 251 Musquito Group I.. 6 Newhaven, England 491

MonadoreB 104 Musquito B 258 New Orleans .... 196

Monckton Fort .... 489 Musquito 1 279 Newport, America 158

Mouical. 250 Musquito Shore ..294 Newport, Isle of Wight485

^onkl 413 Mussdborough .... 538 Newport, Monmouth-

Montagttl 392 Mygonaes 1 413 shire 561

MontegoB 256 N. Newport, Pembroke-
Monterey 371 Naime 548 shire 568

MontmorenciR 94 Nangle Head .... 565 Newport B. Ireland 714

A^ontreal 98 Nansemond R. •. 168 Newton 485

Montrose 542 Nantucket I. .•••.. 157 Newton, Glamorgan 562

Montserrat I. ..«.. 268 Narraganset B 158 Newton Limavaddy 717

JMooseFort 81 Nassau 237 Niagara R 91

Morant Point 257 Natal 323 Nicaragua Lake .. 295

MorantKeys ...... 257 Natinat 388 Nicholas, St 244

MordeiraB 443 Naver R 552 Nicholas, St., I. .. 442

Aforecambe B 583 Neath 562 Nicholas, St., L,

Moresby 585 Neb R 6l6 Plymouth 472

Morokinnel 19 Nccker 1 21 Nicker 1 261

Mctme Mountains .. 708 Needle's Rock .... 484 Nicoya G 365

MoxosquiltoG 299 Negril Point ..., 257 Nightingale 1 454

Morotoi I. ........ 19 Nelson R 81 Nith R. 586

MortPdhit 556 Nene R. 519 Nolsce 1 412

»|otane I 50 Ness R 547 Nombre de Dios .. 298

Mother Bank 488 Netley Abbey «... 487 Nootka Sound .... 389

752 iKJbEX.

Nore 502 Old Stain 496 Onra I. .T........ 7^

Norfolk, Ameriea.. 169 Olioda 324 Ouse R., Sussex.. 492

Norfolk Sound, N. Omoa 293 Onse R., Norfolk b\l

W. America .... 391 Onateya 1 51 Ouse R., Lincohi . . 5tt

Normond's 1 261 Onceheaw I. 20 0?o R. 7M

North's, Lord, I.. 2 ODimahoa B 71 Owarree Haibonr . . 71

NortfaiimberlandStraitl05 Ontario Lake .... 90 Owen's, St., B. •. 614

Norton Soond .... 403 Oonalaska 1 394 Owhyee 1 17

Norwich, America 160 Oopoa B 71 Ozna 1 631

Noss Head 551 Oparo 1 76 Oxwich B 563

NossI 633 Opatai 1 73 Oyak R .'..316

Nout Head 709 Opoun T 47 OyiHpok R 316

Nova-heeva 1 50 Opouroali .% 20 OyohiTa I. 4d

Nova Scotia 113 Orange C 316 Oyster Haven .... 699

Nuevitas 241 Oransay 1 618 Oyster Island Hart>. 715

Nukahiva 1 50 Orby C 625 Ozamma R, 246

Nuntide ^.492 Orchilla 1 287 P.

O. Ore R 513 Pabbay 1 624

Oachate B 71 Oreehoaa 1 21 Padstow 535

Oanna 1 72 Orellana R 316 Pagan Creek .... 169

Oatooah 1 48 Orford C 373 Pa«ham 490

Oban 594 Orford, England .. 513 Pajon 1 14

ObidoB 317 Orinoco R. 307 Paita 360

Ocona 357 Orkney 1 625 Palfa 357

Ocrecock Inlet .. 171 Orleans I. ..;... 94 Palliser's T 73

Ojcnmare B 304 Orleans New .... 196 Palm Sound ISS

Ohameneno B. ..371 Orme*s Head .... 578 Palma I., Canaries 439

Ohamena B 71 Orotavo 436 Palma8,GraiidCananr 438

Oheeranooah I. .. 73 Orwell R. ...... 512 Paimaa, Gomera .. 439

Oherrttni% I. .... 71 Osey if. ........ 511 P^menton's I. ..53

Oheteroa 1 56 Osuabiurg -1 75 Palmyra I. ?

Obetura> B 71 Ossabaw Sound .. 175 Pamlico Sound.... 171

Ohevahova 1 52 Ostermouth Castle 563 Pamlico R. I/*3

Ohio R. 152 Osteroe i 411 Pampatra «6

Ohitooha L 50 Otaha 1 71 Pamnnkey R. .... 169

Ohitahoo 1. ...... 49 Otaheite L ...... 57 Pan Sand M3

Obitoa 1 51 Otakootaia 1 55 Panama 364

Old Road 265 Otawhy I. 47 Pftndora I «<

OldHarbonr . . . . 267 Otooway I. *..... 20 Panhopc 639

Old Head of Kii^e 699 Otntraaoodh B. .. 70 Pant R, ,« Ul

Page Page Page

JPapa LliHe t •• €34 Pedro^St.,RioGrande Pierre, St., 1 7

Pupa Stour I. .. e34 de ., 333 Pierre, St., I. .... lia^

Papa Westray I. .. €30 Peel 610 Pierre, St., Uke.. 89*

Papagayo G 366 Peiew 1 2 Pierre, St. Martinique 276

Para Grand R. ..322 PeHcao 1 369 Pierre, St., Guenisey 613

Paragoana 303 Pembroke *. ••.... 565 Pile I. 583

Paraguay R 334 Pena de Piroa I. - . 16 PUl 560

Paraiba R 323 Penada 1 324 Pillar C. ........ 346

Parana R 334 Pt^nas G 346 Pilaey I. , 400

Paranaiba R 323 Pendean 554 Tinera C 250

Parga Point 426 Pendennia Caatle .• 469 Pines 1 242

Parham 267 Penlee Point 472 Pines I. ...^.... 298

Parimaribo 313 PflnmanmawT ••.. 578 Pisca B ...» 357

Parkgate 580 Penmorfo 571 Piacadores I. ...^ 6

Paroweoali 72 Pennar 569 Piacataqoa .«.. ,«.. 155

Paru 318 Pennarth Harbour 562 Pitcaims I. «•••.. 76

Parret R 558 Penny 568 Pitt I^ 7

Passage 1 250 Penobscot B. .••• 154 Pittenween ...... 539

Paasaik R 163 Pcnryn 1 48 Wtts Town 238

Passamayo R. ...•358 Penryn, Cornwall.. 469 Placentia 110

Pkssamoquoddy B.. 114 Penryn Port, Wales 577 Plata I. ..^, .... 363

Patapsco R. 167 Pensacola 193 Plata, Rio de la ... . 334

Pateraott's 1 5 Pentland Frith, 626, 627 Platte I. « 50

Patos Lake 333 Penzance 467 Plum I. 155

Patrick, Ui., I. .• 706 Perlican, New .... 109 Plymouth, Un. Sts. 156

Panl 523 Perth 540 Plymoath,Montserrat 268

Paul, St., I., America 103 P^ter 1 261 Plymouth^ Eng. 471,473

PtaU, St., N. W. Ame. 393 Peter, St., 1 414 Pola 1 47

PMiI,St., I., Befaring's Peterhead 544 Polkecries B 470

Strait 403 Petit Terre 1 271 Polperron 471

Panl,St.dePenedo J.414 Pettycur 540 Pomona 1 628

Itel, St.» I., Southern Perensey •• 492 Ponce de Leon G. 141

Ocean 457 Philadelphia 165 Pontchartrain Lake 194

Pantakut R. 159 Philip 1 5 Pool 482

Fayilioa 1 366 Philip St .••307 Poor Head 699

Pazaros I.. 354 Philip, St., I., Cape Porchestcr 490

Ptearl 1 276» 365 Verde 444 Pbrlock 557

Pedn^ L ...,.••• 257 Pica B. 356 Port-OrPitre 270

Ftodep R 174 Pico 1 418 Port-au-Prince .... 244

ffedro, St^ 1 50 Pledras C 291 Port-de-Paix 245

f^drp^ St.,. I. .,,, 414 Flawed Rock ..... U4 Port Clash o...* 56|i

VOL. IV. 3 c

7*4 I K D E t.

Page Pan P^g»

P6rt Feny 709 Prince of Wales's I. 3§0 Raghcry 1 713

Port Glasgow .... 592 Prince of Wales's C. 403 Raheina \t

Port Inon ...... 563 Prince William's I. 27 Ramala 436

Port Isaac 555 Prince William's Rame Head .471

Port Magee 696 Sound 392 Ramel Road 440

Port Nessicic .... 589 Princess Royal I. .. 390 Rampside 584

Port Patrick 589 Providence, America 158 Ramsey 1 511

POrtquean 563 Providence, New.. 237 Ramsey I 56S

Port RoyalB., Ame. 170 Province Town ... . 157 Ramsca 610

Port Royal, Jamaica 255 Paerto de Naos .. 440 Ramsgate 498

Port Royal, Rattan I. 294 Puerto Cavallos .. 440 Ranza €16

Port Royal I. .... 291 Puerto Furno .... 444 Raoiil I 46

Porthynfin 573 Puerto Furreo .... 444 Rapahanaock R 169

Portland, America 155 Puerto Fi^eu Dago 444 Raritan R. 164

Portland, Jamaica 257 Puna 1 363 Raaay L 622

Portland, England 478 Punu del Gada .. 420 Rat I. 557

Portmear ........ 470 Purbeckl. 481 Rathlin L 719

Porto Bello 296 Pwlhely 571 Rattan I 294

Porto Cabello .... 304 Pylfleet 511 Ravensbonme R. .. 505

Porto Grande .'...442 Pylstart 1 46 Ravenglass 584

Porto Praya ....:444 Q. Raye C. 110

Pbrto Rico 1 247 Quebec !... 94 Rayldgfa SOS

Porto Santo I. . . . 426 Qneenborough .... 502 Reading •• 165

Porto Segura .... 325 Queen Charlotte's I. Real R. 3C4

Portreath 555 Pacific 75 Realejo, Mezico .. 36S

Portsea 489 Queen Charlotte's I. Realejo, Tenerille.. 437

Portsoy 546 N. W. AmcritSi .. 390 Recherche 1. 46

Portsmouth, America 155 Queen Charlotte^ Recvlver 90O

Port8mouth,Domiaica273 Foreland 341 Red B 710

Portsmouth, England 488 Queen's Ferry .... 539 Redbridge 488

Portuguese Road .. 443 Quemada, Peru .. 357 Redcar 529

Potomac R. 149 Quemada, N.Grenada 364 Red Head S43

Pouxnaron R 310 Quiaca 357 Red Head B. . .. 574

Powderham Caslle 476 Quibo 1 365 ^Redondo I.,W. Indies 5S8

Praiil Folht .... 474 Qulcarras 1 365 Redondo I., Urasa 32IB

PresquMsle 91 Quilca 357 Renfrew.. 502

Preston 582 Quinchau 1 351 Renowes B% 109

Preston Pans .... 538 Quintero 354 Repulse B. ..... 80

Prickly Pear I. 261, 263 B. ReMlntloir L .... 74

Priestnofm I. .... 575 Rabbit I. ........ 553 JReriU^ilgeib I. .. IHfr

Prince's V. .'..... 244 RaceC 109 beWihitios L ...:' *

Prince Rupert's B. 273 Ragged Harbour .. 109 Rheiddol R. 57«

INDEX.. 7SS

A,. . . ^■•f* ''W P»»««

Rbode 1 158 RossCarbety 698 Saltash r.V. 473

Ribbk R. ...>.... 582 Bother R. 493 Saltcoats 591

Ribeira Grande ,. 420 Rothaay 615 Saltecs 703

Rica del Oro I. .. 16 Rotumahoo 1 26 Saltflect 521

Ricade Plata I. .. 16 Rqund I. 279 Salrador, San, Braail 325

Richmond, America 170 RoimdstoneB 713 Salvador, San, N.

Ride 486 Roussay I. 630 Granada 366

Rigaud Harbour ., 104 Roxo C 250 Salragds 1 427

Rimaroa 1 73 Rum Key 238 SamanaB :. 245

Rio Brava del Norte 290 Rum 1 621 Samba R 300

Rio Janeiro 328 Rumney R. 561 Samballat 1 298

Rio, El ,.... 441 Rundlestone 466 Sambro C US

Riou L 50 Runswick 529 Sampson 1 607

Roanoke R. ...... 172 Rush 706 Sanda^l 594

Roaring Water Bay 697 Rush, Port 717 Sandal 621

Roberto 1 50 Ruapin.. ........ . 553 Sauday 1 630

Robin Hood B. .. 527 Rutland 715 Sandisfoot Castle .. 480

Rocca 1 287 Ryan Loch ...... 589 Sandoe 1 413

Rocca Partida I. .. 407 Rye 493 Sandown B 486

Rocheford 511 S. Sandown CasUe .... 496

Rochester 503 Saba L 264 Sandwich 1 17,

Rockal 1 414 Saba, Little, 1 258 Sandwich Land.... 459

Rogerston Harbour 706 Sable 1 116 Sandwich, England 497

Romney .... 4i93, 494 Sable C. 188 Sandy Hook ..*.... 161

Bona L ...» 622, 625 Saco R. 155 Sandy Point Town.. 265

Ronaldsay I. . . 628, 630 Sacrament, St 337 Sansonate 367

Booahoogah 1 50 Sagadahock B. .... 154 Santo 359

Rooapooah J. ... . . 50 Saguenay R. 92 Santo Cruz, Braai| . . 326

Rope Haven 470 Saintes I. 271 Santa Cruz, CaUfbr-

Roque, St., C 323 Saints I. 1 553 nia 371

Rpw Santa 1 407 Sair R 497 Santo Cruz, N. W.

Rose, St., 1 193 Sail « 443 America 391

Boseborry, Topping Sidado B 355 San*toCruz,(FlorezI.) 418

Mount... 527 Salamanca 293 Santa Cruz, Madeira 426

Bosehearty.. 545 Salcombe 474 Santo Cruz, Teneriffe 434

Roseway Port .... 115 Salem.. 155 Santo Cruz, Palma. . 439

Bosieres C. 88 Salines B 323 Santee R 174

Boss I., Scotland.. 547 Salines Road 358 Saona 1 247

JR088 I 587 SaluiesG. ..: 365 Sapan I U

Boss 715 Salroke Harbour .. 714 Sapelo Soui^ 175

»«M 703 Saltl.... 261 Saquor^mo LaM .. 327

3c2

7^6 I K D E X.

Sarignanl. 7; 14 Sebattian, Lopez L 16 Sidmonth TTTT.... 477

Sark 1 615 Sechtira 360 Simon's, St., Soud 175

Sara • 586 SelbyR. 610 SinclaSr B • 551

SauDder*8, Sir Chas. Selsey 1 490 Sinimari 315

I ; 71 Serefbrt Loch ... 621 SmoCave 55S

Sara 359 Serglppe 324 Sinthay L 629

Savage L 53 Seridhaem R 325 Sisteia, Two, I.... 5

Savannah R 175 Seriaham 324 SisweU. 513

Savannah Town .. 176 Series 1 75 Sitka 391

Savannah la Mar .. 256 Serpent 1 251 Ske^ess 521

Savannah 1 258 Serpent's Mouth .. 283 Skellls Rock 696

Savinal Key 241 Seveb lslands,PoIyne- Skerry IVirt S52

Saypan 1 14 sia 5 Skenies I !.. 575

Scalhiway 633 Seven Islands, Labra- Skerries I. 087

Scalpay 1. 624 dor 92 Skenies 1 633

ScailM I .618 Seven Hunters' L 62J Skemesl 706

Scailwrough 526 Seven Heads 699 Skibbeiven 1. 698

ScarpI 624 Sevehi R;, America 167 Skinhomess 586

Scars Rocks 588 Seveili R., England 560 Skipsea 525

Scattery 1 104 Shagstone .... 474,475 Ska<D L 413

Scaumore 1 566 ShambeR. 193 Sky 1 621

Schayttcil R. 165 Shambles 479 Slaaea Castle 544

Sdllyl., Pacific .. 57 Shannon R. 693 SUmeyR. f03

Scilly I:, England . . 605 Shapfnshay 1 629 Slapton Lea • 474

Scilly, Ireland .... 699 SharkR...;. 174 Slate, Point of.... 623

Sciont R 577 Sheep Haven 715 Sligo TIS

ScookhamL 566 Sheephead 697 Sline Head 713

Scray Channel .... 503 SheepscntR. 154 Slot Van Capelle

Scrivan Pbrt 298 SheerneM • 501 Shoal 4&r

•Scull Harbour .... 697 Shdlmnie 115 Smalls 567

Scrubb 1 261 Shelbtone, United Smerwick 695

Scaford 492 States....;.;... 157 Smithle Bank .... 5»

^e»ham 531 ^ddon 476 Sneam Harbour ... . 06

Seal I. .e 553 Sheppeyl 501 Soal 685

Seaton,Dcvon 477 Shenon 1 26 Socoora 1 407

Seaton, Durham .. 530 Shields ;.... 532 SodvsB 90

SeatonShiJce 533 Ship Harbour .... 160 Sol Point 4e 42S

Seaton Port 538 Shocfteny l^ess .... 505 Solebay 514

Sebastian, St., Pico 1. 419 Sborefaam, America 158 Soledad -. 371

Sebastian^ aivTercera S^oreham, England 491 Solfisch 'M

I**»«ti.. 419 Side R. ....o.... 477 Solv» ••.... 1546

Page Page Pag«

-fielwafFrkh .TT;.. 586 Stouv R. Smisez .. 483 Tacarigua Lake ;;.. ais

^embraro 1 263 Stoar R. Kent .... 496 Tacaronta «.. 437

Seniersel 1 415 StonrR. Essex .... 511 Tadoossac ,. 93

Sorel 97 Strabragyloch 716 TaefiR. ^ ..569

8ott8 la Marina ... . 290 Straford* 160 Taff R 561

Southampton 487 Strangford 708 Taganona 437

Southend. • 505 Stratton .......... 555 TahoorowaL 19

South Sea Castle... 490 Streetgate 474 Tain. ^ 550

Southwold 514 Stromcnl 412 TallardB. 258

Spaniards B 204 Stroma 1 627 Tamaoo 1 363

Bpanishwells 287 Stromness 628 Tamahooah^I..^ 47

Spanish Town 245 Strong's 1 5 Tamar R. •* 472

Spanish Town ..... 255 Stronsay 629 Tamarica t. ••.•••323

Speight's Town ... . 281 Stndbind.^ 481 Tanba R. ........ 317

Spencer's Keys ..•• 5 Suderoe 1 413 Tuniagua Lagoibn •• 290

SpeyR. 546 SuireR. 702 Ttoipico ,•». 290

Spiaey Loch 647 SuUivan's I 174 Tanaga L 402

Spithead 488 Sulpfaurl 15 Tanfooe 1 47

Stack 1 576 Sunbnry 176 Tantallan Cattle .. 537

Stackpole 565 Sunday 1 46 Taparica B. .• 324

Staehrock 311 SnnderUmd 531 Taninaay 1 624

Stafbl. 620 Sunderland Harbour 582 Tiirapaca .•.••••••356

St^pB Roeks, England 467 SuperiorLake 92 Tarbat Ness 547

Stags of Broad-Ha- Suramlne VL 314 Tarbet Lodi •••... 594

Ten 714 Surinam R 313 Tarrafiil.B 443

Staithes 529 Susqnehannah R. .. 149 Tasman J. ,......• 46

Stanly Bum 540 Suyll 618 Taunton R. 158

StaranNM .... 474, 476 Swale 501 TaveR< 661

Stai^Point 474 Swalwell 532 Taw R. •« 556

Stalen Island 162 Swanage B 481 Tawy R 562

Staten Land 342 Swanay.1 628 TayR 540

Staxigo 551 Swansea 562 TcheUiere Soposdi^

Steepholml. ••.... 560 Swilly Loch 716 noi L ..«......•• 394

Stephens C. 403 Swinna L 628 Tchitschlgoff Port . • 52

StiosarR 590 Swince I .411 Tchukli L ^ 392

Stockton 530 Sydney... 104 Teebooa 1 50

Stoke Point 471 T. Tees R. .529

Stone HaTen 542 Tabago L ., .364 TehuantepeoQ 367

Stonebouse 473 Tabasco 1 291 Teignmouth 476

Stornaway 625 Taboo 71 Telemaqve Sboal .. 457

StOHpbffow ,••••••527 TacanaiB... 363 Teaby ..,.•,,.•... 564

7^^ ^V9^^'

Page Pa«« 1^

l^eriiQs V* *••••• 4^3 Tocatinet R. 323 TresM^nteftC. ««««3M

Teroera I. » 419 T«cuyQB. •..•••.. 303 IVeireiieii I. fA

Terminos Lagoon •• 291 Todi^Saatua 324 Trewardreth 470

Ten»ogei. 54 T^lu 299 Trianglea Reef .... m

Tory 1 629 Tongataboo 1. .... 27 Tri<;ste L 291

Teny Biira 549 Tongu^Q 552 TYinldad I., Westl.283

TettR. 487 Tooboosd 1 56 Trinidad I., AtlanUciSS

TaatigosL... 286 ToofooaJ 30 Triaidad B. N.

TeteioaB 71 TootooUUh 1 48 Spain 3C7

OVthuiMl 72 Topsham 476 Trinidad* GaUfiNiiia 373

Tetney 521 Tor Bay ^. 475 Trinity B. Newltt... 109

TliamaaR. America 159 Tor Head 711 Trinity B. Marti-

•Tliaoiw R. Ensland503 TorontoB 90 nique 276

Thaoet 1 497 Torquay 476 Trinity C 3^

ThatduL •« 260 Torryadale R. .... 552 Troii Binix^ ...« 96

Thatcbar Rock.*.. 475 Tortola 1 260 TroMerenl. , 634

Hiirteea.I 5 Tortiigas Dry 1 188 Tjrqpic Keya 250

•Thoinaa St. I. •«.• 257 Tortugas I. St. Do- Trnne,. •.. 590

Thorney 1. ..«••.• "^90 mingo 246 IVuro 489

•Thoipe.. 513 Tortngas I. Salt .. 286 Tn«iUo^ Honduras 293

ThonHaren 412 Totneas 475 TnoUIo* l^eni .... 359

Vhonloaac.Port ..•• 104 Tourment a ...« 93 Tichngatskiah B. •• 383

.Vhouaandlaka Lidce.90 TowanCore ...«.• 555. Toa Lodi 619

ThBfl& . Caiite HeBd697 Tb«aa.St.CoTe.... 572 Tabai I 71

ThJCBhaniah L .... 680 Towata 1 50 TadwfsU)St 571

11inunb.Cap I..4.. 74 TowridgeR. •••••• 556 TomhaB 300

Thttle Southern .••. 459 TowyR. 563 Tttmbez.R. •% 363

'llittrao ••...551 Towyn •.......•• 570 TorkaX .239

TUbttronC 245 Traeth Bach 571 Tmneff.1 293

Tichfield Lake .... 488 TraethMawr 571 Turtle R. 176

Tillmry Fort 505 Traitor's 1 47 Tusker Rock 703

Olmoleagne .^ 699 TTalec 694 Tuy R. ......•••, Jp5

Tinian L. •••..... 8 Tramore B 702 Tweed R 534

Tintagd Head .... 555 Transfiguration I. .. 403 Tweedmputh 531

Tlookooa 1 73 l>ean.«...k 554 Twenty-Ninel 5

Tisay I • 620 Traflynon 579 Two Groups L...* 74

Tiverton 158 Tr^goney 469 IViuel 175

'HvyR. 569 Treat R. 522 Tpc R. NoftlinaL*

Tobacco B..^..,.. 41i5 IVeaton 165 berlanil * 531

Tobago 1 281 'HepasaeyB 109 Tyne.R. Sootland .. 537

.Tob^noirqr. ••»,.( 619 IVeaoo I, 60^ TJxieaioiith . .^»«.».539

IKDSX. 759

Page Page Paga

U. Verdel 300 Wassaw Sound .... 175

tJahMgal.. 53 Verde Cape 1 442 Watchet 558

Uapoah I 52 Verdonne 1 103 Wateeoo U .«••., 55

tist 1 624 Vicente San 1 332 Wateo 1 258

una Pool 595 Victory C. 346 Waterford 702

Ulictca 1 71 VMeo Monte 336 Waterford New .. .. 535

lr^a 1 619 VideroB 1 411 Watcrsay : .. 623

Ulverstone 583 Villa Franca 420 Wareney R 517

rmnak 1 402 Villa de Horta....418 Wear! 630

Una R 327 VitlaLagnna 419 Weaver R 581

Unare R 316 Villa Prado 326 WeilandR 519

XJnemak 1 394 Villa Prajra, GraUosa 419 Wellbrow Head .... 551

Union 1 279 Villa Praya, Tercera419 Welcome Sea...... 80

Unst 1 634 ViUaPrindpe 24T Wells 518

UraccasI 14 VincentSt.1 277 Westhaven ........ 540

Uragnay R. 334 Vincent 1 442 West Key 251

Urbanna 170 Virgin's C 341 WestmanhaTen .... 412

Ure R 529 Virgin Rocks 112 Westray I. ........ 630

Urr R 587 Vii^n Islands .... 257 Wexford 70i

Usk R 561 Virgin Gordal 260 Weymouth 480

Uyea 1 633 Voisgag . ........ 553 Whalseyl 633

V. Volcano I. .. .... 16 Whalton 522

Vaccas R 367 Volticre 89 WMddyl 697

Vaiss^u 1 194 W. Whitby 528

ValdeS.Andre.... 436 Wakes 1 16 WhitehaTen 584

Valdlria 353 Wainfleet 521 Whitehom 588

Valential. 696 Waldeswick B 514 WhitesandB 466

Valparaiso 354 Wales's Princess of I. 72 Whltsand B 471

VancoQTer andQua- Wales's Prince of Whitstable 500

dral 388 Fort 81 Wliitsunday 1 75

Vandykes 1 260 WallisL 47 Whit'eetB 19

Vas^ezI 46 Walmer Castle ....496 Wick 551

Vairaol 46 Widney 1 583 Wicklow 704

VazabarisR • 324 Wampool . ........ 585 Wight 1 258

Vela 1 15 Wareham 482 Wigton 588

VelaC« 301 Wanen 158 Willian Henry .... 97

Venestray 1 634 Warwick 158 Willougbby 267

Venooa-ette 1 55 Wash 518 Wilmington 166

Ventry 695 Washington 170 Wilmingtoa 173

VeraCruzr Polynes. 24 Washington ...••• 1^3 Winchelsea 493

Vera Cru, N. Spain 290 Wassal 52& Windward Patiaj(e • 151

y

APR 6 1938

APR 6 1938